D As 3 2010 PDF

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1431 2010

Naif Arab University for Security Sciences
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: - ( )2.528 & 2.362
- - ( )2.975 & 2.81
( )3.624 & 3.487
- (4.101
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- (.)4.661 & 4.564
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Naif Arab University for Security Sciences
College of Graduate Studies
)19(
Department: Police Sciences
Dissertation Abstract
Study Title: The role of transparency and accountability in the reduction of administrative corruption in
the government sectors.
Student: Faris bin Alloosh binBadiAlDubianAl-Subaiee
Advisor: P.D / Amer Khudair AL-Kubaisy.
Research problem: The issue of the study is confined at identifying the role of transparency and accountability
in reducing administrative corruption in the government sectors in kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Study Population (sample): The study population Consists of those who are concerned in the agencies
involved in combating corruption in the government sectors in Riyadh City .
Study Methodology: The study used a descriptive approach; through the entrance of the social survey,field
study was conducted using a questionnaire developed as a tool for information gathering.
Main Results:
The commitment level of the government sectors to the implementation of transparency between(2,528
& 2,362), the commitment level of the regulatory bodies to accountable the government sectors for its
corruption-if found- between(2,975 & 2,81), the degree of prevalence of corruption patterns under this axis
in the government sectors between (3,624 & 3,487), study results indicated that the extent of severity of
constraints under this axis in the application of transparency and accountability in the government sectors
between (4,223 & 4,101), The extent of importance of the group means under this axis in enhancing
theimplementation of transparency and accountability in the government sectors between (4,661 & 4,564).
Main Recommendations:
Raising the efficiency level of regulatory bodies by granting them sufficient authorities and supporting
them with Manpower and material resources, updating regulations and legislations and streamlining work
procedures, shortening and publishing them, Activating the accountability system (from where you get this?,
Activation the center of performance level measurement in government agencies,as well as the national
Body of administrative anti-corruption, Issuing regulations and legislations and developing strategic plans
binding the application of transparency and accountability, Finding regulations, legislations and standards
necessary for promoting and protecting persons who contribute to detecting the administrative corruption.,
accelerating the investigation and trialprocedures for defendants of administrative corruption cases and
declaring the execution of penalty for who is found to be guilty an average sum of money, Implementing
the E-Government to enhance transparency and accountability and to provide remote service, activating
the role of schools and universities, the media and civil society organizations in promoting the culture of
transparency and accountability, and reducing privacy and monopoly of information, activating the role of
the media in exposing administrative corruption cases and announcing the names of the convicts, benefit
from the experiences of excellence in the implementation of transparency and accountability, enhance
mutual trust with citizens and those who are involved in service by involving them in policy-making.
Key Words) (
Accountability
Administrative Corruption
Bribery
) (
culture of candor
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Empowerment
Extortion
Forgery
Fraud
Good Governance
) (
Governance
Governmental Sectors
Intermediary and Favoritism
Money Laundering
Negligence or Embezzlement
) (
Obstacles
) (
Ombudsmen
Role
the concerned agencies
Transparency
Whistle-Blowing
Abbreviated Words
WB
UNDP
UN
TIO
RIG
NPM
ISO
IDRC
FIA
CPI
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a principle that allows those affected by administrative decisions business

transactions or charitable work to know not only the basic facts and figures but
also mechanisms and processes. it is the duty of civil servants managers and
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( . 2000 .)66
When we speak of transparency and creating a culture of candor we are really
talking about the free flow of information within an organization and between the
organization and its many stakeholders including the public. For any institution
the flow of information is akin to a central nervous system: the organizations
effectiveness depends on it. An organizations capacity to compete solve problems
innovate meet challenges world where information travels globally with the click
of a mouse transparency is no longer simply desirable it is becoming unavoidable.
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In other words Transparency as currently defined is letting the truth be
available for others to see if they so chose or perhaps think to look or have the
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Trust and transparency are always linked. Without transparency people dont
believe what their leaders say. In the Unites States many of us have lived with
the sense that the government has been keeping things from us and many mistrust
the explanation that our leaders must do so because the truth would empower our
enemies. Many of us believe the lack of transparency is the real enemy. (Bennis
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vulnerable and isolated whistleblower has ready access to an electronic ally with a new
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158
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0.580
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2.355
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8.163
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1426
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185
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( test )T
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186
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1426 1422

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188
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.
( test )T
( )16.955- ( )3
= () ( .)0.05
(1.9
& .)2.128
( )..

