FUNERAL SERVICE OF THE UNKNOWN AUSTRALIAN SOLDIER 11 NOVEMBER 1993
Purpose: - to commemorate and reflect on the selfless sacrifice made by the thousands of unknown Australian soldiers who had been killed in the war. - give thanks for the actions these Australian soldiers who gallantly fought to protect our lands and way of life.
Context: - 75 years after WWI - poignant and powerful symbol of All Australians who have died in war. - National identity
Themes: - Honour war dead and give thanks for their great sacrifice. - Need to unify country and develop a national identity.
Reception: - generated a sense of pride amongst all Australians as it struck a patriotic chord. - Enormous outpouring of honour and pride (created a sense of national identity) - TODAY: in the modern reception, his speech is more relevant today than ever before due to the turbulent times in which we live (ever present threat of terrorism and war). Therefore reminding us that peace and freedom are highly valued
Current issues: - Relevant today as The Australian Government has approved the deployment of approximately 3300 Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel to 12 operations overseas and within Australia to protect Australia and its national interests. - Be convinced that to be happy means to be free and that to be free means to be brave. Therefore do not take lightly the perils of war. (Thucydides- historian)
QUOTE TECHNIQUE: ANALYSIS We do not know this Australians name and we never will. Repetition of first person plural we: engages all Australians (inclusive) Australian Unknown Soldier Repetition: develops unity and a National spirit and draws a connection between the two. We do not know Repetition: promotes a sense of anonymity. Presents soldier as a universal being (can be anyone). Links back to title. We know that he was one of the 45,000 Australians who died on the Western Front Cumulation of statistical information: supports his argument. Honours servicemen. Emphasizes loss. one of the 60,000 Australians who died on foreign soil. Emphasizes ultimate sacrifice and how many served and died for Australia. He is all of them. And he is one of us Truncated sentences, use of first person and declarative statement: strikes a patriotic chord, unifying all Australians in honoring and appreciating the sacrifice Australian soldiers made who fought with nobility to protect our country and way of life. Terrible Repetition: reminds the audience of the futility of war and highlights that peace should be pursued more readily than war. This Australia and the Australia he knew are like foreign countries. Simile: reflects context. The tide of events since he died has been so dramatic, so fast and all-consuming, a world has been created beyond the reach of his imagination Metaphor tide of events: emphasizes the shocking current context. Listing: draws attention to his argument Connotations of beyond: for emphasis The Great War Allusion to World War 1 The due he owed his country and his king Allusion: emphasizes a patriotic and personal appeal. Because Great War was a mad, brutal, awful struggle. Listing: emphasizes the cruelty and difficulty in overcoming the cruelty of the war. These successive adjectives illustrate the futility of the war and creates a negative image of war in an attempt to make the audience realise the value of peace. Because the war which was supposed to end all wars in fact sewed the seeds of the second even more terrible war we think the Unknown Soldier died in vain Sibilance and allegory: highlights tragic consequences of war in a highly emotional appeal For out of the war came a lesson which transcended the horror and tragedy and inexcusable folly Repetition on and: emphasizes the recklessness and the unnecessary Australian lives lost. Personification: highlights the negative consequences of war. Those who taught us to endure hardship, to show courage, to be bold as well as resilient, to believe in ourselves, to stick together Listing: summarizes what it means to be Australian (Australian qualities). Also shows an egalitarianism (equal) view By his deeds, proved that real nobility and grandeur belongs, not to empires and nations, but to the people on whom they, in the last resort, always depend. Abstract nouns: sums us Australian characteristics and traits. ...heart of the ANZAC story Metaphor: uses emotion to reflect our story, shares Keatings paradoxical hope that the soldier may become a symbol of peace It is a legend Positive connotations: our great story Stick together Have bonds of mateship Colloquial language: makes speech more accessible to the public and helps establish a firm connection between the speaker and his audience City or the bush Married or single Contrast of binary opposites: establishes link between the soldier and the widest possible portion of population Dramatic pauses, commas and hyphens Gave the audience time to consider what had been said and reflect on the immense loss of life suffered by those who fought to protect Australia. Distinct somber lyrical tone Maintains mood of mourning and remembrance, but also allows audience to feel proud of those who have fallen before them (optimism for peace to prevail)
AUNG SAN SUU KYI KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT THE BEIJING WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN 31 AUGUST 1995 (VIA VIDEO STREAM)
Purpose: - To present an analytical overview of the global forces affecting the quality of life of the human community and the challenges these pose for everyone, especially women, and to attempt to liberate women around the world and help them realize and fulfill their important role in society
