4 5

Sesavali
dRes eWvi aravis epareba, rom filosofiuri anTropo-
logia filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani disciplinaa.
es ar aris SemTxveviTi: Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, davrw-
mundebiT, TiTqmis yoveli filosofiuri problema, aSkarad
Tu farulad, gulisxmobs adamianis(anTroposis) problemebs.
marTalia, filosofiuri anTropologia damoukideb-
el filosofiur disciplinad mxolod meoce saukuneSi
Camoyalibda, magram, adamiani yovelTvis iyo filosofiuri
kvlevis obieqti. filosofiurma anTropologiam Seajama
adamianis filosofiur Seswavlis gamocdileba. amitom, ar
unda gagvikvirdes, roca aRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis
dros, xSirad Segvxvdeba sxvadasxva, ufro adrindeli epoqis
filosofosTa saxelebi.
Tu gavafarToebT filosofiuri anTropologiis cnebas,
davinaxavT, rom is moicavs mTel wina filosofias. amitom,
filosofiuri anTropologiis istorias Semofarglaven mx-
olod im ideebiTa da avtorebiT, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli
gavlena moaxdines dRevandel filosofiur anTropologiaze
(paskali, herderi, kanti, hegeli, foierbaxi, aseve hobsi, loki).
herderi pirveli iyo, vinc scada erTmaneTTan daekavSire-
bina biologiuri axsna da am problemebis `filosofiuri~
xedva. herderidan modis adamianis gageba, rogorc `arasru-
lyofili~ arsebisa. adamianma Tavisi bunebrivi naklovaneba,
arasrulyofileba unda Seavsos iaraRis, teqnologiis gziT.
kantis kiTxvebi `ra SemiZlia vicode?~ `ra unda va-
keTo? risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes?~ aseve miseuli gageba
fiziologiuri da pragmatuli anTropologiebisa~ sayovel-
Taodaa gaziarebuli filosofiur anTropologiaSi. dRemde
cocxalia hegelis Teoria gaucxoebis fenomenis Sesaxeb,
romelsac filosofiuri anTropologia warmatebiT iyenebs
individisa da sazogadoebis problemis asaxsnelad. igive
6 7
SeiZleba iTqvas hegelis Tvalsazrisze. RvTaebrivi gonis
adamianis istoriaSi gaSlis Sesaxeb, romelic filosofiuri
anTroplogiis erT-erTi aqtualuri Temaa.
filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis metad mniSvnelova-
nia hiumis, hobsisa da lokis naazrevi adamianis bunebaze~
da sociologiis fuZemdeblebis /kontis, spenseris, milis/
mosazrebani, romlebic cdilobdnen gaegoT adamianis buneba
socio-kulturul wesrigis meSveobiT.
mainc, saidan iRebs saTaves filosofiuri anTropologia?
filosofiuri anTropologiis dasawyisad SeiZleba miviCnioT
is dro, rodesac iwyeba adamianSi `gansakuTrebulis~ Zieba,
rac, arc raimedan gamoiyvaneba da arc raimeze daiyvaneba. es
`gansakuTrebuloba~, distancirebis unaria. mxolod, adamians
SeuZlia daupirispirdes samyaros, Tavis msgavss, sakuTar
Tavs da am gziT gaarkvios, daadginos misi adgili samyaroSi.
adamianis raobis gageba ufro problemuri gaxda mas
Semdeg, rodesac evropuli kultura Sexvda sxva tipis kul-
turebsa da xalxebs. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT anTropologiur
literaturas, davinaxavT, rom, avtorebi TavianT anTropolo-
giebs sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. iqneba es Teologiuri,
fenomenologiuri, istoriuli, socialuri, biologiuri Tu
kultur-filosofiuri.
mainc, riT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri anTropologia
sxva anTropologiuri disciplinebisagan, an adamianis Sesaxeb
arsebuli istoriul-filosofiuri codnisagan?
jer erTi, filosofiur anTropologias korelaciaSi
mohyavs sxvadasxva anTropologiebi. magaliTad, filosofi-
uri anTropologiis fuZemdebeli m.Seleri erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebs filosofiur, mecnierul da Teologiur anTro-
pologiebs. filosofiuri anTropologia makordinirebel
disciplinad gvevlineba imis dasaZlevad, rasac filosofi-
uri anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi azrovnebis anarqias da
`centris dakargvas~ uwodeben. es filosofiuri disciplina
cdilobs gaigos adamianis arsebiTi Tvisebebi da unarebi,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi `codnis axal ruqas~ qmnis.
filosofiuri anTropologia mecnierebebTan dialogSi
avlens sakuTar specifikas. ase magaliTad, a. gelenisaTvis
filosofiuri anTropologia axali `empiriuli disci-
plinaa~ gansxvavebuli bunebismetyvelebisagan da gonismec-
nierebisagan.
filosofos-anTropologebi kargad xedaven kulturis _
adamianuri samyaros kriziss, romelic gansakuTrebiT cxadi
gaxda adamianis `sami didi damcirebis~ Semdeg. pirveli,
rodesac, kopernikma uaryo geocentruli sistema. dedami-
wa- adamianis samyofeli, samyaros centri. meore- darvinis
biologiuri evolucionizmi. mesame- istoriulma skolebma
naTelyves religiuri da erovnuli Rirebulebebis fardobi-
Toba. am krizisis maCvenebelia agreTve siRrmis fsiqologia
(z.froidis fsiqoanalizi) da k.marqsis Teoria, romlisTvisac,
adamiani sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erTobliobaa.
filosofiuri anTropologiis erT-erTi amocanaa fi-
losofiurad axsnas is faqtebi, romlebic aRmoaCina sx-
vadasxva mecnierebam adamianis bunebasa da mis arsebobis
pirobebSi. tradiciuli gnoseologia mxolod cnobierebis
funqciis axsniT iyo dakavebuli, igi ar iTvaliswinebda
paskalis e.w. `gulis logikas~.
filosofiuri anTropologiis Camoyalibebas aseve didad
Seuwyo xeli, iseTi filosofiuri mimarTulebebis aRmocene-
bam, rogorebicaa, sicocxlis filosofia, fenomenologia, eq-
sistencializmi, siRrmis fsiqologia. aseve, gansakuTrebuli
roli iTamaSa epoqam- drom. rogorc, filosofiuri anTrop-
ologiis erT-erTi mamamTavari maqs Seleri wers: `istoriis
arc erT monakveTSi ar yofila adamiani sakuTari TavisaTvis
iseTi problematuri, rogorc Tanadroul epoqaSi~ (94,133)
am gamonaTqvamSi igulisxmeba, rom, Tanamedrove epoqaSi SeimC-
neva adamianis sruliad sxvadasxvagvari, xSirad winaaRmde-
8 9
gobrivi gageba, ufro metic, adamianis cnebis msxvreva.
filosofiuri anTropologia pasuxobs kiTxvas: ra aris
adamiani da garkveuli azriT, Zlevs aRniSnul problemur
situacias. amitom, ikvlevs is adamianis yofierebis sakiTxebs
ufro danawevrebulad , ufro Rrmad.
filosofiur anTropologias korelaciaSi mohyavs
sxvadasxva anTropologiebi da warmatebiT uTavsebs mec-
nierul meTods filosofiur midgomas. fragmentuli codnis
damuSaveba-analiziT filosofiuri anTropologia cdilobs
adamianis arsebiTi Tvisebebis unarebis gagebas.
maSasadame, filosofiuri anTropologiis kvlevis
sagania adamiani. magram, es Zalian zogadi debulebaa. ada-
mians- `anTroposs~-swavlobs sxva mravali mecniereba Tu
filosofiuri disciplina. ibadeba kiTxva: riT gansxvavdeba
filosofiuri anTropologiis sagani sxva mecnierebaTa
sagnisagan? ase magaliTad, adamianis agebulebas swavlobs
anatomia, adamianSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebs ikvlevs
fiziologia. adamianis rasebs, garemos zegavlenas adamianis
fizikur mocemulobaze - bunebismetyveluri anTropolo-
gia. e.i. adamianis calkeul aspeqtebs imecnebs calkeuli
specialuri mecniereba. magram, amave dros, unda gaviTval-
iswinoT is garemoebac, rom, adamiani ar aris sxvadasxva
mxareTa meqanikuri jami. is mTlianobaa, xolo nawilebze
msjeloba SesaZlebelia mxolod, mTelis danawevrebiT, misi
elementebis gamocalkavebiT. swored, es aris filosofiuri
anTropologiis kvlevis obieqti - adamiani, rogorc mTeli.
es mTeli ar miiReba nawilebis, aspeqtebis dajamebiT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, filosofiuri anTropologia iqneboda pozi-
tiuri yaidis mecniereba. mTelis wvdoma intuiciiT, fenom-
enologiuri analiziT xdeba. inteleqtualuri intuicia da
fenomenologiuri analizi filosofiuri anTropologiis
ZiriTadi meTodebia.
filosofiur anTropologiaSi fenomenologiuri mid-
goma filosofiuri sakiTxebisadmi uwanamZRvrod,upirobod
iTvleba, xolo bunebaTmecnierebebisaTvis, logikurad pirve-
ladad, radgan, igi exeba mniSvnelobebs, mocemul arsTa intu-
iciur gagebas. ramdenime sityviT SevexoT intuiciis cnebas.
inteleqtualuri intuicia dasabuTebis sawyisia, magram, es
debuleba ar aris yvelas mier erTxmad gaziarebuli. amboben,
rom intuicia ar SeiZleba iyos dasabuTebis sawyisi, vinaidan,
is subieqtis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobaa. Cemi azriT, amiT
sruliadac ar icvleba saqmis viTareba, intuiciis cnebaSi
xom gulisxmoben subieqtis fsiqologiur mdgomareobas. es
mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom cneba SeiZleba aRwerili da
gamokvleuli iyos fsiqologis mierac. faqtia, `intuicia~
xSirad gaigeba rogorc uecari ganaTeba, mixvedra, Sinagani
karnaxi Tu sxva saxis fsiqikuri aqti. sruliad naTelia,
aseT movlenebs Seiswavlis ara logika an gnoseologia,
aramed, fsiqologia.
magram, aseve ar unda daviviwyoT Semdegi garemoeba, ter-
mini `msjelobac~ mravali mniSvnelobis mqonea. msjeloba
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc subieqturi, individualuri
fsiqikuri aqti da aseve, `msjelobis~ cnebaSi moviazroT mra-
vali kerZo SemTxvevisaTvis, mravali individisaTvis saerTo,
igiveobrivi sazrisi. `msjelobis~ pirvel mxares swavlobs
fsiqologia, xolo meore _ logikisa da gnoseologiis
kompetenciaa (saqmea).
analogiuri viTarebaa `intuiciis~ cnebis SemTxvevaSic.
`intuicias~ vuwodebT fsiqikur aqts, magram, amave dros, intu-
iciuri xedviT gaxorcielebuli msjeloba zeindividualuri,
logikuri bunebisaa, swored, es ainteresebs filosofias da
ara fsiqologias.
intuiciis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli msjeloba mu-
dam evidenturia. cxadia, es msjeloba miuTiTebs, rom, saqmis
raime viTareba aseTia da sxvagvari ver iqneba. evidentoba am
SemTxvevaSi ar aris mxolod gancda, adamianis subieqturi
10 11
mdgomareoba, an fsiqologiuri faqti. (amgvarad gamoxatuli
msjeloba fsiqologiis sagania). filosofias ainteresebs
msjelobis elementebis obieqturi kavSiris evidentoba da
ara individis gancda, msjelobis Sinaarsis sazrisis eviden-
toba, uSualo codna (magaliTad, is rom, TeTri ar aris Savi).
radgan, intuicia evidenturia, misi WeSmariteba sxva msj-
elobidan ar miiReba. intuicias ar Wirdeba sxva msjelobebiT
dasabuTeba, ar esaWiroeba diskursia, intuicia sagnis arsebis
uSualo wvdomaa. swored, amitom, misiT sruldeba regresi
dasabuTebaSi. dasabuTebis procesi `Cerdeba~ am dasasrulis
gareSe ki, arc erTi debuleba ar iqneboda WeSmariti.
filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis amgvari debulebaa
`adamians aqvs arsi, igi mTliani arsebaa~, (xolo is, rom, ada-
mianis arsi misi Semoqmedebis unaria da is, rom, igi goniTi
arsebaa, am azris naTelyofaa mTeli filosofiuri anTrop-
ologiis mizani da amis Cvenebas Sevecdebi mec).
amgvarad, filosofiuri anTropologiis sagani garkveu-
lia. es aris adamianis arsis wvdoma, adamianis, rogorc
mTelis gageba. iseTi problemebi, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, ada-
mianis mimarTeba cxovelTan, an adamianis mimarTeba RmerTTan,
moiTxovs adamianis ara romelime calke aRebuli aspeqtis
ganxilvas, aramed, adamianis mTlianobis warmoCenas.
filosofiuri anTropologiis safuZvelze SegviZlia
visaubroT adamianis adgilze samyaroSi,adamianis struq-
turaze, mis mimarTebaze bunebasTan,cxovelTan, meore adami-
anTan, sociumTan, kulturasTan. SemoqmedebasTan, Tavisufal
arCevanTan. saerTod, adamianis yofierebis Taviseburebaze.
adamianis romelime mxaris Semswavleli specialuri
mkvlevari aucileblad iTvaliswinebs - gacnobierebulad,
zogjer, ki gaucnobiereblad, filosofiuri anTropolo-
giis amosavals adamianis mTlianobis Taobaze. fsiqologia,
magaliTad, swavlobs adamianis fsiqikur Taviseburebebs,
fiziologi - adamianSi mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs,
anatomi - adamianis agebulebas da a. S. romel `adamians~
gulisxmoben aseT SemTxvevaSi? ra Tqma unda, adamians, ro-
gorc mTels. adamianis erT-erTi aspeqtia, vTqvaT, fsiqikuri
cxovreba, romelsac fsiqologia Seiswavlis. maSasadame, spe-
cialuri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli Tavis kvlevaSi iyenebs
iseT gamoTqmas, romlis mniSvnelobac gulisxmobs adamians
rogorc mTels. e.i. imas, rac filosofiuri anTropologiis
Seswavlis sagania da romelsac, arc erTi kerZo mecniereba
ar Seiswavlis.
amgvarad, filosofiuri anTropologiis amosavali aris
adamiani, rogorc mTlianoba. a. boWoriSvili Tavis SromaSi
`adamianis fenomenologiis Sesaxeb~ samarTlianad wers:
`radgan filosofiuri anTropologiis kvlevis sagania ada-
mianis mTlianoba (misi arsi), amitom igi arasodes ar iqneba
arc fiziologia da arc fsiqologia, arc sociologia da
istoria, aramed iqneba anTropologia. misi fizikuri gauqmeba
SeiZleba, misi gadakeTeba SeuZlebelia~(9,18)
filosofiur anTropologias, rogorc adamianis rao-
bis damdgen disciplinas, SeuZlebelia adamianis calkeuli
mxareebis Semswavleli sxva dargebi Seecilon, radgan, fi-
losofiuri anTropologia maT Soris erTaderTia, romelic,
adamians rogorc mTels ikvlevs.
adamianis problemis Seswavlas Rrma filosofiuri
tradicia aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom, filosofiuri anTropo-
logia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa, romelic filosofias
XX saukuneSi Seemata. yvela mkvlevari mainc ar iziarebs
am Tvalsazriss da mis warmoSobas sxvadasxva periodis
filosofosTa saxelTan akavSirebs. `zogi mas kantiT iwyebs,
zogi foierbaxiT, an friziT, bevri SeleriTac ki~... (99,74)
a. Sternis Tanaxmad, filosofiuri anTropologia TiTq-
mis iseve Zvelia, rogorc filosofia. gamoTqma `TiTqmis~,
am SemTxvevaSi, sruliad garkveul viTarebas gamoxatavs: a.
Sterni samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom berZen moazrovneTa
12 13
filosofiuri interesis pirveli obieqti iyo gare samyaro,
buneba. Semobruneba bunebidan adamianisken ki xdeba ufro
gvian, rodesac, kosmologiuri problemebis adgils anTrop-
ologiuri problematika ikavebs.
am Semobrunebas a. Sterni sokrates saxels ukavSirebs.
`pirvelad sokratesTan gadaiqceva adamiani filisofiis mTa-
var problemad. misiT iwyeba filosofiuri anTropologia~
(99,75) - vkiTxulobT zemoT dasaxelebul werilSi.
rogorc vxedavT, a.Sterns filosofiuri anTropolo-
giis dasawyisad miaCnia sokrates moRvaweoba. ra Tqma unda,
is faqti, rom, sokrates filosofiuri interesis centrSi
adamianis yofierebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi idga, savse-
biT udavoa. magram, ramdenad sworia debuleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom Semobruneba adamianisaken swored sokratem moaxdina?
am sakiTxze gansxvavebuli azri aqvT sxva cnobil fi-
losofosebs. davasaxeleb hegels, celers, vindelbands,
gompercs. isini anTropologiur Semobrunebas ukavSireben
sofistebs da ara sokrates. amave azrisaa gamoCenili qa-
rTveli filosofosi sergi danelia. berZnuli filosofiis
kosmologiur periodSi, rogorc aRniSnavs: igi, `moazrovneTa
mometebuli nawili ufro kosmosis an bunebis problemebs
ikvlevda~(27,66). es moazrovneebi adamianze sxvaTaSoris
aCerebdnen yuradRebas. sazogadoebis cxovreba da am cxovre-
baSi Seqmnili kulturuli Rirebulebani - sarwmunoeba,
zneoba, saxelmwifo, yofa, xelovneba, mecniereba, rogorc
aRniSnavs s.danelia, ar Seadgens kvleva Ziebis gansakuTrebul
obieqts. amis mizezad qarTveli filosofosi patriarqalur,
ganuviTarebel sazogadoebas Tvlis. amgvar sociumSi myofi
adamiani mWidro kavSirSia bunebasTan da TiTqmis uSualod
grZnobs bunebrivi aucileblobis simwvaves, mefobs bunebis
mkacri despotizmi, tlanqi Zala da adamiani meore adami-
anisaTvis TiTqmis igivea, rac cxovelia cxovelisaTvis, e.i.
garemdebare obieqti. kosmologiuri periodis filosofia,
s. danelias azriT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis anarekli iyo,
warmoadgenda socialuri yofis asaxvas.
droTa manZilze mdgomareoba icvleba: berZnuli sazoga-
doebis socialur-politikuri cxovreba viTardeba, ukan
rCeba socialuri yofis patriarqaluri formebi, kultura
aviwroebs barbarosobis ares, adamiani Tavisufldeba bunebis
zemoqmedebisagan, xdeba is procesi, romelsac qarTveli fi-
losofosi uwodebs `adamianis gasubieqtebas an gapirovnebas
praqtikaSi~. `adamianis gasubieqtebas praqtikaSi - wers s.
danelia, -Tan sdevda misi gasubieqteba TeoriaSi da adamianze
warmodgenac realuri adamianis cvlasTan erTad icvleboda~
(27,70). moazrovneTa Soris fexs ikidebda Sexeduleba, rom,
adamiani ufro metia, vidre obieqti, bunebis ubralo mov-
lena. is subieqtia, pirovnebaa, sazogadoebis wevria, mokled,
kulturis movlenaa. fizikis gverdiT, aRniSnavs s. danelia,
viTardeba istoria, romelic Tukidides saxiT istoriografi-
is maRal nimuSebs iZleva, sofistebis meSveobiT safuZveli
eyreba fsiqologias, eTikas da politikas. filosofiis
istoriaSi kosmologiur periods cvlis anTropologiuri
periodi.
s. danelia xazs usvams sofistebis did rols kos-
mologiuri kvlevidan anTropologiuri kvlevisaken Semo-
brunebaSi. `Tu fizikosTa kvleva-Ziebis centrSi bunebis
movlenebi iyo moqceuli,- wers is,- xolo adamianisa da
sazogadoebrivi kulturis problemebs naklebad ikvlevd-
nen, sofistebma yuradRebis centrSi swored adamiani da
misi kultura moaqcies~(27,72). ufro qveviT vkiTxulobT:
`TiTqmis yvela humanitarul disciplinaSi- gramatikidan
dawyebuli da religiis TeoriiT damTavrebuli- sofistebma
Tavisi sityva Tqves, da swored es saqme (e.i. kvleva -Ziebis
mTavar sagnad adamianis problemis qceva) iyo sofistebis
didi damsaxureba~. (iqve).
rogorc vxedavT, s.danelias Tanaxmad, swored, sofistebT-
14 15
an iqca pirvelad adamiani, rogorc adamianuri samyaros _
kulturis Semoqmedi, filosofiuri kvlevis mTavar sagnad.
sofistebis mier yuradRebis gadatana adamianis problemaze
qarTvel filosofoss maT istoriul damsaxurebad miaCnia.
meore qarTveli filosofosi, g.TevzaZe iZleva imis axs-
nas, Tu ratom moxda kosmologiuri kvleva-Ziebidan anTrop-
ologiurze gadasvla. g.TevzaZe aRniSnavs, rom kosmologiur
periodSi arsebobda filosofiur moZRvrebaTa dapirispireba,
Seurigebloba, rac parmenidesa da heraklites moZRvrebaTa
dapirispirebaSi Sejamda. sofistebisaTvis, am dapirispirebis
Sedegi iyo bunebis Seumecnebloba da Semecnebis sagnad
adamianis gamocxadeba. `sofistebma am dapirispirebidan is
daskvna gamoitanes,- wers g.TevzaZe,- rom obieqturi realo-
bis - bunebis Semecneba SeuZlebelia, rom codnisa da kvlevis
erTad-erTi sagania sazogadoeba da adamiani~ (33,58).
movusminoT cnobil germanel filosofoss m.landmans,
romelic pirdapir acxadebs, rom filosofiaSi anTropolo-
giuri Semobruneba, damsaxurebaa `ara sokratesi, aramed so-
fistebis~ (48,30). m.landmani sofistebs ase axasiaTebs: `isini
arian pirveli anTropologebi, radgan kulturis pirveli
filosofosebi arian~ (iqve). sofistebis azriT, kulturis,
kerZod, eris, eTnosisa da samarTlis ganmsazRvrelia ara
buneba, aramed, adamianTa SeTanxmeba, gadawyvetileba.
me vemxrobi m.landmanis Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviT,
berZnul filosofiaSi anTropologiuri Semobruneba so-
fistebis saxels ukavSirdeba. amis Semdeg, adamianis problema
saukuneebis manZilze, yovelTvis iyo filosofiis kvlevis
obieqti. magram, ufro marTebulad mimaCnia `filosofiuri
anTropologiis~ rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinis Cam-
oyalibeba XX saukunes davukavSiroT da mis damfuZneblad
maqs Seleri CavTvaloT.
ra gvaZlevs amis safuZvels? filosofia Seiswavlis sa-
myaros mTlianobaSi. masSi garkveuli adgili ukavia adamians.
swored, esaa filosofiuri anTropologiis kvlevis sagani.
adamianis CarTviT mTelSi (samyaroSi) icvleba misi saxe,
Tviseba. mxolod, am pirobiT SeuZlia arseboba filosofiur
anTropologias. aseTi didi mniSvneloba mTlianis kanonzom-
ierebisaTvis ar aqvs mcenareTa Tu cxovelTa samyaros. aseve,
masze gavlenas ver axdens calkeul individTa arseboba-
ararseboba. saqme exeba adamianis principul arsebobas, mis
arss, misi erTianobis problemas.
adamiani, rom ar arsebobdes, ar iqneboda samyaros suraTi,
ar iarsebebda filosofia, mecniereba (saerTod anTropolo-
giuri sinamdvile). mxolod, adamians aqvs Semecnebis unari,
ris meSveobiTac igi wvdeba samyaros kanonzomierebas. adamians,
rogorc samyaros suraTis Semqmnels, sruliad unikaluri
roli akisria. amitomacaa, filosofiuri anTropologia
didad mniSvnelovani filosofiuri disciplina.
filosofiis uzogadesi kiTxvebi: ra aris Cems garSemo
da SemiZlia Tu ara misi Semecneba, Rirebulia filosofi-
uri anTropologiis mxrivac. am disciplinas mxolod maSin
eqneba mniSvneloba Tu arsebobs samyaro rogorc mTliani
da am mTlianSi Tu uWiravs adamians, iseTi adgili, rom, misi
SecvliT icvleba samyaros struqtura.
filosofiuri anTropologia rogorc wanamZRvari,
Wirdeba sxva mecnierebebs, romlebic adamians swavloben ama
Tu im aspeqtSi. ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelsac filosofiuri
anTropologia ikvlevs, aris kiTxva _ ra aris adamiani? ra
aris misi arsi. adamiani, romelic aris, iyo da iqneba. ra
unda vigulisxmoT adamianSi? sad aris misi sazRvrebi? ra
aris misi garkveuloba? biologiuri moTxovnilebebis garda
adamians aqvs sxva, specifikur adamianuri moTxovnilebani.
maTi mizeziTa da maT Sesatyvisad iqmneba gansakuTrebuli,
xelovnuri sinamdvile. anTropogenezis procesSi adamiani
gardaqmnis Tavis Tavsac da mis garemomcvel bunebasac. igi
CarTulia humanizaciis (garemos gardaqmna adamianis mier
16 17
adamianuri kanonebis Sesatyvisad) da hominizaciis (igi ufro
adamianuri xdeba) procesSi.
formalurad, nebismieri filosofiuri moZRvreba ada-
mianis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba miviCnioT filosofiur anTropo-
logiad. mivaniWoT am termins universaluri mniSvneloba
(anTropologia _ xom adamianis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas niSnavs).
magram, maSin yuradRebis miRma dagvrCeba specifikur anTro-
pologiuri Tvalsazrisi adamianis problemis Taobaze.
termini `filosofiuri anTropologia~ migvaniSnebs, rom
arsebobs sxva arafilosofiuri anTropologiebic. rogorc
m. Seleri aRniSnavs, adamianis Sesaxeb arsebobs bevri mec-
niereba. mag: zogadi biologia, adamianis fizika, fiziologia,
anatomia, adamianis fsiqologia, mecnierebani kulturis, so-
ciumis Sesaxeb.
rac metad Seiswavles adamiani, miT ufro daikarga igi,
rogorc mTlianoba. Seleri Tavis wignSi, `adamianis adgili
kosmosSi~, gamohyofs anTropologiis ramdenime saxes: 1. zog-
adi anTropologia 2. fizikuri(samedicino) anTropologia
3. fsiqologiuri anTropologia 4.kulturanTropologia
5. filosofiuri anTropologia.
aqedan, istoriulad yvelaze adreulia fizikur-somatu-
ri anu samedicino anTropologia. is aRmocenda me-18 s-Si
(daubentoni, blumenbaxi, zomeringi) Tavad sityva `anTro-
pologia~ humanizmis xanas ukavSirdeba, (is o.gasmanis ter-
minia, romelmac, 1596 wels, am saTauriT wigni gamosca). es
anTropologia swavlobs adamians, rogorc fizikur arsebas,
mis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas (anTropogenia), adamianTa
rasebis aRmocenebas, biologiur sxvadasxvaobas da Tavise-
burebas, memkvidreobis sakiTxs (ra gansxvavebaa simaRles,
Tmis struqturasa Tu fers Soris da a.S.).
2. specialuri anu sistemuri anTropologia (anTropo-
morfologia), romelic adamianis anatomiur, fiziologiur,
embrionologiur da paTologiebis gamokvlevebs awarmoebs.
3. gamoyenebiTi anTropologia (anTropo-geografia), ro-
melic ikvlevs adamianisa da miwis urTierTkavSirs, rasebisa
da xalxebis dedamiwis zedapirze ganawilebis faqtorebsa
da kanonzomierebas. (rogorc istoriulad, aseve awmyoSi.
klimatisa da landSaftis gavlenas adamianis Camoyalibebasa
da ganviTarebaze.)
4. fsiqologiuri anTropologia swavlobs adamianis
fsiqikur suraTs. misi fsiqikis geneziss, funqciebs, struq-
turas.
yvela es anTropologia SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT bunebi-
smetyvelur anTropologias, radgan, adamiani ganixileba
bunebriv arsebad, garemosTan mWidro kavSirSi.
XIXs-Si amgvarma anTropologiam mTlianad moicva
anTropologiis cneba.
adamianis mimarT yuradReba ar Senelebula arc XXs-Si.
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT am periodis filosofiur mimdin-
areobebs cxadi gaxdeba is realoba, rom filosofiur mimdi-
nareobebSi (miuxedavad imisa, specialurad ikvleven Tu ara
adamianis problemas), mainc Cans adamianis gagebis garkveuli
suraTi. ase magaliTad, erT mimdinareobas, romelic ikvlevs
adamians rogorc moqmeds, miznisa da Rirebulebis damdgen
arsebas, mis sazRvriT mdgomareobas, Tavisufal arCevans,
gadawyvetilebebis mqone arsebad, uwodeben eqsistencialur
(eTikur) anTropologias.
anTropologiis saxeobas, romelsac adamianis arseba da
misi moqmedeba gamohyavs adamianis istoriuli, kulturuli
saqmianobidan, kultur-anTropologia hqvia.
Seleris aRniSviT, metafizikuri anTropologia, igive
filosofiuri anTropologiaa `ZiriTadi mecniereba adamia-
nis arsebisa da arsobrivi agebulebis Sesaxeb (Wesenaufbau)
,romelic ikvlevs adamianis fundamentur arsebobas samyaroSi,
mis fizikur, fsiqikur da goniT sawyisebs~(94,32).
Teologiuri anTropologia adamians ganixilavs ara
18 19
rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls, aramed, RmerTTan mimarTebaSi.
am tipis anTropologias adamiani ainteresebs rogorc
`RvTis msgavsi da xati~, misi SeZenili codva, ormagi buneba,
cxovreba, rogorc xsnis gza da a.S.
XXs-Si aseve Cndeba politikuri, socialuri, pedagogi-
uri da a.S. anTropologiebi, romlebic ZiriTadad iZlevian
empiriul masalas adamianis filosofiuri Teoriis asagebad.
ara germanul, gansakuTrebiT, inglisuri da amerikuli
skolebis gavleniT anTropologiis cneba gamoiyeneba kultu-
ris movlenebis asaxsnelad. amitom, igi TavisTavSi aerTianebs
sociologiis, sociofsiqologiis, eTnografiis, eTnologiis,
agreTve enaTmecnierebis, istoriis Tu arqeologiis mona-
cemebs.
XXs-Si germanul filosofiaSi gamoiyo specialuri,
konkretuli mimdinareoba, romelic saTaves iRebs m.Seleris
Tvalsazrisidan da ganviTareba hpova a.gelenis, o.plesneris,
e.roThakeris, m.landmanis, g.hengstenbergis SromebSi. maT
kritikulad daamuSaves aRniSnuli problema da Seqmnes spe-
cialuri filosofiuri koncefciebi adamianis arsis Sesaxeb.
e.i. yvela tipis anTropologia filosofiuri anTro-
pologiis garda yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra aris
adamiani rogorc ukve mocemuli da ikvlevs mis garegan
niSnebs an saqmianobas.
kulturanTropologia, rogorc damoukidebeli akademi-
uri disciplina, XXs-Si gaformda. maSin roca, gansakuTrebiT
intensiurad daiwyo adamianis problemebis Seswavla da
evropul-amerikuli anTropologiuri skolebis wyalobiT
damoukidebel, sinTezur, interdisciplinarul codnis dar-
gad Camoyalibda.
kulturanTropologia im Tezisebidan amodis, rom ada-
mianis samyaro kulturis samyaroa. adamiani biologiurad
naklovani arsebaa, igi naklebadaa uzrunvelyofili bunebrivi
meqanizmebiT. amitom, iZulebulia sxva wesiT icxovros, raTa
moaxerxos `biologiuri arasrulyofilebis~ gadalaxva.
arsebobis es sxvagvari formaa kultura, romelic ayalibebs
movlenebis sxva, arabiologiur wesrigs da am samyaroSi
iwyebs moqmedebas. maSasadame, yvela sxva cocxali arsebisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, anTroposi cxovrobs sxva ganzomilebaSi
- kulturul garemoSi.
Tu filosofiuri anTropologia adamianis cnebis
dasadgenad gansjas iyenebs, kulturanTropologiisaTvis
amosavalia dakvirvebis meTodi. Tu filosofiuri anTropo-
logia agebs gansazRvrul koncefcias adamianis arsis Sesaxeb,
kulturanTropologiis mizania daadginos is, Tu ra aris
realurad moqmedi adamiani, ra istoriuli gza ganvlo man,
rogorc kulturulma arsebam, ra gavlenas axdens masze kul-
turuli faqtorebi, rogor yalibdeba kulturuli siaxleebi,
rogoria tradiciebis transcendenciis meqanizmi Taobidan
TaobaSi, rogoria kulturuli procesebis dinamika da sxva.
vinaidan, kulturanTropologias adamiani ZiriTada
ainteresebs, rogorc empiriuli arseba, amitom, misTvis did
mniSvnelobas iZens eTnografiuli, eTnologiuri, arqeolo-
giuri istoriuli Tu lingvisturi masala.
kulturanTropologTa umravlesobisaTvis naTeli ar
aris `adamianuri bunebis~ cneba imitom, rom, igi sxvadasx-
vagvarad gaigeba gansxvavebul droSi, sivrceSi da viTarebaSi.
ase magaliTad, jer kidev antikur saberZneTSi, sofistebs
esmodaT, rom, adamians kultura RmerTma an bunebam ki ar
uboZa, aramed, adamianma Tavad Seqmna. amis sabuTad, sofistebma
eTnografiuli masalac ki moixmes. kulturaTa simravle
da araerTgvarovneba swored amaze miuTiTebs. maTTvis sru-
liad naTelia da misaRebi debuleba: kulturis Semoqmedi
adamiania. adamianebi Tavad qmnian Tavisi arsebobis wess, es
wes-Cveuleba exeba kerZo pirsac da ara mxolod adamians
saerTod. platonma daafuZna moZRvreba winaswar arsebuli
maradiuli normebis Sesaxeb, romelsac adamiani jer cnobs,
20 21
xolo Semdeg, axorcielebs.
kulturanTropologs surs Tavi daizRvios anTropo-
centrizmisagan; amitom miaCnia, rom kultura movlenebis
gansakuTrebul wesrigs ayalibebs,romlis Sesatyvisadac
adamiani moqmedebs. anTropologiur skolebSi kultura
gamoyofilia, rogorc avtonomiuri fenomeni. magram, kultur-
ologiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi ar aris erTnairi pozicia.
Tu kulturanTropologiis amerikul skolebSi kultura
ganixileba, rogorc ufro farTo cneba, xolo sazogadoeba
- sociumi - mis qvesistemad iTvleba, didi britaneTisa da
safrangeTis kulturanTropologebi sazogadoebas gaiaz-
reben, rogorc yovlismomcvel cnebas, xolo kultura maT
mier ganixileba, rogorc sociumis sistemis erTi funqcia.
adamianis, rogorc socialuri agentis, qcevis atributi.
adamiani kulturas aiTvisebs, rogorc sazogadoebis wevri
da mas memkvidreobiT gadascems. kulturis amgvari gageba
moucilebelia socialur garemoSi individis cxovrebasTan.
adamiani ar arsebobs realuri socialuri jgufis gareSe,
e.i. am `realisturi~ koncefciebiT kultura ganisazRvreba
rogorc Cvevebis, wesebis, adaTebis, institutebis aTviseba.
kulturanTropologiaSi, am e.w. realisturi Tvalsaz-
risis garda, arsebobs kulturis sxvagvari normatiuli
gagebac. kerZod, kultura gaiazreba rogorc aqsiologiur
ideaTa erToblioba, romelic arsebobs `ideaTa nakadis~, `war-
modgenaTa erTianobis~ Tu `mowinave inteleqtis~ saxiT da
romelic yalibdeba garkveul kulturul velSi normatiuli
`proeqtebiT~ am TvalsazrisiT, kulturis ganmsazRvreli
aris normatiuli idea. kultura, es aris inteleqtualuri,
humanuri ideebisa da SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis erTianoba, anu
kultura yalibdeba garkveuli epoqisa da drois CarCoSi,
rogorc paternuli (stereotipuli) qcevebisa da norma-
tiuli `proeqtebis~ kavSiri.
kulturanTropologiis es normatiuli Teoria fi-
losofiuri anTropologiidan im debulebas iTvisebs, rom
adamiani aris kulturis Semqmneli arseba. filosofiuri
anTropologia qmnis adamianis garkveul ideas, models, ar-
qetips da konkretuli adamiani ganixileba rogorc mov-
lena, miaxloeba an daSoreba am nimuSisagan. normatiuloba
ganmsazRvrelia, romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba individualoba.
kulturanTropologiis TvalsazrisiT, ki am stereotipSi,
metafizikuri erTianobis ZiebaSi ikargeba adamianis empiri-
uli saxe. imis, gasagebad Tu ra aris adamianis arsi, jer
unda vicodeT, rogor moqmedeben, urTierToben, cxovroben
adamianebi realurad. mravalferovani speqtris codna safuZ-
vels Seqmnis, raTa ufro myari iyos Cvens mier SemuSavebuli
koncefcia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb.
amgvarad, SeiZleba vTqvaT: kulturis koncefcia gavlenas
axdens adamianis koncefciaze. adamianobas xorci esxmeba
individSi, pirovnulobas Cven viZenT garkveul kulturaSi
da misi saSualebiT cxovrebas vaZlevT azrs, mimarTulebas,
formasa da wesrigs.
kultura aformebs adamians da mas kulturanTropolo-
giur saxes aZlevs. Tu gvinda Tavidan aviciloT metafizikuri
stereotipi, carieli analogiebi, mkafiod unda ganvsazRvroT
ara mxolod kulturaTa xasiaTi, aramed individTa saxeebic
am kulturaSi. kultura aramarto Seguebis iaraRia, aramed,
Tavadac axdens axali moTxovnebis producirebas. nebism-
ieri kultura funqciuri unda iyos, man unda uzrunvelyos
sistemis arseboba da misadmi individis Segueba. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, igi kargavs mniSvnelobas da droTa ganmavlobaSi
qreba. amgvaria, kulturanTropologebis paTosi.
adamianebi, rasakvirvelia, ibadebian garkveul kulturul
velSi da moqmedeben rogorc instrumentebi gansazRvrul
kulturul procesebSi, magram, vinaidan, adamiani plastikuri
arsebaa, SeuZlia arCevanis gakeTeba. amitom, realurad yov-
elTvis arsebobs sxva kulturebis aRiarebisa da miRebis
22 23
alternativa.
kulturanTropologiam adamiani unda ganixilos ara
rogorc mxolod kompleqsi konkretuli paternuli qcev-
ebisa, aramed, garkveuli gegmebis, normatuli ideebis da nebis
erTianoba. is marTavs individis qcevebs. adamiani ZiriTadad
damokidebulia swored amgvar `kulturul programebze~.
adamians potenciurad aTeuli sxvadasxvagvari cxovrebis
SesaZlebloba aqvs, magram, realurad mxolod erTiT cxov-
robs.
amgvarad, kulturanTropologiisaTvis adamiani aris
TviTganmsazRvreli aqtiuri arseba. vinaidan, kulturanTro-
pologias aqvs sinTezuri codnis pretenzia, man aucileblad
unda gaiTvaliswinos adamianuri cxovrebis mravalmxrivoba.
adamianis realizaciisaTvis didad mniSvnelovania, rogorc
realuri samyaros movlenebi da xdomilebebi, aseve, empiriuli
cxovrebis miRma myofi konceptebi.
Tu kulturas gavigebT, rogorc funqcionirebad siste-
mas da kulturanTropologias miviCnevT mecnierebad, maSin
man unda SesZlos praqtikuli Rirebulebis mqone Sedegis
miReba. Tu kulturanTropologi kvlevis miznad daisaxavs
xalxebisa da regionebis, sazogadoebis kulturis istoriis
rekonstruqcias, unda gamoiyenos istoriuli an evoluciuri
meTodi da SeZlos kulturuli pirobebis, SesaZleblobebis,
etapebis formulireba.
maSasadame, kulturanTropologiaSi gacnobierebulia is
faqti, rom misTvis, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinisaTvis,
mniSvnelovania ara mxolod empiriuli masala, aseve norma-
tiuli, aqsiologiuri samyaro. radgan, arc Tu umniSvnelo
socialuri Tu kulturuli procesebi arsebobs cnobieri
kontrolis gareSe. kulturis erTi elementi SeZleba Se-
viswavloT meti mecnieruli sizustiT (vTqvaT ena), maSin,
roca, sxva tipis kulturuli realoba imave moTxovnas
naklebad daemorCileba. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia zustad
gamovTvaloT ra aris kacobriobis momavali, rogor viTardeba
adamianis istoria, Tumca, SesaZlebelia axlo momavlis ten-
denciebis prognozireba.
kulturanTropologias da, saerTod, socialur mecniere-
bebs gauWirdebaT im progresis ganmeoreba, rac sabunebism-
etyvelo mecnierebebma SeZlo. amis mizezi ki, upirvelesad
yovlisa, aris ara mxolod sirTule da mravalferovneba
Sesaswavli sagnisa (am SemTxvevaSi adamiani da kultura),
aramed, Tavad sagnis specifika. Zalzed Znelia, SeiZleba,
principulad SeuZlebelic ki, adamianisa da kulturis mec-
nieruli dafuZneba, yvelasTvis misaRebi erTi modelis Seqmna,
magram, es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom, kulturanTropologias
ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovani codna moipovos adamianisa da
kulturis Sesaxeb.
kerZo, specialuri anTropologiuri Teoriebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT filosofiuri anTropologia adamians ikvlevs
rogorc problemas, romelic wanamZRvaria yvela konkretuli
anTropologiuri disciplinisaTvis. igi eZebs adamianis
Zireul yofierebas, mis Taviseburebebs, riTac gansxvavdeba
yvela sxva arsebulisagan. m. haidegerma Tavis SromaSi `kanti
da metafizikis problema~, romelic 1929 wels gamovida
sxvagvarad gaiazra kantis cnobili kiTxvebi: ra SemiZlia
vicode? ra unda gavakeTo da risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes?
ra aris adamiani? axali drois filosofiam sxvagvari dat-
virTva misca am kiTxvebs, romelic gansxvavdeboda tradici-
uli midgomisagan. dRes filosofiisaTvis saintereso gaxda
ara mxolod kiTxva `ra~, aramed `rogor~. mniSvneloba mieniWa
ara imas Tu ras vimecnebT, ras vakeTebT, da risi gvwams,
aramed rogor vimecnebT, rogor vakeTebT da rogor gvwams.
amgvarad dasmulma kiTxvebma moiTxova axleburi gaazreba
da sxvagvari interpretireba adamianis Semecnebis unaris,
moqmedebisa Tu rwmenisa.
24 25
Tavi I
filosofiuri anTropologiis
winare istoria.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, filosofiuri anTropologia,
damoukidebel filosofiur disciplinad XXs-is pirvel
naxevarSi Camoyalibda. mis aRmocenebaSi mniSvnelovania, drois,
epoqis roli.
didi socialuri Tu politikuri kataklizmebi, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia am saukunisaTvis, iyo foni da impulsis
aRmZvreli bevri moazrovnisaTvis, romlebic adamianis prob-
lemas ikvlevdnen am anTropologiuri katastrofebis fonze.
XIXs-Si inteleqtualurma kacobriobam sakmaod didi
codna daagrova sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. am tipis kvleva-Zieba
gansakuTrebiT intensiuri gaxda sxva kulturebTan Sexebisa
da maTi gaazrebis periodidan. im dros, roca kacobrioba
erTgvar izolaciaSi, kulturul-istoriul karCaketilobaSi
cxovrobda, kultura, adamianis garemo garkveuli sivrciT da
droiT isazRvreboda (mag. Sua saukuneebis evropa). SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom anTropologiuri kvleva-Zieba faqtiurad arc ar-
sebobda. am mimarTulebiT, moazrovneTa yuradReba warimarTa
axali aRmoCenebis epoqaSi. nel-nela gaikvlia gza e.w. `
velurTa~ kulturis, maTi wes-Cveulebebis Seswavlisa da
Sefasebis moTxovnam. axali kontinentebis aRmoCenis kvalad
saWiro gaxda iq mcxovrebi xalxebis cxovrebis wesebis
codna. es upirvelesad saWiro iyo mogzaurTaTvis, romlebic
sul ufro da ufro metad iTvisebdnen dedamiwas.
sabunebismetyvelo anTropologiis ganviTareba aseve
didadaa davalebuli bunebismetyvelebis, medicinis (gansa-
kuTrebiT anatomiis) ganviTarebiT. linkem Caatara pirveli,
arsebiTac dResac mniSvnelovani klasifikacia. manve pirvelma
gamoyo cxovelTa samyarodan adamiani, rogorc calke saxeoba
homo sapiens-is saxelwodebiT.
maSin, roca, rasebis gansxvavebas umeteswilad, klimatisa
da garemos zegavleniT xsnidnen, kantma pirvelad gaacnobiera
memkvidreobis mniSvneloba am axsnisaTvis. adamianis msgavs
maimunebTan biologiuri siaxlovis azri pirvelad wamoayenes
lamarkma da lourensma, magram, am azrma arsebobis ufleba
moipova darvinis, hekelisa da hegslis Sromebis Semdeg.
xalxTa da kulturebis rasobrivi Tvisebebidan gamo-
yvanis cda iyo maneris, edvardis, knoxis, bobinos Tvalsaz-
risebi. spenserma dasabami misca sociodarvinizms, romelsac
mogvianebiT gamoeyo socialanTropologiis evropuli skola
(galtoni, amoni, Salmaieri) isini ZiriTadad ikvlevdnen mem-
kvidreobisa da adamianis SemoqmedebiTi unaris socialur
fenebTan urTierTobasa da kavSirs.
frangma eqimma, brokam 1859 wels parizSi daaarsa
pirveli anTropologiuri sazogadoeba. msgavsi sazogadoe-
26 27
bebi 1860-1890 wlebSi Camoyalibdnen germaniaSi, italiaSi,
ruseTSi, avstriaSi, inglisSi, espaneTSi, a.S.S.-Si, belgiaSi,
iaponiaSi. am sazogadoebebSi TanamSromlobdnen anatomebi,
istorikosebi, eTnografebi, lingvistebi. isini ZiriTadad
iyenebdnen kvlevis bunebismetyvelur meTods. `anTropolo-
giuri sazogadoebis~ bumi dasrulda 1914 wels, pirveli
msoflio omis dawyebisTanave.
pirveli msoflio omis win, m.Selerma dawera statia
`adamianis ideisaTvis~, romelSic gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom
filosofiis yvela centraluri problema erT kiTxvamde
dadis - `ra aris adamiani~.
adamians yvela droSi hqonda sakuTari Tavze garkveuli
codna, magram, igi specialurad ar ikvlevda Tavis Tavs. XIX
s-Tvis imdeni erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego ram iTqva adamianis
Sesaxeb, rom, erTi yvelasagan gaziarebuli azri adamianze
ukve aRar arsebobs. Seirya adamianis warmodgena, sakuTar
Tavze rogorc religiur, aseve gonier arsebaze. Sopenhaueris,
marqsis, nicSes da froidis Tvalsazrisebis Semdeg, mkvidrdeba
Sexeduleba, rom, adamiani (Sesabamisad kacobrioba) realurad
gonebiT ki ara, aramed, sul sxva ZalebiT imarTeba.
adamianis pirveli nabijebi inteleqtualur kulturul
cxovrebaSi SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc gonebis
garkveuli morgeba garemosTan.
1. adamiani antikuri, Sua saukuneebis da axali drois
filosofiaSi
filosofiis istoriidan cnobilia, rom Tavisi ganvi-
Tarebis adreul periodSi berZnuli filosofia ZiriTadad
cdilobda universumis Semecnebas. amitom, miaCniaT, rom, winare
sokratuli filosofia `naturfilosofia~, kosmologiuri
metafizikaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, kosmologiuri da anTropolo-
giuri azrovnebis sazRvarze dgas heraklite. mas ukve kargad
esmis, rom, bunebis saidumlos gasagebad, aucilebelia adamia-
nis bunebis gageba(cnobilia misi gamoTqma `me gamovikvlie
sakuTari Tavi~). TviTrefleqsiis gziT Cven unda gavigoT
realoba da misi mniSvneloba.
aseTma saazrovno tendeciam gansakuTrebiT moikida fexi
sokrates droidan. sokratem sruliad axaleburad Sexeda
manamde arsebul problemebs da mis mTavar kiTxvad iqca ra
aris adamiani? erTaderTi universumi, romelsac sokrate
cnobda da swavlobda iyo adamiani. mas rom Camoeyalibe-
bina filosofiuri sistema, igi mkacrad anTropologiuri
iqneboda.
sokrate pirveli wminda eTikosia, dainteresebulia mx-
olod Sinagani adamianuri samyaroTi. igi iZleva adamianis
individualuri Tvisebebis detalur analizs. gansazRvravs
Tu ra aris sikeTe, samarTlianoba, zomiereba, simamace.
sokratiseuli siaxlea ara imdenad obieqturi Sinaarsi,
rac misi azrovnebidan gamomdinareobs, aramed, sruliad sxva
tipis filosofiuri meTodi. sokratemde azrovneba ganix-
ileboda, rogorc inteleqtualuri monologi, WeSmariteba
ki, rogorc ukve mocemuli, mza nivTi, romlis moxelTeba,
aTviseba SeiZleboda individualuri ZalisxmeviT. sokrate
ar iziarebs am Tvalsazriss. misTvis empiriuli dakvirveba
Tu logikuri analizi (rogorc amas sokratemde iyenebdnen)
miuRebelia, ara efeqturia. mxolod adamianTan uSualo
kontaqtiT, dialogiT SeiZleba mivaRwioT sasurvel Sedegs.
sokrates azrs agrZelebs platoni,romelic ambobs, ar
SeiZleba WeSmariteba mivakuTvnoT adamianis suls. WeSmarite-
ba Tavisi bunebiT, Svilia dialeqtikuri azrovnebisa. amgvarad,
adamiani aris arseba, romelic mudmivad eZebs sakuTar Tavs,
Tavis arsebobis yovel wams gamoicdeba da Tavad amowmebs
sakuTari arsebobis pirobebs. swored, kritikul ganwyobaSi
sakuTari cxovrebisadmi mdgomareobs am cxovrebis realuri
Rirebuleba.
28 29
Tu gavixsenebT platonis moZRvrebas sulisa da sxeulis
dualizmis Sesaxeb, suli imqveyniur samSobloSi gadasaxl-
deba, sadac igi amqveyniuri, monuri tyveobis Semdeg brundeba,
rodesac batondeba logosi. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom es igivea,
rac adamianuri gonis mier sxeulidan momdinare ltolvebis
Sekaveba. (es problema dRemde aqtualuria filosofiuri
anTropologiisaTvis).
rogorc, SesavalSi vTqviT, ganuzomlad didia sofistebis
damsaxureba `anTropologiur SemobrunebaSi~. jer kidev,
parmenide ambobda, rom Cveni grZnobadi samyaro moCvenebaa.
mis ukan dgas TavisTavad arsebuli samyaro, romelsac Cveni
grZnobis organoebi amaxinjeben. namdvili samyaros wvdoma
mxolod gonebiT SeiZleba. parmenide cdilobs grZnobadi
iluziis moxsnas goniT WeSmarit yofierebaSi SeWriT. pro-
tagorasaTvis yvelafris sazomi adamiania. es rodi niSnavs
misi Semecnebis naklovanebas. piriqiT, kidec unda amayob-
des amiT, radgan igi samyaros centria. am TvalsazrisiTac
SeiZleba miviCnioT sofistebi Tanamedrove anTropologiuri
filosofiis winamorbedebad.
berZnebi iyvnen pirvelebi, romlebic adamianis Semecnebas
cdilobdnen ara RmerTidan, aramed, sakuTari Tavidan, misi go-
niTi unarebidan. adamiani arsebaa, romelsac aqvs goneba. ukve
berZnebTan ikveTeba adamianis, rogorc Teoretikosis suraTi.
platoni xiluli samyaros miRma Wvretda da cnobda ucvlel
arqetipebs da nimuSebs. amqveyniuri sagnebi mxolod miwieri
portretebi arian maradiuli normatuli ideebisa. adamiani
jer cnobs maradiul normebs da nimuSebs da mxolod amis
Semdeg cdilobs mis ganxorcielebas. ase moaxerxa platonma
ganedevna TviTnebobis momenti adamianis moqmedebidan, magram,
amave dros, mxedvelobidan daikarga adamianis Semoqmedebis
unari, rac ase mniSvnelovani iyo sofistebisaTvis.
sofistebma (protagora, kinikosebi) kargad icodnen, rom
bunebam adamiani gaaCina rogorc naklovani arseba, romlis
Sevsebac man xelovnurad unda moaxerxos - Seqmnas kultura.
diogenesaTvis, is, rom, adamians aqvs ganviTarebuli goneba,
SeuZlia gamarTuli siaruli, aqvs xelebi, metyvelebs, bi-
ologiuri xarvezis kompensacia ki ar aris, aramed, adamianis
didi, Tvisobrivi upiratesobaa.
sofistebma adamianis Tavisuflebas, Semoqmedebas, Semecne-
baSic miagnes. ara mxolod institutebi iqmnebian adamianebis
mier, aramed adamianuri WeSmaritebanic Cvens mier iqmneba.
sagnebs im xarisxis namdviloba aqvT, ramdenadac Cveni grZno-
bebi gamoxataven da goneba moiazrebs. amgvarad, Semecneba
gamosaxavs ara Cvengan damoukidebel samyaros, aramed, agebs
Cveni organizaciis Sesatyvis adamianur samyaros sakuTari
aqtivobis Sesabamisad, amitom, yvela adamians sakuTari sa-
myaro aqvs.
adamianisaTvis rom socializacia aucilebelia amas,
TvalsaCinod uCvenebda aristotele. sazogadoeba gardaqmnis
adamians da misi arsebobis pirobaa.
antikur samyaroSi metad gavrcelebulia adamianis
gageba rogorc gonebisa da Semecnebis unaris mqone arsebisa
(aristotele da ciceroni). berZnebisaTvis samyaro kanon-
zomieri `kosmosia~, romelic umaRlesma gonebam gegmazomi-
erad moawesriga. platonisaTvis planetebi sulierni arian,
heraklite da stoikosebi laparakoben samyaros logosze.
adamianuri logosi samyaros logosis Canasaxia. adamianuri
goneba Seesatyviseba RvTaebriv-kosmiurs. platonis `ti-
maiosis~ mixedviT, adamiani RmerTis uSualo megobaria. mas
Seudareblad maRali adgili ukavia vidre sxva cocxalT.
berZnebisaTvis adamiani gansakuTrebuli arsebaa Tavisi gon-
ebis gamo. platonisaTvis moazrovne cnobiereba umaRlesi
nawilia sulisa.
magram, adamianSi goneba yvelaferi rodia mas upirisp-
irdeba sxeuli, ltolva, grZnoba. adamians gaorebuli buneba
aqvs. iseve, rogorc, platonisaTvis ideasa da sinamdviles
30 31
Soris arsebobs naprali. dualisturia adamianis bunebac.
igi cxadia miwieri arsebaa, magram, gonebiT maRal sferosac
ekuTvnis. swored, adamianis amgvaroba qmnis daZabulobas,
gaorebas. aqedan xsna berZnuli azrovnebisaTvis imaSia, rom
Semohyavs Rirebulebebis ierarqia. goneba umaRlesia da Tu
mas ver mivyvebiT, es Cveni sisustis maCvenebelia. rogorc
sokrate fiqrobs, ase imitom xdeba, rom adamianebi WeSmarit
codnas ar floben. rogorc platonisaTvis idea aqcevs
sagans imad, rac aris, aseve goneba aqcevs adamians adamianad.
amitom, platonTan da aristotelesTan adamiani amqveynad
stumrad grZnobs Tavs da miiswrafis, raTa maRal samSoblos
daubrundes.
ase magaliTad; platonisaTvis goneba modis maRali
samyarodan da sicocxleSi,sxeulSi droebiT saxldeba.
`namdvili~ samyarodan suls moaqvs kanoni, WeSmaritebisken
swrafva, marTalia sxeulSi Camosvlis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad
sustdeba gonebis Zala da maxinjdeba, magram, mainc bevr rames
sworad imecnebs (radgan gonebaa) da axerxebs sicocxlis
marTvas. aristoteles moZRvrebis mixedviT, Tavidan goneba
dakavebulia praqtikuli miznebiT, igi sicocxles emsaxureba,
magram, rogorc ki dros gamonaxavs, midis maRali miznebisaken,
Teoriuli gonebisaken - filosofiisa da mecnierebisaken.
pirvels man praqtikuli goneba uwoda, meores Teoriuli.
mxolod, es ukanaskneli wvdeba saganTa metafizikur arss.
e.i. berZnul azrovnebaSi adamiani ukve Cans, rogorc Teo-
retikosi arseba. platoni xilul samyaros miRma cnobda
ucvlel nimuSebs, arqetipebs. amqveyniuri sagnebi arian mx-
olod miwieri portretebi maradiuli normatuli ideebisa.
qmnadoba imeorebs zedroul arss. adamianis winaSe dgas
amocana ideebis WvretiT zeasvlisa (`saTnoeba aris codna~).
adamianis arsis imgvari gageba, romelic Sua saukunee-
bis filosofiaSi Camoyalibda da qristianuli religiiTaa
daRdasmuli, dResac farTodaa gavrcelebuli religiur
anTropologiaSi. samyaro, qristianuli religiis Tanaxmad,
rogorc neoplatonikosebi miiCnevdnen, emanaciis Sedegi ro-
dia, aramed, RmerTis, rogorc pirovnebis Tavisufali aqti
_ Semoqmedebaa, kreaciaa. bibliis mixedviT, RmerTma samyaro
Seqmna ararasagan, sityvis ZaliT. adamiani Seqmna kerZo aqtiT.
`Tavis msgavsad da xatad~ da `STabera pirsa missa suli
sicocxlisa.~
mTeli Sua saukuneebis evropuli filosofia ganpirobe-
bulia qristianuli msoflmxedvelobrivi modeliT, da ada-
mianis problema ZiriTadad ganixileba adamianisa da RmerTis
mimarTebis WrilSi. qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis
niSandoblivia adamianis dualisturi gageba. adamiani esaa
sxeulisa da sulis, grZnobadisa da zegrZnobadis kavSiri.
amasTanave, adamiani dajildoebulia Tavisufali nebiT. igi Ta-
vadaa pasuxismgebeli Tavis moqmedebaze. bibliuri doqtrina
adamianis cxovrebas ZiriTadad ganixilavs codvis, madlis,
aRsarebis, monaniebis, sikeTis, borotebis, xsnisa da sulis
ukvdavebis konteqstSi.
Tu Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi gansakuTrebuli ad-
gili eTmoba RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobis problemebs,
ukve XV saukuneSi, evropaSi, (italiaSi,) Camoyalibda axali
msoflmxedveloba, romlisTvisac warmmarTvelad iqca ara
RmerTisa da adamianis mimarTebis sakiTxis garkveva, aramed,
adamianis gonebis avtonomiurobis problema. wina planze
wamovida grZnobadis, xiluli samyarosa da Rirebulebis
gaazrebis mniSvneloba. am qveyniuri cxovreba Sefasda ara
rogorc codvaSi Cavardnis piroba, aramed RmerTis mier
Seqmnili realoba. aRorZinebis periodis moazrovneTaTvis
adamiani aris Semoqmedi, Rirebulebebis Semqmneli arseba.
Tu rogori iqneba adamianis cxovreba, didadaa damokide-
buli Tavad masze, radgan, igi RmerTma Tavisufali nebiT,
arCevanis unariT daajildova. adamiani pasuxismgebelicaa
Tavis mier Seqmnilze, Tavad qmnis sakuTari cxovrebis
32 33
wess, Tavad ayalibebs sakuTar Tavs. mas SeuZlia daeSvas
cxovelamde da amaRldes RmerTamde, eziaros RvTaebas.
evropul azrovnebaSi axali drois filosofias sru-
liad sxva principebi da problemebi Semoaqvs adamianis
arsebis gaazrebaSi. eseni, uwinares yovlisa, arian `didi
racionalistebi~ da maT Soris upirvelesia frangi fi-
losofosi rene dekarti. misi azriT, adamianis struqtura
imeorebs samyaros struqturas. samyaro ori substanciis
kavSiria. esaa suli da materia. adamiani upirvelesad sulia,
romlis mTavari atributi goneba-azrovnebaa. magram, igi amave
dros aris ganfenili sxeuli. dekartis azriT, filosofiis
yvelaze cxadi da ueWveli debulebaa `vazrovneb, maSasadame
varsebob~. adamiani aris moazrovne sxeuli (nivTi). swored,
sulia is, rac adamians ganasxvavebs yvela sxva arsebulisagan.
rodesac me vazrovneb, bevr Cem debulebas viReb grZno-
baTa saSualebiT, magram, xSirad xdeba rom grZnobadoba Sec-
domaSi gvagdebs, gvatyuebs. mxolod is debuleba, romelic
gauZlebs daeWvebas, unda vaqcioT filosofiis amosaval
principad. aseTi principi ar SeiZleba iyos grZnobadi codna,
radgan xSirad mcdaria. aseve ver daveyrdnobiT Teoriul
codnas, vinaidan Cems mieraa SemuSavebuli. iqneb, is sinamd-
vile, romelsac me vaqcev Cems Teoriul ganzogadoebebSi
da CemTvis sicxadisa da garkveulobis nimuSia mxolod
moCveneba da iluziaa.
erTad-erTi cxadi micemuloba albaT isaa, rom, me vaz-
rovneb _ fiqrobs dekarti. radgan, mxolod moazrovne
SeZleba Secdes, motyuvdes, amitomaa misTvis `vazrovneb,
maSasadame varsebob~ ueWveli, cxadi, pirveli da WeSmariti
debuleba. igi ar aris deduqciis gziT miRebuli debuleba.
aramed uSualo, cxadi xedvis, intuiciis nayofia. mas rogorc
WeSmarits Wvrets Cveni gonebis `bunebrivi sinaTle~.
debuleba `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~ aris WeSmariti
kriteriumi. intuiciis wyalobiT sabuTdeba RmerTis arsebo-
bac. radgan, me maqvs idea, amitom igi kidec unda arsebobdes.
magram, sxeulisa da sulis dekartiseuli gageba gadaulaxav
winaaRmdegobas waawyda, romelic filosofiaSi sulisa da
sxeulis dualizmis problemiTaa cnobili.
dekartis racionalizmis daupirispirda inglisuri
empirizmi (bekoni, hobsi, hiumi). maTi TvalsazrisiT Semec-
nebis sayrdeni empiriaSi, gamocdilebaSia da ara gonebaSi.
yvelaferi is, rasac codnas veZaxiT aRqmis saSualebiT mi-
iReba da cdaSi Semowmdeba. samwuxarod, adamianebi xSirad
iviwyeben am kriteriums da crurwmenebiT xelmZRvaneloben.
ase magaliTad, bekoni ramdenime crurwmenas (idolas)
CamoTvlis, romelic win eRobeba adamians, raTa man sworad
ganaxorcielos Semecneba. esaa: 1. gvaris idola. imgvari
tipis crurwmena, rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesabam-
isad gansjis bunebis sagnebs. es aris Tandayolili idola,
da adamianis arsSia. adamiani Tavisi goniTi midrekilebis
gamo, sagnebSi met wesrigs varaudobs, vidre sinamdvileSia.
2. e.w. gamoqvabulis idola, romelic aseve Tandayolilia,
magram, axasiaTebs ara gvars, aramed, calkeul adamians. 3.
moednis idola, romelic adamianTa urTierTobas da kav-
SirSi warmoiqmneba. 4. Teatris idola, romlis mixedviTac
iqmneba filosofiuri sistemebi, romlebic savsea mogonili
samyaroebiT.
adamianma yvela idola unda moiSoros Tavidan mkacri
da sastiki gadawyvetilebiT fiqrobs bekoni mxolod, maSinaa
Cveni goneba sruliad Tavisufali da ganwmendili misgan.
Cveni cnebebi da aqsiomebi saWiroa ikvebebodnen WeSmariti
induqciiT - es aris idolebis moSorebis efeqturi saSu-
aleba.
induqciuri meTodis gamoyenebiT bekoni cdilobs Se-
qmnas - axali, spekulatiurisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli
bunebismetyveluri kvlevis meTodi, romelic crurwmenebi-
sagan gaaTavisuflebs adamianis gonebas. es iyo `bunebrivi~
34 35
filosofiis doqtrina, cdaze dafuZnebuli. amgvari meTodiT
SeiaraRebuli adamiani moipovebs ufro zust codnas, am
codnis meSveobiT, adamiani ufro gamyardeba da gaZlierdeba
realur samyaroSi, adamians religiurma rwmenam ar unda
SeuSalos xeli mecnierul saqmianobaSi.
lokis empirizmi aseve daupirispirda dekarte - laib-
nicis racionalizms, romelTa TvalsazrisiTac azrovneba,
ara mxolod umaRlesi, aramed erTaderTi formaa Semecnebis.
lokisaTvis yovelgvari Semecneba iwyeba aRqmiT. cxovelebsac
SeuZlia Semecneba, isini cocxali, gansulierebuli arsebani
arian. lokisa da hobsis empirizmiT SeuZlebelia cxovelsa
da adamians Soris arsebuli napralis amovseba. lokTan cne-
bebi aRmocendebian aRqmaTa gafermkrTalebiT. empirizmisaTvis
cnebiTi azrovneba Semecnebis mizania.
adamianis azrovnebis amgvari gageba icvleba vikos,
baumgartenis, hamanis, herderisa da sxva germaneli roman-
tikosebis Semdeg. maTTvis grZnobadi Semecneba cnebiTi
azrovnebis mosamzadebeli safexuri ki ar aris, aramed,
damoukidebelia da Tavisi ZaliT sruliadac ar CamorCeba
mas, ufro piriqiT, kidec aRemateba. Tu manamde `grZnobads~
uyurebdnen rogorc iseT `raobas~ romelic daqvemdebare-
bulia, qveda safexuria, sruliadac ar axdendnen mis SigniT
diferenciacias, axla, grZnobis win wamoweva Sedegi iyo
grZnobadi samyaros axleburi gagebisa. Tu adre grZnobadi
aRqma eqvemdebareboda azrovnebas, axla, kvlav aRsdga dual-
izmi monizmis sawinaaRmdegod (gansakuTrebiT goeTes dros)
aRqma imecnebs ara mxolod empiriul dabal materialur
sinamdviles, aramed, wvdeba masSi Casaxlebul RvTaebrivs. am
SemTxvevaSi, aRqma wminda azrovnebaze maRla dgeba, radgan,
simboloSi Cawnuli azri gacilebiT mdidaria, vidre ma-
teriisagan Tavisufali, misgan mowyvetili, izolirebuli
abstraqciebi,romelsac azrovneba mimarTavda. amitom aris,
rom, goeTes dros, gansakuTrebiT fasobs esTetikuri da
istoriuli Wvreta, romelic adamianis winaSe aRebs `said-
umloebebis~ kars, romelsac verasodes ver miwvdeba mxolod
moazrovne goneba.
unda gavixsenoT, rom, XVIIIs-Si azrovnebad ukve aRar
esmodaT vTqvaT, emociurad Seferadebuli ideaTa platon-
uri Wvreta, an spinozaseuli intuicia, romelic cdilobda
samyaros Zirebis wvdomas, aramed, racionalizmis gavleniT,
azrovneba iyo gansjadi, damSleli, mzomavi, romelic, sagans
Slis raodenobriv nawilebad. aseTi azrovnebis korelati
ki xiblwarTmeuli, saidumloebas moklebuli bunebaa, iseTi,
rogoricaa am periodis materialistebis `uRmerTo buneba~,
`mkvdari ,usicocxlo~ samyaro. imisaTvis, rom gaixsnas sa-
myaros WeSmariti miCqmaluli siRrmeebi, sakmarisi ar aris
mxolod azrovnebis an grZnobadi aRqmis cal-calke gamokv-
leva. aramed, unda mivmarToT Tavad adamians. romelic, arc
calke azrovnebaa da arc aRqma, aramed, mTliani subieqtia,
CaerTulia samyaroSi. misi Sinagani Zalebis amoqmedebiT
samyaro ara mxolod moazrebadia, gancdadicaa (SelerTan
mas Seesabameba `intencionalobis~ cneba.) XIXs-Si, didi
racionalistebis Semdeg, kvlav mniSvnelovania es pozicia.
