Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tallinn 2003
Complete solution of each subquestion gives two
points. You have five hours for solving.
1. Volleyball (8 points)
2) A wire is made of dierent alloys, its heat resistivity as a function of the coordinate along the
wire is given in the attached graph. The crosssection area of the wire is S = 1 mm2 , its length
l = 4 cm. Find the heat flux through the wire,
if one end of the wire is kept at the temperature
100 C, and the other end at 0 C.
I(mA)
1
3) Find the output signal Uout Uout 0 if Uin =
1 mV.
3. Gravitation (6 points)
4) The input signal is given in the graph below. 0
1) Find the free falling acceleration g0 at the sur- Sketch the output signal as a function of time.
I(mV)
face of such a spherical planet, which has mass 1
M and material density (in what follows, M
w
and are assumed to be constant).
_
_
w0
w0
w0
N
S
S
N
a
b
Solutions
1. Volleyball (8 pts)
1) F = pS, where S = r2 is the segment base surface. It is easy to see that r2 = (2R h)h,
hence F = ph(2R h) 120 N.
2) During the collision the ball is deformed as
shown in Figure: the envelope is not stretchable,
hence it retains the spherical shape (except where in touch with the wall). Using the approximation h R we can neglect the term h2 in the
expression for the force. Then, the force is proportional to h, ie. the ball behaves as a spring of
stiness k = 2Rp. According to the energy conservation
law mv 2 = 2Rph2 , hence
h = v m/2Rp 11 mm.
h(2Rh) < 4R2 . This condition is always satisfied, no additional constraint is needed. Notice
that we considered only the worst case requiring
the largest compensating force when the force of
inertia is normal to the surface. Remark: The case of stretchable envelope is completely dierent,
sphericity disappears over all the surface (try to
press a balloon against a glass!).
2.
2
F = mgv/ v + u2 .
I = (Uin + E)/(R + RD ) 4.5 mA.
2) The output voltage can be found graphically: 4) F = [(v + u) + (v u)]mg, if v > u and
the diode voltage U (I) = E IR, hence, the F = [(u + v) (u v)]mg, if v < u (F > 0
intersection point of the graph and the straight means that F and v are opposite to each other).
line U = E IR, gives us the diode current It is easy to see that by small values of v, the force
6 mA; then, the output voltage IR = 60 mV starts linearly decreasing [with F (v = 0) = 0]
(see the graph).
(F < 0 implies that force and velocity are in
4.
I(mA)
10
U(V)
Gravitation (6 pts)
0
3) This is the
half of the harmonic
oscillations
period, = m/2Rp = m/2Rp
18 ms.
4) Let us use the balls system of reference. The
envelope surface element dS is exerted by the
force of inertia dFi = amdS/4R2 , where a =
ph(2R h)/m. Thus, dFi = ph(2R
h)dS/4R2 . In order to keep the spherical shape, this force has to be compensated by the force
due to the excess pressure dFr = pdS, hence
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
hence l = l0 cos .
1) mg v.
1
k2
k3
k1
w
ef
ekt
w0
w0
6.
px
4
py 3
1
2
2)
px
py
3)
P res
4) Let us consider the vectorial sum of the momenta given to the particle in dierent moments of time. During the time interval t, all
the component-vectors are rotated by the angle
2t/TB = Bq/m. Thus, with each impulse,
a vector P with modulus P = Eq is added; the
angle between the lastly added vector, and the
previously added vector is = tBq/m.
P1
P
P2n
re
s
P2
5) All these vectors, when added according The figure represents the net moment Pres after
to the triangle rule, form a circle of radius 2n-th impulse, and also the net impulse Pres
for
R = P/ sin P/ = Ek m/B. another time moment 2n t. For an odd numpx
ber of impulses, the pattern is exactly the same,
except that all the vectors have opposite direcpy
tion (because the lastly added component, the
vertical vector, has opposite direction).
7.
Hence, the average velocity vy = R/m = 1) The light flux density decreases inversely proEk /B, vx = 0.
portionally to the square of the distance, the6) Two subsequent momenta along x-axes result refore w1 = w0 Rp2 /L2p , where Rp is the solar
in net moment along y-axes Py = P . The radius, and Lp the solar distance. Due to
sequence of such moment pairs form a (near- = 2Rp /Lp , we obtain w1 = w0 2 /4.
ly) circle (actually, regular equilateral polygon), 2) The previous result can be applied to the
composed of vectors (with modulus Py ), the star flux density, which is q 2 w1 ; hence P2 =
angle between of which is 2 (see Fig.). The ra- 14 D2 w1 q 2 = w0 (D/4q)2 .
dius of the circle is Py /2 = P/2 = 12 Eq , 3) The paper surface area S radiates towards
and its center coordinates are mvx = Eq /2, the lens of the telescope the power P3 =
mvy = 0. After an even number of impulses, the w1 S( 4 D2 /L2 ), where L is the telescope dis-
the formula kinetic = h/ l2 h2 . The reasonable numerical values are static 0.37 and
kinetic 0.29.
2) We put several paper stripes on the plate, and
the magnet on the top of them. We make a
loop of cord, put it around the magnet, and pull
it using the dynamometer sideward (sliding the
whole system of paper and magnet). The attraction force F N (where N is the reaction force)
is found as the ratio of the reading of the dynamometer Fd and the appropriate friction coefficient (depends, which reading is taken: either
the maximal one, or the one corresponding to sliding), F Fd /. The distance d is measured
in the number of paper stripes (one stripe had
a thickness of 0.2 mm). For large distances
(approximately d > 4 mm), the weight of the paper Fp stripes and magnet is no longer negligib-
d /mm/
0
0
Planets (6 pts)
5.
1) What are the equilibrium positions of the cylinder laying on an horizontal surface (3.5 pts)?
2) Sketch on graph the net torque of gravity and
surface reaction forces with respect to the contact point of the cylinder and surface as a function of (0 /2). For the axis of torque,
you do not need to indicate any quantitative scale (1.3 pts).
3) Which equilibrium positions are stable and
which are not? Motivate your answer (1.2 pts).
6. Magnets (6 pts)
tum conservation law into the energy equation r1.5 ) = GM r1.5 (1 k 1.5 ). Finally, the
1
1
L 2
2
2
2
2
we obtain m
2 [Vt ( L+r ) + vr ] + E0 S0 (r square of the observed period T = (2/) =
m
2
2
2
3
1.5
2
2
l0 ln r+L
)
=
(V
+
V
)
(0.4
pts).
Furtt
r
4 r1 /GM (1 k
) and r1 = [T GM (1
L
2
her we make use of condition |r| L and k 1.5 )2 /42 ]1/3 . Using T 4.6 years 1.45
L 2
substitute ( L+r
) 1 2 Lr + 3( Lr )2 (0.4 108 s, we arrive at r1 2.5 1011 m; corresponr+L
pts), ln L Lr 12 ( Lr )2 (0.4 pts). Line- dingly, r2 = kr1 3.7 1011 m.
ar in r terms cancel out due to the condition
E0 S0 (1 lL0 ) = mVt2 /L (0.4 pts). So, we arrive
1
r 2
m 2
2 r 2
2
at m
2 [3Vt ( L ) + vr ] + 2 E0 S0 l0 ( L ) = 2 Vr
(0.4 pts). This is the energy conservation law for
a pendulum consisting of a spring with effective 3. Tilt-shift lens (6 pts)
stiffness keff = (3mVt2 + E0 S0 l0 )L2 and of a
x f
body with effective
mass meff = m (0.5 pts).
So, From f 1 = x1 x1 we obtain x = x +f .
p
T = 2L/ 3Vt2 + E0 S0 l0 m1 2L/ 3Vt Since the ray passing through the centre of a lens
without refraction, from similar triangles we ob(0.3+0.2 pts).
tain the relationship between the y-coordinates
2. Planets (6 pts)
f
of the image: y = y xx = xy +f
. Substituting
hence y = ax + b( f + 1) = x (a + fb ) + b,
horizontal axis, a1 2.8 and a2 16 (in
which defines also a straight line.
k
graph units), respectively. Then, a2 = 1+k
k
and a2 = 1k
. The graph units will cancel out 1) First we notice that the line, its image, and
from the ratio of these to tangents, = aa12 = lens plane intersect in one point, because the
1+k
1
image of that point of the line which lays at the
1k 5.7, hence k = 1+ 1.4.
Second method (more precise): determine lens plane, coincides with itself. Now, it is easy to
the distances between neighbouring minimum construct the image, see the figure.
1. Rubber fiber (12 pts)
4.
perpendicular to the tangent at that point. In order to find the tangent, let us differentiate the el3
3
lipse formula: 4 xa4 dx + 4 yb4 dy = 0, hence, with
3 4
dx = 1, dy = xy3 ab 4 , a tangent vector is ~ =
[1, ( xy )3 ( ab )4 ]. The vectors are perpendicular,
if the scalar product is zero: x y( xy )3 ( ab )4 , i.e.
y
y
b 2
b 2
x = ( a ) = = arctan x = ( a ) .
2) Around each zero changes sign. At = 0,
small increase in will result in a torque trying
to return to the initial position, i.e. the torque
becomes negative. So, the graph looks like the
one below.
6. Magnets (6 pts)
1) Each permanent magnet can be considered
as a solenoidal molecular current at the surface
of the magnets. Suppose that each magnet has
net surface current I. Consider triangular contour going through the interiors of the magnets
A, B, C. According to the circulation theorem
for that contour, the circulation BA l + BB l +
BC l is proportional to the overall molecular current through that contour: BA l + BB l + BC l =
3kI. Here, BA designates magnetic inductance
inside the magnet A; BB and BC are defined
analogously. For a single magnet attached to a
massive U-shaped ferromagnetic, the circulation
theorem yields B0 l = kI (where B0 is the magnetic inductance inside the magnet; the contribution to the circulation inside a massive Ushaped ferromagnetic can be neglected, because
the magnetic field there is much smaller than inside the magnet). So, BA + BB + BC = 3B0
and A + B + C = 3.
2) There are no sources of magnetic field lines
(and hence of the flux), so A = B + F .
3) Due to symmetry, F /C = 1.
4) Upon using symmetry, F = C and D =
B . From the circulation theorem for the triangle CDE, C + E B = . From the noflux-source condition for the vertex with magnets E, C, B we obtain E = C B . Together with the equations form questions 1 and
2, A = 32 , C = F = , B = D =
E = 12 .
5) The larger the flux, the more difficult to remove a magnet, because the magnetic flux needs to
go through the air gap which will be formed (enlarging the magnetic energy), when starting the
removal. So, the answer is A.
process is by constant pressure, otherwise there would be huge acceleration due to pressure
drop).
3) Different air densities inside and outside the
pipe give rise to small residual (as compared to
the static pressure distribution inside the pipe)
pressure difference between the open ends of the
pipe, p = gL. This pressure difference is
responsible for the acceleration of the air, from
zero, up to the velocity of the air flow v. The momentum balance for small time interval yields
Sp = (Sv )v, hence (0 )gL = v 2 . .
Here, the cold air density 0 = p0 /RT0. Finalp0
ly, ( RT
)gL = v 2 .
0
4) Heat flux: P = 1
R(T T0 )Sv/.
5) From the result of question 2, we obtain
= T
From the result of question
T .
6
ln a+l
kgm/s2 .
l 2.08 10
The same result could have been obtained
using the graph and approach used in the alternative solution of the question 1.
9.
v2
3, = gL . Substituting these values in- reading of discharge current I just before interto the equation obtained for question 4, P = ruption, measure voltage U , and continue disc
v3
harging. Collect enough data to draw V-I charac1 R gL T S/. Using the gas equation, this
gL P
3
simplifies to v = 1 S p0 . So, T = T0 [1 + teristic.
gL P 2/3
( 1
/gL] 322 K.
S p0 )
8.
at cp = 1
R.
biB2 , where i = R1 d
dt . So, dp = (F1
2) From the ideal gas equation, p0 = RT (the F2 )dt = bR1 (B1 B2 )d. Using B1 =
2.
