Chemical Bond

The force that holds atoms together.

How many chemical bonds are there?

What part of the atom makes
chemical bonds?

Chemical bond
Ion
An ion is an atom (or
group of atoms) with
a positive or negative
charge
Write down one positive and one
negative ion. Include both the name
and the symbol.
Ionic Bond
The attraction between oppositely
charged ions
Li
+
F
-
oxidation number
The charge of an ion
Li
+
F
-
Mg
2+
Draw an arrow pointing at the oxidation numbers of these ions.
Beryllium
Atom




+

+


+
+
Beryllium
Ion




+

+


+
+
Add up
the charges
of the
particles.
4 protons = 4+
2 electrons = 2-
Total Charge = 2+
4 protons = 4+
4 electrons = 4-
Total Charge = 0
Beryllium
Atom
Beryllium
Ion




+

+


+
+




+

+


+
+
What is the
difference
between a
beryllium atom
and beryllium
ion?
Fluorine Ion Fluorine Atom





+

+


+
+ +
+
+
+
+












+

+


+
+ +
+
+
+
+







Add up
the charges
of the
particles.
9 protons = 9+
10 electrons = 10-
Total Charge = 1-
9 protons = 9+
9 electrons = 9-
Total Charge = 0
Fluorine Ion Fluorine Atom





+

+


+
+ +
+
+
+
+












+

+


+
+ +
+
+
+
+







What is the
difference
between a
fluorine atom
and fluorine
ion?


+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+


+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Protons 3+
Electrons 2-
Total Charge 1+
Ion Li
+
3
+
+
4
1 2
Protons 7+
Electrons 10-
Total Charge 3-
Ion N
3-
Protons 11+
Electrons 10-
Total Charge 1+
Ion Na
+
Protons 1+
Electrons 0
Total Charge 1+
Ion H
+
Protons 16+
Electrons 18-
Total Charge 2-
Ion S
2-
Protons 8+
Electrons 10-
Total Charge 2-
Ion O
2-
Protons 9+
Electrons 10-
Total Charge 1-
Ion F
-
Protons 12+
Electrons 10-
Total Charge 2+
Ion Mg
2+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+


6


+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Conclusion
An atom has a charge of zero. An ion is
an atom that has lost or gained
electrons, giving it a negative or positive
charge.
If an atom loses electrons, then it has a
positive charge. If an atom gains
electrons, then it has a negative charge.
All ions have full outer electron shells
because they lost or gained electrons to
make the last shell full.
Draw the protons and electrons in the
models below. Write the appropriate
numbers in the blanks.

Ion B
3+
Protons 5+
Electrons 2-
Total Charge 3+
+ +
+
+
+


1 2
4


2


Ion B
3+
Protons 5+
Electrons 2-
Total Charge 3+
Ion Cl
-
Protons 17+
Electrons 18-
Total Charge 1-
Ion Ne
0
Protons 10+
Electrons 10-
Total Charge 0
Ion Mg
2+
Protons 12+
Electrons 10-
Total Charge 2+
Ionic Bonding
Atoms become ions to make them more
stable.
Atoms need 8 valence electrons to be
stable (happy).
Some atoms will lose/gain electrons
(becoming an ion) to get to the magic
number of 8.

Other atoms will gain/lose electrons
(becoming an ion) to get to the magic
number of 8.
Ions always have full outer shells
because that is what makes them
stable.

Ionic compounds always from between
positive and negative ions.

Ionic compounds have a net charge of
zero because the positive and negative
charges cancel each other out.
Circle the groups of ions below that will form ionic compounds.
Li
+
+ F
-
Be
2+
+ S
2-
H
+
+ Ne
0

P
3-
+ Cl
-
Ca
2+
+ O
2-
K
+
+ K
+
+ O
2-
Na
+
+ Sr
2+
Ra
2+
+ Ba
2+
Al
3+
+ P
3-

Ions on the Periodic Table
You can look at the periodic table to
help you see which elements will make
positive ions and which will make
negative ions.

