TABLE OF CONTENT

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPANY................................................... 3

1.1 COMPANY NAME..................................................................................... 3
1.2 COMPANY LOCATION ............................................................................ 3
1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ......................................................... 5
1.3.1 Organizational Structure of Turk Telekom ........................................... 5
1.3.2 Organizational Structure of TT Academy............................................. 6
1.4 NUMBER AND DUTIES OF ENGINEERS EMPLOYED ....................... 7
1.5 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPANY................................................ 7
2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 10
3. ACCESS NETWORKS ........................................................................ 11
3.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ACCESS NETWORKS........................... 11
3.2 ACCESS TECHNIQES ............................................................................. 12
3.2.1 Copper Cable Access Network ........................................................... 13
3.2.2 Fiber Optic Cable Access Network..................................................... 14
3.2.3 Other Access Techniques .................................................................... 16
3.3 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE ..................................................................... 17
4. CONCLUSION..................................................................................... 20
5. REFERENCES...................................................................................... 21
 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPANY

1.1 COMPANY NAME

TURK TELEKOM

1.2 COMPANY LOCATION

Turk Telekom Headquarters is on Turgut Ozal Boulevard in Aydınlıkevler, Ankara.

Fig 1. 1 Turk Telekom Headquarters

Turk Telekom Academy building that includes Keklikpınarı telephone exchange

where I performed my summer practice is in Dikmen. Its address is:
279. Sokak No: 6 Karapınar – Dikmen / ANKARA
Fig 1. 2 Location of TT Academy on Satellite Photograph

Fig 1. 3 TT Academy Building

1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

1.3.1 Organizational Structure of Turk Telekom

Fig 1. 4 Organizational Structure of Turk Telekom

1.3.2 Organizational Structure of TT Academy

Fig 1. 5 Organizational Structure of TT Academy

1.4 NUMBER AND DUTIES OF ENGINEERS EMPLOYED

3 Engineers, 5 technicians, 3 chief technicians, 3 technical experts, 3 chiefs, 1

programmer, 1 computer expert, and including these 36 employees are employed in TT
Academy.

1.5 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPANY

The Company predicates its start to foundation of “Postahane-i Amirane” by Sultan

Abdulmecid in 1840. However this was a postal service. In fact founding of regular postal
service reaches to Tulip Period. Nevertheless, as a telecommunication company, the first
milestone is the start of installing first telegraph line between Istanbul and Edirne in 9 August
1947. Here, we can note that the first telegraph line in the World was installed between
Washington D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland in 1843. In 1855, Telegraph Headship was found.
In 1871, Mail ministry and Telegraph Headship were merged. In July 1881, the first telephone
circuit was established between the Ministry of Post and Telegraph in Soğukçeşme and the
Post Office in Yenicami. In 23 May 1909, the first manual telephone exchange with the 50-
line capacity was established in Istanbul Great Post Office. In the same year, telephone
service and Mail and Telegraph Ministry were merged as PTT (post, telegraph, telephone)
Ministry.
In 4 February 1924, with the Telephone and Telegraph Law numbered 406, General
Directorate of Post, telegraph and telephone was authorized to install and operate telephone
network all around Turkey. In 11 September 1926, the first automatic telephone exchange
with the 2000 line capacity was put into service in Ankara. Two units of Ankara-Istanbul
single channel open wire line multiplex systems were established in 1940. In 6 April 1976,
first submarine coaxial cable with 480 - total channel into service was furnished between
Antalya and Catania (Italy) therefore the international conversation over multi channels was
provided. In 23 April 1979, by putting the first satellite earth station into service, the
communication over INTELSAT by using the satellites of Atlantical region between Turkey and
13 countries was provided. In 5 July 1984, the multi access special radio link system
connecting a lot of villages to the automatic telephone network over a system was established.
In 18 December 1984, Turkey's first digital telephone exchange was put into service in
Kavaklıdere in Ankara. In 10 April 1985, fiber optic cable increasing channel capacity in
communication was installed for the first time beginning from 37th km. of Ankara-Konya
highway. In November 1985, the first radio link system was put into service between Ankara
and Istanbul. In 23 October 1986, Mobile Telephone system was put into service in Ankara
and Istanbul and Paging system in Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir. In 4 March 1987, the first
videoconference in Europe over satellite system was realized in Turkey. In 15 July 1987, the
first fiber optic cable among provinces was installed on the pole between Aydın and Denizli.
In December 1988, Cable-TV service has been put into service for the first time in Çankaya in
Ankara. In 1989, by using DPN modules the first Packet Switching Data Network, TURPAK was
set up. X-25, ITI and SNA services were put into use over the network. In 21 December 1990,
the contract about "TURKSAT National Communication Satellites" was made with the French
Firm Aérospatiale. In 24 December 1990, with the project EMOS1, the communication via
fiber optic submarine cable system between Italy, Greece, Turkey and Middle East was
provided. Low-capacity digital radio link systems were put into service in order to provide the
transmission of exchanges in rural areas in 1991. In 23 February 1994, Turkey met with GSM
technology. GSM was put into service firstly for its subscribers in Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir.
In 11 August 1994, Turkey's first satellite TURKSAT-1B was launched into the space. In 1994,
TURMEOS-1 (Turkey's optic cable system of Marmara and Ege region) and TURCYOS (Turkey-
North Cyprus submarine fiber optic cable system) were put into service. In 24 April 1995, by
separating the telecommunication and Postal services in PTT from each other, “Türk
Telekomünikasyon A.Ş.” was founded. Submarine fiber optic cable system covering Turkey-
Italy-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) was put into service in 1996. In 10 July 1996, Turkey's 2nd
satellite TURKSAT-1C was launched. Turkey's National Internet Backbone Network (TURNET)
was put into service in 1996. In November 1996, Frame Relay service, which enables data
transfer at high speed, was put into service. National Academic Web (ULAKNET) Project,
connecting all universities in Turkey over TURPAK network, is realized in1997. In April 1997,
in order to use the voice frequency cable network in an optimum manner, digital line
multiplexer systems were launched. KAFOS (Blacksea Fiber Optic System) and TBL (Land
Fiber Optic System of Trans Balkan Link) were put into service in 1997. In 27 April 1998,
GSM network was transferred to the firms Turkcell and Telsim for 25 years by giving license.
In 28 August 1998, in order to spread the Internet communication all over Turkey fast and in
good quality, the contract about Ttnet National Internet Backbone network was signed. In
June 1999 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) was put into service in order to
provide high-speed voice and image communication. In July 1999, wireless telephony system,
which provides wireless access to local exchange, was put into service. Cable Internet
applications were started on Cable TV in 2000. In 11 January 2001, TURKSAT-2A was
launched from the Kourou in South America. In 18 May 2004 MEDTURK Submarine Fiber
Optic Cable System between Istanbul-Turkey and Catania (Italy) was put into service.
TT&TIM Communication Services Inc., established by the merger of Turk Telekom’s GSM