Foucault currents can be used to decelerate moving metal objects, e.g. a rotating disc. Consider
the following simple model. For the sake of simplicity, the disc is substituted by a circular railway, see Figure. Plastic can of radius r =
15 cm, mass m = 100 g, and height h = 1 cm
consists of a homogeneous disc (the bottom of
the can), and of a much thinner cylindrical wall.
Along the edges of the cylinder, there are two
wire rings (rails), which are connected with a
set of parallel wire bars (sleepers). Both the
sleepers and rails are made of a copper wire
of diameter = 0,2 mm; the distance between
the sleepers L = h, where = 0,3. Frictionless rotation of the system is decelerated with an
homogeneous magnetic field (B = 1 T) in the
slit between the poles of a permanent magnet,
see Figure. Assume that the homogeneous field
fills a region of rectangular cross-section, equal
to the area between three subsequent sleepers
(i.e. of size h 2h). Outside of that region, the
1) Assume that the distance between the climber field is negligible. The specific resistance of the
8
and the last carabiner is L (see Figure). If the copper = 1.724 10 m.
climber happens to fall, the distance between the
highest carabiner and the climber will reach a
maximal value l (afterwards, the elasticity of the
rope starts lifting the climber). Which inequality
S
N
h
should be satisfied for l ? (1.5 pts)
h
(kN)
2r
2
10
20
30 (%)
istance between
A and B is approximately given
by R0 = R[ ( + 2) ] (2 pts).
Now suppose the system is rotating with an
angular speed = 1 rad/s, and the rails are
uncut.
3) Sketch an equivalent DC circuit, so that the
currents through the resistors are equal to the
currents in the respective railway elements:
sleepers and rail segments (between subsequent sleepers; 2 pts).
4) Using the above obtained results, prove that
the (Joule) dissipation power is given by formula
P = kB 2 2 /R, and express the constant k
(3 pts).
5) Find the decelerating torque M (2 pts).
6) Prove that the angular speed will vanish as
= 0 et/ , and determine the time constant
(2 pts).
3.
Ballistic rocket (8 p)
1) Find the resistance R of a single sleeper Consider the following construction of a water
(1 pt).
pump. A vertical tube of cross-sectional area S1
2) Suppose the rails are cut near the end-points leads from an open water reservoir to a cylindric
of a certain sleeper A and B. Prove that the res- rotating tank of radius r. All the vessels are filled
5. Anemometer (6 points)
Anemometer is a device measuring flow rate of
a gas or a fluid. Let us look the construction
of a simple laser-anemometer. In a rectangular pipe with thin glass walls flows a fluid (refractive index n = 1,3), which contains light
dissipating particles. Two coherent plane waves
with wavelength = 515 nm and angle =
4 between their wave vectors, are incident on
a plate so that (a) angle bisector of the angle
between wave vectors is normal to one wall of
the pipe and (b) pipe is parallel to the plane
defined by wave vectors. Behind the pipe is a
photodetector, that measures the frequency of
changes in dissipated light intensity.
6.
Mechanical and electrical processes are sometimes strongly coupled. Very important examples are systems containing piezoelectric materials, e.g. quartz resonator. Here we investigate
a somewhat simpler situation.
There are two metal plates with area S and
mass m. One plate is situated atop of the other
one. Plates are connected to each other with
springs, whose total spring constant is k and
what are made of insulator. The lower plate is
mounted on a steady base. Equilibrium distance
between the plates is X0 .
flow
1) How long is the (spatial) period of the interference pattern created along x-axis (see Figure;
1) Let us assume that there is a small vertical
2 pts)?
shift x of the upper plate from its equilibrium po2) Let the oscillation frequency of the photo- sition. Derive acceleration x
of x in terms of sysmeter signal be = 50 kHz. How large is the tem parameters. What is the angular frequency
fluids speed v? What can be said about the dir- 0 of the small vertical oscillations of the upper
ection of the fluid flow (2 pts)?
plate (1 pts)?
3) Let us consider a situation, when the 2) Plates are now connected to a constant high
wavelengths of the plane waves dier by = voltage source, so that they form a capacitor.
4,4 fm (1 fm= 1015 m). What is the frequency Electrostatic force between the plates causes an
of signal oscillations now (fluids speed is the additional shift of the upper plate. The equilibsame as in previous section)? Is it possible to de- rium distance between the plates is now X1 . Determine the flow direction with such a device (2 rive expressions of the electrical attractive force
Fe and voltage applied to the plates U in terms
pts)?
of X0 , X1 , S, m and k (2 pts).
photodetector
3) System is set to oscillate again, keeping
voltage U constant. Let x stand still for the shift
from the equilibrium position. Derive an expresd
re
w a ve 1
tte
sion for the acceleration x
of x in terms of X0 ,
a
sc ht
g
X
,
S,
m,
k
and
shift
x.
What
is the angular fre1
li
quency 1 of upper plates small vertical oscillations
(2 pts)?
2
wave
4) Let us modify the situation of the previous
question and connect an inductor with inductance L in series to the capacitor and voltage
P(W)
300
200
100
7.
1) Consider a simplified model of the air ventilation system of a house using a passive heat exchanger. The exchanger consists of a metal plate
of length x and width y and thickness d dividing
the air channel into two halves, one for incoming
cold air, and another for outgoing warm air. Both
channels have constant thickness h, air flow velocity is v see Figure. Thermal conductance of
the metal is (the heat flux through a unit area
of the plate per unit time, assuming that the temperature drops by one degree per unit thickness
of the plate). Specific heat capacity of the air by
constant pressure is cp , air density is (neglect
its temperature dependance). You may assume
that the air is turbulently mixed in the channel,
so that the incoming and outgoing air temperatures Tin and Tout depend only on the coordinate
x (the x-axes is taken parallel to the flow velocity), i.e. Tin Tin (x) and Tout Tout (x). Assuming that the inside and outside temperatures
are T0 and T1 , respectively, what is the temperature T2 of the incoming air at the entrance to the
room (4 pts)?
cold air
metal plate
200
8.
400
o
600T( C)
Balloon (8 points)
warm air
2) Attached is a plot of the heat exchange rate P
of the wire of an electric heater as a function of
temperature (assuming the room temperature is
T0 = 20 C). The operating temperature of the
wire is T1 = 800 C. The heater is switched o;
find the time after which the temperature of the
wire will drop down to T2 = 100 C. The heat capacitance of the wire is C = 10 J/K (4 pts).
9.
1. Rock Climber
1) In the case of falling, the acceleration should not exceed 5g , which
means that ()
m g < 5g . Maximum strain is the solution of the following equation () = 6gm = 69.8 sm2 80kg = 4.7kN . According
to the graph, = 0.315; hence, l < 0.315(L + H) + L
2) In the case of falling, the climber reaches the lowest point, when its
velocity become zero. This means that the energy absorbed by the rope
becomes equal to the change of the potential energy:
E = mg(2L + x),
where x = l L. Energy absorbed by the rope is given by
E=
()dx =
0.31
()d 564.8N
S() =
Thus,
(L + H)S() = mg(2L + x) = mg(2L + (L + H)),
hence
H(mg S())
5.08m.
S() mg( + 2)
So, the new carabiner must be anchored within next L = 5.08 m.
2. Magnetic brake
1) Sleeper is a simple cylindrical conductor:
h
R = 2 5.59m.
(2)
2) Length of the railway element is R, hence the resistance is R2 =
R. Main ideas: first - we can imagine that railway is infinite; second
the resistance (RR ) of this infinit array remain same even if we cut
of one periodic element. Hence,
R(2R2 + RR )
.
RR =
2R2 + RR + R
After solving the equation
( + 2) ).
3) Important ideas:
P =
R(
2B 2 2 r2 h2
(2 + ) + + 1)
Eventually,
2r2 h2
k=
2.12 106 .
(2 + ) + + 1
P
2B 2 r2 h2
=
0.39 mNm.
R( (2 + ) + + 1)
t
0
kB
dt =
IR
There is always two sleepers moving between magnets (in magnetic field);
= 0 e
3. Ballistic rocket
1
R( (2 + ) + + 1).
2
Consequently
L=
RR = R(
()d.
()(L + H)d = (L + H)
B
O
Notice also that we can take account symmetry and connect points
with equal potential; this allows us later to simplify cyclic railway to
previously solved infinite (actually, very long) railway. We can also see
that there is no current between the two sleepers residing in the magnetic field (there is no potential dierence), hence we can disconnect
them. So, we can obtain two indipendent (almost) infinite railways and
both have their own source of elecromotive force.
kB 2
IR
t, and finally =
d
kB
t = ln ,
IR
0
IR
kB 2
2.9s.
1) The net energy depends only on the longer semi-axes. Hence, the
longer semi-axes is the same as in the case of near-Earth orbit: a = R.
2) The ellipse has a property that the sum of lengths from each point on
the orbit to the both foci of the orbit is constant (equals to 2a). Hence,
the other focus (i.e. which is not the centre of Earth) is at the distance R
from both the launching point and landing point, see Fig. So, theheight
h = |CB| = |OB| R; since |OB| = R + 12 |OO | = R(1 + 22 ), we
finally obtain h = R2 .
3) The ratio of the flight time to the period along the elliptic orbit
equals to the ratio of two surface areas: the one painted dark grey
in Fig, and the overall area of the ellipse. The rotation period is the
same as in the case of
near-Earth orbit (due to Keplers third law),
T = 2R/v = 2 R/g . The dark gray surface area is calculated as the sum of half of the ellipse area, and a
triangle area. So,
= T ( 2 R R2 + R2 /2)/R R2 = ( + 2) R/g.
4. Water pump
1) Let us consider the process in the system, rotating together with the
tank.
Then, there is a potential energy related to the centrifugal force:
r
Uc = 0 2 rdr = 12 2 r2 . So, the pressure p2 = p0 gh + 12 2 r2 .
2) From the Bernoulli formula, 12 u2 = p2 p0 = 12 2 r2 gh, hence
the squared velocity in the rotating reference system u2 = 2 r2 2gh.
2
2 2
2 2
The
laboratory speed v2 = u + r = 2( r gh), i.e. v2 =
2
2
2( r gh).
3) The point of lowest pressure pm inside the pump is the upmost point
of the tube. Using the Bernoulli formula, p0 = pm + gh + 12 v12 ,
where the velocity in the
tube can be found from the continuity condition: S1 v1 = S2 u = S2 2 r2 2gh. Therefore, pm = p0 gh
1
2 2
( 2 r2 2gh)( S
) . Notice that the boiling starts when pm = pk .
2
S1
2 2
k
So, m r = 2gh + ( p0 p
gh)( SS21 )2 ; finally we obtain
m = r
2gh +
p0 pk
gh
S1
S2
2
4) The maximal productivity is apparently achieved for the highest efficiency. The eciency is highest, when the residual velocity is lowest:
u 0, and
min . According to the results of the second question, min = r1 2gh. So, the
minimal residual velocity of the water streams is vmin = min r = 2gh. The associated lost power is
2
1
vmin
= gh. The useful power is associated with the potential ener2
gy increase (by gh),i.e. the total power P = 2gh. Hence, = P/2gh.
5. Anemometer
1) First we need to find the angle after the refraction : For small incidence angles we find approximately = /n. In the liquid, the wavelength is decreased n times: = /n. The requested wavelength
can be found as the distance between the lines connecting the intersection points of the equal phase lines of the two beams. Alternatively (and
in a simpler way), it is found as the dierence of the two wavevectors:
k = k , where k = 2/ = 2n/ is the wavevector of the incident
beams. So, = 2/k = / 7,4 m.
2) The scattered light fluctuates due to the motion of the scattering
particles; the frequency is = v/ = v/. There is no way to determine the direction of the flow, but the modulus is obtained easily:
v = / 0.37 m/s.
3) The spatial structure of the interference pattern remains essentially
unchanged (the wavelength dierence is negligible). However, the pattern obtains temporal frequency = (c/) c/2 . The velocity
of the interference pattern u = = c
. If the fluid speed is
v 0.37 m/s, then the relative speed of the pattern and the fluid is
= c
v , depending on the direction of the flow (in both cases,
k
m (3
0
2X
X1 )
Q = S0 U/X1 ; hence
1
d
dX1 C
= 1/S0 , and
x
q
U
.