Context: - Suu Kyi was an advocate for democracy and human rights. She was elected into government in 1990, receiving 82% of the votes, but military leaders refused to hand over power to her and, due to her strong ideals about these issues, she was sentenced to house arrest. Suu Kyi, therefore, decided to deliver her speech via video as she had just been released for 6 years house arrest and feared leaving Burma in case she was banned from returning - Her father was a martyr for Burmese freedom and release from military dictatorship
Themes: - Role of women in society (eg. enable them a role in government Participate fully in the decision and processes that shape their lives) - Tolerance (ie. vital to establish democracy, peace, equality and equal human rights without tolerance, the foundations for democracy and respect for human rights cannot be strengthened and the achievements of peace will remain elusive)
Reception: - Divided historic reception of the nation (Burma) and internationally - Received with outrage and fear by Burmese government officials, as they saw her as a threat to their patriarchal power and system of government - Internationally, citizens were not threatened and appreciated the universal values of freedom, equality, democracy and peace. - The speech reaffirmed her position as a global political activist and successfully brought more attention to the human rights problems in Burma - The modern day audience sees Suu Kyis speech and encouraging and inspiring, as well as empowering for women worldwide. She is received as a freedom activist and martyr for human rights, providing a possible answer to our problems of intolerance, hate and gender inequality (eg. the glass ceiling)
Current issues: - I think it is right that as a woman I am paid the same as my male counterparts. I think it is right that I should be able to make decisions about my own body. I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decision-making of my country. I think it is right that socially I am afforded the same respect as men. But sadly I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights. (Emma Watson)
QUOTE TECHNIQUE: ANALYSIS Struggle for justice and peace
Contribute to the betterment of society Uses strong emotive language whenever discussing the role of women in society: creates a sense of urgency, emphasising the need to expand the role of women in society for the betterment of society Strong and principled
Emancipated empowered Positive diction: illustrates the vital contribution women can make to the world Patronising behaviour of exploitation
Patriarchal domination and degradation
The war toys of grown men Negative emotive language: reduces the contribution of men in society to serve as a binary opposite to the contributions able to be made by women Lord Buddha Religious allusions: appeals to the religious beliefs of her audience and works to strengthen her argument by alluding to the idea that her opinions are approved by a higher being This year is the International Year for Tolerance. The United Nations has recognised that " Without tolerance, the foundations for democracy and respect for human rights cannot be strengthened, and the achievement of peace will remain elusive." Global reference to the International Year of Tolerance: demonstrates that tolerance is a worldwide problem 14 out of the 485 MPs elected in 1990 were women Political statistics: add credibility to her argument and highlight the lack of female representatives in Burma Tender as mothers nursing their newly born
Brave as lionesses defending their young Simile: evokes poetic maternal imagery to illustrate how women show use their biological tendency to nurture loved ones to work for the good of their country and create peace There is an age old prejudice that women talk too much. But is this really a weakness? Could it not in fact be a strength?
Surely these discoveries indicate that women have a most valuable contribution to make in situations of conflict, by leading the way to solutions based on dialogue rather than on viciousness or violence? Rhetorical questions: makes the audience question themselves and reflect upon the role of women in their own families tolerance, human rights, democracy and peace are closely related Direct quotation from the UN: their approval of her ideas adds credibility to her argument as being for the greater good of the world But
And Conjunctions: creates a flow of ideas and provides dramatic pauses, allowing the audience to contemplate the arguments she is making no war was ever started by women Direct language: used to highlight the peaceful, calm and caring characteristics of women and, therefore, prove the need for participation of women in politics and governance The education and empowerment of women throughout the world cannot fail to result in a more caring, tolerant, just and peaceful life for all. Alliteration and listing: shows her confidence is the fact that women can make the world a better place if given the opportunity
FAITH BANDLER FAITH, HOPE AND RECONCILIATION AUGUST 1999 (AT TALKIN UP RECONCILIATION CONVENTION, WOLLONGONG)
Purpose: - To provide an early public response to the Document of Reconciliation being developed by the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation
Context: - The Convention took place amidst growing public debate on important national issues - Bandler is known as an Aboriginal activist and had previously taken part in the 1967 Referendum as a lead campaigner, where there was a 90% vote for Aboriginals to be included into the population count and for their rights
Themes: - Unity and co-operation for both ATSI rights: "History has shown that a genuine people's movement can move more than governments. It can move mountains. - Belief that the common goal of unity can best be achieved through faith and hope rather than violence and confrontation - Australian identity and history
