Research

Lumiere Brothers
The Lumiere brothers in the 1890s, France recorded silent films outside of brief actions, such as
trains arriving at a station, workers leaving a factory, children digging for clams or a family having a
meal. Their film Childish Quarrel, 1896 which is about 45 seconds is one of the earliest home
movies.

The Kuleshov effect

Lev Kuleshov was a Russian filmaker who shot and cut experiments eliminating establishing shots.
For example, he removed shots of just an actors face, replacing them other shots, e.g. soup, nature,
a baby and a dead woman). This gives the idea that the actor is reacting to the shot as the audience
reacts, giving them a good idea of what the actor is feeling.
Kuleshov used shots of actors looking at each other from miles apart, then walking together. A series
of shots that in tge absence of an establishing shot prompts the spectator to infer a spatial whole on
the basis of seeing only portions of the space is known as the Kuleshov effect.

Magic Lantern
Magic Lantern shows involve storytelling and the projection of images on to a screen, these used to
be taken from town to town and played on stage to gathering audiences in the years before film
projection.

The first ever photograph

The first ever photograph was taken in 1826 in Maison Gras, near Chalon-sur Saone, in France. Its
exposure time was 8 hours and probably taken using a box camera by the photographer, Nicephore
Niepce. This photograph was discovered in England in 1952 by Helmmut Gernsheim.

Praxinoscope
The praxinoscope was a way of making pictures move and almost look like a film, it was invented
in France in 1877 by Charles-mile Reynaud. This device is a sequence of images inside a wheel that
you can turn, making the inner circle of mirrors show reflections of the images to the person looking
through the mirrors.

Eadweard Muybridge
Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer, an inventor and a filmmaker, born in 1830. His
photography focused on the movement of animals and people, where he captured
continuous shots of their movement. To achieve this, he experimented with using 12
different cameras to capture the detailed movement, doing this he proved his theory that
horses had all four of their hooves off the ground whilst galloping.

Later, he developed, the Zoopraxiscope which is an early device for displaying motion pictures. It
works by projecting images from quickly rotating glass disks, some considered it the first film
projector.

Examples of poor continuity editing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cA3HGi7GR4k

https://www.youtube .com/wat ch?v=cA3 HGi7G R4k