C
X1
Here, the sign of the second term assumes that the x-axes is directed
upwards (there is no current in the inductance and L
q = 0, if the voltage on the capacitor keeps constant; for increasing charge q > 0, this
assumes increasing capacitance, i.e. x < 0; in a full agreement with the
signs of the above expression).
The second equation describes the Newton second law. First we note that the expression for Fe can be rewritten as Fe = Q2 /2S0 . So,
if the charge on the plate does not change (q = 0), neither does chand
Q2 /2S0 = qQ/S0 . The infinitesimal force
ge Fe . So, Fe = q dQ
changes (Fk and Fe ) can be simply added:
m
x = kx qQ/S0 .
Now, let us look for a sinusoidal solution of circular frequency .
Then, x
= 2 x and q = 2 q . Substituting this into the two above
obtained equations,
we find
(L 2 C 1 )q = xU/X1
.
( 2 m k)x = qQ/S0
This has a non-zero solution for x and q only if
(L 2 C 1 )( 2 m k) = U Q/X1 S0 .
Bearing in mind that U Q/X1 = 2k(X0 X1 ) and C = 0 S/X1 , we
can rewrite the equation as
(0 SL 2 X1 )( 2 m k) = 2k(X0 X1 ).
Introducing 02 = k/m and 12 = X1 /0SL we canfurther rewrite as
X0
4 2 (12 + 02 ) + 02 12 3 2
= 0.
X1
Therefore,
2 2 = 12 + 02 14 + 04 + 212 02 (X0 X11 5),
3
0
i.e. this system has two eigenfrequencies, if X
X1 < 2 (and becomes unstable, otherwise).
L
q=
7. Heat exchange
1) It is easy to see that the temperature profile along the plate is linear,
and the temperature dierence T between the two plates is constant,
T T0 T2 . Indeed, then the heat exchange rate q (per unit plate
area) is also constant, which in its turn corresponds to a linear temperature profile. Let us use a reference frame moving together with the
incoming air. Then, the temperature increase rate at a given point is
T = v(T2 T1 )/x. Then, the heat balance for a air element of volume
V = s h is written as shcp T = q = sT /d = s(T0 T2 )/d.
So, shcp v(T2 T1 )/x = s(T0 T2 )/d, hence
xT0 + hcp vdT1
T2 =
.
x + hcp vd
2) Rewriting the heat balance equation P
=
C dT
as
dt
1
dt
=
CP dT we conclude that time can be found
via the area S under the graph, where P 1 is plotted
versus the temperature as t
=
SC .
The graph data:
T (K)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
P (W)
13
30
55
83
122 177 258 395
100P 1 7.7
3.3
1.8
1.2
.82
.57
.39
.25
Substituting the region with smooth boundaries with a superposition
of trapezoids we find S 12 K/W. Consequently, t = 120 s.
8. Balloon
We can measure the lift of the ball by attaching a weight M = 100 g to it
and taking the reading of the scales F/g = m+M V = 73.4 g, where = p0 /RT 1.2 g/l. Hence, V M = 27.6 g. So, we need to determine the volume of the ball. To that end, we tighten the rope around
the ball as tightly as the fasteners can hold (note that smaller tension
values would results in a too small volume decrease, and hence, in a large uncertainty of the final answer). We weight the ball with rope (93.3
g) and subtract the mass of the rope (19.1 g) to find V M = 28.4 g,
where V is the ball volume, when the rope is tightened. Hence, the
volume decrease V = V V = (28.4 27.6)/1.2 l .67 l. Later, we determine the maximal tension in rope (which can be hold by
fasteners) with dynamometer, T 30 N. We also estimate the average
angle tan 1.4. The radius of the loop is calculated from the measurement of the perimeter, R 15 cm. According to the given formula,
these data correspond to p 1900 Pa. Due to gas law, p
V
,
p0
V
33
l.
Therefore,
M
=
V
27.6
g
12
g.
hence V p0 V
p
9. Mechanical black box
First we determine the coecient of friction as follows. We make sure
that the object is at the bottom of the box. We put the box on the plank
so that the axes of the cylinder is parallel to the axes of the plank. We
start inclining the plank so that the bottom of the cylindrical box gets
higher. We determine the angle of the plank , when the object starts
sliding: it hits the cover of the box. It is convenient to put the cover
(and the rim of the cover) of the box hanging slightly over an end of the
plank. In that case, object hiting the cover of the box results in box falling down from the plank. We measure the tangent of the plank at that
moment: = tan = 0.17 0.2.
Now we turn the axes of the cylinder perpendicular to the axes of
the plank, but keep lying on its side. We start again inclining the plank
and determine the angle , at which the box starts rolling down. Assuming that the object is small (as compared to the radius of the box),
the following relationship can be derived: M sin = m(sin sin ),
where m is the mass of the object and M the mass of the empty box.
253
Using sin = 605
350 and sin = 350 we obtain M/m = 35/25 =
1.4 0.2. From the measurement of the net weight M + m = 10.4 g
we find m = 10.4 g/2.4 = (4.3 0.4) g. Note that the actual mass was
4.5 g.
The mass ratio can be, in principle, determined from the period of
small oscillations, T 0.4 s. Then, if we estimate the moment of inertia of the system box+object as (M + m)r2 , where r is the radius of the
m g
cylinder, then I
= mrg, i.e. 2 = m+M
r . Using r = 16 mm
g 2
2
M+m
we obtain m = r T /4 = 3.9. This result, however, is rather
approximate, because it is dicult to measure such a short oscillation
period (at the high dissipation rate). Furthermore, the period is taken
to the second power, this explains the unrealistic result (so,it does not
make sense to try to improve the approach by taking account the geometric factors for the calculation of the moent of inertia of the box etc).
1.
Drying (12 p)
r > 100%
air
ure
air
ure
xed pressure)
cp = 1005 J/(kgK)
can be as-
4)
is formed)?
r > 100%
then
2.
q = 2500 kJ/kg.
If a capacitor of capacitance
Photography (7 p)
istor of resistance
the vapour.
Sucking (7 p)
1).
V = V1 + V2 .
T?
(g/m3)
eld
2,0
A point charge
H,
of opposite
due to which a
1)
2)
1,5
a.
at which height
4.
Find
1,0
the
capacitance
of
an
unknown
capa-
10
15
20
t ( C)
25
r0 = 100%.
an electromotive force
3.
2)
and res-
1)
of resistance
R2 = 6.2k,
R1 = 1.5k
one
V I
V I
Uc
The
of the LED is
5.
6.
Car (7 p)
l (see gure)
;
l.
its perimeter
is much
= 0).
g.
p,
d = 1 m,
The dia-
= 1.
b;
The
B,
1)
1)
2)
3)
l, U
2)
2)
rear axis.
Suppose that the car has four-wheel-drive,
T1
at this
4)
is negligibly small,
7.
Mass-spectrometer(9 p)
mass-spectrometer is given.
It is a device for
T
P
T x
to
M + M .
of the mass-
8.
The sub-
on a hot lament
U.
At
and
M M
M
spectrometer?
eU kT ).
4)
M + M will
range width M .
to
gure).
detector?
and
r (r l).
angles
acting across
(b).]
a,
radius
3)
tion
nd the
3)
e.
and
M M
front wheels;
I0
c.
ions (eU
kT ,
where
is elementary charge
1)
uring scale could be seen simultaneously if looking at it through the bottle from a very distant
A nar-
k
2)
has a max-
tensity
is negligible.
coecient of fric-
Note that
A car attempts driving over a road barrier, startA cylindrical bag is made from a freely deform-
Remark:
1. Drying
1) Let the number of moles of cold and warm air be
1 and 2 ; letCV designate the molar heat capacitance at a fixed volume. Then the total change of internal energy is U = CV [1 (T T1 ) + 2 (T
T2 ) = (CV p0 /R)(V V1 V2 ) (using the ideal
gas law). Internal energy change must be equal to the
work of the external pressure: (CV p0 /R)(V V1
V2 ) = p0 (V V1 V2 ), hence V V1 V2 (since
CV /R 6= 1).
2) The molar amount of gas (p0 /R)(V1 /T1 +
V2 /T2 ) = (p0 /R)(V1 + V2 )/T , hence T = (V1 +
V2 )/(V1 T11 + V2 T21 ), i.e. t 16,5 C.
3) The vapor mass ma = a (t1 )V1 + a (t2 )V2 ,
the mass of saturating vapor at the given temperature mak = a (t )(V1 + V2 ). Relative humidity
r = ma /mak , because at the fixed temperature, the pressure is proportional to the density. So,
r = a /a (t ), where the weighted average of the
vapor a = [a (t1 )V1 + a (t2 )]/(V1 + V2 ) this
value can be found from the graph as the coordinate
of the point C : we draw the line at + b, connecting
points A and B , and take the reading for the point C
lying on the line at +b 1,68 g/m3 at t = 17 C
(this value divides the interval [t2 ; t1 ] in the proportions V1 : V2 ). The saturating vapor pressure at the
given temperature is found as the coordinate of the
point D: pa (t ) 1,38 g/m3 . Finally we obtain
r 1,22 = 122%.
(g/m3)
2,0
C
1,5
2. Photographing
Let us notice that at the lower part of the photo, there are few brighter spots of regular circular shape and
clear edges unlike all the rest at the smudged (out
of focus) part of the image. This can be only due to
the point sources in that far area. Let the distance
of the linear from the lens be l, and the distance between the sensor and the focus x. Then, according
to the Newton formula, x(l f ) = f 2 , where f is the
= fx . Let the spot diamefocal distance; hence lf
f
ter be . Then the lens diameter d = fx = lf
. Let
f
the size of the image of the linear be a, and the size
l
. From the
of the linear itself A. Then A = a x+f
lf
lf
1
lens formula, x+f = f l , hence A = a f . Comparing with the previous result we obtain d = A/a,
i.e. the lens diameter equals to the spot diameter,
using the scale of the linear. From the figure, we find
d = 17 mm.
3. Sucking
1) Let x be the horizontal axes, and y the vertical axes. At the liquid surface, the potential energy
of a unit volume is constant (so that the liquid will
not flow towards the lower potential energy). So, the
formula for the height (x) of the liquid surface is
1
given by vp = m g 4
e q/r = 0, where
0
E
D
1,0
10
15
20
t (0C)
25
r =
x2 + ( H)2 is the distance of the given
point from the charge. Let us designate 0 (0).
From the previous formula we obtain (bearing in
mind that for x = 0 we have r = H 0 ) the result
e q
1
0 (0 H) + 4
= 0. Using the designation
0 m g
e q
1
40 m g
h=
e q/0 m g.
4. Electrical experiment
We start with charging the capacitor (waiting long
enough, to allow equalizing the voltages of the source
and the capacitor, of the order of the discharge time
below). The capacitor will be discharge on the diode
and two resistances (the unknown one r is parallel
to the diode), using the scheme in the figure. We
perform two experiments using for the sequentially
connected resistor R the both supplied resistors with
known resistance, R = R1 and R = R2 .
r
R
Initial voltage of the capacitor U0 = E ; the voltage
drop on the diode is constant (while emitting light)
exactly as on a voltage source. Therefore, the voltage
on the capacitor approaches that value exponentially:
U Uc = (E Uc )et/RC .
Diode stops burning, when all the current I = (U
Uc )/R goes through the unknown resistor, I =
Uc /r. Thus, at the fading moment (t = ):
r(E Uc )e /RC = RUc .
Rewriting the latter equality for the both experiments,
r(E Uc )e1 /R1 C = R1 Uc .
r(E Uc )e2 /R2 C = R2 Uc .
Dividing these and taking the logarithm results in
2
1
R1
C=(
)/ ln
.
R2
R1
R2
5. Empty sack
1) The pressure at the floor P = p + g , hence
p
Lg = (p + g)c, from which c = L/( g
+ 1).
2) Here we provide a solution departing from the
recommendations (finding the other solution is left
for the reader). Let the tension of the material at
some contact point with floor P0 be T0 . Consider
the energy balance of a piece of material between the
points P and P0 for a tiny virtual displacement ,
tangential everywhere to the material (thus, the shape of the material is preserved). The potential energy
change (per unit length of the sack) is gx (because
the piece of material of length will get from the floor
to the height x); the work done equals to (T T0 ) .