(gavixsenoT sicocxlis filosofia da siRrmis fsiqologia.)
amgvarad, axali tipis anTropologia ukve aRaraa ori-
entirebuli adamianis mxolod Semecnebis funqciaze, mas
cocxali, Semoqmedi adamiani ainteresebs. Tu goeTes dros
sicocxles pirvelad wamoweven win gonebasTan mimarTebaSi,
fridrix nicSe kidev ufro radikaluria. misi azriT, unda
aRikveTos, ganidevnos gonebis ugunuri pretenziebi da gza
gavuxsnaT sicocxles, mis Zalasa da mSvenierebas.
Tvalsazrisi,rom goneba determinaciis Sedegi SeiZleba
iyos (iqneba es determinati gareT materiaSi, socialurSi,
kulturulSi, tradiciulSi Tu SigniT, sicocxleSi, nebaSi,
aracnobierSi, ltolvebSi..) XIXs-Si SemuSavda.
filosofiam Tavisi xangrZlivi arsebobis manZilze
36 37
mSvenivrad uCvena, rom mudmivi filosofiuri problema,
sxeulebrivi da sulieri, determinizmi da indetermin-
izmi _ Tavisufali arCevani, ar SeiZleba erTxel da samu-
damod gadaiWras. dRes, mecnieruli pluralizmis epoqaSi
calkeuli mecnierebani realobis iseT gansxvavebul suraTs
warmogvidgenen, iseTi kaleidoskopuria sinamdvile, rom, es
suraTebi zogjer erTmaneTsac ki ewinaaRmdegebian, magram
isini TanxmobaSi arian `realobis mTlianobasTan~. ZalaSia
fraza: `erTianoba, miuxedavad mravalferovnebisa~. es exeba
adamiansac, da upirvelesad mas. Tavisufali arCevania: `Ta-
visufleba, miuxedavad determinizmisa~. nikolai hartmanis
formulirebiT: `avtonomia, miuxedavad damokidebulebisa~.
2. kantis anTropologiuri koncefcia
ganuzomlad didia i. kantis wvlili filosofiuri
anTropologiis CamoyalibebaSi. amis sailustraciod, mTe-
li misi Semoqmedeba gamodgeba. gavixsenoT kantis cnobili
baraTi Steidlinisadmi, sadac wers: `wminda filisofiis
sferoSi me unda gadamewyvita sami amocana:
1. ra SeiZleba vicode (metafizika)
2. ra unda gavakeTo (morali)
3. risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes (religia)
Tu srulyofilad movaxerxe am kiTxvebze pasuxi, maSin
pasuxi maqvs meoTxe kiTxvazec ra aris adamiani~. Tavis
`logikis~ SesavalSi, kanti am azrs kidev ufro azustebs
`arsebiTad SesaZlebelia yvela es sakiTxi dayvanil iqnes
anTropologiaze, radgan pirveli sami kiTxva miekuTvneba
bolo kiTxvas~ (43,86). gavixsenoT is sazRvrebi, romelSic
kanti aTavsebs anTropologias. `moZRvreba, romelic exeba
adamianis Sesaxeb codnas, gadmocemuls sistemuri saxiT, Sei-
Zleba iyos, fiziologiuri an pragmatuli~. fiziologiuri
anTropologia ikvlevs, Tu `ras qmnis buneba adamianisagan~,
xolo, pragmatuli anTropologia ki imas, Tu `ras akeTebs
adamiani an ra unda gaakeTos man, rogorc Tavisuflad
moqmedma arsebam sakuTari Tavisagan~. amgvarad, faqtiurad,
kantTan, mTlianobaSi ukve mocemulia filosofiuri anTro-
pologiis ZiriTadi problema. es aris, erTi mxriv, imis
garkveva, Tu ra adgili uWiravs adamians gare samyaroSi,
rogorc bunebis kanonzomierebaSi CarTuls, da meore mxriv,
Tu vin aris igi, rogorc adamianuri, specifikuri samyaros
Semqmneli da misiT Seqmnili.
am kuTxiT, kantis mTeli filosofiuri kvleva, TviT
RmerTis, samyarosa da sulis sakiTxebic sazrisis mqonea da
gamarTlebulia mxolod maSin, roca amovdivarT adamianidan
da mxedvelobaSi gvyavs igi. aseTi interpretaciis safuZvels
iZleva rogorc kantis moZRvreba mTlianobaSi, ise is monace-
mebi, romlebic mravladaa gafantuli kantis SromebSi. kanti
nel-nela qmnida sakuTar kritikul filosofias, agebda da
amarTlebda sinamdvilis garkveul suraTs, imuSavebda sakuTar
koncefcias. aseTi gagebiT, misi yoveli naSromi win gadagmuli
nabiji iyo sistemis struqturis gamomuSavebisaTvis, ise, rom,
maqsimalurad yofiliyo TanxmobaSi sinamdvilesTan. kantma
swored amisTvis ganixila spekulatiuri goneba sam doneze.
sakuTari sistemis formulirebisas igi mimarTavda mkacr
logikur wesrigs da principTa mkacr deduqcias. Sedegad
miviReT kargad integrirebuli filosofiuri sistema, rom-
liTac, ase cnobilia kanti. es faqizi, logikurad gamarTuli
filosofiuri struqtura Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom asaxos
mowesrigebuli, gonieri samyaro.
kantis filosofiis mixedviT adamiani aris arseba,
romelsac aqvs jansaRi, mTlianad unificirebuli Tval-
Taxedva sinamdvileze, xolo kantis sistema (rogorc, TviTon
aRuniSnavs ara erT pirad werilSi, (ix. werilebi) (43)
adamianisaTvis saWiro moZRvrebaa, romelic daexmareba mas,
rom, SeZlos sinamdvileSi swori orientireba.
38 39
adamianis gasagebad marto misi subieqturi monacemebis
kvleva rom sakmarisi ar aris, kargad esmoda kants; adamianis
mTlianobaSi dasanaxad, ar kmara marto im unarebis ganxilva
da analizi, romlebsac eZRvna `wminda gonebis~, `praqtikuli
gonebisa~ da `msjelobis unaris kritikebi~. adamiani, ZiriTa-
dad aris gnoseologiuri, eTikuri da esTetikuri subieqti,
adamianis ZiriTadi specifika, riTac igi gansxvavdeba yvela
sxva arsebulisagan (rogorc kanti aRniSnavs meore `kri-
tikaSi~ _ adamiani cxovels aRemateba ara imitom, rom, mas
aqvs goneba, radgan Tu mxolod goneba aZlevs mas saSualebas
sakuTari Tavi moixmaros ise, rogorc amas cxoveli axerxebs
instinqtis meSveobiT, adamians cxovelze maRali mizani ar
hqonia, aramed, imave miznis ganxorcielebis ubralod sxva
xerxebi), es aris maTgan gansxvavebuli mizani.
`anTropologiis~ bolo nawilSi kanti ganixilavs
adamianis mizans da progress, romelsac igi am miznisaken
swrafvaSi ganicdis. adamianis srulyofili mdgomareobis
miRweva dedamiwaze SeuZlebelia mxolod gonebiT (es imas
rodi niSnavs, rom kantisaTvis gonebis moRvaweobis sfero
izRudeba, misTvis gonebis kompetenturoba eWvs ar iwvevs.
adamianis gonebas aqvs unari, gadaWras auarebeli sakuTari
problema), magram, am idealuri mdgomareobis mopovebis
process warmarTavs misi Tavisufali neba, romelic unda
xelmZRvanelobdes movaleobis principiT, imperativiT.
kanti laparakobs adamianis ganviTarebaze srulyofili
gonierebisaken, rogorc kacobriobis aRzrdaze, ganaTlebaze.
Animal rationabile xdeba Animal rationale (gonieri, goniTi ar-
seba). am SemTxvevaSi, ganaTlebaSi igi ar gulisxmobs intele-
qtualur process, aramed, ufro adamianis unarTa TandaTano-
biT gafurCqvnas moraluri samarTlianobis atmosferoSi.
adamianis moraluri sisustis gamo, misi gonieri mimarTuleba
ar aris sakmarisi namdvili progresis misaRwevad. Tumca,
ganaTlebuli TviTinteresi mas swor gzaze ayenebs. amitom,
adamianis gonieri ganzraxva ki ara, aramed, bunebrivi teleo-
logiaa is, rac warmarTavs adamianis progress (aq kantis
moralis Teoria gadis teleologiaSi. eTika_ teleologia
xsnis moraluri subieqtis arsebobas da arsebas).
erTi ram aqve unda aRiniSnos xazgasmiT. gonebis un-
arebis mkacri kvleva mTel kritikul filosofiaSi kantis
azrovnebisaTvis arsebiTia, amitom, misi damcireba an ig-
norireba yovlad dauSvebelia, magram, kantis filosofiaSi
srulyofilad ver gaverkveviT, Tu mis kritikul meTods ar
gavigebT, rogorc mxolod saSualebas. kantma es TviTonac
araerTxel cxadyo, xolo, mesame `kritikaSi~ didi `Zalisx-
meviT~ aRmoaCina, rom, goneba aucileblobiT mihyveba sinamd-
vilis teleologiur axsnas, ris gamoc teleologia kantTan
misi filosofiuri sistemis gamaerTianebel faqtorad iqca.
adamiani cocxali da amdenad, bunebis produqtia. ada-
miani arsebaa, romlis nasaxebic srulyofilad SeiZleba
ganviTardes gvarSi, istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi; igi
gansazRvrulia sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis, sadac, iZens
kulturas, aqvs SemoqmedebiTi unarebi da pasuxismgebelia
sakuTari SeqmnilisaTvis, sakuTari qcevisaTvis. `adamiani
aqtiurobiT, gonieri da mizanSewonili moqmedebiT da ara
cxoveliviT instinqtebiT anamdvilebs Tavis arss; viTardeba
cxoveluridan namdvil adamianuramde. umorCilebs ra Tavis
ltolvebs adamianobis ideebs, rogorc, grZnobadi arseba,
adamiani aris goniTi, gonieri, mizandamsaxveli da kanonebis
Semqmneli, Tavisuflebis moyvare arseba~(83,349).
kantis sistemaSi adamiani warmodgenilia, rogorc `feno-
meni~ da rogorc `noumeni~, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, adamiani
aris Teoriuli Semecnebis obieqti, romelic eqvemdebareba
aucileblobas, iziarebs bunebis yvela sagnis Tu arsebis
xvedrs. moqceulia gansjis kanonebSi, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi,
igulisxmeba adamiani TavisTavad, roca is gvevlineba goniTi
aqtis subieqtad, ivaraudeba, rogorc Tavisufali arseba,
40 41
bunebis movlenebis miRma mdgomi. arseba, romelic mxolod
im kanonebs emorCileba, romelTac TviTonve uwesebs sakuTar
Tavs, kantisaTvis warmoadgens Tavisufal mozans da mizans
TavisTavad. aseTi adamiani aris ara `adamiani movlena~ aramed
`adamiani noumeni~. igi inteligibeluri adamiania, romelic,
sakuTar Tavs adasturebs kategoriuli imperativiT.
adamiani cocxali arsebaa, sicocxlis organizaciis
garkveuli forma, da amitom, moqceulia sicocxlisa da
bunebis kanonzomierebis jaWvSi. adamiani bunebis sistemaSi
mcire mniSvnelobis arsebaa sxva cxovelebTan SedarebiT,
magram, amave dros, adamiani ara marto bunebis kanonzom-
ierebiT gansazRvruli `fenomenia~, aramed, TviTcnobierebis
mqone `gonieri cxovelia~. mas aqvs unari sakuTari Tavidan
gasvlisa. adamianSi Cadebulia orgvari unari ori sxvadasxva
mizniT, kerZod, kacobrioba rogorc cxoveluri gvari da
kacobrioba, rogorc goniTi gvari. adamianis gvari niSnavs
TaobaTa usasrulo (ganusazRvrel) rigs: Tavis ganszRvre-
bas mTlianad mxolod gvari aRwevs da ara adamianis jiSis
romelime Svili.
`adamianSi, (rogorc dedamiwaze mcxovreb erTaderT
gonier arsebaSi) bunebrivi monacemebi, romlebic mimarTulia
misi gonebis gamoyenebisaken, srulyofilad unda ganviTard-
nen gvarSi da ara erTeulSi (individSi)~ (40,8-9). adamiani
gansazRvrulia sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis, sadac iZens
kulturas. `adamiani Tavisi gonebiT gansazRvrulia imisaTvis,
rom iyos adamianTa sazogadoebaSi da masSi xelovnebiTa da
mecnierebiT ganviTardes, gaxdes civilizebuli da moralurad
daixvewos, rogori Zlieric ar unda iyos misi cxoveluri
midrekileba, daemorCilos myudro da komfortul cxovrebas,
rasac igi bednierebas uwodebs~, adamiani `unda iyos moqmedi,
ebrZolos winaaRmdegobebs, romelic mas aqvs Tavisi aramt-
kice bunebiT, rom gaxdes adamianobis Rirsi (Sesaferisi)~
(42,578).
kantis azriT, marTebulia `iseTi sazogadoebrivi wyoba,
romelsac saboloo miznad aqvs adamianSi mocemuli keTili
midrekilebebis amaRleba; adamianis jiSis gansazRvrebis, misi
saboloo mizanTan mimarTebis Sesabamisad~ (42,581).
amgvarad, kanti mkveTrad mijnavs erTmaneTisagan adamians
rogorc cxovelur jiSs da adamians rogorc adamianurs,
moralurs, goniTs. ra Tqma unda, am ukanasknelSi unda veZe-
boT adamianis ZiriTadi specifika da daniSnuleba. adamiani,
rogorc `inteligibeluri xasiaTi~, warmoadgens noumens.
moZRvrebaSi movaleobis Sesaxeb, adamiani `warmodgenilia
Tavisuflebis unaris mqone arsebad~. misma arsebobam, rogorc
`cxovelma adamianma~, sakuTar Rirsebas, rogorc `gonier
(moralur) adamians, araferi ar unda daaklos~. adamianoba
aris adamianis wminda arsi masSive arsebuli `cxoveluro-
bis~ sapirispirod. arc erTi arseba ar eTanxmeba Tavisi
gvaris srulyofilebis ideas `ise nakleb, rogorc adamiani
adamianobis ideas, romelsac, amasTanave, igi rogorc Tavisi
moqmedebis nimuSs Tavis sulSi atarebs~ (83,352).
amrigad, adamiani ar aris mxolod cocxali arseba, ro-
melic sicocxlisa da bunebis kanonzomierebaTa tyveobaSia
moqceuli; adamiani ara marto `raRac~ mocemulobaa, aramed
`raRacad~ gaxdomis SesaZleblobac.
arseba, romelic mxolod im kanonebs emorCileba, rasac
TviTonve uwesebs sakuTar Tavs, `arseba, romelic aRWur-
vilia praqtikuli unariTa da Tavisi nebis Tavisuflebis
cnobierebiT~(83,352). e.i. is arseba, romelic sakuTar Tavs
mizezobriobis axal jaWvs uwesebs, kantisaTvis aris pirovne-
ba. misi eTikuri moZRvrebis didi nawili koncentrirebulia
debulebaSi `adamiani aris pirovneba~.
`zneobis metafizikaSi~ igi wers: adamiani calke ganxi-
luli, rogorc pirovneba, es aris moralur-praqtikuli
gonebis subieqti, yvela saxmar Rirebulebaze maRla mdgomi.
es imitom, rom, rogorc aseTi (`homo noumenon~), is war-
42 43
moadgens ara mxolod saSualebas, sxvebis xelSi, TviTon
sakuTari miznebisaTvisac ki, aramed, igi Sefasebul unda
iqnes, rogorc TavisTavadi mizani. e.i. mas aqvs Rirseba
(absoluturi Sinagani Rirebuleba), risi meSveobiTac igi
yvela sxva gonier arsebas aiZulebs pativi sces mas, yvela
Tavis msgavs arsebebs zomavs am wesiT da SeuZlia Seafasos
am erTianobis safuZvelze.
`mis personaSi mocemuli adamianoba warmoadgens obieqts
pativiscemisa, risi moTxovnac mas SeuZlia sxva adamianebisa-
ganac, magram, romlebic ar unda aqcios ubralo gamosayenebel
saSualebad~. adamiani unda gaufrTxildes `adamianobis
Rirsebas mis sakuTar personaSi~.(39,373).
pirovneba aris Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba bunebis
mTeli meqanizmidan, Tan, amave dros, ganxiluli, rogorc im
arsebis unari, romelic sakuTari gonebiT uwesebs TavisTavs
wminda praqtikul kanons. maSasadame, piri, romelic, grZno-
bad samyaros miekuTvneba, da emorCileba sakuTar pirovnebas,
ramdenadac is ekuTvnis inteligibelur samyaros~(39,373).
`arsebebs, romelTa arseboba Cvens nebaze ki ara, aramed,
bunebazea damokidebuli (ZiriTadad ugono arsebani), aqvT
mxolod SefardebiTi Rirebuleba, rogorc saSualebebs da
amitom, iwodebian nivTebad. maSin roca, maTi sapirispiro
gonieri arsebani arian personebi, romlebic, TavisTavadi
mizania, e.i. iseTi ram, romelic ar SeiZleba ubralod saSu-
alebad iqnes gamoyenebuli. amitom, maT mimarT akrZalulia
yovelgvari TviTneboba da isini mxolod pativiscemis obi-
eqtebia~(83,410).
kantisaTvis moraluri Rirseba gamomdinareobs gonieri
arsebis Rirsebis ideidan, romelic araviTar kanons ar
emorCileba, garda imisa, romelsac TviTon uwesebs sakuTar
Tavs. Sinagani Rirebuleba, Rirseba, aris piroba, romlis
ZaliTac gonier arsebas SeuZlia iyos mizani TavisTavad.
Sinagani Rirebuleba mdgomareobs ara `im SedegSi, romelic
aqedan gamomdinareobs, aramed, `nebis maqsimebSi~, romlebic
mzad arian am wesiT gamovlindnen, yovelTvis Sedegis gaT-
valiswinebis gareSe.
im personas, romelic Tavis yvela movaleobas asrulebs,
aqvs `gansazRvruli amaRlebuloba da Rirseba~, ramdenadac
igi TviTon aris sakuTari Tavis kanonmdebeli. sakuTari
Tavis mimarT movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, adamiani
gaufrTxildes sakuTar personaSi mocemul adamianobis
Rirsebas.
`pirovneba aris is subieqti, romlis qcevac Seracxadia
(pasuxs agebs sakuTari qcevisaTvis). maSasadame, moraluri
pirovneba sxva araferia, Tu ara gonieri arsebis Tavisufleba
moraluri kanonis Sesatyvisad (fsiqologiuri piri ki mx-
olod isaa, romelsac aqvs unari hqondes cnobiereba saku-
Tari Tavis identobisa arsebobis sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi),
saidanac gamodis, rom `pirovneba araviTar sxva kanons ar
emorCileba,Tu ara mxolod imas, romelsac uwesebs sakuTar
Tavs~ (39,132).
kantma Tavis filosofiaSi marTalia dasva pirovnebis
(sakuTari Tavis Tavisuflad Semqmneli arseba) problema,
magram ise, rom, adamiani rogorc pirovneba, kvlav gvareobiT
yofierebad darCa, romelic, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad moqmedebs.
ufro metic, kantTan TviT RmerTic personad moiazreba,
romelic gansazRvrebas aZlevs adamians. adamiani, rogorc
moraluri arseba, Sesaqmis saboloo mizania, ~mxolod marto
es RvTis rCeuli adamiania masSi maradiulobidan, es aris
RvTis `mxolodSobili Svili~ (83,352).
adamiani grZnobadi, konkretuli mocemulobaa, garkveul
droSi arsebuli, magram, aman xeli ar unda SeuSalos, raTa mi-
aRwios Tavis daniSnulebas. adamianisTvis xanmokle cxovreba
dauwesebia bunebas, rasac sxva, TviTon adamianisave Seqmnili
auarebeli winaaRmdegoba emateba. magram, miuxedavad amisa,
`cudad gveqneba gagebuli `adamianis cxovrebis (sicocx-
44 45
lis) Rirebulebis~ cneba, Tu movisurvebT, rom sicocxle
ufro xangZlivi yofiliyo, vidre sinamdvileSia, radgan, es
iqneboda mxolod xangZlivoba am ubedurebisa, siZneleebTan
brZolisa, romelic mas Tan axlavs, sicocxlis Rirebuleba
mdgomareobs ara misiT tkbobaSi, aramed goneba mogvagonebs
`rom sicocxles Rirebuleba mivaniWoT moqmedebiT. . .maSa-
sadame, araferi ar rCeba garda Rirebulebisa, romelsac, Cven
Cvens sococxles TviTonve vaniWebT, mizanTan mimarTebaSi,
da TviT bunebis arsebobac mxolod am pirobebSia CvenTvis
misaRebi~(83,328).
rogorc bunebrivi arseba, adamiani ar warmoadgens gamon-
akliss cocxalTa saerTo bedisagan, magram, rogorc, goniTi
arseba, TviTon isaxavs miznebs da mTeli Sesaqmis saboloo
mizania.
`msjelobis unaris kritikaSi~ kanti ambobs, rom adamia-
nis, rogorc `saboloo miznis~ gareSe mTeli Sesaqme iqneboda
`carieli udabno~(83,353).
`rac arsebobs CvenSi mocemuli, rac Cven yovelTvis
gvaocebs, Tu ki igi Cvens TvalsawierSi moxvdeba, es amave
dros igivea, rac adamians, adamianobis ideiT, Rirsebamde
amaRlebs da is, rom Cven gvaqvs unari, moralisTvis amdeni
msxverpli gaviRoT (Cveni grZnobadi bunebis sazianod) da
Cven aseve SegviZlia (rasac kargad da naTlad vxvdebiT) es
gavakeToT. aq kargad Cans zegrZnobadi adamianis upiratesoba
grZnobadisadmi (pirvelTan SedarebiT meore araraobaa). es
moraluri, adamianobisagan daucilebeli unaria CvenSi gao-
cebis sagani, da rac ufro Zlierdeba CvenSi moraluroba,
miT ufro matulobs gaoceba~(83,353).
Tu gadavxedavT kacobriobis istorias, aqac aRmovaCenT
miznis cnebas, magram,kacobriobis istoria ar SeiZleba
gagebuli iqnes, rogorc gegmazomieri istoria. Tu adamianis
moqmedebas ganvixilavT mxolod istoriuli masStabiT, au-
arebel gaugebrobas da borotebasac ki wavawydebiT. filo-
sofoss mxolod erTi gamosavali rCeba (radgan, ar SeiZleba
adamianTa moqmedebaSi, Tundac mTlianobaSi, vigulisxmoT
raime gonebrivi sakuTari mizani). unda vecadoT adamianuri
saqmianobis am umizno svlaSi vipovoT bunebis mizani, rom
SesaZlebeli iqnes kacobriobas hqondes istoria,romelic
bunebis gegmas Seesabameba. yvela bunebrivi nasaxi cocxali
arsebisa daniSnulia srulyofili da mizanSewonili ganvi-
TarebisaTvis. Tu Cven uarvyofT am ZiriTad debulebas, maSin
xelSi SegvrCeba SemTxveviToba.
bunebrivi nasaxebi adamianisa (rogorc erTaderTi gon-
ieri arsebisa dedamiwaze) mTlianad viTardeba ara individSi,
aramed, gvarSi. gonebas aqvs unari gaafarTovos bunebrivi
instinqtebis sazRvrebi. Tavad goneba ar moqmedebs instinq-
turad, aramed, saWiroebs gamocdas, varjiSs, swavlebas. amitom,
yovel adamians Wirdeba didxans sicocxle, raTa gamoavlinos
da moixmaros Tavisi bunebrivi nasaxebi. magram, bunebas metad
mcire dro dauwesebia adamianisaTvis, amitom, bunebis miznis
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod gvarSi, gadascems
ra erTi Taoba meores codnas, gamocdilebas da a.S.
yovelive is, rac Tavad adamianma Seqmna, unda emsaxure-
bodes mxolod mis bednierebas da srulyofilebas. is, rom,
bunebam adamiani Tavisufali nebiT daajildova, Zalzed
bevrs niSnavs, bunebam adamiani Seqmna aseTad, da amis Sem-
deg, yvelaferi TviTon maszea damokidebuli. ganviTarebis
usasrulo jaWvSi adamianebi mxolod calkeuli rgolebia,
adamiani, rogorc erTeuli, mokvdavia, magram, TviTon gvaria
ukvdavi da mxolod es ukanaskneli aRwevs sakuTari nasaxebis
srul (mTlian) ganviTarebas. yovelive es rodi niSnavs, rom
adamians, rogorc erTeuls, pirovnebas ekargeba sakuTari
Rirebuleba, Rirseba (amaze zemoT ukve vilaparakeT). ada-
miani socialuri arsebaa da urTierTobs sxva adamianebTan.
am dros wamyvania misi praqtikuli neba.
46 47
imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielos adamianSi yvela nasaxis
ganviTareba, buneba `sargeblobs~ adamianSi kargad da Rrmad
Cadebuli TvisebiT _ winaaRmdegobis, dapirispirebis unariT.
sazogadoebaSi adamianebi antagonisturad arian erTmaneTi-
saken mimarTulni, rac xels uwyobs maTSi arsebuli nasaxebis
ganviTarebas.
adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas, axasiaTebs survili
imisa, rom urTierTobaSi iyos Tavis msgavsTan. mas aseve aqvs
unari, yvelaferi moiazros Tavisi gonebiT, vinaidan, winaaRm-
degobas elodeba yoveli mxridan (man kargad icis, rom Ta-
vadac midrekilia, rom sxvas SeewinaaRmdegos. am SemTxvevaSi,
did rols asrulebs Sejibri, pativmoyvareoba, Zalauflebi-
smoyvareoba da a.S.). es winaaRmdegoba aiZulebs adamians
gadalaxos bunebrivi mconaroba. aq iwyeba pirveli nabijebis
gadadgma velurobidan kulturisaken. am gzaze TandaTan vi-
Tardeba adamianis yvela talanti da is iZens sazogadoebriv
Rirebulebas, adamiani TandaTanobiT qmnis anTropologiur
samyaros. moTxovnilebani rom ar icvlebodes, adamiani ver
moaxerxebda nasaxebis ganviTarebas. adamianuri gvarisaTvis
udidesi problema, _ romlis gadawyvetasac misi buneba ai-
Zulebs, _ aris samarTliani samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmna,
radgan mxolod aq aqvs adamians garantia yvela monacemis
srulyofili ganviTarebisa (40,14-15).
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis agebisaTvis aucilebelia mow-
esrigdes sazogadoebaSi gare damokidebulebac, saxelmwifosi
saxelmwifosTan, radgan, maT Sorisac gvxvdeba is usamarT-
lobani da gaugebrobani, rac arsebobs calkeul adamianTa
Soris. garduval antagonistur mimarTebaSi unda moiZebnos
saSualeba siwynarisa da uSiSroebisaTvis. amisaTvis, saWiroa
adamianebma Tavisi cxoveluri biologiuri `Tavisufleba~
Sewiron ufro maRals, adamianur Tavisuflebas (kanti metad
optimisturi Sexedulebisaa kacobriobis momavalze).
saxelmwifoebs Soris unda iqnes miRweuli Tavisu-
flebis Sesaferisi urTierToba, xolo, TviTon saxelmwifo
unda gamodiodes adamianis interesebidan. mxolod, am gziT
iqneba SesaZlebeli mivaRwioT politikuri wesrigis umaR-
les mizans _ mudmiv mSvidobas. marTalia, sazogadoebis
dRevandeli mdgomareobisaTvis es mxolod ocnebaa, magram,
miswrafeba misken da yvela saSualebis gamoyeneba miznis
misaRwevad pirdapiri movaleobaa yoveli adamianisaTvis. es
kategoriuli imperativia, romelic ambobs: adamianebs Soris
ar unda iyos omi.
mTlianobaSi aRebuli istoria adamianis gvarisa Sei-
Zleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc aRsruleba obieqturi go-
nis saidumlo gegmisa; `bunebas (obieqtur gons) adamianebi,
romlebic erTmaneTTan uTanxmoebaSi arian, mihyavs raRac
mimarTulebisaken (xandaxan maTi nebis sawinaaRmdegoTac ki).
buneba am dros moqmedebs, raRac CvenTvis ucnobi kanonebis
Tanaxmad, da amas Cven vuwodebT beds. raRac Rrmad dafaruli
sibrZne adamianis gvars mimarTavs maRali miznisaken~(83,195).
am gzaze adamians SeuZlia ganaviTaros yvela nasaxi da Tavisi
wvlili Seitanos kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi.
praqtikul gonebas adamiani Sehyavs sxvasTan sazogadoe-
briv urTierTobaSi, rogorc (gonier arsebasTan) erTobaSi.
`Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT adamiani sakuTar Tavs ayenebs
`mizanTa samyaroSi~. ukavSirdeba Tavis msgavsebs, rogorc
TviTmiznebs da ara mxolod rogorc saSualebebs~ (41,588).
kantis naazrevidan SeiZleba mravali saintereso frag-
mentis moxmoba, romelic adamians exeba, magram, amis arc
SesaZleblobaa da arc saWiroebaa. Sevecade kantis az-
rovnebis is mxareebi wamomewia win, romelic mniSvnelovania
filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis.
ufro ganzogadebuli saxe mivceT aq motanil masalas.
maSasadame kantisaTvis adamiani ori samyaros Svilia, erTi
mxriv is aris `fenomeni~, wevri grZnobadi samyarosi. am
48 49
aspeqtiT adamiani ganixileba iseT arsebad, romelic cxov-
robs bunebis kanonebis Sesabamisad da sakmaod daSorebulia
adamianobas. magram, meore mxriv, is `noumenia~, zegrZnobadi
arseba, romelic gons emorCileba. adamians orgvari xasiaTi
aqvs, empiriuli (garegnuli) da noumenaluri (inteligibe-
luri). e.i. xasiaTi, romelic movlenaSi gamovlindeba da
TavisTavadi xasiaTi. empiriuli xasiaTis gamovlenis dros
adamiani moqmedebs, rogorc movlena da sxvasTanac, rogorc
movlenasTan, ase amyarebs kavSirs, gamodis ra bunebis kanone-
bidan da maTi pirobebidan. (dRevandel terminologias Tu
moviSveliebT adamiani aris biologiuri arseba, romelic
goniTi unarebiTaa dajildoebuli).
intiligibeluri xasiaTis dros ki adamiani warmod-
genilia rogorc mizezi moqmedebisa. is movlenebs aZlevs
mizezs, magram TviTon ar emorCileba grZnobadobis aravi-
Tar kanons, amitom, TviTon ar ganixileba rogorc movlena.
transcendentaluri xasiaTi uSualod Semecnebadi ar aris,
igi moiazreba, mxolod, rogorc safuZveli empiriuli mov-
lenis. Tavisi inteligibeluri xasiaTiT adamiani Tavisufa-
lia, maSin roca, misi moqmedeba determinirebulia rogorc
gamocdilebis sagani, ise, rom, ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba
moqmedebis zedroul Tavisuflebas (inteligibelurs) da
droul, kauzalur ganpirobebulobas Soris.
adamianis gvarisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rom xasiaTi
gamoimuSaos. kargi xasiaTi SeiZineba azrovnebis wesebSi
`revoluciiT~. xasiaTi mdgomareobs mzaobaSi vimoqmedoT
maqsimebis mixedviT, xasiaTi pirdapir mimarTebaSia Tavi-
suflebasTan. moqmedebis gansazRvra empiriuli xasiaTiT
aris fsiqologiuri Tavisufleba, transcendentaluri Ta-
visufleba ki aris moqmedebaTa kavSiri,rogorc gamovlineba
maT safuZvlad myofi `inteligibeluri~ da `transcenden-
taluri~ xasiaTisa.
yovel moqmed mizezs unda hqondes xasiaTi e.i. misi
kauzalobis kanoni, romlis gareSe igi ar iqneboda mizezi.
Tu ganvazogadebT xasiaTi miiRebs Semdeg gansazRvrebas:
`xasiaTi aris `praqtikuli, mtkice (Tanmimdevruli) az-
rovnebis saxe ucvleli maqsimebis mixedviT~(83,76). xasiaTi
SeiZleba hqondes mxolod goniT arsebas, romelic pasux-
ismgebelia Tavis moqmedebis Sedegebze.
adamianis qceva realizdeba am ori xasiaTis Sedegad
(isini sulac ar arian erTmaneTs mowyvetilni, rogorc
xSirad hgoniaT). swored amazea dafuZnebuli adamianis
Seracxadoba, misi pasuxismgebloba sakuTari qcevisaTvis
(moqmedebisaTvis).
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, adamiani or sxvadasxva
mxares aerTianebs. is miekuTvneba grZnobad-aRqmad (fenom-
enalur) samyaros, rodesac adamiani emorCileba garegan
mizezobriobas,bunebisa da sazogadoebis mier dawesebul
kanonebs. magram, rogorc inteligibeluri samyaros wevri,
Tavisuflebis mqone goniTi arsebaa.
es ori samyaro, antisamyaroebi ki araa, aramed, erTmaneTTan
Zalzed axlo urTierTobaSi imyofeba da urTierTmoqmedebs.
inteligibeluri (noumenaluri) samyaro grZnobadi samyaros
safuZvelSia, Sesabamisad, adamianis noumenaluri xasiaTi unda
warmoadgendes fenomenaluri xasiaTis safuZvels. ubedurebaa,
roca, meore iRebs `batonobis uflebas~ pirvelze. adamianma
yovelTvis unda ixelmZRvanelos Tavisi noumenaluri xa-
siaTiT. igi yovelTvis unda moqmedebdes Tavisuflebidan
gamosuli e.i. movaleobis Sesatyvisad.
kantisaTvis mTavaria adamianis qceva, misi moqmedeba.
aqac Cans praqtikuli gonebis primati Teoriulze. codnas
mxolod maSin aqvs Rirebuleba, Tu is exmareba adamians
gaxdes adamianuri. dadges myar niadagze, moaxdinos maRali
adamianuri unarebis realizeba. da TviTon filosofiasac
amdenad aqvs mniSvneloba, radgan is emsaxureba adamianis
aRzrdas (43,12). mis pirovnebad qcevas.
50 51
kantma erTmaneTisagan gamijna pirovnebis (Personlichkeit)
da piris (personis, Person) cnebebi. piris (personis) ter-
miniT kanti moiazrebda adamians _ fsiqologiur individs,
romelsac aqvs unari sakuTari Tavi sxvisagan gamijnos. `is,
rom adamians mis warmodgenaSi SeuZlia, Tavisi `cnobierebis
erTianobis~ meSveobiT moqmedeba, ra cvlilebac ar unda Seem-
Txves mas, is mainc erTi da igive personaa. e.i. nivTebisagan,
romlebic ugono cxovelebi arian da romelTac SeiZleba
yvelaferi gaukeTo, xarisxiTa da RirsebiT mTlianad gan-
sxvavdebian~(41,357). persona (piri) gamoiTqmeba principiT
`me vazrovneb~. pirovneba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ufro metia,
vidre piri (ix. zemoT). pirovnebisaTvis ukve is ki ar aris
mTavari, rom is cnobierebis matarebelia, aramed is rom igi
Tavisuflebis mqonea. iyo pirovneba _ niSnavs iyo Tavisufali
da SeZlo am Tavisuflebis realizacia qcevaSi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulis Semdeg, sul sxva TvaliT
SegviZlia SevxedoT kantis sistemas da CvenTvis kargad
cnobil oTx kiTxvas. `wminda gonebis kritikaSi~ mocemulia
Semecnebis Teoriis ZiriTadi ideebi (e.i. adamiani, rogorc
gnoseologiuri subieqti). `praqtikuli gonebis kritikaSi~
_ eTikis safuZvlebia gamokvleuli (adamiani rogorc moral-
uri subieqti), xolo `msjelobis unaris kritikaSi~ (ge-
movnebis kritika) gaxsnilia da dadgenilia adamianis goniTi
moRvaweobis mesame unaris sayovelTao principebi (adamiani,
rogorc esTetikuri subieqti). e.i. adamianis sam ZiriTad
unars (mas SeuZlia Semecneba, aqvs neba, da aris Semfasebeli)
Seesabameba kantis filosofiis sami ZiriTadi nawili.
`msjelobis unaris kritika~-Si, rodesac kanti arkvevda
teleologiisa da kulturis cnebebs, amiT uCvenebda `ime-
dis gzas~, romelsac unda mihyves individi. kultura `aris
saboloo mizani bunebisa~ da adamiani mowodebulia mis
Sesaqmnelad. xolo, rwmena da RmerTi kantisaTvis, upirveles
yovlisa, aris imedi sakuTari adamianuri Rirebulebebis
dasafuZneblad. rac Seexeba Tavad `anTropologias~, kantma
is gamoaqveyna, rogorc Semajamebeli Txzuleba sakuTari
naazrevisa adamiansa da kacobriobazea. a.guligas sityve-
biT: `garkveuli azriT, kantis kriticizmi ganpirobebulia
adamianis cxovrebisadmi interesiT. `kopernikiseburi~ ga-
datrialeba~ adamianis bedis gaazrebiT iwyeba (26,9).
aqedan gamomdinare, CvenTvis Zneli ar unda iyos imis
gaazreba Tu ratom iTvleba i.kantis Tvalsazrisi adamia-
nis Sesaxeb filosofiuri anTropologiis erTerT umniS-
vnelovanes wyarod.
3. l. foierbaxis anTropologizmi
filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis aseve mniSvnelova-
nia germaneli filosofosis l.foierbaxis Tvalsazrisi
adamianis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsebiTi gardatexa
adamianis filosofiur anTropologiur dafuZvnebaSi iwyeba
hegelis foierbaxiseuli kritikiT. hegelisaTvis adamiani
aris universaluri gonis erT-erTi momenti. marTalia,
es momenti gansakuTrebulad iyo warmodgenili, rogorc
erTaderTi, sadac, absoluti TviTSemecnebas aRwevs, magram,
es upiratesoba bolos da bolos iyo mxolod saSualebis
upiratesoba da ara misi, adamianis TviTRirebulebis naTe-
lyofa. RmerTi, absoluti adamians arTmevs TviTRirebulebas,
roca igi iazreba, rogorc, mxolod uzenaesis qmnileba da
misi neba-survilis Semsrulebeli. aqedan naTeli da cxadia,
rom, adamianis Rirsebisa da uflebis dacvis erT-erT piro-
bad anTropologia iyo warmodgenili. swored, es garemoeba
Seiqmna magistraluri xazi foierbaxis filosofiuri Ziebisa.
maSasadame, absolutis filosofiis adgili foierbaxis
naazrevSi daikava anTropologiam, filosofiam adamianis
Sesaxeb. filosofiis mizani unda iyos buneba da adamiani,
filosofiam xeli unda aiRos spekulaciaze, Teologiaze da
52 53
gaxdes empiriuli da anTropologiuri. arsebiTi siaxle, rom-
liTac foierbaxis filosofiuri sistema xasiaTdeba, SeiZle-
ba gamoixatos filosofiis realur adamianze orientirebiT
_ `axali filosofia adamianis bunebis, rogorc, adamianis
bazisis CaTvliT, aqcevs filosofiis erTaderT universalur
da umaRles sagnad. amrigad, anTropologias, fiziologiis
CaTvliT aqcevs universalur mecnierebad~(80,202)
radgan, adamianis arseba ar gaixsneba izolirebuli in-
dividis analiziT, aramed, `me~-sa da `Sen~-is mimarTebiT, maTi
urTierTobiT, amdenad, `filosofiis udides da ukanasknel
princips warmoadgens adamianis adamianTan erTianoba~. (iqve)
filosofiis adamianze warmarTva foierbaxis azriT, mis
filosofias aZlevs kidev erT specifikur niSans, is xdeba
adamianis msaxuri da iqceva adamianisaTvis yvelaze adami-
anur filosofiad. avtoris amosavali debuleba _ adamiani
fsiqo-fiziologiuri arsebaa. adamiani bunebis produqtia.
magram, buneba araa adamianis gagebisaTvis sakmarisi gza.
adamiani bunebis gansakuTrebuli produqtia, bunebidan gamo-
suli, magram masze meti, amitom, bunebis Semecneba ar niSnavs
adamianis Semecnebas. adamianis namdvili gagebis saSualeba
yvelaze metad, filosofiaa, Tu religias mxolod gaucxoe-
bul adamianTan aqvs saqme, xelovnebas mxolod adamianis
saxesTan. filosofia aris is, rac adamianis arss wvdeba,
Mmis universalobas gadagviSlis. Ffilosofiis meSveobiT,
adamiani misi Semmecneblis winaSe warmosdgeba mTeli Tavisi
mravalferovnebiT. Kufro metic, adamianis Semecneba mTeli
samyaros wvdomacaa, radgan, adamiani aris bunebis umaRlesi
produqti, dabali aRmatebuliT unda iqnes gagebuli da ara
piriqiT.
adamianis Semecneba niSnavs misi arsis gaxsnas. adamia-
nis arss rom vwvdeT, unda gavceT pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris
adamiani? adamianis arsis wvdomis winapirobad foierbaxs
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iluziebisagan ganTavisufleba
miaCnia, im iluziebisagan, romelic mas warmogvidgenen, ro-
gorc, RvTiur arsebas, RmerT-kacs. RvTiuri daniSnulebis
da ukvdavi sulis mqones.
adamianis yvela es warmodgena sakuTar Tavze fantaziis
nayofia da rogori mtkivneulic ar unda iyos adamianisaTvis
gaTavisufleba am zeadamianuri atributebisagan, is mainc
unda ganxorcieldes, radgan, es aris adamianis, rogorc, war-
mosaxviTi arsebis uaryofa. unda ganxorcieldes adamianis,
rogorc, namdvili arsebis gageba da amiT adamians mieces
saSualeba gaTavisufldes warmosaxulTan urTierTobisagan.
amiT, is gaTavisufldeba gaucxoebisagan, romelic, mis arsad
misagan gansxvavebulis warmodgenis Sedegia.
idealizmisaTvis adamiani absolutis, ideis Semoq-
medebis produqtia, cnobierebis gamovlenis Sedegia, xolo
religiisaTvis, RmerTis Semoqmedebaa. foierbaxs surs
aCvenos, rom filosofiis anTropologizebiT moixsneba
idealizmisa da materializmis calmxrioba, ukuigdeba
`transcendentaluri materializmis eqstravaganturi~
saxeoba, romelic bunebisa da azrovnebis mimarTebas ada-
mianis gareSe arkvevs, foierbaxi upirispirdeba mas da
Tavis moZRvrebas `imanenturs~ uwodebs, romelic rCeba
adamianSi da Cerdeba masze~. (81)
bunebidan warmoiSva adamiani, rogorc misi nawili, ada-
miani Tavisi cnobierebiT bunebam gaaCina, amitom, mTlianad
emorCileba mis kanonebs. cnobiereba adamianSi zebunebrivi,
RvTaebrivi sawyisi ki araa, aramed, materialuris _ tvinis
Tvisebaa. azrovnebs da Seimecnebs ara usxeulo da uxorco
cnobiereba, aramed, mTliani adamiani, realurad sxeulebrivi
arseba, romelsac aqvs cnobiereba, rogorc materialuri
tvinis produqti.
adamiani subieqtisa da obieqtis realuri erTianobaa,
subieqtia TavisTvis da obieqtia sxvisTvis. adamiani erTad-
erTi arsebaa, romelsac SeuZlia sakuTari me obieqtad aq-
54 55
cios, e.i. `Sen~-ad. adamianis mowodebaa sakuTari Tavis gageba,
sakuTari arsebis dadgena.
me vamtkiceb, werda foierbaxi, rom subieqti, romli-
danac amodis idealisti, aris mxolod moazrebuli da ara
namdvili. subieqti es var me, romelsac upirispirdeba Sen,
me var gamovlenili obieqti sxvebisaTvis. me _ es adamiania
mflobeli sxeulisa da moazrovne Tavis. me aris realuri,
droul-vrceuli arseba da mxolod, am Tvisebebis wyalobiT
mas aqvs niWi Wvretisa da Semecnebisa.
foierbaxs ainteresebs ara mxolod adamianis arseba,
aramed misi daniSnulebac, misi yofierebis sazrisi, risTvis
aris adamiani samyaroSi, ra adgili ukavia mas da sad veZeboT
misi arsebobis gamarTleba.
man am kiTxvebze pasuxi cada idealizmisa da reli-
giisagan gamijvniT. foierbaxi miznad isaxavs adamianis
gaTavisuflebas RmerTisagan, zebunebrivi Zalisagan, rogorc
adamianis mTeli cxovrebisa da moqmedebis warmmarTveli da
ganmsazRvreli Zalis rwmenisagan.
RmerTSi adamiani ganasaxierebs Tavis farul imedebs, sa-
soebasa da miswrafebebs. yvelaferi, rasac ki adamiani RmerTs
miawers, yvelaferi, rac ki mas amkobs, amSvenebs da amaRlebs,
Tavad adamians ekuTvnis, mis miswrafebebs da survilebs war-
moadgens, amitom, rogoricaa adamiani, iseTivea misi RmerTi.
foierbaxma moxsna kiTxva: ra mizniT aris adamiani Se-
qmnili, vis unda Seeqmna adamiani? foierbaxis mtkicebiT,
adamiani bunebis Svilia, bunebas ki araviTari mizani ara
aqvs, adamiani bunebis umaRlesi nayofia, misi daniSnulebaa
sakuTari Tavis, rogorc adamianis gamovlena, Tu kiTxvas
damisvamen _ ambobs igi _ `risTvis aris individi individi,
eskimosi eskimosi? risTvisaa adamiani bavSvi, axalgazrda,
moxuci? yovelive es xom isaa, rac unda iyos TavisTavad
da mTeli adamianic aseTia. mas ara aqvs raime miRmuri dan-
iSnuleba, adamians rom miRmurSi epovna Tavisi gamarTleba
da daniSnuleba amiT gana cxovreba uazro ar gaxdeboda.
vinc sakuTar Tavs TviTon ar aniWebs daniSnulebas, is arc
raime daniSnulebis mqonea. amitom, yoveli qceva, moqmedeba,
romelsac vaxorcielebT, aris Cveni daniSnuleba, Cveni ada-
mianuri arsebiT gansazRvruli~. (81,143)
foierbaxi cdilobs, adamianis Sesaxeb moZRvreba yvela
ganzomilebaSi anTropologiurad daafuZnos, daamkvidros
adamiani amqveyniur miwier niadagze. magram foierbaxis ada-
miani, romelic gvevlineba mTeli misi filosofiis univer-
salur da umaRles sagnad, biologiuri arsebaa. misi realoba
arsebiTad ar cildeba mis biologias, ar eqvemdebareba so-
cialur, kulturul Tu istoriul zegavlenas da cvlile-
bebs. adamianTa kavSiri da urTierToba arsebiTad igivea, rac
adamianTa bunebrivi, biologiuri kavSiri da urTierToba.
igiveobrivi, saerTo yvela droisaTvis da garemosaTvis.
foierbaxis TeoriaSi, adamiani rogorc moqmedi arseba,
araa nawvdomi da es am Teoriis Sinagani struqturidan
gamomdinareobs. masTan adamianis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
Tvisebaa mWvreteloba. foierbaxis adamiani umoqmedoa, araa
Semqmneli arseba, aramed, mxolod mWvretelia. Tqvens winaSea
mSvenieri samefo, buneba da adamiani, `ganWvriteT buneba, gan-
WvriteT adamiani~. mouwodebs is filosofosebs. buneba da
adamiani _ ai erTaderTi obieqti filosofiisa, erTaderTi
gza yvela filosofiuri misteriis amoxsnisa. adamianis
daniSnulebaa ara mxolod moRvaweobisaTvis arseboba, aramed,
WvretisaTvisac. e.i. igi mxolod Teoriul moqmedebas aRi-
arebs da es grZnobadoba foierbaxTan ar niSnavs praqtikul,
Semoqmed adamianur moRvaweobas. miRmuri samyaro dayvanilia
adamianurze da es adamianuri samyaro gamocxadebulia ada-
mianis arsebis Sesabamisad erTxel da samudamod mocemulad.
foierbaxma safuZvlianad ikvlia religia da misi Ziri
adamianSi dainaxa, magram, ver moaxerxa aqtiuri, moqmedi
subieqtis dafuZneba. man imTaviTve daupirispira erTmaneTs
56 57
Teoriuli da praqtikuli moqmedebis sfero. ver gaigo, rom,
ar SeiZleba adamiani arsebobdes aqtiurobis, Semoqmedebis
gareSe, rom es ukanasknelia safuZveli misi Teoriuli moR-
vaweobisac.
marTalia, foierbaxi acxadebda, rom adamiani mas esmis,
rogorc grZnobad-miwieri arseba, magram, es ar aris misi
konkretulobis maCvenebeli. es cnebac zogadzea moWrili.
foierbaxi iSveliebs adamianuri gvaris, modgmis cnebas.
Tumca masTan adamiani mainc biologiur arsebad rCeba. es
garkveuli gvaris istoriaa. foierbaxi ver mivida im azramde,
rom, adamianis arseba mis biologiurobaSi araa da rom go-
niTi moRvaweobaa misTvis specifikuri.
miuxedavad am naklovanebisa, l.foierbaxis naazrevi Za-
lzed mniSvnelovnadaa miCneuli filosofiuri anTropolo-
giisaTvis. foierbaxs Teologiis kritika imisaTvis Wirdeba,
rom SeinarCunos, daicvas adamianis avtonomiuri arsebobis
idea. adamianma Tavad unda mouaros Tavis problemebs gare-
gani Zalis imedisa da daxmarebis gareSe.
filosofiis istoriisaTvis Tvalis gadavlebac sak-
marisia, raTa adamianis uamravi gansazRvreba vipovoT jer
kidev antikuri periodidan dawyebuli. movixmoT ramdenime
maTgani. verner zombartis wignidan `Von Menschen Versuch
einer Geistswissenschaftlichen Anthropologie (1956)~. gavixsenoT
platonis `klasikad~ qceuli gansazRvreba. `adamiani aris
orfexa, ufrTo cocxali arseba~. aristotele _ adamiani
aris `Zoon politikon~(politikuri, sazogadoebrivi arseba).
aseve, mas ekuTvnis gansazRvreba. adamiani aris `sisustis
simbolo~. `gamarTulad mosiarule cxoveli~. ciceroni _
mzrunveli, winaswarganmWvreti, gonieri, ganmsjeli arseba.
antikur samyaroSi farTod gavrcelebulia adamianis gageba,
rogorc, gonebisa da Semecnebis unaris mqone arsebisa.
avgustines Semoaqvs araantikuri, qristianuli niuansi.
misTvis adamiani ganisazRvreba, rogorc gonieri, mokvdavi
cxoveli. avgustines es definicia mTel sqolastikaSi iyo
gabatonebuli. manve daaxasiaTa agreTve adamiani, rogorc
`avadmyofi Senaqmni SeqmnilTa Soris~.
qritianoba, adamianis gansazRvravs orgvari arsis mqoned.
erTis mxriv, adamiani aris `RvTis msgavsi da xati~, meore
mxriv, codvaSi Cavardnili, dacemuli,sasruli arseba. qris-
tianobis gavleniT, filosofiaSi es pozitiur-negatiuri
ormagoba mudmivad aris mxedvelobaSi miRebuli da nacadia
maTi gaerTianeba.
blez paskalisaTvis adamiani aris usustesi lerwmis
Rero, magram, amasTanave moazrovne. rusosaTvis _ gadagva-
rebuli cxoveli. kantisaTvis _ TviTgansazRvrebis unaris
mqone. SilerisaTvis _ arseba, romelsac surs. goeTe: adamiani
es aris pirveli gasaubreba bunebisa RmerTTan.
idealisti, adamianis gansazRvrebisas wina planze wamow-
evs gonebas, me-s, cnobierebas, TviTgansazRvrebas, adamianis
nebas. is cdilobs erTmaneTTan moarigos antikurobis gon-
ieri cxoveli qristianobis `RmerTis msgavsTan da xatTan~.
Tu aqamde adamiani ganisazRvreboda rogorc homo
sapiens-i, g.frankli Semoitans homo faber-is cnebas. adamiani
misTvis iaraRis mkeTebeli cxovelia.
SopenhauerisaTvis _ `moCxubari arseba~ `tkivilze
tkivilis dammatebeli cxoveli, romelsac ZaluZs tyuilis
Tqma.~
nicSe _ adamiani aris Toki, romelic gabmulia cxovelsa
da zekacs Soris, `avadmyofi cxoveli~, `mxeci da mxecze
uaresi~.
z.froidi _ `ltolvebis damTrgunveli~. m.Seleri:
`arasTqmis SemZle~, `RvTismaZiebeli~. klagesi _ moazrovne
cxoveli. herderi _ `adamiani aris pirveli, vinc bunebam Ta-
visuflebaSi miatova~. fixte: `adamianuri gvaris sazrisia ara
mxolod gonieri yofiereba, aramed, gonieri qmnadoba.~(32,8)
adamianis arsis es gansazRvrebani, romliTac savsea
58 59
filisofiuri literatura, kidev SeiZleboda gagvegrZelebina,
mogvexmo sxva Tvalsazrisebic. magram, mainc Zalze Zneli
iqneboda sruli suraTis Seqmna, Cven mxolod maTi gadmocema
SegviZlia.
mainc ra aris arsebiTi adamianisaTvis? ra aris is
erTaderTi, riTac igi yvela sxvisagan gansxvavdeba? isev
zombarts movusminoT: es aris adamianis unari imoqmedos
garkveuli miznis mixedviT, rac niSnavs, rom adamians bunebis
gareT dgoma SeuZlia. cxoveli bunebaSia, da bunebas mihyavs.
adamiani Tavisufalia, igi moqmedia, Semoqmedia. mcenareebsa
da cxovelebs buneba ara mxolod uwesebs gansazRvrebas,
aramed, axorcielebs kidec mas, adamians ki daniSnulebas
aZlevs da mis ganxorcielebas masve andobs. mxolod es
qmnis mas adamianad.
adamianis neba rom Tavisufalia, jer kidev kantis mieraa
gacnobierebuli. mxolod adamians SeuZlia iqces movlenaTa
axali mwkrivis sawyisad. rogorc `wminda gonebis kriti-
kaSi~, kerZod, mesame antinomiaSi aRniSnavs: `Tu axla me. . .
sruliad Tavisuflad da bunebrivi mizezebis gansazRvruli
gavlenis gareSe Cemi skamidan vdgebi, maSin am xdomilebaSi
iwyeba uTuod axali mwkrivi mTeli misi bunebrivi Sedege-
biT usasrulobaSi, Tumca, droulobis principiT es movlena
mxolod gagrZelebaa winamorbedi mwkrivisa. . . amitom, Tumca,
drois mixedviT ara, magram, mizezobriobis mixedviT mainc
unda erqvas movlenaTa raRac mwkrivis uTuod pirveli
sawyisi~(32,27).
cxadi xdeba, rom adamianis arsis dasadgenad metad
mniSvnelovania imis garkveva Tu ras akeTebs adamiani, risi
gakeTeba SeuZlia mas? e.i. ra aris igi? rogorc moqmedi
arseba. swored es kiTxvaa mTavari kiTxva filosofiuri
anTropologiisaTvis.
4. z.froidis fsiqoanalizuri anTropologia
XX saukunis anTropologiuri koncefciebidan, Tavisi
gavrcelebisa da gavlenis masStabiT, albaT, erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi da upirvelesic zigmund froidis mier
Seqmnili fsiqoanalizuri koncefciaa, romelic Camoyalibda
kerZo fsiqologiur doqtrinad. mogvianebiT gafarTovda da
ikvlevda ara mxolod adamianis individualur-pirovnul
qcevebs, aramed, socialur, istoriul, politikur Tu
kulturul aspeqtebs, e.i. moicavda mTlian anTropolo-
giur samyaros.
z.froidma daangria tradiciuli warmodgena adamianis
fsiqikuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. adamianis `Sinagani~ cxovrebis
gageba SeuZlebelia `naturalisturi~ interpretaciebiT
an specifikur-racionalisturi midgomebiT. adamianis aq-
tivobis, misi fsiqikuri moqmedebebis gasagebad aucilebe-
lia pirovnebis struqturis siRrmiseuli kvleva, romlis
Sedegadac aRmoCnda, rom, adamianis fsiqika garkveuli kon-
glomeratia, sxvadasxva araerTgvarovani komponentisagan
Semdgari. fsiqika moicavs ara mxolod cnobierebierebas,
aramed, aracnobiersac.
miuxedavad fsiqoanalizis arnaxuli warmatebisa, misi
gavrcelebis geografiisa da sxvadasxva tipis moazrovnee-
bze gavlenisa, bevri Teoriuli postulati am koncefciaSi,
sadao da saeWvoa ara mxolod misi mowinaaRmdegeebisaTvis,
aramed, Tavad momxreebisaTvisac.
z.froidma Seqmna moZRvreba, romelic gamoyenebuli iqna
aramarto nevroziT daavadebulTa qcevisa da azrovnebis
asaxsnelad, maT gansakurnavad. aramed es empiriuli mona-
cemebi gavrcelebuli iqna adamianuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis
yvela sferoze.
am Teoriis udao damsaxurebaa fsiqikis kvlevis axal
60 61
safexurze ayvana, adamianis moqmedebaSi, misi qcevis struq-
turaSi cnobieri da aracnobieri motivebis Sefardebis
sakiTxis damuSaveba, fsiqikuris sxvadasxva donis arsebobis
problemebis win wamoweva da sxva.
froidi ecada Tavisi Teoriis safuZvelze eCvenebina
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis arsebobis zogadi modeli, moeca
zogierTi negatiuri mxaris analizi. ramdenadac, Sigafsiqi-
kuri konfliqtebi, romelsac es koncefcia aRwers, garkveul-
wilad asaxvaa da axsnaa im pirobebisa da mdgomareobisa,
romelSic arsebobs adamiani Tu sazogadoeba.
magram isic Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom, froidi
Tavis Teoriul daskvnebSi gaumarTleblad aabsolutebda
cnobierisa da aracnobieris gaxleCvas. man imdenad gamwvave-
buli xasiaTi mianiWa am problemas, rom, individSi cnobieri
da aracnobieri ltolvebis dapirispireba misTvis lamis
dramad gadaiqca, romelmac gansazRvra ara marto calkeuli
individis, pirovnebis raoba, aramed, mTeli kacobriobisaTvis
iqca bediswerad.
froids araerTxel ganucxadebia, Cemi mizani mkacrad
mowesrigebuli, axali mecnieruli moZRvrebis Seqmna ariso;
magram, sabolood, rodesac Teoria gaformda, aRmoCnda, rom
froidis pozicia Zalze axlosaa sicocxlis filosofiasTan
da iracionalizmTan. maT gaerTianebas didad SeuSala xeli
froidis specifikurma, ufro metic, Terapiulma poziciam.
fsiqoTerapiis mizani, xom cnobierebis gabatoneba iyo brma
ltolvebze.
froidi da misi mowafeebi araerTxel miuTiTebdnen,
rom mxolod afarToeben mecnieruli Semecnebis sferos.
gvaZleven racionalur axsnas iseTi movlenebisa, romelsac
adre mecniereba ver xsnida da maT ignorirebas axdenda.
(mag. sizmari, an fsiqikuri daavadebani da maTi simptomebi).
Tavisi moRvaweobis adreul periodSi, igi imasac ki fiqrobda,
droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqologiur axsnas fiziologiuri
axsna Seenacvleboda, rodesac es mecniereba saTanado dones
miaRwevda.
z.froidma aseve Semoitana fsiqikuris sferos avtono-
miurobis principi. winaaRmdegoba, romelic ukve konce-
fciis mizanSi Canda _ Seeqmna mkacrad determinirebuli
racionaluri Teoria iracionalurisa, fsiqoanalizisaTvis,
rogorc wesi SeumCneveli rCeboda. fsiqoanalitikosebis
azriT, yovelive es iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom moZRvreba
gagebuliyo, rogorc racionalizmisa da humanizmis axali
siRrmiseuli forma.
SeiZleba vilaparakoT imis Sesaxebac, rom, froidTan
vxvdebiT Tavisebur rusoizms. misTvis adamiani, rogorc
bunebrivi mocemuloba aris Rirebuleba, yvelaferi cudi
modis socialuri, kulturuli normebis tiraniidan, ro-
melic zRudavs, xels uSlis yvelaze arsebiTi adamianuri
survilebis dakmayofilebas. ris gamoc maxinjdeba, uaresdeba
adamianis buneba. mowodeba, SevasustoT socialuri tabu
gaismis froidis mTeli Semoqmedebis manZilze.
adamianis amgvar gagebas, adamianuri realobis froidiseul
biologizacias Tavis mxriv moepoveba analogebi, hyavs win-
amorbedni. esaa upirvelesad im periodisaTvis gabatonebuli
pozitiuri azrovneba da `sicocxlis filosofiis~ ideebi.
esaa mdgomareoba, rodesac idealdeba adamianis bunebrivi yofa,
misi sasicocxlo ltolvebi, romlebic `daTrgunulia da Se-
viwroebulia~ kulturiT. swored, bunebiTi da kulturuli
movlenebis dapirispireba aris `sicocxlis filosofiisa~
da fsiqoanalizis gamaerTianebeli.
farTo azriT, froidizmi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc
sicocxlis filosofiis garkveuli saxeoba, romlis mizania
kultura da socialuri cxovreba axsnas reduqcionizmis
principiT, dahyavs ra isini pirvelad sasicocxlo ltolve-
bze, impulsebze. am Teoriis erT-erTi mTavari amosavali
cnebaa aracnobieri.
62 63
adamianis mTeli fsiqikuri cxovreba warmoadgens cno-
bierisa da aracnobieris dapirispirebas. cnobieri fsiqika
erT-erTi formaa, romelic fsiqikis ufro arsebiTi nawilis
`aracnobieri fsiqikis~ gamovlenaa. warmodgena an sxva fsiqi-
kuri elementi, arsebuli garkveul dromde Cvens cnobierebaSi,
Semdeg qreba, magram, kvlav aRmocendeba. es warmodgena drois
im monakveTSi, roca mas ver ganvicdidiT, CvenSi latenturad
arsebobda. swored isaa aracnobieri fsiqikuri. aracnobieris
arsebobas agreTve adasturebs sizmrebi, ocnebebi, uneblie
Secdomebi da sxva. rogor SeiZleba arsebobdnen aracnobieri
ltolvebi, grZnobebi. froidi ganmartavs: Tavad ltolva ar
SeiZleba iyos cnobierebis obieqti, aseTi ram SeiZleba iyos
mxolod warmodgena, romelic asaxavs am ltolvas. magram,
aracnobieri ltolvac SeiZleba gamovlindes mxolod war-
modgenis saSualebiT. Tu is ar daukavSirda warmodgenas,
mis Sesaxeb araferi gvecodineba.
froidi ganasxvavebs aracnobieris ramdenime saxes. esaa:
winarecnobieri, gandevnili aracnobieri, arqauli memkvidreoba,
da sakuTriv aracnobieri. pirvel sams aqvT cnobierebaSi da
piruku gadasvlis unari. sakuTriv aracnobieri ki mudam
cnobierebis miRma rCeba. aracnobiersa da cnobiers Soris
aris faza, froidis ganmartebiT cenzori. igi warmoadgens
fsiqikuri Sinaarsis gamomcdels.
pirovnebis struqtura amisda mixedviT Sedgeba fsiqi-
kuri fenebisagan. `igi~, `me~, `ze-me~, `igi~ moicavs gandevnilsa
da sakuTriv aracnobiers, ~me~ cnobiersa da winare cnobiers,
`ze-me~ cnobiersa da arqaul memkvidreobas. aracnobieris
ZiriTadi da arsebiTi fenaa `igi~. adamianis ganmsazRvreli
da misi mamoZravebeli Zalaa seqsualuri ltolva. (seqsua-
lobis cneba froidis TeoriaSi yovelTvis Tu ara, Zalzed
xSirad eTanadeba saerTod fsiqikuris cnebas), romelic
Seadgens `igi~-s birTvs.
seqsualuri, libidozuri (gansakuTrebuli fsiqikuri
energia) ltolva iswrafvis siamovnebisaken, adamianis moq-
medebebi Tavdapirvelad siamovneba-usiamovnebis principiTaa
gansazRvruli. magram, Semdgom, civilizaciis Sedegad, so-
cialuri da zneobrivi akrZalvebis gavleniT, siamovnebis
principi SeizRuda realobis principiT, `me~ iZulebuli
gaxda `ze-mes~ gavleniT SeezRuda `igi~. an saerTod uari
eTqva misi survilebis dakmayofilebaze, an ganexorciele-
bina sxva pirdapiri dakmayofilebis Semcvleli moqmedeba.
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi xdeba survilTa sublimacia. ase
mag. `igi~ sublimirebul dakmayofilebas aRwevs sizmarSi,
ocnebaSi, SemoqmedebaSi. magram, rogorc froidi miuTiTebda,
raRac azriT, cenzori sizmarSic moqmedebs, ocneba ki fanta-
ziis sferos miekuTvneba da realurad ganuxorcielebelia,
rogorc wesi, es energia sublimirdeba xelovnebaSi, reli-
giaSi da saerTod kulturaSi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs
fantaziis Taviseburi forma.
yovelive es asustebs usiamovnebis grZnobas, rasac
ltolvebis pirdapiri saxiT daukmayofilebloba iwvevs.