Operator Aycell and ĐŞ-TĐM, was officially founded as “Avea Communication Services Inc.”
in 19 February 2004. In 22 July 2004, Türksat A.Ş., which services Cable TV and Cable
Internet was established and started operating apart from Türk Telekom. In February 2005,
TTwinet-Wireless Internet Service was put into service in 160 hotspot points such as hotels,
airports, shopping centers, cafes, restaurants, exhibition centers, universities etc.
 2. INTRODUCTION

I have performed my summer practice in Turk Telekom, which is the leading provider
of fixed-line services in Turkey. The company also provides mobile communications services
in Turkey because of its 81.12 % shareholdings in Avea. My practice lasted totally four weeks
starting from 25.06.2008 and ending in 22.07.2008. The division where I performed my
summer practice is Turk Telekom Academy, which realizes professional education for staff of
the company, and Keklikpınarı Telephone Exchange. For a week, we have been educated on
the general structure of fixed-line network and services given to subscribers. Then we have
practiced in Keklikpınarı Telephone Exchange.
 3. ACCESS NETWORKS

Access networks are communication nets that contain conductors, which carry
electricity or light from a telecommunication device to a telephone exchange or from a
telephone exchange to another telephone exchange or systems, and accessory and protective
units.

3.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ACCESS NETWORKS

In a fixed wire copper cable access network, for each subscribers there is a single pairs
of copper wire from ancastre (telephone socket) to the central telephone exchange. In an
apartment installed subscribers wires combine
in distribution box (Fig 3.1). Until this point,
installment is under the responsibility of
subscribers or contractor firm. Cables leaving
distribution boxes (local cables) combine in a
field cabinet (Fig 3.2). Cables leave field
cabinet as principal cable and arrive telephone
(a) (b)
exchange. Various telephone exchanges are
connected to local telephone exchanges by Fig 3.1 Distribution Boxes inside Building (a)
and outside Building (b)
telephone exchange cables. By the same way,
different local telephone exchanges are connected to central telephone exchanges by junction
cables. Hence a tree topology is formed (Fig 3.3). Obviously, central telephone exchanges in
different city centers are connected. These
connections form a topology that contains
rings. Therefore, in case of line cut,
communication continues.

Fig 3. 2 Field Cabinet

 Fig 3. 3 Hierarchy of units in a copper cable access network

When the subscriber dial a number, the signal carrying the number arrives telephone
exchange directly. If the number dialed is connected to the same telephone exchange,
switching is done and conversation is realized. Otherwise, the signal is sent to the upper
telephone exchange and this goes on until switching. However, if conversation is between two
subscribers whose central telephone exchanges are different in other words, between different
cities or countries, one of the lines between these central telephone exchanges is allocated to
the conversation. Number of lines between central telephone exchanges is always smaller than
number of subscribers. Number of lines is determined according to frequency of
conversations.