The energy balance yields T = gx + T0 , hence
= g .
3) The force balance between the left and right halves
of the sack can be written as T1 + T0 = pa. Bearing
in mind that T0 = T1 ga, we find T1 = (p+g) a2 .
4) The force balance between the lower and upper
halves of the sack: 2T2 + L1 g = pb, where T2 is
the tension at the widest point, and L1 L/2
is the length of the upper half. The tension T grows
linearly with the height, and the widest point is approximately at the half height; hence 2T2 T1 +T0 =
pa. Substituting it into the first equation, we obtain
p(b a) = Lg/2. Taking into account that the
sack is almost of a circular cross-section, we write
(b + a) 2L; hence, we finally obtain g
4p .
6. Car
1) Let us consider the force balance projected to the
horizontal axes. The only force, which could create
a non-zero projection, is the resultant of the friction
and reaction force, applied by the corner of the delimiter. Due to the balance, this must be also zero,
i.e. this resultant
force is directed vertically, hence
H = d4 (2 2) 15 cm.
2) Consider the torque balance with respect to the
point O the intersection point of the lines of the
resultant force applied to the rear wheel by ground,
and of the gravity force (vertical line through C ). At
the equilibrium, the line of the reaction force applied
to the front wheel by the delimiter must go through
the same point. Thus, the intersection point of the
line OP with the wheel gives us the corner of the delimiter (P is the center of the front wheel). Using the
scale of the figure yields H 10 cm.
3) Consider the torque balance with respect to the
case of very large distance (black line d). In the latter case, the ray (in Fig, a) is refracted at the entrance
to the bottle by a certain angle ; when observing from
smaller distances, one ray (b in Fig) is refracted by the
same angle. These two rays coincide after rotation by
an angle around the center of the bottle. So, the
part of the scale, given by the gray line in Fig, is longer than the black line at least by 2R . We should
perform the measurements with as large L as possible; the result of the measurement is to be adjusted
by subtracting 2R , where = arcsin(l/2L).
C
R
c d
7. Mass-spectrometer
1) The trajectory of a charged particle
in the magnetic field is circle of radius R = l/ 2. Lorenz force
is responsible for the acceleration, Bev = M v 2 /R,
hence BeR = p. Substituting p2 = 2M U e =
B 2 e2 R2 , we obtain
M = B 2 l2 e/4U.
2) Now, the radius can beR r. Approximate calculus yields R/R
= r 2/l M/2M , hence
M M r2 2/l, i.e.
M = B 2 lre/ 2U.
3) Ion leaves the magnetic field at the distance r before (or after) performing
a quarter of the circle. So,
r/R = r 2/l.
4) Certain initial energy kT implies that the terminal
energy U e+kT = e(U +kT /e); this is equivalent to
the change of the voltage by U = kT /e. Using approximate calculus and the result of the first question,
we obtain: M = dM
dU kT /e, i.e.
M = B 2 l2 kT /4U 2 .
8. Optical experiment
1) Looking at the bottle from a distance reveals that
the central part of the scale is not reversed, unlike the
image at the extreme edge of the bottle. The turning
point corresponds to an one end of the visible part of
the glued scale (the other end-point is symmetrically situated). Looking from smaller distances results
in large visible part (Gray line c in Fig.), than in the
/2
/2
d
1. Wire (7 pts)
A conducting wire is formed of a cylindrical copper core with a diameter
of a = 2,5 mm. The core is wrapped in a concentric, cylindrical aluminium coating, the total diameter of the wire being b = 4 mm. A current
of I = 2,4 A flows through the wire. The specific resistivity of copper is
c = 0,0168 106 m and of aluminium, a = 0,028 106 m.
1) What are the current densities j in different parts of the wire (current
density is defined as the current per cross-section area)?
2) What is the magnetic inductance B1 at the distance c = 1 cm from
the axis of the wire?
3) What is the magnetic inductance B2 at the surface between the copper and aluminium?
R
~ =
~ dl
Remark It may be useful to know the circulation theorem: B
0 I , where the integral is taken along a closed trajectory (loop) and I is
the net current flowing though that loop; 0 = 4 107 Hm1 . This
formula is completely analogousRto the formula for the work done by a
~.
force along a trajectory: F~ , A = F~ dl
2. Pendulum (7 pts)
Consider an elastic rod, the mass and the compressibility of which (i.e.
the length change) can be neglected in this problem. It can be assumed
that if one end of the rod is firmly fixed, and a force F is applied to the
other end of the rod, perpendicularly to the rod at the point of application, then the rod takes a form of a circle segment. The radius of that
circle is inversely proportional to the force, R = k/F , where the factor
k is a characteristic of the rod.
F
R
1) Let the rod be fixed vertically, at its bottom end, and a ball of mass m
be attached to its upper end. Knowing the factor k, the length of the rod
l, and the free fall acceleration g , find the period of small oscillations of
the ball. In this question, you may assume that gml k.
2) What is the maximal mass M of the ball, which can be stably held on
such a vertical rod?
Remark: you may use approximate expressions sin x x x3 /6
and cos x 1 x2 /2 (for x 1).
3. Temporal focusing (10 pts)
Suppose that at the point A, there is a source of thermal electrons (of
negligible thermal energy), which are accelerated initially by the voltage U0 = 36 V in horizontal direction (see figure). At the path of
the electrons, there are two voltage gaps B and C of negligible size,
at the distance a from each other. These gaps receive a voltage signal
UC (t) = UB (t) U (t) from a waveform generator. We can assume that |U (t)| U0 . The electrons starting at different moments of
A e
U(t)
C
a
1) Assuming that U (t) 0, what is the time needed for the electrons
to travel from the gap B to the probe D?
2) Find the same travel time assuming that the voltage U (t) U U0
is constant (your approximating expression should be a linear function
of U ).
3) What functional equation should be satisfied for the waveform U (t)
in order to ensure the focusing of all the electrons at the probe D. Solve
this equation by assuming a b and |U (t)| U0 .
4) The waveform generator yields a periodic signal of period T in such
a way that the profile U (t) is followed up to achieving some maximal
value Um ; after that, the voltage drops immediately to 0 and the process
starts repeating. What is the fraction of electrons missing the time
focus at the probe D?
4. Coefficient of friction (12 pts)
Equipment: a wooden brick, a spherical ball, board and ruler (the mass
ration of the brick and ball is provided).
1) Determine the static coefficient of friction between the board and
the brick.
2) Determine the static coefficient of friction between the ball and the
brick.
6. Truck (7 pts)
1) A rope is put over a pole so that the plane of the rope is perpendicular
to the axes of the pole, and the length of that segment of the rope, which
touches the pole is l, much shorter than the radius of the pole R, see figure (a). To the one end of the rope, a force T is applied; the sliding of
the rope can be prevented by applying a force T1 to the other end of the
rope. Express the ratio T1 /T via l, R, and , where is the coefficient
of friction between the rope and the pole.
2) Answer the first question, if l is not small (i.e. without the assumption
l R).
Remark: you may use equality
lim (1 + nx)1/x = en .
x0
3) The rope makes exactly n = 2 winds around the pole. One end of the
rope is attached to a truck standing on a slope (slanting angle = 10 );
the mass of the truck m = 20 t, see figure (b). Find the force F , needed
to apply to the other end of the rope, in order to keep the truck at rest.
Use the numerical value = 0,3. All the other friction forces acting
upon the truck can be neglected.
4) How does the answer change, if the cross-section of the pole is not
circular, but instead, egg-shaped? Motivate your answer.
(a)
T1
(b)
T
1. Wire (7 pts)
1) Using the Ohms law in differential form, E = j , and noting that the
electric field must be the same both in the core and in the coating, we
conclude jc c = ja a jc = a a /c . On the other hand, the net
current I = 4 [a2 jc + (b2 a2 )ja ] = 4 ja (b2 a2 + a2 a /c ), hence
I
4
0.15A/mm2 ; jc 0.25A/mm2 .
ja =
b2 + a2 (a c )/c
2) Writing down the circulation theorem for a circular concentric loop
of radius c around the straight wire, 2cB1 = 0 I , we obtain B1 =
0 I/2c = 2 Ic 107 Hm1 = 4.8 105 T .
3) Using the technique as before, but noting that the current flowing
through the smaller loop of radius a/2 is Ic = jc 4 a2 , we obtain
B2 = 0 Ic /a = 0 jc a/4 = jc a 107 Hm1 = 2.0 104 T .
3) For the changing voltage, we can use the result of the previous question, but the voltage value should be taken at the moment of electron
passing the gap. Also, the terminal velocity is changed, v1 v0 is related to the change of the kinetic energy e[U (t + ta ) U (t)]. The travel
time of the later electrons passing B at a certain moment of time t > 0
should as much shorter as it was delayed, i.e.
r
m
t1 t2 =
{a[U (0) U (t)] + b[U (t + ta ) U (t)]} = t,
8U03 e
where the flight time ta a/v0 [since U U0 ]. Using the suggested
approximation, we obtain
r
m
b[U (t + a/v0 ) U (t)]} = t.
8U03 e
If we seek a quadratic solution U (t) = At2 + Bt, we get
2. Pendulum (7 pts)
1) The smallness of the oscillations means that the angle of the arc formed by the rod is small, = l/R 1. Therefore, the force returning
the ball is almost horizontal, F = k/R = k/l, and the horizontal
displacement of the ball is x = R(1 cos ) R2 /2 = l/2, hence
= 2x/l.
For horizontal equation of motion, we can neglect the gravity force,
which is of the order of mg k/l; the right-hand side here hap2
pens p
to be the elastic force. So, m
x = k/l
p = 2kx/l , hence
= 2k/m/l; the period T = 2/ = l 2m/k .
2) Elastic energy of the rod depends apparently only on its shape, i.e.
on the curvature radius R, or, equivalently, on the binding
R x angle .
First, we derive the expression for that energy: r = 0 F dx =
R
(2kx/l2 )dx = kx2 /l2 = k2 /4. This is to be compared with the
change of the gravitational potential energy g = mg(l R sin ) =
mgl(1 sin /) mgl2 /6. So, the vertical position is stable, if
k2 /4 mgl2 /6 > 0, i.e. 3k > 2mgl.
Remark: a simple-minded force balance of the ball to the direction,
perpendicular to the rod leads to another result k > mgl. This is not
correct, because if we bind the rod with a force applied to its tip, small
displacements of the tip are not perpendicular to the rod (as one might
think). In particular, this means that if there are both perpendicular
force F and tangential tension T in the rod, the curvature radius R will
depend also on the tension T . In our solution, we avoided such kind
of complications by noting that the elastic energy depends only on the
shape of the rod (if we bind the rod with some force F while keeping
T = 0, we dont need to bother about this effect).
3. Temporal focusing (10 pts)
t
2Ata (t + ta /2) + Bta =
b
So,
8U03 e
.
m
8U03 e
8U03 e 2eU0 /m
4U02 e
/2ta b =
=
,
m
m
ab
mab
and B = Ata . Finally we obtain
p
4U02 e
t t a m/2U0 e .
U (t) =
mab
4) Lost are those electrons, which are in the interval between B and C ,
when the voltage drops to 0. The duration of the time interval, when
these werepemitted, is = a/v0 . So, the asked fraction is given by
/T = Ta m/2U0 e.
A=
from where
=
m
M
+ 1 2 cot
.
m
2 (cot + M
)1
B
2
3
2
O
P
1
A
L
3
C
6. Truck (7 pts)
1) First, since l is small, T1 T . From the radial force balance, N
T = T l/R, where is the angle, by which the direction of the rope is
changed. From the tangential balance, T1 = T N = T (1 ).
2) If the angle is not small, we divide the touching segment into M
small segments and use the previous result: Ti+1 = Ti (1 /M ). So,
TM = T (1 /M )M T e (as M ). So, T 0 = T el/R .
3) Using the previous formula and the provided numerical values ( =
2 ), we obtain
T = M g sin e 800 N.