Reception: - well received, as it provided positive incentives for continued support for the Reconciliation process despite media obstruction - the speech galvanised flagging spirits and helped encourage a younger generation to be actively involved in campaigning for the many things still to be achieved - Bandlers insight clarified the way forward then, and still TODAY, highlighting the idea that "it's our job to make sure" that rights are recognised and that "the process of reconciliation" be quickened in order to ensure the wellbeing of the ATSI peoples
Current issues: - Reconciliation is an ongoing process which certainly continues to be problematic in society today with aboriginals feeling that There was a little sadness because I felt the reconciliation program had slowed since 1967 (Faith Bandler) - There should not be a blendingbut an integration which is done with great respect (David Tracey) - We shouldnt deny it anymoreThe open truth will set us free (Bob Randall - stolen generations)
QUOTE TECHNIQUE: ANALYSIS There was a little sadness because I felt the reconciliation program had slowed since 1967 Sibilance, emotional language and allusion to the 1967 Referendum for ATSI rights: emphasises her sense of disappointment, encouraging the nation to unite again to conquer ATSI inequities Those who supported racism excuse some of their terrible utterances in the name of free speech Allusion to the Australian constitution: highlights the way rights, such as freedom of speech, can be misused by white Australians to give them the right to be racist towards ATSI peoples Lived, breathed, struggled and climbed those ramparts of the rugged past Listing and alliteration: highlights the past injustices suffered by ATSI peoples There is a need to heal the wounds of the past, the terrible indignities Metaphor: used to emphasise the idea that ATSI peoples do not yet Belong to the Australia they once knew Why in the name of creation our differences should matter Religious allusion: appeals to all members of the audience and strengthens her argument by alluding to the idea that her struggle for ATSI rights affects all Australians Why is it so hard to find our commonalities? Rhetorical question: makes the audience question the reasons behind barriers which prevent ATSI from belonging So in the struggle to reconcile you said its about working together Inclusive language: forces the audience to reflect on the history of reconciliation in Australia They are chained in their stubbornness, but we are free, and if we need to go forward without them, we must Metaphor: used to juxtapose the characteristics of those who agree with reconciliation and those who do not. The imagery in this line expresses the idea that those who are willing to repair past faults are better people The task is yet to be tackled Alliteration: highlights the idea that the reconciliation process is not over, it needs to be ongoing History has shown that a genuine people's movement can move more than governments. It can move mountains Metaphor and imagery: highlights the idea that the power of people can overcome any obstacle
SIR WILLIAM DEANE (PREVIOUS AUSTRALIAN GOVERNOR GENERAL) ON THE OCCASION OF AN ECUMENICAL SERVICE FOR THE VICTIMS OF THE CANYONING TRAGEDY 5 AUGUST 1999
Purpose: - To mourn, to pay respect to victims, to comfort and support families and to unite countries through tragedy and grief.
Context: - Sir William Deane, as Governor General of Australia, was representing Australia at the ecumenical service in Switzerland (Interlaken) for the twenty-one victims of the canyoning accident, which included fourteen Australian citizens
Themes: - Unity - Identity - Faith - Loss
Reception: - During the time, the speech offered comfort to all those affected directly or indirectly by the tragedy. It also helped to unify the friends and family of those lost from various countries worldwide unifying - TODAY we see the speech as a dignified eulogy, in memory of those who died in a terrible tragedy which was beyond the control of man. It is also seen as a peaceful and calm offering in time of sadness and loss
Current issues: - We, Australians, cannot avoid the fact that Australians will die in tragedies outside their own homeland of Australia. However, we are able to journey to the places where they died and reflect upon their lives and know that, although they may have died in faraway lands, their spirit will be with us forever, no matter where they are. A recent example is the shooting down of the MH17 plane in Ukraine, which took the lives of 28 Australians
QUOTE TECHNIQUE: ANALYSIS We are gathered in great sadness First person narration used from the first line of the speech: immediately creates a sense of inclusiveness among the friends and family of victims Their loss is a profound tragedy for their families and friends Alliteration: serves to highlight the grief and sadness experienced as a result of the unexpected tragedy We also pray that, in the words of our Lord (Matthew 5:4), they will be truly comforted Allusion: appeals to a higher being in order to bring comfort to all those affected To mourn them, to be with and to sympathise with their family members and friends Listing: creates a sense of community spirit and unity amongst the friends and family of those who died One effect of the disaster has been to bring our two countries closer together Metaphor: used to bring light out of the terrible situation We thank the competence, the compassion and the kindness of all who have helped Alliteration: highlights the sense of community which arose as a consequence of the tragedy All shared the spirit of adventure, the joy of living, the exuberance and the delight of youth Listing and positive tone: encourages friends and family to reflect, and remember, all the delightful experiences the youth had highlighting the idea that they lived a full and happy life Lit the lives of all who knew them, until the end