3.2 ACCESS TECHNIQES

Nowadays, various access techniques are in use:

• Copper Cable Access Network

• Fiber Optic Cable Access Network
• Coaxial Cable Access Network
• Wireless Access Network
• Access Network on Power Network
3.2.1 Copper Cable Access Network
Since telegraph technology, the most popular access technique is fixed wire copper
cable. With telephone technology, copper cable network surrounds the world. It reached each
house, office and public place.
The wires arriving subscribers
are called simple pair (Fig 3.4). Simple
pair consists of two spiral wires. The
reason of spiral shape is
compensation. Two parallel wires
have a capacitance. For some
Fig 3. 4 Simple Pair
frequency intervals this capacitive
effect has negative role in signal transmission. In order to achieve this, inductive effect of
spiral wires is utilized. After distribution box,
copper wires are grouped as star quartets (Fig 3.5).
This quartet consists of four wires, two circuits (Fig
3.6). Three of four wires’ colors are fixed: black,
red, and white. However, forth wire’s color is one of
five alternatives: blue, orange, green, brown, and
gray. Therefore five different star quartets can be
Fig 3. 5 Star Quartet
distinguished from each other (Table 3.1).
Therefore brunches of wire pairs that contain
ten pairs are occurred. It is wrapped with a colorful
band. Different brunches’ bands have different
colors. Moreover, these brunches are also combined
and wrapped with another bands. Colors of bands
and their codes are given in Table 3.2.

1st Circuit 2nd Circuit

Quartets
Wire a Wire b Wire a Wire b
1st Quartet White Blue Red Black
2nd Quartet White Orange Red Black
Fig 3. 6 Structure of Star Quartet 3rd Quartet White Green Red Black
4th Quartet White Brown Red Black
5th Quartet White Gray Red Black

Table 3.1 Color Codes of Star Quartets

 20, 30, 150, 200, 600, 900, 1200,
Cable Capacity
50,100 300, 400 1500, 1800
Band Color 10 pairs 50 pairs 100 pairs
Blue 1 - 10 1 - 50 1 - 100
Orange 11 - 20 51 - 100 101 - 200
Green 21 - 30 101 - 150 201 - 300
Brown 31 - 40 151 - 200 301 - 400
Gray 41 - 50 201 - 250 401 - 500
Blue - White 51 - 60 251 - 300 501 - 600
Orange - White 61 - 70 301 - 350 601 - 700
Green - White 71 - 80 351 - 400 701 - 800
Brown - White 81 - 90 801 - 900
Gray - White 91 - 100 901 - 1000
Blue - Yellow 1001 - 1100
Orange - Yellow 1101 - 1200
Green - Yellow 1201 - 1300
Brown - Yellow 1301 - 1400
Gray - Yellow 1401 - 1500
Blue - Purple 1501 - 1600
Orange - Purple 1601 - 1700
Green - Purple 1701 - 1800

Table 3. 2 Colors of Bands and Their Codes

Number of pairs contained by a cable is in wide range, from 20 to 1800. While going
from subscriber to telephone exchange, brunches, quartets, packages turn clockwise. Between
brunches and outer protection layer, there is an aluminum layer that forms a Faraday cage in
order to protect electric signals on the wires from electromagnetic waves. The outer protection
layer is waterproof and inside this layer, dry air is compressed in order to prevent escaping of
water and moisture in case of puncture.

3.2.2 Fiber Optic Cable Access Network

An optical fiber is a transparent fiber that carries light by utilizing different refractive
indexes along its length. According to refraction law (Snell’s Law), while moving from a
dense to a less dense medium, light rays refracted by becoming distant from normal.
However, after critical angle, light rays are totally reflected. That is called “total internal
reflection”. In an optical fiber, there are a core made up a material with high refractive index,
and a cladding made up another material
having less refractive index. Over these, there
are protective layers (Fig 3.7). If the angle
between light rays and normal is greater than
critical angle, light rays move by hitting the
walls of the core like a billiard ball. This
underlies basic principle of operation of a step
index optical fiber. However, another optical
fiber types were developed. For graded index
fiber, refractive index varies along distance
from the central axis of the fiber. This
Fig 3. 7 Component Layers of Optical Fiber
variation is approximately parabolic and
therefore light rays follow a sinusoidal locus. For singlemode fiber, core is so thin; core
diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of the propagating light, that propagation of
light cannot be modeled using geometric optics. Solution is in Maxwell’s equations and fiber
behaves as a waveguide (Fig 3.8).