4) If we re-examine the solution to the second question, we notice that
we havent used the assumption of cylindrical shape. What matters, is
just the rotation angle of the tangent to the rope. So, the answer does
not change for egg-like cross-section.
7. To the Mars (10 pts)
1) Apparently v12 = v02 2gR0 .
2) The trajectory is ellipse touching Earth orbit at its perihelion and
Mars orbit at its apohelion..
3) According to the Keplers third law, the time T = 21 T0 (a/Re )3/2 ,
where T0 = 1 year is the period of Earth and a = (Re + Rm )/2 is the
longer semi-axes of the trajectory. Numerically, T = 0, 70 years.
4) The full energy (kinetic plus potential) of the space ship is E =
Gm/2a = Gm/(Re + Rm ) = Gm/Re + m
(v1 + ve )2 . So,
2
2
Rm
2
Rm
1
2 (v1 + ve ) = G Re (Re +Rm ) = ve Re +Rm and
v1 = ve
2Rm
1
Re + Rm
2Re
1
Re + Rm
0.106ve
Re
2.59 km/s.
Rm
the observed data. First, the diffraction pattern is not where the reflection form the stripe would be; so, it doesnt work as a reflecting diffraction grating. If the packing were regular, and the optical path difference
(required for the diffraction) were gathered due to scattering on neighboring spheres, there would be a pattern, characteristic to diffraction
on crystal lattices (regularly positioned spots). If the optical path difference were gathered due to scattering on neighboring spheres, with irregular packing, the path difference would be random, and hence, the
diffraction pattern would be also random. This would not explain the
regular circular pattern.
On the other hand, if the optical path difference were gathered on
a single sphere, the pattern would be axially symmetric, as is the sphere
itself. So, this fits well with all the experimental observations (except
for slight elongation of the circles for large incidence angles, which may,
perhaps, be explained by the refraction in the coating layer).
On a single sphere, the light is reflected partially back on the front
surface, and partially refracts into the sphere, reflects internally and refracts back into the air (in our rough analysis, we neglect multiple partial
reflections). For beams falling close to the axes of the sphere, the outgoing beams are reflected almost in the opposite direction. So, in its
central part, the sphere acts almost like a reflecting disk.
In our very rough model, we substitute the spheres by disks of approximately the same diameter as the spheres, oriented perpendicularly
to the incident beam. Then, all the microspheres provide maxima and
minima in the same directions.
3) We measure the diameter of the first dark ring d 1.1 cm, and the
distance between the laser and the strip l 80 cm. Then, the diameter
of the spheres can be estimated as the diameter of the effective lightreflecting disk, D l/d 50 m.
1. Dumbbell
(a)
(6 points)
(9 points)
(6 points)
(b)
4. Magnetic eld
(6 points)
5. Ball
(9 points)
6. Rectier
(8 points)
9. Asteroid
(7 points)
7. Fire
(6 points)
(10 points)
Equipment:
(5 points)
1 Actually,
during day time, this is not the case: air temperature decreases with height. However, during evening and night, due to heat radiation, the lower layers of air cool more rapidly than upper layers, and it
The heat contained in the bridge must be comparable with the 2) Circular part of the trajectory is a quarter of the full circle,
heat,
which ows through it during one half-period (if it is much so t = R/2v.
1) During the rst collision, we can neglect the eect of the
the stationary linear prole will develop very soon). So, 3) Let O be the centre of the circular orbit of the electron and B
spring, because during the collision time, the balls almost don't smaller,
the intersection point of the trajectory with the region boundmove, hence the spring doesn't deform. Two absolutely elastic AcSL AS/(L ); hence,
ary. The polygon COBO is rhomb, because all the sides are
/cL .
identic balls exchange velocity during a central collision. So, the
equal to R. So, the line BO is vertical (because O C is vertical
rst ball will remain at rest, and the second one will obtain the
and
BO is parallel to it). Hence, the inclination angle of the
velocity v. So, the velocity of the centre of mass of the dumbbell 3. Tractor
electron is
is v/2.
a
= CO B = AOB + AOC = arcsin .
2) After the impact, the dumbbell will oscillate in the sys2
R
tem of reference of its centre of mass with circular frequency
5. Ball
= 2k/m (balls oscillate so that the middlepoint of the spring
is at rest; twice shorter spring has a twice larger stiness).
Due to the energy conservation law, the only way for the
fourth ball to acquire the velocity v is such that all the other
balls remain at a complete rest after the interaction. Therefore,
before the impact of the third and fourth balls, the third ball must
have velocity v (and the second ball must be at rest). This is the
opposite phase of the moment, when the dumbbell started its
motion. Hence, the travel time t of the dumbbell must be a halfinteger multiple of the period T = 2m/2k. For that phase
of oscillation, the spring is, again, undeformed, i.e. the travel
We lay one of the rulers horizontally on the table. Then, we put
distance of the centre of mass is also L. So, 2L/v = T (n + ),
the ball on that ruler, and the other ruler laying on the ball. With
hence
(
)
nger, we keep one end of the second ruler in contact with the
1
L = v n +
m/2k.
rst ruler and nd the closest stable position of the ball (resulting
2
in the largest inclination angle of the second ruler), see Figure.
1) Let us draw from an arbitrary point B on the road a line par2. Microcalorimeter
we consider the torque balance (for the ball) with respect to
allel to the direction of the wind, and let it intersect the smoke Now,
the
ball
ruler touching point B. Gravity force has no torque,
1) Every bridge has thermal resistance L/S ; so, the overall restrail at point C . Then, the smoke emitted by the tractor at B because and
it
is
to the centre of the ball O. So, the resultant
istance is R = L/4S.
has travelled the distance |BC| = ut, where u is the wind speed. vector of the applied
friction
reaction forces at C must have also zero
2) The power dissipation P results in an heat ux through the
Tractor itself has travelled the distance |AB| = v t. So, we can torque, i.e. it has to goandthrough
B . At the threshold of sliding, the
bridges, = T /R, and in the change of the heat contained in measure
the microcalorimeter, Q = C T = CT (here, dot denotes the late the distances |AB| and |BC from the gure and calcu- angle between this vector and the surface normal CO is arctan .
So, = tan BCO = tan OAB = |OB|/|AB| = R/|AB|. The
time derivative). So,
|BC|
18 mm
u=v
=
30 km/h 13 km/h.
radius of the ball R 40 mm can be measured by rolling the ball
P cos(t) = CT + T /R.
|AC|
42 mm
Now, we can search the solution as T = A cos(t + ), and 2) If the second tractor (at the right-hand-side) had started some- on the ruler by angle 2. The distance |AB| can be measured
denote = arcsin(C/ C + R ). Then,
what earlier, the two tractors had been at the crossroad simul- directly using the ruler. Several measurements are needed, to
taneously. Now, the tractors would be at the same distance from nd the critical position of the ball more accurately.
P cos(t) = A C + R cos(t + ).
the crossroad, i.e. for the current position of the second tractor We have used one ruler as the basis, because if the surface has
So, we must have = ( and A = P / C + R , i.e.)
C , |OC| = |AO| = v t (this is how we nd the point C ). Its smaller coecient of friction than the ruler, the sliding starts at
P cos t + arcsin(C/ C + R )
T =T +
.
smoke
trail can be found as a line, parallel to its smoke trail at the point B, hence we are not able to obtain the required result.
C +R
its
actual
position B. Such a meeting of the tractors would have 6. Rectier
; it been resulted
3) The amplitude of the oscillations is A =
crossing of the smoke trails. which would be 1) Since none of the DC current through the load can come from
must be as sensitive with respect to the small changes of C , i.e. now in positionin Dthe, with
OD = ut. So, we nd
dA/dC must be maximal by modulus. dA/dC = P (C +
the capacitor, all must come through the diode. Hence, the aver|OD|
27 mm
=
30 km/h 21 km/h.
u=v
R )
C ; if we denote x = (C) , we need to minimize the
age current through the diode is also I = 2 mA, and the average
|AO|
39 mm
following function
of
x
:
power
dissipation is obtained by multiplying it with the diode
[
]
4. Magnetic eld
ln (dC/dA) = 3 ln(x + R ) ln x + ln C.
voltage u = 1 V: P = 2 mW.
Upon taking derivative and putting it equal to 0, we obtain 1) Since the radius of the cyclotron orbit is equal to the radius 2) If the diode is open, Uload(t) = U cos(t) u. If the di3x = x + R , from where x = R
of the region R, the trajectory is given by the curve DABE in ode is closed [i.e. U cos(t) < Uload(t) + u], the capacitor dis /2, i.e.
the Figure (AB is a circle fragment).
= 1/ 2CR.
charges through the load. However, the relative change of the
1. Dumbbell
4)
(6 points)
(6 points)
(9 points)
1
2
(9 points)
P0
(8 points)
C 2 2 +R2
2 3/2
(6 points)
voltage of the capacitor has to be small (otherwise I/I would We can integrate these equations over time (bearing in mind that
not be small). The respective load voltage as a function of time initial velocity is zero):
is sketched in the Figure. So, we can use the above written
mx = eE sin t,
Kircho's law with Uload(t) IR, hence U = IR + u = 21 V.
my = eE (1 cos t).
Now, we can integrate once more, bearing in mind that the initial
coordinates are zero:
0
eE0
(cos t 1),
m 2
eE0
eE0
y=
cos t +
t.
m 2
m
x=
7. Fire
(6 points)
The smoke will rise until its density becomes equal to the density
of the air at the same height. Since the molar masses and pressures of the smoke and air are equal, this implies also equal temperatures (pressures are equal, because otherwise, there would be
no mechanical equilibrium). Temperature of the smoke will drop
with increasing height due to adiabatic expansion. If we combine the law of the adiabatic process pV = Const with the ideal
gas law (pV /T ) = Const, we obtain p /T = Const. Taking a logarithm and dierential from this equation, we obtain
= 0, hence we can use approximate expression
( 1)
for the require temperature change
So, the electron performs circular motion in the system of reference, moving with velocity (parallel to the y-axis) u = .
The radius of the orbit is R = . In the laboratory system,
this is a cycloid (the curve drawn by a point on the edge of
a rolling disk); the distance between the neighbouring loops is
= 2u/ = 2R.
dp
p
dT
T
1 p
20 K = T = T
.
p
p = gh
= p/RT 1.2 kg/m3
= cp /cV = (cV + R)/cV
We can use
, where
density. Also, we can substitute
we obtain
R
hence
gh
T =
,
cV + R R
(
cV ) T R
h= 1+
2040 m.
R
g
(7 points)
1
2
v02
= v02
So, we obtain
v = v0
1 2
v .
2
Tangential component can be found from the angular momentum conservation law: v = v , where the velocity at the
perihelion canbe found analogously to v:
2)
vp = v0
1
1
= v0
2
37.5 km/h.
+
. So,
2
24.4 km/h.
v =v
+
Radial component
t
vr =
ut = vt v0 5.6 km/h.
(5 points)
Let us write the Newton's II law for x- and y-components of the 4) When the asteroid approaches Earth's surface along the parabolic orbit, the energy due to the Earth gravity force gR is added
electrons coordinates:
to
its kinetic energyin the Earth's system of reference:
m
x = eE cos t,
0
m
y = eE0 sin t.
w=
d(l)
d
8. Electron
1
2
M
1
M
E
=
= v2
.
m
2a
2
R
v02 = M
R
eE0
m
eE0
2 m
9. Asteroid
(10 points)
3)
d(l)
d
i) Find the moment of time t, when the ball stops sliding, i.e. starts
rolling without sliding.
ii) Calculate the angular velocity of the ball and its total
mechanical energy E at the moment when it stops sliding. In the
case of a hollow sphere, would the energy E be larger or smaller
than in the case of a homogeneous ball?
iii) Now, assume that the horizontal surface is treated so that
the coefficient of kinetic friction depends on the horizontal
coordinate x as = a + b cos x (with a > b). Find the
expression for the terminal mechanical energy E in this new case.
iv) Now, let us return to the case of constant kinetic friction
coefficient . However, let us assume that the surface is not
perfectly rigid (e.g. covered by a felt cloth). This gives rise to a
second friction force the rolling friction force Fr = r mg .