Ionic compounds always form between
metal elements and nonmetal elements.
Metal ions and nonmetal ions are
perfect matches for each other. Metal
ions lost electrons and nonmetal ions
gained electrons. The attraction of
their charges hold them together.
Metals
Nonmetals
always lose
electrons and
become positive
always gain
electrons and
become negative
Color and label the periodic table.
Semimetals have the same oxidation numbers as the group they are in.

Mg
1. How many valence electrons does Mg
have?
2
2. Is this magnesium atom stable?
No
3. Why or why not?
Because it has 2 valence
electrons when it really wants 8.

4. How could this atom get to 8 valence
electrons? Is it easier to find 6 more or
lose 2?
It is easier to lose 2 electrons.
5. If it loses 2 electrons, what will its
charge be?
2+
Do oxygen on your own.

O

O
1. How many valence electrons does O
have?

2. Is this oxygen atom stable?

3. Why or why not?

4. How could this atom get to 8 valence
electrons? Is it easier to gain 2 electrons
or lose 6 electrons?

5. If it gains 2 electrons, what will its
charge be?

O
2-
Mg
2+
Use arrows to show the movement of electrons from Mg to O.
Write in the charges of the ions.

The opposite charges of the ions make them
attracted to each other, forming a new compound.

O
2-
Mg
2+
Properties of Ionic Compounds
1. Ionic Compounds Form Crystals The
ions arrange into an orderly 3-D pattern
of positive and negative ions

Salt Crystal
Quartz Crystal
Draw!
2. High melting points ionic bonds are
very strong; much energy (heat) must be
added before the bonds will break so
that the particles can slide past each
other in liquid form.
Salt melts at
1400 F
3. Electrical conductivity because the
ions are all charged, electric currents
move through them easily but only
when dissolved in water or in liquid
form.
Polyatomic Ions
An ion made from more than one atom that
reacts as a single unit
It is a molecule with a charge.
It does not come apart in chemical reactions.
CO
3
2-
O
O
C
O
2-
Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound








show oxidation numbers!



KBr
Tell which atom lost
electrons and which
atom gained electrons.



K
Br
K
Br
+
-
K lost one e
-

Br gained one e
-
Look at your
periodic table on
page 134-135.
Hints for Ionic Compound (3
rd
box)

3. F Mg F

4. Na O Na

5. Cl Ca Cl
Crystals
A solid made of atoms in a repeating pattern.
Most crystals are made of ions. But, there are a
number of exceptions.
The positive and negative ions are attracted to
each other and form regular, repeating patterns.
Some crystals, such as salt, have very simple
structures. Other crystals are very.
Which one is the crystal?
Which one is the crystal?
NaCl Crystals
cubic structure
alternating Na
+
and Cl
-
ions

Cl
-

Cl
-

Cl
-
Cl
-

Cl
-
Cl
-

Cl
-

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Cl
-

Cl
-

Na
+

Na
+

Na
+

Na
+

Na
+

Na
+

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Crystal
Water with dissolved salt
NaCl Crystals
Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Cl
-

Na
+

Covalent Bonds
A bond between atoms that share
electrons.
Atoms share electrons to get to the
happy number of 8 valence electrons in
their outer shells.
Covalent bonds only form between
nonmetals

Metals NEVER make covalent bonds

Covalent bonds form molecular
compounds (molecules).
Covalent bonds form because of the
attraction between the nuclei and the
shared electrons.
Properties of Molecular Compounds
1. Lower Melting and Boiling Points

The forces between the molecules are
weak, therefore, they have lower
melting and boiling points, most are
liquids or gases at room temperature

2. Poor Conductivity
Most molecular compounds do not
conduct electricity because they dont
break up into charged ions
Single Bond
Two atoms share one pair of electrons
F F
Draw
Double Bond
Two atoms share two pairs of electrons
O O
Draw
Triple Bond
Atoms share three pairs of electrons
N
N
Draw
Nonmetal Nonmetal Molecular Compound
















circle shared pairs!



NH
3

Single,
Double or
Triple
Bonds?

N
H
N
H
H
H
3 single
bonds