The Structure of Atoms

Chapter 4 Section 2

Standards

Standard 1: Matter
#2 Describe the structure and
arrangement of atomic particles.

Objectives
List differences between protons, neutrons, and

electrons
Explain what is unique about atoms and how ions
are formed
Tell how many protons, neutrons and electrons are
in an atom
Define isotopes and explain why they have
different atomic masses
Explain how the mole is used in chemistry
Convert between moles and grams
Calculate molar mass of compounds

The GREAT Trio

Objective 1: List differences

between protons, neutrons,
and electrons

Atoms are made of three major subatomic particles

These are distinguished by mass, charge, and

location

Particle

Charge

Location

Mass (kg)

Proton

Positive

Nucleus

1.67 10-27

Neutron

Neutral

Nucleus

1.67 10-27

Negative

Electron
Cloud

9.11 10-31

Electron

Unique is the Way!!

Objective 2: Explain what is

unique about atoms and
how ions are formed

All elements have a unique number of protons

Defines the element

IF an atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons

the atom is

NEUTRAL!!

A negative ION aNion!

A positive ION - ca+ion

IF the atom has more electrons than protons the atom is

IF the atom has more protons than electrons the atom is
Three forces hold atoms together

Weak nuclear, strong nuclear, and electromagnetic!

Some ImPoRtAnT NuMbErS!!

Atomic Number

Objective 3: Tell how many protons,

neutrons and electrons are in an atom

Tells how many PROTONS are in the nucleus

Tells how many ELECTRONS in a neutral atom
Designated by A
SoWhat is A for Carbon?? Hydrogen??

Mass Number

Equals the number of PROTONS + NEUTRONS

Designated by M

Atoms of each element have the same number

of protons, but can have different numbers of
neutrons as well as electrons!!

SoWhat BOUt the NEUTRON!!

Symbols for the elements are usually written in

the form of
M= mass #
M
A= atomic #
A

Sm

Objective 3: Tell how many protons,

neutrons and electrons are in an atom

Sm = Symbol of element

Getting # of neutrons is simple..

All we do is subtract M from A

How do we know how many protons and

electrons are in the atom?

LOOK at ATOMIC NUMBER!

For PROTONS and ELECTRONS in a NEUTRAL atom!

For ions ELECTRONS are found by subtracting (cation) or
adding (anion) the CHARGE from/to the atomic number

Exampleuranium-235

235
92

Weirdo Atoms
IsOtOpEs

Objective 4: Define isotopes

and explain how they make up
the atomic mass of an element

Element with same # of protons but DIFFERENT

number of NEUTRONS
These have different masses than the other atoms of a
particular element
Their chemical and physical properties do NOT change
Written as name of element mass number
Example Uranium 235
Hydrogen has 3 isotopes with DIFFERENT names!

Hydrogen 1 (Hydrogen)
Hydrogen 2 (Deuterium)
Hyrdrogen 3 (Tritium)
How many protons does each isotope of hydrogen have?
How many neutrons does each isotope of hydrogen have?

Atomic Mass

Objective 4: Define isotopes

and explain how they make up
the atomic mass of an element

Atomic masses are weighted average

Its the average of the masses of all the
isotopes of an element

Unit is the unified atomic mass unit (u)

Based on carbon 12 (1/12 the mass of carbon 12)

Makes working with small masses EASIER!

We can find the most common isotope of

an element by looking at the atomic mass

We just round the atomic mass!

Moles and Counting

Objective 5: Explain how the

mole is used in chemistry

Because chemists deal with LARGE #s of small

particles

They use a very LARGE counting unit called the mole

1 mole = 602, 213, 670, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000

particles
This number is usually written as 6.022 1023
particles/mole

Usually called Avogadros number

Moles and grams are related!!

The mass of one mole of a substance is called the molar

mass!
Equals the atomic mass expressed in g/mol

Ex. 1 mole of carbon-12 = 12.00 g!! Also expressed as 12.00

g/mol

Compounds Have Molar

Masses TOO!!

All we have to do is add up the

molar masses of the atoms

combined in the compound!
Must know number of atoms as
well as their masses!

If there are SUBSCRIPTS by the

Ex:

element you MULTIPLY the

subscript by the molar mass of
the element!

What is the molar mass of

water?
What is the molar mass of
carbon dioxide (CO2)

Objective 6: Calculate the

molar masses of compounds

Objective 7: Convert between

moles and grams

We Can Convert Between Moles and Grams!!

Molar Masses help us to convert (change)

Moles into grams or grams into moles!

How to convert grams into moles

Divide by molar mass!

How to convert moles into grams

Multiply by molar mass!

Examples:

What is the mass in grams of 5.50 mol of iron?

How many moles are in 5.47 g of fluorine?

T Charts for Converting!

Moles to grams
Given
Moles

Unknown
Molar mass (g)
Moles

Grams to moles:
Given
Grams

Unknown
Moles
Molar mass (g)