Unlike the kinetic friction force, it is not tangential to the touching
point of the ball and the surface. Instead, it can be interpreted as
the horizontal component of the surface reaction force (the entire
reaction force is, of course, normal to the surface), see Fig. Find
the expression for the terminal mechanical energy E in this case.
What is the most important (qualitative) difference between the
expressions for E and E ?
dx = 0. Integrating (i.e.
equation by dt, we obtain dv + m
summing over all the small increments dx and dv ) this equation
leads us to
v + x = Const,
m
i.e. k = m
.
ii) We proceed in the same way as before, but we need to add the
+ dx
=
interaction force between the boat and the boy: m dv
dt
dt
du
M dt . [Note that since the right-hand-side of this equation is
the interaction force, it goes to zero, if the boy leaves the boat.
Therefore, if we want to keep this equation correct even after the
boy leaves the boat at the moment of time t = t , we must assume
u(t) u(t ) for t > t .] Similarly to the previous section, we
obtain
M
u(t) + x = Const.
v+
m
m
iii) We use the conservation law of the previous section, and
compare the value of the left-hand-side immediately before the
boy lands into the boat with its value after a very long time.
Bearing in mind that we need to substitute u(t ) = u2
(see above), we obtain
M
M
u1 + 0 = 0
u2 + s.
0+
m
m
m
So,
M
s=
(u1 + u2 ),
i.e. the result is independent of how long time did the boy spend
in the boat.
2. Nanoclock (10 points)
i) All thecharges of the ring are at the same distance from the point
P , l = R2 + z 2 . So, according to the superposition principle,
the potential is the sum of potential of all the charges,
= kQ/ R2 + z 2 .
ii) E = d
= kQz/(R2 + z 2 )3/2 .
dz
iii) For |z| R we may approximate (R2 + z 2 )3/2 R3 , so
that E = kQz/R3 .
iv) From the Newton II law,
z = ekQz/R3 , i.e. 2 =
q m
ekQ
1
ekQ/mR3 and f = 2R
5.6 1012 Hz.
mR
v) At the origin, there are no charges; hence, the electric field
lines cannot neither start nor end there. Consider a tiny coaxial
cylinder embracing the origin. The field lines exit the cylinder
through its bottom and top surfaces (because there is an electric
I2 ) =
1
(mr 2 2 + I2 )
decreases.
2
iii) Since we didnt make any assumptions about the functional
form of while deriving w , the results w and E of ii) are still
valid.
iv) The net force F = F +Fr causes the decrease of translational
velocity: mv = F t, v (t) = v ( + r )gt. The sliding
stops when (t) = v (t)/r . Note that the torque with respect to
center of mass is only caused by kinetic frictional force, therefore
(t) = mgr
t. We get an equation for the time of the termination
I
mgr 2
Iv
of sliding: I t = v ( + r )gt, t = g(I+mr
2 )+g I .
r
mvr
E = 12 (I + mr 2 )2 . Clearly, E < E .
4. Black box (9 points) Independetly of whether there is a
triangular or a star connection, one can measure the ratio of the
resistances a pair of resistors by connecting the battery to two
outlets let these be the outlets 1 and 3, and measuring the
voltages between the outlets 1 and 2, and between the outlets 2
and 3. For a star connection,
R3
V23
=
,
R1
V12
where Ri denotes the resistor closest to the i-th outlet; for a
triangular connection,
V12
R3
=
,
R1
V23
where Ri denotes the resistor farthest away from the i-th outlet;
for a triangular connection,
In such a way we find
R3
R2
R3
4,7,
3,3, and
1,4,
R1
R2
R1
implying R1 = 100 , R2 = 140 and R3 = 470 ; or
R1
R2
R1
4,7,
3,3, and
1,4,
R3
R3
R2
R3 = 100 , R2 = 330 and R1 = 470 . So, we can
conclude that the largest resistance is 470 , and the middlevalued resistance is either 330 or 140 .
5. Pencil (6 points) We put the pencil with its graphite end against
a horizontal sheet of paper, and push the other end with a fingertip
(without holding between the fingers and thereby possibly giving
a torque to it). Then, there will be a purely longitudinal stress
inside the pencil (there is no bending of the pencil). If we push
strongly enough, we may neglect the weight of the pancil in the
balance of torque with respect to the fingertip. So, equilibrium
implies that the resultant force of the friction and reaction forces at
the graphite end are along the axis of the pencil. This is possible, if
tan , where is the angle between the pencil and a vertical
line. So, we increase wile pushing the pencil, and determine
the position 0 , when thepencil starts sliding; tan 0 can be
calculated as tan 0 = x/ l2 x2 , where l is the length of the
pencil, and x is the length of the projection of the pencil onto a
horizontal plane.
6. Spring (7 points) First, we measure the lengthening of the
spring under its own weight. The relative lengthening of each loop
is propotional to the order number of the loop. So, the average
value of those legth increments is half of the largest increment (for
the topmost loop). The topmost loop is deformed by the weight
of the whole spring, hence the average deformation corresponds
to the half-weight of the spring,
kx1 = mg/2.
Now we add a load to the lower end of the spring and measure
the new deformation x2 . Since the additional weight of the load
increases the stress of all the loops by the same value M g , each
loop is deformed additionally by the same length increment. The
sum of those additional increments is x2 x1 ; according to the
Hooks law, k(x2 x1 ) = M g . So, xx12 1 = 2M
, and
m
m x2 x1
M=
6 g.
2
x1
7. Soap film (6 points) Suppose the area of a broken part of the
soap film is S . The corresponding surface energy is ES = 2S .
The mass of the soap water that was previously located at the
broken part is m = Sh, where = 103 kg/m3 . Assuming
that the surface energy is transformed to the kinetic energy of
the moving front, we get an equation for the speed of the
q front:
4
2S = 12 mv 2 , 4S = Shv 2 . Therefore v =
=
h
q
4 0.025
m/s = 10m/s and we can estimate the time of
106 103
1
breakup of the soap film to be t = D/v = 100
s.
8. Magnetic pulse (7 points) Since we can neglect the inductance
of the coil, it performes as a voltage source, which outputs U =
N SB/ = 1 V during the time period between t = 0 ms and
10 ms, and 0 V otherwise. The characteristic time scales of the
V
dz
Note that we have a derivative of a logarithm: p1 dp
= d lndzp(z) .
dz
g
Therefore ln(p/p0 ) = z, p = p0 ez , where = RT
.
Alternatively, we can derive this law from the Boltzmann
distribution for the particle density n = n0 eU/kT , where U
is the potential energy of a molecule. Bearing in mind that for a
constant temperature, the pressure is propotional to the density,
we obtain p = p0 eU/kT . Substituting U = mgz = NA gz and
R = kNA , we obtain the same result as above.
ii) Clearly, the pressures inside and outside of the stratostat are
equal and depending on the height as p = p0 ez , where
ag
= RT
. For helium inside the sack pV = const. Let the
volume of the stratostat be VS , therefore p0 VS = pVS , where
p is the pressure at the height, where helium has filled the entire
ag
volume. Since p = p0 , we obtain RT
h = ln , h =
RT
1
ln , h = 17 km.
a g
10. Wedge (5 points) The center of mass of the system doesnt
move, therefore M u = mvh , where u and vh are the horisontal
components of the velocities of the wedge and block in the lab
frame at some instant of time. In the wedges frame, the block has
m
). Since the
horisontal velocity v = vh + u = vh (1 + M
block is sliding down the wedge, the vertical component of the
block has to be v = v tan . The total kinetic energy in the lab
frame EK = 12 (M u2 + mvh2 + mv2 ). Substituting the relevant
quantities and simplifying, we obtain
m
M
Ek = v2 , where
cot2 + 1.
2
M +m
The kinetic energy equals to the change in potential energy:
m
2
v
= EP = mg(h h ). By differentiating and noting
2
that dh = dt v , we get dv = gdt, t = g vmax . From the
q
above written energy conservation law we get vmax = 2gh
; so
r
q
M
we finally have t = 2h
= 2h
cot2 + 1 .
g
g
M+m
is related to).
i) (3 pt) Knowing that the chicken leg is approximately l =
15 cm tall, estimate the length of a tyrannosaur leg L. You may
assume that the length of a leg scales as the length of the whole
animal, and that the bone stress (force per area) is the same for
both animals. Is your result consistent with the step length A?
ii) (3 pt) Estimate the natural walking speed of the tyrannosaur by
approximating the walking motion of a leg with a freely oscillating
pendulum motion. State clearly all the assumptions you make.
4. Ball (6 points) Massive spherical ball has a mass M = 100 kg;
an attempt is made to roll the ball upwards, along a vertical wall,
by applying a force F to some point P on the ball. The coefficient
of friction between the wall and the ball is = 0.7.
i) (5 pt) What is the minimal force Fmin required to achieve this
goal?
ii) (1 pt) On a side view of the ball and the wall, construct
geometrically the point P , where the force has to be applied to,
together with the direction of the applied force.
5. Elastic thread (10 points) Equipment: ruler, tape, an elastic
thread, a wooden rod, marker, a known weight.
The purpose of this problem is to study the elastic properties
of an elastic thread for large relative deformations = (l
l0 )/l0 , where l0 and l are the lengths in initial and stretched states,
respectively. If the Hooks law were valid, the ratio F/ of the
elastic force F and would be constant: F/ = SE , where S is
the cross-section area of the thread and E the Young modulus
of the thread material.
i) Collect the data needed to plot the ratio F/ as a function
, up to 4. Plot the appropriate graph, and indicate the
uncertainties.
ii) By making assumption that the Young modulus E = F/S
remains constant, study, how does the volume of the thread
depend on . Plot the appropriate graph.
i) (1.5 pt) Find the surface area of the ground watered by the
sprinkler.
i) (2 pt) What is the coefficient of friction, assuming a four-wheel
ii) (1.5 pt) At which distance from the sprinkler is the watering drive?
Because of a manual gear change, there is time period of
intensity (mm/h) the highest?
1 = 0.5 s, during which there is no driving force (so that the
9. Power supply (6 points)
car decelerates due to air friction). Except for that period, the
acceleration follows the law given by the graph. As a result, the
terminal velocity vt = 40 m/s is reached 2 = 1.0 s later than it
would have been reached, if there were no delay caused by the gear
change. Upon reaching the terminal velocity, the car continues
moving at constant speed. In your calculations, you can assume
i) (2 pt) Consider the cirquit given in Fig (a), where the diode that the air friction was constant during the gear change period.
can be assumed to be ideal (i.e. having zero resistance for forward ii) (2,5 pt) At which speed the gear was changed?
current and infinite resistance for reverse current. The key is iii) (2,5 pt) How many meters shorter distance will be covered
switched on for a time c and then switched off, again. The input during the first 100 seconds, as compared to ideal acceleration (i.e.
and output voltages are during the whole process constant and without the delay due to the gear change)?
equal to Ui and Uo , respectively (2Ui < Uo ). Plot the graphs 11. Black box (10 points) Equipment: a black box, multimeter,
battery, timer (on the screen).
of input and output currents as functions of time.
Determine the electrical scheme inside the black box, and the
ii) (2 pt) Now, the key is switched on and off periodically; each
values
of all the resistors inside it. Estimate the characteristics of
time, the key is kept closed for time interval c and open also
other
electrical
components. It is known that apart from the wires,
for c . Find the average output current.
the total number of components is three.
iii) (2 pt) Now, cirquit (a) is substituted by cirquit (b); the switch
is switched on and off as in part ii. What will be the voltage on
the load R, when a stationary working regime has been reached?
You may assume that c RC , i.e. the voltage variation on the
load (and capacitor) is negligible during the whole period (i.e. the
charge on the capacitor has no time to change significantly).