() (
)2006 ( )8
.
10

=
1.997 5 = 1.134 .

( )3 ( test )T
( )16.666 - ( = )3
= () ( .)0.05
( & 1.879
.)2.116

( ) ..
1426
189
1403
1422
2

(

()
( .)0.05= :
190
()22

%
.

%
.

%
.
()1
11
()2
()3
()4
59
55
187
3.1
53.0 15.6 16.7
35
121
9.9
47
71
67
34.1 18.9 20.0

139
42
98
27.8 11.9 39.4 13.3

11.7 11.1 40.0 32.6 %

%
.
114
140
39
41
15
63
86
125
4.3
35.7 24.6 18.0
191
()5
()2
41
11.6
61
17.2
27
7.6
16
4.6
61
17.4
260
55.1
123.3
165.1
91.9
(
)
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000

(

)
%
.

%
.
8

%
.
9

%
.
()1
54
()2
()3
()4
140
51
76
21.4 14.4 39.4 15.2

32
174
9.0
18.9 15.5 49.2
41
106
91
55
71
67
29.9 20.1 25.7 11.6

62
139
58
75
21.2 16.4 39.3 17.5
10

25.7 15.8 34.2 16.7 %
.
59
121
** (.)0.01
* (. )0.05
192
56
91
()5
()2
34
9.6
96.4
26
7.3
45
12.7
20
5.6
203.8
45.2
105.8
27
7.6
73.5
(
)
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
( )22

( )0.05 =

( )0.05
( ) .
( & )
(. )4
: () : ( ) (.)3

: ( ) .
: ( test )T
( tailed )Sig.1
( )0.05 =
( )
193

(.)3
: () : (. )3( = )
: ( test )T ( )3
: ( )3( ) .
( )1.96
( ) ( )3
: () : ( ) .

: ( ) .
: ( test )T ( )3
( tailed )Sig.1
( )0.05 =
( ) ( )3
( test )T
:
194
()23
( test )T

()
(
()
)
1

1.003 3.533

.
2
1.103 3.44
.
3
1.243 3.287
.
4
1.236 3.065
.
5
1.209 2.771
.
6
1.227 2.735
.
195
9.98
7.47
4.36
0.99
3.57
4.07
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.323
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
3.428
3.324
3.158
2.936
2.644
2.606
3.638
3.556
3.417
3.194
2.897
2.863
()
(
()
)
7
(
**
0.000
) 4.48 - 1.232 2.707
*
0.000

.
8
0.000

5.71 - 1.108 2.664
*

0.000
.
**
9
0.000

6.75 - 1.166 2.582
*

0.000
.
**
10
13.85 - 1.139 2.157
*
0.000
.
0.000
**
2.54 - 0.795 2.893
** (.)0.01
* (. )0.05
0.000
**
0.005
2.578
2.548
2.46
2.038
2.81
2.836
2.78
2.704
2.277
2.975
( )23
= 2.893 5
= 0.795
. ( test )T

196
( )3
( test )T ( ( = )3 )2.54
= 0.005 ( )0.05

( .)2.975 & 2.81

( ) ..
1429/1428

= 3.533 5 = 1.003 .

( test )T
)9.98( =
= ( )0.05
(3.428
197
& .)3.638

( ) ..

( )54/ 1409/10/23 ..

(1426)
.
2

= 3.44 5 =
1.103 .
( )3
( test )T ()3
= ( )9.98 = ()
( )0.05
( .)3.556 & 3.324

( ) ..

( )
(1429/1428) ..
198
= 3.287 ( )5
= 1.243 .
( )3
( )4 ( test )T
( )4.36( = )3 = ()
( )0.05
.3.417 & 3.158

( ) ..

(. )
4

= 3.065 5
= 1.236 .
= ()3
( Test )T
( )0.99( = )3 ( )1.96
199
.3.194 & 2.936

( ) ..

5

= 2.771 5
= 1.209 .

( Test )T )3.57 - ( =
= () ( )0.05

( .)2.897 & 2.644

( ) ..
(1424 )

( .. )(
200
/23 1430 )14967
..
( )
= 2.735 5
= 1.227 .
( )3
( Test )T ( ( = )3 )4.07
= () ( )0.05

( .)2.863 & 2.606

( ) ..
( 1426 )
.
7 (
)
201
= 2.707 5
= 1.232 .
( )3
( Test )T ( ( = )3 )4.48
= () ( )0.05

( .)2.836 & 2.578
)
( ) ..
( 1426 ) :
= 2.664 5 = 1.108 .