Tumca, amiT ar ispoba konfliqti pirovnebasa da realobas
Soris, romelic nevrozis mizezi xdeba. mis warmoSobaSi
froidi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs bavSvobaSi miRe-
bul da Semdeg daviwyebul Zlier STabeWdilebebs, fsiqikuri
travmebis gamomwvevT.
froidis Teoriis Tavisebureba isaa, rom, Seecada arac-
nobieris cnebiT aexsna adamiani da misi Semoqmedeba. pirovneba
dualisturadaa dayofili aracnobier da cnobier fsiqiku-
rad. miuxedavad imisa, rom, aracnobieris cneba froidamde
cnobili iyo filosofiaSi, pirvelad, swored man gamoiyena
es cneba konkretuli gamokvlevisaTvis da rogorc Tavad
swamda mecnieruli Sedegebic ki miiRo.
froidi amodis fsiqikuri cxovrebis determinaciis
faqtidan. misTvis fsiqikaSi araferi ar aris SemTxveviTi,
wvrilmani, nebismieri. is yvelgan `eZebs~ da `poulobs~ sak-
64 65
mao motivirebas, iqac ki, sadac, Cveulebriv aseTi moTxovna
ar arsebobs. aq Cans froidis miswrafeba, SeinarCunos mec-
nieruli midgoma. magram, yvelaze xSrad, swored fsiqoanal-
izis mecnieruloba dgeboda eWvis qveS, da es eWvi arc Tu
usafuZvlo iyo.
froidis postulati fsiqikuri procesebis determi-
naciis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobs bunebriv-mecnieruli orien-
taciidan. marTalia, man Semdeg uaryo fsiqikuri movlenebis
anatomiur-fiziologiuri axsna, magram, es determinacia mainc
darCa mis TeoriaSi.
froidma daadgina azrovnebis ori plastis arseboba
cnobierisa (racionalurisa) da aracnobierisa (iraciona-
lurisa). aracnobieri azrovneba ucvlelia aTaswleulebis
manZilze. es plastebi erTmaneTis mimarT konfliqtur
mimarTebaSi arian. infantiluri, iracionaluri azrovneba
warmoadgens saSiSroebas racionaluri azrovnebisaTvis, ris
gamoc cnobiereba Rebulobs represiul, damsjel zomebs da
axdens miuRebeli, dauSvebeli ltolvebis da warmodgenebis
gandevnas.
fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, aracnobier azrovnebas aqvs
Sinagani kanonzomiereba, ase mag. sizmari, romelic gvgonia
uazro, qaosuri warmodgenebis jami, sinamdvileSi emorCileba
gansazRvrul logikas da TavisTavSi atarebs sazriss. adami-
ans marTlac aqvs misTvis misaRebi da miuRebeli survilebi.
igi cdilobs gandevnos miuRebeli survilebi, magram, es
gandevnili survilebi ukvalod rodi qrebian, aramed, arac-
nobier fsiqikaSi Cadian da iq ikaveben adgils. froidi did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs am viTarebas adamianis qcevis gasagebad.
froidis azriT, nevrozi da fsiqozi imitomaa fsiqi-
kuri warmoSobis, rom, isini adamianSi moqmedi arsobrivi
procesebis urTierTmimarTebis nayofia. adamianis arsobrivi
procesebi fsiqikis fenebSi mimdinareobs. froidisaTvis,
adamianis arsi aris fsiqika. am TeoriiT, ltolvebSi unda
gansxvavdes Semdegi momentebi: drangi (swrafva), mizani, obi-
eqti, wyaro. fsiqoanalizSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavdeba
erotikuli, (rac igive SenarCunebisa da gaerTianebisken
warmmarTveli miswrafebaa) da destruqciuli (dangrevisa
da ganadgurebis) ltolvebi. orive ltolva aucileblobiT
arsebobs. maTi urTierTmimarTebis Sesabamisad aRmocendebian
sicocxlis movlenebi.
z.froids fsiqoanalizis damsaxurebad miaCnia is, rom,
kacobriobas gaucnobiera adamianSi ltolviTi mxaris mniS-
vneloba, romelic miCqmaluli iyo goniT sferoSi arsebuli
warmatebebis fonze. pirovnebis es `sulieri fuZe~ savsebiT
ugulvebeyofili iyo. `kacobriobas hgonia, rom, mis cxovrebas
warmarTavs goneba, me unda meCvenebina rom arseboben agreTve
ltolvebi~. (88,28)
`Cveni arsebis guls qmnis bneli `igi~. adamianis nam-
dvili saxe aris is, rom igi bunebrivi arsebaa, misTvis
mTavari maxasiaTebelia ltolvebis qona. goniTma, racional-
urma, socialurma aqtiurma mxareebma Seaviwroves adamianis
iracionaluri, aracnobieri fena. aracnobieri iZulebulia
iarsebos SezRudulad, cenzuriT da saxeSecvlili formiT
moevlinos cnobiers.
froidis moRvaweobis dadebiT momentad is, miaCniaT rom,
gaafarTova adamianis xedvis sazRvrebi. cnobiers daemata
aracnobieris siRrmec. e.i. adamianSi aris xiluli, arsis
mixedviT arasakuTrivi wina plani _ cnobieri da dafaruli
sakuTrivoba _ aracnobieri.
fsiqikis filogenezis evoluciam ori etapi ganvlo.
erTia gvarovnuli etapi, xolo meore civilizacia. ka-
cobriobis istoriis yoveli axali nabiji xorcieldeba
ltolvebisagan TavSekavebis romelime aqtiT. gvarovnuli
fsiqikis xangrZlivma ganviTarebam ganapiroba rom fsiqikuri
garkveulobani memkvidreobiTi gaxda, froidi mas uwodebs
`arqaul memkvidreobas~. mag: sisxlis aRrevis ltolviTi
66 67
impulsi memkvidreobiT gadmoecema `igi~-s, xolo gvarovnuli
tabu sisxlis aRrevis akrZalvisa `ze-me~-s. aRniSnuli vi-
Tareba pirovnebaSi iwvevs ambivalentur grZnobas _ erTi
fena miiswrafvis garkveuli Sinaarsis dakmayofilebisaken,
meore ki mas krZalavs.
kacobriobam Tavisi istoriis dasawyisSi Caidina danaSau-
li da mTeli misi Semdgomi cxovreba, swored am danaSaulis
Segnebisa da misi ara Tu monaniebis, aramed xelaxla Cadenis
gaucnobierebeli survilis istoriaa. e.i. kacobriobam Ta-
visi cxovrebis dasawyisSive miiRo travma, romelic daRs
asvams mTel mis Semdgom ganviTarebas. danaSaulis gancdis
sabediswero grZnoba gasdevs adamianis mTel moRvaweobas.
ltolvis sublimacia warmoadgens kulturis ganviTa-
rebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan Tvisebas. is SesaZlebels
xdis, rom umaRlesi fsiqikuri moqmedebani da misi Sedegebi
mecniereba, xelovneba, religia _ esoden mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben adamianis cxovrebaSi.
yoveli axali nabiji civilizaciis gzaze, moiTxovs ar-
qauli memkvidreobis Sinaarsisa da ltolvis dakmayofilebis
mzard SezRudvas da libidos sublimacias. e.i. SezRuduli
libido cdilobs Tavis dakmayofilebas da realizdeba moR-
vaweobis sxvadasxva sferoSi. iqneba es praqtikuli saqmianoba,
Tu maRali goniTi aqtivoba.
incesturi survilebi universaluria da damaxasiaTebe-
lia yvela adamianisaTvis. yovel CvenTagans uxdeba sakuTar
TavSi am survilis daTrgunva. froidisaTvis oidiposis
miTi ar yofila ubralod metafora, romelic gamoxatavda
incestis kompleqss, misi universalur principad qceva mom-
dinareobs froidis miznidan _ epova maradiuli WeSmariteba
adamianis Sesaxeb. `oidiposis kompleqsi~ esaa flobisaken
miswrafeba, Zalauflebisaken ltolva. aq mTavari isaa, rom
adamiani miiswrafvis egoisturi TviTdadgenisaken, romelic
gadalaxavs yovelgvar sazRvars, daarRvevs adamianuri urT-
ierTobis yovelnair normas. swored esaa `danaSaulis~ arsi.
aqedan modis zneobrivi danaSauli.
froidis azriT, zneoba, iseve, rogorc mTeli kultura,
emsaxureba antisocialuri instinqtebis gandevnas. mudmiv
konfliqtSia bunebriv ltolvebTan. am mdgomareobas ki sab-
olood mivyavarT pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis nevrotiza-
ciisaken. xelovneba Seviwrovebuli bunebrivi ltolvebis
kompensaciaa. xelovnebis funqciaa, moaxdinos ltolvebis
sublimireba . Semoqmedi Tavisi ltolvebis dakmayofilebas
axdens SemoqmedebaSi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba fantaziis
realizeba. (90,25-28)
Tu aqamde adamianis qcevis ganmsazRvrel instanciad
zegrZnobadi idealuri, metafizikuri samyaro iTvleboda,
axla adamianis qcevis amxsneli motivebi froidma aRmoaCina
adamianis siRrmeSi arsebul ltolvebsa da midrekilebebSi.
mas surda adamianis raoba daedgina da aexsna aracnobieri
motivebiT.
amitomaa rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis froidiseuli
analizi, ZiriTadad warmoadgens am SemoqmedebiTi procesis
ukan mdgari ltolviTi instinqtebis gaSifvras da am ana-
lizis dros savsebiT daviwyebulia xelovnebis mxatvruli
daniSnuleba, misi Rirebuleba, Tu funqcia.
kultura aris imis saSualeba, rom droebiT daviviwyoT
cxovrebis tkivilebi, Cveni ubedureba. xelovneba realo-
bidan gaqcevis saSualebaa. `is rac adamians mijnavs misi
cxoveluri bunebidan da saerTod cxovelTa samyarodan,
aris adamianuri kultura. erTis mxriv, is moicavs adamianTa
mTel unarebs, da qmnis bunebis damorCilebis SesaZleblobas,
saidanac modis materialuri sikeTe, riTac ikmayofilebs
moTxovnilebebs. meore mxriv, kulturaSi Sedis kacobriobis
mier daSvebuli pirobiToba, romelic aucilebelia imisaT-
vis, rom mowesrigdes mimarTeba adamianebs Soris, Seiqmnas
sazogadoeba. yovelive es moqmedebs sawyis ltolvebze.
68 69
erTi adamiani meores iyenebs saSualebad. iqneba misi samuSao
Zala, inteleqtualuri mocemuloba Tu seqsualuri obieqti.
TiToeuli adamiani cal-calke aRebuli mteria kulturis.
imitom rom ganicdis SezRudvas, romelic modis kulturis
normebidan~. (90,21) `adamianebs ar SeuZliaT cal-calke
cxovreba, magram amave dros amas ganicdian, rogorc mZime
tvirTs da msxverpls, romelsac maTgan kultura moiTxovs,
da maT es msxverpli unda gaiRon sakuTari personis sazianod,
raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes erToblivi cxovreba~. (iqve)
kulturam Tavi unda daicvas individebisagan, am amoca-
nis gadaWras emsaxureba misi sazogadoebrivi organizacia,
institutebi, moraluri Tu samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi.
adamianis Seqmnili SeiZleba Zalzed advilad daingres,
civilizaciis ubedureba isaa, rom adamianis mier Seqmnili
mecniereba da teqnika, SeiZleba maTsave gasanadgureblad
iqnes gamoyenebuli.
e.i. kultura yofila sazogadoebis adamianze batonobis
gamoxatuleba. xom ar aris es istoriis brali, an iseTi
mdgomareoba, romelic momavalSi SeiZleba Seicvalos. ra Tqma
unda, ara. froidis azriT, ukeTesi Sedegi arc momavalSia
mosalodneli, yoveli adamiani sakuTar TavSi atarebs mud-
mivad damangrevel e.i. sazogadoebis sawinaaRmdego aqtiur
tendenciebs.
adamiani Tavisi bunebiT ar aris Sromismoyvare arseba.
jer-jerobiT, arc erT kulturas ar mouxerxebia, rom ada-
mianSi aemoqmedebina Rrmad pirovnuli Rirseba, rom isini
mzad arian Sromisadmi msxverplis gasaRebad da SeuZliaT
uari Tqvan TavianTi pirveladi ltolvebis dakmayofilebaze.
adamianTa modgmis am xarisxSi amaRleba jer-jerobiT ar
moxerxebula, arc erT kulturas ar Seuqmnia amis pirobebi.
yoveli kultura emyareba Sromis iZulebas da pirve-
ladi ltolvebis SezRudvas. amitom, gardauvalia individis
mxridan opozicia. SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom kultura
kacobriobis istoriis ganviTarebaSi raRac stadiaa, iseTi
mdgomareoba, sadac pirveladi sasicocxlo ltolvebis da-
kmayofileba, rogoric axla gvaqvs, Soreuli perspeqtividan
iseTive velur aqtad mogveCvenos, rogorc dRes kanibalizmi
Cans.
moralurad adamiani dRemde metad arasaimedoa, religi-
uri warmodgenebi kulturis iluziaa. mis gareSe adamians
gauWirdeboda cxovrebis simZimeebis, sirTuleebis gadalaxva,
miTumetes, Tu igi bavSvobidanve religiur atmosferoSi
izrdeboda. adamianis xsnisaTvis aucilebelia individs `re-
aluri grZnoba ganuviTaroT~.
froidis mixedviT, adamianSi moqmedi Zalebia _ sicocx-
lisadmi ltolva, erosi da agresiis instinqti. brZola am
or instinqts Soris, romelic sazogadoebaSi mimdinareobs
warmoadgens saerTod cxovrebis arsebiT Sinaarss. da amitom
kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis SeiZleboda ubralod gvewo-
debina adamianis modgmis brZola arsebobisaTvis.
adamianis pozitiur miswrafebas, misTvis bednierebis
momtan ltolvas warmoadgens sicocxlisadmi ltolva, ro-
melic sqesobriv siyvarulamde daiyvaneba da misiT aixsneba.
ra aris adamianis cxovrebis azri da mizani, Tu maTi
qcevebiTa da survilebiT vimsjelebT. e.i. ras iTxoven
adamianebi cxovrebidan, meore adamianidan da risi miRweva
surT. adamianebi bednierebisaken miiswrafvian. maT surT
iyvnen bednierni. am miswrafebas ori mxare aqvs. dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi. erTia ukmayofilebisa da tkivilis moxsna,
meore Zlieri gancda kmayofilebisa.
amgvarad, cxovrebiseuli mizani ganisazRvreba tkbobis
principis programiT. adamians tanjva ZiriTadad sami mxridan
evlineba. esaa sxeulis mxridan, romlis gardauvali xvedria
dabereba, daZabuneba, daavadeba, romelsac Tan axlavs tkivili
da SiSi. gare eqstremaluri samyaro, Tavisi wamlekavi daman-
greveli ZalebiT da Cveni damokidebuleba sxva adamianebTan,
70 71
romelic garTulebis da tkivilis momtania.
tanjvas Cven ganvicdiT Cveni organizmis gansazRvruli
agebulebis gamo. yoveli tanjva aris gancda, aseve gancdaa
tkboba, romelsac Cveni amgvari agebulebis gamo ganvicdiT.
CvenTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs saidan modis es tkboba , vTqvaT
esTetikuri gancdidan, mxatvruli Semoqmedebidan, Tu sxva
ufro dabali gancdidan. isini Tavisi intensivobiT, orga-
nizmze moxdenili gavleniT ar ganirCevian.
maSasadame, froidis azriT, kultura ZiriTadad or mizans
emsaxureba. adamianis dacvas bunebisagan da adamianebs Soris
urTierTobis regulireba. amave mizniT iqmneba religiuri
sistemebi, filosofiuri koncefciebi, adamianis idealebi.
iqmneba warmodgena calkeuli individis srulyofilebis
Sesaxeb, aseve mTel erze, xalxze da kacobriobaze.
individualuri Tavisufleba ar aris kulturis mo-
napovari. kulturis pirveli didi warmateba iyo is, rom
adamianTa didma raodenobam SeZlo erTad cxovreba da
ase Tu ise mowesrigda maT Soris urTierToba. kultura
individebisagan did msxverpls moiTxovs. iTrguneba misi
Zireuli buneba. pirvelyofili adamiani araviTar SezRudvas
ar grZnobda Tavisi pirveladi ltolvebis dakmayofilebisas.
kulturis gavleniT adamiani TandaTan iviwyebs bednierebis
SesaZleblobas da mas cvlis garantirebuli usafrTxoebiT.
magram, es rodi niSnavs, adamianSi agresiisadmi ltolvis
Caqrobas. is Zalzed advilad amJRavnes mas, maSinve, rogorc
ki moxdeba am grZnobis provocireba. kultura mxolod imas
axerxebs rom asustebs agresiul vnebebs, imiT rom xdeba
am ltolvebis zedamxedveli, gamakontrolebeli. es Semz-
Rudveli Zala Tavad individSi arsebobs da esaa sindisi.
romelic Tavdapirvelad, rogorc pirveladi ltolvebis
amkrZalavi Zala ise gaCnda. kulturis maRal donezec sqeso-
brivi erotika kvlav ganicdeba, rogorc sicocxlis centri,
mxolod, amjerad RirebulebebiT Seferadebuli.
froidisaTvis adamiani aris ucvleli arseba. is udroo
sivrceSi arsebobs. mis bunebas ver cvlis verc socialuri
da miTumetes verc inteleqtualuri Tu zneobrivi faqtori.
kacobrioba cvalebadobas ar emorCileba. erT sazogadoebriv
formas cvlis meore, magram arsebiTad es arafris momtania.
yovelgvari cvlilebis maradiuli mizezi da misi ganmapiro-
bebeli aris adamianSi arsebuli ori Zireuli ltolva da
amis safuZvelze arsebuli `oidiposis kompleqsi~. iZulebis
mTavari saxea seqsualur survilTa SezRudva.
rodesac froidi laparakobs adamianze, kulturaze,
Semoqmedebaze gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis
fsiqologiur mxares. aracnobieri procesis meqanizmi
mJRavndeba `oidi posis kompleqsSi~, romelic adamianis
maradiul flobis instinqts warmoadgens da arsebiTad
biologiuria.
am koncefciiT, adamianis instinqtebi, misi biologiuri
sawyisi adamianis arsebobis piroba ki ara, aramed, ZiriTadi
ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. aracnobieri iTvleba adamianis
fsiqikuri cxovrebis amxsnel principad. ufro metic, am
cnebis meSveobiT unda iqnes gagebuli adamianis mTeli
cxovreba Tu kacobriobis istoria.
fsiqoanalizis, rogorc Teoriis gamarTleba princi-
puladaa dakavSirebuli aracnobieri fsiqikis problemis
dadebiT gadaWrasTan, radgan fsiqoanalizi aracnobieri
fsiqikis Teoriaa, amitom, igi valdebulia daasabuTos arac-
nobieri fsiqikis arseboba.
froidTan aracnobieri fsiqikis dasabuTeba warmod-
genilia ori aspeqtiT. erTis mxriv, is cdilobs Tezisis
gamarTlebas Teoriuli mosazrebebiT, rac problemis gadaW-
ris erTaderT kanonier gzad unda iqnes miCneuli, xolo,
meore mxriv, zrunavs, rom problema empiriuli aspeqtiTac
daasabuTos, romelic ar SeiZleba marTebul gzad CaiTvalos,
radganac problemis bunebidan gamomdinare, principuladaa
72 73
SeuZlebeli Tavad aracnobieri fsiqikis faqtis dasab-
uTeba. aracnobieri fsiqika cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli
arsebobis SemZledaa warmodgenili, xolo, amgvari relobis
xedva uSualod cnobierebisaTvis SeuZlebelia. is, rasac
fsiqoanalizSi aracnobieri fsiqikis `empiriuli faqtobrivi
dasabuTeba~ ewodeba, sinamdvileSi warmoadgens dasabuTebis
araempiriul da amdenad, arapirdapir gzas, radgan, igi Sepi-
robebulia Teoriuli mosazrebebiT. dasabuTebis arapir-
dapiri gza ki rogorc cnobilia, hipoTezuris farglebs
ver scildeba, amitom ontologiuri problemis sabolood
gadaWris saqmeSi uvargisia.
froidis ZiriTadi argumenti aracnobieri fsiqikis ar-
sebobis daSvebisa, fsiqikuri sinamdvilis mimarT uwyvetobis
principis gatarebaa. fsiqikis farglebSi uwyvetobis prin-
cipis dacva moiTxovs fsiqikis ganpirobebulobas fsiqikiT,
fsiqikuri mimdinareobis rigSi heterogenuli (arafsiqikuri)
momentebis ukugdebas da am ukanasknelis mimarT uaryofiTi
poziciis dakavebas.
uwyvetobis principis daSveba gvaiZulebs drois yovel
momentSi fsiqikis arsebobis daSvebas. fsiqikuri sinamdvi-
lis farglebSi uwyvetobis principis dacva mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos gamarTlebuli, Tu winaswar iqneba
miRebuli fsiqo-fizikuri paralelizmis Teoria.
magram, froidi Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis
Sesabamisad uaryofs fsiqo-fizikuri paralelizmis Teorias.
mas fsiqika tvinis produqtad miaCnia, misgan ganviTarebis
gziT miRebul Tvisobriobad. froidi rom Tanamimdevruli
yofiliyo, uari unda eTqva fsiqikis farglebSi uwyvetobis
principis gatarebaze, radgan fsiqikuri sinamdvilis gaazreba
uwyveti da aqedan gamomdinare daxSuli da TviTkmari re-
alobis saxiT imTaviTve ewinaaRmdegeba fsiqikis aRmocenebis
azrs arafsiqikuri garkveulobidan, tvinidan.
fsiqoanalizis TeoriaSi Seusabamobaa ontologiur da
meTodologiur aspeqtebs Soris. meTodologiuri dualizmi
fsiqoanalizis amosavali principia, xolo ontologiuri
monizmi arsebiTad araa dakavSirebuli fsiqoanalizur kon-
cefciasTan. am Teoriis mixedviT, heterogenuladaa warmod-
genili movlenis warmoSoba da misi axsna _ tvini warmo-
Sobs fsiqikas. am debulebis urTierTSesabamisoba, SeTavseba
fsiqoanalizisaTvis bunebrivi Cans.
fsiqikis axsnisas ara ubralod korelacia unda vigu-
lisxmoT movlenaTa Soris, aramed, amxsnelma unda ganapirobos
fsiqikuris mTliani sazrisis xilva. am amocanis gadaWras
froidi akisrebs aracnobier fsiqikas, da ara marto akis-
rebs, aramed, mas aracnobieri fsiqikis meSveobiT cnobieri
fsiqikuri aqtebis xilva miaCnia aracnobieri fsiqikuris
realobis aRiarebis sabuTad.
froidma sazrisi Semdegnairad ganmarta: `sazrisis
cnebaSi Cven gvesmis mniSvneloba, ganzraxva, tendencia da
adgili fsiqikuri kavSirebis rigSi~(87,159). da es Tviseba
miawera aracnobier fsiqikur arsebobas. magram `mniSvnelo-
ba~, `tendencia~, `adgili movlenaTa kavSiris rigSi~, iseve
daaxasiaTebs biologiuri (fiziologiuri) sinamdvilis
struqturul procesebs, rogoradac is gamoiyena froidma
fsiqikurisaTvis, xolo `ganzraxva~ calkeuli fsiqikuri
procesis imanenturi Tviseba imitom ar SeiZleba iyos,
rom, saerTod fsiqikuri procesebis warmmarTvelis me-s _
pirovnebis fuZemdebluri gansazRvrulobaa.
aracnobieris ontologiur sakiTxs ver gadaWris az-
rovnebis is gza, romelsac froidi iyenebs. mas Tavidanve
aqvs miRebuli azri imis fsiqikurobis Sesaxeb, ramac unda
axsnas cnobieri fsiqika. amxsnelad SeiZleba gamogvadges
fiqciac, magram, gaumarTlebelia am ukanasknelis realobaze
davaskvnaT.
rogor unda moxdes aracnobieri fsiqikis Semecneba?
ras unda niSnavdes cnobierebis gareT arsebuli fsiqikis
74 75
Semecneba? rogor dadgindeba misi specifikuroba?
erTad-erTi gza aracnobieri fsiqikis Sesaxeb raimes
Setyobisa cnobierebaa. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, cnobierebaSi
gamovlenili masalidan unda moxdes im suraTis warmosaxva,
rac Seesatyviseba aracnobieris dafarul garkveulobas.
fsiqoanalitikosi cnobieri fsiqikis elementiT cdilobs
mis ukan mdgomi aracnobieri fsiqikis Sinagani bunebis gaT-
valiswinebas.
saidan unda gavigoT, rom cnobierebaSi dadasturebuli
romelime momenti araa cnobieri fsiqikis kuTvnileba, da
rom igi aucileblad aracnobieri fsiqikis sinamdvilis
gamovlenaa? amaze fsiqoanalizi dasabuTebuls verafers
ambobs, mTeli fsiqoanalizuri sistema agebulia varaudze
aracnobieri fsiqikis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
z.froidi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom fsiqoanalizi Teoriis
saxiT agebs fsiqikis Sesaxeb bunebismetyveluri tipis mec-
nierebas. misi azriT, fsiqologia, rogorc mecniereba, SeiZleba
iyos mxolod bunebimetyveluri disciplina. cnobieri, fsiqi-
kis ukan dgas da mas asuldgmulebs aracnobieri fsiqika,
romlis Semecnebac froidis e.w. `axali fsiqologiis~
amocanaa. bunebismetyvelebis meTodologiuri Tvalsazrisi
sinamdvilis mimarT mkacri determinaciis principis gatare-
baa. fsiqoanalizmma fsiqikuri sinamdvile daumorCila aseve
mkacr mizez-Sedegobriv damokidebulebas fsiqikis cnobier
da aracnobier sferoebs Soris.
froidis azriT, rom, aracnobierze raime pozitiuris
Tqma ar SegviZlia, sulac ar aris am Teoriis nakli. aseTia
bunebismetyvelebis saerTo tendencia. mag. fizikam ar icis
eleqtroobis arsi, magram, amis gamo am mecnierebaSi es cneba
ar ukuigdeba, piriqiT, didi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. fsiqolo-
giamac amis msgavsad unda gamoiyenos aracnobieri fsiqikis
cneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi arsi CvenTvis ucnobia.
froids surs bunebimetyvelebis meTodologiur prin-
cipze idges, magram, fsiqikis mimarT kauzalobis Tval-
sazrisis gatarebis dros am ukanasknelSi iseT moments
gulisxmobs, romelic auqmebs bunebismetyvelur midgomas
fsiqikurisadmi.
esaa sazrisis cneba, miznobriobis momentis Setana, sazri-
sis, miznis aspeqtis CarTva fsiqikuri sinamdvilis farglebSi
fsiqoanalizs ayenebs bunebismetyveluri disciplinis miRma.
aseTnairad, fsiqoanalizi gagebiTi fsiqologiis sferoSi
Sedis. saerTod, fsiqoanalizi ukiduresad fsiqologisturi
koncefciaa. fsiqologisturi Tvalsazrisi naTlad Cans ara
marto adamianis raobis gagebaSi, aramed, saerTod ontolo-
giuri da gnoseologiuri problemebis gadaWraSi.
froidis mixedviT axal niadagzea daafuZnebuli adamianis
fsiqikuri cxovrebis gageba, (aracnobieri fsiqika Semecnebis
obieqtad iqca da masze daamyara cnobieri fsiqikis axsniTi
saqmianoba). igi radikaluri mniSvnelobisaa, ara marto
fsiqologiuri mecnierebis farglebSi, aramed, codnis yvela
sferosaTvis, ramdenadac principuli poziciaa daWerili
fsiqologiuriT gonismecnierulis axsnisa da dasabuTebi-
saTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, froidisaTvis mecnierebaTa Semdegi
dayofaa misaRebi: `mkacrad aRebuli arsebobs mxolod ori
mecniereba _ fsiqologia (wminda gamoyenebiTi) da bunebi-
smetyveleba~. (88,103)
fsiqoanalizmma adamiani fsiqikaze daiyvana, pirovnuli
fenebi (igi, me, ze-me) fsiqikad warmoidgina da mTeli ada-
mianuri moRvaweoba fsiqikis sferoebs Soris arsebuli
urTierTobis produqtad CaTvala. adamianis froidiseulma
gagebam, rogorc ltolvis mqone arsebisa (da swored es
gamocxadda arsebiTad adamianisaTvis) waSala gansxvaveba
adamiansa da cxovels Soris.
fsiqoanalizis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo kacobriobisaT-
vis gaecnobierebina adamianSi ltolviTi mxaris mniSvneloba,
76 77
magram realurad fsiqoanalizis Semqmnelma meti moindoma,
ltolva gonis gverdiT tolfasovani Semecnebis sagani ki
ar gaxda, aramed goni ltolvaze daiyvana. goniTi samyaro
mTeli Tavisi SedegebiT gamoyvanili iqna brma da stiqiuri
sicocxlis Zalidan. goniTi sinamdvile mogvevlina epi-
fenomenad. aracnobieri ltolva moqiSpe gaxda cnobierebisa.
maT Soris antagonizmi damkvidrda. adamiani daeqvemdebara,
daemorCila masSive arsebul iracionalurs.
adamiani, froidiseuli gagebiT, iqca `bunebriv arsebad~,
romelsac ganagebs aracnobieri ltolvebi. amitom iyo, rom
froidis koncefcia adamianis Sesaxeb Selerma natural-
isturi Teoriebis rigSi moaTavsa, sadac, adamianis goniTi
samyaro gagebulia ltolviTi sinamdvilis ganviTarebis
ara ubralo gviandel Sedegad, aramed ise, rom, warmoadgens
sublimirebuli libidos formas.
m.Seleri naturalisturi Teoriebis saerTo Secdomad
miiCnevs gonis, rogorc aseTis, Tavdapirveladobis da da-
moukideblobis ignorirebas. goni ar gamoiyvaneba aragoni-
Tisagan. (am SemTxvevaSi ltolviTi Zalisagan), radgan, maSin
ikargeba specifikuri mxare, riTac adamiani qmnis sakuTar
Tavs, adamianur samyaros, da am yofierebis saSualebiT emi-
jneba bunebasac da cxovelTa samyarosac.
froidi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda bunebaTmecnierul
meTods da Zalian did ndobasac ucxadebda. misi azriT,
adamianis namdvili Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi Tu movaxerxebT bunebis Semecnebas, mivaRwevT
misi kanonebis codnas, CavwvdebiT mis kanonzomierebas. Tu
Cven gvecodineba, ras warmoadgens adamiani, rogorc bunebrivi
arseba, ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba igi, ra motivebi marTavs mas,
rogorc cocxal organizms, maSin _ garantirebuli iqneba
adamianis Tavisufleba.
froids surda, rom biologia da fsiqologia gadaqceu-
liyvnen `zust~ mecnierebebad, romlebic safuZvlad daedebian
sxva socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebs. man, yuradReba
gaamaxvila adamianis biologiur mocemulobaze da gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom adamianis arsi mdgomareobs mis bio-fsiqikur
xasiaTSi, romelic miuxedavad sxvadasxva kulturis gav-
lenisa, sxvadasxva istoriuli situaciisa, Zireulia yvela
adamianisaTvis. amrigad, adamianis goniTi gageba Seicvala
biologiuriT.
froidis sistemis winaaRmdegoba isicaa, rom debulebis
mixedviT, _ adamianze batonobs iracionaluri sawyisi _
froidi aseve wina planze swevs mosazrebas, rom fsiqikuri
cxovreba aris mudmivi brZola cnobieri da aracnobieri
sawyisebisa. amasTanave, aracnobieri warmoadgens racionaluri
me-s moqmedebis Sedegs, vinaidan, xdeba dabali ltolvebis
gandevna cnobierebis sferodan. (aracnobieri, rogorc Sedegi
gandevnili ltolvebisa).
fsiqoTerapiis froidiseul sistemaSi cnobieri `me~
gamodis, rogorc aqtiuri da maorganizebeli sawyisi
pirovnebisa, magram, es Znelad eTanxmeba im axsnas, rom cnob-
ieri motivebi arian iluziebi, da moCvenebiTi realoba aqvT,
rom cnobieri faqtorebi modian iracionaluri da brma
aracnobieri `miwisqveSa wyaroebidan~ froidis ganmarte-
biT, fsiqoanalizis mizania adamians aCvenos misi moqmedebis
WeSmariti motivi.
gaugebaria da arasaTanadod dafuZnebuli fsiqoanalizis
erT-erTi centraluri cneba aracnobierisa. (amis Sesaxeb Cven
ukve vimsjeleT), winaaRmdegobrivia cnobieri da aracnobieri
procesebis SefardebiTi mniSvnelobis froidiseuli Sefaseba.
aseve pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi socialuri da biologiuri
komponentebis rolis gageba. mis moZRvrebaSi metafiziku-
rad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs dakmayofileba-daukmayofileba,
aracnobieri-cnobieri, erosi-tatanosi, seqsualobis rolis
gazviadeba adamianuri samyaros SeqmnaSi da mravali sxva.
adamianuri `me~ yalibdeba aramarto biologiuri moce-
78 79
mulobiT, aramed sxva faqtorebiTac. adamianis TviTrealiza-
ciisaTvis mTavaria gadalaxuli da daZleuli iqnes biolo-
giuri done da adamianisaTvis gaixsnes gza SemoqmedebiTi
goniTi aqtivobisaTvis.
neofroidiseuli mimdinareoba ecada gadaelaxa am Teo-
riis biologiuri calmxrioba, gacnobierda is faqti, rom
biologiur fenomens, fiziologiur process ar SeiZleba
hqondes sazrisi, amitom, mas ar SeuZlia axsnas azriani qceva,
moqmedeba. garda amisa, maT uCvenes rom nevrozis mizezi Sei-
Zleba iyos aramarto bavSvobaSi miRebuli fsiqikuri travma,
oidiposis kompleqsi, aramed sxva araerTi, araseqsualuri
faqti, romelic awmyoSi xdeba da aseve SeuZlia gamoiwvios
fsiqikis travmireba.
froidma yuradReba miaqcia adamianis erTerT ZiriTad
unars da mis arsebiT moTxovnilebas, esaa sxva adamianTan
urTierTobis survili, da mas Tavisi Teoriis Sesatyvisi
axsna mouZebna.
adamianebi urTierToben sagnobriv samyarosTan, meore ada-
mianTan. es damokidebuleba sruliad gansxvavebulia. zogjer,
es aris iZulebiTi gasvla, zogjer, aucilebeli da sasurveli,
gamomdinare Sinagani mdgomareobidan, imdenad mniSvnelovani,
rom persona Tavad amJRavnebs survils da iCens aqtiurobas
am mimarTebis dasamyareblad. mag. bavSvs surs dedasTan urT-
ierToba, Seyvarebuls _ SeyvarebulTan, pacients _ eqimTan,
moswavles _ maswavlebelTan, morwmunes _ RmerTTan. da am
wyvilebis meore wevri yovelTvis moazrebulia, rogorc am
urTierTobisaTvis saWiro yvela Tvisebis matarebeli. Tumca,
SeiZleba realurad isini am Tvisebebs arc flobdnen. amis
gamo, rac metia miswrafeba am urTierTobis realizaciisaken,
miT SeiZleba ufro mZime Sedegis momtani iyos adamianisaTvis,
ufro swrafad moxdes ganxeTqileba, frustracia, romlis
gamomwvevi mizezi iqneba realur da warmosaxul Tvisebebs,
samyaroebs Soris gansxvaveba. (zogjer, imdenad mZafria am
mimarTebis arsebobis survili, rom, SeiZleba isec moxdes,
rom, urTierTobis meore wevri mTlianad warmosaxvis Sedegi
iyos. gaCndes warmosaxuli subieqti.)
e.i. adamiani ZiriTadad ori tipis gasvlas axdens sa-
myaroSi. erTi rogorc obieqtTan, rodesac ar Cans misi subi-
eqturi survili da damokidebuleba, da meore, rogorc Tavis
korelaciur wevrTan, rogorc subieqtTan. amisda mixedviT
SeiZleba ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli msoflmxedveloba
Camoyalibdes. es aris ori sxvadasxva unari movlenebis,
xdomilebebis da kavSirebisa. e.i. isini erT SemTxvevaSi ga-
nixilebian, rogorc, rezultati iseTi Semoqmedebisa, rodesac
moqmedeba xdeba gansazRvruli survilebiT da mizniT, an is
aris gamomJRavneba obieqturi procesisa yovelgvari miznisa
da survilis gareSe, es aris garegani kanonzomierebis aRwera,
sadac, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli individis mdgomareoba, misi
survilebi, bednierebisa da ubedurebis gancda, da saerTod
ignorirebulia pirovnebis arseboba.
imis gageba, Tu rogor mimarTebaSi varT, an unda viyoT
ama Tu im movlenasTan, ar warmoadgens martiv amocanas.
calkeuli individisaTvis metad Zneli gadasawyvetia. gansa-
kuTrebiT, es exeba msoflmxedvelobiT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa
sicocxlis sazrisi, bedisweris problema, tanjvis, sixarulis
grZnoba da a.S.
erTi da igive movlena SeiZleba ganvixiloT sxvadasx-
vagvarad. mag. rogor damokidebulebaSi aris masTan individi,
ra gavlenas axdens igi mis fsiqikur mdgomareobaze adamianis
cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze. orive unari samyaros aRqmisa,
damaxasiaTebelia erTi da igive individisaTvis, erT adamianSi
Tanaarseboben misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze da sakiTxis
Sesabamisobis mixedviT xan erTi wyvets problemas, xan meore.
es unarebi Tanaarseboben adamianis azrovnebis ara mxolod
ontogenezSi, aramed filogenezSic.
realoba, romlis Sesaxebac froidi laparakobs, fsiqoana-
80 81
lizisaTvis namdvilad arsebulia. es aris samyaros gagebis
unari, romelic warmoiSoba urTierTobis specifikur piro-
bebSi. fsiqikuris bunebis axsnisaTvis aucilebelia am gagebis
daSveba, rom fsiqoanalizuri midgoma msoflmxedvelobis
sxvagvar unarze miTiTebaa. es kargad Cans fsiqoanali-
tikossa da pacients Soris mimarTebaSi. es aris axleburi,
mouwyveteli damokidebuleba samyarosadmi, rogorc subieqti-
sadmi es damokidebuleba ZirSive gansxvavdeba mecnieruli
damokidebulebisagan.
gamodis, rom, froidis survilis sawinaaRmdegod, fsiqo-
analizi ar yofila kvlevis mecnieruli meTodi, radganac
CvenTvis dRemde cnobili arc erTi mecniereba ar moiTxovs
Tavisi obieqtisagan aseT gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs, pirobebs,
rogorsac, fsiqoanalizi.
amgvarad, fsiqoanalizi SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc, subi-
eqturobis realizaciis gansakuTrebuli saxe, samyarosTan
damokidebulebis gansakuTrebuli forma.
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da kamaTi fsiqoanalizis mec-
nierul statusze ufro mniSvnelovani problemidan modis.
esaa mimarTeba mecnierebamdel azrovnebasa da mecnierul
azrovnebas Soris. pirveli tipis azrovnebas miekuTvneba
ara marto bavSvis, aramed pirvelyofili adamianis, agreTve
religiuri da mxatvruli azrovneba. yvela maT aerTianebT
azrovnebis obieqtTan Serwyma, iseTi mimarTeba, rodesac, az-
rovnebis obieqti subieqtis nawilad arsebobs.
mkvlevarebs yovelTvis unda axsovdeT, adamianuri moR-
vaweoba, Semecneba SesaZlebelia ara mxolod vnebebisagan
daclili e.w. obieqturi gamokvlevebiT, aramed, ukeTes Sedegs
viRebT, rodesac gvaqvs zemoT aRwerili dainteresebis ms-
gavsi interesi azrovnebis obieqtisadmi. gansakuTrebiT, es
iTqmis im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac, saqme exeba adamianis gagebas.
albaT amis gamo iyo, rom, z.froidi da misi momxreebi
ucnaurad reagirebdnen maT mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvar
kritikul SeniSvnaze. Teoriul mosazrebas da logikur
azrs upirispirebdnen TavianTi moZRvrebis fanatikur
rwmenas. da istoriulad ise moxda, rom, am Tvalsazrisis
mimdevrebi umeteswilad gaaerTiana rwmenis simbolom, dog-
mebis erTgulebam, da ara imdenad mecnierulma interesma da
Tanamoazreobam.
ra gaakeTa froidma iseTi, rom, misi Teoria dRemde inar-
Cunebs aqtualuri moZRvrebis saxes, ar akldeba arc momxree-
bi da arc mowinaaRmdegeebi. froidis azriT, fsiqoanalizmma
SeZlo eCvenebina Semdegi: aracnobieri ltolvebi, romelic
Zireulia pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, ar icvleba adamianis
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, da is mudmiv Seviwroebas ganic-
dis socialuri, zneobrivi normebisagan, amitom, Seurigebel
winaaRmdegobaSia masTan. isteriiT, nevroziT daavadebuli
avadmyofis fsiqikis kvleviT miRebuli Sedegebi, SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes janmrTeli adamianis fsiqikis gamosakvl-
evadac, vinaidan, maT erTnairi kanonzomiereba axasiaTebT. in-
dividis struqturaSi dominantobs aracnobieri. `cnobiereba
ar aris batoni sakuTar saxlSi~. fsiqoanaliziT SeiZleba
analogiis gakeTeba individis istoriasa da kacobriobis
istorias Soris. religia gaTanabrebulia`kacobriobis bavS-
vobis nevrozTan~.
bavSvi Tavis fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi SekumSuli formiT
imeorebs Tavisi saxeobis evolucias, iseve, rogorc, embrionSi
xdeba sxeulis ganviTarebis istoriis gavla. fsiqoanal-
izis sakvlevi sagania warmosaxva, misi Sinaarsia oidiposis
kompleqsi, obieqtia mogonebani, romlebic asaxaven ara realur
movlenebs, aramed adamianis gancdebs. dakargulia interesi
realuri istoriisadmi, magram, froidis azriT, kvlevisaT-
vis ufro didi Sedegis momtania. aseTi midgoma, vinaidan
saintereso da mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogori iyo igi,
aramed is, Tu rogori surda rom yofiliyo. fsiqoanalizuri
kvlevis sivrce sakuTar TavSi moicavs fsiqikur fantaziebs,
82 83
romlebic, realobisgan damoukideblad yalibdebian. amitom,
koncefcia iseTi Tvisebebis matarebeli xdeba, romelic arc
erT Teorias manamde ar hqonia. es aris zedrouloba, wi-
naaRmdegobebisadmi ugrZnobloba, simboluri azrovnebisaken
midrekileba da a.S.
froidis azriT, man SeZlo axleburad ganesazRvra
fsiqologiis obieqti: `me aRmovaCine gansulierebuli sa-
myaros pirvelyofil koncefciaSi fsiqikuri realobis Se-
fasebis principi~. (91,28)
froidi aramarto miawerda mis Tanamedroveebs az-
rovnebis `arqaul~ formebs, aramed Tavadac xSirad amgvarad
azrovnebda. amitomac Warbobs mis nawarmoebebSi analogia,
metafora, mxatvruli Tu miTologiuri saxeebi. imdenad rom,
mkacri determinizmic, romelsac froidi iyenebda fsiqikuri
movlenebis asaxsnelad, ki ar mijnavs, aramed kidev ufro
aaxloebs mas amgvar azrovnebasTan.
froidis mier analogia gamoyenebulia ara rogorc mag:
saganTa Sedarebis meTodi, aramed, analogiis meSveobiT xdeba
garemoze sakuTari warmodgenis proeqcia. da Tu Semecneba
garkveulad saganTa asaxvaa, Semmecnebeli goniT xdeba maTi
introeqcia, ideebis proeqcia sagnebze, xolo faqtebi siste-
matizdeba da ganzogadeba subieqtis `survilis logikis~
Sesabamisad.
magram miuxedavad amgvari kritikuli Sefasebisa, SeiZleba
isic iTqvas, rom fsiqoanalizi win wadgmuli nabijia, fsiqi-
kuris realobis Sesamecneblad, aRiarebs ra mis rTul da
winaaRmdegobiT savse bunebas, es Teoria warmoadgens cdas
fsiqikurze erTi eniT laparakisa, erTi meTodiT Seswavlisa,
miuxedavad imisa, rom, ZiriTadad saxeebis, fantaziis, meta-
fizikis enaa da ara mkacri dasabuTeba, froidis gamoTqmiT:
`svla azrovnebis arqauli formebisaken~.
z. froidis fsiqoanalizi mniSvnelovania filosofiuri
anTropologiisaTvis, radgan, miuxedavad maTi principuli
sxvaobisa, goniTi anTropologiisaTvis metad Rirebulia is
codna, romelic mopovebul iqna am doqtriniT. aucilebelia
gansazRvra im rolisa, romelic aqvs aracnobier fsiqikurs,
sasicocxlo ltolvebs adamianis goniTi aqtivobis parame-
trebis dadgenaSi, mis struqturaSi da saerTod adamianis
rogorc aqtiuri, moqmedi goniTi arsebis dafuZnebisaTvis.
II. m. Seleris goniTi
anTropologia
maqs Seleri daibada miunxenSi 1874 wels. igi swav-
lobda miunxenisa da berlinis universitetebSi, sadac
daeufla filosofiasa da medicinas. filosofiaSi ismenda
oikenisa da ot. libmanis leqciebs. iyo ienisa da miunxenis
universitetebis privat-docenti. 1897 wels daicva sado-
qtoro disertacia, romelic exeboda logikisa da eTikis
principebis urTierTkavSirs. 1910 wels SeuerTda miunxenis
fenomenologTa wres. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi kelnis
universitetis profesoria.
huserlis mier gamomuSavebul fenomenologiur moZ-
Rvrebas Seleri iyenebda adamianis filosofiuri proble-
mis sxvadasxva aspeqtiT Sesaswavlad. `garkveuli azriT,
_ werda is, _ filosofiis yvela centraluri problema
SeiZleba daviyvanoT kiTxvaze : ra aris adamiani da rogori
metafizikuri adgili da mdgomareoba aqvs mas yofierebis,
samyarosa da RmerTis zogad erTobliobaSi~(93,273). ada-
mianis filosofiuri problema yvelaze arsebiTia Seleri-
saTvis moRvaweobis dasawyisidanve. mis SemoqmedebaSi aseve
didi adgili eTmoba eTikis, aqsiologiis, religiis, Semecnebis
sociologiis sakiTxebis kvlevas.
cxovrebis bolo wlebSi man kaTolicizmze uari Tqva
da panTeistur rwmenas eziara. swored, am periodSi, igi
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ikvlevs filosofiuri anTro-
84 85
pologiis problemebs. 1927 wels h.kaizerlingis mier or-
ganizebul darmStadtis `sibrZnis skolaSi~ man waikiTxa
moxseneba `adamianis gansakuTrebuli adgili~, romelsac didi
interesi da gamoxmaureba mohyva. moxsenebis sakiTxebis ufro
dawvrilebiT ganxilvas Seleri apirebda SromaSi, romlis
saTauri unda yofiliyo `adamianis arseba. filosofiuri
anTropologiis axali cda~, magram moulodnelma gardacva-
lebam es survili survilad datova. Tumca, imave 1928
wels, misma mowafeebma gamosces Seleris naSromi, saTauriT
`adamianis adgili kosmosSi~, romelic, filosofiuri anTro-
pologiis _ filosofiis axali disciplinis safuZvlis
momzadebis cdaa.
Seleris Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove epoqas ar aqvs adamianis
erTiani idea, adamianis sayovelTao gageba ar arsebobs. ga-
naTlebuli evropeli, sityva `adamianis~ gagonebisas, TiTqmis
yovelTvis, sami sruliad SeuTavsebeli ideis wreSi imyofeba.
pirvelia, iudeur-qristianul tradiciebze Seqmnili
ideaTa wre, warmodgenebi dabadebaze, adamsa da evaze, samoTx-
eze, codviT dacemaze. ideaTa es sistema kvebavs religiur
anTropologias.
meorea, warmodgenaTa berZnul-romauli wre, romlis
Tanaxmadac, adamianma miaRwia sruliad gansakuTrebul mdgo-
mareobas is `gonebis~, logosis, fronezisis, men-s ratio-s
da a.S. mqonea da swored, amis wyalobiT aRemateba cxovelTa
samyaros. mxolod, adamiani eziareba samyaros safuZvelSi
mdebare gonebas sicocxlis obieqtur tendencias. es ideebi
asazrdoebs filosofiur anTropologias.
mesamea, Tanamedrove bunebaTmcodneobisa da genuri
fsiqologiis warmodgenaTa wre, romlis mixedviT, adamiani
dedamiwis ganviTarebis gviandeli periodis Sedegia da
cxovelTa samyarosagan gansxvavdeba energiiTa da unarTa
erTobliobis mxolod xarisxiT. es energia-unarebi adamianis
gaCenamdec arsebobda, ase, rom, adamiansa da cxovels Soris
gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da ara arsebiTi, Tvisobrivi. amaSia
safuZveli bunebismetyveluri anTropologiisa.
amgvarad, Seleris Tanaxmad, Cven winaSea sami saxis anTro-
pologia, rac imas niSnavs, rom, adamianis erTi, sayovelTaod
miRebuli idea ar arsebobs. ufro metic: am sam ideasac ar
endobian. gansakuTrebiT, Seryeulia adamianis warmoSobis
darviniseuli Teoria. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, adamiani jer
arasodes yofila ase problematuri sakuTari TavisaTvis,
rogorc dResaa. man ar icis, ra aris misi arseba.
Seleris filosofiuri anTropologiis warmoSobis
mizezi swored es problemaa. unda ganisazRvros adamia-
nis struqtura, arseba, raoba, adgili universumSi da a.S.,
gairkves is niSnebi, romliTac adamiani gansxvavdeba sxva
arsebulisagan.
maSasadame, Seleri adamianis arsis gasagebad ar cnobs
arc biologiur evolucias da arc socialur-kulturuls.
misTvis, adamianis arsis da specifikur adamianuri bunebis
axsnis gasaRebi biologiamdel, teleologiur-metafizikur
principSia. metafizikaSi, upirveles yovlisa, igi gulisx-
mobs ontologiur ganpirovnebulobas. aseTi ontologiuri
sawyisia goni, romelic gansxvavdeba biologiuri, vitalur-
fsiqologiuri mocemulobisagan, magram, yovelTvis masTan
erTianobaSia. e.i. Seleri gons axasiaTebs, rogorc, princips,
obieqturobis unaris mqones. goni, aseve ganisazRvreba Tavisi
Tavis gamomxatveli principiT, romelic, aformebs droul-
sivrcul mocemulobebs, magram, Tavad ar ganisazRvreba
cvalebadobiT, fiziologiuri da vitalur-fsiqologiuri
realobiT.
adamianis sxeuli, Tavis konkretul mocemulobaSi, ex-
mareba gons gamovlenaSi, iseve rogorc bgerebis mowesrigeba
86 87
xdeba garkveuli wesiT da sazrisiT. sxeuli aris `gonis
metafizikuri sityva.~
Seleri Tavisi Tvalsazrisis gadmosacemad iyenebda
adamianis struqturis safexureobrivi agebulebis sqemas.
SelerisaTvis goni sicocxlis miRma arsebul sferoSia.
misTvis, adamianis arsi aris goni. adamianis gansakuTrebuli
adgili inteleqtsa da arCevanis unarSi ki araa, mis miRmaa.
Secdomaa, roca, specifikur - adamianurs miiCneven
grZnobad miswrafebad (ltolvad), instinqtis, socialuri
mexsierebis, inteleqtis Tu arCevanis fsiqikur safexurad.
e.i. vitaluri sferos kuTvnil funqciad da unarad. rac,
fsiqologiisa da biologiis Seswavlis obieqtia. es prin-
cipi, rogorc ukve iTqva, `sicocxlis~ miRmaa. rac, adamians
adamianad xdis, sicocxlis axali safexuri rodia, aramed,
swored sicocxlis sapirispiro principi, axali arsia, da
sicocxlis evolucias ki ar emyareba, Tavadaa safuZveli
adamianis adamianurobisa, romlis erTi didi gamovlena Tavad
`sicocxlea~.
adamiani, cocxali arsebaa. sicocxle araorganuli
samyarosagan arsobrivad gansxvavdeba. ase magaliTad, is
moZraobs da Tanac, moZraobis wyaro sakuTar TavSi aqvs
TviTmoZraobis saxiT. aseve SegviZlia vilaparakoT TviT-
diferenciaze, TviTSemosazRvraze da a.S.
Seleris azriT, sicocxle da fsiqikuri, sulieri
erTmaneTs emTxveva. ar unda vifiqroT, rom, fsiqikuri mx-
olod cxovelis doneze Cndeba, an mxolod adamianis safex-
urze. fsiqikuri cocxalisagan mouSorebelia, amitom, unda
vilaparakoT biofsiqikur samyaroze, mis agebulebaze. yoveli
cocxali arseba garegani dakvirvebis sagania, garda amisa,
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yovel cocxal arsebas aqvs Sinagani
yofiereba, sakuTari Tavis grZnoba.
Seleri Tavisi Sromis miznad miiCnevs fsiqikuri
cxovrebis yvela safexuris daxasiaTebas. mecniereba, droTa
manZilze, TandaTanobiT Cawvda fsiqikuri Zalebisa da un-
arebis Tvisebebs. filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis sa-
sargebloa es codna.
fsiqikuris, pirveli, udablesi safexuri, grZnobadi
ltolvaa _ organizmis aracnobieri, SegrZnebasa da warmod-
genas moklebuli swrafva sakuTari Tavis gareT, swrafva
raRac gaurkvevlisaken. ganviTarebuli organizmi iswrafvis
savsebiT garkveuli miznisaken. aseTi miznebia, magaliTad,
organizmisaTvis aucilebeli sakvebi, an sqesobrivi dakmayo-
fileba... grZnobad ltolvas ar aqvs aseTi mizani, moqmedebis
amgvari obieqti. grZnobadi ltolvis mqone organizmi
miiswrafis gaurkvevlisaken. vTqvaT, mcenareTa miswrafeba
sinaTlisaken. am ltolvas aqvs mxolod ori mdgomareoba
_ siamovneba usiamovneba da ar moepoveba obieqtebi.
araorganuli sxeulisagan sicocxlis mqone organizmebi
imiT gansxvavdebian, rom, aqvT moqmedebis unari _ grZnobadi
ltolvis saxiT, aseve dajildoebulni arian Sidacxovrebis
SesaZleblobiT, sulierebiT. Seleris Tanaxmad, zogierT
mecniers fsiqikuris umartives formad SegrZnebisa da
cnobierebis arseboba miaCnia. swored, amitom, maTvis am un-
arebis mqone, ukve mcenareebia. Seleris azriT, mcenareebs arc
SegrZneba aqvT da arc cnobiereba, magram, mcenare cocxalia,
sulieria, radgan, grZnobadi ltolvis mqonea.
igi aRniSnavs, rom, mcenares arc mexsiereba aqvs, arc
daswavlis unari, arc pirobiTi refleqsebi. mas axasiaTebs
mxolod ltolva zrdisaken da gamravlebisaken. mcenare
yvelaze naTlad amtkicebs, rom sicocxle Tavisi arsiT ar
aris Zalauflebis neba, rogorc es nicSes hgonia. `is _ wers
Seleri mcenaris Sesaxeb _ pasiurad nayofierdeba qariT,
frinvelebiT, mwerebiT~(93,137). sakvebs Rebulobs araor-
ganuli nivTierebebisagan, amitom, gadaadgileba ar esaWiroeba.
yovelgvar nebaze saubari am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia.
mcenare mTlianad Tavis gareTaa mimarTuli, sxva si-
88 89
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, mcenaris grZnobadi ltolva eqstatu-
ria. mcenares ar aqvs refleqsia, ar SeuZlia centrisaTvis
ukuSetyobineba Tavisi organoebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
mcenares ar aqvs `codna~ sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. (e.i. roca
arsebobs TviTrefleqsia).
grZnobadi ltolva, miaCnia Selers, sicocxlis yvela
formis kuTvnilebaa. adamiani cocxalia, amitom, grZnoba da
ltolva adamiansac axasiaTebs. saerTod, adamiani, fiqrobs
Seleri _ sakuTar TavSi aerTianebs sicocxlis yvela
arsebiT safexurs. mTeli buneba Tavis ZalTa erTianobiT
warmodgenilia adamianSi. yoveli SegrZnebis, yoveli aRqmis,
yoveli warmodgenis ukan imaleba bneli, grZnobadi ltolva.
Selerma yuradReba miaqcia metad mniSvnelovan viTa-
rebas : obieqtur realobas. adamianis cnobierebis gareSe
arsebul sinamdviles mxolod iq da im ZaliT vflobT, ra
ZaliTac CvenSi grZnobadi ltolvis safuZvelze arsebobs
winaaRmdegobis gancda. grZnobadi ltolva adamianSi winaaR-
mdegobis gancdis subieqtia, Tu es ltolva ar arsebobs, ar
gveqneba imis gancda, rom, sinamdvile Cvens gareSe arsebobs.
~warmodgenebi da gaSualebuli azrovneba, -wers Seleri
verasodes ver SeZleben gviCvenon raRac sxva, rac ar iqneba
am sinamdvilis amgvarad an sxvagvarad yofna~ (93,I39). war-
modgenebi da gaSualebuli azrovneba gvixasiaTebs saganTa
mxolod niSnebs, Tvisebebs, magram, saganTa obieqturobaze an
subieqturobaze am SemTxvevaSi araferia naTqvami.
fsiqikis, sulis meore arsebiT formad Seleri instinqts
aRiarebs. am metad sakamaTo da bneliT moculi movlenis
gasagebad igi ixilavs cocxali arsebis mxolod qcevas, ro-
melic dakvirvebisa da aRweris sagania. yoveli instinqti
ori mxridan aixsneba: fsiqologiurad qceva erTi mxriv,
garkveuli fsiqikuri mdgomareobis gamosaxulebaa, meore
mxriv ki is fizikuri procesia romlis aRwerac SesaZle-
belia. maSasadame, instiqti SeiZleba aixsnas erTdroulad
fsiqologiurad da fiziologiurad. am ori axsnidan, arc
erTi araa upiratesobis mqone.
Seleris Tanaxmad, instinqtur qcevas Tavisi niSani aqvs.
jer erTi, is unda iyos azriani, mizandasaxuli, mflobelisaT-
vis sasargeblo. meore, unda hqondes raRac garkveuli ritmi,
droiTi struqtura, romlis nawilebi erTmaneTs apirobeben.
aseTi ritmi ar aqvT cdis meSveobiT SeZenil moZraobebs.
azriani mimarTeba, ritmi ar amoiwureba mxolod droiTa da
sivrciT, im situaciiT, romelSic imyofeba cocxali arseba.
Selers moaqvs aseTi magaliTi: cxoveli sruliad azrianad
emzadeba zamTrisaTvis an kvercxis dasadebad, Tumca, moce-
mul individs ar hqonia adre msgavsi situacia, sruliad
gamoricxulia masze Setyobinebis, tradiciis, mimsgavsebis
gavlena. is TiTqos winaswar xedavs momaval mdgomareobas.
instinqti amgvarad mimarTulia iseT situaciebze, romlebic
Zalian daSorebulia drosa da sivrceSi.
instinqturi qcevis mesame niSania, is, rom, pasuxobs mx-
olod ganmeorebad situaciebs, romlebsac mniSvneloba aqvs
saxis sicocxlisaTvis. instinqturi qceva ar aris garegan
cdis viTarebaTa daswavla, Cveulebis TandaTanobiTi gamo-
muSaveba.
instinqtis meoTxe niSani, Tandayolilia da ara memkvi-
dreobiTi. Tandayoliloba, SelerisTvis sruliad ar niSnavs,
rom instinqti dabadebisTanave gamovlindeba. es qceva ufro
xSirad maSin iCens Tavs, roca, individi ganviTardeba da
momwifdeba. cda da varjiSi mxolod srulyofen instinqts.
mexuTe niSani instinqtisa aris, qceva, romelic, sruliad
damoukidebelia cdis raodenobisagan, is araa garegan cdaze
damokidebuli, aramed `mzadmyofia~.
instinqti, grZnobadi ltolvis konkretuli saxea,
radgan mimarTulia garemos xSirad ganmeorebadi, magram, mainc
specifikuri Semadgeneli nawilebisaken.
instinqturi qcevidan ori tipis qceva gamomdinareobs
90 91
_ Cveulebaze damyarebuli da inteleqtze. Cveulebaze
damyarebul qcevas Seleri asociaciur mexsierebas, mnemes
uwodebs da fsiqikuris mesame safexuria. cxoveli imeorebs
moqmedebas, romelmac, adre raRac moTxovnileba daukmayo-
fila. cxoveli afiqsirebs aseT moTxovnilebebs. zogierTi
moTxovnilebisadmi cxovelis moqmedeba warumatebelia. es
aris `warmatebisa da Secdomis~ principi. am SemTxvevaSi,
cxoveli iZens Cveulebebs da mexsierebis safuZvelia `pi-
robiTi refleqsi~.
sicocxlis meoTxe formaa praqtikuli inteleqti, ro-
melic gulisxmobs arCevanis unars, upiratesobis miniWebis
unars. cxoveli irCevs misTvis ukeTess. cocxali arseba
praqtikuli inteleqtiT maSinaa dajildoebuli, rodesac,
is axal, eqstremalur situaciebSi, cdis gareSe, uceb ax-
orcielebs mizanSewonil, gonier moqmedebas. inteleqti
praqtikulia, radgan, inteleqtis saboloo mizani yovelTvis
moqmedebaa, adamianTan inteleqti emsaxureba goniT miznebs.
es praqtikuli inteleqtis garegani, dakvirvebadi, xiluli
mxaris aRweraa. es unari aris Sinaganad ucbad warmoSobili
xedva samyaros saqmis viTarebisa da Rirebulebis viTarebisa
garemoSi, agreTve im mimarTebisa, romlis erTi wevri moce-
mulia cdaSi, meore ki warmodgenaSi, winaswarxedvis saxiT.
kioleris mier kunZul tenerifeze warmoebul cdebSi, es
uecari xedva aRniSnulia, rogorc `aha~ _ gancda. Seleris
azriT, cxovelebs aqvT gansjis, Tavisufali arCevanis unari
da ar warmoadgens instinqtebis avtomats. `Wkvian Simpanzesa
da edisons Soris _ wers Seleri _ Tu ki, am ukanasknels
ganvixilavT, rogorc, mxolod teqnikoss, arsebobs marTalia
Zalian didi, magram, mxolod xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba.~(97,58)
aqamde Cven CamovTvaleT sicocxlis oTxi arsebiTi
safexuri: grZnobadi ltolva, instinqti, mneme da praq-
tikuli inteleqti. Semdeg Seleri svams problemisaTvis
umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs: Tu ki cxovels aqvs praqtikuli
inteleqti, xom ar gansxvavdeba is adamianisagan mxolod
xarisxobrivad? arsebobs ki maT Soris arsobrivi gansxvaveba?
Seleris Tanaxmad, pasuxi am umniSvnelovanes kiTxvaze
warmoSobs or uerTierT dapirispirebul Tvalsazriss:
erTni fiqroben, rom cxovelsa da adamians Soris gansxvaveba
arsebiTia, da ara raodenobrivi. araviTari inteleqti da
arCevanis unari cxovels ar aqvs. Seleri ar iziarebs am
Sexedulebas, radganac, maRal ganviTarebuli cxoveli misTvis
praqtikuli inteleqtis da arCevanis unaris mqonea.
meoreni _ gansakuTrebiT, lamarkisa da darvinis mim-
devrebi _ uaryofen cxovelsa da adamians Soris arsebiT
gansxvavebas, vinaidan, adastureben cxovelSi praqtikuli in-
teleqtis arsebobas. praqtikuli inteleqtis Simpanzeseuli
unari, swored, raodenobrivad gansxvavdeba adamianis, rogorc
teqnikosis `homo faberis~ unarisagan. inteleqtis flobaa,
fiqrobs Seleri, teqnikis, moxerxebulobis, moqnilobis un-
ars niSnavs. adamiani, meore Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, sruliad
asabuTebs Teziss, rom TviTon aris nawili erTianobisa,
umdablesi formebidan raodenobrivad amozrdili. maSasa-
dame, es erTianoba uwyvetia. samyaros safuZvelTan adamians
cxovelisagan gansxvavebuli araviTari mimarTeba ar aqvs.
Seleri principulad uaryofs orive gzas. inteleqti da
arCevanis unari ar ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan. Cven
ver gavigebT adamianis gansakuTrebul adgils samyaroSi, ver
warmovidgenT mis specifikas, Tu davuSvebT, rom, inteleqti
da arCevanis unari raodenobrivad usasrulodac ki izrdeba.
garda amisa, is, rac, adamians adamianad xdis, sulac ar aris
sicocxlis axali forma, raRac axali safexuri, mexuTe forma,
meoTxe formis Semdeg da zeviT arsebuli. `axali principi,
_ wers Seleri, _ romelic, adamians adamianad xdis, mde-
bareobs yvelafer imis gareT, rasac, Cven SeiZleba vuwodoT
sicocxle, am sityvis farTo azriT~(94,15). e.i. es axali
principi sicocxlidan ar gamoiyvaneba, radganac, sicocxlis,
92 93
fsiqikuris gareTaa, sicocxlisadmi dapirispirebulia, da
amdenad fsiqologiis kompetencia ar aris. is daiyvaneba
ara sicocxlis fenomenze, aramed, samyaros im safuZvelze,
romlis gamoxatuleba Tavad sicocxlea.
amgvarad, Seleris metafizikuri Sexeduleba SeiZleba
ase CamovayaliboT: RmerTi aris samyaros pirvelsafuZveli,
substancia, romelsac, aqvs CvenTvis cnobili ori atributi:
ltolviT gaJRenTili sicocxle da goni.
goni ar aris mxolod is principi, romelsac, Seleris
Tanaxmad, Zveli berZnebi `gonebas~ uwodeben. goni, misTvis,
gonebasac e.i. ideebiT azrovnebasac Seicavs, magram, sxva viTa-
rebis arsebobasac gulisxmobs. goni aris pirvelfenomenebis
an arsebiTi formebis Wvreta, anu gulisxmobs garkveuli
saxis Wvretis unars. amas emateba emociuri da nebiTi aqtebis
garkveuli klasi, magaliTad, sikeTe, siyvaruli, pativiscema,
monanieba, da a.S. rogorc vxedavT, gonis cneba, SelerTan ar
daiyvaneba gonebis tradiciul cnebaze. is gacilebiT mdidaria,
ara mxolod azrovnebas, aramed, nebas da grZnobasac moicavs.
maSasadame, goni `Tavisa~ da `gulis~ erTianobaa.(94,52-53)
goni gamovlindeba yofierebis sasrul, e.i. dasawyisisa
da dasasrulis mqone nivTTa sferoSi. goniTi aqtebis cen-
tri pirovnebaa. Tu gvsurs gonis arsebas vwvdeT, Seleris
Tanaxmad, warmovidginoT, rom, gonis cnebaSi mTavaria misi
SemecnebiTi funqcia, codnis is saxeoba, romelic, SeiZleba
mogvces gonma. aseT SemTxvevaSi saZiebeli cneba naTeli
gaxdeba : goniT dajildoebuli arsebis ZiriTadi niSania
yofierebiTi daukavSirebloba, damoukidebloba iZulebisagan,
zewolisagan, organulisagan, sicocxlisagan, yvelafrisagan,
rac sicocxles ekuTvnis, maSasadame, es niSania sakuTari
inteleqtis miswrafebis. e.i. misi Tavisuflebaa.(iqve).