10. Ice-rally (7 points) The car accelerates on a slippery ground
so that the wheels are always at the limit of slipping (e.g. via using
an electronic traction control). Such an acceleration would result
in the velocity vs time graph as given in the Figure.
i) (2 pts) For questions (i) and (ii), let us assume that the speed
of the plate u is very small as compared to the maximal velocity of
the block. What is the maximal velocity of the block vmax (maximized over time)?
ii) (2 pts) Sketch qualitatively the graph of the displacement of the
block as a function of time and indicate on the graph the durations
of the prominent stages of the block motion (graph segments).
iii) (1,5 pts) Now, let us abandon the assumption about the smallness of u. Sketch qualitatively the graph of the velocity of the block
as a function of time.
iv) (2,5 pts) Determine the amplitude A of the blocks oscillations.
v) (1 pt) Which condition (strong inequality, or ) must be
satisfied for u in order to ensure that the oscillations will be almost
harmonic?
t (s)
T ( C)
t (s)
T ( C)
0
20.0
400
39.9
20
20.0
600
33.4
30
20.4
800
27.9
100
32.9
1000
24.4
200
41.6
1200
22.3
300
42.2
1400
21.2
Using the result of the previous task, we can use this equation directly to obtain an expression for the minimal allowed value of the
coefficient of friction:
r
J 2 cos
R
MR
min =
Mg
J
1 + MR
F sin
2
M u(R H) + J = J + M R2
R
R
is perpendicular to P A and, hence, forms angle with the loose
!
H/R
end of the rope. Its projection to the rope equals to u, therefore
v =u 1
J
vA = u/ cos . Further, = vA /l,where l = |AP | can be
1 + MR
2
2
2
found from the cosine theorem: l = R + r + 2Rr cos . v) From the energy conservation law we obtain immediately
2
2
The angle can be found using the sine theorem for the triangle
2 v
2 w
(J
+
M
R
)
=
(J
+
M
R
)
+ 2M gH
AOP : sin = R sin
.
Combining
everything
together
we
end
l
R2 s
R2
up with
2gH
uR
uR
w = v2
J .
u = 2
.
=
1 + MR
2
|R cos + r|
R cos2 + r 2 + 2Rr cos
vi)
The
spool
is
the
most
prone
to
jumping
immediately after the
Second solution. Let us decompose the velocity ~vA into two
impact;
the
gravity
force
needs
to
be
large
enough to bind the
components: the tangential component (parallel to the rope)
centre
of
mass
to
the
rotational
motion
around
the edge of the
equals (by modulus) to u; let us denote the radial component as
threshold:
ur . Since the distance between O and A is constant, the projecM v2
RH
g
tion of the velocities of O and A to the line OA are equal:
g
v2
(R H)
R
R
M
ur = v sin v = ur / sin = ur /R sin .
r
J
1 + MR
g
2
The vertical component of the velocity of the point A remains un(R H)
u0 =
J
H .
M
1
+
.
J
J
the charges is just half of the maximal value E : hEi = 12 E , and
dt
M
M v 1 + MR
1
+
2
MR2
net force acting on the plate is F = Q hEi = CEd hEi =
iii) Let us write the force balance projection to the horizontal axis the
1
2
assuming that the spool is at the edge of slipping, i.e. the friction 2 0 AE .
The second way includes writing the energy balance for a small
force Ff = min N , where N = mg F sin is the normal
2
displacement of a plate: F d = (Q2 /2C) = 2Q0 A d =
force:
M a = F cos + min N = F cos + min (M g F sin ). 12 C 2 E 2 d d F = 12 0 AE 2 .
iii) Let us push away part of the water from the inter-plate space
so that there will be a small region of plate area dA, where there is
no water between the plates (here, p is the pressure difference
between the inter-plate space and the outside regions). By doing
so, we perform work d A p, and increase the capacitors energy:
Q2 d 1
1
2
W = (Q /2C) =
.
20 A (A A) + A
So,
Q2 d( 1) A
1
W =
= 0 E 2 d( 1) A;
2
2
20 A
2
comparing this with the pressure work d A p we conclude
that
1
1
p = 0 E 2 ( 1) p = p0 + 0 E 2 ( 1).
2
2
3. Charged cylinder (8 points)
i) Moving surface charge creates a solenoidal surface current with
the surface density j = v = r . From the circulation theorem for a rectangular loop embracing a segment of surface cur= jl, where l is the length of the surface current
rent we obtain Bl
0
segment (so that jl gives the current flowing through the loop).
Hence, B = 0 j = 0 r .
, where S is the area covered
ii) Using formula E = d
= B dS
dt
dt
by the wire, we obtain E = Br 2 /2. Indeed, during a small time
interval dt, the wire covers a equilateral triangle of side lengths r ,
r , and rdt; its area is apparently r 2 dt/2. By using the earlier
obtained expression for B we end up with
E = 0 2 r 3 /2.
iii) We need to show that from the previous task, dS
is independdt
ent of the wire shape. First we note that due to rotational symmetry, dS
, it cannot depend on the rotation angle, i.e. dS
S =
dt
dt
Const. Further we note that regardless of the wire shape, during
the entire rotation period 2/ , the whole circle area is covered;
S 2/ = r 2 S = r 2 /2.
4. Black box (10 points) There are several ways to perform this
task. First one can notice that if two capacitors discharge at the
same resistor, starting with equal voltages and ending also with
equal voltages, the ratio of the discharge times equals to the ratio
of the capacitances (because for each given voltage, the discharge
currents are the same, but larger capacitor has more charge proportionally to the capacitance). Therefore we can first charge the
known capacitor (using the battery), and let it discharge on the
voltmeter (which has some finite resistance), measuring the time
t1 required for it to reach a pre-defined final voltage. Then we need
to repeat the procedure with the other capacitor and measure the
time t2 and calculate
C2 = C1 t2 /t1; the uncertainty is estimated
t1
2
1
as C1 = C1 t1 + t
+ C
.
t2
C1
It is recommended to check the negligibility of the leak current
across the plates of the capacitor. To this end, one can charge a capacitor, measure the voltage, remove the voltmeter and wait for
some time (of the order t1 and t2 ), and check again the voltage.
Another way is to discharge completely one capacitor by
short-circuiting its terminals and charge the other capacitor up to
the voltage of the battery. Further, we connect the terminals A
and B so that the capacitors re-distribute the charge Q = EC1
and take the same voltage: Q1 /C1 = (Q Q1 )/C2 Q1 =
QC1 /(C1 + C2 ) = EC12 /(C1 + C2 ). Consequently, the new
voltage (which we measure) is U = Q1 /C1 = EC1 /(C1 +C2 ),
from where C2 = ( UE 1)C1 .
5. Plutonium decay (3 points)
Let the number of Pu239 -atoms be reduced during time interval
t = 1 s by a factor of 1 (with 1). Then, during the
time period of 1/2 , it is reduced by a factor of (1 )1/2 /t
e1/2 /t = 12 = t ln 2/1/2 . Therefore, the number of
atom decay events is Nd = N t ln 2/1/2 , where N = dS/m0
is the number of atoms, i.e. the -particle flux is = Nd /2St
(where the factor 2 accounts for the fact that the particles are emitted towards the both sides of the plate). Upon bringing all the expressions together, we obtain
d ln 2
=
2.36 1013 m2 s1 .
21/2 m0
6. Violin string (9 points)
i) When the plate slides, there is a constant friction force 2 N
acting upon the block, which means that the equilibrium deformation of the spring is x0 = 2 N/k ; the net force acting upon the
block (due to spring and friction) is given by F = k , where
we have defined = x x0 . Therefore, while sliding, the block
oscillates harmonically around the point = 0. Slipping starts
when the static friction will be unable to keep equilibrium, i.e.
at kx = 1 N , which corresponds to 0 = (1 2 )N/k .
If the plate moves slowly, the block is released with essentially
missing kinetic energy, and the energy
conservation law yields
p
1
1
2
2
k
=
mv
v
=
k/m
.
max
0
0
max
2
2
ii) As mentioned, when the plate slides, the motion of the block is
harmonic, i.e. the graph of x(t) is a segment of a sinusoid; when
there is no sliding, the block moves together with the plate, i.e. the
graph of x(t) is a straight line. At the moment when slipping starts
or stops, the oscillatory speed is equal to the speed of plate, i.e. the
straight line is tangent to the sinusoid. The length of a straight segment can be calculated as
T1 = 20 /u = 2(1 2 )N/ku;
the sinusoidal segment p
corresponds to a half-period and therefore
has a length of T2 = m/k .
ii) Majority of the pumping cycles are done when the pressure inside the bulb is negligible as compared to the outside pressure.
During such a cycle, a work equal to p0 V is done. Therefore,
A N p0 V = p0 V | ln |.
0
usual ambient temperature), dtavg T1 T
and C T0PT
=
350 J/ C. Actually the graph of Tavg (t) is slightly curved downwards (as it is an exponential eventually stabilizing at the ambient
temperature) and initially somewhat steeper, so C is a bit smaller.
ii) The average temperature of the heat sink falls off exponentially,
therefore, if the tail of the given graph turns out to be exponential, we can presume the tail depicts the situation where the
sensor is sensing the average temperature and the initial bump
Actually, quite a good result can be obtained without replotting anything, by just considering the last three datapoints
of the table. Denote Ti Ti Tamb . If the times t3
t2 = t2 t1 , then with an exponential we should observe
that T3 /T2 = T2 /T1 . The last three timepoints are
good indeed, so we check T1 = 4.4 C, T2 = 2.3 C
and T3 = 1.2 C. Their ratios are T3 /T2 0.522 and
T2 /T1 0.523, a splendid match. This confirms the exponential tail. As in every equal time interval the T is multiplied by the same number (that is the essence of exponentials),
3
t tt
3
2
2
Tc = Tavg,0 = T3 T
114 C. From this,
T3
Q 39 900 J. This is discrepant from our previous calculation,
O|
O|
tainty is now calculated as nl = nl ( |A
+ |B
+ n
).
|A O|
|B O|
n
Estonian-Finnish Olympiad 2013 The focal length of its camera f = 4.3 mm been bent into the shape of a square with
1. PRISM (8 points)
i) (4 points) A right prism that has an
equilateral triangular base with length a is
placed in a horizontal slit between two tables,
so that one of the side faces is vertical. How
small can the width d of the slit be made before the prism falls out of the slit? There is no
friction between the prism and the tables and
the prism is made of a homogeneous material.
The edges of the slit are parallel.
10. RESISTIVE HEATING (8 points) Measure the resistor. You are not asked to estimate the uncertainty.
iii) (2 points) Does the evolution of the sysii) (3 points) Using thermodynamic argu- tem only necessarily stop for q = 0? Find the
ments, estimate the maximal diameter of the range of values of q on the capacitor for which
the evolution of the system will necessarily
lens for which this model can be used.
~r
On the verge of falling out, the force R
is applied at the lower corner of the triangle.
If a body in equilibrium is acted on by three
forces, then their lines of action must intersect at one point. This is because otherwise
the torque of one of those forces would not be
zero with respect to the intersection of the
lines of action of the two other forces.
its equilibrium position) by C . Let us consider a small rotation of the prism (assuming it remains in contact with the corners).
The trajectory of the tip is a circle ascribed
around the triangle ABC (it follows from the
property of the inscribed angles because the
6 ACB remains equal to 60 ). The radius of
p
that circle r = l / 3; its centre will be denoted
by O . Once the prism rotates by angle , so
that the new position of the tip will be D , the
central angle 6 COD = 2. Hence, the tip is
raised by r r cos(2) 2 r 2 . The height of
the centre of mass P of the prism is raised
because the tip is raised, and lowered because the vertical projection of the segment
CP is reduced p
by |CP |(1 cos ) |CP |2 /2.
Here, |CP | = a/ 3. So, the original position
is stable if pa 2 /2 < 2 pl 2 , hence l > 14 a.
3
f+ L
1 + /D
2
f2
=
=f
f 1+
f+
s
1 /D
1 /D
D
2
f 1+
.
D
Lf
Lf
f
f2
Lf
=
1+
= f+ ,
a=
L f
L(1 f /L)
L
L
L
Finally, f 2 / s = 2 f /D , or s = 12 D f / = L/2
2.75 m.
tt =
T g (R a + R g )3/2
2
(2R g )3/2
0.707 yr.
iii) (1.5 points) Background. v is important, because the sum of all v determines
As the distance between
the triangles
i) (4 points) The light coming from an in- how much fuel is needed for a given mission.
p
finitely far away object will pass the focal The fuel needed is exponential of total v and
P P0
centre and its side is 63 a, the distance
point F and form a cone which is cut by the is described by Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.