( )3 ( Test )T
( ( = )3 )5.71 =
() ( )0.05

(& 2.548
.)2.78
202
( ) ..
(1424 )

.
9

= 2.582
5 = 1.166 .

( Test )T
( )6.75-( = )3 = ()
( )0.05
( .)2.704 & 2.46

( ) ..
( )

.
10

2.157
5 = 1.139 .
203
( )3 ( Test )T
( ( = )3 )13.85 = ()
( )0.05
( .)2.277 & 2.038
( ) ...
1426 )

..

( )
(2006 )

( )
( )
204
3
(

() ( .)0.05 =
:
()24

()4( )3( )2
()1

()5
81
110
36
114
23.3 32.8 10.3 2.0
113
30
98
32.1 27.8 8.5 2.6
205
(
()2
)
126.17 31.6
102
127.52 29.0
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000

() (
)

8
9

10

()4( )3( )2
()1

()5
127
68
29
120
36.1 34.1 8.2 2.3

37
100
107
67
19.0 30.4 28.4 10.5 %
23
71
0.9 0.3
20.2 6.5
42
126
115
36.1 33.0 12.0 2.6

61
95
54
20
15.7 27.5 17.7 5.8
160.19 19.3
41
59.76 11.6
254
643.68 72.2
57
140.9 16.3
115
79.45 33.3
20
43
81
94
113
49
116
105
47
25
21
46
99
107
76
21.8 30.7 28.4 13.2 6.0
32.2 26.8 23.1 12.3 5.7
7.3 13.7 30.7 33.9 14.3 %
** (.)0.01
* (. )0.05
206
(
()2
)
82.26
92.44
74.82
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
( )24
()0.05 =

( )0.05
( )
.
( & )
( )
:
: () : ( ) .
: ( Test )T ( )4
: ( ) ( )4 .
( tailed )Sig.1
( )0.05 =
( ) ( )4
207
( )3 (. )4
: () : ( ) (.)3
: ( ) ( )3 .
: ( test )T ( )3
( tailed )Sig.1
( )0.05 =
( ) ( )3
.
:

(. )3
: () : (. )3( = )
: ( )3( ) .
: ( Test )T
( )1.96
( ) ( )3

208
: () : ( ) (.)3
: ( ) ( )3 .
: ( test )T
( tailed )Sig.1
( )0.05 =
( ) ( )3
.
( test )T

:
209
()25
( test )T

()
(
()
)
17.63 0.671 4.631
13.75 1.042 3.764
12.47 1.079 3.721
10.49 1.206 3.675
12.08 0.962 3.619
7.74 1.274 3.53
()
( )
9.76 0.987 3.516
8
.
7.99 1.146 3.49
9
10
2.658

2.929
3.556
** ( .)0.01
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
**
0.000
*
0.000
**
0.000
*
0.000
**
0.000
*
0.000
**
0.000
*
0.000
**
0.000
*
0.000
**
0.000
*
4.701 4.56
3.874 3.655
3.835 3.608
3.802 3.549
3.72 3.518
3.665 3.396
3.62 3.412
3.611 3.369
0.000
3.051 2.807
0.25
1.14 - 1.166
**
0.000
5.71 - 1.109
2.776 2.54
*
0.000
**
0.000
15.86 0.658
3.624 3.487
*
0.000
(. )0.05
210
( )25

= 3.556 5 = 0.658
. ( test )T

()3
( test )T
( )15.86( = )3 = ()
( )0.05

( .)3.624 & 3.487
( ) ..
(1424 )

.. ( 1428 )
.
()
(
) ()
()
()
211
1
= 4.631 5
= 0.671 .

( test )T
= ( )17.63 = ()
( )0.05
(4.56
& .)4.701 ( ) ..
(1424 ).
2
= 3.764
5 = ( 1.042) .

( test )T
( )13.75( = )3 =
() ( )0.05

( .)3.874 & 3.655 () ..
(1424 ).
3
= 3.721 5 = 1.079
212
( )3
( )4 ( test )T
( )12.47( = )3 = ()
( )0.05
(3.608
& .)3.835 () ..
(1424 )
1428 ).
= 3.675 5 = 1.206 .