Seleris azriT, cxoveli mudam garemoSia da aRiqvams
mxolod imas, rac misi sicocxlisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani. rac
vitalobas ar gulisxmobs, arc arsebobs cxovelisaTvis, arc
ekuTvnis cxovelis garemos.
adamiani , rogorc goniTi arseba, aRiqvams yvelafers
_ sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelsac da sicocxlisaTvis um-
niSvnelosac. igi ar aris gansazRvruli arc garemoTi da,
rac mTavaria, arc sakuTari sasicocxlo moTxovnilebiT.
is garemosagan Tavisufalia, Riaa samyarosadmi. cxoveli,
Seleris mixedviT, cxovrobs ara samyaroSi, aramed garemoSi.
yovel cxovels Tavisi garemo Seesabameba : Tevzis garemo
absoluturad gansxvavdeba frinvelis garemosagan. cxoveli
mTlianad garemoSia CaZiruli. adamians ki aqvs imis unari,
rom garemos Seusabamoba da winaaRmdegoba aqcios Semecnebis
sagnad, wvdes sagnisa da movlenis amgvarad yofnas, saganTa
arsebas. sadac aris sicocxlis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli
goni, iq aris ganTavisufleba sicocxlis yovelgvari ze-
moqmedebisagan, swored amitom, adamians, rogorc goniT ar-
sebas, rogorc vitalobaze maRla mdgoms, ZaluZs, garemos
winaaRmdegoba gardaqmnas Semecnebis sagnad, wvdes sagnis
amgvarad yofnas, mis arsebas. goni, Seleris azriT, aris: `sa-
gnobrioba, Tavad nivTebis amgvarad yofniT gansazRvrulobis
unari~(93,154).
Seleris Tvlsazrisi mokled SeiZleba ase gadmoices.
cxoveli arasodes ar kiTxulobs ra aris es sagani? misTvis
nivTi vargisia an uvargisi. is wminda biologiuri arsebaa.
adamiani, rogorc wesi, svams kiTxvas: ra aris es sagani? mas
ainteresebs sagnis raoba. amitom, adamiani Semmecnebeli ar-
sebaa, Teoretikosia. Tumca, adamiani biologiuri arsebacaa
da ara marto imecnebs sagans, aramed, kidec moixmars mas.
cxovels ar SeuZlia garemosagan distancireba, garemos
gareT dadgoma. `sagnobrivi yofiereba _ wers Seleri _
aris `gonis~ logikuri mxaris yvelaze formaluri kat-
egoria~(94,55). cxovels aqvs cnobiereba, magram, ar aqvs
TviTcnobiereba, sakuTari Tavis sagnad gadaqcevis unari. es
viTareba, aRniSnavs Seleri, jer kidev laibnicma SeamCnia.
94 95
cxoveli ar flobs sakuTar Tavs, ar aris sakuTari Tavis
patroni, amitom, ver acnobierebs Tavis Tavs.
adamianis gons SeuZlia Semecnebis sagnad, obieqtad aq-
cios sakuTari fiziologiuri da fsiqikuri mdgomareoba,
calkeuli fsiqikuri aqtic ki. radgan, gons aqvs amis unari,
igi sruliad eufleba Tavis mdgomareobas. igi TiTqos gare-
dan umzers sakuTar Tavs, amitom, mas sruliad Tavisuflad
SeuZlia uaryos sakuTari sicocxle an uTxras `ho~. saku-
Tari Tavisaken mibruneba mxolod adamians SeuZlia. mxolod
adamianis gonia is safexuri, sadac, pirvelarsebuli yofi-
ereba TandaTan viTardeba, Tavis Tavs mTlianad Seicnobs
da daeufleba.
adamianis yofierebis amgvari struqturis safuZvelze
SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi adamianuri Tavisebureba. mxolod,
adamians aqvs sruliad gamoxatuli kategoriebi nivTisa da
substanciisa.
maimuni, romelsac aZleven naxevrad gafcqvnil banans,
garbis, maSin roca, mTlianad gafcqvnil banans Seeqceva.
cxovelma ar icis ra aris nivTi, ra aris substancia. raime
nivTi misTvis cvlilebas ki ar ganicdis, erTi nivTi sxvagvar
saxes ki ar iRebs, aramed, sxva nivTad iqceva.
adamians, rogorc pirovnebas aqvs nivTisa da substan-
ciis kategoriebi, mas SeuZlia yvelaferi aqcios sakuTari
Semecnebis sagnad. adamiani, rom ar iyos pirovneba, e.i. ar
hqondes goni Semecneba, ar iarsebebda. samyaros gasagnebis
es centri, Seleris mixedviT, ar SeiZleba Tavad am samyaros
nawili iyos.
pirovnebis goniTi yofiereba erTaderTia, rac ar Sei-
Zleba iqces sagnad_is wminda aqtualobaa, misi yofiereba
aqtebis Tavisufali ganxorcielebaa. pirovneba ar aris
sagnobrivi an nivTieri yofiereba, is TviTganxorcielebad
aqtTa wesrigia. suliers vakvirdebiT goniTi centridan, igi
SegviZlia gavasagnod. es SeuZlebelia Tavad gonis mimarT
movimoqmedoT. Cven aseve ar SegviZlia sxva pirovnebaTa
gasagnebac.
adamians aqvs unari nivTis empiriul SemTxveviTi ar-
seboba moiSoros da wvdes nivTis amgvarad yofnas, mis
arsebas. Seleris azriT, es gayofa arsebobisa da arsebis
adamianis gonis ZiriTadi niSania. goniT arsebas SeuZlia
nivTTa sinamdvilisagan ganTavisufldes da mxolod, nivTTa
arsebis SemecnebiT dakmayofildes. cxoveli mTlianad eZleva
konkretuls, sinamdviles, adamiani ki gonis wyalobiT iyenebs
teqnikas, romelic, arsebiTad realobis uaryofaa. sinamdvile
yovelTvis gulisxmobs adgils sivrceSi da mdgomareobas
droSi, SemTxveviT amgvarad yofnas. adamianad yofna, Sel-
eris Tanaxmad, sinamdvilisadmi mtkice `ara~-s tyorcnaa. es
icoda budam, roca aRniSnavda, rom yoveli nivTis Wvreta
kargia, magram, nivTad yofna saSiSia. es icoda platonma, roca,
ideebis Wvretas ukavSirebda nivTebis grZnobad Sinaarsidan
sulis Sebrunebas. es aqti aqvs mxedvelobaSi huserlsac,
roca, Semecnebas ukavSirebs `fenomenologiur reduqcias~, e.
i. samyaroSi nivTebis (SemTxveviTi) arsebobis koeficientis
`waSlas~, `frCxilebSi Casmas~, raTa miaRwios maT arsebas, es-
encias. nivTTa arseboba, sinamdvile, realoba gveZleva winaaRm-
degobis gancdaSi, es gancda ki eufleba sicocxlis wadiliT
gamowveul ltolvas. am ltolvaSi mocemuli sinamdvilis
gancda pirveladia, win uswrebs yovelgvar cnobierebas, yvela
warmodgenas da aRqmas. is mtkice `ara~, romelsac adamiani
sinamdviles eubneba, samyaros realobis uaryofaa. samyaros
`ideireba~ TviTon realobis momentis moxsnis cdaa da
ara TavSekaveba msjelobebidan arsebobis Sesaxeb, rogorc
huserls miaCnda. Tu arseboba `winaaRmdegobaa~, _ aRniS-
navs Seleri _ maSin arsebiTad derealizaciis es asketuri
aqti sxva araferia, Tu ara sasicocxlo ltolvis moxsna,
gauqmeba. gauqmebis es aqti SeuZlia mxolod im yofierebas,
romelsac goni ewodeba.
96 97
amgvarad, adamiani aris cocxali arseba, _ aRniSnavs
Seleri, _ romelsac, SeuZlia asketurad moeqces Tavis
sicocxles da amas aRwevs sakuTar wadilTa impulsebis
daTrgunvisa da gandevnis meSveobiT. cxoveli sinamdviles
mudam egueba, yofierebas `hos~ eubneba, maSinac ki, roca, eSinia
misi da gaurbis mas. adamiani, Seleris TqmiT, isaa, visac
SeuZlia Tqvas `ara~, igi `sicocxlis asketia~, `maradiuli
protestantia~ wminda sinamdvilis mimarT. cxovelis arse-
boba yovelTvis gansxeulebuli `filisterobaa~, adamiani ki
maradiuli `fausti~ aris bestia cupidiss ma rerum novorum,
mudam ukmayofilo Tavisi garemoTi, am garemos sazRvrebis
garRvevis mdomi.(94,65)
axla, unda gairkves sakiTxi, romelsac, Seleri did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebs. sakiTxavia askeza, gandevna, sublimacia gonis
waroSobis wyaroa Tu am movlenis wyalobiT goni mxolod
energias iRebs. Seleris Tanaxmad, adamianis es uaryofiTi
moqmedeba, `ara~-s Tqma sinamdvilisadmi ki ar apirobebs
gonis arsebobas, aramed, mxolod energiiT amaragebs gons,
aniWebs mas manifestaciis unars.
Seleri fiqrobs, rom, goni arsebulis atributia, ada-
mianSi pirovnebis formiT gamovlenili, magram, `wmida gons~
Tavidan rodi aqvs `batonoba~, `Zala~, `moqmedeba~. moqmedebi-
saTvis mas unda SeuerTdes askeza, wadilis gandevna, sublima-
cia, romelzec iyo laparaki. Seleri ixilavs gonis gagebis
or SesaZleblobas, romelTac ekuTvniT fundamenturi roli
adamianis ideaTa istoriaSi. erTia adamianis `klasikuri~
Teoria, gonis umaRlesi ZalauflebiT, moqmedebiT. es Tval-
sazrisi ganviTarebuli iyo berZnebis mier da nawilia im
msoflmxedvelobisa, romlis mixedviT, maRali formebi ufro
Zlierni arian, vidre dabali. samyaros umaRlesi wertilia
goniseuli da yovladZlieri substancia _ RmerTi.
meore Tvalsazriss Seleri adamianis `uaryofiT Teo-
rias~ uwodebs. am Teoriis mixedviT, goni _ adamianis kul-
turis Semqmneli moqmedeba, e.i. yoveli moraluri, logikuri,
esTetikuri mimarTeba da mxatvruli saxeebis Semqmneli
aqtebi warmoiSoba mxolod `aras~ _ askezis, gandevnis, sub-
limaciis wyalobiT. am Tvalsazriss emxroboda froidi.
Seleri orive Teorias uaryofs. igi aRniSnavs: goni
Tavdapirvelad uZluria da saWiroebs energias, magram, goni
`aras~ wyalobiT rodi warmoiSoba. Seleris azriT, froidis
sapirispirod, gons Tavidanve aqvs Tavisi arseba da kanon-
zomiereba, is sicocxlidan ar warmoSobila, rogorc amas
froidi fiqrobs, Tumca, mas energia, Zala ar aqvs. sublimacia
ltolvis, sicocxlis energiis miniWebaa gonisaTvis. goni
sicocxlis energiiT ikvebeba da ara warmoiSoba.
swored, goni iwyebs Cveni ltolvebis gandevnas. neba,
romelic xelmZRvanelobs ideebiTa da RirebulebebiT, uars
eubneba warmodgenebs, romlebic Cndeba impulsebis safuZ-
velze. meore mxriv, goniTi neba ideebisa da Rirebulebebis
Sesabamisi warmodgenebiT, Tavs uyris ltolvebs, raTa SeZlos
miswrafebaTa kordinacia da gonis nebelobiTi proeqti gan-
axorcielos. maSasadame, ltolvis gareSe araferi ar xdeba.
am process Seleri `marTvas~ uwodebs. e.i. `marTva~
aris ltolvaTa impulsebis `Sekaveba~ da `aSveba~. `xelmZ-
Rvanelobas~ ki, Seleri uwodebs ideebisa da Rirebulebebis
ganxorcielebas ltolvaTa gziT. ase xdeba gonis gacocx-
leba. _ sicocxlis sublimacia gonSi.
adamianis Sesaxeb klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi Secdoma
imis mtkicebaa, rom, samyaros yofierebis maRali formebi
dablebs ZaliTa da ZalauflebiT aRematebian.
maSasadame rogorc ukve vTqviT, arsebobs ori gza : erTi
gzis mixedviT yofierebis yoveli maRali forma genetikurad
warmoiqmneba dabali formidan _ araorganuli qmnis sicocx-
les, sicocxle _ cnobierebas, cnobiereba _ gons. meore gziT
mavalTaTvis ki, yofierebis maRali formebi ufro dabalTa
mizezebia. Seleri iziarebs nikolai hartmanis Tvalsazriss,
98 99
romlis Tanaxmad, yofierebis umaRlesi kategoriebi da Ri-
rebulebani SedarebiT ufro sustni arian, vidre dabali
formebi. maRali formebi aigeba da xorcieldeba dabali
formebis meSveobiT.
amrigad, adamiani _ sicocxlis es `asketi~ aris erToba
da daZabuloba ltolvisa da gonisa. goni, ar aris warmo-
Sobili ltolvis, sicocxlis nebis ganadgurebis, mospobis
safuZvelze. Seleri iyenebs froidis ZiriTad cnebas _
sublimacias. misi TvalsazrisiT, goni seqsualur ltol-
vas gardaqmnis misaReb fenomenebad, amitom Tu am fenomenebs
kargad davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba, zogjer, marTlac seqsualuri
ltolvis msgavsi ram davinaxoT. goni ar aris sicocxlis,
ltolvis uarmyofeli Zala, piriqiT, igi `ikvebeba~ ltolvis
energiiT.
Selers aseve WeSmaritad miaCnia karl marqsis deb-
uleba imis Sesaxeb, rom, ideebi, romelTac ar aqvT intere-
sebi da vnebebi, e.i. Zalebi, romlebic sicocxlis sferoSi
ar warmoiSobian, mkvdari ideebia da ver ganxorcieldebian
realobaSi.
am koncefciiT, gonis Zalas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
adamianis struqturis asagebad. adamianuri goni da neba is
fenomenebia, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben da marTaven adamianur
cxovrebas. goni ideebs Tavazobs grZnobad moTxovnilebebs.
rac Seexeba nebas, mas SeuZlia moTxovnebs miawodos ideis
makonkretizebeli warmodgenebi da aseve moaxdinos am war-
modgenaTa uaryofa.
sublimaciis idea, Seleris Tanaxmad, amtkicebs, rom, ada-
mianis wminda nebis brZola miswrafebebTan da ltolvebTan
savsebiT uperspeqtivoa. saWiroa moxerxdes dablis (ltol-
vis) Cayeneba maRlis (gonis) samsaxurSi.
samyaros safuZvelSi mdebare am ori atributidan, erTi
_ goni, Tavdapirvelad Zalas, Zlierebas moklebulia, xolo
meore _ ltolva, mxolod Zalaa `Natura Naturans~. umaRlesi
yofierebis es meore atributi aris pasuxismgebeli yovelive
namdvilisa da misi SemTxveviTi, amgvarad yofnisa. goniT
atributs ar aqvs dadebiTi SemoqmedebiTi Zala. aseTi daskv-
nis Sedegia samyaros ararsidan qmnadobis uaryofa: samyaros
safuZveli Tavidanve ori atributis, gonisa da ltolvis
Semcvelia. samyaroSi Tavidanve aris daZabuloba gonisa da
ltolvisa, maSasadame, Tu nivTTa safuZvels, e.i. RmerTs, surda
ganexorcielebina masSi arsebuli ideebisa da Rirebulebebis
sisavse, unda aeSva samyaros Semoqmedi ltolva. mxolod, am
gziT SeZlebs is msoflio droiT procesSi ganxorcielebas
da Tavisi arsebis gamovlenas. msoflio procesSi ltolva
`gonieri~ xdeba, gonis morCilad gadaiqceva. adamianis gons
mimarTeba aqvs msoflios safuZvelTan. es safuZveli ganx-
orcieldeba, ganamdvildeba msoflio istoriis msvlelobaSi,
adamianSi da adamianis meSveobiT.
roca adamiani, aRniSnavs Seleri, gamoiyofa bunebidan,
bunebas sagnad aqcevs, is kiTxulobs `sad vimyofebi TviTon
me?~ `ra aris Cemi adgili?~ mas ar ZaluZs Tqvas, rom, is
samyaros nawilia, Caketilia samyaroSi. samyaro misi Zalau-
flebis, moqmedebis sagania, amitom, adamianis centri samyaros
miRmaa.
SelerisaTvis, adamians, rogorc ltolvisa da gonis
erTianobas, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs. SromaSi, `fi-
losofiuri msoflmxedveloba~ vkiTxulobT: `mxolod maSin,
Tu gamovalT adamianis arsobrivi mniSvnelobidan, adamianis
goniTi aqtebidan, romlebic dasabams iReben adamianis cen-
tridan da rasac ikvlevs `filosofiuri anTropologia~,
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, umaRlesi safuZvlis yvela sagnis WeS-
mariti atributis Sesaxeb~(93,11). Seleris Tvalsazrisi
naTelia: RmerTs _ samyaros am umaRles instancias _ ver
gaigeb, Tu ar gesmis adamianis arseba. adamiani mikrokosmo-
sia, e.i. masSi mocemulia samyaros yvela safexuri, Zlieri
ltolvac da Tavdapirveli `uZluri~ gonic. adamiani Sel-
100 101
eris Tanaxmad, erTaderTia, visi saSualebiTac RmerTi ara
marto imecnebs sakuTar Tavs, aramed, is arsebulia, romlis
Tavisufal arCevanSi RmerTi ganaxorcielebs da gadaarCens
Tavis wminda arsebas. adamiani RmerTis Tanamoazrea, Taname-
brZolia. RmerTi viTardeba da xdeba goni, SesaZleblobidan
sinamdviled iqceva. gviandeli panTeisti SelerisaTvis ada-
mianad gadaqceva da RmerTad gadaqceva erTianobaSia, RmerTi
qmnadobaSia. igi dinamikuri da ara statikuri fenomenia.
buneba, ltolva gonisagan ar warmoSobila. es debuleba
panTeisti SelerisaTvis erTerTi ZiriTadia. ltolva, in-
stinqtebi, moTxovnebi udides rols TamaSoben ara marto
adamianis CamoyalibebaSi, aramed, sazogadoebis istoriul
ganviTarebaSi. adamiani biologiuri arsebaa da amis gaT-
valiswineba aucilebelia mis gasagebad. isic cnobilia, rom,
goniTi wamowyebebi ver imZlavreben, Tu ar eqnebaT dasayrdeni
ltolvebSi, interesebSi, da tendenciebSi.
Seleris azriT, adamiani mikrokosmosia, maSasadame, ageb-
ulebiT yvela im safexurs Seicavs, romelic samyaros ekuT-
vnis. radgan samyaro ltolvaa adamianic ltolvaa; magram,
adamiani mxolod ltolva ar aris. masSi sruliad axali
safexuricaa _ goni. Seleris azriT, samyaro imgvari ageb-
ulebisaa, rom yvelaze maRali safexuri, goni Tavdapirvelad
yvelaze uZluria, energias moklebulia. is, rasakvirvelia,
ukve arsebobs, aqvs Tavisi kanonzomiereba, magram, es arse-
boba potenciuria, SesaZleblobis farglebSia moqceuli.
gonis arseboba, rom namdvil realobad iqces, aucilebelia
goniT sawyiss ltolva SeuerTdes. ltolva goniT unda
daitvirTos.
roca, vixsenebT samyaros safuZvlis or atributs _
ltolvasa da gons _ Seleris koncefciis am or ZiriTad
princips, uneburad gvaxsendeba dekartis moZRvreba or
substanciaze _ moazrovneze da ganfenilze, agreTve spi-
nozas mier daxasiaTebuli ori atributi _ azrovneba da
ganfeniloba. cxadia, Tavad SelerisTvisac naTeli iyo misi
koncefciis naTesaoba dekartisa da spinozas filosofiur
TvalsazrisebTan.
Seleris filosofiuri anTropologia imis mcdelobaa,
rom, Tavidan iyos acilebuli dekartis dualizmi _ kerZod,
misi moZRvreba sxeulsa da sulze. am mizniT, is mimarTavda
Tavisi drois sxvadasxva Teoriebs. ase magaliTad, subli-
mirebis cneba Selers froidis Teoriidan aqvs aRebuli, Tumca,
es cneba Seleris koncefciaSi mniSvnelovnad saxeSecvlilia.
sublimireba Seleris TeoriaSi niSnavs, uZluri, maRali donis
arsebulis -gonis, energiiT momaragebas. ltolva amaragebs,
Zalas mas aZlevs. Tu Selers davujerebT, adamiani unda war-
movidginoT, rogorc, ltolva da goni, romlebic sublimaciis
saSualebiT modian erTmaneTTan kavSirSi. sinamdvileSi, ada-
miani ar aris orad gaxleCili arseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom,
adamianSi gansxvavebuli doneebia : sxeulebrivi gansxvavdeba
fsiqikurisagan, es ukanaskneli ki goniTisagan. adamiani mainc
erTiania mTliania. goni, ueWvelia ltolvisagan gansxvavdeba,
magram, isini ganixileba, rogorc, erTiani sicocxlis gansx-
vavebuli mxareebi. sicocxles Tavis umaRles _ cxovelisaT-
vis miuRwevel safexurze _ uCndeba sruliad axali unari
_ goni. misi Taviseburebani mravali saxiT gamomJRavndeba.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxea samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis
sagnad qcevisa da Semecnebis unari. gavixsenoT Seleris
mier moyvanili magaliTi Simpanzesa da edisonis Sesaxeb.
es aris ara raodenobrivi gansxvaveba, rogoradac miiCnevs
Seleri, aramed, Tvisobrivi gansxvaveba. marTlac, edisons
ZaluZs is, rasac praqtikuli inteleqtis mqone Simpanze
verasodes SeZlebs. edisons da saerTod adamians SeuZliaT
cnebebis gamomuSaveba, msjeloba, dasabuTeba da daskvna. rac
cxovelisaTvis savsebiT ucxoa, radganac, ver wvdeba zogads,
abstraqtuls, amitom, cxovels ar aqvs ena, romelic zogadis
arsebobas gulisxmobs.
102 103
edisoni, wminda wylis teqnikosadac rom ganvixiloT,
ukve arsobrivad, Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba Simpanzesagan,
radgan, igi cnebebiT azrovnebs. adamianis, rogorc Semmecne-
beli arsebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania zogadis daufleba.
zogadi erT saganSic ki amoikiTxeba. swored, es aris im
intuiciis Sedegi, romelzec laparakobs Seleri. zogadis
wvdoma adamianuri Semecnebis erT-erTi aucilebeli niSa-
nia. ra Tqma unda, cxovelsac aqvs gare sagnis SegrZneba,
aRqma, nivTis mopovebis survili. amis mSvenieri magaliTia
galiaSi gamomwyvdeuli Simpanzes ltolva bananisaken, e.i.
cxoveli moqmedebs garkveuli miznis misaRwevad. magram, es
mizani yovelTvis konkretulia, erTeulia, ar aris zogadis
wvdoma. maSin, roca adamiani sicocxlis umaRlesi donis _
gonis _ saSualebiT aqcevs Semecnebis sagnad gare samyaros
da sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar gancdebsac ki. am azriT, adamians
aqvs ara mxolod samyaros Semmecnebeli cnobiereba, aramed,
TviTcnobierebac. Semecnebis wyalobiT man icis ara mxolod
erTeuli nivTis konkretuli Rirebuleba, aramed, garkveul
viTarebaTa TavisTavadi Rirebuleba, Rirebuleba rogorc
aseTi, Rirebuleba zogadad. adamians aqvs TviTcnobiereba,
refleqsia Tavis Tavisa, moqmedebas afasebs gnoseologiuri,
eTikuri, esTetikuri mxridan, icis WeSmariti da mcdari,
keTili da boroti, mSvenieri da uSno, sasargeblo da sa-
ziano. is irCevs Tavis moqmedebas, amiT zogads ufardebs
konkretuls, erTeuls. yvelafris Semoqmedi erTi mTliani
subieqti _ adamiania da ara erTmaneTisagan gaxleCili
ltolva da goni.
marTalia, ar arsebobs ucvleli goneba, igi istori-
ulad cvalebadia, magram, Tavad goni, rogorc midrekileba
da adamianis adamianad arsebobis unari mudmivi, ucvleli,
maradiulia. yovelives centria adamiani _ persona da mas
ar Wirdeba Tavisi arsebobis axsna-gamarTlebisaTvis gare
instanciis Semotana.
vfiqrob, rom, m.Seleris filosofiur anTropologiuri
koncefciis mTavari nakli antiistorizmi da antievolu-
cionizmia. maSin roca, es principi Zalze mniSvnelovania
adamianis, rogorc goniTi arsebis dafuZnebisaTvis. magram,
m.Seleris arCevani sxva aRmoCnda. misi moZRvreba Tavisi
arsiT ZiriTadad Teonomuria da Tavsdeba filosofiur _
religiur anTropologiaSi.
III. h. plesneri _ biologiuris da gonis ad-
gili adamianis struqturaSi
helmund plesnerma m. SelerTan erTad, ara mxolod
dasabami misca axal filosofiur mimarTulebas, aramed
kidec gansazRvra misi Sinaarseuli mxare. mis koncefciaSi
Camoyalibebulia filosofiuri anTropologiis programa,
ZiriTadi meTodologiuri principebi, Teoriuli postu-
latebi, romlebmac Semdgomi ganviTareba hpoves sxva anTro-
pologebis SromebSi.
plesnerma gansxvavebiT Selerisagan (romelic mis Semo-
qmedebaSi anTropologiuri periodis dadgomisTanave garda-
icvala) mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovreba filosofiur
anTropologiur problemebis kvlevas miuZRvna.
plesneris filosofiuri anTropologiis yuradRebis
centrSia adamianis mTlianobis problema. pirveli principi
am koncefciisa aris, adamianis specifikuri, bio-fsiqologi-
uri gansakuTrebuloba. plesneri uaryofs winaswar mocemul
msoflmxedvelobriv ganwyobas an raime pragmatul mosaz-
rebas. misTvis, mTavari e.w. anTropologiuri struqturaa.
m. Selerma SesaniSnavad icoda rodesac, erTmaneTs
upirispirebda adamiansa da cxovels amiT fuZndeboda fi-
losofiuri xedva adamianis problemisa da ara zoologia
104 105
an fizikuri anTropologia.
plesneri eTanxmeba azrs, rom adamiani bunebis produq-
tia. is ibadeba da kvdeba, aqvs sxeuli, Tavisi agebulebiT,
funqciebiT, warmoSobis wesiT. magram, adamianis arsebis
gasagebad, aucilebelia biologiuri yofis farglebs gareT
gavideT. rogorc, plesneri wers: `is (adamiani) bunebiT
arabunebrivia~(61,85).
cxovelisagan adamianis Zireuli gansxvaveba plesnerisaT-
vis savsebiT cxadia. amas adasturebs is faqti, rom, marto
adamiania enis mqone arseba. ena araa mxolod Setyobinebis,
sxvebTan urTierTobis saSualeba. Setyobineba futkrebs
da delfinebsac ZaluZT. ena, pirvel yovlisa, raimes Tqmaa.
cxovelebs ar aqvT ena, amitom, ar SeuZliaT raimes Tqma,
metyveleba. ukve aristotelem gansazRvra adamiani, rogorc,
zoon logon. azri, rom cxovels adamianisagan gansxvavebiT
arafris Tqma ar SeuZlia jer kidev herderma gamoTqva.
plesneri, rogorc vxedavT, eTanxmeba mas.
ena gulisxmobs abstraqcias, swrafvas erTeulidan zoga-
disaken. erTeuli warmodgenebis abstraqciis gziT miiReba
cnebebi, sityvebi cnebebis gamomxatvelia.
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT es sakiTxi h.plesneris
mTavari Sromis `organulis safexurebi da adamiani~-s safuZ-
velze, romelic gamoica 1928 wels (amitom, zogi avtori
SelerTan erTad filosofiuri anTropologiis Semqmnelad
helmut plesners miiCnevs).
plesneri aRniSnavs, rom kantis `wminda gonebis kritika~
Seexeboda mxolod bunebis Semswavlel mecnierebebs .gonis
Semswavleli mecnierebani kants ar ganuxilavs, radgan, misT-
vis mecnieruloba maTematikur SemowmebadobasTan iyo gai-
givebuli. rogorc cnobilia, kantma ikvlia Tu rogor aris
SesaZlebeli maTematika da maTematikuri bunebaTmecniereba.
mas ar dauyenebia sakiTxi gonis mecnierebaTa _ istoriis,
fsiqologiis, enaTmecnierebis da sxv. SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.
plesneris mizania am xarvezis daZleva. igi dilTais
filosofiaze dayrdnobiT cdilobs filosofiuri anTro-
pologia daukavSiros hermenevtikas (gagebis Teorias). ple-
sneris TvalsazrisiT, bunebismecnierebasTan erTad arsebobs
gonis mecniereba, romelic, Seiswavlis ara bunebis ucvlel
kanonebs, aramed, Tavisufali goniT dajildoebul adamians.
adamians cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT aqvs goni. is, rogorc
106 107
gonis unaris mqone arseba, Tavisufalia. gegmavs da moqmedebs,
tkbeba da itanjeba. qmnis xelovnebas, religias, sociumis
wevria, samarTlisa da eTikis Semqmnelia. maSasadame, Semoqmedi,
kulturis Semqmneli arsebaa. gonis arsebobas adamiani gamo-
hyavs wminda biologiuri arsebobis sazRvrebidan. adamianis
gansakuTrebul adgils plesneri mis goniT unarSi xedavs.
am Teziss, plesneris Tanaxmad, adasturebs gonis mecniereba
_ filosofiuri anTropologiis dasayrdeni.
adamianis samyaros, plesneris azriT, gansakuTrebuli
adgili ukavia sicocxliT dajildoebul arsebaTa Soris.
cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT adamiani ar aris wminda biolo-
giuri arseba, mas aqvs goni, rasac cxoveli moklebulia. da
am unariT, adamiani aris gamomgonebeli, kulturis Semqmneli,
rac niSnavs biologiuri yofnis sazRvrebidan gasvlas. goni
aTavisuflebs adamians bunebiseuli aucileblobidan, bunebis
iZulebisagan. goniT mopovebuli Tavisufleba bunebriv
moTxovnebs upirispirdeba da xSirad imarjvebs kidec masze.
adamianis arsi, plesneris Tanaxmad, ucvlelia, igiveobrivia.
cvalebadia istoriaSi gamovlenili arsis SesaZleblobani.
zemoT dasaxelebul naSroms, avtori, filosofiuri
anTropologiis zogadi meTodologiuri sakiTxebis kvleviT
iwyebs. plesneris mixedviT, yovel dros misi wamyvani cneba
aqvs. amitom, igi istoriulad cvalebadia. ase magaliTad gon-
ebis adgili XIXs-is filosofiaSi sicocxlem daikava. isev
sakvlev filosofiur problemad iqca uamravi miviwyebuli
sakiTxi. mag. gonebis mimarTeba sicocxlesTan, SemecnebaSi
apriorulisa da empiriulis urTierToba da a.S.
sicocxlis filosofiis wina planze wamowevas erT-
gvarad ubiZga mecnierebis ganviTarebam. adamiansa da mis
kulturas bunebasTan meti aRmoaCnda saerTo, vidre, aqamde
egonaT. mecnierebam daasabuTa, adamiani, rogorc biologiuri
arseba bunebrivi warmoSobisaa, da amis axsna scada empiriuli
meTodiT. adamianis cnobiereba, inteleqti da Tavad sindisis
arsebobac ki evoluciuri ganviTarebis Sedegad CaiTvala.
magram, ZalaSi darCa meore `aprioristuli~ nakadic, igi
kantis gzas agrZelebda, romlis TvalsazrisiTac, ara marto
adamianis cxovreba, aramed, Tavad realobac garkveuli azriT,
adamianis konstruqciad iqna miCneuli. Tumca, rogor midis
aprioruli formebis matarebeli es `Semoqmedi~ adamiani
konkretul arsebobasTan, kvlav dilemad rCeboda. orive
mimarTuleba erTi sferodan meoreSi gadasvlisaTvis naxtoms
saWiroebda, ar iyo uzrunvelyofili homogenuri gadasvla
erTi ganzomilebidan meoreSi.
a.bergsonma sicocxlis Sesamecneblad intuiciis cneba
moiSvelia, magram, goneba, inteleqti gaaufasura. goni, berg-
sonisaTvis zedmet cnebad iqca da misi filosofiidan
ganidevna. intuitivizms, plesneris azriT, ar ZaluZs adamiani
ganixilos, rogorc, goniT-istoriuli sinamdvilis subieqti.
meores mxriv, neokantianurma skolam gonismecniere-
baTa filosofiis Seqmna scada. Tu kantisaTvis mecniereba
maTematizirebuli bunebismetyveleba iyo, h.kohenma da maTma
mimdevrebma kantis Teoriul filosofiis nacvlad eTika da
esTetika wamoswies win da isini gonismecnierebaTa meTodze
moZRvrebebad aqcies. h.rikertma kulturis filosofiisTvis
logikis reforma moiTxova. Sedegad, aqac meTodologiuri
dualizmi miviReT. bunebismecnierebebisaTvis sxva logikaa
(meTodologia) saWiro, gonismecnierebebisaTvis ki sxva.
erTaderTi, plesneris azriT, vinc mixvda, rom aucilebe-
lia dualizmis gadalaxva, iyo v.dilTai. problemis gadaWra
mas gonismecnierebis obieqtis, misi struqturis analizis
meSveobiT surda.
gonismecnierebebSi, Semecnebis sagani da Semecnebis
subieqti erTia. Semecneba aq gancdis gagebiT xorcieldeba.
subieqti sakuTar Tavs imecnebs, gageba aris sicocxlis
Zala, sicocxlis ZalasTan kontaqtSi mosvla. meTodis
TvalsazrisiT ki, fsiqologiis nacvlad gonismecnierebaSi
108 109
hermenevtika Semodis da zogadi folosofiuri logikis
centrSi eqceva. Tu neokantianelebi gonismecnierebebSi
bunebasTan kontaqts ver amyarebdnen, dilTaim es moaxerxa,
gonismecnierebis obieqti, swored, bunebasTan kavSirSi Cans
sruli saxiT.
buneba da goniTi samyaro erTmaneTzea mimagrebuli, isini
erTmaneTs apirobeben, erTmaneTisgan iReben kvalificirebasa
da axsnas. maTi centraluri gadanaskvis adgili ki adamiania,
romelic ubralod ki ar aris, aramed cocxlobs, flobs
WeSmarit sicocxles, rogorc istoriuli arseba. goni
istoriul realobas fenomenaluri yofierebis formisgan
aTavisuflebs, adgens ra amiTve cdis adgils da daniSnulebas,
riTac erTi didi napralic amoivseba: gadailaxeba winaaRm-
degoba empirizms da apriorizms Soris.
Semecnebis sagani da subieqti adamianuri cxovrebis
sferos miekuTvnebian, romlis obieqtivaciebic, qcevasa da
SeqmnilSi gamoxatuli, garedan ki ar aris motanili, ar-
amed, sicocxleSi moZraoben. sococxles, Tavis mxriv, axasi-
aTebs TviT-transcendentireba, romlis Sedegebi kvlav mas
ubrundeba, masSi miiReba da gaixsneba.
rac axalia ase gagebul sicocxleSi, misi cnebis cdiT
dafuZnebis azria. swored, es gamorCa mxedvelobidan intu-
itivistur sococxlis metafizikas (a.bergsoni). dilTaisTan
sicocxle WvretiT da gonebiT, fantaziiTa da STagrZnobiT
Semecnebadi sinamdvilea, sakuTar Tavze cdis SemZle. `si-
cocxle gaigebs sicocxles~.
es subieqt-obieqturoba realizdeba ara spekulatiu-
rad agebul sistemaSi, romelsac hegelTan vxedavT, aramed,
gamoixateba imiT, rom, sakuTar Tavs, rogorc istoriuls,
cdis sagnad aqcevs, maSin roca, hegelTan istoria subieqt-
obieqturobis realizaciis pirobaa. calke arc cdas, arc
spekulacias ar ZaluZs moaxerxos adamianis TviTdadgena
da sicoclis ganmarteba.
Tu hermenevtikosebs surT sicocxlis cdis SesaZle-
blobis gageba, maSin maT ar SeuZliaT cdiT Semoifarglon,
cdis cnebebiT imuSaon. amas ki mivyavarT fenomenologiuri
deskrifciis moTxovnamde, mxolod, is uzrunvelyofs sagnisa
Tu movlenis arsis Wvretas, Tanac, nanaxis yovelgvari on-
tologizaciisagan Tavisufalia.
gonismecnierebaTa Teoria, plesneris azriT, SeiZleba
arsebobdes mxolod filosofiuri anTropologiis saxiT.
mxolod, adamianis arsze moZRvreba iZleva substrats
da saSualebas zogadi hermenevtikisaTvis. filosofiuri
anTropologia da misi centraluri Tema, fsiqo-fizikurad
neitralur pirovneba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes gagebuli
iqnas mxolod adamianis, rogorc cocxali arsis gagebis
fonze. filosofiuri anTropologiam unda Seqmnas cnebiTi
aparati mTeli im sferosaTvis, romelSic adamiani imyofeba.
amas verc erTi calkeuli mecniereba ver SeZlebs.
aseTi midgomis didi miRweva isicaa, rom Tu adre mec-
nierebaSi Semecneba Wvretis gareSe xorcieldeboda, huser-
lis gavleniT, Wvretis roli wamyvani gaxda. maTematizaciam
obieqtebTan misvlis gza gadaketa. fenomeni daikarga da
mxolod axla, fenomenologiis wyalobiT isev aRsdga.
amgvarad, filosofiuri anTropologiis sagani aris
adamiani, ara rogorc mecnierebis obieqti, ara rogorc
cnobierebis subieqti, aramed rogorc sicocxlis subieqti
da obieqti, istoriuli, konkretuli, cocxali erTianoba
`TavisTavad da TavisTvis myofi~. sibrtye, saidanac adamianma
yovelTvis axlidan unda gamoscados Tavi, garkveuli daZab-
viT. igi aris goniTi moRvaweobis sarbieli, sadac, erTmaneTs
ejaWveba adamianis dacemac da triumfic. amgvarad, eqsisten-
cis konfliqti, uromlisodac adamianis arsebobis gaazreba
SeuZlebelia, mniSvnelovania filosofiuri meTodisTvisac.
e.i. filosofiuri anTropologia moiTxovs iseT Semecnebas,
romelic adamianis yofierebis am orgvar aspeqts arc au-
110 111
qmebs da arc aSualebs, aramed, Zireuli poziciidan ikvlevs.
plesneri, goniTisa da sxeulebrivis mimarTebis prob-
lemis dasmas droSi moiTxovs da cdilobs Tavi aaridos
sakiTxis metafizikur gadaWras. iseve, rogorc, bevrisaTvis,
misTvisac sxeuli bunebriv determinacias eqvemdebareba, goni
ki Tavisuflebis sferoa. magram, plesners ar dahyavs erTi
meoreze, arc neitralur mesameSi cdilobs saerTo Ziris
Ziebas. mas sakiTxi Semecnebis Teoriul planSi gadahyavs,
moixmars kantis sqematizms da kiTxvebze `rogor SeuZlia
gons gare samyarodan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi Tvisobriv
mravalsaxeobaSi aRiqvas~ da `rogor zemoqmedebs sxeuli
gonze~, upasuxebs: grZnobadi Sinaarsi gonis CareviT gagoniT-
deba, goni ki, grZnobadi maTiT xdeba. grZnobadi da goniTi
erT sibrtyeze ganixileba.
yoveli sagani, aRqmuli mis sagnobriv bunebaSi, avlens
sivrciT sazRvrebs. es sivrciTi SemosazRvra sagnis Tvise-
bebis Zireuli erTianobaa. mainc, sagani am TvisebaTa jami
rodia, is atarebs Tvisebebs da ara piriqiT.
fenomenis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTuleba ori gvaqvs: sagnis
garSemo da sagnis SigniT. oRond, `garSemo~ da `SigniT~
sivrciTi predikatebia mxolod metaforuli azriT. namd-
vil sivrciTs ganzomilebas xeliTac Seexebi. rac Seexeba
sagnis makonstruirebel momentebs, is sulac ar emTxveva
sivrciT momentebs. ase mag. substanciuri birTvis mimarTeba
Tvisebebisadmi arasivrciTia. es iTqmis rogorc fizikur
sxeulze, aseve fsiqikur movlenazec. Tumca, sagnis amgebi
momentebi da sivrciTi momentebi WvretaSi arc gamoiyofian,
maT azrovneba hyofs. TviTon sivrciTi sxeulis Suagulic
ar aris `Suaguli~, arc misi peroferia ar aris `mxareebi~.
azrovnebaa, rom, Suagulsa da periferias ganasxvavebs.
xSirad, substancias TvisebaTa erTobliobad gansaz-
Rvraven. sagnis substancia is ki ar aris, risganac Sedgeba.
subatancia aris cneba, romelic win uswrebs cdas da cdis
sferos upirispirdeba. substancia codnis kategoriaa, gan-
sjiTi cneba, ris gamoc Wvretad ver iqceva. is gansjiTi
cnebaa, sulerTia, mis mimarTebas Tvisebebisadmi apriorulad
gavigebT Tu empiriulad.
orgvari aspeqti qmnis nivTis, sagnis, sxeulis Wvretis
suraTs, magram, rogorc WeSmariti piroba, ikargeba misiT
ganpirobebulSi. sagnebi maTi orgvari aspeqtiT ar vlinde-
bian, aramed, am ormag aspeqtSi. Wvretis sxeulebrivi sagani,
romelic principulad gayofili gare-Siga mimarTebaSi, ro-
gorc misi yofierebisadmi kuTvnili, sagnobrivad Cans, aris
cocxali. cocxali materialuradac da formaluradac
gansxvavdeba aracocxalisagan.
sicocxlis gagebis ori Teoria ibrZvis _ meqanizmi
da vitalizmi. meqanizmi, sicocxles fizikuri da qimiuri
faqtorebiT xsnis, vitalizmi ki, romelic, dRevandeli saxiT,
saTaves m.driSisgan iRebs, sasicocxlo nivTierebasa da Zala-
sac cnobs, cocxali e.w. enteleqiasac avlens, vTqvaT TviT-
regulaciaSi da ganviTarebaSi. enteleqia ar exeba cocxalis
sidides, wonas, fers, aramed cocxals, rogorc mTels. driSi
iyenebs kantis kategoriaTa deduqciis xerxs da organu-
lisTvis mTlianobis cnebas mimarTavs. swored, mTlianobis
kauzaloba da ara jamis kauzalobaa organizmisTvis, misi
organizaciisTvis specifikuri. magram, ara organulsac aqvs
e. w. geStalti, ase miaCnda kolers. magram, driSisTvis
araorganuls aqvs erTianoba da ara mTlianoba. organulSi,
nawili mTelzea damokidebuli. araorganulSi, raodenobrivi
cvlileba dinamiuri cvlilebis saxes iRebs, organulSi ki
cocxali arsidan modis.
Tu rogoria organulis geStalti, unda gairkves
misi Siga-gare gansazRvrulobidan. geStalti Tu orgvari
aspeqti? Sinagansa da garegans, am or mimarTulebas Soris,
neitraluri zonaa, rac aris `sazRvari~. sazRvari ki iqaa,
sadac aris Tavic da kidec. sagnis sazRvaria misi kide, riTac,
112 113
is raime sxvas emijneba. amiT ganisazRvreba sagnis geStalti,
konturi. plesneri aq analizurad msjelobs.
es sazRvari, amave dros, sivrcis sazRvaric unda iyos da
sagnobrivad movlenaSic gamoCndes, agreTve, rogorc, aspeqtis
sazRvari, romelSic erTmaneTSi garduvali ori mxare Cans.
am moTxovnidan gamomdinareobs, rom, organulis formis saz-
Rvari, rogorc geStalti, mis farglebs scildeba, radgan,
ar eteva masSi.
magram, cocxalis sazRvari ar unda gavigoT, rogorc,
sazRvari sxeulsa da mis gareT myofs Soris. is raRacnai-
rad `orad~ iyofa. cocxalSivea sazRvari, amitom, aris masSi
gadasvlac. Sinagani da garegani erTianobaSia. amas ki cda
ver miwvdeba, radgan, cda ver wvdeba cocxalis mTlianobas,
esaa cocxalis gamovlenis Ziri (da ara mizezi).
amitom, meqanizmi da vitalizmi calmxrivi moZRvrebebia.
vitalists Tvalwin udgas namdvili, romelic WvretisaTvis
jer kidev ar aris Ria. piriqiT, meqanisti mimaluli fenis
reduqcias cdilobs, magram, ar iTvaliswinebs TvisebaTa
dauyvanadobas. meqanistTa da vitalistTa kamaTi iqamdec ki
midis, rom, sakamaTo sagani maTTan sxvadasxva ontiur done-
zec ki aRmoCndeba.
empiriul-biologiur mecnierebas sicocxlis kat-
egoriebi cdidan, cocxalze dakvirvebidan gamohyavs da ara
kantiviT, transcendentaluri deduqciis meSveobiT. biologi
`cocxlobis~ niSnebze miuTiTebs, CamoTvlis maT. magram, es
niSnebi raRac sxvaze miuTiTeben, isini indikatorebia, raRacis
gamovlenani, warmavalni. `cocxlobas~ ki aprioruli niSnebic
aqvs, romlebic movlenis konstantur uku-fenas qmnian.
mocemulia `mTlianoba~ da `cocxali sagani~. aseTi
sagnidan analizuri gziT sxva arsebulni ar miiRebian.
erTaderTi, rac SeiZleba movimoqmedoT, mocemuli sididi-
dan `cocxali arseba~, esaa sazRvris principis Sesabamisad
yofnis Sinagani pirobebi veZeboT.
erTis mxriv gvaqvs, rac gveZleva, meores mxriv ki, rac
sxvisi meSveobiT vlindeba. dasabuTebadi geStalti ze-ge-
Stalturi mTlianobiT Cans. cocxlobis fenomeni eyrdnoba
sxeulis mimarTebas misi sazRvrisadmi, rac SesaZlos xdis
pasuxs. amiT aigeba organuli modelis aprioruli Teoria.
avtori cdilobs kantis tipis katagoriaTa deduqcias
organulSi mounaxos adgili. organulis kategoriaTa aseTi
deduqcia xorcieldeba ara sazRvris realizaciis saqmis
viTarebidan, aramed, misi realizebis Tvalsazrisidan. es ki
sicocxlis filosofiis centralur nawils qmnis.
es bio-kategoriebi apriorulni, ara logikurad da-
fuZnebulni Canan. realizebis sawyisi gzebi TavisSi da
TavisTvis, ara-realizebadi saqmis viTarebis gamomaaSkarave-
belia. kategoriaTa panlogizmsa da racionalizmebze xom
laparakic zedmetia.
raxan, sicocxle eyrdnoba sxeulis mimarTebas misi saz-
Rvrisadmi, materiis- geStaltisadmi, `Sevsebisa~ _ `kidis~
cnebebSi vlindeba. kide, araorganulsa da organulSi erTi
ar aris. maT Soris gansxvaveba fenomenalurad gasagebia da
empiriulad gasageb gansxvavebas ar emTxveva.
Tu mivyvebiT am Tavisebur mimarTebas materiis formis-
admi, sadac, materia gaformebul sisavsed warmogvidgeba,
mivalT mimTiTebel niSnamde, rac aucilebeli deduqciiT
miiReba. ase moinaxeba `cocxlobis~ kriteriumi, Tundac, ar
arsebobdes maCvenebeli niSani cdaSi. am Tvisebis matarebeli
cocxalia. yoveli cocxali avlens plastikurobas (elas-
tiurobas, moqnilobas da a.S.), romelSic mTelis Semosaz-
Rvris simaxvilec sazRvris konturTa gadaadgilebadobas
Tanxvdeba. yoveli cocxali Tavs avlens, rogorc, aramyaroba
myarSi, erTdroulad statikurad da dinamikuradac, amitom,
cocxali ritmulad icvleba.
cocxalis moZraobasac Tavisi niSani aqvs, romelic,
tendenciiT xasiaTdeba da mkvdar bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba. es
114 115
aris tendencia raimes Sesrulebisa, moZraobisa. aracocxali
arafers ar asrulebs. mkvdari sxeuli yovelmxriv aris de-
terminirebuli, misi forma miyveba mis Sinaarss. cocxalSi
ki, Cans ganvlili faza, raxan, Ziri tendenciaSi devs, rac,
determinaciis uaryofis niSania. moZraoba aseTi aqvs, magram,
SeiZleboda sxvanairic yofiliyo. esaa Tavisufleba formis
winaaRmdeg da misi Sinagani tendenciiT aixsneba.
cocxalis iracionaluroba, da spontanuroba, midrekileba
SesaZleblobaTa uamravi rigidan gaakeTos arCevani, aixsneba,
rogorc Tavisufleba formis winaaRmdeg.
cxadia, plesneri ar cnobs biologiur determinacias.
misTvis determinacia mxolod fizikuri mniSvnelobisaa.
ukve iTqva, rom, sazRvari TviTon sxeuls aqvs. sxeuli aris
sakuTari Tavisa da sxvisi sazRvari.
cocxali arsebobs or mimarTulebaSi, Sinagansa da gare-
ganSi. mas aqvs ori mimarTuleba transcendirebisa: sakuTar
Tavs gareT da sakuTar TavSi, orsave SemTxvevaSi `gadasvla~
gvaqvs. es ori mimarTuleba ki erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba.
e.i. organuli sxeuli xasiaTdeba `pozicionalobiT~.
swored, amiT gansxvavdeba is araorganulisagan.(61,49)
ra aris pozicionaloba? materiisa da gonis, subieqtisa
da obieqtis, masalisa da formis mimarTebis sakiTxi, raRac
neitralurSi ki ar wydeba, aramed, TaviseburebaSi, rasac,
plesneri pozicionalobas eZaxis. cocxals aqvs sazRvari,
kidec imyofeba sxeulSi da gamoyofilicaa misgan. amaSi md-
gomareobs pozicionalobis buneba. es yovel cocxals exeba.
cocxali garemos upirispirdeba da mimarTebaSia
garkveul velTan. misi pozicionaloba Cans imaSi, rom, igi
ubralod sagani ki ar aris, aramed arsebaa. sivrceSi adg-
ils ki ar avsebs, aramed TviTon aqvs adgili. amiT, misi
adgili sxva adgilebTan mimarTebaSia. cocxali rom moZravia,
es aprioruladac sarwmunoa. misi yofierebis xerxi aris
procesi. pozicionalur bunebas ekuTvnis is, rom, cocxali
xdeba, aris sakuTar Tavs gareT da mis SigniT. gadasvla
ki aris qmnadoba, gadasvliT moixsneba sazRvari. gadasvla
xdeba imaSic, rac TviTon ar aris da imaSic, rac Tavadaa.
esaa organulis yofnis wesi. sazRvars gacdena da sazRvarSi
CarCena erTdroulad xdeba. qmnadobaSi, procesSi isini er-
Tiandebian. dgoma da gadasvla qmnadobis momentebia da maT
sinTezis saxiT aerTianebs. es aris procesi. procesi rodia
sicariele maT Soris, rac ukve aRar aris da rac jer ar
aris. piriqiT, Seicavs gadasvlis konstants. cocxali pro-
cesSia, is procesSi icvleba.
calke sagnis geStalti ki misi izolirebiT xdeba, rac
Cans formis kanonis tipTan kavSiriT. es aris individi,
romlis cnebac empiriulad ar miiReba.
cvlilebiT miiReba axali geStalti. sakuTar TavSi
dgoma da sakuTari Tavis gareT gasvla erTiani procesia,
oRond, wre ki ar miiReba, aramed winsvla. esaa ganviTareba.
masSi aris harmonia momxdarsa da mosaxdens Soris. Tanxmoba
ki miRweva formis ideiT. ganviTarebaSi myofs formis idea
win aqvs. amis piroba cocxalis amosavali ara-mzadyofnaa.
cocxali mza saxiT ar Cndeba, arc arsebobs. plesneri izi-
arebs driSis azrs enteleqiaze. enteleqia, (causa fnalis)
miznisken swrafva, win uswrebs ganviTarebas. ganviTareba
SeiZleba zrdiTa da diferencirebiT. magram ganviTareba
bolos bunebrivi sikvdiliTac mTavrdeba.
sakuTari Tavis sakuTari Tavisagan gamoyofiT aris sxe-
uli sakuTar TavSive, Tavis SigniT da gareT myofi. aseTi
gansazRvrulobis gamo aqvs mas pozicionaluri xasiaTi.
cocxali mTelia. mas aqvs Suaguli, birTvi, magram, aqvs
nawilebic, organoebic. mTeli gansazRvravs nawilebs da ara
piriqiT. mTeli rodia am nawilTa jami, is yvela nawilSi
imyofeba. cocxalis konstituciuri niSnebi, iyos Tavis ga-
reTac da SigniTac anu misi pozicionaluri buneba gasagebs
xdis imas, rom, drosa da sivrceSi imyofeba. metic, cocxalSi
116 117
dro-sivrce erTianobas qmnis.
cocxals aqvs organizacia. organizacia aris cocxalis
erTianobis TviTgaSualeba misi nawilebiT. mTeli ar aris
aq nawilTa jami. is yovel nawilSi erTis saxiT vlindeba.
nawili avlens mTels, mTeli gaSualebulia nawiliT. organo
erTgvari dabrkolebaa sicocxlisa, raxan uSualo process
aSualebs. magram, amave dros, am gaSualebiT emsaxureba kidec
sicocxles.
avtori exeba sxva Tvisebebsac. Seguebas, gamravlebas,
memkvidreobas da seleqcias. organuls aqvs safexurebi. es-
enia: mcenaris, cxovelisa da adamianis safexurebi. mcenaresa
da cxovels Soris Semdegi gansxvavebaa: mcenare Ria formaa
sicocxlisa, cxoveli _ Caketili. es kompensaciis formebia.
mcenare ufro dividia, cxoveli _ individi.
cxovels aqvs centri, Suaguli. masSi aris sxeulica da
tanic. (Leib) es orgvari aspeqtia. sxeuli centrsac moicavs,
tani ki dakavSirebulia centrTan. am orgvari aspeqtiT
cxoveli distanciaze imyofeba sakuTari sxeulisagan, saku-
Tari Tavisgan(Selbst). pozicia orgvaria: sxeulad yofna da
sxeulSi yofna.
ramdenadac cxoveli aris, is mimarTebaSi dgas `aq-
axlasTan~. magram, cxovels es `aq axla~ ar eZleva, yoveli
cxoveli SesaZlebelia misi centriT. risTvisac, sakuTari
sxeuli da ucxo Sinaarsia mocemuli. is garemos pirispir
dgas. aRiqvams am dapirispirebas da reagirebs centridan,
riTac spontanurad aqtivobs.
spontanuroba niSnavs Caketili formis pozicionalobis
niSans. spontanur aqtSi, ki wanamZRvari arCevanis SesaZle-
blobaa, raxan SesaZleblobaTa mTel siuxvesTan aqvs mas saqme.
cxovelisaTvis sagani aris garemoSi sensomotoruli
funqciis wris korelati, agznebis wyaro. magram, aseT `sa-
gnebs~ ar aqvT sagnobrivi buneba, radgan, isini rogorc
grZnobebs, aseve cocxalis mTeli vitaluri sistemis mimarT
relatiurni rCebian. cxovels ki aqvs sagnis suraTi, aRiq-
vams sagans, romelTa struqturasac misTvis motoruli
mniSvneloba aqvs da Tavis qcevasTan mimarTebiT `cxoveli
maTSi azrs debs~.
adamiani cnebas qmnis abstraqciiT, ideaciiT. es aris
grZnobadisgan ganTavisufleba, cnebis CarCos sicarieleSi
asvla, raxan, cxovels es negatiuri, sicariele ara aqvs, arc
ZaluZs ideacia, cnebis Seqmna. zogadica da erTeulic icis
mxolod adamianma.
cxovelis organizaciis sazRvrebi imaSia, rom individis-
Tvis misi sakuTari yofiereba dafarulia, radgan, poziciona-
luri centrisadmi mimarTeba ar gaaCnia. maSin roca, garemo
da sakuTari sxeuli, romlebic mas eZlevian, pozicionaluri
Suagulisadmi, absolutur `aq-axla~ mimarTebaSi imyofebian.
misi arseboba `aq-axlaSi~ kidev erTxel raxan ar aris
mimarTebaSi, amitom, SesaZlo mimarTebisTvis aRarc arsebobs
ufro sapirispiro punqti. ramdenadac cxoveli aris, `aq-
axlaSi~, cxoveli cxovrobs misi Suagulidan, mis SuagulSi,
magram ar cxovrobs, rogorc, TviTon es Suaguli. Sinaarsebi
garemodan eZleva da sakuTar Tavs ar ganicdis.
sruli refleqsuroba cxovelis doneze ar arsebobs.
mas centri uqmnis arsebobis sayrdens, magram, cxovels ar
eZleva, refleqsuroba mxolod adamianis SesaZloblobaa.
cocxali Tavisi pozicionalobis centriT ganicdis da
moqmedebs. magram ra pirobebia saWiro, rom, is mas kidec
moeces? cxadia, Zireuli piroba, rom pozicionalobis cen-
trs, romlis distanciazec sakuTari tanisadmi yoveli
mocemulobis SeasaZlebloba devs, aqvs sakuTari Tavis dis-
tancia. TviTon pozicionalobisadmi distanciis Txovnaa
saWiro. mocemuloba vinmesTvis mocemulobas niSnavs. TviTon
pozicionalobis centrisadmi distancia aris piroba misi
mocemulobisa. es imas SeuZlia, visac yvelaferi eZleva.
vinc `aq-axlaSia~ Caketili, ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavisadmi
118 119
distanciis qona. xedvis unari mxolod Tvals aqvs, Tvalis
naxva ki isev Tvals SeuZlia. aseTia swored sakuTari Ta-
visgan gamoyofili sicocxlis refleqsuroba. aqac cocxali
`aq-axlaSi~ cxovrobs. masac aqvs centri, magram, ukve misi
arsebobis centraluroba cnobierdeba. mas aqvs sakuTari Tavi
, icis sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, amCnevs sakuTar Tavs. dgeba
ra sakuTari Tavis `ukan~, Sinaganobis Sekrebis wertilSi,
xdeba mayurebeli, moZravi subieqtis polusi. am usasrulo
refleqsiiT sakuTar Tavze, miiRweva garesamyaros, Sidasa-
myarosa da cnobierebis dayofa.
visac ZaluZs distancia pozicionaluri centrisgan,
mzeris mibruneba sakuTar Tavze, sakuTari Tavisagan dis-
tancireba, massa da gancdas Soris Casvas naprali da iyos
napralis orsave mxareze. es aris adamiani.(61,291)
adamianma, rogorc, cocxalma arsebam, Tavisi arsebobis
SuagulSi mdgomma, icis es Suaguli, ganicdis mas da amitom,
gadis kidec mis gareT. is ganicdis absolutur `aq-axlasTan~
kavSirs, garemos mTel konvergencias, aseve sakuTari tanisas
misi poziciis sapirispirod, ris gamoc, aRar aris masze
mijaWvuli. ganicdis sakuTar ltolvebs, impulsebs, icis
rodis aris maTze mijaWvuli, icis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, da
SeuZlia SeebrZolos am damabrkolebel mxares.
cxovelis sicocxle aris centruli, adamianisa _ eqs-
centruli. is eqscentrulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom, sakuTari
centrulobis darRveva mainc ar SeuZlia.eqscentruloba
aris adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli forma garemos pirispir
misi frontaluri dgomisa. rogorc me, romelic mTel uku-
mimarTvas, cocxali sistemis sakuTari Tavisadmi SesaZlebels
xdis, adamiani dgas ara ubralod aq-axlaSi, aramed, `ukan~,
sakuTari Tavis ukan, uadgilod , araraSi. is araraSi galxveba,
droiT-sivrciT `arsad-arasodes-Si.~ adamiani dgas sazRvarze
da amitom, sakuTari Tavis miRma, romelsac, rogorc cocxali,
sazRvravs da ganicdis, magram, ZaluZs ganicados Tavisive
gancdac. is xedavs sakuTar Tavs da Tavis `xedvasac~ xedavs.
adamiani aris naprali, raxan, cxovrobs, rogorc go-
nisa da sxeulis erTianoba. magram, erTianoba ar faravs am
orgvar aspeqts da rodia momrigebeli mesame, xidi, romelic
harmonias apirobebs. adamiani swored es napralia. sammagad
daxasiaTebuli individi ki, iwodeba personad (Person). is
subieqtia sakuTari gancdisa, aRqmisa da qcevisa, man icis da
mas surs. personis arseboba ararazea dafuZnebuli.
magram, eqsistencialobiT araviTari organizaciis
axali forma ar miiReba, ris gamoc, adamiani sxeulebrivad
cxoveli rCeba. amitom, adamianis fizikur niSnebs, mxolod
empiriuli Rirebuleba aqvT, adamiani ar aris dakavSirebuli
raime gansazRvrul formasTan, is dakavSirebulia mxolod
centralizebuli organizaciis formasTan, romelic misi
eqscentrulobisTvis baziss iZleva.
ormag distanciaSi sakuTari sxeulisadmi, anu, Tavis
centrSi, TviT-yofierebisgan gamoyofili adamiani imyofeba
samyaroSi, romelic Seesatyviseba misi poziciis sammag bunebas
_ gare-samyaroSi, Siga-samyaroSi da Tana-samyaroSi.
nivTebisagan Sevsebuli garemo iqceva sagnebiT avsebul
gare-samyarod da sivrciT-droiT ganfenilobas avlens. masSi
aris adamiani tanic, sferos SuagulSi. sadac, man icis ze-
viT, qveviT, marjvniv, marcxniv da a.S. da sxeulic, romelsac
maTematikur-fizikuri axsnis saSualebiT gavigebT. sxeuli
da tani, Tumca, ar qmnian materialurad gaTiSul sistemebs,
mainc ar Tanxvdebian. aseve, erTi da igive ar aris garemo
da gare-samyaro.
sakuTari Tavisadmi distanciiis dros, adamians eZl-
eva sakuTari Tavi, rogorc Sinagani samyaro. Sinagani aris
gareganis sapirispiro tanisgan gamoyofili. xolo, rac
Seexeba sxeuls, mkacri gagebiT, is arc ki unda iwodebodes
garedmyofad. mxolod garemosTan, gare-samyaroSia CarTuli
gareT myofi samyaro. ase Seesatyviseba, sapirispiro azriT,
120 121
mas Siga samyaro anu samyaro ` tan~-Si, is, rac TviTon aris
cocxali. masSic aris orgvari aspeqti. eqscentrulobis
kanoni misi arsebobis orgvar aspeqts gansazRvravs rogorc
cnobierebas da gancdas.
eqscentruloba, romelsac, gare samyaro (buneba) da
Siga samyaro (goni) eyrdnobian, gansazRvravs, rom individma
sakuTar TavSi `individualuri~ da `zogadi~ me unda ganasx-
vavos. sakuTari me-s eqscentruli poziciis formiT, adamians
garantirebulad eZleva Tana-samyaros realoba. Tanasamyaros
elementebi, personebi specifikur substrats ar iZlevian,
romelic materialurad gare da Siga samyaros aRemateba.
misi Tavisebureba aris cocxloba umaRles, eqscentrul for-
maSi. Tanasamyaro aris sxva pirTa samyaro. masSi pirovnebis
goniTi buneba eyrdnoba sakuTari me-s Cven-formas.
Cven-forma fiqciaa, igi aris pirovnebis Sinagani arse-
boba, cnobiereba ki _ pirovnuli arsebobis eqscentrulobiT
ganpirobebuli aspeqti, raSic, samyaro aris mocemuli. goni
piriqiT, sakuTari poziciis formiT Seqmnili, arsebuli
sferoa da ar qmnis realobas, magram mainc realizdeba Tana-
samyaroSi, sadac, Tundac, erTi adamiani arsebobdes.
realuria Tana-samyaro maSinac, roca, erTaderTi adamiania
am qveynad, raxan, is eqscentruli poziciis formiT garan-
tirebul sferos qmnis, romelic pirvel, meore, mesame pirSi,
yoveli gamoyofisas erTs da mravals ZirSi moaTavsebs. ase
aris is wminda `Cven~ Tu goni. raxan, adamiani aseve aris
goni. mas aqvs goni. imdenad, ramdenadac, adamiani cocxalia da
cocxlobs. goni aris sfero, romlis ZaliTac, Cven rogorc
pirni (pirovnebani) vcxovrobT, swored, imitom, rom, Cveni
poziciis formas Semoinaxavs. goni arc inteleqtia da arc
cnobiereba, aramed, wanamZRvari sinamdvilis konstituciisa,
romelic, mxolod maSin adgens da axorcielebs sinamdviles,
roca, misi kostituciis principebisagan damoukideblad,
cnobierebis aspeqtSi sakuTari Tavis makonstruirebeli
rCeba. swored, cnobierebisgan gadaxriT asrulebs eqscen-
truli sferos kanons. is aris subieqt-obieqti, adamianis
TviTSemecnebis garantia. amitom, ar aris marTali hegeli,
roca, subieqtur-obieqtur da absolutur gonze msjelobda.
goni subieqt-obieqturobis mimarT neitraluria. goni, mx-
olod, adamianis eqscentruli poziciis formasTan erTad
mocemuli sferoa. sakuTari Tavisa da gare samyaros obieq-
tivaciis SesaZlebloba gons eyrdnoba. goni obieqtivirebis
wanamZRvaria.
rac Seexeba Tana-arsebobas, is unda gavigoT Cveulebrivi
azriT, rogorc, socialuri garemo. cxovels ara Tu Tana-sa-
myaro, Tana-arsebobac ara aqvs. misi organizaciis forma aris
koncentruli, ara eqscentruli, ris gamoc, Tana-mimarTebaSi
poziciis gaSla ar ZaluZs.
cxoveli cxovrobs uSualod, adamianisaTvis ki codna
is faqtori aRmoCnda, romelmac masSi uSualoba mospo. is
xedavs sakuTar siSiSvles da cdilobs xelovnuri sagnebis
meSveobiT icxovros. adamiani aris maSin, roca, cxovrebas
eweva, marTavs Tavis cxovrebas. is xarvezs Seivsebs ara bune-
brivi gziT, aramed, xelovnuriT. amitom aris adamiani bunebiT
`xelovnuri~. ori aspeqtis mqonem, wonasworoba darRveulma
unda moaxerxos `raimed iqces~, aRadginos wonasworoba.
swored eqscentruloba ubiZgebs aqeTken. amis gamo qmnis
adamiani iaraRsa da kulturas.
kulturis Sesaxeb bevri Teoria arsebobs. zogi mas
RmerTis nebas miawers, fsiqoanalizi, daTrgunvili ltol-
vis kompensaciis saWiroebiT xsnis, nicSe-Zalauflebisadmi
swrafviT, plesneris azriT, kultura aRmocendeba mxolod
winaswar mocemuli sicocxlis formidan, romelic, adamians
aqvs. eqscentruloba, eqsistenciis forma, wonasworobis Zieba,
swrafva imisken, rom, rac aris, imaze meti iyos, ZiriTadi
`stimulia~ kulturis Seqmnisa.
xelovnuroba adamianis bunebaa, misi arsis Sesatyvisi.