A shining part of our humanity Metaphor: of light is repeated throughout the speech in order to pay tribute to the victims for the happiness, joy and pleasure they brought their friends and family Grieve the young lives cut so tragically short Direct statement: highlights the sense of disbelief of the tragedy No man is an island. Anyones death diminishes us all because we are all involved in mankind Literary allusion to John Donne: highlights the idea that we are all connected and part of a common humanity able to bring comfort to each other in times of sadness and grief These young men and women were in the flower of their youth Metaphor: highlights the positive contribution the victims brought to Australia and the world May they all rest with God Biblical allusion: brings about feelings of comfort through the idea that the victims are now safe and happy in heaven
ANWAR SADAT STATEMENT TO THE KNESSET 20 NOVEMBER 1977 (KNESSET: ISRAELI PARLIAMENT) (SPEECH WAS TRANSLATED FROM HEBREW)
Purpose: - To go to Israel and broker a peace settlement, in order to save further massive Arab and Israeli bloodletting form occurring - despite the great personal risk to himself - Sadat was motivated by a desire for a lasting peace
Context: - 4 wars had been fought in a 30 year period - Nearly 30% of Egypts national budget was absorbed by military spending which was financially crippling this already crowded and impoverished country - The world knew a practical solution was needed to break the cycle of conflict and slaughter - Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978
Themes: - Permanent peace based on justice - Unity and equality - Acceptance - Religion - Belief that open, honest and trustworthy communication is the key to solving conflict
Reception: - At the time of his speech, Sadat's trip was considered remarkable and it created excitement in both countries and around the world - The speech was not successful as the Arabs had previously refused substantial diplomatic contact with the Jewish state. Therefore, many of this own people resented him and, as a result, Sadat was assassinated on October 6th 1981 - Today, listeners feel sympathetic towards Sadat and saddened by the fact that this struggle for a permanent peace based on justice still continues today, with over more than 1800 Palestinians and 64 Israeli soldiers killed in Gaza in 2014 alone due to unceasing battles between Israel and Gaza
Possible thesis: - There is no stronger and more globally imperative issue than that of peace. It is something that affects and impacts upon so many different aspects of culture, communities and countries.
Current issues: - Due to numerous Israeli ground assaults on residential areas, there have been mass warnings to evacuate, displacing more than 200,000 of Gaza's 1.8 million Palestinians. Gazas infrastructure is currently in ruins, with power and water outages
QUOTE TECHNIQUE: ANALYSIS Permanent peace Repetition and alliteration: reinforces his goal in an attempt to change the worldview of his listeners and highlight the need for peace to ensure a harmonious future for generations to come A huge wall between us a wall that threatened always with the long arm that could reach and strike anywhere Extended metaphor: used to highlight the idea that hatred and war limits an individuals potential and, hence, their freedom as it creates barriers to peace and harmony Encircled by large missiles ready for launching Metaphor: makes audiences worldwide reflect upon their own core values and how they would feel if victimized of trapped, like everyday civilians in Gaza today Shells of grudges and hatred
Graphic personification: highlights the reason behind the growing figures of the deceased before and during 1977and still today. Us You Inclusive language: use to place Sadat on the same level as his audience and enable him to connect We our with listeners God Almighty Repetition of religious allusions: used in an attempt to address all three religions through their common belief in a singular God. Through this technique Sadat also hopes to invoke the lord's support and reinforce to his listeners that neither the Arabs, nor the Israelis, should consider themselves superior to one another, but rather that they are all equal and belong to one, dignified humanity Why should we bequeath to the coming generations the plight of bloodshed, death, orphans, widowhood, family disintegration, and the wailing of victims? Listing of highly emotive words in a rhetorical question: alludes to the inevitability of a bitter future for all of humanity, not just the Arabs and Israelis, if they do not have the clarity of vision to overlook the past. You have to give up, once and for all, the dreams of conquest Direct statement: highlights Sadats bravery and belief in his using his leadership position for the benefit of all humanity. This technique also positions his immediate Israeli audience to reflect upon the past and empower them to give up the belief that force is the best method for dealing with the Arabs, and instead strive, alongside Sadat, for a harmonious world. Why should we bequeath to the coming generations the plight of bloodshed, death, orphans, widowhood, family disintegration and the wailing of victims? Pathos in rhetorical question: promotes a sense of responsibility and creates an urgency for political action Let us be frank Repetition: stresses the importance of basic human values, such as honesty, in order to ensure peace for future generations
NOEL PEARSON AN AUSTRALIAN HISTORY FOR US ALL 20 NOVEMBER 1996 (ADDRESS TO THE CHANCELLORS CLUB DINNER, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY)
Purpose: - aim to give an account of the history behind the relationship between the European and Aboriginal inhabitants - illustrate the need to recognize discrimination and take responsibility of the past present and future. - Encourage and open harmonious and hopeful vision for reconciliation as opposed to assigning guilt.