( )3 ( )4
( test )T ( )10.49( = )3
= () ( )0.05

( .)3.802 & 3.549
().
5
=
3.619 5 = 0.962 .

( )3 ( )4
213
( test )T ( )12.08( = )3
= () ( )0.05

( .)3.720 & 3.518
().
6
= 3.530 5
= 1.274 .

( )3 ( )4
( test )T ( )7.74( = )3
= () ( )0.05

( .)3.665 & 3.396
().
7 () ( )

= 3.516 5 = 0.987
.
( )3
( )4 ( test )T
( )9.76( = )3 = ()
( )0.05
(& 3.412
214
.)3.620 () (
) ().
= 3.490 5 = 1.146
.
( )3
( )4 ( test )T
( )7.99( = )3 = ()
( )0.05

(& 3.369
.)3.611
().
= 2.929 5 = 1.166 .

( )3
( test )T ( )1.14( = )3
( )1.96

( .)3.051 & 2.807
().
10

215
= 2.658 5
= 1.109 .
( )3
( test )T ( ( = )3)5.71
= () ( )0.05

( .)2.776 & 2.54
().
4

(

()
( .)0.05 = :
216
()26

.

()2
()1

%

%

%
.

( ) .
%

%

%
.
()3
()4
()5
27
37
194
90
0.9
7.7
10.5
55.3
26
29
196
0.6
7.4
8.3
55.8
23
22
130
1.7
6.6
6.3
37.2
32
179
0.9
2.6
9.1
51.1
25
16
1.4
7.1
4.6
114 191
366.71
32.5
.
54.4
19
25
189
0.9
5.4
7.1
53.8
217
25.6

()2
(
)
330.52
98
354.71 27.9
168
312.5 48.1
127
354.06 36.3
115
32.8
360.41
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000

.

()2
()1

( )
%
8

%
.
9

%
.
10

%
.
11

%
.
()3
()4
()5
17
85
234
1.1
2.6
4.9
24.4
25
153
1.4
2.3
7.1
43.7
19
26
149
2.6
5.4
7.4
42.5
28
30
138
1.4
8.0
8.6
39.5
19
53
153
2.0
5.4
15.1
43.7

()2
(
)
544.51 67.0
159
355.77 45.4
148
293.2 42.2
148
42.4
118
33.7
262.13
229.31
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
** (.)0.01
* (. )0.05
( )26
(=
)0.05
( )
218
( )0.05
( )
.
( test ( )T & )
:
( )

( )
(. )4
: () : ( ) (.)4
: ( ) ( )4 .
: ( test )T ( )4
( tailed )Sig.1
( )0.05 =
( ) ( )4
( )
:
( )

219
:
( )
( )3 (.)4
: () : ( ) (.)3
: ( ) ( )3 .
: ( test )T ( )3
( tailed )Sig.1
( )0.05 =
( )

( test )T

()27
( test )T

()
() ( )
**
0.000
1 (
12.510
0.800
4.536
*
).
0.000
2
**
0.000
6.772 0.813 4.294
*
0.000
.
220

4.452
4.620
4.209
4.380
()
() ( )
**
0.000
3
4.601
0.954
4.235
*
.
0.000
4
**
0.000
( 4.699 0.774 4.194
*
0.000
) .
5
**
0.000

3.173
0.959
4.162
*

0.001
.
6
**
0.000
2.589 0.972 4.135
*
0.005
.
7
**
0.000
2.785 0.824 4.123
*
0.003
.
**
0.000
8
1.998
0.881
4.094
*
.
0.023
9
22.924 0.843 4.031
.
10
20.194 0.942 4.017
.
11

21.048 0.865 3.972

.
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**

4.135
4.335
4.113
4.276
4.062
4.263
4.032
4.237
4.036
4.209
4.002
4.187
3.943
3.918
3.881
4.101
5.20 0.584 4.162

0.000
*
* (. )0.05
** ( .)0.01
221
4.12
4.116
4.062
4.223
( )27
= 4.162 5 =
0.584 .
( test )T

( )4
( test )T ( )5.20( = )4
= () ( )0.05

( . )4.223 & 4.101

( ) ..
1426

( )27
1 ( )
=
4.536 5 = 0.800 .
222
( )4 ( test )T
( 12.510 = )4 =
() ( )0.05
(& 4.452
.)4.620 ( )
(
).
= 4.294 5
= 0.813 .
( )4
( test )T ( )6.772( = )4
= () ( )0.05

( .)4.380 & 4.209

( ) ..
1426

223
= 4.235 5 = 0.954
.
( )4
( test )T ( )4.601( = )4
= () ( )0.05

( .)4.335 & 4.135

( ) ..
1426
4 ( )

= 4.194 5
= 0.774 .
( )4
( test )T ( )4.699( = )4
= () ( )0.05

( .)4.276 & 4.113
( )
( ) ..
224
( )2004

2003
5

= 4.162
5 = 0.959 .