122 123
adamianis yvela qcevas, mdgomareobas, Semoqmedebis produqts
Tan sdevs xelovnuroba. xelovnuri samyaros SeqniT modis
adamiani sakuTar TavTan SesabamisobaSi. bunebaze aRmatebul
sferoSi moipovebs is meore samSoblos.
konfliqti bunebasa da gons Soris, arssa da jerarss
Soris, determinaciasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, mudam Tan
dayveba adamians. es konfliqti qmnis adamianis arsebobis wess.
adamianma unda Seqmnas, rom iarsebos. misi zneoba, TuDZa-
lauflebisadmi swrafva, aris sicocxlis TviTdadgena. ma-
gram, ise ar gavigoT, TiTqos cxoveli uSualod arsebobs
da adamiani gaSualebulad. zogjer adamianic uSualod
arsebobaa, oRond, man icis am uSualobis Sesaxeb, rac aris
kidec gaSualeba.
maSasadame, plesneris TvalsazrisiT, adamianis arsi
gansakuTrebiT naTlad vlindeba eqscentrulobaSi. eqscen-
trulobis ZaliT, adamiani sakuTar Tavs ganicdis rogorc
pirovnebas. Tavis garemos aRiqvams rogorc sagnobrivs. in-
dividi, rogorc pirovneba, wers plesneri: `subieqtia Tavisi
gancdis, aqciis, iniciativis. man icis, mas surs. misi arseboba
dgas ararsis winaSe (61,85).
amitomaa ZiriTadi cneba adamianis gagebisaTvis ple-
snerTan eqscentrulobaa. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom, eqscen-
trulobis cneba, metad gadatvirTulia SinaarsiT. is ada-
mianis yofierebis wesicaa, kulturis Seqmnis pirobac, da
SeiZleba ubralod, adamianis erT-erT Tvisebadac gavigoT.
Tu mxolod vitalobis sferoTi SemovifarglebiT, gonsa
da sxeuls Soris maradiuli ufskruli iarsebebs. maT So-
ris mourigebloba da wonasworobis aRdgenis mudmivi cda
plesneris Tvalsazriss biologistur Teoriad darCenis
saSiSroebas uqadis.
plesnerisaTvis, adamiani samyarosTvis `Ria, gaxsnili
arsebaa~. igi ar aris damokidebuli garemoze. misi qcevebi,
garemosTan mimarTebebi aSkarad adamianuria (plesneri spe-
cialur Sromasac ki dawers `sicili da tirili~, romelic
am problemas exeba). sicili da tirili, plesneris Tanaxmad,
adamianis sxeulis gamosaxulebaa. rogorc, gamosaxulebis
garkveuli saxe, saerToa adamiansa da cxovels Soris.
cxovelic gamoxatavs Tavis Sinagan mdgomareobas, Sinagans
gareganSi, magram, sicili da tirili mxolod adamians Seu-
Zlia. am fenomenis safuZvelSi myofi eqscentruli mimarTeba
subieqtisa Tavis `gareganTan~ cxovelebTan ar gvxvdeba.
e.i. eqscentruloba plesnerisaTvis, pirvel yovlisa,
aris damokidebuleba sakuTari arsebobisadmi. eqscentrulo-
biT inarCunebs adamiani wonasworobas. igi aris mimarTeba
mimarTebebisadmi. pirovnuli `eqscentri~, romlis meSveo-
biTac adamiani Seimecnebs samyaros, sagnebs, sakuTar sxeuls,
sakuTar gancdebs plesnerisaTvis aris `me~, romelsac aqvs
gasagnebis da wonasworobis unari.
amitom aris adamiani plesnerisaTvis `Ria arseba~. igi
principulad uaryofs adamianis bunebis yovelgvar Teoriul
fiqsacias, mis gaazrebas ara istoriulad. adamiani, plesneris
mier, gaigeba TviTSeqmniT da SemoqmedebiT. igi aris Zala da
centri SemoqmedebiTi qmnadobisa.
Tumca, mis TvalsazrisSi bolomde naTeli ar aris Tu
sadaa meTodologiur ganwyobasa da adamianis konkretul
specifikur gamovlenas Soris sazRvari. bolos da bolos,
adamianis damfuZnebeli principia `eqscentrulobis~ cneba,
romelic, aranaklebi normatiuli principia, vidre, Seleris
goni. plesnerTan, miuxedavad misi didi survilisa, ar Cans
araviTari sxva principi, romelic, adamianis, rogorc `organu-
li mTelis~ axsnas SeZlebda. adamianis `eqscentruloba~ mx-
olod specifikuri formaa misi qcevisa. saboloo angariSiT,
igi saerTo filosofiuri principia, radgan, universaluria.
miTumetes Tu gavixsenebT imasac, rogori gulmodginebiT
akritikebda plesneri biologistur, bihevioristul tenden-
ciebs adamianis arsis gasagebad. aseve, misTvis Seuwynarebeli
124 125
iyo evolucionisturi kocefcia, romlis mixedviTac, adamiani
gaiazreba, rogorc, umaRlesi safexuri organuli samyaros
ganviTarebisa.
yvelaze didi mniSvneloba plesneris Tvalsazrisisa,
Cemi azriT, meTodologiur principSia, im azris naTelyofaSi,
rom, adamianis arsis wvdoma `Ria sakiTxia~. aseTi midgomiT
gamoricxulia imis saWiroeba, raTa Seiqmnas erTaderTi zogad
filosofiuri Rirebulebis pretenziis mqone koncefcia
adamianis Sesaxeb. Tumca amiT filosofiuri anTropologia
ar Tavisufldeba imisagan, rom, ar ikvlios adamianis arsis
problema.
IV. a.geleni _ adamiani rogorc `naklovani~
da moqmedi arseba
arnold geleni daibada laifcigSi 1904 wels. misi
saxeli cnobili gaxda 36 wlis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli Tx-
zulebis wyalobiT. wignis saxelwodebaa `adamiani, misi buneba
da adgili samyaroSi~. gelenis kalams ekuTvnis agreTve,
`namdvili da sinamdviles moklebuli goni~ da Tavisuflebis
problemisadmi miZRvnili Txzuleba `nebis Tavisuflebis
Teoria~. pirveli daibeWda 1931 wels, xolo, meore 1933
wels. mogvianebiT gamoqveynebul werilebSi `cdis cnebis
Sesaxeb~(1936w.) da `Sopenhaueris rezultatebi~, igrZnoba
inglisuri empirizmisa da amerikuli pragmatizmis didi
gavlena. 1940 wlidan profesoria ienis universitetSi,
1947 wlidan ki SpeierSi. 1942 wels wers werils, `anTro-
pologiis sistematizaciis Sesaxeb~, romelSic mokled gad-
mocemulia misi anTropologiuri Tvalsazrisi. 1961 wels
gamosca wigni `sociologiis da anTropologiis narkvevebi~,
1969 wels `morali da hipermorali~. gardaicvala 1976
wels hamburgSi.
a.gelenis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani arasrulyofili, nak-
lovani arsebaa. igi `jer kidev ar aris gansazRvruli~. fi-
losofiuri anTropologiis amocanaa adamianis specifikuri
arsis kvleva. Tanac, es mizani ise unda iqnes miRweuli, rom,
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ZiriTadi moTxovna _ filosofiuri
anTropologia mecnierebaa da ara rwmena.
Tavisi Sromis, `anTropologiis sistematizaciis Ses-
axeb~, SesavalSi geleni aRniSnavs: `Tu gvinda filosofiaSi
davinaxoT mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb, maSin mis upirveles
miznad iseve rogorc saerTod mecnierebisa, unda davsaxoT
Sedegis miReba. Cveni amosavali unda iyos debuleba _ mec-
niereba adamianis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia~(20,156).
yoveli mecniereba a.gelenis TvalsazrisiT, wamoayenebs
hipoTezebs, romlebic mtkicdeba faqtebiT. mecnierebam Tavisi
cnebebi unda Seadginos faqtebis safuZvelze da ara piriqiT
_ cnebis Sesabamisad gamoiyvanos faqtebi. filosofiuri
anTropologia ar unda iyos metafizika, unda eyrdnobodes
cdas, momxdar situaciebs. mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi iqneba is
mecniereba.
avtors aseve kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, rom, fi-
losofiuri anTropologia filosofiuri mecnierebaa. is
filosofiuria e.i. Tuki Cven ganvixilavT adamianis calkeul
niSnebs an Tvisebebs _ specifikurad adamianurs am gziT ver
vipoviT. adamians, cxadia aqvs sxeulis Taviseburi aRnagoba,
magram, anTropoidebic savsebiT msgavsi aRnagobis mqoneni
arian. arseboben cxovelebi, romlebic ageben xelovnur
sacxovreblebs an sxvebTan erTad cxovroben. gavixsenoT
WianWvelebi, Taxvebi, spiloebi an kioleris cdebi SimpanzeTa
inteleqtis gamosakvlevad (22,18).
Tu adamianis Sesaxeb ar gvaqvs zogadi, mTliani e.i.
filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi, maSin anTropologia iqneba
biologiuri, zoologiis bolo Tavi da ar iarsebebs da-
moukidebeli anTropologia. e.i. arc adamians ar eqneba
specifikuri arsebobis wesi.
126 127
a.gelenis filosofiuri koncefcia mimarTulia adamianis
naturalisturi gagebis winaaRmdeg. mas miaCnia, rom, adamiani
ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc anTropo-biologiuri arseba,
romelic win wamowevs sxeulis Taviseburebas, magram, aseve
mniSvnelovania adamianSi moqmedi yvela Zala sxeulebrivi
Tu goniTi anTropologiuri TvalsazrisisaTvis.
filosofiuri anTropologia, romelic anTropo-biolo-
giuri TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs, ganixilavs adamianis
yvela ZiriTad niSans, gamarTuli siaruliT dawyebuli, mo-
raliT damTavrebuli. es niSnebi qmnian sistemas. mizezis
sakiTxi aq gamoricxulia, mizezobrivi kavSiri adamianis
ZiriTad niSnebs Soris ar arsebobs. inteleqti ar aris enis
mizezi, gamarTuli siaruli ar aris inteleqtis mizezi an
piriqiT. mizezobriobis princips adamianis ZiriTad niSnebs
Soris cvlis sxvagvari formulireba: A-s gareSe ar aris
B, B-s gareSe C, C-s gareSe D, da a.S. roca wre ikvreba
da iTqmis, rom D-s gareSe ar arsebobs A. P gansaxilveli
sistema dasrulebulia, Tanac, metafizikis `mizezobriobas~
eTqmeba `ara~. totaluri gageba miRweulia, Tundac erTi
`mizezis~, metafizikuri daSvebis gareSe. (20,165)
gelenis Tanaxmad, adamiani `rogorc aseTi~, rogorc
mTeli, ar aris bunebasTan cxoveliviT Seguebuli. cxoveli
specializebulia, grZnobis organoebi garemo pirobebis Sesa-
bamisi aqvs da amCneves mxolod imas, rac, sicocxlis Senar-
Cunebas, vitalobas emsaxureba. mas instinqtebi karnaxoben
Tu rogor unda moiqces garkveul situaciaSi.
avtori ixsenebs herders, romelic jer kidev XVIII
saukuneSi werda cxovelTa sferoze, dRevandeli terminiT
_ garemoze.
a.gelens Tavis wignSi mohyavs iakob iqsqiulis erTi
magaliTi, romelic, kargad aCvenebs, rom, samyaro cxovelisaT-
vis viwrovdeba da garemos saxes iRebs. tkipas ar aqvs
mxedveloba da smena. aqvs mxolod, sinaTlis, ynosvis da
temperaturis SegrZneba. tkipa zedapiris meSveobiT grZnobs
sinaTles, Tbilsisxliani cxovelis moaxloebas _ ynosviT.
is eufleba Tavis msxverpls, temperaturis SegrZnebis saSu-
alebiT. poulobs bewviT naklebad dafarul adgils da a.S.
Zneli SesamCnevi araa, rom, cxovelebi gacilebiT ukeT
arian Seguebulni garemos, vidre adamianebi. cxovelebs ar
esaWiroebaT tanisamosi, bunebam `izruna~ maTze da misca
bewvi. cxoveli mdidaria instinqtebiT, rTul situaciaSi
Cavardnils Tandayolili instinqti karnaxobs gamosavals.
yovel cxovels aqvs sruliad garkveuli funqciis Semsrule-
beli, Tavisi garemos Sesatyvisi _ specializebuli organo.
magaliTad, xeze mcxovreb maimunebs aqvT uaRresad ganviTa-
rebuli kidurebi. isini advilad cocaven xeebze, marjved
gadadian totidan totze, Tavdacvisa da TavdasxmisaTvis
iyeneben torebs, aqvT basri kbilebi da a.S. am mxriv, adamiani
CamorCeba nebismier cxovels, radgan, nakleb specializebulia.
Tavisi koncefciis Seqmnisas, geleni upirispirdeba or
Tvalsazriss: erTi mxriv im moZRvrebebs, romlebic adamianis
arsebis gagebas cdiloben RmerTis cnebis moSveliebiT, xolo
meore mxriv, moZRvrebebs, romelTac am problemis gadawyvetis
gasaRebi cxovelis cnebaSi egulebaT.
fundamentur TxzulebaSi, `adamiani misi buneba da ad-
gili samyaroSi~, geleni mesame gzas irCevs. adamiani aRiwereba
da ganimarteba, mxolod, adamianis yofierebis gamomxatveli
cnebebiT. adamiani bunebis sruliad Taviseburi produqtia,
misi yofiereba arsebobisagan gansxvavebulia. amitom, gelenis
azriT, misi Seswavlisas ar SeiZleba Teologiis an biolo-
128 129
giis Tvalsazrisze dgoma. es Seswavla, Sromis avtoris
azriT, unda eyrdnobodes cdas, faqtebs,procesebs, romlebic
yvelasTvis misawvdomia da Semowmebadi, e.i. iyos mecnieruli
da ara metafizikuri, magram, swored filosofiuri _ ada-
mianis mTlianobas unda exebodes.
geleni adarebs erTmaneTs cxovelsa da adamians.
cxoveli morgebulia Tavis garemosTan. mgels aqvs Tavisi
specifikuri garemo, Tevzs _ Tavisi, frinvels Tavisi da a.S.
roca, cxovelis winaSe raime amocana dgeba, Tandayolili
instinqtis meSveobiT gadawyvets mas. cxovelis organoebi
im specifikuri garemos Sesatyvisia, sadac binadrobs. tkipa
ver gaZlebs okeanis siRrmeSi, Tevzi mTis kalTebze. tki-
pas an Tevzs aqvT specializebuli organoebi, romlebic,
maT saSualebas aZleven iarsebon TavianT garemoSi. yovel
cxovels aqvs yvelaferi is, rac garemoSi arsebobas uzrunve-
lyofs. amitom, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom, cxoveli dasrulebuli,
Camoyalibebuli arsebaa. misTvis damRupvelia ucxo garemo.
cxoveli ar aris elastikuri arseba. misi instinqtebi, spe-
cializebuli organoebi ar icvlebian.
cxovelisagan savsebiT gansxvavebulia adamiani. am gan-
sxvavebas gelenis azriT, kargad gamoxatavs fridrix nicSes
erTerTi daxasiaTeba. nicSem Tavis TxzulebaSi, `sikeTisa da
borotebis miRma~, adamians uwoda `jer kidev daudgeneli
cxoveli~. gelens moswons nicSes gamoTqma. jer erTi, ar
dadgenila ra aris adamiani, meore _ arseba _ adamiani ara-
sodes ar aris dasrulebuli, Camoyalibebuli, `SeCerebuli~.
adamians ar aqvs specifikuri garemo, mis amocanebs buneba,
sakuTari sxeulebrivi meqanizmebi ver wyvets. is ar aris
bolomde gansazRvruli mocemuloba.
adamiani Raribia instinqtebiT, mas ar aqvs specilize-
buli organoebi, mag. adamianis ybis struqtura ar iZleva
pasuxs Tu riT ikvebeba, mcenareuliT Tu xorceuliT. adamians
ar aqvs bewvis safari, romelic sicivisagan daicavda. ar aqvs
gare zemoqmedebisagan Tavdasacavi saSualeba, vTqvaT javSani.
arc swrafad gadaadgilebisaTvis aucilebeli Zlieri fexebi.
ar aqvs ieriSis misatanad gamosadegi xelebi an kbilebi. ar
axasiaTebs grZnobaTa organoebis simZafre, daxvewiloba. e.i.
cxovelTan SedarebiT, igi TiTqmis ganiaraRebulia bunebrivi
monacemebiT.
am wanamZRvrebidan gelens gamoaqvs erTaderTi daskvna.
adamiani naklovani arsebaa. geleni ixsenebs, rom, jer kidev
herderi werda adamianis naklovanebis Sesaxeb. herderis
azriT, adamiani ar aris unaklo manqana, maSasadame, naklovani
bunebrivi arsebaa. es nakli unda daiZlios. saSualeba ra Tqma
unda buneba ver iqneba. rCeba erTi gamosavali, nakli Tavad
adamianma unda daZlios. adamiani Riaa samyaros mimarT. man
sakuTari Tavi unda dasaxos amocanad da iseTad gadaiqces,
rom, cxovreba SeZlos (man unda Seqmnas Tavisi samyaro).
adamians moqmedeba Wirdeba, sxvagvarad, ganadgureba elis.
adamiani moqmedi arsebaa, esaa gelenis moZRvrebis erTerTi
mTavari qvakuTxedi.
swored, adamianis yofierebis naklovanebasa da am nak-
lovanebebis damZlev gegmazomier moqmedebaSi, romlis Sedegia
sinamdvilis Secvla _ kultura, xedavs geleni adamianis
yofierebis Taviseburebas.
axla vikiTxoT. aris Tu ara adamiani naklovani arseba,
rogorc amas gelenis koncefcia amtkicebs? uaryofiTi
pasuxi am kiTxvaze naTeli iqneba Tu adamians mTlianobaSi
ganvixilavT, Tu Cvens winaSe warmosdgeba adamiani, rogorc
mTeli da ara misi romelime nawilis struqtura.
adamiani cxovelisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom, misi struq-
tura yvelaze maRali elementis saxiT Seicavs gons _ in-
teleqtualur aqtTa, nebis aqtTa, grZnobaTa erTobliobas.
gonis mqone arsebas instinqtebis siRaribe da specializebul
organoTa ganuviTarebloba bevrs verafers aklebs. ufro
metic, isini adamians, garkveuli azriT, xelsac ki SeuSlidnen.
130 131
swored, is faqti, rom adamians ar aqvs gansazRvruli erTad-
erTi funqciis Semsrulebeli specializebuli organoebi,
ar aqvs ganviTarebuli instinqtTa meqanizmi, amis wyalobiT,
SeuZlia Tavi daaRwios bunebriv yofas da imoqmedos TviTon,
Tavisi gonebis Tavisufali arCevanis mixedviT.
mivmarToT magaliTs: adamianma sakuTari gonebis daxmare-
biT moaxerxa iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, rom, SeuZlia iarsebos
nebismier garemoSi: xmeleTzec, wyalSic, haerSic, cxel da civ
garemoSic, tyeSic, velzec, miwisqveSac, mTebzec. speciali-
zebuli organoebiT SeiaraRebuli instinqtebiT mdidari
cxoveli aseTi plastikuri ver iqneboda. cxoveli iRupeba,
roca, misi garemo icvleba, adamiani ki egueba da iguebs Ta-
vis garSemo arsebul sinamdviles. amis saSualebas iZleva
goni, romelsac SeuZlia moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad Seqmnas
arabunebrivi, xelovnuri samyaro (garemo).
cxadia, goni sxeulis naklTa kompensaciis mizniT ar
warmoSobila. naklovani sxeulis mqone arseba veraviTar
SemTxvevaSi ver iarsebebda. goni Tavidanve arsebobda, rogorc,
adamianis erT erTi ZiriTadi unari. marTalia, Tavdapirvelad,
is naklebad iyo ganviTarebuli, magram, SeuZlebelia adamianis
arseboba gonis gareSe, Tundac, goni primitiuli iyos. ada-
mianis gonis siZlieris fonze uferuldeba da mniSvnelobas
kargavs specializebul organoTa arseboba da instinqtis
simdidre. Tu cxoveli Raribia instinqtebiT da moklebulia
specializebul organoebs, is naklovania, magram, adamiani am
unarebis gareSe, gonis arsebobis gamo, sruliadac ar aris
`naklovani arseba~, swored, gonis arseboba avlens adamia-
nis yofierebis Taviseburebas, mis upiratesobas cxovelTa
samyaros mimarT.
a.gelenis debuleba _ adamianis naklovanebis Sesaxeb,
gamarTlebas ipovis, Tu adamiani mxolod cxovelis sxeulia,
romelsac emateba goni, goneba, azrovneba. tradiciulad, marT-
lac ase iyo warmodgenili. adamiani aris cxovelis biolo-
giis mqone arseba, romelsac, daerTvis axali fenomeni _ goni.
Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisebi am debulebis sawinaaRmdegoa.
irkveva, rom, ukve adamianis sxeuli ar SeiZleba gavuigivoT
cxovelis sxeuls, adamianis Tavisebureba mxolod imaSi
ki ar mJRavndeba, rom, mas aqvs goni. adamians ukve sxeuli
aqvs Taviseburi. arsebaa, romelsac aqvs sxeuli da goni.
sxeulic goniT gansazRvruli specifikur adamianuri aqvs.
goni da sxeuli mWidro kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan: gonis
organizaciis rogorobas, Seesabameba sxeulis organizaciis
mkacri rogoroba da piriqiT. amitom, rac, cxovelis sxe-
ulis mqone arsebisaTvis naklia, adamianis sxeulisaTvis
sruliadac araa nakli.
moviyvanT erT magaliTs: Sveicariel mecniers, a.portmans
ar miaCnia naklad, rom, adamiani ubewvoa. man kargad icis
tradiciuli Sexeduleba, romelic, adamianis siSiSvles
naklad aRiqvams da am Tvalsazriss ar iziarebs. SiSveli
kani aRqmis, Semecnebis damatebiTi iaraRia. bewvi SeuSlida
adamians samyaros saganTa SegrZnebas, aTvisebas. amitom, bewvis
ararseboba naklad ki ar unda CaiTvalos, aramed, adamianis
biologiis, sxeulis Taviseburebad, romelic, adamians upi-
ratesobas aZlevs cxovelTan SedarebiT.
a.portmanma yuradReba miaqcia adamianis biologiis
sxva Taviseburebebsac. axladdabadebuli adamiani usus-
uria, umweoa. saWiroebs gansakuTrebul movla-patronobas.
a.portmanis azriT, es unda aixsnas imiT, rom, adamiani droze
adre ibadeba. sxva ZuZumwovrebs biologiuri funqciebi ukve
dedis sxeulSi uyalibdebaT. es viTareba aZlevs maT saSuale-
bas, axaldabadebulni advilad da swrafad Seeguon garemos
da minimaluri daxmarebiT SeZlon sicocxlis gagrZeleba.
sul sxvgvaria adamianis specifika. adamianis funqciebi ver
aswreben srulqmnas dedis sxeulSi. adamiani Camoyalibdeba,
mxolod, adamianTa garemoSi aRzrdis Sedegad, kulturis
SigniT. amitomaa, rom, igi ufro plastikuria, vidre sxva
132 133
cxoveli. es viTareba, a.portmanis Tanaxmad, gansazRvravs
adamianis gansakuTrebul adgils cxovelTa samyaroSi.
adamiani ibadeba sami ZiriTadi SesaZlebeli unariT. es-
enia: gamarTuli siaruli, metyveleba da gonieri moqmedeba.
axaldabadebul adamians aqvs or kidurze dgomis SesaZle-
bloba, mxolod, igi unda aRizardos kulturis garemoSi, sxva
adamianTa Soris. Tu adamiani dabadebidanve moxvda sxva ara-
goniT garemoSi, magaliTad, mgelTa Soris, maSin gamoricxulia,
rom, SeZlos vertikalurad dgoma. aseT situaciaSi, adamiani
oTx kidurze siaruls swavlobs. gamarTuli mdgomareoba
adamianisaTvis mibaZvis, swavlebis Sedegia, xelovnuri unaria.
radgan, adamianis organoebi Camouyalibebelia, mas daswavlisa
da aRzrdisaTvis meti dro esaWiroeba, vidre cxovels.
adamiani ibadeba sxva unariTac. esaa metyveleba. cxoveli
gamoscems bgerebs, magram, arasodes ar iyenebs sityvas, rogorc
niSans. cxovelebs ar aqvT ena. ena, metyveleba wminda adami-
anuri unaria. adamiani eufleba enas, adamianur tradiciebs,
romelic kulturis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementia.
portmanis azriT, dedis sxeulSive viTardeba SesaZle-
bloba mesame unaris _ gonieri moqmedebisa. cxoveli mi-
jaWvulia Tavis garemoze, adamiani ki obieqtad aqcevs gare
samyarosa da sakuTar Tavs, aqvs distancirebis unari. iaraRs
iyenebs, rogorc Simpanze aseve adamiani, magram, erTi da igive
iaraRis gamoyeneba, gonieri moxmareba sxvadasxva situaciaSi,
mxolod, distancirebis unaris mqone adamians ZaluZs.
e.i. Zalze didia goniTi faqtoris gavlena adamianis
sxeulis ganviTarebaze. a.portmanis ZiriTadi Tezisi swored
isaa, rom, adamiani adamianuria, specifikuria, yvela ZuZumwovri-
sagan gansxvavebulia. adamiani, aRniSnavs portmani, sicocx-
lis sruliad gansakuTrebuli formaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom,
adamianSi SeiZleba vipovoT mravali niSan-Tviseba, romelic,
mas Zlier amsgavsebs cxovels. adamiani struqturirdeba
sruliad Taviseburad. adamianis biologiaSi aucileblad
vxedavT arabiologiur sawyisebsac. adamianis gageba mxolod
wminda biologiuri gziT SeuZlebelia.
adamiani _ goniTi arseba _ kontaqtSia sxva adamianebTan.
radgan, kulturis garemoSi ibadeba, swavlobs, aRizrdeba,
eufleba tradiciebs, ganicdis socializacias. igi simwifes
aRwevs maSin roca, kulturis arsebul dones gaiTavisebs.
adamiani istoriuli arsebaa da sruyofisaTvis Wirdeba
adamianuri samyaros aTviseba. es samyaro ki biologiuri
memkvidreobiT ar miiReba.
axladdabadebuli cxovelebi, fiqrobs a.portmani, fr-
invelebis analogiurad ori tipisaa: budeSi myofi da budi-
dan gaqceuli. budeSi myofni is cxovelebi arian, romlebsac,
naklebad aqvT ganviTarebuli specialuri organoebi, tvini.
es naklovaneba budeSive unda moixsnas. aseTebi arian, magali-
Tad, kodala, mgalobeli frinvelebi, kverna, mRrnelebi, mwerTa
mWamelebi. maTi grZnobis organoebi dabadebisTanave ar moq-
medeben. budidan gaqceulebi ufro kargad arian Seguebulni
Tavis garemos. maT bude ar esaWiroebaT. aseTebia, magaliTad,
qaTami, ixvi, maimuni, Cliqiani cxovelebi, Jirafi, veSapi, se-
lapi. isini male toveben dedis wiaRs (budes), radgan aqvT
specializebuli aRnagoba an maRal organizebuli _ tvini.
romel kategorias ekuTvnis adamiani _ budeSi myofia
is, Tu budidan gaqceuli? adamianze ver vityviT, rom, budi-
dan gaqceulia, radgan igi ususuria. is dabadebisTanave ar
aris mzad damoukidebeli arsebobisaTvis, magram, gansxvavdeba
budeSi myofTagan, amitom, mas SeiZleba vuwodoT ara pirve-
ladi, aramed, `meoradi budeSi myofi~.
axla ismeba kiTxva: rogor inarCunebs arsebobas es
naklovani, biologiurad Seuguebeli arseba? f.Sileri Ta-
vis werilSi, `graciasa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb,~ werda, rom,
`buneba cxovelsa da mcenares ara mxolod aZlevs daniS-
nulebas, aramed, Tavadve asrulebs mas. adamians ki is aZlevs
daniSnulebas da Tavad adamians akisrebs misi Sesrulebis
134 135
movaleobas.~(iqve gv. 32)
a.gelens mohyavs herderis mosazrebac. adamiani, aRniSnavs
herderi, aRar aris bunebis xelSi arsebuli manqana, misi
mizania sakuTari Tavis gardaqmna. a.gelenis azriT, adamiani,
naklis mqone arseba, moklebuli iqneboda yofierebas, ver
gardaqmnida sakuTar Tavs, rom ar yofiliyo moqmedi, moRvawe
arseba. savsebiT sworia a.mani, roca ambobs, adamianis gele-
niseuli gagebis centraluri cnebaa `moRvaweoba~.
ra aris moRvaweoba? am kiTxvaze a.geleni zustsa da
amomwurav pasuxs iZleva. `anTropologiis sistematizaciaSi~
vkiTxulobT: `moRvaweoba unda gvesmodes rogorc sinamd-
vilis windaxeduli, winaswar gansazRvruli, gegmiani cvli-
leba, xolo, amgvarad Secvlil an axladSeqmnil `faqtebis
erTobliobas, amisaTvis aucilebel saSualebebTan erTad . .
. unda ewodebodes kultura.~(20,160) moRvaweobas a.geleni
ganixilavs, rogorc adamianis arsebiT niSans. Tu visurvebT
adamianis gansazRvrebas unda vTqvaT, rom, is aris `moRvawe
arseba~.
cxoveli cxovrobs Tavis garemoSi, da myar kavSirSia
bunebasTan, buneba instinqtebis meSveobiT ukafavs gzas
cxovelis yovel saxeobas. moRvaweoba niSnavs imas, rom,
adamiani bunebisagan gamoyofilia, distancias ikavebs mis
mimarT. `jer kidev Camouyalibebeli cxovelis winaSe dgeba
amocana gaarkvios sakuTari Tavi, amisaTvis, mas unda hqondes
garkveuli pozicia sakuTari Tavis mimarT, moRvaweoba, ro-
melic, gelenis mixedviT, gareT mimarTuli poziciis aqtebia.
rogorc `moumzadebeli, Seuqmneli~ is eqvemdebareba discip-
linas, romelic garkveul saxes aZlevs mas: is aris riskiani
arseba, win iyureba, cxoveliviT mibmuli ki ar aris awmyoze,
aramed zrunavs xvalindel dRezec. (20,164)
moqmedeba,moRvaweoba gulisxmobs qcevas, da adamianis
biologiur naklovanebebs Seavsebs imiT, rom, bunebisadmi
mis uaryofiT, Seuguebel mimarTebas dadebiTad Secvlis. es
miiRweva moRvaweobis Sedegad Seqmnili kulturis wyalo-
biT. esaa erToblioba adamianis mier gardaqmnili sagnebisa,
`meore buneba~, romelSic cxovrobs adamiani. cxoveli cxov-
robs garemoSi, adamiani ki kulturis sferoSi. im rols,
romelsac, cxovelisaTvis garemo asrulebs, adamianisaTvis
kultura warmoadgens. `arsebiTad mcdaria _ wers geleni _
laparaki adamianis garemoze biologiuri azriT. adamianTan
misi aRnagobis araspecializebulobas Seesabameba samyaros
Riaoba, mis fizikur uunarobas adamianis mier agebuli `meore
buneba~(20,164) radgan, adamians ara aqvs Tavisi specifi-
kuri garemo, ar aris mibmuli Tavisi organoebiT romeliRac
erT ubanze, is plastikuria, SeuZlia icxovros nebismier
adgilze: polusze, ekvatorze, tyeSi, wyalze, miwaze, xeobaSi,
mTaSi, stepebSi da a.S.
filosofiaSi, ZvelTaganve arsebobda moZRvreba, romelic,
adamians ori gansxvavebuli modusis_ sxeulisa da sulis
_ gaerTianebad Tvlida. sxeuli miCneuli iyo materialur,
ganfenil substanciad. am ori, urTierTgansxvavebuli sawyisis
gaerTianeba mudam problema iyo. sxeulisa da sulis du-
alizms zogjer sxeulis an sulis monizms upirispirebdnen,
magram, es cdebi unayofo aRmoCnda.
axal droSi, dualisturi pozicia daikava me-17 saukunis
didma filosofosma dekartma. man aRiara ori substancia:
azrovneba da ganfeniloba, suli da sxeuli. filosofosTa
mTeli Taobebi ikvlevdnen am problemas.
cxadia, a. gelensac aiteresebs aRniSnuli sakiTxi. mis
SromebSi, am kuTxiTaa gakritikebuli m.Seleri. sqema, ro-
melic, jer kidev aristoteles mier iqna Seqmnili, Seler-
Tanac meordeba garkveuli saxiT: es aris warmodgena, rom,
bunebaSi arseboben instinqtis mqone dabali arsebebi, ufro
maRali ganviTarebis cxovelebi, romlebsac aqvT Cveulebebi,
mexsiereba, da ufro maRlebi praqtikuli inteleqtis mqoneni
da umaRlesi _ sakuTar TavSi mTeli samyaros damtevi _
136 137
adamiani, romelic Tavisi adamianuri goniT mikrokosmosia.
SelerTan goni upirispirdeba sicocxles. es ki gelenis
azriT, dualizmis Secvlili saxea: sxeulisa da sulis du-
alizmis adgils ikavebs sicocxlisa da gonis dualizmi.
gamosavali, gelenis azriT, mxolod erTia: davtovoT
problema yovelgvari Semdgomi kvlevis gareSe. igi winaaR-
mdegia dualisturi metafizikuri Teoriebisa, isini, gelenis
sityvebiT: `SeiZleba savsebiT gamovtovoT, radgan, Cveni mizania
empiriuli anTropologiis Seqmna da ara varT valdebuli
vekamaToT moZvelebul metafizikur debulebebs...~(20,155)
geleni arc empiriuli dualizmis hipoTezas ganixilavs:
misTvis, droSi dualizmis problema saerTod ar arsebobs.
Cven unda vipovoT aTvlis wertili, romelic arsebobs
fizikuri da fsiqikuri mxareebis, `sxeulsa da sulze~
ufro adre, manamde, vidre maTi gansxvavebis SesaZlebloba
iarsebebda. adamianis bunebis gasagebi yoveli debuleba unda
iyos fsiqofizikurad neitraluri.
gelenis azriT, moRvaweobis cneba warmoadgens aTvlis
am punqts, anu amosaval wertils. `adamianuri, cnobierad
Sesrulebuli moRvaweoba, - wers a. geleni, - rogorc pro-
cesi Tavis realur mimdinareobaSi, gancdis TvalsazrisiT,
aris sruliad ganuyofeli, problemamdeli gansakuTrebuli
urTierToba~(20,160). moRvaweobis procesSi yvelaferi
gaerTianebulia, ar arsebobs gansxvaveba Sinagansa da garegans
Soris, ar arsebobs refleqsia, sakuTari Tavze dakvirveba:
adamiani moRvaweobs, moqmedebs, ufro gvian, refleqsiis, sa-
kuTar TavTan mobrunebis wyalobiT, Sinagani fazebi fiqrisa,
gadawyvetisa SeiZleba gansxvavdes gareganisagan, magram, Tvi-
Ton moRvaweobis dros es refleqsia gamoricxulia.
a.geleni mTlianad eTanxmeba m. Seleris azrs, rom
adamiani Riaa samyarosadmi, magram, Seleris am debulebaSi
uaryofiT momentsac xedavs. diax, adamiani Riaa samyaro-
sadmi, is wvdeba ara mxolod garemos, aramed yvela sagans.
am azriT, samyaros Riaoba dadebiTi movlenaa, magram, ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom, zogi STabeWdileba sruliad zedmetia.
maSasadame, a. gelenis mixedviT, samyaros Riaoba zedmeti
STabeWdilebebiT datvirTvasac gulisxmobs. datvirTvas unda
mosdevdes gantvirTva. ase Semodis a. gelenis filosofiur
anTropologiaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba _ gantvirTva.
gantvirTva, avtoris Tanaxmad, adamianis sicocxlis gan-
sxvavebul sferoebSi iCens Tavs.
igi aanalizebs gantvirTvis cnebas sicocxlis gansxvave-
bul sferoebSi. jer kidev adamianis moqmedebis motoruli
donezec kargad Cans gantvirTva. bavSvis moZraobas mravali
varianti aqvs, ufro gvian, TandaTan xdeba moZraobis avto-
matizeba. arsebuli variantebidan SeirCeva mxolod zogi-
erTi _ sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli. SerCevis procesSi
cnobierebis roli ganuzomlad didia. mxolod cnobierebis
saSualebiT movipovebT sicocxlisaTvis saWiro unarebs.
cxovrebis SedarebiT mogviano etapze cnobiereba zedmeti
xdeba. moqmedeba gadaiqceva aracnobierad. saerTod, Cveni
moqmedeba da sasicocxlo procesebi Tavidanve aracnobieria:
Cven aracnobierad vsunTqavT da vinelebT sakvebs, vxedavT,
gvesmis an vazrovnebT.
a.gelenis Tanaxmad, Tvali gantvirTavs xels _ Cven dis-
tanciaze vxedavT imasac, rac mopovebulia uSualod Sexebis
gziT, mag, sigluves, sidides, simkvrives da sxva. am SemTxvevaSi,
aRqma iZleva sagnis TvisebaTa daxasiaTebas. magram, Tvalisa
da xelis garda arsebobs kidev ena. es ukanaskneli, gele-
nis TvalsazrisiT, gantvirTavs aRqmas, awmyos situaciaze
mibmulobisagan, mxolod `aq~ da `axla~ yofnisagan. sityva
zogadia da masSi ar igulisxmeba mxolod konkretuli sa-
gani, konkretuli `es~.
mecniereba da teqnika, enas, samyarosa da adamians Soris
mdebare fenomenis yofierebis dakonkretebaa: isinic gant-
virTvas emsaxurebian. mecniereba, iqneba is sabunebismetyvelo
138 139
Tu gonis samyaroSi orientirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
mecnierebas eyrdnoba teqnika (xelovnurad Seqmnil fenomenTa
erToblioba). teqnikis sagani bunebis sagnebisagan absolutu-
rad gansxvavebulia: bunebaSi versad ipoviT RerZis garSemo
mbrunav borbals. teqnika cvlis adamianis organos, ametebs
mis bunebriv Zalas da amiT organoTa gantvirTvas aRwevs.
organoTa Secvlis SesaniSnavi magaliTia iaraRi. Tofi, Toxi,
manqana, tanisamosi, raketa da a.S.
amrigad, gelenisaTvis iseve, rogorc, filosofiuri
anTropologiis sxva warmomadgenlebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania
ganisazRvros Tu ra aris `Tavad adamianis yofiereba~. geleni
saWirod ar miiCnevs Zveli metafizikuri dayofis analizi
moaxdinos adamianis sulisa da sxeulis Sesaxeb. yoveli
debuleba, romelsac Cven gamovTqvamT adamianze `fsiqofizi-
kurad~ neitraluri unda iyos. Cven unda daveyrdnoT iseT
Teorias, romelic axlos iqneba faqtebTan. Cveni amosavali
wertilia _ wers a.geleni _ moqmedeba. adamiani Tavs gai-
azrebs cxovelmyofelobis (moqmedebis) procesSi. adamiani
sakuTar Tavs sulac ar ganicdis, rogorc dualisturad
gayofil mocemulobas.
adamianis mTeli organizacia SeiZleba gavigoT moq-
medebis safuZvelze. moqmedebis cnebaSi- geleni gulisxmobs
sinamdvilis winaswar dagegmil, gansazRvrul Secvlas. iqneba
es ganxorcielebuli sagnobrivi saSualebiT Tu warmosaxvis
ZaliT. moqmedeba da samyaros dagegmili Secvla erToblio-
baSi gvaZlevs kulturas.
`moqmedeba~, `kultura~ `Tanaarseboba~ fsiqofizikurad
neitraluri cnebebia, romlebic, win uswrebs adamianis nebi-
smier daxasiaTebas. es aris adamianis arsebis sakiTxi. am
cnebaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia avagoT mecniereba adamianis
Sesaxeb.
adamiani, moqmedebisas, aqtiurobis dros, angariSs uwevs
garemos, meore mis msgavss, aseve garkveul pozicias ikavebs
sakuTari Tavis mimarTac. rom moaxerxos Tanaarseboba sxva
adamianebTan mis garemomcvel samyaroSi, unda gaakontrolos
Tavisi survilebi da interesebi. amitom, igi iZulebulia
gegmazomierad Secvalos Tavisi Sinagani mdgomareoba raime
saxelmZRvanelo dominanturi ideiT, romelic upasuxebs
Tanaarsebobis (sazogadoebis) moTxovnebs.
gelenis azriT, umjobesi iqneba Tu am konteqstSi
maregulirebel cnebad SemovitanT TviTkontrolis, disci-
plinis (Zucht) cnebas _ moralis cnebis nacvlad. radgan,
fsiqofizikurad ufro neitraluri cnebaa.
aseve, arasworia adamianis substanciurad dayofa, roca
miiCneven, rom, adamiani nawilobriv ekuTvnis fizikur samyaros,
nawilobriv ki, sulier (moralur) samyaros. geleni afar-
Toebs Teziss da Semdeg saxes aZlevs: adamiani aris moqmedi
da amasTanave disciplinirebuli arseba. is, rom, adamiani
aris disciplinirebuli (mowesrigebuli) arseba da qmnis
kulturas, mas ganasxvavebs nebismieri sxva cocxalisagan da
iZleva mis gansazRvrebas.
adamianis sicocxlis pirobebic igivea, rac sxva cocxal-
isaTvis. igi, rogorc gvari, ar iwyebs cxovrebas gamorCeul
garemoSi. adamiani sxvagvari sistemaa. misi konstitucia
iseTia, rom, SeuZlia gonieri, dagegmili moqmedebebi gan-
axorcielos. mas SeuZlia `yvelgan cxovreba~. amitom, ar
cxovrobs garemoSi, aramed, mis mierve Seqmnil xelovnur
samyaroSi. mis winaSe gaSlilia usazRvro realoba, romlis
konstruirebac Tavad unda moaxdinos. amitomaa, rom, adamiani
arsebobs ara sasicocxlo garemoSi, aramed, mTlian samyaroSi.
is Tavis garemos aRiqvams, rogorc nawils, raRac mTelisas
da axdens samyaros interpretacias. Tavisi warmosaxvis
unaris meSveobiT mas aqvs msoflmxedvelobiTi orientacia.
xSirad gaiazrebs iseT faqtebsa da movlenebs, romelTac
sulac ar aqvT mniSvneloba misi praqtikuli arsebobisaT-
vis. igi, Semoqmedi arseba, kulturis binadaria, organulad
140 141
araspecializebuli arseba _ adamiani Ria samyarosadmi. mas
aqvs unari ganviTareba gegmazomieri regulaciisa, interpre-
taciisa, axali kombinaciisa.
cxoveli cxovrobs garemomcvel samyaroSi, romelic aris
fizikuri, praqtikuli an misTvis grZnobadad mniSvnelovani.
cxoveli arsebobs SesaZlo Sinaarsebis `seqtorSi~. da spe-
cializebulia. adamiani ar aris biologiurad specialize-
buli arseba. am azriT igi primitiulia. adamianma samyaroSi
arsebobis pirobebi Tavad unda moipovos. adamiani biolo-
giurad savsebiT samarTlianad aRiwereba, rogorc `moulod-
nelobis veli~. adamiani Tavis moqmedebebSi mudmivad xvdeba
sakuTar Tavs. mudmivad aRmoaCens Tavs, rogorc amocanas da
problemas. man unda Seqmnas sakuTari arsebobis wesi, igi
mudam mizania Tavisi cxovrebisaTvis.
Tu adamiani, gelenis TvalsazrisiT, morfologiurad
primitiuli da araspecializebulia, samagierod, mas aqvs
gansakuTrebuli organo `nebismieri miznisaTvis~. esaa tvini,
romelic maRalganviTarebulia. amitom, adamiani asec SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT: `specializebuli gonieri arseba.~
adamiani, rogorc moqmedi arseba sruliad sxva kanonzo-
mierebebs emorCileba. flobs kombinaciebis udides marags,
raTa SesabamisobaSi movides garemosa da situaciebis usaz-
Rvro mravalferovnebasTan. igi ar aris mibmuli, Seguebuli
gansazRvrul garemosTan, erTxel da samudamod fiqsirebuli
qcevis garkveuli wesiT, aramed, plastikuri, Semqmneli arsebaa
da araa `dabadebidan~ amgvarad mocemuli.
biologiurad igi arasrulyofili arsebaa, moumzadebe-
lia garemoSi arsebobisaTvis. samyaros Riaoba pirvel yov-
lisa isaa, rom, CvenSi mxolod sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli
STabeWdilebebi ki ar Semodis, aramed, uamravi zedmeti STabe-
Wdilebac. adamiani datvirTulia mizanSeuwoneli garegani
gaRizianebebiT, Sinagani aRgznebebiT. amitom, aseT datvirT-
vas aucileblad Wirdeba gantvirTva, zedmetis moSoreba.
adamianma sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT unda moaxerxos
zedmetis moSoreba. am procesSi Zalze didia cnobierebis
roli, mxolod, cnobierebis daxmarebiT moipovebs adamiani
sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel unarebs. raRac etapis Semdeg,
SedarebiT mogvianebiT, zogierTi moqmedeba gadadis ukon-
trolo reJimSi da adamiani yvela moqmedebas ukve cnobierad
aRar warmarTavs. regulireba aracnobierSi gadadis, adamiani
moqmedebs avtomaturad.
gelenis azriT, adamianis udidesi, sakuTrivi monapovaria
metyveleba, romelic, aRqmas gantvirTavs `aq~ da `axla~ _
awmyo situaciaze mijaWvulobisagan. garda amisa, sityva zoga-
dia, masSi ar igulisxmeba mxolod konkretuli `es~ sagani.
e.i. adamiani flobs `transformaciis~ gansakuTrebul unars,
romelic saboloo angariSiT moqmedebis, Semoqmedebis unaria.
amgvarad, adamiani bunebis unikaluri proeqtia, gansxvave-
buli yvela sxva biologiuri, cocxali arsebisagan. gelens
surs wina planze wamoswios adamianis specifikuri biolo-
giuroba da misi meSveobiT axsnas adamianis qcevis, moqmedebis
mTeli amplituda, gamarTuli siaruliT dawyebuli, zneobiT
damTavrebuli. adamianis gamokvleva, misi azriT, ar SeiZleba
mizezobriobis principiT, radgan igi mTliani sistemaa. misi
arsis gagebac mxolod am mTlianobaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba.
geleni Tavs ikavebs adamianis genezisis problemis ganxil-
visagan. igi uaryofs adamianis anTropoidebidan warmoSobis
ideas. aseve, misTvis miuRebelia cxovelTa inteleqtidan,
komunikaciis unaridan adamianis inteleqtisa da enis axsnis
versia. misi bioanTropologiuri Tvalsazrisi cdilobs
upasuxos mxolod erT kiTxvas _ ra saSualebiT axerxebs
adamiani uzrunvelyos Tavisi arseboba.
a.geleni, iseve, rogorc, sxva filosofos-anTropolo-
gebi, emyareba im Tezisis WeSmaritebas romliTac adamianis
yofiereba dafuZnebulia sruliad sxva principze, vidre
nebismieri cxovelisa. cxovelis sicocxle daprogramebu-
142 143
lia misi biologiuri organizaciiT, meqanizmebiT mibmulia
Tavis sasicocxlo garemoze, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia mx-
olod `amgvari, am saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsebobis
wesi~. adamians ki, imis gamo, rom, biologiurad ar aris
gansazRvruli da mibmuli garemos raime specifikur ubanze,
Tavidanve uxdeba Tavisi adgilis gansazRvra samyaroSi. es
moqmedeba amitomaa gelenis filosofiuri anTropologiis
mTavari principi `adamiani moqmedi arsebaa~. igi Tavad aris
mflobeli da gamkargavi Tavisi unarebis da SesaZleblo-
bebis. `adamiani ki ar cxovrobs, aramed warmarTavs Tavis
cxovrebas~_ambobs geleni. igi plastikuri arsebaa, Semoqmedia
da amis ZaliT qmnis samyaros, xelovnur garemos. adamianis
biologiuri mdgomareoba gansazRvravs mis SemoqmedebiT
bunebas. a. gelenis koncefciis ZiriTadi Tezisi SeiZleba
amgvarad gamoiTqvas: adamiani biologiurad arasrulyofili
arsebaa, radgan, Zalze cudad aris SeiaraRebuli instinqtebiT.
biologiuri arasrulyofilebis gamo, bunebam ganapiroba misi
Riaoba samyarosadmi, gansazRvra adamianis adamianoba imiT,
rom, igi ar gansazRvra, rogorc cxoveli.
rogorc ukve iTqva cxoveli mkacrad da viwrod, re-
gionaluradaa mijaWvuli gansazRvrul garemosTan, maSin
roca, adamiani ar aris erTmniSvnelovnad determinirebuli
garemos mier. igi araCveulebrivad plastikuria, aqvs mara-
diuli unari swavlisa, gagebisa, sicocxlisunariani moqmedi
arsebaa. radganac, daudgeneli da ganusazRvrelia, Tavad
Seqmnis sakuTar Tavs. sakuTari Tavis dadgena adamianis
upirvelesi amocanaa. am amocanis Sesruleba adamianis aq-
tiurobas, moqmedebas moiTxovs. igi Tavad marTavs sakuTar
cxovrebas, romelic yovelTvis Seicavs risks. rom iarsebos,
man unda Seqmnas biologiuri garemos Semcvleli kultura.
kultura, gelenis TvalsazrisiT, aris gardaqmnili buneba,
xelovnuri nivTebis erToblioba. `kulturis samyaro _ es
aris adamianis samyaro~.
adamianis unari araspecializebisa saSualebas iZleva,
rom, bunebis determinacia transformirebuli iyos kultu-
ris determinaciaSi. amgvari movlena ki axal horizonts
xsnis adamianis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli arsebisaTvis.
adamiani ukve Tavisi biologiuri organizaciiTaa `bunebiT
arabunebrivi~, `bunebis gansakuTrebuli proeqti~.
a. geleni yovelTvis frTxilad udgeboda metafizikuri
wesrigis Semotanas Tavis sistamaSi da xazgasmiT aRniSnavda,
rom, misi filosofia `empiriuli mecnierebaa~, romlis mizania
naTeli gaxados adamianis yofierebis gamovlenis sxvadasxva
fenomenebi.
adamianis arsis gasaazreblad aucilebelia sicocxlis
biologiuri cneba. adamianma moaxerxa Tavis gadarCena, imitom,
rom, aqvs specifikuri biologiuri organizacia, struqtura.
gelenis koncefciiT, goni sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianis
sicocxlis SemnarCunebeli, (igi sicocxles emsaxureba kul-
turis SeqmniT), sicocxlis ganmamtkicebeli iaraRi.
marTalia, a.geleni cdilobs gaeqces filosofiur-meta-
fizikur formulirebebs, magram, misi mTavari Tezisebi, rom
`adamiani biologiurad Seumdgari, arasrulyofili arsebaa~
da `adamiani moqmedi, Semoqmedi arsebaa~ aris, rogorc, mec-
nieruli faqtis konstatacia, aseve filosofiuri Tezisic,
romliTac ganisazRvreba adamianis arsi.
adamianis mTlianobis gagebis es meTodi, kerZod, misi
Semecneba, adamianis gansakuTrebulobaze miniSnebiT, metad
gavrcelebuli meTodia saerTod filosofiur anTropolo-
giaSi. mTavari da mniSvnelovani Sedegi, romelic, SeiZleba
miviRoT a.gelenis filosofiur-anTropologiuri koncef-
ciidan aseTia: adamians aqvs specifikuri sxeulebrivi orga-
nizacia, bunebrivad imisaken mimarTuli, rom, samyarosadmi Ria
iyos da am ganusazRvrelobis safuZvelze Seqmnas kultura,
raTa gadarCes da iarsebos.
144 145
V. e. roThakeris kultur-filosofiuri
anTropologia
erix roThakeri daibada 1883 wels profhaimSi, 1929
wlidan bonis universitetis profesoria. misi ZiriTadi
Sromebia: `gonismecnierebis logika da sistematika~, `fi-
losofiis istoria~, `pirovnulobis fenebi~, `kultur-
anTropologiis problemebi~, `filosofiuri anTropologia~.
gardaicvala 1962 wels.
erix roThakeri mixail landmanTan erTad aris damwyebi
filosofiuri anTropologiis im mimarTulebisa, romelic,
kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis saxeliTaa cnobili.
es mimarTuleba ZiriTadad iziarebs biologiuri anTropolo-
giis Teziss _ adamianis yofiereba arsobrivad gansxvavdeba
cxovelis yofierebisagan. cxovels ar moeTxoveba sakuTari
Tavis garkveva, is savsebiT Camoyalibebuli da garkveulia.
adamianma Tavad unda gansazRvros da ganaxorcielos Tavisi
yofiereba, Tavisi arsi. miuxedavad imisa, rom, adamiani cudadaa
Seguebuli bunebasTan, naklovani arsebaa, mainc moaxerxa Tavis
gadarCena, radgan, aqtiuri, moqmedi arsebaa.
adamians ar SeuZlia Tavis realizacia mxolod biolo-
giur garemoSi, misi organoebi ar arian specializebulni.
raTa iarsebos, man unda imoqmedos, Seqmnas kultura _ xe-
lovnuri garemo, romelic Secvlis biologiur garemos.
kultura meore bunebaa da mxolod masSi SeuZlia adamians
arseboba.
is rom, adamiani `araspecializebuli cxovelia~, `Seum-
dgari arsebaa~, kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis
amosavali wertilia, saidanac daiwyo gaadamianebis procesi,
rodesac adamiani iqca `samyaros Ria arsebad~.
raTa gasagebi gaxdes kultur-filosofiuri anTropo-
logiis pasuxi adamianis arsis Sesaxeb, ganvixiloT
e.roThakeris cnobili Sromebi `filosofiuri anTropolo-
gia~, `kultur-anTropologiis problemebi~, `pirovnulobis
fenebi~, romlebic naTel warmodgenas Segviqmnian aRniSnuli
filosofiuri disciplinis Sesaxeb.
daviwyoT `filosofiuri anTropologi~-iT. mTavari
kiTxva, romelzec unda gvipasuxos filosofiurma anTro-
pologiam e.roThakeris azriT, Semdegia: riT gansxvavdeba
adamiani cxovelisagan?(70-18).
Tu Cven gavixsenebT Tvalsazrisebs, riTac ase mdidaria
adamianis kvlevis istoria, adamianis winaswari gansazRvreba
SeiZleba am saxis yofiliyo: mxolod adamians SeuZlia iyos
`distanciaze~, maSin roca, cxoveli `wamieris~ tyvea. ro-
Thakeri ixsenebs goeTes azrs: `mxolod adamians SeuZlia
wams misces xangrZlioba~(iqve). mas aqvs mogonebis, gaxsenebis
unari. cxoveli cxovrobs instinqtebis, ltolvebis saSu-
alebiT. igi mijaWvulia ltolvaze, situaciaze. magram, es
misi gansazRvrebis erTi mxarea. arsebobis amgvari wesis
gamo cxoveli saimedodaa daculi, mas ar aqvs WeSmariti
gancda SiSisa.(iqve)
gavixsenoT Seleris gansazRvreba: adamiani biologiu-
rad sicocxlis dezertiria. metafizikurad ki, uaris Tq-
mis SemZle arseba. marTalia, misi Ziri sicocxleSia, magram
SeuZlia sicocxle gaaCeros. rodesac, Seleri laparakobs
cxovelisa da adamianis msgavseba gansxvavebaze, msjelobas
iwyebs sicocxlis cnebidan amosvliT. igi sicocxleze
laparakobs, rogorc, fsiqo-vitalur mocemulobaze. magram
sad gadis zRvari adamiansa da cxovels Soris? Cven si-
cocxlis samefoSi vcxovrobT da vicnobT mraval cocxal
arsebas, romlebic, ara marto cocxali, aramed, mgrZnobiare
arsebanic arian. am tipis cocxals, garda TviTmoZraobisa,
TviTformirebisa da TviTdiferenciisa, aqvT gancdis unaric.
yoveli cocxali Tavis sicocxles `SigniT~ atarebs
146 147
(misi TviToba masSivea). gansazRvrul ganwyobaSi cocxali
yovelTvis kargad an cudad grZnobs Tavs, SeboWilia an
Tavisufalia (SelerisaTvis mTeli organuli samyaro gan-
sulierebulia. mas aqvs safexurebrivi aRnagoba. adamiani
gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas mxolod maSin aRwevs, rodesac,
sicocxlis yvela safexurs gaaerTianebs da bio-fsiqikur
samyaros mTlianobad aRiqvams).
roThakeri ixsenebs Seleris koncefcias, romlis mixed-
viT, pirveli safexuria aracnobieri, uSegrZnebo, uwarmodgeno
grZnoba, gamoxatuli cnebaSi `drangi~. rodesac grZnoba da
ltolva jer kidev ganuyofelia, es aris moZraoba `ken~
(Hin-zu) da `iqedan~ (Von-weg), amasTan, umartivesi moZraoba
sicocxlisa, romelSic vlindeba uobieqtivo sixaruli da
tanjva. grZnobis drangi qmnis mcenareuli sicocxlis arss.
is cxovelSicaa da adamianSic. drangi matarebelia winaaRmde-
gobis gancdisa. meore safexuria instinqti _ Tandayolili
erTeulisaTvis saWiro mizanSewonili da sasargeblo qceva.
mesame _ `mneme~ anu asociaciuri mexsiereba. mag: umartivesi
mcocavi arsebac arCevs, rom, marcxniv wasvla `tkbilia~, mar-
jvniv ki `mtkivneuli~. meoTxe _ praqtikuli inteleqti. es
aris axali situaciis Sesatyvisi azriani qceva. swored, am
safexuris axsnaSi gansxvavdeba mkvlevarTa Tvalsazrisebi.
zogis SexedulebiT, praqtikuli inteleqti mxolod adamians
aqvs, sxvebi, maRalganviTarebuli cxovelebis qcevebSi xedaven
mas. (maT Sorisaa Seleric).
aseve fiqrobs Tavad roThakeric. magram, ar eTanxmeba evo-
lucionistebs (darvini, Svalbe, koleri), romlebic uaryofd-
nen arsebiT gansxvavebas adamiansa da cxovels Soris, raxan
cxovelsac aRmoaCnda inteleqti. isini adamians ZiriTadad
miiCnevdnen mwarmoebel arsebad (Homo Faber) da mxedvelobaSi
ar iRebdnen mimarTebas, romelic, adamians aqvs samyaros Zir-
Tan. esaa metafizikuri mimarTebis unari. Tu Cven adamianis
mxolod amgvar gansazRvrebas vaRiarebT, maSin adamiansa da
cxovels Soris gansxvaveba mxolod xarisxobrivi yofila
(Seleris cnobili magaliTi Simpanzesa da edisonis Sesaxeb,
Tu mas mxolod teqnikosad ganvixilavT maT Soris, marTalia,
Zalzed mniSvnelovani, magram, mainc mxolod xarisxobrivi
gansxvaveba yofila da sxva araferi.).
maSin roca, Selerisa da roThakerisaTvis ` Homo Faber- i,
romelsac aqvs praqtikuli inteleqti, jer kidev ar aris
sakuTriv adamiani. arsebiTi gansxvaveba, Tvisobrivi sxvaoba
sxva donezea mosaZebni. aseTi mniSvnelovani, Tvisobrivad
axali mocemulobaa enis arseboba. cxovels ar aqvs intuicia.