Context: - one of Australias most influential aboriginals in Australian politics. - PM John Howard had been newly elected and proposed amendments to Native Title Act - His speech was inspired by the High Court and political statements of the time.
Themes: - racism: focuses intensively on the racist history of Australia - challenges his immediate audience and the Nation to work towards reconciliation - War and Peace - Responsibility
Reception: - Evoked a mixed reception - opinions on the speech were based upon the individuals pre- conceived ideas and values about Indigenous Australians - His stance on the issue isolated him from many members of the wider Australian society due to his criticism on John Howards condemnation of the black armband view of history - which many Australians agreed with at the time. Conservative Australians would have viewed the presentation as biased towards his own ATSI people and cultural background, thus his perspective would have been rejected by this group. - On the other hand, many Australians would have appreciated Pearsons attempt to trace the history of Australia and present a wide range of viewpoints. His ideas of justice, peace and the struggle against oppression would have been received as representing core Australian values - Most modern audiences today, who now have a greater understanding of ATSI history, believe that the speech was vital and necessary in order to attempt to educate Australians on the negative impact colonisation has had on their lives and to call for action in helping reduce the current inequities of ATSI peoples
Current issues: - Australians are growing increasingly fond of ATSI peoples as an understanding of their ancestral past increases with the help of compulsory Aboriginal studies in Australian Secondary schools - We are so fortunate, as Australians, to have among us the oldest continuing cultures in human history. Cultures that link our nation with deepest antiquity (Kevin Rudd)
QUOTE TECHNIQUE: ANALYSIS Hot button issue Live and let live Colloquialism and clichs: lightens the mood and make the speech more accessible to the audience Alludes refers to prominent politicians historians and other social commentators with direct quotes: emphasizes his credibility Our nation We Inclusive language and repetition: has the effect of reconciling the divide between the indigenous and European Australians (unifying the Nation) Has the so-called black armed band view of history been about apportioning guilt? Rhetorical question: forces listeners to question the racist history of Australia. You have taken from us not just our land and not just all of the icons of indigenous Australia Cumulative list: emphasizes what has been taken away from the aboriginal people and creates a divide between indigenous and European Australians through the repetition of second person you Recession we had to have The turmoil and confusion the country had to have Sarcastic political allusions to P M Keating: emphasizes his disgust in Keating, a great proponent of reconciliation Open our hearts Metaphor: highlights that there is no need for them to feel guilt over what occurred, but they should acknowledge that the injustices did take place and bear some responsibility for this. This also creates a sense of hope that reconciliation can be achieved through an allusion to Keating Native Title Series of legal references: emphasizes the need for reconciliation and acceptance of past faults Derogation and a diminution A legacy of unutterable shame Alliteration and onomatopoeia: shows historic suffering of aboriginals. This is contrasted with positive words such as: celebration, spirit of compromise, open and generous which tries to adopt a positive sense of harmony and reconciliation for the future
MARGARET ATWOOD SPOTTY-HANDED VILLAINESSES 1994
Purpose: - To present an entertaining, informing and challenging argument, exploring the dichotomy of good and bad women in literature and the way in which they are represented
Context: - Atwood is a contemporary literary composer and poet - Established herself as a controversial writer in Canada - Occurred during a contemporary movement, particularly in regard the feminist views of women in life and art. Atwood had slightly feministic views
Themes: - role of women in society: changing and varied roles - literature reflecting reality: Atwood believes that literature stems from reality, as literature grapples with the human condition which is, inevitably, a reflection of the writers world
Reception: - feminists at the time, and now, believe the speech is an unfavourable appraisal of the Womens Movement - however, she was respected by many for addressing the important issue of women in society, and doing it in an entertaining manner - TODAY the speech is still valued because of the topical issue of the role of women in society a theme which transcends time as discrimination continues in many countries and gender equality is a long way from being achieved (eg. glass ceiling idea in businesses)