( )4 ( test )T
( )3.173( = )4 = ()0.001
( )0.05
(.)4.263 & 4.062
( ) ..

() ..
(1424 )
225
(
1428 )
..

( .. ) (
/23 1430 )14967

.. ( )

6

= 4.135 5
= 0.972 .
()4
( test )T (= )4
( )2.589 = ( )0.005
( )0.05
( .)4.237 & 4.032
226

(
) .. ( )2002

..

2000:
( 2000
E/CN.4/2000/63
)43
= 4.123 5
= 0.824 .
()4
( test )T (= )4
( )2.785 = ( )0.003
( )0.05
( .)4.209 & 4.036
( ) ..

(1427)
227
8

= 4.094 5 = 0.881
.
( )4
( test )T ( )1.998( = )4
= ( )0.023 ( )0.05

( .)4.187 & 4.002

( ) ..
(2006 )
( ).
9

= 4.031 5
228
= 0.843 .
( )3
( test )T
( )22.924( = )3 = ()
( )0.05
(.)4.12 & 3.943

().
10

= 4.017 5
= 0.942 .
( )3
( test )T
( )20.194( = )3 = ()
( )0.05
(.)4.116 & 3.918
().
11

= 3.972 5 = 0.865
229
.
( )3 ( )4
( test )T ()21.048( = )3
= () ( )0.05

( .)4.062 & 3.881
( ).

() ( .)0.05 =
:
230
()28

% .

% .

%
.

%
.

%
.

%
.
()1
()3
()4
()2
93
0.9
2.0
26.6
27
160
0.3
2.6
7.7
45.8
88
1.4
2.6
25.2
147
2.3
2.0
42.1
67
1.2
2.3
19.4
61
0.9
1.1
0.9
17.4
231
()5
()2
(
247
446.75 70.6
152
360.38 43.6
247
440.22 70.8
187
300.75 53.6
267
530.97 77.2
279
815.66 79.7
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000

%

8

%
.
9

%
.
10

%
.
11 (
)
%
12

%
.
()1
()3
()4
()2
()5
12
15
82
0.9
3.4
4.3
23.5
118
2.0
2.3
33.7
10
82
1.4
2.9
23.4
85
1.7
2.0
24.3
54
276
250
1.1
2.0
2.6
90
0.6
2.3
25.7
** ( .)0.01
()2
(
)
237
557.46 67.9
217
348.58 62.0
253
459.81 72.3
252
72.0
78.9 15.4
459.3
781.97
457.63 71.4
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
**
0.000
0.000
* (. )0.05
232
**
0.000
( )28

( )0.05 =
( )
( )0.05
( )
.
( test ( )T & )
( )
1 :
( )
( )

(. )4
: () )( : .4
)( : .
: ( test .)T
( tailed )Sig.1
233
( )0.05 =
( ) ( )4
2 :
( )

:
( )

( )3 (. )4
: () : ( ) (.)3
: ( ) ( )3 .
: ( test )T ( )3
( tailed )Sig.1
( )0.05 =
( )
(
)
( test )T

234
()29
( test )T

()
(
()
)
1
22.40 0.618 4.740
.
2
24.02 0.562 4.725
.
3 ( )
4

.
5

.
6

.
7

.
8
.
17.79 0.724 4.689
0.000
*
0.000
**
0.000
*
0.000
**
0.000
*
0.000
**
23.29 0.546 4.680
0.000
*
0.000
22.32
0.000
*
0.000
20.57 0.605 4.666
0.000
*
0.000
20.57 0.605 4.666
0.000
*
0.000
20.20 0.604 4.653
0.000
*
0.000
4.669
0.56
9
16.21 0.643 4.557
.
235
**
**
**
**
**
0.000
*
0.000
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4.675
4.805
4.666
4.785
4.612
4.765
4.623
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4.539
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236
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2