Simpanze mxolod `mxedveli~ cxovelia. is, magaliTad, ver
xedavs `nivTis simZimes~, adamianis grZnobebs Soris ki myari
kavSiria. cxovels ar ZaluZs gaiazros teqnikuri situacia,
ver Wvrets sagnis viTarebas. misTvis yvelaferi ltolviT
aris determinirebuli. ltolvisagan Tavisufali cda ar
aqvs. mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis grZnoba, gancda.
adamianis inteleqtis primatis saCveneblad, roThakeri
Tavis wignSi, `pirovnebis fenebi~, Semdeg azrs aviTarebs. cxov-
els ar aqvs erTiani sivrcis cneba. ar SeuZlia abstrahireba.
maSin roca, adamiani optikur STabeWdilebebs sagnis Tvisebad
gardaqmnis da axdens mis abstrahirebas mTeli suraTidan.
cxoveli ver mowydeba mTels da ver gaacnobierebs mas. igi
tyvea Tavisi awmyos STabeWdilebebisa (roThakers mohyavs
cnobili magaliTebi cxovelTa fiziologiidan). cxovels
ar aqvs unari dagegmos momavali.
cxovels ar SeuZlia, miuxedavad imisa, rom, mas SesaZloa
148 149
aqvs Siga suraTebi, es suraTebi `amoiRos~ awmyodan. cxov-
els, marTalia aqvs optikur-motoruli mexsiereba, magram,
maTi arc sagnebad, arc cnebebad identificireba ar ZaluZs.
cxovelis `qceva~, pirvel yovlisa, gviCvenebs, rom, ganviTa-
rebis umaRles safexurze myofsac ki ltolva gansazRvravs.
qcevebi yovelTvis mibmulia awmyoze. am tipis qcevebSi
gadamwyvetia specifikur-cxoveluri moZraobis struqtura,
stimulis forma da ara inteleqti. adamiansa da cxovels
Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba ukve `sicocxlis~ donezea.
amgvarad, m.Selerisagan gansxvavebiT, e.roThakeri fiqrobs,
rom, praqtikuli inteleqti, romelic aqvs adamians, ukve
arsobrivad gansxvavebulia cxovelis praqtikuli intele-
qtisagan. aseve miaCnia gelens, misTvisac gansxvaveba arso-
brivia. rogorac ar unda ganviTardes cxovelis inteleqti,
es cvlileba ar Seexeba mis ZiriTad konstitucias.
roThakerisaTvis adamianis sicocxle cxoveluri ki araa,
aramed, gansxvavebulia. adamiani aris cocxali da amasTanave
aqvs gonis specifikuri adamianuri unari. is axali principi,
romelic, adamians adamianad aqcevs, sicocxlis sawinaaRm-
dego principia, axali arsia, da sicocxlis evolucias ar
emyareba. Zveli berZnebi mas `gonebas~ uwodebdnen. Seleri
ar iyenebda am cnebas, mas gonis cnebiT cvlida, radgan, goni
misi azriT, `ideebze _azrovnebis~ gverdiT moicavs `Wvretis~
gansazRvrul saxesac. es aris pirvel fenomenTa da arsebiT
SinaarsTa Wvreta, aseve, emociebisa da nebiTi aqtebis gansa-
kuTrebuli klasi. amgvarad xasiaTdeba goni. goniTi aqtis
centri ki pirovnebaa (70,30).
roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, Seleri adamians cxovelisagan
imiT ganasxvavebs, rom, mas aqvs goni da aris pirovneba. Sel-
erisaTvis, goni sicocxlis gareT myofia, eqsistencialuri
daukavSireblobaa organulTan, Tavisuflebaa sicocxlis
zewolisagan. adamiani goniTi SemecnebiT sagnebad aqcevs
garesamyaros nivTebs, sakuTari Tavis fiziologiur da
fsiqologiur unarebs. adamians SeuZlia dakvirveba, mxolod
mas aqvs sivrcisa da drois kategoriebi.
roThakeri gansakuTrebiT gamohyofs im garemoebas, rom,
Seleris goni _ samyaros, sakuTari fizikisa da fsiqikis
sagnad qcevis aqtTa centri, ar SeiZleba iyos samyaros
nawili. mas ar SeuZlia hqondes garkveuli `sad~ da `roca~.
igi garemosagan Tavisufalia. amrigad, Seleris pirovneba
aRemateba sakuTar Tavs da samyaros goni ar SeiZleba gaxdes
sagani, igi wminda aqtualobaa. (iqve)
cxovelis yoveli qceva, yoveli reaqcia, romelsac is
asrulebs, yvelaze `gonieric~ ki aixsneba cxovelis nervi-
uli sistemis fiziologiuri moqmedebidan. misi fsiqika
instinqtebs, ltolvis impulsebs da aRqmebs eqvemdebareba.
rac ltolvisa da instinqtisaTvis saintereso araa, is arc
moicema, xolo, rac mocemulia cxovelisaTvis, mocemulia
mxolod, rogorc, winaaRmdegobis bio-fsiqikuri centri.
sul sxva kanonzomierebaSia CarTuli goniTi arseba.
adamianis mimarTeba (qceva) `motivirebulia~ wminda ` so-
sein~-iT, sagnad qceuli Wvretisa da warmodgenis kompleqsiT,
romelic principulad damoukidebelia adamianis organizmis
fiziologiuri da fsiqikuri impulsebisagan. adamianis qceva
aris ra erTxel konstituirebuli, bunebiT usasrulod ga-
farToebadia, radgan, `saganTa samyaro~ farTovdeba. adamiani
Tavisi gonis meSveobiT moqmedebs Ria samyaroSi.
cxoveli mxolod imas aRiqvams, rac, misTvis biologiu-
rad mniSvnelovania. adamianis aRqma farToa. igi aRiqvams
ara mxolod sagnebs, aramed, Tavis ltolvebsac. adamians
aqvs sagnobriobis unari. es imas niSnavs, rom, igi saganTa
so-sein-idan gansazRvruli rCeba da ara saganTa da-sein-idan
Seviwroebuli. amiT axerxebs adamiani saganTa gancdas da maT
Semecnebas, maSin roca, cxoveli ganicdis mxolod vitalur
winaaRmdegobebs da mdgomareobebs. cxoveli xedavs da ismens,
Tumca, man es ar icis. cxovelis fsiqika funqcionirebs, ma-
150 151
gram, refleqsiis unari TviTcnobiereba ar aqvs. (iqve gv.39)
Tavad goni, substratis gareSea da wminda aqtualobaa.
gonis yofiereba misi aqtebis Tavisufal ganxorcielebaSia.
gonis centri, `persona~ arc sagnobrivi da arc nivTieri
yofiereba ar aris, aramed, mudmivad TviTganmxorcielebel
aqtTa wesrigia. persona arsebobs mxolod mis aqtebSi da
maTi meSveobiT. aseTia Seleris gonis roThakeriseuli
daxasiaTeba.
roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, biologiuri anTropologi-
isaTvis, gansxvaveba adamiansa da cxovels Soris, adamianis
anatomiuri agebulebis Taviseburebaa. didi moculobis
tvini, gamarTuli siaruli, kanis mier pigmentebis dakargva,
Tmis safaris gaiSviaTeba. amitom uwoda gelenma adamians
`araspecializebuli arseba~, `naklovani cxoveli~. marTalia,
kani ver icavs adamians mtrisa da sicivisagan, magram, aqvs
SegrZnebis unari, mniSvnelovani grZnobis organo. adamians
Tavis msgavs maimunebTan bevri saerTo aqvs. mag. biologebma
aRmoaCines Simpanzes 396, da gorilas 385 saerTo niSani
adamianTan, maSin roca, sakuTriv adamianuri mxolod 312-ia.
ukve preistoriul adamians axasiaTebs cxovelisagan
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. mag. mxolod adamiani icnobs iaraRs,
iyenebs Tanmimdevrulad da ara SemTxveviT. maimunmac SeiZleba
gamoiyenos joxi iaraRad, magram, joxs ar Seinaxavs sxva
SemTxvevisaTvis, kidevac rom daWirdes. maimunisTvis joxi
ar aris iaraRi, radgan, ara aqvs codna masze.
adamiani qmnis iaraRs (b.franklinis ganmartebiT, adamiani
iaraRis mkeTebeli cxovelia). iaraRis Seqmna bevrad mniS-
vnelovani niSania, vidre, iaraRis gamoyeneba. amitomaa, iaraRi
adamianis preistoriis mTavari kriteriumi. adreuli adami-
anic ki cnobierad amuSavebs qvas, xangrZlivi gamoyenebisaTvis.
iaraRis mniSvneloba adamianis gaadamianebis procesSi
karga xania cnobilia. ase mag. jer kidev, 1877 wels, e.kapma
iaraRs organos proeqcia uwoda. es azri gaiziara spenser-
mac. man iaraRs adamianuri organos xelovnuri gafarToeba
uwoda. kapma, roThakeris azriT, viTarebis mxolod garegnuli
mxare SeniSna. kerZod, is, rom, iaraRi Seenacvleba adamianis
organos. joxi _ gagrZelebuli xelia, qva _ ufro magari
muSti, saWrisi _ kbilebs Caanacvlebs. magram, man ver SeamCnia
iaraRis sxva Tviseba Secvalos kidec adamianis organoebi.
radgan, iaraRi adamianis sxeulis gareTaa, misi saSualebiT
organos gamorTvac ki xdeba. es azri naTeli xdeba maRal-
ganviTarebuli iaraRebis SemTxvevaSi.
maSin roca, cxovelis organoebi, garemos Seguebisas,
ufro srulyofilni xdebian (amas moiTxovs filogenezi)
da amiT es saxeoba inarCunebs sicocxles, adamianis orga-
noebi iaraRis gamogonebiT ukeTesni ar xdebian. Tvali ar
umjobesdeba saTvalis an teleskopis gamoyenebiT. telefoni
ar aumjobesebs yurTasmenas, tansacmeli _ kans, sabeWdi manqana
_ mexsierebas. ufro piriqiT, Cveni organoebi sustdebian
kidec iaraRis gamoyenebis Sedegad.
bunebrivi SerCeva mTavrdeba iaraRis srulyofiT. civi-
lizaciis ganviTareba eyrdnoba sxeulis am gamoTiSvas. adami-
ani batondeba dedamiwaze swored iaraRis, teqnikis meSveobiT.
roThakeri ixsenebs spensers, romelmac, adamianis ada-
mianuri (socialuri) ganviTareba biologiurze ufro
mniSvnelovnad CaTvala. am Tezisis marTebulobas iziarebs
vundtic. igi, civilizaciis mTel monapovars (ena, saxelmwifo,
mecniereba, teqnika da sxva) ukavSirebs individTa TanamS-
romlobas, rac, ar aris biologiuri movlena.
bunebis marwuxebisagan Tavis daxsnas adamiani cdilobs
ekonomiuri, sameurneo moRvaweobiT. yvelaferi es iaraRia
farTo azriT. maSasadame, adamiani aris arseba, romelic qmnis
xelovnur sagnebs, iaraRebs. amiT igi Tavisufldeba. bunebis
iZulebisagan, qmnis sazogadoebas da tradiciis saSualebiT
codnas memkvidreobiT gadascems. adamianma swored, iaraRis
wyalobiT gadaarCina da Seinaxa sakuTari gvari. amitom
152 153
aris kacobriobis istoriisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvelobis
iaraRis Seqmna. alsbergis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac imow-
mebs roThakeri, pirveli biZgi adamianis gaadamianebis gzaze,
xelis saSualebiT Seqmnili iaraRi iyo. mis mier Seqmnili
iaraRis gareSe adamianis arsi mouazrebelia. arakoreqtulia
alternativis maZiebelTa kiTxva, iaraRis Seqmna Tu tvini?
isini erTmaneTs gulisxmoben, isini erTmaneTiT viTardebian.
roThakeris azriT, specifikur adamianuria ara mxolod
iaraRi, aseve, cecxlis cnobieri gamoyenebac. mxolod, ada-
mianma SeZlo cecxlis gamoyeneba cxovrebis pirobebis gas-
aumjobeseblad. adamianma gaigo cecxlis mniSvneloba. arseba,
romelic cecxliT Tbeba, masze imzadebs sakvebs, an cecxlis
meSveobiT igeriebs mters, cxovrobs sxva mis msgavsTan erTad,
ukve aRar aris cxoveli. cecxlis SenaxvisaTvis aucilebeli
gaxda azrovneba, adamiani ametyvelda, kerasTan Camoyalibda
jgufi, ojaxi. e.i. adamianobisaken gza Semdeg fazebs gadis:
iaraRis Seqmna, cecxlis gamoyeneba, adamianTa urTierToba _
sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. (68,83)
roThakers mohyavs vainertis Tvalsazrisi adamianis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. bolo gamyinvarebis dros (daax.60000
wlis win) Cndeba Homo sapiens-i. mas ukve aqvs Tanamedrve
adamianis anatomia, flobs maRalganviTarebul saWriss. aris
monadire da Semgrovebeli, gamogonebuli aqvs mSvildisari.
adamians Zalze adre uyalibdeba `msoflmxedvelobac~
_ bunebisa da sicocxlis axsnis survili. es ukve Cans
pirvelyofil adamianTa mxatvrobasa da qandakebaSi, magiur
ritualebSi, kultsa da miTebSi. adamianebma daiwyes micva-
lebulebis damarxva, Tanac, ceremoniiT. isaxeba primitiuli
religiuri warmodgenebi. TandaTan Camoyalibda Sromis
danawileba, vaWrobis Canasaxi. Zv. w. I aTaswleulidan, ukve
daiwyes liTonis damuSaveba. Cndeba cxovrebisa da meurneobis
dRevandelis msgavsi formebi.
adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvavebis dasadgenad
roThakeri iSveliebs ara marto istoriul-evoluciur
Teoriebs, aramed, biologiur Tvalsazrisebsac mimarTavs.
aseTia magaliTad, holandieli anatomis, bolkis anTrop-
ologiuri koncefcia. man erTmaneTs Seadara adamianisa da
maimunis biologiuri Tvisebebi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom,
maTi embrionebi Zalze axlos dganan erTmaneTTan, rasac, ver
vityviT zrdasrul maimunze. viTareba sruliad eTanxmeba
evoluciis Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamiani maimunisagan
ar warmoSobila, magram, hyavdaT saerTo winapari.
roThakerisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, bolkis
TeoriaSi, specializaciisa da retardaciis cnebebia. mai-
munis winapari Tavdapirvelad iseTi specializebuli ar
aris, rogorc, Semdgom etapze, roca, ukve xeze cxovrobs. es
winapari adamianis msgavsi iyo. specializacia _ SeguebiTi
winsvlaa, magram, aseve xels uSlis sxvagvarad ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobas.
xolo adamianis SemTxvevaSi, araspecializebulia mravali
organo. vTqvaT, yba da kbilebi an wina kidurebi (romelic ar
aris specializebuli, ise rogorc, magaliTad, lomis TaTi).
aseve araspecializebuli organoa kani, SemgrZnebi organoa
misi zedapiri.
retardacia niSnavs Sekavebas, daxanebas, Seferxebas. Sem-
TxveviTi ar aris, maimunis embrioni ufro gavs adamianis
embrions, vidre zrdasruli maimuni adamians. es imitomaa, rom,
adamiani morfologiurad aris Sedegi maimunis im embrionisa,
romelic Seferxda da winsvlac SeCerda. am embrionis ganvi-
Tareba garkveuli stadiidan Senelda, retardireba ganicada.
retardirebis process vxvdebiT, agreTve, bavSvis ganviTa-
rebaSi. is ufro xangrZlivia, vidre, sxva ZuZumwovrebis
SemTxvevaSi.
roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, adamiansa da cxovels Soris
gansxvavebis Seswavlis axali fazaa portmanis gamokvlevebi.
man yuradReba miaqcia Cvilis uunarobas, umweobas da mis nel
154 155
ganviTarebas cxovelis naSierisagan gansxvavebiT.
biologiurad arsebobs ZuZumwovarTa ori forma: `bude-
Si msxdarni~ da `budidan gaqceulni.~ `budeSi msxdarni~
mcire xniT imyofebian dedis sxeulSi. `budidan gaqceulni~
swrafad toveben budes. maT aqvT maRali organizacia, rTuli
tvini, sxeulis specializebuli aRnagoba, isini dedis sx-
eulSi ufro didxans imyofebian.
Cvili bavSvi metad umweoa, magram, miuxedavad amisa, aqvs
moZraobis Tavisufleba. Cvili `nawilobriv budeSi myo-
fia~, nawilobriv `budidan gaqceuli~. SeiZleba, mas ewodos
`sekundaruli budeSi myofi~, romelsac potenciurad aqvs
`budidan gaqceulis~ yvela unari. (portmanis am gamokvlevas
mimarTavda a.gelenic).
roThakeris Tanaxmad, gansxvaveba `budeSi msxdomTa~ da
`budidan gaqceulTa~ Soris, portmanis mier detalurad iqna
Seswavlili. am kvlevam cxadad aCvena, is rTuli gza, romli-
Tac viTardeba adamiani, sruliad Taviseburi da gansakuTre-
bulia. mxolod, adamianisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. port-
manis mixedviT adamiani ufro adrea dabadebuli, vidre, amas
moiTxovs normaluri viTareba. Tu gamoviyenebT biologiur
kriteriums, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, rom, is Tormeti TviT gvian
unda ibadebodes. swored, amitomaa, axaldabadebuli Cvili
aseTi umweo. magram, aseve faqtia, jer kidev dedis sxeulSi
misi nervuli sistema da grZnobis organoebi ganviTarebis
maRal dones aRwevs. adamianis sami unari _ gamarTuli dgoma,
ena da teqnikuri moqmedeba _ ukve embrionSi mzaddeba. es
sami unari mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
maSasadame, adamiani ukve anatomiurad, ontogeneturad,
fiziologiurad, dabadebulia specifikur-adamianuri qcevi-
saTvis, socialuri kontaqtisaTvis. is cxovrobs adamianTa
sazogadoebaSi, masTan urTierTobs, izrdeba, swavlobs, iT-
visebs tradiciebs swored, sazogadoebis SigniT. adamianis
somaturi ganviTareba xangrZlivia, da sruldeba 19 wlis
asakSi, maSin rodesac, sami wlis iremi ukve zrdasrulia,
gorila ki 7 wlisa.
roThakeris azriT, portmanma gvaCvena, rom adamianis
fsiqikur-goniTi ganviTareba biologiurad didad aris
gansazRvruli. portmanis SexedulebiT, adamiani gansxvavdeba
Cveulebriv cxovelebisagan, romlebic iwodebian `budeSi
msxdomebad.~ e.i. adamiani ar aris `budeSi msxdomTa~, ase
vTqvaT, pirveladi warmomadgeneli. magram, mas marTlac bevri
aqvs saerTo budeSi `pirvelad msxdomebTan~. swored, ami-
tom, ixmara maT mimarT portmanma termini `sekundaruli~
- `meoradi~.
roThakeri ase xedavs problemis arss: Selerisa da
gelenis Tanaxmad, cxovelis swrafva, misi `drangi~ mijaWvu-
lia garemosTan. adamians ki SeuZlia distancireba: mas ara
aqvs garemo. adamianis distancirebis cnebas roThakeri mka-
crad gansazRvravs: adamiani flobs unars ganTavisufldes
mijaWvulobisagan, romelic axasiaTebs cxovels midrekile-
bebis mimarT. es ganTavisufleba aris mxolod uaryofiTi
piroba dadebiTi unarebisa. adamiani jer erTi mWvretelia, da
sinamdvilis gamsagnebeli. garda amisa, sagnad aqcevs sakuTari
`me~ da aseve abstraqciisa da cnebebis Seqmnis unariTac
aris dajildoebuli.
roThakeris Sexeduleba, garkveuli azriT, iqsqiulis
Tvalsazrisis aRdgenaa: adamians aqvs garemo.
rogoria adamianis garemo?
cxovelis garemo wminda biologiuria, subieqturia,
radgan, cxovelis yoveli saxeoba subieqturia. adamians
Tavdapirvelad eZleva samyaro, romelic, mogvianebiT vi-
wrovdeba da garemod gadiqceva. es ar aris biologiuri
garemo, magram, mainc garemoa, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT:
kulturuli garemoa, da Tavad adamianis SemoqmedebiTi moR-
vaweobis Sedegia.
suraTis naTlad warmodgenisaTvis, roThakeri, mimarTavs
156 157
landSaftis aRweris magaliTs. am aRweriT miRebuli su-
raTi, anTropomorfulia. Cveni sityvebi cvlian suraTs ukve
ontiuri mxriT. adamianis gareSe landSaftis suraTi ar
arsebobs. ar arsebobs zRvis Tu mdinaris napiri, mTa, tye,
gamoqvabuli da a.S.
am landSaftSi modis da saxldeba adamiani. axla, ambobs
roThakeri: xdeba absoluturad saocari, zRapruli ram: ada-
miani qmnis Tavis samyaros. adamiani cxovrobs im garemoSi,
rac, Tavad misi mzeriT da eniTaa pirvelqmnili. naprali
kldeSi, qvaTa sruliad neitraluri warmonaqmni gadaiqceva
gamoqvabulad, e.i. cxovrebis adgilad, TavSesafrad im arsebisa,
romelsac gamoqvabulSi urCevnia binadroba, vidre tyeSi.
`gamoqvabuli~, rogorc aseTi, arsebobs mxolod TavSesafris
maZiebeli adamianisaTvis.
e.roThakeris Tanaxmad, gamoqvabulis cnebis analogiuria
sxva bevri cnebac. cxoveli, romelzec nadiroben, mxolod
maSin arsebobs, roca arsebobs monadire. is monadiris arsebo-
basTan aucilebel mimarTebaSia. roThakeri CamoTvlis uamrav
sxva termins, romelTac swored adamianis arsebobiT aqvT
gamarTleba, adamianis gareSe ki, kargaven Tavis mniSvnelobas.
roThakeris azriT, landSafti, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli danaw-
evrebiT, CvenTvis _ adamianebisaTvis punqtebiT, mimarTulebaTa
orientirebiT da a.S. cxadia, mxolod CvenTvis SeiZleba ar-
sebobdes. es landSafti cxovelebisaTvis sxvagvaria. amitom
aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba `dabadebaSi~ moTxrobil ambavs
adamianis mier nivTebisa da yovelive Seqmnilis saxeldebis
Sesaxeb. saWiro iyo msgavsTa sinTezi, gaerTianeba, saxel-
deba, ris gareSec ar gveqneboda CvenTvis saerTo _ cxadad
danawevrebuli samyaro. adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs arc
yure, arc gamoqvabuli, arc mTa da a.S. isini Semoqmedebis
produqtebi arian. sagnebi arseboben TaviTavad, isini Cvenze
moqmedeben da Cven maT ganvmartavT, varqmevT saxelebs. amiT,
maT rodi vimecnebT, `Semecneba~, sityvis mkacri azriT, am
SemTxvevaSi ar gvaqvs.
`me ar gamovdivar _ wers roThakeri, _ arc `gulubryvi-
lo realizmis~, arc `fenomenalizmis~ winaaRmdeg, piriqiT:
e.w. sinamdvile marTlac gamocanas warmoadgens zustad
isea, rogorc aris~ (iqve gv.61). xe, magaliTad, sruliad
damoukidebelia Cveni azrovnebisagan, da Cveni azrovnebis
ZaliT ar arsebobs: is ise arsebobs, rogorc arsebobs, ma-
gram, Cven vxedavT xis erT aspeqts, Cven xesTan vcxovrobT
da ar SegviZlia SemoqmedebiTad ar vmoqmedebdeT. Cvengan
damoukidebeli samyaro arsebobs, is ar aris movlena, magram,
is aris adamianTan axlo myofi, gasagebi, nacnobi samyaro, is
araa adamianis mier axsnili samyaro. axsna adamianis Semo-
qmedebiTi aqtia. da Cndeba maSin rodesac, Cven win raRac
axali, sruliad ucxo, aqamde aRmouCenili raimea. adamia-
nis mier axsnis Semdeg, is TavisTavad gasagebi xdeba, iseTi
gasagebi, rom, misgan abstrahireba Zneli saqmea... swored am
`TavisTavad gasagebobas~ ebrZvis filosofia.
roThakeris azriT, aRwerili landSafti mimarTebaSia
adamianTan. aseve, is ver gaigeba Cveni sxeulis agebulebis
gareSec, Cveneuli idea mTis Sesaxeb mimarTebaSia Cveni fexebis
simoklesTan.
amgvarad, roThakeris Tanaxmad, erT mxarezea saidum-
loebiT savse buneba, xolo meore mxareze _ adamiani, ase
da amgvarad agebuli organizmiT, am tipis organoebiT.
adamiani Zalze gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan, maTi samyaro ki
_ adamianebis samyarosagan. adamiani qmnis landSafts. unda
ganvTavisufldeT savsebiT ukritiko gulubryvilobisagan,
romlis mixedviTac yvelaferi rasac ganvicdiT, rasac vxedavT,
TavisTavad gasageb mocemulobad vTvliT, Tumca landSafti _
(es napiri, yure, klde, gamoqvabuli, mTa, tye) adamianis Semo-
qmedebiT saxeldebulia. adamianis gareSe es fenomenebi ar
arseboben. sityva aris raRac movlenis axsna da fiqsireba.
roThakeris azriT, es niSnavs imas, rom, adamiani raRac
158 159
iluziurs qmnis, igi gamomgonebelia. realuri procesebi
arseboben adamianisagan, cocxali arsebebisagan sruliad
damoukideblad, isini arian ise, rogorc arian. xe arsebobs
Cems gareSe da sruliadac ar aris damokidebuli Cemze, Cem
azrebze. magram, xe, klde, `TavisTavad~ ar aris `xe~ da `klde~.
Cven vcxovrobT am gulubryvilo samyaroSi, magram, is ar
aris moCveneba. `kargi suni~ azriani gamoTqmaa, atomebs ki
suni ar aqvT. mTeli Cveni cxovreba miemarTeba gulubryvilo
realistur samyaroSi, igive SeiZleba iTqvas istoriaze.
uazrobaa imis Tqma, rom iulius keisris winaaRmdeg
SeTqmuleba atomTa samyaroSi moxda. am SeTqmulebis adgili
iyo `gulubryvilo~ samyaro, romelic adamianis gareSe ar
arsebobs. is ar arsebobs, iseve, rogorc, adamianis gareSe ar
arsebobs `yure~, `gamoqvabuli~, `nakaduli~da sxva.
amrigad, CvenTvis sruliad gasagebi unda iyos roThakeris
terminologia: asaxsneli, gansamartavi, idumalebiT savse aris
`sinamdvile~, xolo axsnili, gagebuli, ganmartebuli aris
`samyaro~. Tu am ZiriTad terminebs sworad ver gavigebT,
roThakeris Tvalsazrisi miuwvdomeli darCeba. `adamiani
axsnis Tavis samyaros _ vkiTxulobT roThakerTan _ e.i.
axsna mimarTulia sinamdvileze da es sinamdvile aCvenebs
adamianis garkveul saxes.~ (70,72)
Seleri da geleni, _ aRniSnavs roThakeri, _ `samyaros~
uwodeben imas, rasac me `sinamdviles~ varqmev. ibadeba kiTxva:
gvaqvs Cven samyaro am sityvis Seleriseuli gagebiT? dis-
tancirebis unaris mqone adamians ZaluZs ki Seimecnos sa-
myaro, rogorc is aris TavisTavad, Tu igi cxovelTa garemos
analogiiT iseve cxovrobs garemoSi, marTalia sxvagvarSi,
adamianurSi, magram, mainc garemoSi.
roThakeris Tanaxmad, arsebobs mkacri korelacia, Sesabam-
isoba or movlenas Soris. erTia _ adamiani da misi mdgo-
mareoba, meore _ samyaros suraTi. situaciidan gamomdinare,
Tavisi mdgomareobis gamo, adamiani yvelafers rodi xedavs.
imis mixedviT, rac SeimCneva, dainaxeba samyaroSi, aigeba sa-
myaros suraTi. suraTi Tavad aris sinamdvilis ganWvretiTi
xatovani kvali.
roThakers mohyavs erTi klasikuri magaliTi: tye sru-
liad sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba aRiqvan gansxvavebuli mdgo-
mareobisa da profesiis adamianebma. vTqvaT: metyevem, monadirem,
devnilma, glexma Tu mogzaurma. Secdomaa vifiqroT, rom, es
asociaciebi exeba tyes, rogorc aseTs. tye rogorc aseTi,
rogorc sagani, usicocxlo ConCxia, `wiwviani tye~ ki ukve
konkretuli mocemulobaa. ase magaliTad, Tu devnilisaTvis
tye TavSesafaria, turistisaTvis saseirno, dasasvenebeli
adgilia.
`nicSe, _ wers roThakeri, _ am mimarTebebs naTlad xe-
davda, igi werda: bankiri fiqrobs saqmeze, qristiani codvaze,
qaliSvili Tavis siyvarulze. yovel adamians aqvs sakuTari
mdgomareoba, sakuTari profesia, sakuTari interesebi da Se-
sabamisi TvaliT uyurebs samyaros, xedavs mis gansazRvrul
mxares da ver amCnevs sxvas.
xom ar aris aq aRwerili mimarTeba im mimarTebis igi-
veobrivi, razedac laparakobs iqsqiuli? roThakeri tyuilad
rodi ixsenebs iqsqiuls, romlis azriTac, yovel cxovels
Tavisi sakuTari garemo aqvs: WriWinas samyaroSi arseboben
mxolod WriWinas misawvdomi nivTebi, xoWos samyaro _ mx-
olod xoWosia. iqsqiuli fiqrobda, rom, adamiansac zustad
aseTi biologiuri saxis garemo aqvs.
roThakeris Tvalsazrisi, didad gansxvavdeba iqsqiulis
Tvalsazrisisagan. roThakeris mixedviT, cxovelis yoveli
saxeoba Tan atarebs Tavis garemos. radgan, cxovelis
yoveli saxeobis organoebi, instinqtebi, moTxovnilebani
Tandayolilia,ucvlelia, aseve Tandayolili da ucvlelia
cxovelis garemoc. cxovelis Tandayolil biologiur
struqturas Seesabameba Tandayolili garemo. Zroxas, aRniS-
navs roThakeri, Tavisi saxeobis Sesabamisi qcevebi aqvs, is
160 161
arasodes ar isurvebs ilustrirebuli gazeTis gacnobas.
sul sxvagvaria adamianis qceva, romlis zustad dasaxa-
siaTeblad roThakeri iyenebs or cnebas: is laparakobs
potenciur da praqtikul qcevaze. potenciurad, e.i. SesaZle-
blobis saxiT, metyeves SeuZlia monadire gaxdes, metyeves
es SesaZlebloba aqvs, magram, praqtikulad, e.i. faqtiurad
is cxovrobs rogorc metyeve, amas aiZulebs misi profesia
da ara biologiuri faqtori. radgan, adamianis qceva araa
gansazRvruli biologiurad, mas, rogorc roThakeri aRniS-
navs, ZaluZs dadges ufro maRla, vidre, misi mdgomareobaa,
misi profesiaa, misi moTxovnilebaa. adamians yovelive es
SeuZlia potenciurad. praqtikulad ki, adamiani moqmedebs
Tavisi mdgomareobis, profesiis Sesabamisad. realurad
metyeve cxovrobs metyevis samyaroSi, mSenebeli _ mSeneb-
lis samyaroSi. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, Cven vlaparakobT ara
biologiurad Tandayolil mimarTebebze, aramed, naswavl,
navarjiSeb, profesiul mimarTebebze. cxovelis sicocxlis
stili biologiurad Tandayolilia, adamiani ki Tavad qmnis
sicocxlis stils.
adamianis gancdis sagani da rogoroba, fiqrobs roThakeri,
yoveldRiur enaSi daileqeba. enas didi mniSvneloba eni-
Weba samyaros suraTis Seqmnis dros. vTqvaT, erTi eTnosis
warmomadgenlebs cxenTa feris gamoxatvisaTvis, aqvT orasi
dasaxeleba, maSin roca, mxolod oTxi dasaxeleba aqvT mce-
naris. isini cnoben mxolod im mcenareebs, romliTac cxeni
ikvebeba. sxva mcenareebi maT ar ainteresebT. afrikelTa erT
toms udabnos yavisferis xuTasi-rvaasi elferis dasaxeleba
SeuZlia. sxva tomis enaSi vipoviT palmebis saxeobebis
ormocdaaT-samoc saxelwodebas.
es faqtebi adastureben, samyaros suraTis Seqmnaze did
gavlenas axdens interesi. Tu cxenis feris mravalferovan
dasaxelebebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia erTi eTnosis
(vTqvaT guaCos) cxovrebaSi, es imas niSnavs, rom, cxeni metad
mniSvnelovani arsebaa am kulturisaTvis. adamianebi pirvel
yovlisa imecneben im sagnebs, romelTac, maTTvis mniSvneloba
aqvT. rac Cven savsebiT ar gvainteresebs, aRniSnavs, roThakeri,
rac Cven arafers gvamcnobs, imas, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi bolos
vamCnevT. sinamdvilis suraTSi raime nivTi maSin monawileobs,
Tuki yuradRebis Rirsi xdeba.
es faqti, roThakeris mixedviT, sruliad ar niSnavs,
TiTqos, adamianebi sagnebs mxolod saWiroebis niSniT amCneven.
vTqvaT imas, rac gvixsnis materialuri gaWirvebisagan. ufro
marTebuli iqneba Tu `saWiroebis~ nacvlad vilaparakebT
`mniSvnelobis ~ Sesaxeb. adamianisaTvis mxolod ekonomiuri
viTareba rodia mniSvnelovani, misTvis aseve mniSvnelobis
mqonea eTikuri, religiuri Tu mecnieruli interesebi. re-
ligiuri motivi mravali omis mizezi gamxdara, iseve, rogorc,
wminda ekonomiuri interesi qceula ara erTi dapirispirebis
mizezad.
roThakeris azriT, samyaros cxovrebiseuli suraTi
yovel kulturas Tavisi aqvs. es suraTi didadaa damokide-
buli am kulturis SemqmnelTa yofaze. Secdomaa imis fiqri,
rom, sxvadasxva kulturaTa sxvadasxva sferoebi erTnair
doneze arian ase magaliTad, Zvel berZenTa ZiriTadi interesi
filosofia da xelovneba iyo. am dargebSi maT gasaocar
warmatebas miaRwies. Zvel berZenTaTvis kosmosis Semecneba
gacilebiT mniSvnelovani saqmianoba iyo, vidre is teqnikuri
Sedegebi, romlebic aqedan SeeZloT mieRoT.
sxvagvaria Zveli ebraelebis damokidebuleba samyaro-
sadmi. maT ar hqondaT filosofia. `ebraelebi _ wers ro-
Thakeri _ iyvnen religiuri geniosebi, isini filosofiisa
da mecnierebis gareSe cxovrobdnen. (70,80) es faqtebi
kulturaTa gansxvavebulobaze metyvelebs. aseve, romaelTaT-
visac filosofia ar iyo pirvel sazrunav saganTa Soris.
romaelis interesi, upirvelesad, mimarTulia Zalauflebasa,
samarTalsa Tu moralze.
162 163
sxvadasxva kulturebi, sxvadasxva xalxebi samyaros
gansxvavebul suraTebs qmnian. Tu erTi kulturisaTvis dam-
axasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli interesi ama Tu im problemis
mimarT, es sulac ar metyvelebs imaze, rom, am kulturas sxva
interesebi ar aqvs. es, upirvelesad, niSania am kulturaSi
am xedvis, am problemis dominantobisa. ase magaliTad Tu
Zveli berZnebisaTvis mniSvnelovania iseTi cnebebi, rogori-
caa `kosmosi~, `logosi~, `eidosi~,`sazomi~, `forma~, `erosi~
da a.S. romaelisaTvis mTavari sul sxva cnebebia, magaliTad,
`Rirseba~, `Zalaufleba~, `samarTlianoba~, `pieta~ da a.S.
es mdgomareoba imis dasturia, fiqrobs roThakeri, rom
yoveli kultura Taviseburad xedavs samyaros. igi eTanxmeba
Selers, diax, adamians ar aqvs biologiuri garemo, is mar-
Talia cxovrobs garemoSi, magram, igi ar aris Tandayolili,
amitom, biologiuri ki ar aris, aramed es garemo kulturis
qmnilebaa.
e.roThakeri sagangebod gaxazavs im cnebebs, romlis meS-
veobiTac axal droSi aigeba samyaros suraTi. es cnebebia:
codna, energia, Zala, Zalaufleba. renesansis Semdgomi peri-
odidan adamianis mTavari mizani xdeba dedamiwis aTviseba.
codna iqca Zalad, dro _ fulad. Zveli berZeni ase ar
azrovnebda, misi interesi sxvagvari iyo samyarosadmi.
maSasadame, arsebobs mkacri korelacia gancdil samyaros
agebulebasa da Sinaarss Soris. iseve, rogorc, cxovelisaTvis
ar arsebobs landSafti, aseve adamianic garkveul viTarebaSi
ver amCnevs imas, rac mas ar exeba, rac misTvis umniSvneloa.
Semecnebis dros unda movaxdinoT seleqcia, amitom, Semec-
nebuli ufro Raribia, vidre sinamdvile.
cxoveli damokidebulia Tavis garemoze, Tavis garemos,
Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,Tan daatarebs. Selerisa da gelenis
Tanaxmad, adamians aqvs ara garemo (is Tavisufalia garemosa-
gan) aramed, samyaro. adamiani Riaa samyaros mimarT, mas aqvs
distancia samyarosadmi.
e.roThakerisaTvisac principulad da potenciuradac
adamiani Riaa samyarosadmi. diax! cxovels aqvs garemo, ada-
mians _ samyaro. magram, adamianebi cxovroben praqtikulad.
konkretuli cxovreba _aRniSnavs roTakeri _ aris praqti-
kuli. amitom, adamianebsac aqvT garemo, Tumca, cxovelebisagan
gansxvavebuli.
Tu vamtkicebT, rom, adamiani Riaa samyarosadmi da amave
dros adamians aqvs garemo, warmoiSveba siZnele, problema.
am problemas ver gadawyvets Tvalsazrisi, romelic erTma-
neTs uigivebs vTqvaT, konkretul adamians da filosofoss,
an konkretul adamians da bunebis mkvlevars. distanci-
reba adamianis universaluri, mouSorebeli niSania. yvela
normalurma adamianma icis, rom me-sa da samyaros Soris
garkveuli manZilia, rom sakuTari Tavi da samyaro ar aris
erTi da igive.
es distancireba xdeba adamianisa da cxovelis gan-
sxvavebis safuZvelze. cxovels amoqmedebs Tandayolili
da ucvleli biologiuri ltolva, adamians _ interesi,
romelic aramdgradia, cvalebadia. moqmedebis mizezia ara
wminda biologiuri, aramed, eqsistencialuri. cxovelis myar,
Tandayolil ucvlel garemos cvlis adamianis gafarToebadi
cvalebadi garemo.
problemis daZlevis mizniT, roThakeris azriT, aqcenti
unda gadavitanoT adamianis arsebaze. Seleris Tanaxmad,
cxovels aqvs mimarTeba garemosTan, adamians ki samyarosTan,
radgan, goniT dajildoebulia adamiani da ara cxoveli.
Tu adamianis gonis winaSea ara garemo, aramed samyaro, ma-
Sin sruliad gaugebari unda iyos samyaros gansxvavebul
suraTTa arseboba. samyaros gansxvavebul suraTTa uSualo
simptomia ena. misi saSualebiT samyaros suraTi yovelTvis
konkretulia, praqtikulia. da amave dros gansxvavebuli,
erTeuli, konkretuli adamianis Sesatyvisi. is rac iTqva
kerZo, erTeul adamianze, SeiZleba vTqvaT sxvadasxva kultur-
164 165
aze. sxvadasxva xalxs, sxvadasxva kulturas gansxvavebuli
interesebi, da damokidebulebebi aqvT da es interesTa da
mimarTebaTa sxvadasxvaoba maTi cxovrebis stilSi aisaxeba
da kulturaSi gamovlindeba. rogorc gansxvavdeba erTma-
neTisagan erTeuli adamiani, ise gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
sxvadasxva xalxis kultura.
gansxvavebis arseboba adamianis istoriuli ganviTarebis
Sedegia. myar, kulturul formebze uaris Tqma kacobrio-
bisaTvis im totis moWras hgavs, romelzec, Tavad zis. es
aris mudmivi kavSiri goniT tradiciasTan.
adamiani moqmedi arsebaa. es debuleba filosofiuri
anTropologiisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, adamiani Tavadve
warmarTavs Tavis cxovrebas, qmnis momavlis eskizebs, pro-
eqtebs. gamudmebiT swavlobs, miiswrafis srulyofisaken. imis
gamo, rom, ar aris bunebiT `dadgenili~ arseba, igi Tavad
adgens sakuTar Tavs. damoukidebeli moqmedebiT moipovebs
sakuTar yofierebas (Dasein).
goniTi fenomeni, romelic, idealistebisaTvis myari
pirveladi, sakuTar TavSi namdvili, bunebrivi mizezebiT
auxsneli mocemulobaa, pozitivistebisaTvis sxvagvarad asax-
sneli fenomenia. yvelaferi rasac adamiani qmnis, sabolood
emsaxureba adamianis TviTSenaxvas. aseTia zneobrivi wesebi,
religiac ki, romelic, sazogadoebis gadarCenas emsaxureba.
azrovnebac da eTosic imave mizans emsaxureba. inteleqti,
ena aseve gamosayeneblad morgebuli, adamianis Semnaxavi,
gadamrCeni instrumentebia. isini gansazRvrulia sicocx-
lis samsaxurisaTvis, saSualebania miznisaTvis. genezisis
safuZvelze, iqneb gasaziarebeli iyos es Sexeduleba, magram,
anTropologebi aq ar Cerdebian da miiCneven, rom, rodesac
xdeba saSualebebis emansipireba, im viTarebidan risTvisac
Seiqmna, gamoTavisufldeba da iqceva TviTmiznad, swored ma-
Sin iqceva is kulturad. TviTmizani xdeba azrovneba, zneoba,
rwmena, xelovneba, religia, filosofia. amiT anTropologia
Sinaarsobriv Tanxmobas aRwevs idealistebTan, visTvisac
goniTi samyaro TviTmizania, pirveladia. maSin roca, pozi-
tivistebisaTvis igi meoradia.
ra Tqma unda, bunebaze gabatoneba da sxeulis floba
upirveles amocanaa, raxan adamiani naklovani arsebaa (roThak-
eri ixsenebs gelens). amas adamiani axorcielebs ukve azri-
ani, maRal Rirebulebaze mimarTuli qceviT da ara mxolod
utilitaristuli mizniT, rogorc, TviTmizans. cxovelTan
xdeba mxolod bunebrivi ltolvis dakmayofileba da am gziT
sicocxlis gadarCena. adamians ki aqvs azriani distancia
sagnebisadmi. es azrianoba misi xerxia. mas SeuZlia samyaros
almacerad, ironiiTac ucqiros uSualo saWiroebis gareSe,
sargeblianobis gareSe, miznis gareSe. swored, misi amgvari
unarebidan amoizarda adamianuri arsebobis wesi, romelic,
sxvadasxva interesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. imis gamo, rom,
adamianma `naklovani arsebobidan~ moaxerxos Tavis gadarCena,
gonieri arseba xdeba da amisaTvis sakuTari xerxi aqvs. es
xerxi cxovelis qcevis msgavsad, saWiro Sedegze rodia mimar-
Tuli. is ar emsaxureba mxolod wamier, uSualo sicocxlis
Senaxvas, aramed, qmnis raRac `arasaWiros~ anu miznisagan
Tavisufals. is sagnobriv, mizanSewonil amocanas svams, ro-
gorc TviTmizans, raTa Tavisi damoukidebeli samyaro aagos.
hqondes sakuTari garemo, mizanmimarTuli kosmosi, kultura
da civilizacia. adamians cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebani Ta-
visiT ki ar eZleva, aramed, Tavad qmnis gegmazomierad..
filosofiur anTropologiaSi, termini, adamiani aris
`ganmtvirTveli~ arseba, a.gelenma daamkvidra. amave cnebas
ixilavs roThakeri Tavis wignSi. igi miuTiTebs, rom, cxove-
li aqtivobs, moqmedebs aqtualuri situaciis gamowvevis
sapasuxod. xolo, adamiani axerxebs Tavi aaridos uSualo
vitalurad mwvave situaciebs, Seakavos aRzneba da ganaxor-
cielos is moqmedeba, romelic sworad miaCnia, sxvagvarad
ifunqcios. adamians aqvs: xedvis, metyvelebis Tu warmodgenis
166 167
uzarmazari sivrce, romelic, savsea simboloebiT. adamians
SeuZlia raRac survilebis Sekaveba, Seferxeba, maTi araaq-
tualizeba. gare samyaros marTvis unarTan erTad arsebobs
adamianis sxva aranakleb mniSvnelovani unari _ kontroli
sakuTari qcevisa.
adamianis moqmedebis struqtura SeiZleba aRiweros
rogorc refleqsuri, anu cnobierebis iseTi unari, romelic
`damiznebulia~ SesaZlo amocanaze, romelic adamianis gareT
devs da Semdeg miemarTeba sakuTar Tavs anu sakuTar `me~-s.
ase fiqrobs roThakeri.
gelenis Tvalsazrisze miTiTebiT roThakeric fiqrobs,
rom, Cveni nebismieri moqmedeba, moZraobis kombinacia mra-
valsaxaa da mravalferovani. cxovelsa da adamians Soris
gansxvaveba senso-motorikaSic devs. adamians aqvs Tavisi
specifikuri kombinaciebi aRqmisa da moZraobisa. is rom,
adamiani gansakuTrebuli eskizia bunebisa, Cans elementarul
fsiqikur fazebSi da TviT umdables _ SegrZnebebis donezec
ki. adamians plastikuri bunebis gamo Ria aqvs horizonti.
igi gaxsnilia samyarosadmi, SeuZlia ltolvis gandevna da
uaryofa. adamians aseve SeuZlia distancireba ara mxolod
gare movlenebidan, aramed sakuTari Tavidanac.
filosofiuri anTropologiis am mimarTulebis kerZod
kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi
Tavs arideben tradiciul klasikur-metafizikur problemebs.
geleni mag. filosofiur anTropologias empiriul filoso-
fias uwodebs da Tavis miznad isaxavs axali mecnierebis
Seqmnas adamianis Sesaxeb.
kidev erTxel gavixsenoT filosofiuri anTropologiis
umniSvnelovanesi cneba `goni~, romelic roThakerisaTvis
ar warmoadgens damoukidebel realobas. is aris moqmedeba,
aqtTa Sesruleba an aqtTa garkveuli wesrigi, gansaxorcie-
lebeli wyoba. gonis cneba moicavs mWvretel, mgrZnobel da
moazrovne aqtebis erTobliobas. adamianisaTvis, swored am
aqtebis wyalobiT xdeba Ria da misawvdomi RirebulebaTa
samyaro. Cven mxolod gonis meSveobiT viciT, rom varT am
aqtebis Semsrulebeli pirovneba. ase fiqrobs roThakeri.
amitom imsaxurebs tradiciuli racionalizmi da ide-
alizmi roThakeris kritikas. igi iziarebs eqsistenciali-
stebis paToss aRniSnul sakiTxze. Zalze xSirad, idealebi
da normebi, romlebsac warmmarTvelad miiCneven, ar `muSaobs~
erTeulisaTvis, kerZo adamianisaTvis. es `maRali~ ideebi
ufro TavSesafris rols asruleben, sadac, adamiani Tavs
daculad grZnobs. isini zedroulni, zogadni, usasruloni
arian, maSin roca, me _ adamiani var grZnobadi, droSi myofi
arseba da xSirad sxvadasxva interesebi mamoZravebs.
sxva kuTxiT SevxedoT, da ganvaviTaroT es azri. Tamamad
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom, kirkegoric imaves ityoda Seleris
gonze, romelic, ZiriTadad RirebulebaTa skalaa. misi meS-
veobiT aigeba maRali, adamianuri samyaro, radgan, kirkegori-
saTvisac ufro Rirebuli, centraluri punqtia subieqtis
Tavisufleba. (msgavseba eqsistencialistebTan), vidre, gonis
obieqturoba. erTeuli Tavisuflebas poulobs sakuTar
TavSi, rogorc, gaurkvevlobas da ara raRac myar punqts.
Tu am myari punqtis Zieba Tavisuflebis dasafuZneblad um-
niSvnelovanesia idealizmisaTvis, eqsistencialistebi masSi
xedaven safrTxes, gaurkvevlobas, SfoTis da cdunebis risks.
ase mag: sartris azriT, swored myari ideebi auCinareben
adamians, vinaidan aiZuleben erTeuls daeqvemdebaros zogads,
maradiuls. anTropologebis Tezisi, (mag: Seleri, geleni), rom,
adamianSi miiRweva safexuri, romelzec cnobiereba sakuTar
Tavs sagnad aqcevs, eqsistencialistebisaTvis sakamaTo de-
bulebaa .
maTi msjeloba amgvaria: me bunebisagan ar viqmnebi, ro-
gorc `me TviTon~ me vaxden refleqsias sakuTar Tavze,
me var sakuTari Tavisagan transcendenturi. me mxolod ase
unda moviqce, rom, vipovo sakuTari Tavi, magram, me sakuTar
168 169
Tavs vpoulob ara rogorc myar mocemulobas Tu myar
pirovnebas, aramed, rogorc, gaurkvevlobas arCevanis zRvarze
myofs, gadawyvetilebaTa mudmivi pulsirebis velSi. adamianma
unda moaxerxos wonasworobis SenarCuneba. igi mudam riskavs,
yovelTvis Tavidan svams kiTxvas. pasuxi, gadawyvetileba
mudmivad gaurkvevlobis winaSe gvayenebs da me ver mSvelis
udroo, maradiul zogadze miTiTeba, e.w. ideali. (ase emarTeba
haidegeris man-s).
`me TviTon~ ar gamoikvleva arc fsiqikaze, arc gonze
an transcendentalur me-ze zogadi moZRvrebiT. is individu-
alur YTviTrefleqsiaSia, radgan, ar arsebobs eqsistenciis
`dazainis~ raime sistema. arsebobs mxolod `logikuri~,
zogadi sistema. ar arsebobs iseTi sistema, romelic, ada-
mianis cxovrebas amowuravs da zedroulad moawesrigebs.
vinaidan, Sinagani cxovreba ar flobs uwyvet yofierebas,
me-m, romelic arsebobs movlenaTa da interesTa mudmivad
cvalebad velSi, yovelwamierad unda miiRos gadawyvetileba,
raTa TavisTavTan mivides.
amis gamo, iasperss, romelic ZiriTadad eqsistencze fi-
losofosobs da ara imdenad `me~-ze anu `TviT~-ze, miaCnia:
eqsistenci (`me-TviT~) saerTod ar aris kvlevadi obieqti.
masze ar SeiZleba arsebobdes mecnieruli codna, radgan ver
vipoviT sagnobriv da zogad cnebebs, obieqtivirebuls kauza-
lobis kategoriebSi. amitom, TviTcnobiereba am azriT, arc
kia codna. me SemiZlia mxolod gamovaRviZo es eqsistenci.
transcendentalur cnobierebasac mis mravalferovan
refleqsiaSi (`romlis Sedegadac saerTod gveZleva me), ar
ZaluZs Segviyvanos eqsistenciaSi. eqsistencia saerTod aris
niSani, miTiTeba, adamianis iarliyi, romelic is TviTon aris.
da am `me-TviTonSi~ ver SeiWreba anTropologia. eqsistenci
cnebiT codnas ar eZleva, adamiani mxolod gzaa. igi ar aris
mudmivad gansazRvruli mocemuloba.
eqsistencialuri filosofiisaTvis adamianis arsi ar
devs arc adamianis samyaros, rogorc, mTlianobis Semmecnebel
unarSi, arc sicocxlis samyarodan goniT sistemaSi gadas-
vlis unarSi, aramed, mis unarSi arsebobdes `TavisuflebaSi
rogorc riskSi~.
Zvel idealizmSi `Tavisufali~ raRac sxvas erqva. gavix-
senoT i. kantis ganwyoba. Tavisufali anu ltolvebisagan
ganTavisuflebuli var maSin, roca, mivyvebi zogad wesebs.
roca, adamiani miyveba ltolvebs, romelTa marTva ar SeuZlia,
igi CarTulia bunebrivi kauzalobis rigSi. magram, miuxedavad
amisa, aseTi arseba mainc Tavisufalia, raxan, misTvis mniS-
vnelobs eTikuri da logikuri wesebi. rodesac, qceva ukve
aRar imarTeba bunebrivi kanonebis mixedviT, is ganisazRvreba
gonebis kanonebiT. gonebis kanonebi, aseve aCerebs individis
TviTnebobas. amgvari idealisturi ganwyobis mwvervalia hege-
lis Tvalsazrisi, misi debuleba, rom, zogadi goni moqmedebs
CemSi, roca, me goniTad anu gonebis mixedviT vmoqmedeb. es
zogadi gonia, mTavari moqmedi piri da subieqti samyaros
istoriisa.
rodesac, sworad vazrovneb maSin CemSi azrovnebs ara
kauzalur-biologiur-fsiqologiuri agregati, aramed, Tavad
logika, amitom, rogorc biologiuri arseba, veqvemdebarebi
Cemi moqmedebis logikas, romlis safuZvelic zogadi (obi-
eqturi) gonia. azrovneba, logikuri kanonebis Tanaxmad da
zneobrivi qceva, eTikuri kanonebis Tanaxmad, mTlianad Ta-
visufalia ltolvebisagan, droulobisagan, drangiT savse
Tu asociaciurad moqmedi bunebrivi cTomilebebis SemTx-
veviTobisagan. distancia, gaTvalsaCinoeba, obieqtivireba, mx-
olod adamians SeuZlia da igi mkacrad imijneba yovelgvari
cxovelurisagan. racio-goneba gvaTavisuflebs drangisagan.
Seleris moZRvrebaSic Cans es moTxovna, kerZod damorCileba
zogadi wesebisadmi anu RirebulebaTa skalis dacva.
roThakeri yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxva gansxvavebazec.
adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvavebaa, ara marto azrovne-
170 171
baSi, aramed, WvretiT warmodgenebSic. bavSvi xatavs Sinagani
sixarulis gamo, radgan, igi mzadaa am tipis aqtiurobisaT-
vis. adamians, SegrZnebebis polusidan (romelic cxovelsac
aqvs) SeuZlia mibrundes mWvreteli polusisaken. cxoveli
ltolvisa da moZraobis erTianobaa, misi samyaro sxeulis
samyaroa. es jer kidev ar aris nivTTa samyaro. cxovelis
STabeWdilebani `gafiltrulia~ seleqciurad. isini `gamoi-
Wrebian~ ltolvis Sesatyvisad. (sasiamovno da usiamovno).
adamianSi ki piriqiT, Tumca, SegrZnebebis unarebic aqvs,
magram, masSi WvretiTi elementebi (romlebic, cxovelebsac
gaaCniaT. amis gareSe cxovels ar eqneboda sinaTlisa da
Crdilis STabeWdilebani) emansipirdebian da aRematebian
SegrZnebebs. amitom, adamiani cxoveliviT, mxolod, gamovle-
nili sxeulis samyaroSi ki ar cxovrobs, aramed, sxeulebrivi
suraTebis samyaroSic. (iseTi gansxvavebebic ki rogorebicaa
`axlos~ da `Sors~ xatovani bunebisaa.) cxovelis Wvreta
damokidebulia mizidvasa da ganzidvaze. misi gancda vera-
sodes moipovebs damoukideblobas, rac, saSualebas miscemda
Sinagan suraTTan Seedarebina STabeWdileba, romelic gaaTa-
visuflebda gancdilis warmodgenis mier aRZruli drangis
ukumoqmedebisagan. cxovels ZaluZs xelovnuri TavSesafris
da budis ageba, moZraobebisa da xmebisaTvis mibaZva, magram, arc
erT cxovels ar SeuZlia im suraTis warmoqmna, rac nanaxi
aqvs, maSin roca, adamiani Zalze advilad aqcevs STabeWdile-
bebis Sinaarss warmodgenad. cxovels ar aqvs geStaltisa
da suraTis gagebis unari.
roThakeri imowmebs klagesis Tvalsazriss, rom, gan-
sxvaveba adamiansa da cxovels Soris jer kidev Wvretis
unarSi gamovlindeba. misi azriT, Zvel adamians ukve aqvs
ena da SeuZlia xatva. Semdeg, is aRwevs `promeTeseuli
adamianis~ safexurs anu ukve funqciobs `gonis~ Canasaxi.
magram, klagesis azriT, es goni jer kidev Rrmadaa Cazrdili
sicocxleSi. adamiani azrovnebs simbolurad, miTebis saSu-
alebiT, mogvianebiT xdeba misi Camoyalibeba heraklesebur
moqmed adamianad. es ukve namdvili goniTi adamiania, adamiani
dRevandeli gagebiT.
Semecnebis unarTan erTad adamians uviTardeba esTeti-
kuri unaric, imis gamo, rom, aqvs Wvretis unaric. amgvarad,
klagesi sxva gziT mivida imave daskvnamde, rogoric miiRes
portmanma da gelenma _ adamians samyaroSi aqvs `biologiu-
rad gasxvavebuli adgili~.
`interesi aRebs samyaros kars~_ aRniSnavs roThakeri.
rac ar gvainteresebs, is maqsimum SevamCnioT, magram, es sru-
liad ar niSnavs rom adamiani mxolod sasargeblozea mimar-
Tuli. sasargeblos warmatebiT Caenacvleba `mniSvnelovani.~
adamians garda praqtikulisa, religiuri, filosofiuri,
eTikuri, da Teoriuli interesebic aqvs.
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT samyaros suraTi,
romelic adamianis kvleviTa da azrovnebiT moicema da sa-
myaros suraTi, romelSic, adamiani praqtikulad cxovrobs.
mag. berZeni filosofosebi samyaros imecnebdnen teqni-
kuri warmatebebis miRwevis miznis gareSe. Tumca, hqondaT
araerTi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis aRmoCena, magram, Zveli
berZnebisaTvis aseTi interesi meorexarisxovani iyo. buneba
maTTvis wminda mocemulobas warmodgena. CvenTvisac Cveuli
axali drois tendencia, bunebis Seswavla, Cveni nebisadmi
misi daqvemdebarebis mizniT _ berZnebisaTvis ucxoa. isini,
mowodebiT da cxovrebis stiliT, upirvelesad, filosofosni
da xelovanni iyvnen.
specifikuri saxisaa romaelTa filosofiac. maTi gaaz-
rebis obieqtia politikuri Zalaufleba, saxelmwifo, eTika,
ojaxi, qoneba. didi yuradReba eqceva samarTlis Seqmnas. e.i.
am gansxvavebul interesebSi Cans samyarosadmi garkveuli
msoflmxedvelobiTi midgoma.
amgvarad, adamianic, iseve, rogorc cxoveli, amCnevs TavisT-
vis mniSvnelovans (anu risi SemCnevac SeuZlia). sinamdvile
172 173
TavisTavad amouwuravi saidumloa. sinamdvilis calkeuli
fragmentic ki usasrulod intensiuri mravalferovnebis
mqonea. unaSTod verafers ver amovwuravT, amitom axdens
adamiani seleqcias. yovelTvis raRac Seumecnebadi rCeba
am sinamdvilidan. magram, yovelTvis rCeba SesaZlebloba
sinamdvilis gafarToebisa, axali codnis mopovebisa. aq
arcTu umniSvnelo rols asrulebs fantazia. sanam, adami-
ani sinamdvilis gardaqmnas cdilobs mopovebuli codnis
safuZvelze, mas Tavis warmodgenaSi fantazia enacvleba.
mTels am msjelobaSi, Tu mivyvebiT roThakers, mTavari
isaa, rom, elementaruli kiTxvebis gareSe, yuradRebis gar-
eSe, Tvalsazrisis gareSe, arc aRqma ar arsebobs. aseve Tu
raime CvenTvis mniSvnelovani ar aris, arc Semecnebis aqti
xorcieldeba. ukve, grZnobaSi da ara mxolod Wvretasa da
azrovnebis formebSi, devs yovelgvari codnis transcenden-
talurobis piroba. mniSvnelobis debuleba, Tanabari Zalisaa
sagnobriobis debulebisa.
racionalistebis klasikuri debuleba ambobda: `cno-
bierebis gareT arc yofiereba arsebobs.~ Cven SegviZlia
vTqvaT biologiur-emociuri, eqsistencialuri ganaTebis
gareSe, arc Semecneba ganxorcieldeba. kacobriobis mTeli
Taobebis mier mopovebuli codna, mxolod, mcire kunZulia
sinamdvilis okeaneSi. magram, mTavari isaa, rom, adamians Za-
luZs sinamdvilis Semecneba _ ambobs roThakeri (70,150).
praqtikulad, adamiani cxovrobs fenomenTa samyaroSi,
romelsac igi interesis Sesabamisad irCevs. adamiani garemos
qmnis Tavisi interesebis Sesatyvisad. gavimeoreb ukve naTq-
vams: Tu cxoveli mijaWvulia ltolvaze, drangze, garemoze da
Tavis garSemo atarebs am garemos, adamiani, rogorc, Selers
da gelens miaCndaT, Tavisufalia drangis artaxebisagan. e.i.
drangisagan ganTavisufleba negatiuri gamoTqmaa pozitiurad
gamoiTqmulisa. rogorc `samyarosadmi Ria~, adamians Seu-
Zlia saganTa Dasein-i anu maTi winaaRmdegoba frCxilebSi
Casvas da Sosein-ze gaamaxvilos yuradReba. e.i. mas SeuZlia
sinamdvilisadmi distancireba. amitomaa adamiani mkvlevaric
da ara mxolod praqtikosi. mas SeuZlia Semecneba ubralod
cnobismoyvareobis gamo, codnis wyurviliT.
amiT dasturdeba, rom, adamiani distanciuri arsebaa.
magram principulad SeuZlia sagnisadmi distancirebasac
aRematos. SeuZlia arsebuli samyaros transcendentirebac.
SeuZlia movlenis miRma gamoimuSavos TavisTavadi nivTis
idea. saerTod, samyaros ideac aqvs. misTvis samyaro garemos
saxiT vlindeba. e.i. adamianma Tavidanve airCia filosofo-
sobis gza, aki Zvel saberZneTSi filosofia daiwyo imis
aRmoCeniT, rom, aris erTiani ucvleli yofiereba da cva-
lebadi movlenebi. samyarosadmi distancireba adamianisaTvis
moucilebeli niSania da axasiaTebs adamians ar mxolod
filosofosobis dros.
kidev erTxel gavixsenoT filosofiuri anTropolo-
giisaTvis mniSvnelovani ramdenime momenti: 1.cxovelis Tan-
dayolili drangis nacvlad, adamianTan Cndeba interesi, ufro
Sors mwvdomi, moZravi, vidre drangi. (roThakers aq Semoaqvs
eqsistencialuri interesic, romelic, ar aris biologi-
uri.) 2.cxovelis myari struqturis nacvlad _ adamianis
`cxovrebis stili~ (cxovelTan garemo mimarTebaSia mis
struqturasTan. adamianTan cxovrebis stilTan.) 3.cxovelis
gaqvavebul garemos upirispirdeba adamianis gafarToebadi,
moZravi samyaro.
rogor davasabuToT es? upirvelesad, gavecnoT adamianis
realur moqmedebebs. (radgan, ar gadaviCexoT metafizikaSi).
adamianebi ZiriTadad ise azrovneben, rogorc cxovroben. ase
mag. mesaqonle xalxi ZiriTadad atarebs mesaqonlis Sesaty-
vis gancdas da gamoxatavs mas. zRvaosani xalxi _ ZiriTa-
dad, zRvasTan dakavSirebul gancdebs. cnobierebis Sinaarsi
aisaxeba enis leqsikur maragSi (mniSvnelovan Sedegs miviRebT
am TvalsazrisiT Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT anTropologiur
174 175
da enaTmecnierul monacemebs) _ samyaros suraTi enis sin-
taqsur wyobaSic Cans. SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi vilaparakoT
`TviT gamoxatvaze~, `TviTgamoTqmaze~ e.i. sintaqsSi Cans
samyaros suraTis zogadi konturi, ConCxi anu formaluri
mxare. mas ki gamoavlenen ganwyobebi, azris struqturebi,
Wvretis sqemebi, dinamikuri moZraobebi da sxva (67,157).
dRes, Zalze gavrcelebulia azri, rom, adamiani isto-
riuli arsebaa. roThakeris SexedulebiT, `istoriuli~
krebiTi cnebaa. amitom, yuradRebas amaxvilebs mosazrebaze:
namyo adamianis konstituciuri faqtoria. kacobriobas, yovel
ers Tu individs aqvs sakuTari biografia. istoria fonia,
sadac, mimdinareobs adamianis cxovreba. adamianebi, individTa
jgufebi avlenen obieqtivaciis unars enaSi, sxvadasxva
socialur organizaciebSi. maTSi mocemulia azrovnebis,
grZnobis, qcevis da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis gamokveTili
formebi. obieqtivaciis adamianuri unaris gamo yalibdeba
garkveuli Cvevebi, zne, wesebi, adaTi, romlebic meordebian da
myardebian. moZrav, cvalebad cxovrebiseul movlenebSi isini
xdebian gansazRvruli, Zireuli fenomenebi. am fenomenebs,
n.hartmanma hegelis gavleniT `obieqturi goni~ uwoda.
Tavad roThakeri, aRniSnul cnebas iSviaTad xmarobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, iziarebs azrs `gamyarebuli formebis~
arsebobis Sesaxeb. iqneba es qristianuli, budisturi si-
yvaruli, Tu antikuri erosi. sainteresoa, rom, am grZnobebma,
emociebma, azris msgavsad formis saxe miiRes. mTeli tradi-
cia amgvari gamyarebuli formebia da sxva araferi. adamiani
mudmiv mimarTebebSia tradiciebTan. isini marTalia icvleba,
magram, Zalze Znelad.
azris sailustraciod roThakers mohyavs enis magaliTi.
ena cocxali organizmia, mudmivad moZraobs, ganicdis cv-
lilebebs, es yovelTvis aisaxeba metyvelebaSi. samagierod,
metad myaria bgerebis arseboba enaSi, isini Zalze nela an
TiTqmis ar icvlebian. aseve, nakleb cvalebadia mag. enis
gramatikuli formebi, romlebic, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
ucvlelia. gamyarebuli formebi naklebad emorCileba revo-
luciur suliskveTebas. kacobriobis istoriaSi arsebobs
myari, ucvleli sidideebi, romelTa meSveobiT, istoriuli
ganviTareba uwyvetobas inarCunebs. axali epoqa amoizrdeba
Zvelidan, miuxedavad, socialuri kataklizmisa, Tu politi-
kuri cvlilebisa.
gamyarebul formebze uaris Tqma, uaris Tqma kultur-
aze, romelic aerTianebs adamianTa jgufebs, erebs, regionebs,
hgavs im totis moWras, romelzec vsxedvarT. amitom aris
goniTi tradiciis, kulturis Senaxva adamianisaTvis umniS-
vnelovanesi movaleoba, romlis daviwyebac, armovlac daan-
grevs adamianobis vels da daeSveba arsebobis pirvelyofil
safexurze.
goniTi tradicia kargad Cans enaSi. isev roThakers
moviSvelieb. samyaros suraTSi aRibeWdeba is, rac, ama Tu im
enis mqone subieqtebis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva, fiqsirdeba
da sinamdvilis farTo panoramidan amoirCeva. masSi kargad
Cans ama Tu im kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, gan-
sxvavebuli sxva kulturebis simboloebisagan. igive SeiZleba
gveTqva xelovnebazec, tradiciul samarTalze.
individualuri Tu jgufuri istoriis analizi aCvenebs,
rom namyo axdens konstituciur zemoqmedebas awymoze. awymos
struqturaSi Zalze didia enobrivi, religiuri, filosofi-
uri Tu mecnieruli tradiciis roli.
kargadaa cnobili, mecnieruli azrovneba viTardeba
samyaros axsnis periodidan, roca, logosi gamoeyo miToss.
moxda sxvadasxva sferoTa racionalizacia, magram, adamianTa
azrovnebam mainc Semoinaxa miTiuri fena.
roThakeri ixsenebs, rogor Secvala axal droSi koper-
nikis heliocentrulma sistemam, ptololes geocentruli
sistema. Sedegad, samyaros sruliad sxva astronomiuli su-
raTi miviReT. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom, dRes CvenTvis mze
176 177
sulac aRar aris RvTaeba, da Cveulebrivi varsvlavia sxva
varskvlavTa Soris, enam mainc Semoinaxa misi miTiuri xedva,
iseve, rogorc, `guls~ yovelTvis ar vxmarobT anatomiuri
azriT da arc mTvares dahkargvia odindeli `mistikuri
Saravandedi~ idumalebisa. ase ar iqneboda samyaros suraTi
mxolod radikalurad racionalizebuli rom iyos.
adamianisaTvis Zalze axlobelia da uyvars miTiur-
poeturi geStaltebi, rac Cveni grZnobadi STabeWdilebebis
korelatebia. adamians ar surs, samyaros suraTi mxolod
mkacrad racionalizebuli iyos.
Zvel, tradiciiT mdidar enebs aqvT rogorc Zveli, aseve
axali fenobrivi Sreebi. ena savsea logikuri da miTosuri
elementebiT. Zalmosilebis mxriv, Zveli iseTive Zlieria,
rogorc axali. rodesac aRtacebuli varT varskvlavebiT
moWedili cis silamaziT, maSin sulac ar vazrovnebT as-
tronomiviT.
dRevandelma adamianma, marTalia, didi doziT dahkarga
dramis, romantizmis ena, radgan, igi CarTulia cxovrebis
teqnikur, dinamikur ritmSi. mas TiTqosda aRar calia
myari adamianuri RirebulebebisaTvis Tu gancdisaTvis.
misTvis sakmarisi aRmoCnda banaluri xelovneba, (terminic
ki gaCnda `masobrivi kultura~. XX saukunem Seqmna `sanax-
aobis kulti~). namdvili, Rirebuli xelovnebis SeqmnisaTvis
aucilebelia adamiani `amoerTos~ sicocxlis dinebas da
maRali esTetikuri interesiT miemarTos sinamdviles.
anTropologiurma kvlevebma kargad uCvena, mxolod ada-
mians aqvs distanciaze yofnis unari. roThakeri am azris
gasamyareblad moixmobs herman vainis gamokvlevas, romlis
Tanaxmad, adamiani cxovelisagan gansxvavdeba `refleqsuro-
biT~. mag: ZaRls aqvs gaxarebis unari, magram ar icis rom
uxaria. adamianTan ki gancdas Tan axlavs codna.
vainis daskvnebi exmianeba Selerisas Selers miaCnda, rom
adamianisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari unari drangisagan ganTavi-
suflebaa da aqvs sagnobrivi cnobiereba, rogorc gare, aseve
Siga samyaros mimarT. `adamians sakuTari Tavi xelTa aqvs,
igi damkvirvebelia~. roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, amgvari xedva
SeiZleba miviCnioT filosofiuri anTropologiis saboloo
safexuradac.
is, rom, adamians sakuTari Tavi eZleva, amiT igi Tavis
Tavsac afuZnebs, qmnis, adgens. roThakeri ixsenebs plesneris
magaliTsac, iseve rogorc, msaxiobi TamaSobs Tavis rols,
aseve SeuZlia adamiansac gaiTamaSos sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari
yofiereba da agrZelebs plesneris Tvalsazrisis citire-
bas. TamaSi cxovelsac SeuZlia, magram, adamiani ar TamaSobs
mxolod amwuTierad, igi sakuTari yofierebis (cxovrebis
wesis) moTamaSea. `me~ _ rogorc pirovneba `gaxsnis~ sakuTar
Tavs, rogorc sxvisTvis, aseve sakuTari TavisTvis, sakuTar
mocemulobaze aRmatebiT tovebs igi cxovelis dones da
moipovebs Tavisuflebas. bunebas `me~ ar aqvs, RmerTi mTli-
anad `me~-a, adamiani ki dgas maT Soris da avlens Tavis me-s.
adamiani ar emTxveva imas, rac aris.
adamianisaTvis sxeulis formebi, temperamenti, niWi Tu
warmomavloba SemTxveviTia da Zalze kargad icis, imis gamo,
rom, adamiani distanciuri arsebaa. plesnerisaTvis igi iseTia,
rogoradac sakuTar Tavs gaigebs.
adamians SeuZlia gare da Siga samyaroebis gamokvleva,
aseve misi grZnobis obieqtad qceva. SeuZlia sakuTari Ta-
vis hoyofac da uaryofac, misiT aRtacebac da SezizRebac.
adamianma icis, mas ara mxolod sxeuli aqvs, aramed, igi
masSi warmodgeba, misiT avlens mimarTebebs garemosTan, mas
SeuZlia sicocxlis mdinarebas daupirispirdes, moaxdinos
arCevani. adamiani cxovrobs droSi, dgas sakuTar Tavsa da
sagnebs Soris. adamiani distanciis unariT midis ara mx-
olod sagnamde, aramed, sagnobriobamde. ara mxolod arse-
bulamde, aramed yofierebamdec. distancia Semecnebis garda
RirebulebiT, ideis, idealis mimarTac funqcionirebs. metic,
178 179
es eTikur-religiuri metafizikuri distancia uerTdeba
kogniturs da misi safuZvelic ki xdeba.
adamians aseve aqvs usasrulos idea, is gaxsnilia us-
asrulobisadmi da SeuZlia samyaros trascendentireba am
gziT. usasrulobis ideas emateba mavaldebulebeli ideebi
sikeTis, WeSmaritebis da sxva Rirebulebani. Tavisuflebis
ideis gareSe adamians ar eqneboda Rirebulebebze mijaWvu-
lobis gancda. cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT adamians aqvs
gacnobierebis unari, imis gancda, rom, igi Tavisufalia an
tyvea. absolutze ideis gareSe arc sasrulo mogvecemoda.
sazRvris gadalaxvis ideis gareSe, arc sazRvris gancda
gveqneboda. am korelaciebSi kargad Cans ideisa da adamianuri
gancdis urTierTqmedeba.