Current issues: - Literature remains a key part of everyday life for people of all ages as many notions, beliefs, values and ideas presented in all art forms transcend time and have great textual integrity. However, it is important to keep up with the present events, such as the womens movement, and present their positive (or negative) results in literature in order to entertain and lure in contemporary readers - Literature is one of the most interesting and significant expressions of humanity. (P. T. Barnum)
QUOTE TECHNIQUE: ANALYSIS My older brother used this verse to tease me, or so he thought Personal and humorous tone: when discussing a relatable subject successfully creates a relaxed atmosphere to engage the audience Spot Metaphor: for invisible but indelible evil in women which is needed to make a good novel. This idea is compounded throughout the repetition in the line: spot as in guilt, spot as in blood, spot as in out, damned Spotty-handed villainesses (Title) Allusion to Lady MacBeth: a female character in Shakespeares Macbeth, who convinced her husband to kill the King then goes insane with guilt. This allusion is used to educate the audience on the way in which females can be, and should be, portrayed as bad characters, as well as good characters as this approach is more realistic There was a little girl/ Who had a little curl When she was good, she was very, very good/ And when she was bad, she was horrid! I took this poem to be of great significance I did after all have curls Personal anecdotes and asides: used to connect with listeners and emphasise her belief that women can have a double life and since not all women are pure good or bad in reality, then why are females in books all good or bad? possibilities of a Dr. Jekyll-Mr. Hyde double life for women
Literary allusion to Dr. Jekyll-Mr. Hyde: a novel which portrayed a character with a split personality, being both good and evil God - who is, among other things, an author Religious allusions: serves to validate her opinions and appeal to the religious beliefs of the audience and make them reflect upon the biblical stories which contain both good and evil What is a novel? Hypophora (question and answering technique): allows Atwood to answer questions the listeners may have Is this the right word? What kind of story shall I tell? How shall I tell it? Cumulative listing of rhetorical questions: highlights the effort the author puts into their work, trying to make their story entertaining, enjoyable and believable. Thus, she highlights the need to include both good and evil characters in order to make the stories realistic: We do need something like them; by which I mean, something disruptive to static order Seductress, murderers, wicked stepmothers, witches and evil grannies Listing: explores the endless possibilities of female characters You can throw all of the above at a cauldron and stir and advocates that women shouldnt be restricted to the bounds pf good characters, but instead should be able to express themselves as they see appropriate We live in an age of not only gender crossover but of genre crossover, so you can throw all of the above into the cauldron and stir Alliteration: highlights the many possibilities of female characters, emphasising the need to portray a wide array of personalities in novels in order to entertain readers why shouldnt their many- dimensionality be given literary expression? Innovative literature is to include the hitherto excluded Contrast: used to emphasise the need for evil female characters in order to engage readers. This idea if further emphasised in the line: many doors stand ajar; others beg to be unlocked. This metaphor reinforces the idea that authors need to embrace to forms and types of characters women are tired of being good all the time Benefits to literature of the Womens Movement - the expansion of the territory available Metaphor: highlights the plethora of personalities which can be adopted for female characters in to writers, both in character and in language modern times as a result of the Womens Movement which is capitalised in order to emphasise its importance and benefits in art. This idea is contrasted with the single-dimension views of women in the past. Were women to be condemned to virtue for life, salves in the salt- mines of goodness? How intolerable. The use sibilance and truncated sentences reflects the previously limited possibilities and emphasises the need for authors to take the opportunity to create a rich five-dimensional picture of female characters Passive good girls adventurous, resourceful proud slothful foolish envious and greedy wise evilbad wicked ugly false Listing: of the many possible characteristics of female characters to emphasise that the possibilities (of creating female characters) are many and, therefore, all types of women should be embraced by both authors and readers We have not enough evil in us (Final line) Allusion to Dame West: reinforces her thesis that authors need to expand the personalities of their female characters to being both good and evil in combination to ensure female characters are not limited and two- dimensional
(The Yale Cultural Sociology Series) Ron Eyerman (Editor), Jeffrey C. Alexander (Editor), Elizabeth Butler Breese (Editor) - Narrating Trauma_ On the Impact of Collective Suffering-Paradigm Publishers.pdf