~
~
between
the points of action of R l and Rpr is
p
a
l
1
1
tance s satisfying the sharpness condition.
v t0 = 2GM s
32.7 km/s
R g R g + Ra
m~
g ~
Object at distance s will have an image at
Rl
2. CELLPHONE CAMERA (6 points) The distance b = f + f 2 /s and the light passing the
distance L is often called hyperfocal distance lens will converge behind the sensors plane . 0 The speed in Earths inertial frame is
1
a
in photography and it was calculated more forming a cone. The diameter d 2 of the cones v t0 = v t0 v g 2.94 km/h. To achive that, we
4
than one hundred years ago by Louis Derr cut with the sensors plane can be calculated first need to escape Earths gravity, so
v
(the figure is taken from his book Photo- from similar triangles: d 2 /D = ( b a)/ b. Ac!
u
~r
R
u v0t 2 GM g
graphy for students of physics and chemistry, counting for sharpness condition d 2 = , we
0
t
v1 = 2
+
.
published in 1906).
2
rg
d
can express b = a/(1 /D ), and substituting
1
u , we can again keep two sides perpendicu~ - the answer cannot depend on the
lar to B
path, so we choose the simplest one. Integrating = Bm sin from = 0 to gives us
w = 2Bm.
2 B
exp k BT , where k B is Boltzmanns conB
stant. Solving the equations, we can find
n + and n . The total magnetic moment per
~ ) is given by
unit volume (in the direction of B
M = B ( n + n ). After substituting,
2 B
1 exp k BT
B B
B
M = B N
.
= B n tanh
2B B
kB T
1 + exp
kB T
5.
2B nB
kB T .
3
5
ent angles (for example, 2 , , 2 , 2, 2
1
etc. for several turns; however, keeping the
p
2
2H
t = 1+k
.
strings vertical offers better precision) and
2
g sin
plot ln T with respect to . The slope of the
Replacing k s = 25 for sphere and k c = 12 for
graph is the to be measured.
Extra solution (not as exact). Those who cylinder, we find that the sphere is faster by
cannot derive the necessary formula can still a relativesfactor
r
do the experiment by doing the same meas1 + kc
15
1 =
1 0.035.
=
urements and noting from the plot that the
1 + ks
14
relationship between and T looks exponential. Thus, we can make an ansatz that ii) (2.5 points) As found in previous subpart,
T = T0 X : as = 0 must correspond to the accelerations parallel component to the
T = T0 , we cannot reasonably write the slope a is smaller than the contribution by
anywhere else without over-complicating the gravity g sin . The difference is contributed
formula. Now, we can re-measure the given by the friction force F f = mg sin ma . Slidpencil (it may be reasonably enough approx- ing starts, if the necessary friction reaches
imated with a cylinder here; more exact ap- the maximal value Fmax = N = mg cos .
proaches exist) and conclude that X 2.7. Equating the two expressions gives
From there on, the calculation is the same.
mg sin mg sin /(1 + k) = mg cos ,
6. SPHERE AND CYLINDER (7 points)
1+k
tan =
.
i) (2 points) Since no energy is lost due to
k
friction on sliding, the change in potential For the cylinder the limiting angle is =
0
energy E p = mgH is transformed to kinetic arctan(3).
energy consisting of both translational and
rotational motion. Taking into account the iii) (2.5 points) When the maximal friction
force is reached, the motion goes into rolling
rolling condition v = r , we have
and sliding mode, where the total force com1
1
ponent along the surface is given by the difE p = E k = mv2 + I 2
2
2
ference of gravity and friction:
1
1
1
= mv2 + kmv2 = (1 + k) mv2 ,
F = mg sin Fmax = mg sin mg cos .
2
2
2
where general expression I = kmr 2 for mo- We note that the acceleration in this mode
ment of inertia is used. Therefore, v2 = does not depend on the moment of inertia any
2 gH /(1 + k).
more.
On the other hand, the bodies travel disCalculating the limiting angle of slipping
tance x = H / sin along the slope with a con- mode also for the sphere sph = arctan( 72 ) >
9.
CVd
CVd
i) (1 point) Kirchoffs 2nd law gives L I + ii) (2 points) Now the sign of the voltage on
1
q/C = 0 or q + LC
q = 0. This is the equa- the diode depends on the direction of the cur- iii) (2 points) We can see on the diagram
q
tion of a simple harmonic oscillator with rent, giving either of L q + C Vd = 0. We can that there is a dead zone between CVd
3
the perpendicular of the paper surface. The Measure the temperature at the end, after
So, the ray s arrives at the camera at incidence angle of the ray s is + 45.9 , waiting a bit or stirring the calorimeter. We
want to get maximum temperature difference
the angle = arcsin(28/42) 41.8 with re- hence n = 1/ sin( + ) 1.39.
2
spect to the plane of the paper. The pro- 10. RESISTIVE HEATING (8 points) After for precise measurement. Since P = R I ,
jection of the refraction point to the paper noting the temperature of the calorimeter,
Q X
t( I n /2 + I n+1 /2)2 ,
surface lies at the distance a = 28 sin = connect the batteries, resistor (in the calorR
2
n
28 /42 18.7 lines from the axis. There- imeter) and ammeter in series. Choose a
( c a m a + c w m w ) T
fore, before refraction, ray s forms an angle convenient time interval t and note the amR= P
.
2
n t( I n /2 + I n+1 /2)
= arcsin[(20.2 18.7)/(28 cos )] 4.1 with meter reading until batteries are depleted.
4.
5.
6.
i) (2 points) What is the minimum time necessary for him to change his moving direction to point towards the east so that the final
speed is also v = 5 m/s?
3R
Cv
2R
10.
100
200
T(K)
300
1.
DC-DC converter
1)
V0 Vmax .
LC -loop changes in
from i = I0 and end-
in the
RE /2.
T.
0
Fm = Fm
(d)d =
because
d = x.
kn
x,
dn+1
Therefore
L = LI0 /E.
2) (1 pts) Once the current I0 is reached, the key
is opened; the current trough L cannot change
i = 0 (then the diode will close disconnecting the LC -loop). During that process, the
2
1
magnetic energy of the inductor 2 LI0 is conver-
3)
k):
v0 = 29.8 km/s.
4) The speed vS
R.
K ),
and
ing when
duration
istor
I
I0
2
Vav
L
1
= LI02 Vav = I0
R
2
6)
LR
=
2L
EI0 R
.
2
found as
qC = L Vav /R
(owing to
RC LC ,
3)
V = qC /C = L Vav /(RC).
U0 =
4)
(2 pts) Due to
0)
yields
LI0 = Rq ,
I0
q = I0 L/R.
V0 ,
A = V0 q
performed work
RC -loop
2.
1)
Waste project
the Earth's orbit needs to be as large as posit to the elliptical orbit), hence the full orbital
GM m
energy of the ship E = 2a
needs to be as
small as possible. Here, M is the mass of the
Sun,
a needs to be as large as
2a = RE + rS ,
where
rS
RE
2a
RE + rS
r
vS =
Re
Sun
2)
2
vE
+ 2gR 29.2 km/s.
Magnets
T~ ,
is almost equal to
mg ,
kn
mg
=
.
dn+1
l
4.
Superballs
1)
During
the
bottom-most
collision
ball
will
(x/l)mg ,
x = 1 cm
the
its
oor,
the
speed
and
velocity
One can see that if we apply the recurrent formula repetitively, the result at the n-th step will
n
2
vn = 2 1+f
1 v.
3) Now we need to relate the speeds to the jump2
2
ing heights via v = 2gh0 and vn = 2ghn ; hence,
hn /h0 =
~m .
F
so that its
with
retain
m~g ,
T~
kn
mg
= 0;
dn+1
l
xmg
k
=
,
dn
l
Thus we
be
k
xmg
= 0,
dn
l
F = 0.
d/n = x, hence
n = d/x = 4.
3.
x.
equations we obtain
2rS
= v0 2 sin
v0 .
R E + rS
2
Numerically this yields vS 2.8 km/s; the speed
in the Earth's frame of reference vE = v0 vS
27.0 km/s.
vS = v0
GM 2rS
.
R E R E + rS
u=
kn
mg
dn+1
l
rE
F =
hence
where
LC -loop is
rbit
TLC = 2 LC
In order to
formed. That
loop admits oscillations of period
5)
K1
I0
.
2RE
Earths o
the
L Vav
I0 L
V
=
=
2
2RC
2C
A
V0 I0 L
V0 E
P =
=
=
.
L
RL
R
5)
The amplitude is
t=2
t is half
T 64.6 days.
For
f = 0.5
vn /v0 =
2
1+f
n
1.
and
height will be
5.
s
Planck's constant
1)
equilibrium
is stable if
F = Fm (x/l)mg . At the
point F = 0. The equilibrium point
a small (virtual) displacement x
x
F = Fm
mg
l
which needs to push towards the equilibrium
point. Let F
= kdn , where k is an unknown
940 nm
620 nm red, 590 nm orgreen; 470 nm blue; 450 nm
invisible (infrared),
ange,
525 nm
violet.
2)
through the
R),
be
Vd = E IR,
Ep
hc/(e).
if we plot
Ep =
IR = E Vd ,
IR
versus
1/,
we should obtain a
straight line
IR = E
3)
h =
as
steep as possible (while still keeping a reasonable t with the data points, and also as at
as possible; the uncertainty of
A = 21 (Amax Amin ), and h
6.
1)
4)
Mirror interference
1)
1 hc
.
e
A = hc/e,
eA/c.
3)
A is found
= hA/A.
as
For a position
= y/L
angle
imation; the angle is in radians). Then, the optical path dierence between the reected and
2
direct rays is = 2l cos 2N N .
Since there is an additional phase shift for the
reected rays at the reection from optically
denser dielectric material, the total phase shift
2
is = 2/ = 4N (2N 1). At the
maxima, this equals to
is an integer.
2(2N n),
Let us
vx vy point A with
2)
n + 0.5
yn = L
N
n = 0, 1, . . . N .
n + 0.5
,
N
x-axis,
the max-
(v, 0)
(0, v)
to a point
with coordinates
vx vy -plane
is
g .
Obviously,the fastest
path
is a straight line of length
v 2,
so that
3)
number of maxima
9.
from the condition that the probability of having either up or down orientation is one:
e/2 + A e/2 = 1, hence
1
1
A = /2kT
=
.
2 cosh(/2kT )
e
+ e/2kT
Thus,
2)
e/2kT
p = /2kT
.
e
+ e/2kT
The average energy is the weighted average
N e
e
N
E=
=
tanh(/2kT ).
2 e/2kT + e/2kT
2
max = 4N +
and
min = .
The
1)
hence
es to
4)
T = 0,
Q = q 546 J.
2) Each photon of frequency radiated by the
cube carries away heat energy equal to E = h ,
and carries momentum p = h/ = h/c = E/c.
If the photon departs at the angle with rehence the total heat energy
and opposite wave amplitudes and equal intensities). So, if we measure on the screen the dis-
ated by
tance
n/d = a/L,
where
vT =
RT /MH
1/vT ,
Q
a3
MH
180 m/s.
RT
b between
b b0
,
b0
d = nL/a.
perature.
dT
= Bt T = A eBt .
T
is a constant,
stant, and
1)
Thermal acceleration
dq = Cv dT .R There is
T
hence q =
Cv dT .
0
10.
Q
v 3 0.67 mm/s.
a c
1)
3 1.73,
2)
Spin system
1 = 1,
between
7.
etc).
t = v 2/g 7.2 s.
5 2.23,
momentum equals to
3)
1
If we apply the exact factor 3 (obtained above
via integration), we end up with v 0.22 mm/s.
maxima is written as
where
where
Running on ice
y,
where
b0
=
where
and
4N mg
,
d2
The data
The uncertainties
are calculated using the rule of relative uncertainties, either using Pythagorean or simple addition, e.g.
= b
where
b 0.5 mm
2
1
+
b b0
b0
uncertainty. Similarly,
= 2
d
.
d
error bars.
2)
value of
that for
1 > ,
it is impossible
1 < .