Sedegi am msjelobisa igivea, rac zemoTac davinaxeT.
adamianis cxovelisagan ZiriTadi gansxvaveba Tavs iyris
distancirebis TavisuflebaSi, raimesadmi pirispir dgomis
unarSi. iqneba es movlena Tu RirebulebiTi moTxovna.
magram, realurad es arc ise martivad xorcieldeba
_ fiqrobs roThakeri. adamiani miuxedavad, imisa, rom, mas
aqvs gancda Tavisuflebisa, aqvs samyaros idea, masze mainc
didia garemos dawola da safrTxe Caiketos empiriul
mocemulobaSi. amis ara erTi magaliTi gvaqvs, rogorc,
kerZo adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi, aseve istoriaSi (iqneba
es inteleqtualuri upatiosneba, mcirediT dakmayofileba,
zneobrivi dacemis xarjze keTildReobis mopoveba. amitom
iyo, rom, amgvar viTarebaSi adamianis CaZirvas fixtem da
haidegerma upirovno adamiani _ Man-i uwodes). yoveldRiu-
rad SeiZleba Cven TavSi aRmovaCinoT inerciisadmi minebeba,
inertuloba, sizarmace, azrovnebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis
uunaroba, simamacis nakleboba. yovelive es adamianisaTvis
Zalze Cveuli mdgomareobaa, magram, anTropologiisaTvis jer
kidev ar aris gadamwyveti.
roThakers, azris ufro metad naTelyofisaTvis Semoaqvs
adamianuri garemos cnebac. zemoT aRwerili mdgomareoba
Seesabameba adamianis arsebobas garemoSi, rogorc grZnobadi,
individualuri arsebisa. samyaroSi arsebobas adamiani iwyebs
maSin roca, iwyebs azrovnebas, refleqsias. Tavisuflebis
ideis meSveobiT, bunebrivi SemTxveva bediswerad iqceva.
cxovels ar SeiZleba hqondes bediswera, raxan, ar aqvs
SesaZleblobani amgvarad Tu imgvarad cxovrebisa. adamians
ki aqvs erTianobis, identobis, zogadobis, mTlianobis ideebi,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamiani gadalaxavs pirovnuli ganc-
dis zRurbls.
adamiani garemoSia maSin roca, ar fiqrobs imaze, imis
Sesaxeb, rom, am garemos ukan imaleba raRac mTeli, romlis
aspeqtic garemoa. ver vityviT, rom samyaro garemos uswrebs.
mTeli emateba, avsebs garemos, magram, masze ar daiyveneba.
adamianis uZlieresi unari transcendenturobisa garemos
Sinaarseuli gancdiT ar icvleba. Cven Cveulebriv ganvicdiT
garemos, sulerTia vxdiT Tu ara mas gasagebs, gavdivarT mis
gareT Tu ara.
ase uaxlovdeba roThakeri gadamwyvet punqts, romelic
cxadyofs adamianis kavSirs garemosTan. ismis kiTxva, gvaqvs
ra wminda gasagnebis unari, ratom veqceviT garemoSi? Cven
xom gaxsnilebi varT samyaros mimarT, maSin ra gvaiZulebs
garemoSi yofnas? pasuxi, roThakeris azriT, SeiZleba amgvari
iyos: es aris adamianis, rogorc bunebrivi arsebis qceva,
romelic adamians garemosaken ubiZgebs.
Cven ara mxolod vimecnebT sagans cnebiTi sistemis meS-
veobiT, aramed, vmoqmedebT, viqceviT. qceva ki SeiZleba mxolod
gansazRvruli TvalsazrisiT, gansazRvruli poziciidan. es
gardauvalia. amiT xdeba samyaros suraTis Seqmna.
marTalia yoveli qceva situaciaSi xorcieldeba, magram,
yovelTvis situaciiT ar aris nakarnaxevi. adamianic cxove-
liviT, situaciaSi moqmedebs. im gansxvavebiT, rom, SeuZlia
situaciis gaanalizeba, masSi goniTi SeWra, Tumca, ar SeuZlia
180 181
situaciidan amoxtoma. situacia metad mZime da rTuli
kerZo faqtia. Cven ar ZalgviZs cocxali situacia srulad
movxsnaT. situacia ki, igive garemoa. garemo situaciebisagan
Sedgeba. samyaro situaciebisagan Tavisufalia. me mxolod
situaciaSi vanxorcieleb qcevas. cocxali myarad imyofeba
situaciaSi anu is dinamikuria, mudam CarTulia garemoSi
an qmnis situacias Sinagani aqtivobiT. cxoveli mTlianad
situaciis tyvea, mas ar SeuZlia misi moxsna, fenomenebis
daSla, mTavrisagan meorexarisxovanis gamoyofa, sagnad qceva.
magram adamiansac yovelTvis ar SeuZlia, yvelafris
gasagneba. amitom, xSirad rCeba situaciis tyved. adamiani
yovelTvis ver axerxebs win aRudges drangs, garegan Tu
Sinagan iZulebas, cdunebebs. situacia icvleba imis mixedviT
Tu rogor ganicdeba situacia. swored, gancda qmnis situa-
cias. situacia yovelTvis praqtikulia, yoveli situacia
aris qceviT garemos modifikacia. adamiani sxeulebrivi
arsebacaa, romelic, mudam situaciis dawolas, gavlenas
ganicdis. konkretuli adamiani sasruli arsebaa, arsebobs
gancdil sivrcesa da droSi, magram, rogorc sasrul arsebas
aseve SeuZlia daisaxos mizani da miaRwios mas, es ki cota
rodia. adamiani mudam cxovrobs biocentruli gancdisa da
eqscentruli Semecnebis zRvarze. mas ara mxolod qceva
aiZulebs raime TvalsazrisiT moqmedebas miznis misaRwevad,
aramed, SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobac. distancireba, marto garemos
miRma gasvliT ar miiRweva. aramed, Tavad am garemoSic. ara
mxolod eqscentrulad, aramed realobaSic.
roThakers amjerad imis Tqma surs, rom gansxvaveba
adamiansa da cxovels Soris Cans ara mxolod azrovnebaSi,
aramed, ukve Wvretis procesSi. e.i. adamianuri specifika
isaa, rom, igi aris mWvreteli, moazrovne da mnebeli ar-
seba. cnebiT dones adamiani aRwevs, maSin roca, sicocxles
`aCerebs~. adamiani istoriulad sakmaod didxans cxovrobda
gonis gareSe anu refleqsuri azrovnebisa da nebis gareSe.
magram, imTaviTve gansxvavdeboda adamianuri Wvretis unari
cxovelis SegrZnebisa da aRqmisagan. SegrZneba yovelTvis
mimarTulia winaaRmdegobaze. is imarTeba drangis mier, ada-
miani gadalaxavs cxovelur drangze mijaWvulobas, magram,
alternativas ar ayenebs drangsa da sagnobriv azrovnebas
Soris. ara azrovneba, aramed, Wvretis unari enacvleba drangs.
(amitomac ar SeuZlia cxovels xatva. radgan, xatvis unari
Wvretis sferoSi devs. cxovels ar SeuZlia geStaltisa
da monaxazis izolireba.)
sinamdvilis qvaliteturi buneba jer gancdili unda
iyos, Wvretac erTgvari ganxilvaa sinamdvilis. swored, es
aris adamianis esTetikuri unari. Cven gvaqvs ara mxolod
praqtikuli STabeWdilebani, aramed, maT miRmac SegviZlia
raRacis `danaxva~, `mosmena~, maTiT gataceba. adamiani aTaso-
biT wlebi cxovrobda, manam, sanam, cnebiT azrovnebas mimar-
Tavda. magram, mTavari unari, unari Wvretisa masSi imTaviTve
arsebobda. amitom moaxerxa adamianma, rogorc biologiurma
arsebam, dasabami mieca sruliad sxvagvari arsebobis wesi-
saTvis, romelic ukve aRar eteva `sicocxlis~ farglebSi
da wminda anTropologiuria.
ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT roThakeris Tvalsaz-
risidan, mokled SevajamoT ukve naTqvami: miuxedavad imisa,
rom adamiani cudadaa Seguebuli garemosTan, naklovani
arsebaa, mas aqvs unari Tavad gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi,
ganaxorcielos Tavis yofiereba. sakuTari Tavis gansazRvra
ki moiTxovs aqtiurobas, moqmedebas. adamianis `araspeciali-
zeba~ upirvelesad vlindeba mis aradeterminirebulobaSi. is
plastikuria, ar aris mibmuli Tavisi organoebiT sinamdvi-
lis romelime erT ubanze. SeuZlia Tavis qcevis xerxebis
gansazRvra, amitom aris is Semoqmedi. raxan mas es ZaluZs,
e.i. Tavisufalia, aRar imarTeba instinqtebiT. distancire-
bulia ara mxolod garemosadmi, aramed, sakuTari Tavisadmi.
igi refleqsuri arsebaa. e.i. adamianis arsia Semoqmedebis
182 183
(Seqmnis) unari. am SemTxvevaSi, es cneba ra Tqma unda ix-
mareba farTo anTropologiuri konteqstiT. moqmedeba ada-
mianisaTvis aucileblobaa, misi yofierebis Zireuli Tvise-
baa. cxovelisaTvis bunebrioba misi standartia. adamiani
ki garkveuli riskis fasad cxovrobs. igi Tavad aZlevs
sakuTar Tavs garkveuli arsebobis wess da formas. man sa-
kuTari ZaliT unda moaxerxos TviTdadgena, sakuTar TavSi
unda Seqmnas adamiani.
roThakerma, imisaTvis, rom, gadaelaxa tradiciuli dapir-
ispireba vitalur-biologiuri da goniT mxareebs Soris da
moexsna am sferoebis absolutizacia, Semoitana `Semoqmedeb-
iTi istoriulobis~ cneba. maSasadame, am koncefciis Tanaxmad,
adamiani ganisazRvreba, rogorc istoriuli, SemoqmedebiTi
arseba, romelic Tavad qmnis Tavisi gvaris cxovrebis wess,
romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba igi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli
arseba _ kulturis subieqtic da obieqtic. kerZo adami-
ani Tavisi pirovnuli aqtivobiT modis TanxmobaSi Tavisi
gvaris centralur garkveulobasTan, gansazRvrulobasTan.
es aris adamianis specifika. adamiani Tavadve irCevs Tavis
cxovrebis paradigmas.
adamiani cxovrobs im garemoSi, romelic Tavad misi
mzeriTa da eniTaa pirvelqmnili. igi mudmivad imyofeba
gadawyvetilebaTa pulsirebis velSi. `adamianis arsi is ki
ar aris, rom mas SeuZlia samyaros obieqtivireba, misi Sem-
ecneba an is, rom aqvs sicocxlis samyarodan goniT samyaros
sistemaSi gadasvlis unari, aramed, is, rom igi arsebobs Tavi-
suflebaSi, rogorc riskSi, da ganwirulia SemoqmedebisaTvis
(moqmedebisaTvis).~ (70,191).
maSasadame, adamiani arsebobs saidumlo iracionalur
eqstremalur sinamdvileSi, saidanac unda moaxdinos samyaros
konstruireba, romelic misi samyaro iqneba. am konstruire-
biT iqmneba axali xelovnuri samyaro, kulturuli sivrce,
adamianis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis Sedegi. adamiani ar
izRudeba Tavisi bunebrivi arsebobis wesiT. igi mxolod
Tavisi pirovnuli aqtivobiT modis TanxmobaSi adamianis
ZiriTad, centralur gansazRvrulobasTan. adamiani mudmivad
moZraobs da Tavad adgens sakuTar adgils, sakuTar rangs.
igi axdens sakuTari Tavis proeqtirebas.
amitom, amboben, rom adamiani `TavisuflebisaTvis gan-
wirulia.~ misTvis es Tavisufleba ZRveni da normatiuli
cneba ki ar aris, romelsac miiRebs an ar miiRebs, aramed,
aucilebeli mdgomareobaa. Tavisufleba arsebobs adamianis
daudgenlobis, ganusazRvrelobis ZaliT. adamiani maSinac
Tavisufalia, roca araferi icis am Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb,
uaryofs mas an ar iyenebs.
maSasadame, roThakeris kultur-anTropologiuri Tval-
sazrisiT, adamiani aris gansakuTrebuli, TviTmyobadi, sakuTari
yofierebis ganmsazRvreli arseba, romelic aris Semoqmedi,
kulturis Semqmneli da misiT Seqmnili. kulturis meSveobiT
adamiani Tavisufldeba aramyari mdgomareobisagan. aZlevs ra
formas sakuTar Tavs. TviTSeqmnis unariT igi principulad
gansxvavdeba sxva yvela arsebulisagan.
VI m.landmani _ adamiani, rogorc kulturis
subieqti da obieqti.
kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani warmomadgenelia mixail landmani _ germaneli
filosofosi, romlis wvlili e.roThakerTan erTad metad
didia filosofiuri anTropologiis, rogorc filosofiis
damoukidebeli disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi. biologiuri da
religiuri anTropologiebisagan gansxvavebiT, m.landmanma
scada sxva meTodologiuri safuZvlebiT aexsna adamianis
mTlianobis problema, gadaelaxa adamianis empiriuli sa-
gnobrivi mxarisa da goniTi subieqturobis dapirispireba,
184 185
epova maTi erTianobis safuZveli. `inteligibelur da fenom-
enalur~ samyaroebs Soris gaTiSulobis aRmofxvris mizniT,
m.landmans iseve, rogorc e.roThakers, Semoaqvs `SemoqmedebiTi
istoriulobis~ cneba.
misi TvalsazrisiT, adamianis biologiuri ganviTarebis
istorias ar aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba adamianis adamianad
qcevaSi, misi bunebis gasagebad. gansxvavebiT biologiur-
filosofiuri anTropologiisagan, romelic adamianis arsis
gagebas afuZnebs istoriul-evoluciuri Teoriis saSualebiT
e.i. gadamwyvetad miiCnevs adamianis biologiuri ganviTarebis
istorias.
biologiur-anTropologiuri koncefciiT, adamiani
aris aqtiuri arseba, romelic Tavisi biologiuri ara-
specializebis gamo, iZulebulia moawesrigos yofiereba,
Seqmnas cxovrebis axali modeli, axali struqtura,
moaxdinos realobis organizeba, misi gaformeba. Tu bio-
anTropologiisaTvis _ vTqvaT a.gelenisaTvis, es aqtiuroba
ganpirobebulia `biologiuri mdgomareobiT~, kultur-
anTropologiisaTvis is motivirebulia vitalur-eqsisten-
ciuri moTxovnilebiT. aqcentirebulia, absolutizirebulia
adamianis SemoqmedebiTi buneba. Tu a.gelenisaTvis kultura
warmoadgens adamianis biologiis Tavisebur epifenomens,
m.landmanisaTvis kultura aris Sedegi adamianis Semoq-
medebiTi aqtivobisa. am koncefciiT, adamianis biologiuri
ganviTarebis istoria ukana planze gadadis, radgan, adamianis
arsis gasagebad is arc iseTi didi mniSvnelobisaa.
m.landmani sruliad emijneba e.w. `fizikalistur az-
rovnebas~, romlis mixedviTac, axali modificirebuli Zvelia.
avtori xelmZRvanelobs sxva principiT _ yovel movlenas
aqvs imanenturi mniSvneloba. yovelive gagebuli unda iqnas
Tavis Tavisagan. landmani uaryofs mizez-Sedegobrivi gan-
viTarebis evoluciur Teorias adamianis bunebis gasagebad.
misTvis, aseve miuRebelia adamianisa da cxovelis SedarebiTi
analizi, rodesac adamians gansazRvraven, rogorc `instin-
qtebiT cudad SeiaraRebuls~ an `araspecializebul~ ar-
sebas. adamiani da cxoveli TavisTavad warmoadgenen yofi-
erebis specifikur formas: isini arseboben Tavisi sakuTari
cxovrebis wesiT da maTi arsebobis wesi ar gamoiyvaneba
erTmaneTisagan.
Zalze sqematurad, SeiZleba amgvarad gadmoices land-
manis kultur-filosofiuri koncefcia. Sevecdebi ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT es Tvalsazrisi, risTvisac visarge-
bleb m.landmanis ZiriTadi TxzulebiT ` Philosophische An-
thropologie~ da masTan erTad iseTi mniSvnelovani naSromebiT
rogorebicaa _`Der Mensch als schpfer und Geschpf der
Kultur~, `Das Ende des Individuums~.
ganvixiloT pirveli naSromi: landmani, iseve, rogorc
mravali sxva moazrovne, Txzulebas iwyebs Sesaswavli sagnis
raobis garkveviT. igi upirvelesad cdilobs mimarTebis dad-
genas filosofiur anTropologiasa da sxva arafilosofiur
anTropologiebs Soris da gamoTqvams Teziss, rom `filoso-
fiuri anTropologia adamians ucqers rogorc problemas
da eZebs adamianis yofierebas anu imas Tu riT gansxvavdeba
adamiani yvela sxva arsebulisagan~(48,3).
m.landmani iziarebs plesnerisa da gelenis Tvalsazriss,
rom adamiani aris arseba, romlis mizani sakuTari Tavis Se-
qmnaa. es exeba rogorc kerZo individs, aseve xalxebs, erebsa
da adamians saerTod. igi Tavad ganagebs sakuTar yofierebas.
adamiani ara mxolod cocxlobs, aramed, cxovrobs kidec (anu
mmarTvelia sakuTari cxovrebisa). e.i. SeiZleba davaskvnaT:
adamiani ar aris dadgenili, gansazRvruli arseba. man Tvi-
Ton unda moaxerxos es, magram, rogor? vinaidan, adamiani
aqtiuri TviTdamdgeni arsebaa, ar SeiZleba iyos gulgrili
sakuTari yofierebis mimarT. adamianis moqmedebebi savsea
sxvadasxva impulsebiT da motivaciebiT. yovelTvis rodi
arsebobs erTgvarovani nimuSi, xati, ris mixedviTac unda
186 187
Seqmnas adamianma sakuTari Tavi. aseve, adamiani evoluciuri,
istoriuli arsebaa droSi da uCndeba axali interesebi,
axali sazrisebi.
movixmoT istoria: mainc, ra kavSiri SeiZleba iyos ada-
mianis gvaris TviTSeqmnasa, istoriuli-kulturul etapebsa
da pirovnebis TviTgaformebas Soris. is codna, rac adamians
eqmneba sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda araa Tavisufali
im konkretuli velisagan, romelSic igi iqmneba. Tu gavix-
senebT kacobriobis istorias, amis TvalsaCino magaliTebs
mravlad vipoviT. ase mag. Zv. berZnebisaTvis adamiani gonieri
arsebaa da es maT racionalobaze aqcentis gadatanas niSnavs.
adamiani Rirebulad gonebaze dayrdnobiT iqceva. berZnuli
eTikis Tanaxmad, goneba upirispirdeba ltolvebs, Tu ada-
mians gamarjveba da sakuTari saxis Seqmna surs man garemos
meSveobiT unda moaxerxos ltolvebis daTrgunva. adamianis
gageba mxolod amgvarad iqneba SesaZlebeli. qristianobisaT-
vis, adamianis yofierebis centri ara amqveyniur realobaSi,
aramed, imqveyniur cxovrebaSi Zevs. es modeli ganapirobebs
mTeli Sua saukuneebis ara marto adamianis arsebas gagebas,
aramed, saerTod cxovrebis wess. im periodSi, amqveyniuri
cxovrebis institutebi ar iyo myari da avtonomiuri,
aramed, efuZneboda imqveyniurs, transcendenturs da amitom,
eqvemdebareboda eklesias. samyaros centrad gaazrebuli iyo
RmerTi da mis mier Seqmnili adamiani.
axal droSi ki, adamianis usazRvro interesebi, miswrafe-
bani SesabamisobaSi movida samyaros usasrulobis ideasTan,
ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada im epoqis kulturaSi progresisa
da momavlis rwmena. e.i. adamianis warmodgena sakuTar yo-
fierebaze garkveul wilad ganapirobebs Tavad yofierebasac,
zemoqmedebs masze. igi gaxsnili arsebaa, romelic Tavadve
qmnis sakuTari cxovrebis stils da marTavs mas. amgvarad,
adamiani martivad ki ar arsebobs, aramed, maradiulad svams
kiTxvas Tavisi arsebobis Sesaxeb. garkveuli azriT, anTro-
posi anTropologiasac gulisxmobs. adamiani mudmivad iWreba
Tavis garemoSi, aformebs mas da qmnis sakuTar interpre-
tacias.
gavixsenoT, rogor xdeboda adamianis TviTSeqmna. adamia-
nis cxovrebis Tanmxlebia refleqsurobis unari, maT aqvT
msoflmxedveloba, sakuTari Tvalsazrisi samyarosa da adami-
anze. es aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre, moazrovnis abstraq-
tuli azrovnebis unari. yovel religiaSi da xelovnebaSi
Cans adamianis raRac suraTi. is, rom adamians samyaroSi aqvs
gansakuTrebuli adgili, kargad Cans antikur, qristianul da
saerTod, dasavlur religiur Tu humanistur tradiciebSi.
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, filosofiuri anTro-
pologia dainteresda adamianis metafizikiT, rac niSnavda
Semdegs: adamiani ganixileboda ara mxolod Semecnebis
subieqtad, aramed, yofierebis subieqtad. adamiani ekuTvnis
arsebulis sferos, oRond, igi gansakuTrebuli arsebulia.
filosofiuri anTropologia gaazrebul iqna fuZemdeblur
disciplinad gonisa da kulturis mecnierebebisaTvis.
filosofiur anTropologiuri kvlevis dros adamiani
aRiarebulia rogorc gansakuTrebuli yofiereba sxva arse-
bulTa Soris, man unda mogvces raRac myari codna adamianis
Sesaxeb. magram, es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom, am TvalsazrisiT
adamiani erTxel da samudamod garkveuli arsebaa.
m.Selerma, rogorc ukve viciT, Tavis leqciebSi `adamiani
da istoria~ gamohyo anTropologiis xuTi tipi. garkveuli
azriT, es aris kacobriobis TviTcnobierebis istoria. anu
is Tu rogor warmoidgenda adamiani sakuTar adgils yofi-
erebis wesrigSi. ase magaliTad, religiur anTropologias
188 189
Semoaqvs adamianis, rogorc istoriuli arsebis gageba. mar-
Talia, es gageba gazavebulia wminda religiuri dogmebiT,
magram, adamiani cvalebadia droSi, igi icvlis saxes: adamiani
qristemde da qristes Semdeg, adamiani naturaluri da go-
niTi, adamiani swor gzaze mdgomi da gzas acdenili, adamiani
dakarguli da xsnis momlodine, samyaros Svili da RvTis
Svili (adamisa da qristesi).
adamianis dualisturi buneba misi adamianad qcevis ori
faza, kargad Cans berZnul azrovnebaSi. Tavdapirveli adamiani
jer kidev ar aris dasrulebuli, igi mxolod kulturis
meSveobiT xdeba dasrulebuli raobis mqone. renesansis
epoqaSi adamianma axali TviTgancda SeiZina, es iyo upirve-
lesad damoukideblobis gancda. adamians amieridan surs, rom
ara marto wevri iyos RvTis sauflosi, aramed, sakuTari
cxovrebis baton-patronic.
axali drois erTerTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia
mecnieruli codnis gafarToeba-gaRrmaveba. adamiani wminda
racioze dayrdnobiT cdilobs samyaros axsnasa da gagebas,
rac TandaTanobiT aviwroebs religiis moqmedebis sazRvrebs.
ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan Zlierdeba adamianis avtonomi-
urobis Tezisi. am tipis azrovnebis ukiduresi memarcxene
xazia l.foierbaxi. misTvis, RmerTi adamianis mier Sedge-
nili proeqtia, misi warmosaxvis nayofi. foierbaxis azriT,
adamianuri goni obieqtivirdeba RmerTis cnebaSi. RmerTi
sxva araferia, Tu ara ukuRma Setrialebuli da sagnobrivad
dadgenili adamianis fantaziiT damoukideblad warmodgenili
adamianis arsi. RmerTis yovlad Zlieroba adamianis Zli-
erobis survilidan aRmocendeba, samarTlianoba _ adamianis
moraluri grZnobebidan. RmerTis sikeTe _ Cvens zneobaSia
mosaZebni. RmerTis meSveobiT vxedavT Cven Tavs iseTebad,
rogorebic gvinda, rom viyoT. RmerTis codna, sakuTari Tavis
codnaa. Teologia faruli anTropologiaa. RmerTi aris
Cemi pirveli azri, goneba _ meore azri, xolo adamiani _
mesame. (48,25)
aseTia m.landmanis TvalsazrisiT l.foierbaxis damokide-
buleba religiisadmi. igi religiuri grZnobebisadmi savsebiT
indiferentulia. magram, foierbaxis filosofiis Sefasebis
dros ar unda daviviwyoT is momentic, rom misTvis mTavari
ar aris RmerTis gauqmeba da mis adgilze adamianis moaz-
reba. misi moZRvreba inarCunebs qristianul suls, radgan
RmerTis `yovladoba~ adamianis `amaRlebulobidan~ modis.
foierbaxi Tu akritikebs religias, mxolod imis gamo, rom,
misi gagebiT, es ukanaskneli ar cnobs adamianis damoukidebel,
WeSmarit Rirsebas da mas sidiades aclis. adamians unda
hqondes imedi, fiqrobs l.foierbaxi, rom Tavis Rirebul,
raRac survilebs am qveynad Tavadve ganaxorcielebs sxva
instanciis Carevisa da daxmarebis gareSe. (aq ar SeiZleba
ar gagvaxsendes fr.nicSe _ `RmerTi mkvdaria, axla Cven
gvinda, rom zekaci cocxlobdes.~)
kvlav gavixsenoT kantis Teoriulad dausabuTebeli
RmerTi, romelic postulatia moraluri samyarosaTvis. sa-
myaros religiuri suraTi ara marto Teocentrulia, aramed,
anTropocentrulic.
tradiciuli anTropocentrizmis gadalaxvaSi didi
roli Seasrula kopernikis astronomiulma modelma, romlis
mixedviTac, rwmena imisa, rom adamiania samyaros gvirgvini,
friad saeWvo gaxda. xolo, brunos samyaros usasrulobis
TeoriiT SesaZlebeli aRmoCnda samyaroSi adamianis adgilis
sxvagvari gaazreba.
XVIII saukuneSi, racionalistebis, kerZod, laibnicis
TvalsazrisiT, samyaro kvlav RmerTis mier Seqmnil mizan-
Sewonil wesrigad gamocxadda.
yvelaze didi dartyma axal droSi, anTropocentrizmis
Teoriam biologiidan miiRo. kerZod, C.darvinis evoluciuri
Teoriisagan. adamianma dakarga privilegirebuli mdgomareoba
samyaroSi, igi aRar moiazreba rogorc gamorCeuli, erTad-
190 191
erTi da ganumeorebeli arseba.
XVIII, XIX saukuneebSi, moxda ori sapirispiro Tval-
sazrisis _ adamiani arasrulyofili, boroti arsebaa da
adamiani srulyofili, keTili arsebaa _ erTgvari sinTezi
e.w. ganviTarebis TeoriaSi. adamiani velurobidan, arasru-
lyofilebidan progresis gziT midis srulyofilebisaken.
codviT dacemidan _ wyalobisaken. am Teoriis sawinaaRmdego
Tvalsazrisi ganaviTara J.J.rusom. rogorc, bibliuri Tval-
sazrisiT, adamiani wminda Cndeba Semoqmedis xelidan, Semdeg,
codviT dacemiT gauaresda. aseve rusosTan, `codviT dacemaa~
kacobriobis moCvenebiTi winsvlaa `civilizaciaSi~. amitom,
adamiani unda daubrundes samoTxis msgavs sawyis viTarebas
`bunebas~. amgvarad, rusosTan qristianuli samsafexurovani
anTropologia _ Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba, Secodebis md-
gomareoba da wyalobis mdgomareoba _ samyaroseul samosSi
exveva.
miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, aqcentebi sxvadasxvagvaradaa
ganawilebuli. qristianobisaTvis Secodebis mdgomareo-
ba cxovrebis sakuTrivi realobaa. sawyisi mdgomareoba
ubralod Soreuli mogonebaa, metafizikuri sizmari, awmyo-
saTvis TiTqmis umniSvnelo. aseve wyalobis mdgomareobac,
rogorc individisaTvis, ise kacobriobisaTvis dapirebad
rCeba. piriqiT, rusosaTvis civilizacia Secodebis mdgo-
mareobaa, efemerulia, saSualoa or mdgomareobas Soris,
mxolod droSi aRmocenebuli da aucileblad gadalaxvadi.
sakuTriv, mniSvnelovani da ganmsazRvreli adamianisaTvis aris
ara mankieri, warmavali civilizacia, aramed, misi adreuli
bunebis srulyofileba. amitom, aqvs adamians Sinagani Zala,
moipovos es uZvelesi safexuri. Tu qristianobisaTvis
xsna mxolod RvTis wyalobiT SeiZleba, winsvlis TeoriiT
saSinlad dacemul adamiansac SeuZlia sakuTari ZalebiT
zeaRsvla, anu mas ZaluZs `TviTxsna~.
reformaciaSi, kerZod m.luTerTan grZeldeba pavle mo-
ciqulisa da avgustines xazi. codviT damZimebuli adamianis
gamoxsna, gaTavisufleba SeiZleba ara zneobrivi damsaxure-
biT, aramed, rwmeniT (Sola side). Cveni gonebiT RmerTs ver
mivwvdebiT. luTerisa da kalvinisaTvis adamiani codviT
dacemulia, naTeli RmerTis bneli polusia. aqedan modis
garkveuli winaaRmdegoba reformaciasa da mistikas Soris.
Tumca, oriveSi Zlieria rwmenis gancda. mistika RmerTs pou-
lobs sakuTari sulis siRrmeSi, reformaciisaTvis ki, RmerTi
maradiulad transcendenturia. luTeris protestantizma
ara marto kaTolicizmi uaryo, aramed, erazmis humanizmic,
romelic fuZndeba adamianis Sinagan Tavisuflebaze. es human-
isturi rwmena miiCnevs, rom adamians sakuTari ZaliT Zalze
bevris miRweva SeuZlia. am Tvalsazrisma Tavis dasruleba
hpova XVIII saukuneSi e.w. goeTes xanaSi, geniis kultsa da
Tavisuflebis idealizmSi. am mimarTulebis ukiduresi punq-
tia imis moTxovna, rom adamianma yvelafers sakuTari ZaliT
miaRwios. RvTis wyalobaze moZRvreba TiTqos Semobrunda,
RmerTi Tavad xdeba adamianis wyalobaze damokidebuli. Zveli
moZRvrebiT, samyaro ori principis _ keTilisa da borotis
brZolis asparezia. am kosmiur wreSi adamians Tavisi adgili
aqvs. man keTilis mxare unda daiWiros da gaxdes RmerTis
TanamebrZoli. amitom ityvis mogvianebiT Seleri: `RmerTs
uCemod erTi wamiTac ar SeuZlia arseboba~.
axali drois koncefciebSi, umaRlesi Rirebuleba devs
ara transcendenturSi, maradiulSi, imqveyniuris rwmenaSi,
aramed, miwierSi, warmavalis sidiadeSi. amqveyniuri arseboba
sulac ar aris samzadisi maradiuli qveynisaTvis. cxovrebas
Tavad aqvs imanenturi azri. adamiani samyaros Rirseulad,
samarTlianad unda aformebdes.
adamianis gagebis religiuri koncefciebis garda, ar-
sebobs sxva Tvalsazrisebic. magaliTad, adamiani, rogorc
goniTi arseba. m.landmani erTmaneTisagan mijnavs subieqtur
goniT anTropologias da obieqtur goniT anTropologias.
192 193
ganvixiloT Tu ras gulisxmobs igi am cnebebSi.
Tu qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis WeSmariteba
religiur grZnobaSia mosaZebni, sul sxvaa Zveli berZnuli
xedva. adamianis Semecnebas isini cdilobdnen ara RmerTis
meSveobiT, aramed, sakuTari Tavidan, misi goniTi unarebidan.
adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa, romelsac aqvs goneba. gonebis
meSveobiT xdeba ara marto SemecnebiTi aqtis ganxorcieleba,
aramed, misi eTikis dafuZnebac. usazRvroa ndoba sakuTari
gonebisadmi, adamianma unda misdios im sikeTes, romelsac
gonebac daadasturebs.
gonebiT mcxovrebi adamiani WeSmaritad individualuri
adamiania. goneba win unda aRudges aramarto garedan Tavs
moxveuls, aramed, adamianis SigniT myof negatiur Zalebsac.
esaa brma ltolvebi da miswrafebani. amgvari Tvalsazrisi
karga xans iyo mniSvnelovani mravali moazrovnisaTvis.
(eTikuri qceva _ gonebisagan momavali movaleobis gamar-
jvebaa grZnobad midrekilebebze _ i.kanti). berZnebisaTvis
_ adamianis gansakuTrebuloba modis iqedan, rom igi gonebis
mqonea. adamianuri logosi samyaros logosis Canasaxia.
XIX saukuneSi, maSinac ki, rodesac gonebasTan erTad
aRiarebuli iqna ara goniTi fenac aucilebeli sasicocxlo
funqciis matareblad _ gza gaexsna axal anTropologias.
sul sxva Zalebi gamocxadda adamianis warmmarTvelad. magram,
gonebis anTropologias arasodes Seuwyvetia Tavisi arse-
boba. dResac, rodesac Tanamedrove anTropologia adamians
acxadebs `samyarosadmi Ria~ arsebad, gansxvavebiT garemoze
mijaWvuli cxovelisagan, gonebis anTropologia ar hkargavs
Tavis Zalas da mniSvnelobas.
istoriulad Zalze mWidroa kavSiri gonis anTropo-
logiasa da gonis metafizikas Soris. magaliTad, hegelTan,
samyaros ZirSi devs ararefleqsuri, yru, sakuTari Tavis
armcodne goni. araorganuli, organuli da kulturuli
doneebi safexurebia, romlebzec aracnobieri goni TandaTan
fxizldeba da maRal dones aRwevs. bolos ki asrulebs sab-
oloo mizans, sakuTari TavTan identificirebas. germanuli
idealizmis mixedviT, samyaros goni TviTcnobierdeba ada-
mianis filosofiur gonSi.
dualistur TeoriebSi detaluradaa ganxiluli ada-
mianis orbunovneba, romelsac Tan sdevs situaciis kon-
fliqturoba. adamians yovelTvis uxdeba arCevanis gakeTeba,
amitom aris igi gauTaveblad krizisul mdgomareobaSi. magram,
racionalizmisaTvis orive principi Tanabari Rirebulebis
rodia. goneba umaRlesia. rodesac gonebas ver mivyvebiT, Cveni
sisustis bralia, rogorc sokrate fiqrobda, es imitom xdeba
rom WeSmarit codnas ar vflobT. aqedan gviCndeba rwmena
am gaorebis warmavlobisa. da survili misiT gamowveuli
tanjvisagan odesme gaTavisuflebisa. rogorc platonisaTvis,
idea aqcevs sagans imad, rac is aris, aseve goneba gvaqcevs
Cven adamianebad. danarCeni ki amqveyniur tanjvaSi gvagdebs.
Tanamedrove anTropologia cdilobs ori samyaros Teoria
sxvagvarad gadalaxos. is wamoayenebs somaturisa da goniTis
uRrmesi erTianobis postulats. Tavis droze racionalizms
empirizmi daupirispirda, romlisTvisac yovelgvari Semecneba
aRqmiT iwyeba. aRqmisa da Semecnebis unari cxovelsac ki
aqvs, fiqroben magaliTad loki da hobsi. magram, es ar aris
sakmarisi, raTa moixsnas cxovelsa da adamians Soris arse-
buli gansxvaveba. (lokis skolidan iRebs saTaves cxovelTa
fsiqologia).
grZnobadi samyaros axlebur gaazrebas vxvdebiT e.w.
romantikosebTan. metad mniSvnelovani gaxda samyaros esTe-
tikuri da istoriuli Wvreta. mgrZnobeloba azrovnebasTan
erTad gaxda adamianis erT-erTi umTavresi unari (Seleris
`intencionalobis~ msgavsi), romelsac nicSe instinqts
daarqmevs. gansjis refleqsTan erTad CvenSi aris Semoqmedi
instancia. adamiani imdenad SemecnebisaTvis ar aris mowode-
buli, ramdenadac SemoqmedebisaTvis. adamianisaTvis sicocxle
194 195
ufro mniSvnelovani da pirveladia, vidre Semecneba. goni
sicocxlis interesebs unda daeqvemdebaros, radgan, gonebas
determinati aqvs mis gareT, iqneba es materia, sicocxle,
socialuri sinamdvile Tu kultura. amgvari Tvalsazrisi
XIX saukuneSi SemuSavda.
fizikalisturi, meqanisturi materializmi, aramxolod
materialur bunebas, aramed, yvelafers raodenobrivi, meqanis-
turi principiT xsnis. es Sexeduleba, romelsac safuZveli
Cauyara demokritem da epikurem, kvlav aqtualuri gaxda
dekartesTan. misi azriT, Cvenc cocxalni, raxan sivrciT
samyaros vekuTvniT, veqvemdebarebiT meqanikis kanonebs, magram,
ganfenilobasTan erTad adamians azrovnebac aqvs. cnobiereba
ki Tavisi kanonebiT imarTeba. ase, rom, dekarti meqanistia
Cveni sxeulis axsnisas da ara gonisa.
Tumca, Tanmimdevrul meqanistebs es dualizmi uxerxu-
lobas uqmnida. maT undodaT metafizikosebi yofiliyvnen da
gonis axsna sivrciT-materialuri xerxebiT surdaT. adamiani
gagebuli unda yofiliyo monisturi xedviT. amitom gansaz-
Rvres is, bunebis nawilad da ~rafinirebuli buneba~ uwodes.
materiis analogiiT Seecada sulis problemebis kvlevas
j.loki. romlis naazrevs agrZeleben iumi, mili, herberti,
verneri da vundti, (eqsperimentul fsiqologiis Semqmneli).
Tu meqanicistebisaTvis garesamyaro sxeulebiT savse sivrce
iyo, suli am fsiqologiam miiCnia warmodgenebiT gajere-
bul Sinagan sivrced. rogorc sxeulebi, bunebis kanonebis
Sesabamisad, miizidebian da ganizidebian sivrceSi, aseve aso-
cirdebian warmodgenebic, asociaciis kanonebis mixedviT.
ase gaCnda sulis meqanika. magram, XX saukunis fsiqologiam
uaryo sulisa da sxeulis msgavsebis Tvalsazrisi da amiT
`asociaciis fsiqologia~ Seicvala `gagebiTi fsiqologiiT~
(48,42).
es Teoria ar iTvaliswinebda fenomenologiur debule-
bas, rom ar SeiZleba reduqciis gziT aixsnas sicocxlis
gamovlenis sxvadasxva fenebi, rom aq mTavaria `kategori-
aluri siaxle~.
rogorc ukve iTqva, meqanisturi gonis Teoriis gver-
diT warmoiSva biologisturi koncefciac, ori gamokveTili
mimarTulebiT: erTi, meqanicizmis msgavsad, cdilobs goni si-
cocxlis saxeobad gamoacxados (o.konti), roca fsiqologia
dahyavs biologiaze. an hekeli, romelic adamians organuli
cilis ganviTarebis mwvervals uwodebs. es biologizmis
ufro frTxili formebia. maTTvis goni ar aris sicocxle,
aramed, sicocxlis msaxuria. gons ara aqvs mizani sakuTar
TavSi. gonis moqmedebis mizani sulac araa obieqturi
WeSmaritebis povna, Tavad WeSmaritebisaTvis, rogorc amas
berZnebi miiCnevdnen. goni sicocxles orientaciaSi unda
miexmaros, raTa, sicocxlem usafrTxod iarsebos.
magaliTad, pragmatikosebTan (jemsi, diui) goni sicocx-
lidan aRmocendeba da direqtivebs uSualod misgan iRebs. is
im WeSmaritebis wvdomas cdilobs, romelic sicocxlisaTvis
aucilebelia. WeSmaritebis Zveli klasikuri mniSvneloba
rogorc obieqtis adeqvaturi reproduqcia, iluziuria. aqe-
dan modis adamianis suraTis klasikuri variantis simdidre.
homo sapiens-dan Cndeba homo faber-i. mas goneba mxolod
imisTvis Wirdeba, sagnebSi, movlenebSi amoicnos is Tvise-
bebi, rac daexmareba misTvis mniSvnelovani nivTis SeqmnaSi.
azri, rom samyaro, goniTia, jer kidev Sopenhauerma uaryo.
samyaroca da adamianic goniTi ki ar aris, aramed nebaa. nebaa,
rac inteleqts warmoSobs. neba, Tumca brmaa, magram gonze
Zlieria. inteleqti mas moqmedebis gzas unaTebs. igi mxolod
`motivis Suamavalia~. nebas intensiobisaTvis iluziebi Wird-
eba, romliTac mas inteleqti amaragebs. Sopenhaueris gonis
gageba individualistur-fsiqologisturia. gansazRvruli
yofiereba misTvis erTeulis nebaa. Semecnebisaken ltolva
sulac ar aris adamianis buneba. adamiani vitaluri arsebaa.
Sopenhaueris Semdeg axali anTropologiis ganviTarebaSi
196 197
mZlavri impulsi Semoitana nicSem. Tu Sopenhaueris in-
teleqti nebis Cakvlas moiTxovs, nicSes azriT, neba ki ar
unda uarvyoT, aramed vhoyoT. Cven unda gvsurdes neba e.i.
sicocxle. sicocxles mizani Tavis TavSi aqvs. Semecneba
arc sicocxlis SekveTaa da arc misi aucilebloba. gonis
yvela produqti mxolod `simptomebia~ masSi gamovlenili
sicocxlisa. e.w. Teoretikosic `fatalisturad misi in-
stinqtebis tyveobaSi~ imyofeba da qmnis iseT TavisTavad
samyaros, romelic mas subieqturad Wirdeba. sicocxlis
interesebi Semecnebas sulac ar uSlis xels (rogorc es
platonistebs hgoniaT). ufro metic, sicocxlis inter-
ess SeuZlia azrovnebis stimulireba, problemebis dasma.
am ideas mogvianebiT Seleric gaiziarebs. SemecnebiTi
midrekileba sicocxlidan modis. aseve sicocxlidan modis
rwmenis dogmebic da sicocxlis moTxovnebs misdevs. ase
mag: nicSes Tvalsazrisic, iseve rogorc marqsisa, sabolood
social-biologizmia. mxolod, marqsisaTvis es uTanasworoba
gadalaxvadia da mizans warmoadgens, nicSesaTvis ki uTanas-
woroba bunebrivia. sazogadoebis yoveli fena mis Sesabamis
morals qmnis. marqsma goni flobis tendenciaze daafuZna,
nicSem Zalauflebis nebaze, froidi saamisod sxva didi
Zalis mqone sqesobriv ltolvas iyenebs. misTvis libidoa
adamianis pirveladi mamoZravebeli, magram, es libido yov-
elTvis rodia cnobieri. Cven kultura, tradicia gvaiZulebs
aRvkveToT ltolva, romlis dakmayofileba ar SegviZlia.
zogjer, maT gacnobierebasac ki ver vbedavT, magram amis gamo
isini rodi qrebian, aramed, aracnobierSi ganidevnebian. aseve
Cadian aracnobier `kompleqsSi~ sulieri `travmebic~. Cveni
cnobiereba eyrdnoba masze bevrad Zlier aracnobiers da
misiT imarTeba. Tumca es Cven xSirad ar viciT da gveCveneba,
rom racionaluri motivebiT vmoqmedebT. farulad Cvens
qcevebs gansazRvraven aracnobieri meqanizmebi da swrafvani.
arsebiTi mamoZravebeli cnobierebis zedapirze ar Cans, is
aracnobier siRrmeSi imyofeba. swored, amitom ewoda am
moZRvrebas `siRrmis fsiqologia~.
aracnobieris mniSvnelobas da Zalas jer kidev roman-
tizmis periodSi miapyres yuradReba. aracnobieris simdidre
jildo, wyalobaa SemoqmedisaTvis _ ase fiqrobs herderi.
froidi iyenebs nicSes termins da gons ltolvis `sublima-
cias~ uwodebs. kulturis zegavlenis wnexis qveS moqceuli
energia eZebs gamosavals, gardaiqmneba Semoqmed energiad da
gamomJRavndeba religiaSi, filosofiaSi, xelovnebaSi. goni
sibneleSi mdgomi libidos epifenomenia da meti araferi.
goni ara mxolod Sinaarss iZens sicocxlisagan, aramed Za-
lasac, intensiobasac da impulssac.
landmani ar eTanxmeba gonis amgvar gagebas da svams
kiTxvas. mainc rogor Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs me-20 sau-
kunis filosofia gonis Sesaxeb? rogor moqmedebs is? da
aseT pasuxs iZleva. 1) mraval cnebaTa logikuri kavSiri
(subsumpcia, gansazRvreba, daskvna) 2) erTeulis Semecnebac
ar dgas cnebiTi Semecnebis win. 3) saganTa arsebobis mizezis
Zieba. 4) cxoveli mijaWvulia mocemul myar formebze. ada-
mians ki SeuZlia analizi da sinTezi mocemuli sinamdvilisa,
elementebad daSla, maTi kvlav dakavSireba.
Cveni codna yovelTvis rodi flobs mis sagans. goneba
sagans sakuTari aqtivobiT moipovebs. mas ki amisaTvis es-
aWiroeba meTodi, iaraRi sagnebSi ufro Rrmad Sesasvlelad.
gonebas ar aqvs erTxel da samudamod mocemuli myari codna.
man kvleva-ZiebiT unda gaafarTvos da gaiRrmavos is. am
saqmeSi arc Tu mcire roli ekisreba fantazias, warmosax-
vas. (vTqvaT mecnierebaSi hipoTezis daSveba). adamiani Sem-
mecnebeli arsebaa, radgan, mxolod igi flobs abstraqtuli,
logikuri azrovnebis unars, garda amisa, aqvs warmosaxvis
unari, fantazia.
Tavad Semecnebis unaric, adamianisaTvis ufro Soreuli,
pirveladi unaridan iZens Zalas _ esaa unari Seqmnisa, Semoq-
198 199
medebisa. Cveni goneba upirvelesad Semqmnelia, gamomgonebelia
da mxolod amis Semdeg Semmecnebeli. Cven mxolod imiT ki
ar gamovirCeviT rom samyaros obieqtur suraTs vwvdebiT,
aramed, umniSvnelovanesi unariTac _ ZalgviZs samyaros age-
bac. ase SevqmeniT religia, filosofia, samarTali, xelovneba.
gonieri adamiani amave dros gamomgonebeli, Semqmneli arsebaa.
da rogorc azrovnebis, aseve yvela kulturuli miRwevis
safuZvelic. Semoqmedi goni qmnis safuZvels Semecnebis
winsvlisaTvis. axali drois anTropologiuri subieqti
Semmecnebeli ki ara, Semoqmedi subieqtia. ase fiqrobs
m.landmani. (Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad visaubrebT
daskvniT TavSi).
amgvarad, subieqturi gonis anTropologiisaTvis adamiani
TiTqosda dualisturi arsebaa. mas aqvs goneba da somaturi
buneba. Sesabamisad, adamians, rogorc goniT arsebas swavlobs
filosofia, fsiqologia da yvela sxva `goniTi mecniereba~,
xolo, adamianis cocxal mxares, biologia da medicina. am
codnis sinTezma unda mogvces adamianis sruli suraTi.
magram, adamianis adamianad qcevaSi orive mxares erTnairi
Rirebuleba ar aqvT, mxolod goniTobaa Cveni adamianobis Ziri,
sakuTriv adamianuri. biologia ki Semdeg axsnas gvTavazobs:
adamiani, upirvelesad cocxali arsebaa, gonebac genetikurad
da funqciurad sicocxlezea damokidebuli. amiT, biologia
cdilobs gadalaxos anTropologiuri dualizmi, oRond,
naturalizmis bazaze _ fiqrobs m,landmani.
amitomaa, rom gonis anTropologia da bio-anTropologia
adamianis mimarTebas cxovelTan sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilavs.
pirvelisaTvis goni adamianis niSandoblivi specifikaa, xolo
bio-anTropologiisaTvis adamiani organuli samyaros wevria.
misi inteleqtic genetikuria. (es viTareba ganxiluli gvaqvs
wina TavebSi. kerZod, rodesac gadmovcemdiT plesnerisa da
gelenis Tvalsazrisebs).
biologizmi gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda XIX
saukunis meore naxevridan, rodesac, gamoica darvinis Sroma
`saxeobaTa warmoSoba~ (1859w.). mogvianebiT _ `adamianis
gaCena~ (dabadeba) _1871w-s. misi mimdevrebis (haqsli, fogti,
hekeli) naSromebis Sedegad ki anTropologia zoologiis
nawili gaxda. darvinizmma moicva mTeli mecniereba. is ukve
aRar iyo mxolod biologiuri doqtrina, aramed, msoflmxed-
velobriv movlenad iqca.
magram, es gavlena ar yofila sayovelTao. darvini mka-
crad gaakritika nicSem. mas mtrulad Sexvdnen konserva-
toruli midrekilebis mqone moazrovneni. ra Tqma unda, igi
ar miiRo eklesiam (sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom oponentebi
bevrs verafers aRwevdnen kontr-argumentebiT da ubralod
dogmas upirispirebdnen darvinis moZRvrebas).
maSin mecnierul azrovnebas ZiriTadad ganviTarebis idea
asazrdoebda. iseve, rogorc, mogvianebiT fenomenologiam da
geStalt-fsiqologiam deskrifciul-morfologiuri Tval-
sazrisi danerga.
evolucionistebis azriT, ganviTareba aRmavali gziT
svlaa. maRali dablisagan Cndeba, diferencirebuli martiv-
isagan, goniTi bunebrivisagan. yvela axsna materializmamde
midioda. Tu aqamde adamiani ganviTarebis mowme iyo, axla
masSi CaerTo da gonebis wyalobiT ganviTarebis mwvervalze
aRmoCnda.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, ambobs m.landmani, rom darvinizmis
aseTi sayovelTao aRiarebis mizezi, ufro fsiqologiuria,
vidre, mocemuli TvalsazrisiT mecnieruli Rirebulebis
aRiareba. ras gulisxmobs landmani?
misTvis adamiani ZiriTadad kulturis matarebeli
(xelovnuri samyaros) arsebaa. xolo kultura, yovelTvis
raRac moTxovnebs ayenebs. am iZulebis gamo, adamianSi Cndeba
protestis grZnoba. darvinamde es mdgomareoba kargad gaac-
nobiera rusom. suraTi, romelic evolucionisturma Teoriam
SesTavaza kacobriobas qmnida. adamianis pasuxismgeblobisa-
200 201
gan gaTavisuflebis iluzias (aba, ra pasuxi unda moTxovo
maimunisagan warmoSobil arsebas). amis gamoa, rom adamiani
raRacnairad egueba totalur sistemas, romlis mTavari
sacduria socialur aspeqtSi adamianis gaTavisufleba
gadawyvetilebis miRebis pasuxismgeblobisagan. amitom hyavda
bevri momxre da TanamgrZnobi totalitarizms. filosofiu-
rad arsebiTi uaryofa am Teoriisa axleburi azrovnebis
saSualebiT moxerxda.
dRes, ukve ise mtkivneulad aRar ganicdeba adamianis
biologiuri genezisi, radgan, Zalze mkveTria gansxvaveba ada-
miansa da cxovels Soris. fizikalisturad moazrovneni XIX
saukuneSi Tvlidnen: raxan, adamiani cxovelisgan gaCnda, is
safuZvelSive cxovelia. Tanamedrove goniT anTropologebs
ki aqcenti ganviTarebaSi produqtulze gadaaqvT. axali, Tavis
SedegSi isaa, rac dasawyisSi jer kidev ar iyo. adamiansa da
cxovels Soris saerTo qmnis zogad fons. maTTvis saerToa
ara cxoveluri, ara adamianuri, aramed, neitraluri organuli,
oriveSi sxvadasxva mxridan gamovlenili.
a.bergsonis `SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis~ Semdeg, naklebad
miaCniaT, rom organul samyaroSi ganviTareba, winsvla raime
miznis mqonea. piriqiT, XX saukuneSi ganviTarebis Teoriebi
yvela sferoSi pluralisturia. ase SeiZleba `erTobidan~
`sazogadoeba~ gaCndes. magram, es ar aris Zvelis moxsnis,
ukugdebis procesi. winasac, `dabalsac~ sakuTari sazrisi
aqvs da is araa mxolod safexuri. axalic ar gaiazreba raRac
universaluri mimarTulebis `gzad~, da Tavisi axali mimar-
TulebiT moZraobs. fenomenebi erT xazze ki ar lagdebian
Tu wesrigdebian, aramed arseboben, dganan TavisTvis. aseTi
gagebiT ganviTarebis kauzaluri kvleva dRes gadalaxulad
unda CaiTvalos. Tu amgvarad mivudgebiT aRniSnul problemas,
adamianisa da cxovelis mimarTeba Semdeg saxes miiRebs: es
ar aris ubralo winsvla. adamianic da cxovelic TviTmyo-
badi, heterogenuli arsebebia. sakuTar TavSi dasrulebulni,
erTmaneTze dauyvanadi. amitom, adamianis gaCenis problema
aRar aris ise mtkivneulad aqtualuri, rogorc hekelTan
Canda (`yvela kiTxvaTa kiTxva~). dRes, mTavari problemaa
yoveli arsebis, mis awmyoSi, dRevandel mdgomareobaSi yofnis
analizi. amitom, cxovelsac ar unda SevxedoT ise, rogorc,
jer kidev adamianad ar qceuls, aramed rogorc TavisTavads,
sakuTari kanonebiTa da dasrulebuli formiT arsebuls.
Cven sakmaod vrclad visaubreT holandieli anatomis
bolkis e.w. `daxanebis, SeCerebis~ hipoTezaze, rodesac vixi-
lavdiT roThakeris Tvalsazriss. aq mxolod kidev erTxel
gavixsenebT, rom adamianTan goneba vlindeba, rogorc aucile-
beli korelati araspecializebisa. organuli formebis cv-
lilebebis nacvlad, adamiani moZraobs da viTardeba goniT
doneze. mas garedan miRebuli impulsebis gareSec SeuZlia
TavisTavs wauyenos gamowveva, Seicvalos cxovrebis stili,
miaRwios TviTgardaqmnas.
dResdReobiT cnobilia isic, rom, Cveni agebuleba bi-
ologiis donezec adamianuria. adamianis somaturi da go-
niTi Tvisebebi erTmaneTis gareSe araa. amitom, miuRebelia
sabunebismetyvelo da gonismecnieruli anTropologiis
erTmaneTisagan gaTiSva. isini erTmaneTis gverdiT viTardeba.
adamiani aris mTlianoba da masze mecnierebac mxolod
erTi SeiZleba iyos. mag. portmanis Tvalsazrisi aramarto
miuTiTebs sxeulsa da gons Soris Sinagan koordinaciasa
da SeWraze, aramed, metic, am kordinaciaSi upiratesobas gons
miakuTvnebs. goni ubralod ki ar emateba sxeuls, aramed,
sxeuli Tavidanve goniTaa determinirebuli da mxolod
misiT aixsneba. adamiani goniT imarTeba, Semdeg, subieqtur
gons analizis dros cvlis da fonad edeba obieqturi goni
_ kultura. yoveli individi izrdeba am kulturis Sig-
niT. man unda aiTvisos kultura, radgan, dabadebiT mzamza-
reulad araferi ar eZleva, garda swavlis, Seqmnis unarisa.
misi mimarTeba samyarosadmi universaluria, da axasiaTebs
202 203
`samyarosadmi Riaoba~. adamiani samyaroze ubralod ki ar
reagirebs, aramed, moqmedebs. mas aqvs wminda goniTi intere-
sebi. surs rac SeiZleba meti Rrma da obieqturi codna
hqodes samyarosi, raTa Seqmnas Tvisobrivad sxva realoba.
yovelive zemoTTqmulidan, rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros
adamianis arsi m.landmanis koncefciis mixedviT? upirvelesad,
albaT unda iTqvas: razedac aqamde laparakobda landmani,
SeiZleba CaiTvalos kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis
Sesavlad, sistematizaciad, radgan, avtori ZiriTadad mimar-
Tavda adamianis gagebis istoriulad arsebul koncefciebs,
axdenda maT analizs, dajgufebas. landmanis azriT, mxolod
kultur-filosofiur anTropologias SeuZlia mTliani
adamianis gageba ise, rom, ar moaxdinos sxvadasxva mxareebis
abstrahireba. adamianis samyaro aris mis mierve Seqmnili
anTropologiuri sivrce _ kultura.
m.landmanisaTvis `SemoqmedebiTi evoluciis~ cneba
dablidan maRlisaken moZraoba ki araa, aramed, pluralisturi,
TavisTavad Rirebuli mocemuloba. adamianis samyaro misi
kulturaa, romlis meSveobiTac aixsneba adamianis mTliano-
bis problema.
raSi vlindeba adamianis `araspecializeba~? upirvelesad
imaSi, rom, adamiani `samyarosadmi Riaa~, da aris aradetermini-
rebuli arseba. adamians Tavad SeuZlia gansazRvros qcevis
xerxebi. amitoma igi plastikuri, Semoqmedi arseba. raxan
aseTia, e.i. Tavisufali arsebaa. Tavisufalia instinqtebiT
marTvisagan da Tavisufalia sakuTari Tavis ucvleli TviT-
gansazRvrisagan. (am konteqstSi m.landmani `Tavisuflebis~
cnebas iyenebs farTo anTropologiuri azriT da ara esTe-
tikuri Tu eTikur-politikuri mniSvnelobiT, rogorc, adre
iyo miRebuli filosofiaSi.).
adamianis araspecializeba niSnavs mis srul SemoqmedebiT
Tavisuflebasac. Semoqmedeba raime moqmedebiT ar ifargleba
da rogorc aucilebloba, adamianis yofierebis Zireuli
Tvisebaa. maSasadame, adamiani aris Semqmneli, gamomgonebeli,
Ria, sakuTar TavSi usasrulo, moZravi, moqmedi, ganviTarebadi
da axali yofierebis Semqmneli arseba.
adamians aucileblad Wirdeba sakuTari Tavis gamyareba,
realizeba, amitom, moqmedebas garkveuli miznisaken mimarTavs,
aZlevs ra sakuTar Tavs garkveul formas. adamiani mudam
riskis winaSea, radgan, riskavs Tavisi cxovrebiT. (cxovels
ar SeuZlia Tavis biologiur mocemulobas gamoeTiSos, mas
aRematos an ufro dabla daeSvas). cxovelSi gvaris yvela
egzemplari erTmaneTis msgavsia. adamiani ki Tavisufalia,
gvaris biologiuri `wnexisgan~. igi ukve Tavisi mocemu-
lobiT aris gansakuTrebuli individi da bunebiT ki ara,
kulturiTaa ganpirobebuli. adamiani Tavisi personaluri
aqtivobiT unda movides TanxmobaSi adamianis centralur
gansazRvrulobasTan, raTa gaxdes da iyos adamiani.
adamiani mudam gzajvaredinzea, Tavad irCevs Tavisi
cxovrebis paradigmas. es jer kidev antikuri periodis
filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvisaa cnobili. magram, antikuri
periodis avtorebTan aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi mxolod
eTikur sferoze vrceldeba da ara zogadad anTropolo-
giur mocemulobaze. is, rom, Cven gvaqvs gadawyvetilebis
Tavisufleba, filosofiaSi gaazrebuli iqna mxolod axal
droSi, roca daiwyes adamianis gansakuTrebuli adgilis Zieba
samyaroseul wesrigSi. adamiani aRmoCnda erTaderTi arseba,
romelic moZraobs, moqmedebs da Tavad adgens sakuTar rangs.
igi TviTgansazRvrebadi arsebaa.
am Tvalsazriss mogvianebiT eqsistencialistebic
gaimeoreben: adamiani Tavad qmnis sakuTar Tavs. is ar cxov-
robs bunebis mier mocemuli kanonebiT. igi Tavad axdens
sakuTari Tavis proeqtirebas, `adamiani Tavad gamoigonebs
adamians~(sartri).
m.landmanis koncefciiT, biologiuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis istoria ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc gan-
204 205
viTarebis erTi mTliani mimarTuleba, radgan, isini TavisTavad
arsebulia. aseTia landmanis tipologiuri meTodi, romli-
Tac ganixileba biologiuri da kulturuli sivrceebi. am
TvalsazrisiT, adamianis istoria aris TavisTavad Rirebuli
da Tanaswori kulturebis pluralizmis istoria. isini
erTmaneTze ar daiyvaneba da arc erTmaneTiT aixsneba.
Tu biologiuri anTropologiisaTvis adamiani upirveles
yovlisa aris cocxali arseba, romlis realuri mocemuloba
biologiuri xasiaTsaa. kultur-filosofiuri anTrop-
ologiisaTvis, kerZod, landmanisaTvis, adamianis mTlianobis
gasaRebi kulturaSi, mis goniTobaSia. adamianis somaturi
da goniTi mxareebi msWvalaven erTmaneTs, isini erTmaneTiT
kordinirdebian. somaturi mxare ki ar aformebs, an qmnis
gons, aramed, `goni aformebs tans~. buneba ar qmnis adamianis
amgvar somatikas. is Tavad iqmneba adamianis aqtivobiT gansaz-
Rvrul pirobebSi. landmanis azriT, adamiani imTaviTve isea
gansazRvruli, rom iyos sulieri arseba da misi somaturi
dabadeba ar aris kanonzomiereba, bunebrivi (biologiuri)
sicocxlidan axsnili.
m.landmans surs adamiani gaigos, rogorc kulturis
Semoqmedi da misgan Seqmnili arseba. kultur-filosofiurma
anTropologiam, romelsac obieqturi gonis anTrpologiasac
uwodebs, unda gadalaxos subieqturi gonis anTropologia.
pirveladi fenomeni obiqturi gonia da individualuri
pirovnuli me. `iseve rogorc kantTan _ wers landmani _
Cveni Semecneba xorcieldeba aprioruli formebiT. aseve
Cveni TviTgancdac da yofierebac obieqturi gonis meSveobiT
arsebobs. am transcendentalurobis wyalobiT varsebobT
Cven da vqmniT Cvens Tavs~(48,71)
adamiansa da cxovels Soris Zireuli gansxvavebis povna
fizikur-cxovelur doneze SeuZlebelia. imis Tqma, rom
cxovels is Tvisebebi aqvs, xolo adamians es, ar aris sak-
marisi adamianis arsis gasarkvevad. adamians, garda misTvis
umTavresi, Seqmnis unarisa, aseve aqvs Seqmnilis SenarCunebis,
misi Senaxvisa da tradiciad qcevis unari.
m. landmani afarToebs hegelis terminis, `obieqturi
gonis~ Sinaars da am cnebiT mTel sakacobrio kulturas
gaiazrebs. obieqturi kultura misTvis aris kulturuli
sivrce, adamianuri samyaro, romelic eZleva kerZo adamians
mzamzareul mocemulobad da rasac Tavad, sakuTari Zalisx-
meviT ar qmnis am wuTierad. kultura aq iseT realobad
ganixileba, romelic ukve arsebobs garkveuli yofierebis
saxiT ama Tu im individis gareSe. adamiani sakuTari aqti-
vobiT erTveba yofierebaSi, iTvisebs mas, xdeba am kulturis
mflobelic, Semqmnelic da gadamcemic.
adamiani unikaluri arsebaa im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi
Zalze didia Semoqmedebis potencia. amitom aris, rom, adamiani
ara mxolod aTvisebisa da translaciis obieqtia, aramed,
marad aqtiuri Semoqmedi subieqtic. is ara mxolod `iara-
Ris Semqmneli cxovelia~, axali realobis _ kulturuli
samyaros Semqmnelicaa. mxolod am xelovnur samyaroSi,
kulturul sivrceSi SeuZlia adamians adamianuri arseboba.
TavisTavad kulturac ar arsebobs misi Semqmneli adamianis
gareSe. adamiani da kultura _ simbiozuri damokidebulebaa.
maTi gaTiSva, erTmaneTisagan mowyveta angrevs orives.
cxovelis romelime egzempliari, miuxedavad imisa, gaiz-
rdeba sxva mis msgavsTa garemoSi Tu izolaciaSi, iseTive
xdeba, rogorsac misi biotipi moiTxovs. adamiani ki sru-
lyofil adamianad yalibdeba mxolod maSin, Tu misi gvarisaT-
vis niSandobliv garemoSi gaizrdeba. adamiani, rogorc kul-
turuli arseba saWiroebs aRzrdas. `aravin iwyebs mTlianad
Tavidan~. kacobrioba moxucicaa da axalgazrdac. adamiani
modis garkveul mza yofierebaSi, mas xvdeba gansazRvruli
qcevis, tradiciis da zneobis normebi. adamiani pirovneba
xdeba imiT, rom monawileobs, eziareba ze-individualurs,
misi subieqturi moTxovnilebis miRma mdgom kulturul
206 207
Rirebulebebs /obieqtur gons/. adamiani, misi specifikidan
gamomdinare, aseve istoriuli arsebaa, `win midis~. igi is-
toriis Semqmnelicaa da masze damokidebulic.
m. landmani adamianis Semoqmedebis cnebas iyenebs farTo
anTropologiuri azriT. rogorc ukve iTqva, masSi ar igu-
lisxmeba Seqmnis, Semoqmedebis mxolod esTetikuri unari.
adamianis Tviseba iyos Semoqmedi, aqtiuri, moqmedi subieqti,
anTropologiuri da kulturfilosofiuri principia. adami-
anebi qmnian kulturas da kidec yalibdebian misi meSveobiT.
realuri adamiani mxolod sakuTari Tavidan rodi gaigeba,
aramed, im kulturuli fonis meSveobiT, romelic winaswaraa
mocemuli. adamiani aformebs kulturas da Tavadac form-
deba mis mier.
realurad ar arsebobs maradiuli kulturis erTi raime
sanimuSo suraTi. aseve ar arsebobs aseTi saxe adamianisa.
am azriT, adamiani da kulturebi cvalebadi fenomenebi
arian, magram, adamiani yovel kulturaSi mis Sesatyvis erT
jerarsul geStaltis farglebSi Tavsdeba. cvalebadoba
niSania, kulturisa da arsiseuli maxasiaTebelia adamianis.
anu adamianis yofiereba cvalebadia. igi dabadebiTve istori-
uli arsebaa. istorias adamianis adamianad qcevaSi bunebaze
naklebi wvlili ar miuZRvis.
m. landmanis TvalsazrisiT, kultur-filosofiuri
anTropologiis mTavari miRweva isaa, rom adamianis gagebas
cdilobs, kulturis samyarodan misi izolirebis gareSe.
adamiani da kultura ganixileba, rogorc mudmivad cvalebadi,
ganaxlebadi. adamianis samyaro misi kulturaa.