Fig 3. 8 Optical Fiber Types and Their Properties

Fiber optic technology is commonly used with copper cable access network. Main
lines, especially links between central telephone exchanges, are exchanged with optical fibers
in order to reduce delay time and decay of signal. That is an expensive technology however it
is the strongest candidate that can succeed copper cables in the future.
3.2.3 Other Access Techniques
Coaxial cable access network was built in order to service high quality broadcasting.
The main aim is to prevent broadcasting signal on the cable from electromagnetic waves.
Because of geometric structure of coaxial cable this aim is achieved. As we mentioned in “A
Brief History of the Company”, Turk Telekom has put Cable TV service into service for the
first time in 1988. Cable Internet applications were started on Cable TV in 2000. Since 2004,
Cable TV and Cable Internet services are provided by Türksat A.Ş.
Radio link systems as a wireless access
network extended every side of Turkey. The first
radio link system was put into service between
Ankara and Istanbul in 1985. With the
development of other access techniques such as
fiber optic it lost popularity. Nevertheless, in
1999 Izmit earthquake, some cables between
Ankara and Istanbul was broken. Therefore
importance of radio link was understood. This
system consists of a series of transmitter and
receiver tower, which can see each other
optically.

Fig 3. 9 Radio Transmitters and

Receivers on the Roof of Central
Telephone Exchange in Ulus

Apart from radio link systems, GSM is one of the

most important wireless access techniques. Turkey met
with GSM technology in 1994.

An alternative access technique is provided on Fig 3.10 A Dish Antenna

the power network. However this technology does not
exist in our country.
3.3 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

A telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that

connects telephone calls. It consists of four parts:

• Main distribution frame

• Telephone exchange connection (reglet)
• Network connection (fuse)
• Jumper connection wires

Main distribution frame is an element of a

telephone exchange carrying other elements and
connections (Fig 3.11). On a side of the frame there
exist telephone exchange connection boards (Fig
3.12(a)). Pins on the board are connected to cables
arriving central telephone exchange. For a
Fig 3.11 Main Distribution Frame
telephone subscriber, a terminal of jumper wire is
connected to the allocated pin on the board (Fig 3.12(b)). Other terminal of the jumper
connection wire is connected to network connection boards where exists opposite side of the
frame (Fig 3.13).

(a) (b)

Fig 3.12 Telephone Exchange Connections on the Main Distribution Frame (a) and
Jumper Connection Wires and Pins on a Telephone Exchange Connection Board (b)
 (a) (b)

Fig 3.13 Network Connections on the Main Distribution Frame (a) and
Jumper Connection Wires and Cavities on the Network Connection Board (b)

Cavities on the network connection

board is connected to cables arriving
subscribes. Jumper connection wires are
connected to cavities with the device seen
Fig 3.14 Wire Connecting Device
in Fig 3.14. Therefore, contrary to pins of
telephone exchange connection board, connection is realized without skinning wires.
On the other hand, lines of ADSL subscribers follow different way. Jumper connection
wires leaving telephone exchange connection boards enter DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line
Access Multiplexer) boards (Fig 3.15(a)). Wires leaving DSLAM board arrive network
connection board. Here, signals coming from upper telephone exchange and Internet signal
are added to subscriber’s line. Splitters seen in Fig 3.15(b) are a kind of filters. Their internal
structure is shown in Fig 3.16.
 (a) (b)

Fig 3.15 DSLAM Boards on the Frame (a) and the Splitters under the Board (b)

Fig 3.16 Splitters Produced by Different Companies and Their Internal Structure
 4. CONCLUSION

For the first week of my summer practice, we have taken lesson on access networks.
During this period, we did not participate any practical mission. However that was fairly
beneficial in order to imagine whole access network in Turkey and in the World. In fact this
course summarizes whole jobs and services made by Turk Telekom and gives general
information about the company.
In other weeks, we were in education laboratory and Keklikpınarı telephone exchange.
We saw some measurement of copper cables with electronic devices. At the telephone
exchange, our task was adding new jumper wires for new subscribers and exchanging jumper
wires of subscribers demanding ADSL service.
A translation task is given to me. This was a book on telecommunications. The text
translated could be seen in this link:
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=d28fjwm_16zztbqdf9&invite=cdcp38x
We visited central telephone exchange in Ulus. Radio link network was told. We saw
multi-channel devices transmitting and receiving data. We went upstairs to the roof of the
building. Photographs on Fig 3.9 and Fig 3.10 are taken there.
 5. REFERENCES

• Erişim Şebekeleri, Course Management, Education and Management Development

Directorate
• http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/tt/portal/About-TT/Company-Profile/
• http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30*
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk_Telekom
• http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telgraf
• http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTT
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber

*
While writing this report this link was active. However, now the history of the company is shorten at the
Internet site