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238
7

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10

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11

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12

= 4.298 ( )5 =
( 0.745).
239
) ( test )T
( test Samples T .)Independent ( test )T
( way Analysis of Variance )One
( )ANOVA

Scheffe (
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240
()30
( test )t

()

.
.
0.441 2.442
0.717 2.376
0.601 2.174
1.027 2.977
0.931 2.748
6.603
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0.776 2.387
0.966 2.668
0.578 2.884
0.73 3.011
0.691 2.588
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0.907 3.008
0.632 2.795
3.07
241
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.
.
.
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0.628 3.414

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0.004

0.808 3.587
.
0.585 3.631
0.75 3.443
0.381 4.091

0.666 4.015

0.381 4.338

**
0.548 4.241
0.000
4.348
*0.000

0.5 4.165

0.365 4.287
0.961 3.887
0.552 4.403

0.475 4.583

0.421 4.674

0.548 4.535

0.129 1.666

0.406 4.624

0.238 4.742
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** ( .)0.01
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242
( )30 :

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244
:
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( test )t

2.376
.
2.442

3.011
.
2.884
3.211

.
3.414

4.015
.
4.091
4.403

4.583
.
0.441
0.717
0.578
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0.757
0.628
0.381
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0.536
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0.212 1.2560.479
0.633
0.552
0.474
0.142 1.479 -
* (.)0.05
( )31
( )
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245
:
:
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( test )F

0.861 2.466
3.19
0.797
0.634 3.459

0.802 2.526
.
0.681 2.254

0.863 2.197

0.802 2.909
.
0.741 2.673

0.738 2.817
0.347 3.714
3.56
3.53
0.667
3.618
0.861
0.035
0.013
0.462
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0.743
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0.643 4.112
.
0.407 4.298

2.900
4.35
246
0.465
2.713
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0.464 4.657

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0.474 4.587
.
0.418 4.631
0.841

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247
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2.503
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2.89
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3.554
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3
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.
3.933
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4.26
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.
248
0.563
0.816
0.812
1.436

0.232
0.865
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1.843
0.139
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0.549
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260
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5 .
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. .

Department: Police Sciences

Intermediary and Favoritism

the concerned agencies

21 ( )T. Test 170

( )T. Test 206

( )T. Test 219

( )F. Test 224

( )93 1422 ( )366.

( )1050 )258( ()5470

)817( )55( ( . 1430 14967).

( )48 )45( )19( )18(

a principle that allows those affected by administrative decisions business

When we speak of transparency and creating a culture of candor we are really

( )Choster & Bruno 2000

In other words Transparency as currently defined is letting the truth be

( 258 2002 )259 :

2002 1997 2003 2000 2002

) Wongchanglaw Green Wood 2001

( 2006 ( )512 464 348

(ISO) International Standardization for Organization

.)Mc Crindell 1999 p 21( .

Efficiency:Doing things right

Effectiveness :Doing the right thing

Administrative and Structural

Informal Conferences & Consultations

1 ..Citizen Requests Assistance

2 ..Citizen Provides Assistance

3 ..Citizens /Agent Mutual Adjustment

( .1999 105 .)109

( ) Middle East Good Governance Fund

Good Governance )UNDP 1997P17( :

Follows the Rule

Equitable & Inclusive

Effective & Efficient

(((2 ()Consensus Oriented

((((3 ((1(1( )Organizational Vision ()Effectiveness

(((6 ()Rule of Law

leaders continue to act as if they can hold awkward or damaging truths

( .1417 133 .)136

Everyone has the right to freedom

The Office of the unspecialized report on Freedom of opinion and

Access .to information

1766()The Freedom of Press act

1949 1976 2002

National Information Disclosure Law 2001

Access to information act 1982

The Peoples Right to Know

( )CPI ( )Transparency International

2007 2008 2009 .

2007 2008 2009 .

2007 2008 2009 .

2007 ( )77 ( )163 ( . )3.3 2008

2009 ( )83 ( )180 (.)3.5

Favoritism and Intermediary

1402 ( )21633 1402/9/15

246 /3/20/5 1375/1/26

1409/11/16( . 1421 .)7

1999( Gould& Lee) ( :

1999( Farrele & Law) ( :

236 600 ( )355 .

( )3.841 ( )%99 (.)6.635

(( )Cronbachs Alpha ( ( 1421 )215