CemTvis savsebiT gasagebia da misaRebi avtoris mosazreba
imis Taobaze, rom adamiani kulturis Semqmneli da kulturiT
ganpirobebuli arsebaa. magram Tu adamiani mudmivad cvaleba-
di arsebaa, raSiRa mdgomareobs misi konstituciuri arsi?
rogor unda ganvsazRvroT igi? xom ar aris igi mxolod
istoriul procesebze damokidebuli, misiT gansazRvruli
arseba, rogorc dilTai ambobda: `adamianis tipi yalibdeba
da erTiandeba istoriis procesSi.~
Cemi azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis saxe istori-
ulad aseTi cvalebadia, mainc arsebobs adamianis ucvleli
Ziri istoriis miRma. yvela istoriuli saxe, forma, warmavali
da cvalebadi, romelsac igi iZens ganpirobebulia `raRac
erTiT~. swored, `raRac am erTidan~ amosvliT SegviZlia
simravlis Semecnebac da gagebac. is, rom, adamiani Seumdgari,
amorfuli arsebobidan aZlevs saxes, formas sakuTar Tavs,
aris misi mTavari unari, unari TviTSeqmnisa. masSi maradi-
ulia SemoqmedebiTi unari. Tu saerTod arsebobs adamianis
buneba, mas aqvs arsi (da Cemi azriT swored rom aqvs). igi
unda veZeboT ara SinaarsiseulSi, aramed, yovelgvar Si-
naarsze win mdgom konstituciaSi. ara SedegSi, aramed, Sede-
gis maCvenebel procesSi (adamianis fenotipi mis genotips
aRemateba). instinqtebi, romlebic cxovelis qcevas marTaven,
misi gvaris bunebrivi mocemulobaa, sakuTrebaa, rasac wminda
biologiuri xaziT, memkvidreobiT Rebulobs. amitom, cxoveli
zustad iseve iqceva, rogorc misi winapari. adamianis qceva
ki imarTeba Tavad adamianis mier Seqmnili da mis mierve
SeZenili kulturiT. e.i. adamians aqvs kulturis Seqmnis,
konservirebis (Semonaxvis) da translaciis (gadacemis)
wminda goniTi unari.
amgvarad, adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa. misi namyo aqtual-
uria awmyoSic. is aqac funqciobs, meordeba. adamiani axdens
reproduqcias da swavlobs. aseve Seqmnis da Semoinaxavs
axals, romelsac momavals gadascems. adamiani, marTalia,
CarTulia kulturul tradiciaSi, magram, mas aqvs unari
miagnos, aRmoaCinos axali. adamiani, rogorc individi, Car-
Tulia kulturul konteqstSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa,
mainc sakuTari Tavis amaraa, Tavisufalia. man Tavad unda
gaikvalos sakuTari gza, gaakeTos arCevani, Seqmnas Tavisi
cxovreba. adamiani mudam distancirebulia ara mxolod
208 209
bunebis mimarT, aramed, im kulturul konteqsTanac, romelSic
igi arsebobs. amitom aris, rom kulturuli tradiciidan
raimes uaryofs, raimes iRebs da Tavad xdeba axali tradi-
ciis fuZemdebeli. amitom miiCnevs kultur-filosofiuri
anTropologia adamians samyarosadmi Ria arsebad, romelic
mudam mzadaa SeqmnisTvis, SemoqmedebisaTvis. adamianis arsis
amgvari gageba, rom adamianis samyaro misi kulturaa, Cemi
azriT, kultur-anTropologiuri koncefciis mTavari da
mniSvnelovani Sedegia.
VII d uznaZis anTropologiuri Tvalsaz-
risi
dimitri uznaZis saxeli upirveles yovlisa, fsiqolo-
gias ukavSirdeba. igi cnobilia rogorc qarTuli fsiqolo-
giuri skolis fuZemdebeli. mxolod specialistTa viwro
wrem Tu icis, rom misi moRvaweoba filosofiiT daiwyo da
ramdenime TanamoazresTan erTad dasabami misca Tanamedrove
profesiul filosofias. man filosofiuri ganaTleba ger-
maniaSi miiRo. 1909 wels daamTavra laifcigis universiteti
da imave wels, q.haleSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia
Temaze _ `vladimer soloviovi _ misi Semecnebis Teoria
da metafizika~, romelic imave wels wignad daistamba.
saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg igi agrZelebs muS-
aobas filosofiaSi. periodul presaSi aqveynebs werilebs
sxvadasxva filosofiur Temebze.pirveli werili, romelic
1909 wels daibeWda gazeT `droebaSi~ iyo `baraTaSvilis
liris motivebi~ (mogvianebiT d. uznaZe kvlav miubrunda
n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas da wers Sesaval werils misi
leqsebis krebulisaTvis (1922w.) 1910 wels, `saxalxo
gazeTis~or nomerSi qveyndeba d. uznaZis Sroma `individu-
aloba da misi genezisi~. imave wels, aRniSnuli gazeTSi ibe-
Wdeba `ra aris Semecnebis Teoria~. 1911 wels iqve qveyndeba
`gandgomilobis problema ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~.
1914 wels, imave gazeTis ramdenime nomerSi aqveynebs `omis
filosofias~.
1915 weli _ Jurnali `megobari~ _ `cxovrebis raoba~,
iqve 1916 weli _ `cxovrebis raoba da aRzrda~. 1918 weli
_ Jurnali _ `promeTe~ _ `organuli msoflmxedveloba~.
1919weli _ Tbilisis universitetis moambe _ `laibnicis
petites perceptions-Ta adgili fsiqologiaSi~. 1920 wels
daibeWda monografia `anri bergsoni~.
1921 wlis Semdeg, dimitri uznaZes filosofiur Tema-
tikaze erTi Sromac ki ar gamouqveynebia. misi interesi
mTlianad moicva fsiqologiam. CemTvis Zalze Znelia real-
uri mizezis dasaxeleba, ris gamoc d. uznaZem filosofiidan
fsiqologiaSi gadainacvla, iyo es Sinagani, inteleqtualuri
moTxovnileba Tu garegani iZuleba (Cveni azrovnebisaT-
vis rogori maprovocirebeli TariRia 1921 weli, albaT
yvelasaTvis naTelia. erTi ramis ki Rrmad mjera: dimitri
uznaZes rom gaegrZelebina muSaoba filosofiur Tematikaze,
yofiliyo amis ufleba da saSualeba, dRes Cven sul sxva
filosofiuri memkvidreoba gveqneboda da dimitri uznaZis
adgilic sxva iqneboda qarTul filosofiaSi).
am werilebis gacnobis Semdeg, CvenTvis naTeli xdeba
is ZiriTadi filosofiuri Temebi, romlebic d. uznaZis
yuradRebas imsaxurebs. esaa Semoqmedebis problema, ada-
mianis cxovrebis arsi, sicocxlis sazrisi, filosofiisa
da xelovnebis mimarTeba, sicocxle da sikvdili, rogorc
filosofiuri problema da sxva.
amrigad: dimitri uznaZisaTvis filosofiis amosavali
debulebaa _ adamiani aris aqtiuri Semoqmedi arseba da
am unaris saSualebiT igi qmnis axal samyaros, adamianis
sacxovriss _ kulturas. adamians mxolod kulturis wi-
210 211
aRSi SeuZlia Tavisi adamianobis realizeba. adamiani, rogorc
cocxali arseba, arsebobs universumSi. misi upirvelesi
mizania SeinarCunos sakuTari arseboba, amitom aucileblad
Wirdeba orientireba. adamianis winaSea kaleidoskopuri
sinamdvile _ buneba mravalferovani movlenebiT, cvalebado-
biT, nivTTa warmoSobiT da mospobiT. adamiani iZulebulia
gadaWras mis winaSe warmoSobili sxvadasxva problema. man
unda gaigos, daadginos Tavisi adgili samyaroSi. erTaderTi
adamiania cocxalTa Soris, romelic ver `eteva~ biologiur
arsebobaSi. amgvari arseboba misTvis sakmarisi araa da amitom,
qmnis specifikur, anTropologiur realobas gansxvavebuli
wesiT arsebuls.
kacobriobam dRemde ganviTarebis iseTi gza ganvlo, rom
metafizika(filosofia), religia, xelovneba, mecniereba Sesa-
Zlo pasuxebia im problemebze, romlebic mas awuxebs. es
aris pasuxebi sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT, sxvadasxva kuTxiT,
sxvadasxva elferiT. es aris Zireuli sferoebi, romlebSic
naTlad Cans adamianis, rogorc inteleqtualuri arsebis
Zala da Rirseba. yovelive amaSi vlindeba adamianis Semoq-
medebiTi unari.
e. i. dimitri uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani aris aqti-
uri, mTliani subieqti, CarTuli garkveul istoriul pro-
cesSi da am gzaze TandaTanobiT qmnis ara mxolod adamianur
samyaros, aramed, Tavadac ufro adamianuri xdeba (dRevandel
anTropologiur terminebs Tu moviSveliebT, adamiani gadis
humanizaciisa da hominizaciis gzas). igi Tavisi gvaris ga-
darCenas, ukvdavebis uzrunvelyofas mxolod kulturuli
samyaros meSveobiT Tu moaxerxebs.
raTa ufro kargad gavecnoT d. uznaZis filosofiuri
analizis stils, sanimuSod aviRoT romelime Tema _ vTq-
vaT, sazrisis problema. maS ase, am erTerT uniSvnelovanes
filosofiur problemas d. uznaZe ixilavs Semdeg SromebSi:
`omis filosofia~, `cxovrebis raoba~, `cxovrebis raoba da
aRzrda~.
adamiani cocxali arsebaa, igi emorCileba sicocxlis
kanonzomierebas. ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba. adamianma ro-
gorc cocxalma arsebam, upirvelesad sakuTari sicocxlis
uzrunvelyofa unda SeZlos. imisaTvis, rom icocxlos, ar-
seboba unda SeinarCunos. e.i. `Seeguos~, `moergos~, garemos.
anu adamianis Tavdapirveli interesi praqtikulia, magram,
vinaidan igi sxva cocxalisagan gansxvavebiT `Raribia~ bune-
brivi monacemebiT, man unda `aamuSaos~ goneba. jer-jerobiT
es mxolod `praqtikuli gonebaa~, romelsac sruliadac ar
ainteresebs ama Tu im mdgomareobis, movlenis arsis Semecneba.
misTvis sakmarisia mxolod codna Tu ra sargeblobis an
zianis motana SeuZlia ama Tu im movlenas, garemos da rogor
gamoiyenos igi Tavis sakeTildReod e.i. am doneze adamia-
nis interesi mimarTulia mxolod praqtikuli miznisaken.
aseT pirobebSi adamiani movlenaTa zedapirze rCeba. aqedan
gamomdinare, mag; sikvdilis faqti aris daboloeba, dasas-
ruli Cveni grZnobadi (praqtikuli) cxovrebisa. (d.uznaZe
aq laparakobs adamianis teqnikur inteleqtze). magram,
adamiani ar aris mxolod cocxali arseba. mas ufro meti
surs, vidre misi grZnobadi, sxeulebrivi sicocxlea. mas ar
akmayofilebs movlenaTa zedapiruli Sefaseba da misi mis-
adageba sakuTar praktikul miznebTan. adamiani intuiciurad
grZnobs, rom es ar aris `namdvili~ cxovreba. arsebobs sxva
metafizikuri sinamdvile _ RirebulebaTa samyaro. adamianis
cxovrebaSi aris raRac iseTi mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebuli
212 213
wami, rodesac igi arRvevs praqtikuli, yoveldRiuri arse-
bobis sazRvars, Tavisufldeba `sicocxlis borkilidan~ da
imdenad Tavisufldeba, rom SeuZlia uaric ki Tqvas Tavad
sicocxleze. esaa TviTmkvlelobis faqti. aseTive fenomenia
brZolaSi meomris sikvdili. miuxedavad imisa, miviCnevT Tu
ara kacis kvlas udides borotebad, am dros Cvens Sefase-
baSi Semodis RirebulebaTa sxva sistema, romelic `garda
Rrma adamianuri TanagrZnobisa, mowiwebis da pativiscemis
gancdisa~, CvenSi badebs eWvs `adamianis sicocxlis, rogorc
umaRlesi Rirebulebis~ mimarT. e.i. Cven `adamianuri rwmena~
gveubneba: adamianur cxovrebaSi arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebi,
raRac ufro `maRali~ da mniSvnelovani, vidre `Cveni kerZo,
piradi sicocxle~. amgvari rwmenis Tanaxmad, `Cveni daniS-
nuleba TviTon sicocxleSi, maSasadame, mis gafarToebasa da
gaRrmavebaSi, rodi unda veZeboT. ufro piriqiT, sicocxle
mxolod saSualebaa, romlis meoxebiTac xorcieldeba is
umaRlesi daniSnuleba, adamianis arsebobas rom sarCulad
udevs. am TvalsazrisiT, cxadia, sikvdili da sicocxle
am daniSnulebisaTvis sul erTia, igi zogjer sikvdils
moiTxovs da zogjer sococxles~ (73,276).
maSasadame, uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, `Cveni arsebobis azri
TviT Cveni sicocxlis farglebSi ki ar unda veZioT, aramed
mis gareT da masze maRla~ (iqve). am azris dasturad uznaZe
adamianTa istoriul cxovrebasac ixsenebs. STamomavloba
qeds ixris im adamianTa winaSe, vinc raRac Rirebuli Seqmna,
mTeli cxovreba emsaxura maRal adamianur idealebs da ar
misdevda mxolod `praqtikuli cxovrebis mowyobas, pirad
gancxromas~. metaforulad rom vTqvaT, ganagrZobs uznaZe,
Cveni istoriuli warsuli aris ganuwyveteli muSaoba
`raRac didi Senobis asagebad~. adamianebs dabadebiTve aqvT
es adamianuri daniSnuleba da mizani. amrigad, Cveni movaleoba
imTaviTve gansazRvrulia. Tu am movaleobas mivsdevT maSin
Cvens adamianur vals aRvasrulebT, xolo Tu am Senobis
asagebad muSaobas gavurbivarT an saerTod sisuleled da
sigiJed vTvliT amgvari Senobis agebas maSin Cven aRarc
varT adamianuri samyaros Semomqmedni da Zalian advilad
gagvriyaven. `gviviwyeben, ugzoukvlod vqrebiT sxvaTa mex-
sierebidan da saerTod adamianuri cxovrebis istoriidan~
(iqve. gv. 281). `ra aris es Senoba? kacobriobis saukeTeso
nawili mTel ZalRones rom axmars? Cven mas kulturuli
Semoqmedebis saxeliT aRvniSnavT~ (iqve).
amrigad: adamiani, imisaTvis rom sazrisi mianiWos Tavis
arsebobas, unda `gavides~ biologiuri arsebobidan, amaRldes
yoveldRiur, Cveulebriv vitalur moTxovnilebaTa veli-
dan da Seqmnas xelovnuri, kulturuli samyaro, romlis
obieqtic da subieqtic Tavad iqneba. `kulturis Seqmna _
aseTia adamianis cxovrebis mizani da daniSnuleba~ (73,285).
am TvalsazrisiT d.uznaZe emijneba sicocxlis filosofias,
radgan, mas adamianis arsis dasadgenad Semoaqvs SefasebiTi,
RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba, eZebs cxovrebis sazriss. es
ki goniTi anTropologiuri xedvaa.
dimitri uznaZe Tavs ar miiCnevs religiur moazrovned.
piriqiT, sadac amis saSualeba aqvs yvelgan aRniSnavs am
faqts. arsad, filosofiur problemebze msjelobis dros
ar mimarTavs RmerTis cnebas da aRniSnavs: `cxovrebis saz-
risis Cveneuli gegma miwieri arsebobis ganmtkicebaa, misi
uaRresobis aRsarebaa, misi mimdinareobis kurTxevaa da
misi mniSvnelobis gaabsoluturebaa.. `dabadebis~ mixedviT,
RmerTma imiT daasrula Tavisi Semoqmedebis procesi, rom
man adamianis arsebaSi saukeTesod Seariga suli xorcs, aq-
tiuroba pasiurobas. samagierod, mTeli danarCeni msoflio
ganusulierebuli datova. da amiT TiTqos imTaviTve
gansazRvruli daniSnuleba misca adamianis arsebobas.~ da
amgvarad, ganagrZobs d. uznaZe _ Cveni daniSnuleba RvTisagan
dawyebuli saqmis dasrulebaa. RvTisagan dawyebuli msoflio
Semoqmedebis gangrZobaa. da Tu es asea, maSin cxadia, Cven
214 215
gamudmebul fusfuss, dauRalav Sromas mniSvneloba hqonia.
Cvens droul cxovrebas Rrma azri da am ukanasknels kidev
religiuri Rirebuleba. (iqve gv. 286).
me sagangebod moviyvane es sakmaod didi moculobis
fragmenti, imitom, rom, CemTvis Zalze Znelia daveTanxmoT d.
uznaZis TviTSefasebas. Tu am TvalsazrisiT davakvirdebiT
mis Semoqmedebas, sapirispiro suraTs aRmovaCenT. gamiWird-
eba qarTvel filosofosebSi sxva masze `ufro qristiani~
moazrovnis povna, romlisaTvis ase axlobeli, aseTi Rirebuli
iqneboda qristianuli morali, qristianuli kultura, is
filosofiuri problemebi, romlebic d. uznaZis yuradRebis
centrSia da maTi gagebac savsebiT Tavsdeba qristianul
msoflmxedvelobriv modelSi. Tavad is Temebic, romlebic
zemoT sagangebod gamovyaviT, qristianuli azrovnebis mieraa
Semotanili. iqneba es sazrisi problema, istoriuloba da
sxva. d. uznaZes araCveulebrivad swams da sjera `adamianuri
samyarosi~, `gonierebis~, `maRali daniSnulebis,~ `Rirebule-
baTa samyarosi~, `Rirsebis~ da a.S.
d. uznaZe SeiZleba ar iyo eklesiurad morwmune, sakuTar
Tavs ar miakuTvnebda marTlmadidebel mrevls, magram, igi
rom dasavluri, reformacia gavlil qristianuli kultu-
ris niadagze dgas, Cemi azriT, amis dasturia mTeli misi
filosofiuri Semoqmedeba. (misTvis xom ase ucxo darCa
im periodis germaniaSi, da ara mxolod germaniaSi esoden
popularuli nicSes filosofia).
naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar unda iyos Zneli davin-
axoT: d. uznaZis Tvalsazrisi Zalze axloa filosofiur-
anTropologiur koncefciasTan da arc paralelebis moZebna
gagviWirdeba. kerZod is, rom adamiani aris specifikuri
arseba, romelmac sakuTar unarebze dayrdnobiT unda SeZlos
Tavisi arsebobis uzrunvelyofa. imisaTvis, rom icxovros,
man unda Seqmnas xelovnuri samyaro, romlis obieqti da
subieqtic Tavad iqneba. es ki mxolod kreator, goniT ar-
sebas xelewifeba.
rac Seexeba sazrisis problemis dadgenas; d. uznaZe sa-
gangebod ixilavs iseT SromebSi, rogorebicaa: `pirovnebisa da
cxovrebis azri~, `eri, rogorc cxovrebis sazrisis subieqti~,
`xelovani (Semoqmedi) da cxovrebis raoba~. uznaZisaTvis
amosavali debulebaa:
adamiani ar aris mxolod sicocxlis matarebeli fizi-
kuri arseba, igi sulieri arsebacaa. (`sulier cxovrebaSi~
d.uznaZe gulisxmobs `adamianis SemecnebiT, grZnobiT da
nebiT formebs~).
adamianis sicocxlis principad _ d. uznaZis azriT
_ suliereba unda miviCnioT. empiriulad adamianis arse-
boba SeiZleba or doneze ganvsazRvroT: erTia sulier anu
goniT movlenaTa samkvidro da meore fizikur movlenaTa
samflobelo.
ra aris is Zala, iaraRi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianma
SeZlo amgvari cxovrebis Seqmna? _ kiTxulobs d. uznaZe.
da Tavadve amgvarad pasuxobs: pirveli, rac adamianze dak-
virvebisas TvalSi mogxvdeba, isaa, rom igi cocxali arsebaa,
romelic sicocxlis cikls emorCileba. adamianma upirve-
lesad sakuTari sicocxlis, arsebobis SenarCuneba unda moax-
erxos. `moergos~ garemos. sxva cocxalisagan gansxvavebiT,
adamiani metad `Raribia~ bunebrivi monacemebiT, magram, aqvs
uzarmazari upiratesoba _ goneba. da swored imisaTvis, rom
ukeT Seeguos garemos, moaxerxos Tavisi gvaris gagrZeleba,
unda aamuSaos goneba _ cnobiereba.
pirveli, rac adamians sakuTari sicocxlis uzrunve-
lyofaSi exmareba e.w. `praqtikuli gonebaa~. am safexurze
adamianisTvis mxolod imis codnaa sakmarisi, Tu ra sarge-
blobis an zianis motana SeuZlia misTvis ama Tu im movlenas,
garemos da rogor unda warmarTos igi Tavis sasargeblod.
magram, fizikuri arseboba ar aRmoCnda adamianisaTvis
sakmarisi. es ar aris asparezi, sadac adamiani moaxdens
216 217
sakuTari Tavis Cvenebas da realizebas. adamianis fizi-
kuri arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis udidesi roli akisriaT
SegrZnebebs, romelTac Tan axlavs umartivesi grZnoba. am
safexurze, adamiani, rogorc sulieri arseba, maqsimalurad
pasiuria. gonebis, fsiqikis ra unaria romelic sulier
cxovrebas `aamoZravebs~, warmarTavs? aseTi gansakuTrebuli
Tvisebebis mqone fenomenia adamianis neba mTel fsiqikuri
cxovrebis safuZveli. masSi Cans yvelaze naTlad adamianis
arsi _ misi aqtivoba. swored, Tavisufali nebidan wamosuli
aqtivoba aris adamianuri cxovrebis warmmarTveli.
neba wminda aqtivobaa, dausrulebeli ltolvaa. amitom,
adamianis cxovreba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc nebis
miznisaken mimarTva, miswrafeba. Cveni cxovrebis yovel wuTs,
erTi romelime gansazRvruli moTxovnileba gvaiZulebs iseTi
raime ganvaxorcieloT, movimoqmedoT, rac erTgvarad dagvik-
mayofilebs survilebs, sulier mRelvarebas dagvicxrobs,
dagvamSvidebs, sulierad gagvawonasworebs. aseT rames Cven
`Rirebulebas~ vuwodebT.
d. uznaZes Semoaqvs Rirebulebebis ierarqiuli skala.
`Rirebuleba SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos, rodesac mas miznad
Cveni fizikuri organizmis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba
aqvs dasaxuli, am SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs e.w. `fizikur
RirebulebasTan~, rodesac man Cveni inteleqtualuri, esTe-
tikuri, eTikuri an religiuri moTxovnilebani unda daak-
mayofilos. maSin Cvens winaa inteleqtualuri, esTetikuri,
eTikuri Tu religiuri `Rirebulebani~ (73,228). swored,
mravalgvari Rirebuleba aris is mizani, romliskenac mudam
iltvis adamianis neba. magram, Secdoma iqneba vifiqroT _
agrZelebs msjelobas d. uznaZe _ rom, adamianma sakmarisia
raime gansazRvrul Rirebulebas miaRwios da amiT misi neba
dacxres, SeCerdes, piriqiT ganaxorcielebs Tu ara adamiani
Rirebulebis romelime saxes, maSinve misi neba axali saxis
Rirebulebisaken iwyebs ltolvas. kacobriobis mTeli is-
toria adamianis nebis am saocari Tvisebis utyuari mowmea.
amgvarad, adamianis neba, misi moqmedeba RirebulebaTa
cvlaSi mJRavndeba. Cven miviswrafviT Cveni moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebisaken da amiT vqmniT raime gansakuTrebul
Rirebulebas: vTqvaT, vwvdebiT WeSmaritebas, vaxorcielebT
sikeTes Tu vqmniT xelovnebis nawarmoebs. kacobriobis mTeli
istoria SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc ganuwyveteli
Sroma, brZola maRali adamianuri RirebulebebisaTvis. es
brZola imitomac aris Zneli da saxifaTo, rom adamianis
cxovrebas win eRobeba mravali, garegani da Sinagani xifaTi.
Sinagani winaaRmdegobaa is, rom adamiani aris sxeulebrivi,
adamianuri TvalsazrisiT pasiuri arseba, romelic sakuTarma
SemoqmedebiTma unarma unda gaaaqtiuros. am ukanasknelisaT-
vis impulsis mimcemi adamianis Tavisufali nebaa. is akeTebs
arCevans pasiur fizikur arsebobasa da aqtiur SemoqmedebiT
cxovrebas Soris.
mxolod adamianis sicocxle ki araa Tavisi bunebrivi
moTxovnilebiT pasiuri da Semaferxebeli, aramed, misi meore
adamianTan aseTi mimarTebac uazroa da umizno. e.i. ar
SeiZleba adamiani darCes mxolod fizikur velSi. adami-
ans Tavis cxovrebaSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seaqvs azri
da mniSvneloba Tu igi moaxerxebs mimarTebebis `awyobas~
garkveuli wesis, miznis da Rirebulebebis Sesatyvisad.
sad aris adamianis asparezi? _ kiTxulobs d. uznaZe
_ da pasuxobs: zogadad Tu vilaparakebT, esaa kacobrio-
bis ganviTarebis gza, erisaTvis _ sakuTari istoria, xolo
pirovnebisaTvis _ cxovrebis monakveTi, romelSic is arse-
bobda da qmnida. Tanamedrove adamiani Tavisi ganviTarebiT
sakacobrio istoriis produqtia. man Tavisi arsebobis grZel
gzaze adamianis amgvari tipi Seqmna, cxovrebis aseTi wesi
daamkvidra. amitom, SeiZleba vTqvaT: adamianis istoria sxva
araferia, Tu ara misi bedis matiane.
kacobriobis mTeli istoriuli cxovreba SeiZleba
218 219
warmovidginoT, rogorc ganuwyveteli Sroma, brZola, ara mx-
olod arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis, aramed, maRali adamianuri
Rirebulebebis dasamkvidrebladac (sxvagvarad igi, albaT,
verc gadarCeboda). da es aris swored adamianis cxovrebis
arsic da sazrisic.
maSasadame, d. uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani aris aq-
tiuri, gonieri, Tavisufali nebiT dajildoebuli Semoqmedi
arseba, romelic Tavis realizebas axdens mis mierve Seqmnil
kulturis samyaroSi. iqneba es konketuli adamiani, ufro
rTuli erTeuli_ eri, Tu kacobrioba. adamianis arsebobis
istoriaze garedan dakvirvebiT, is, erTi SexedviT, uazrod
mogveCveneba Tu mis gasagebad ar SemovitanT aqtiuri subi-
eqtis amgvar gaazrebas. `wesi, azri, mizani masSi (cxovrebaSi)
Tavad adamians Seaqvs, ramdenadac igi (adamiani) mas (cxovre-
bas) Tavisi miznis Sesabamisad gardaqmnis. da maSin mTeli
istoria gagebuli iqneba, rogorc aseTi gardaqmnis procesi,
qaosSi sazrisisa da miznianobis damkvidreba~ (73,301).
cxovrebis ZiriTadi azri yofila adamianis Semoqmedeba,
xolo moqmedebas safuZvlad udevs Tavisufali neba. is
berketia romelic amoqmedebs adamianis pasiur arsebobas,
mianiWebs mas sazrissa da mniSvnelobas. adamiani sakuTari
gvaris ukvdavebis uzrunvelyofas mxolod kulturis sa-
SualebiT Tu SeZlebs. `kulturis Semoqmedeba_ aseTi unda
iyos adamianis cxovrebis mizani da daniSnuleba~ (73,285).
gavagrZeloT d. uznaZis im publikaciebis mimoxilva,
romlebic CvenTvis saintereso problemebs exeba. rac kidev
erTxel daadasturebs azrs, rom avtoris yuradReba ZiriTa-
dad mipyrobilia filosofiur-anTropologiuri sakiTxebi-
sadmi. axalma epoqam gaamwvava adamianis yofierebis sazrisis
Zieba. d.uznaZis gagebiT, filosofia upirvelesad anTrop-
ologiuri unda iyos. misTvis adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa. man
sakuTari ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa adamianuri samyaros Seqmna.
filosofiiTa da mecnierebiT adamiani ikmayofilebs samyaros
gagebis da Semecnebis interess.
d.uznaZisaTvis filosofiuri refleqsia iwyeba im re-
alobis daSvebiT, rom adamiania kulturis Semoqmedi. misi
damokidebuleba filosofiuri problemebisadmi, SeiZleba
iTqvas, kultur-anTropologiuria. filosofiuri Tu mxat-
vruli teqstis analizi ZiriTadad am WrilSi xdeba.
qarTveli moazrovne filosofiuri koncefciis asagebad
Semdeg gzas mimarTavs: filosofiis istoriidan da mx-
atvruli literaturidan (ZiriTadad poeziidan) iRebs
misTvis saintereso masalas da aanalizebs filosofiur-
anTropologiurad.
am azris naTelsayofad, ganvixilav d. uznaZis pirvel
werils, romelic man saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg ga-
moaqveyna gazeT `droeba~- Si 1909 wels _ `n. baraTaSvilis
liris motivebi~.
d. uznaZis SexedulebiT, metafizika yvelaze axlos poe-
ziasTan dgas, radgan is, upirvelesad, swored cnebaTa
poeziaa. rogorc poeziaSi, aseve metafizikaSi Zalze mniS-
vnelovania Semoqmedis pirovnuli `me~. igi wers: `samyaros
metafizikuri suraTi mxatvruli suraTia da is rogorc
wesi, warmoiSoba adamianis uRrmesi Sinagani arsidan, mTeli
misi raobidan, misi xasiaTidan~. poeziaSi adamiani kidev
ufro axloa Tavis SemoqmedebasTan. `poeziaSi adamianis
arseba mTlianadaa Caqsovili~ (73,86).
rogorc filosofosisaTvis, aseve mwerlisaTvis ZiriTadi
amocanaa adamianuri cxovrebis idumalebis gageba. gansx-
vaveba mxolod gamosaxvis formaSia. pirveli amis miRw-
evas filosofiuri gziT _ Teoriis (cnebis) meSveobiT
cdilobs, xolo meore _ mxatvruli saxeebiT.
xelovani Tavisi SemoqmedebiT qmnis axal sinamdviles,
axal samyaros, romelic avlens Semoqmedis msoflmxedv-
elobas. adamianis `adamianad SeqmnaSi~ udidesi mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs inteleqtualur da esTetikur Rirebulebebs. Tu
220 221
es asea maSin CvenTvis, vinc raimes daweras vapirebT, umniS-
vnelovanesia gavacnobieroT, rom upirvelesad unda viz-
runoT adamianis Zireuli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisaT-
vis _ esaa inteleqtualuri da esTetikuri moTxovnebi.
amis miRweva Znelia filosofiaSi. ase magaliTad, kantisa
da hegelis Txzulebani metad Rrmaa da mniSvnelovani fi-
losofiisaTvis, magram, maTi gavlena ZiriTadad am dargis
specialistebze vrceldeba, Tumca, filosofiis istoria
icnobs iseT moazrovneebsac, romlebic gacdnen filoso-
fiis sauflos da maTi gavlenis sferoc ufro farToa
(platoni, Sopenhaueri, nicSe). maTi Sromebi ara mxolod
Rrmaa filosofiurad, aramed, formiTac mSvenieria (d.
uznaZe erTmaneTisagan mijnavs akademiur, sistemur fi-
losofias da metaforul, Tavisufal filosofias).
davubrundeT werils `n. baraTaSvilis liris motivebi~,
romlis daweris sababad qceula 1909 wels quTaisSi
gamarTuli sajaro leqcia `sulieri drama nikoloz
baraTaSvilisa~ (samwuxarod, ver mivakvlie leqciis te-
qsts, CemTvis aseve ucnobia momxsenebelic).
rogorc d. uznaZe aRniSnavs: leqciaSi ZiriTadi yuradRe-
ba gamaxvilebulia baraTaSvilis poeziisaTvis erT-erT
ZiriTad Temaze _ amaoebisa da maradisobis problemaze.
leqciis avtoris azriT, amaoebisa da maradisobisaken
miswrafebis warmoSobis mTavari impulsi garemos zegav-
lenidan modis, Tumca, erTi da igive garemodan SeiZleba
sxvadasxva miswrafeba, gancda daibados. garemos zegav-
leniTve Cndeba Cveni gonebisaTvis miuwvdomeli, ganu-
Wvreteli, raRac iracionaluri grZnoba. amitom, rogorc
filosofosebi ityodnen, aq mxolod metafizikis adgilia.
raime problemis gadaWris mcdeloba ki adamianuri az-
rovnebis uZlurebis niSania.
magram arian Seudrekeli Semoqmedni, romelTac ar
aSinebT kacobriobis saWirboroto sakiTxebi da
cdiloben iracionaluri racionalurad gardaqmnan. ge-
nialuri Semoqmedi absolutia, ganumeorebelia. misi
Zlierebis wyaro misive bunebaa, xolo sababi misi sulieri
aqtivobisa, fsiqikis gaRviZebisa, aris garemo. igi realiz-
deba sivrcisa da drois zegavleniT.
amgvarad gadmoscems d. uznaZe leqciis Sinaarss. misTvis
miuRebelia am gziT svla. jer erTi imitom, rom Tu av-
torisaTvis metafizikuri azrovneba adamianis uZlurebis
gamoaSkaravebaa, uznaZisaTvis piriqiT, Zlierebis utyuari
niSania (adamianis azrovnebas rom ar hqondes midrekileba
metafizikurobisaken, maSin filosofia saerTod ar iarse-
bebda).
mTavari Secdoma amgvari azrovnebisa Semdegia: adamianis
cxovreba gagebulia, rogorc garemoTi gansazRvruli.
adamianis grZnoba da azric am garemomcveli samyaroTi
unda iyos ganmartebuli , romelSic Tavad cxovrobs.
d.uznaZe ar iziarebs avtoris fizikalistur, meqanicis-
tur princips, romlis mixedviTac genialuri adamiani da
misi gonebrivi simdidre mudmivi mocemulobaa. gonebas ar
SeuZlia realizeba Tu masze ar imoqmeda, zegavlena ar
moaxdina garemom. igi iRviZebs, aSkaravdeba mxolod gare-
mos zegavleniT. amgvarad, garemo prioritetulia.
Tu es marTlac asea _ svams kiTxvas uznaZe _ maSin indi-
vidis genialoba ris `maqnisia~, sadRaa misi genialoba Tu
igi araraobaa ugaremod? `nuTu mxolod imaSi, rom igi
gansakuTrebiT saxierdeba garemos zegavlenis qveS? nuTu
mxolod am Tavisebur reaqciaSi? (`n. baraTaSvilis liris
motivebi~).
aseTi damokidebuleba garkveviT warmoaCens garemos pirve-
ladobas, fsiqikis pasiurobas (uznaZe fsiqikas da cno-
bierebas sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT xmarobs) da swored
esaa amgvari azrovnebis mTavari Secdoma, romlis mixedviT,
fsiqika statikuria da aqtiuri xdeba mxolod raimes
222 223
zegavleniT.
d.uznaZisaTvis fsiqika aqtiuria da ara statikuri. fsiqi-
kis arsia aqtiuroba, Semoqmedeba, igi usasruloa `Semoqmed
azrTa sferoSi~. magram, ramdenadac igi mdidrdeba bune-
brivi elementebiT _ SegrZnebebiT, grZnobebiT, ltolvebiT,
imdenad ordeba adamianis fsiqika. igi aerTianebs Semoqmed
gonebas da pasiur grZnobebs. ramdenadac adamiani Semo-
qmedia, absolutia, imdenad aqtiuria, magram, ramdenadac
grZnobadicaa, SegrZnebebis mqonea, imdenad SemosazRvrulia,
SezRuduli, drouli da pasiuria~. (iqve).
swored, amitomaa adamianSi mudmivi brZola am or mxares
Soris. esaa adamianis drama, drama gardauvali da mud-
mivi, uznaZis azriT, msoflio istoriuli ganviTarebis
Sinaarsi. drama Tavs iCens yoveli adamianis bunebaSi.
genialoba amis gacnobierebaa. genialoba niSnavs Zlier
SemoqmedebiT unars da uRrmes mgrZnobelobas. da bara-
TaSvilis sulieri dramac sxva araferia, Tu ara erT-
erTi kerZo saxe saerTo adamianuri dramisa. aseTi suli
mZafrad ganicdis adamianis mokvdaobas, yoveldRiurobiT
Tavmobezrebas, wuTisoflis amaoebas, romlebic ase boWaven,
zRudaven adamianis Semoqmedi gonebis swrafvas. es grZno-
ba adamianisaTvis Sinagania, arsebiTia da momdinareobs misi
bunebis `araCveulebriobidan~. d.uznaZem kargad icis, rom
amis mizezi ar SeiZleba iyos garemo-pirobebi, socialur-
politikuri cxovreba. amitom mcdaria Tvalsazrisi, ro-
melic cdilobs garemo pirobebidan mizezobrivad axsnas
romelime xelovanis msoflmxedveloba, misi SemoqmedebiTi
aqtivoba. adamianis cxovrebis tragizmi ar gamomdinareobs
adamianis yofidan. aseve, es yofa araa im impulsis aRmZ-
vreli, adamianSi rom aRviZebs sakuTari yofierebis tragi-
kulobis SegrZnebas.
d. uznaZis Rrma rwmeniT, araraobis SegrZneba, masze ama-
Rlebis survili da ltolva (miswrafeba) maradisobi-
saken adamianis arsebaSi `marxia~. adamiani ara mxolod
SegrZnebebis mqone fizikuri arsebaa, aramed, upirveles
yovlisa, moazrovne, Semoqmedi arsebaa. im mizeziT, rom
adamiani mokvdavia, masSi gamZafrebulia amaoebis grZnoba.
adamianma kargad icis, misi cxovreba CarTulia sicocx-
lis ciklSi da gansazRvrulia droSi. magram, aseve icis,
rom igi Semqmneli, Semoqmedi arsebaa da garkveuli azriT,
imeorebs universumis saswauls, qmnis sakuTar cxovrebas,
sakuTar Tavs. (dRevandel termins Tu moviSveliebT, d.
uznaZe kultur-anTropologia. misTvis adamianis gagebis,
misi raobis dadgenis gasaRebi kulturaSia, im xelovnur
samyaroSi, romlis Seqmnac adamianma TviTon moaxerxa saku-
Tari ZalisxmeviT).
adamiani rom universaluri arsebaa da ver xerxdeba misi
Caketva mxolod fizikuri arsebobis velSi, gansakuTrebiT
sacnaurdeba genialur SemoqmedebaSi, sadac mkafiod Cans
adamianuri arsebobis dramatizmi.
amitom ambobs dabejiTebiT d. uznaZe, rom n. baraTaSvi-
lis Semoqmedebis gagebisaTvis umniSvneloa socialur-
politikuri foni, romelic im drois saqarTveloSi iyo.
poetis sulieri dramis gasaRebi mis sulier wyobaSia.
Semoqmedis goneba Seudrekelia, Zlieria, da Tavisuflebi-
sken miiltvis. misi arsebobis wesia: ar iyos aravisgan da
arafrisagan gansazRvruli, Seqmnili, aramed, Tavad iqces
Tavisi cxovrebis Semqmnel, Semoqmed sulad da amiT sa-
kuTari Tavi aqcios absolutad. amave dros, n. baraTaS-
vili faqizi mgrZnobelobiT dajildoebuli lirikosia.
mas Zalze kargad esmis, rom kavSiris gawyveta droulTan,
amqveyniurTan rogori mtkivneulia, magram es aucileblad
unda moxdes, radgan, `miwieris` daTmobis gareSe ar mox-
erxdeba `sulis absoluturi qrolva~. swored es dapiri-
spireba, romelic mudmivadaa genialur SemoqmedSi, iwvevs
mis Sinagan gaorebas, daZabulobas da Sinaarsia `sulieri
224 225
dramisa~. baraTaSvilma kargad icis, yvela ver gauZlebs,
ver gadaitans am `gamomSvidobebas~, magram, Tavad mas sx-
vagvarad ar SeuZlia cxovreba. mis `genialur gons~ swams
da swyuria `saboloo gamarjveba~.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuls Tu ganvazogadebT _ ganagrZobs
d.uznaZe _ SegviZlia gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sawi-
naaRmdego daskvna miviRoT. baraTaSvili pesimisti ki ara,
optimisti Semoqmedia. misTvis mniSvnelovani da Rire-
bulia adamianis imgvarad yofna, roca igi SeZlebs uari
Tqvas grZnobad survilebze da gaabatonebs absolutur
suls anu maRal adamianur Rirebulebebs.
e. i. adamians SeuZlia gavides `grZnobadobis farglebi-
dan~ da eziaros maradiuls. amas igi axerxebs Semoqmedi
gonebis meSveobiT. aseve maRali adamianuri grZnobaa es-
Tetikuri tkboba, roca adamiani gaemijneba sakuTar Cveu-
lebriobas, yoveldRiur Wir-varams, absolutur amaoebas.
ase igi maRldeba, uerTdeba ganusazRvrels da amgvarad
absolutdeba. esTetikuri tkbobis procesSi gansakuTreb-
uli ZaliT moqmedebs adamianis SemoqmedebiTi unari. am
dros vTavisufldebiT xorcieli vnebebisagan. esaa sulis
Tavisuflebis asparezi. Tavisufleba ki niSnavs Seurige-
blobas yoveldRiurobasTan, CveulebriobasTan.
adamianuri cxovrebis optimizmi saZiebelia adamianis
`maRal bunebaSi~ da mis unarSi `gavides~ grZnobadi `am-
sofliuri yofidan~ da SeuerTdes maRal Rirebulebebs,
maradiul idealebs. ai safuZveli baraTaSvilis mso-
flmxedvelobisa, romelic yvelaze kargad gamoCnda mis
leqsebSi _ `merani~ da `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~.
d. uznaZis azriT, yovelive es niSandoblivia ara mxolod
baraTaSvilios SemoqmedebisaTvis, aramed, saerTod ada-
mianis arsis gagebis gasaRebia. e.i. misTvis adamiani aris
specifikuri arseba, fizikur-grZnobadze ar daiyvaneba.
adamiani ufro metia, vidre sicocxle. igi Semoqmedi arse-
baa, swored esaa misi Tavisebureba.
n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis ganxilvac d. uznaZes
swored am azris naTelsayofad sWirdeba. e.i. is,rom ada-
mians aqvs Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli unari, romliTac
aRemateba ara marto yvela sxva cocxals, aramed sakuTar
Tavsac, rogorc cocxal arsebas. maradiuli brZola ada-
mianis am or mxares Soris aris kacobriobis mTel isto-
riisa, da kulturis mamoZravebeli. adamianuri cxovrebis
progresi ki sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianis SemoqmedebiTi
Zalis gamarjveba mis SemzRudav, SemboWvel biologiur
mxareze.
amave problemebis analizs miuZRvna dimitri uznaZem
Sroma `gandgomilobis problema ilia WavWavaZis `gande-
gilSi~, romelic 1911 wels `saxalxo gazeTis~ or no-
merSi (N483,484) gamoaqveyna. maSin uznaZem miznad daisaxa,
qarTul azrovnebaSi Semoetana literaturis `esTetikuri
da filosofiuri kritika~. es moTxovna mas savsebiT gac-
nobierebuli aqvs da kidec axorcielebs Tavis werilebSi,
romlebic imdroindel presaSi ibeWdeboda.
maS ase, d. uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, xelovnebis, mxatvruli
literaturis Sefaseba ori mimarTulebiT unda xde-
bodes. esaa `kritika esTetikuri da kritika filoso-
fiuri~. esTetikuri kritika ZiriTadad nawarmoebis
konkretul saxes utrialebs da arkvevs Tu ratom iqca
is xelovnebis nimuSad Tu ram gamoiwvia, ra iyo mizezi
Cveni esTetikuri gancdis, esTetikuri tkbobis. jer kidev
romantikulma filosofiam icoda, rom esTetikuri gancda
adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi erTerTi uZlieresi gancdaa
(amitom ambobda Sileri: adamiani mxolod maSin aris namd-
vili adamiani, rodesac igi esTetikur tkbobas ganicdis).
filosofiuri analizis dros ki mkvlevari yuradRebas
miaqcevs ara konkretuls, aramed zogads, im farul ten-
denciebs, romelTac SeeZloT mieRoT amgvari konkretuli
226 227
forma. marTalia, arc ise advilia, aRniSnavs d.uznaZe, erT-
maneTisagan mkveTrad gavmijnoT esTetikuri (literatu-
ruli) da filosofiuri analizi, magram, mainc vecadoT da
sanimuSod filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT wavikiTxoT ilia
WavWavaZis cnobili poema `gandegili~.
erTi SexedviT, poemis dedaazris gadmocema metad martivi
saqmea. ZiriTadi kolizia, gandegilis sulisa da xorcis
moTxovnaTa dapirispirebaa, da isic, rom, gandegili ver uZ-
lebs am winaaRmdegobas da msxverplad ewireba mas. e.i. es
aris nawarmoebi pirovnuli tragediis Sesaxeb, adamianis
Sesaxeb, romelmac uaryo amqveyniuri cxovreba, amqveyniuri
survilebi, magram, am soflis daTmoba bolomde ver SeZlo
da damarcxda. es problema ara mxolod kerZo, aramed
zogadi xasiaTisaa da masze ufro vrclad vimsjelebT.
adamiani yvelaze rTuli arsebaa yvela sxva cocxalTan
SedarebiT. es iTqmis rogorc mis fizikur, sxeulebriv
mocemulobaze, aseve, misi cxovrebis sxva ufro mniSvnelo-
van mxareze _ sulier cxovrebaze (sulier cxovrebaSi
avtori moiazrebs adamianis specifikur SemoqmedebiT un-
ars). sulieri cxovrebis niSandoblivi Tvisebaa aqtivoba,
Semoqmedeba. am TvalsazrisiT, sxeuli inertulia, pasiuria.
amis gamoa, rom adamianis cxovrebis specifikad sulieri
cxovrebaa miCneuli. adamianis arseba amitom ganisazRvreba
orgvari xasiaTiT. erTia sulieri, aqtiuri moqmedi samya-
ro, xolo meore _ fizikur movlenaTa samflobelo.
magram, saintereso isaa, _ SeniSnavs uznaZe, _ rom, aqtivo-
basa da pasiobas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod sulisa da
sxeulis sxvadasxvaobas ar exeba. is SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT
Tavad fsiqikur movlenaTa Soris da esaa swored, rac su-
lier movlenaTa Soris amgvar viTarebas amkvidrebs.
ismis kiTxva: romel sulier movlenebs SeiZleba akldes
aqtivoba da ufro pasiuri iyos? naTqvamidan gamomdinare,
pasuxis gacema ar unda gagviWirdes. Cven ukve viciT, rom
adamiani Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT fizikurad pasiuri arse-
baa, amitom, nakleb aqtiuri iqneba is movlenebi, romlebic
ufro mWidro kavSirSia adamianis fizikur mxaresTan.
kerZod, esaa SegrZnebebi. (gavixsenoT m.Seleris _ mneme)
adamianis biologiuri konstituciis gaTvaliswinebiT, yve-
la tipis SegrZnebas Tavisi Sesabamisi organoc aqvs. aseve
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom yovel SegrZnebas Tan axlavs
grZnoba _ grZnoba siamovnebisa da usiamovnebisa. magram,
am saxis grZnoba, sxeulTanaa mibmuli da pasiuria. sul
sxva movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamianis nebas
vexebiT. adamianis neba, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, safuZvlad
udevs mTel adamianur aqtivobas, mis Tavisuflebas. nebas
araferi aqvs saerTo adamianis biologiur mxaresTan. ada-
miani, rogorc sulieri arseba, swored, nebis safuZvelze
moqmedebs. is adamianis cxovrebis damdgeni da mamoZravebe-
lia. neba aris fenomeni, romelic adgens ara marto ada-
mianis arss, aramed, gansazRvravs adamianis individualobas,
mis pirovnul `me~-s. ase fiqrobs d. uznaZe. potenciis
mixedviT, neba absoluturi, dausrulebeli ltolvaa, aq-
tivobaa mTlianad universumisadmi. neba Tavis potenciaSi
ganusazRvrelia da swored aq imaleba adamianisaTvis
ZiriTadi xifaTi. faqtobrivad, adamianis cxovrebaSi misi
SeCereba, dakonkreteba ar moxerxdeba, Tu ar moviSveliebT
`Rirebulebis~ cnebas, vinaidan, adamianis mTeli cxovreba
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc miznebisaken nebis mimarT-
va. adamiani imgvaradaa mowyobili, rom gansazRvruli
moTxovnilebani mas aiZuleben miaRwios mizans da rode-
sac ase xdeba, sulieri mRelvareba cxreba, adamiani wonas-
worobas aRidgens. amgvarad, adamianis moqmedebis sazomi
unda iyos `Rirebuleba~, e.i. Cveni moqmedeba SesabamisobaSi
movides RirebulebebTan. swored, es mravalgvari Rireb-
ulebaa adamianis moqmedebis stimulic da mizanic.
rogorc ki ganaxorcielebs adamiani erTi tipis gansaz-
228 229
Rvrul Rirebulebebs, misi neba maSinve axali tipis Rire-
bulebebisaken miaqanebs. amis utyuari mowmea mecnierebis
istoria, romelic inteleqtualur RirebulebaTa evolu-
ciis procesia. adamiani mudam miiswrafvis ara konkre-
tuli, kerZo saxis Rirebulebisaken, aramed, misi moTxovnaa
sruli Rirebulebis, dasrulebuli, absoluturi WeS-
maritebis povna (adamiani, marTlac, SeuzRudavi arsebaa
rogorc Semmecnebeli, magram, SeuzRudaoba ar unda gavavr-
celoT misi cxovrebis sxva mxareebze).
adamianis cxovrebis specifika, mudam or sibrtyeSi, or
velSi arsebobaa, realobaSi da SesaZleblobaSi. igi
gamudmebiT qmnis Tavis samyaros. adamians aqvs biologi-
uri moTxovnilebebi (d.uznaZe mas fizikur Rirebule-
bebs uwodebs), aseve arabiologiuri, maRali adamianuri
moTxovnilebebi: inteleqtualuri, esTetikuri, eTikuri da
religiuri moTxovnilebebi, romlebsac Seesabameba intele-
qtualuri, esTetikuri, eTikuri da religiuri Rirebule-
bebi. (uznaZe imeorebs i. kantis sqemas) da swored aqaa
adamianis arsis dadgenis gasaRebi. maSasadame, d.uznaZis
TvalsazrisiT, adamiani aris Semoqmedi arseba. igi Tavad
adgens arsebobis wess, qmnis ra kulturul-adamianur
samyaros. aseTi cxovrebis Seqmna adamianma moaxerxa imiT,
rom aqvs Tavisufali neba da Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad
SeuZlia moqmedeba.
e.i. adamiani aris arseba, romelic gansakuTrebuli Ri-
rebulebebis Sesatyvisad eZebs WeSmaritebas, Cadis zneo-
briv saqciels an qmnis maRal xelovnebas. adamianis neba,
misi moqmedeba ZiriTadad gansakuTrebul RirebulebaTa
cvlaSi mJRavndeba, magram, amave dros, nebam unda SeZlos
da absoluturi ltolva garkveul sazRvrebSi moaqcios.
imis gamo, rom adamians aqvs Tavisufali neba, man ltolva,
absoluturi biologiuri aqtivoba garkveul farglebSi
unda moaqcios da amiT miaRwios goniT mdgomareobas.
adamianis amgvari cxovrebis wesi momdinareobs misi `bune-
brivi SezRudulobidan~. es `zRvardadebuloba~ adamianis
arsebobis wesia da ra Tqma unda, rTulad gadasalaxi
winaaRmdegobaa. adamianSi mudmivad arsebobs winaaRmdegoba
absolutur ltolvasa da mis sazRvris damdeb Rirebule-
bebs Soris, magram adamianis arseba aseTia, `bedisweriT~-
aa gansazRvruli. daZabuloba gansakuTrebiT sacnaurdeba
genialur pirovnebebSi. am dramatul konfliqts mravali
pirovnuli `me~ Seewira.
am Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT Tu gadavxedavT il-
ias poemis mTavari personaJis istorias, CvenTvis naTeli
gaxdeba misi cxovrebis tragedia, romelic momdinareobs
konfliqtidan SesaZlebelsa da sasurvels Soris. dapiri-
spirebidan, adamianis aulagmav biologiur aqtivobas da
mis adamianur Rirebulebebs Soris. adamianis buneba iseTia,
rom Tavad sakuTari `adamianoba~ uwesebs zRvars. rode-
sac misi nebis mizani gadis adamianuri mizanSewonilobis,
keTildReobis, bednierebisa da movaleobis sazRvrebidan,
tragedia gardauvalia.
rodesac, adamians ar akmayofilebs adamianuri Rirebule-
bani da uCndeba mwveli gancda am Rirebulebebis amaoebisa,
igi cildeba RirebulebaTa am sistemas, am samyaros, anu
`ama sofels~ da mieltvis gansxvavebuls, zeciurs. aseT
dros marcxi gardauvalia. adamians ar SeuZlia adamianuri
sazRvrebis garRveva, absoluturi srulyofa, vinaidan, misi
Tavisufali nebis adgilsamyofelia cocxali, grZnobadi
adamiani. mas ar moasvenebs adamianuri buneba, misi grZno-
badi mxare, romlis gauTvaliswineblobac aucileblad
iqceva adamianuri tragediis mizezad. e.i., miuxedavad imisa,
rom adamiani goniTi arsebaa, mainc ar SeuZlia `adamianuri
sazRvrebis~ garRveva, sxvagvarad qceva, xolo, yoveli
amgvari survili ueWvelad gamoiwvevs Tavad adamianuri
samyaros ngrevas da adamianis `daSlas~.
230 231
d.uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, nawarmoebis amgvari wakiTxva
dagvexmareba kargad SevicnoT, ara marto gandegilis
pirovnuli tragedia, aramed, adamianis arsic da poema ar
miviCnioT mxolod `mxatvrul-esTetikur Semoqmedebad~
an `qarTvelTa savalalo bedis qomagobad~. unda gavac-
nobieroT is faqtic, rom nawarmoebs safuZvlad udevs
garkveuli filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, garkveuli
filosofiur-anTropologiuri koncefcia.
rogorc ukve araerTgzis aRiniSna, dimitri uznaZis Tval-
sazrisis Tanaxmad, adamianis specifikaa Seqmnis, Semoq-
medebis unari. adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa. bunebis sxva
sagnebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi aris sabolood gauformebe-
li, Camouyalibebeli arseba. Semoqmedeba mas aZlevs TviT-
dadgenis saSualebas. adamiani axdens Tavisi cxovrebis
struqturebis gansazRvras. es TviTgansazRvra aris
swored kultura, Tavad adamianis mier Seqmnili da dad-
genili.
adamianuri Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxea
filosofosoba. filosofiis meSveobiT adamiani samyaros
garkveul suraTs agebs, romelic msoflmxedvelobis
saxiT vlindeba. adamianis mier samyaros suraTis Seqmna
da am samyaroSi sakuTari Tavis gaazreba garkveuli Semo-
qmedebiTi aqtia. metafizikisaken midrekileba adamianis
erT-erTi uRrmesi `saidumlo~ unaria. (am konteqstSi
d.uznaZe metafizikas da filosofias sinonimuri mniSvn-
elobiT xmarobs). filosofia unda eswrafodes gaigos
`samyaro, rogorc mTeli mis absoluturobaSi~. yoveli
filosofiis gza mimarTulia samyaros TavisTavadobisaken.
mas empiriuli gansazRvruloba arasgziT ar miewereba.
filosofiam unda datovos fizikur grZnobadis niadagi
da metafizikurSi gadavides. amgvarad, yoveli filosofia
Tu mas surs ataros es saxeli, metafizikis gzas unda
daadges. filosofiam, rogorc metafizikam win wamoswia
samyaros TavisTavadobis, absolutis gageba da daupirisp-
irda grZnobadi samyaros relatiurobas.
adamiani or winaaRmdegobriv sivrceSi arsebobs. esaa e.w.
fizikuri, biologiuri done da RirebulebaTa samyaro,
ideaTa sauflo. ram unda moaxdinos am ori diferecire-
buli samyaros sinTezi? amas ver moaxerxebs mecniereba,
radgan, igi Tavadaa erT-erTi rgoli am diferenciaciaSi.
mxolod filosofiaa am mxriv uflebamosili da ver
Seedreba verc erTi sxva dargi.
uznaZis azriT, filosofiis mravali sakiTxidan umniS-
vnelovanesia `cxovrebis azrisa da miznis problema~.
filosofiuri azrovneba Tavisuflebis ganmxorcielebeli
azrovnebaa. am gagebiT filosofia axlos dgas poezias-
Tan, is `cnebaTa poeziaa~. adamianis filosofia ver iqneba
mowyvetili misi `me~-sagan (sruliad sxva specifikis
mqonea mecniereba). `metafizika Sevsebaa im samyarosi, ro-
melic adamianis Semecnebis Semofargluli xedvis winaSe
aucileblad warmodgeba. metafizika `cnebaTa poeziaa~,
romelmac unda daakmayofilos Cveni moraluri, religi-
uri Tu esTetikuri moTxovnilebani~ (73,86). samyaros
metafizikuri suraTi mxatvruli suraTia da rogorc
aseTi, igi warmoiSoba Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, adamia-
nis uSinaganesi arsebidan, misi raobidan, misi xasiaTidan~
(iqve gv.87). `filosofiis istoria esaa adamianis sulier
ZalTa Semecnebisa da TviTgagebis procesi~ (73,217).
maSasadame, dimitri uznaZe adamianis ZiriTad gansaz-
Rvrulobas xedavs SemoqmedebaSi, kulturis subieqtad
yofnaSi. yovelma Semoqmedma unda Seqmnas, aagos samyaro,
wvdes mis mniSvnelobas, sazriss. es ki upirveles yovlisa
xorcieldeba filosofiis meSveobiT. mainc rogoria ada-
mianis moqmedebis struqtura? adamiani, rogorc cocxali,
arsebobs e.w. fizikur garemoSi da sakuTriv anTropolo-
giur samyaroSi. magram, adamiani mainc mTliani subieqtia,
232 233
romelic aSualebs garemosa da adamianis urTierTzemo-
qmedebas. is realobaa, romelic arc fizikuria da arc
fsiqikuri. igi uzrunvelyofs biologiur Semgueblobasa
da fsiqikur aqtivobas, Semoqmedebas. (is uznaZem aRniSna
specialuri terminiT, romelsac ganwyoba uwoda.)
ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, garemosTan urTierTobas
amyarebs ara fsiqika, aramed, misi mflobeli cocxali, re-
aluri, istoriulad gansazRvruli aqtiuri subieqti. e.i.
d.uznaZem fsiqologiis istoriaSi kargad cnobili `uSua-
lobis postulatis~ nacvlad, amosaval principad mTliani
subieqti aRiara. uznaZisaTvis adamianis raobis dadgenis
gasaRebia adamianis, rogorc aqtiuri Semoqmedi arsebis
gageba.
amgvarad, adamiani Tavidanve upirispirdeba Tavis gare-
mos. gare Zalebisadmi mimarTebis Tavidan acileba iseve
SeuZlebelia, rogorc adamianisaTvis fizikuri organizmis
gareSe arseboba. sicocxle, fsiqo-fizikuri Zalebi Tavisi
moqmedebis obieqtad bunebasa da sazogadoebas irCevs. es
aris aqtiuri, Semoqmedi Zalis SeWra `pasiur bunebrio-
baSi~, misi realizaciis procesi.
imisaTvis, rom ufro naTeli gaxdes am moZRvrebis arsi,
gavixsenoT Tu ra kavSirSia `uSualobis hipoTeza~ gan-
wyobis TeoriasTan. `hipoTeziT~ saqmis viTareba aseTia:
savsebiT gamoricxulia subieqtis mTlianoba. da isea aR-
werili, rom qceva subieqtis, pirovnebis, rogorc konkret-
uli mTlianobis, arsebiTi monawileobis gareSe xdeba. igi
warmoadgens ara subieqtis, aramed, misi calkeuli fsiqi-
kurisa da motoruli procesebis urTierTobas garemo-
sTan. da rom, igi pirvelad ori wevris uSualo urTier-
TobiT ganisazRvreba.~ (`adamianis qcevis formebi~ 72,1).
am hipoTezis mixedviT, qcevis analizis dros, subieqti
(adamiani), rogorc zedmeti mTlianad yuradRebis miRma
rCeba. qceva sxva araferia Tu ara stimuli da pasuxi
masze.
uznaZis azriT, qceva aqtivobaa da subieqtis arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe misi wvdoma sru-
liad SeuZlebelia.
subieqtis aqtivoba niSnavs gare sinamdvilesTan, garemo-
sTan mimarTebas. subieqts raime konkretuli moTxovnile-
ba uCndeba da igic, am ukanasknelis dasakmayofileblad,
Tavis Zalebs gare sinamdvileze garkveuli mizniT mimar-
Tavs da moqmedebas iwyebs. ase Cndeba qceva. rogorc vxe-
davT, igulisxmeba subieqtis moTxovnilebis dakmayofile-
ba. qceva am Zalebis amoqmedebaa, misi gageba moTxovnilebi-
sa da sagnis gareSe, romelic mas akmayofilebs.
Zalebi imitom moqmedeben garkveuli saxiT, rom gansaz-
Rvruli moTxovnileba arsebobs, romlis dakmayofilebac
garkveul sagans SeuZlia. maSasadame, ra Zalebs amoqmedebs
subieqti da rogori iqneba es moqmedeba, es damokidebu-
lia saganze, romelic subieqts esaWiroeba da romliske-
nac misi Zalebia mimarTuli. moqmedebas, aqtivobas, qcevis
ragvarobas sagani gansazRvravs. aqtivoba mudam sagnobriv-
ia. usagno moqmedeba yovel garkveulobas moklebuli qao-
turi, uazro procesi iqneboda, romelsac qcevas veravin
uwodebda. (iqve gv.5).
qcevis procesi uznaZis koncefciiT Semdegnairad gad-
moicema: garkveuli moTxovnilebis mqone subieqti garesa-
gnobriv sinamdviles mimarTavs, raTa Tavisi moTxovnileba
daikmayofilos. sinamdvile uSualod moqmedebs masze da
im sagnis Sesabamisi moqmedebisaken ubiZgebs, ganawyobs misi
SesrulebisaTvis. e.i. asrulebs moqmedebas, romelic Seesa-
bameba mocemul moTxovnilebas. amis Sedegia, rom subieqti
mimarTavs garkveuli tipis qcevas, garkveuli, mizanSe-
wonili qcevis aqts. e.i. im Zalebs aamoqmedebs, romelic,
swored saWiro sagnis Sesatyvisad unda CaiTvalos da
ise amoqmedebs am Zalebs, rogorc es am sagnis dauflebi-
234 235
saTvisaa aucilebeli. maSasadame, ganwyobis cneba SesaZle-
blobas iZleva gavigoT Tu ratomaa qceva mizanSewonili,
azriani. e.i. erTsa da imave dros, subieqtsac uwevs anga-
riSs da sagnobriv sinamdvilesac. erTsac Seesatyviseba da
meoresac.
e.i. adamiani arsebobs universumSi da aucileblad Wirdeba
orientireba samyaroSi. adamianis winaSe arsebobs Wreli,
kaleidoskopiuri sinamdvile, amitom, adamians bunebrivad
uCndeba kiTxva sakuTari substanciuri arsebobis Sesaxeb.
igi miiswrafis upasuxos sxvadsxva kiTxvas, romelsac
cxovreba usvams. es adamians imitom SeuZlia, rom aqvs
obieqtivaciis unari. realoba mis winaSe auarebel prob-
lemur sakiTxs wamoWris. kacobriobis istoriam dRemde
ganviTarebis iseTi gza gamoiara, rom metafizika, religia,
xelovneba, mecniereba SesaZlo pasuxia am sakiTxebze. mx-
olod, sxvadasxva kuTxiT, sxvadasxva aspeqtiT, sxvadasxva
elferiT.
adamianis raobis dadgenisaTvis erTerTi mniSvnelovani
problemaa imis gageba Tu ra rols asrulebs adamianis
CamoyalibebaSi sakuTriv Semoqmedeba, farTo azriT moq-
medeba.
gavixsenoT, rom Semoqmedebis Sedegad adamiani obieqturi
Rirebulebis, obieqturi mniSvnelobis produqts qmnis.
maSasadame, mxolod iseTi arsebisaTvis aris SesaZlebeli,
romelsac obieqturi Rirebulebis idea aqvs, romelsac
SeuZlia konkretuli mocemulobis farglebis gadabijeba
da am konkretulobaSi arsebuli, nagulisxmevi azris wv-
doma. mokled, cnebiTi azrovnebis da obieqtivaciis unaris
mqone arsebas.
radganac, uznaZis TvalsazrisiT Semoqmedeba aseTi didi
mniSvnelobis faqtoria adamianisaTvis da aseve filoso-
fiuri anTropologiis fuZemdebluri debulebaa, amitom,
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT am koncefciis mixedviT.
ra aris Semoqmedeba? svams kiTxvas uznaZe. `aris igi
Sromis erTerTi saxeoba da maSasadame qcevis eqstogenur
formaTa Soris unda moTavsdes Tu misi adgili ufro
aq, introgenur qcevis aqtTa Sorisaa? mxatvruli Semo-
qmedeba yovelTvis raRac nawarmoebis SeqmniT mTavrdeba,
uamisod am aqts Semoqmedebas aravin uwodebda, Semoqmedeba
aucileblad gulisxmobs raimes Seqmnas. am Tvalsaz-
risiT, massa da Sromas Soris gansxvaveba ar aris. Tu am
azrs imasac davumatebT, rom es nawarmoebi uTuod obi-
eqtur Rirebulebesac Seicavs da maSasadame, garkveul
moTxovnilebas unda akmayofilebdes, maSin Sromasa da
Semoqmedebas Soris yovelgvari zRvari waiSleba.
miuxedavad amisa, sayuradReboa da simptomaturi, rom
mxatvrul Semoqmedebas Cveulebriv mainc aravin uwo-
debs Sromas. es saxelwodeba Sromis aqtebs sruliad ar
exameba, ar egueba, ise rogorc, ueWvelad uxerxulobas
vigrZnobT SemoqmedebiTi aqtisaTvis rom vinmes Sroma
ewodebina.~ (iqve. gv.2). albaT, naTeli unda iyos Tu ra
specifikasac gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiT cnebaSi avtori.
uznaZe Tavisi TeoriiT ecada daedgina Semoqmedebis
specifika. misi azriT, amisaTvis aucilebelia gaimijnos
erTmaneTisagan Sroma saerTod da sakuTriv Semoqmedeba,
dadgindes maT Soris saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
sxva adgilas, imave SromaSi uznaZe wers: rodesac ada-
miani Sromas iwyebs, pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi aqvs
Tavisi Sromis produqti, romelmac uTuod garkveuli
moTxovnileba unda daakmayofilos. moTxovnilebis dakmay-
ofilebis unari, wamyvani aspeqtia, romelic mTel SromiT
aqts azrsa da Rirebulebas aZlevs. adamiani imitom Sro-
mobs, rom garkveuli moTxovnileba aqvs mxedvelobaSi,
romlis dakmayofilebac mxolod garkveuli produqtis
SeqmniT miiRweva. amitom, igi (adamiani) iZulebulia,
swored is Zalebi aamoZraos, romelic am moTxovnilebis
236 237
damakmayofilebeli produqtis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas uz-
runvelyofen.
uznaZis mizania gviCvenos fsiqologiuri meqanizmi,
romelic safuZvlad udevs Semoqmedebis aqts, aCvenos
specifika, romelic aqvs Semoqmedebas da riT gansxvavdeba
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba ara SemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bisagan. (aqtivobisagan)
e.i. adamiani, upirveles yovlisa aris Semoqmedi. kaco-
briobis istoria, gza romelic dRemde gamoiara adamianma
SegviZlia SevafasoT, rogorc ganviTarebis, progresis gza.
ganviTarebis gza, rogorc faqti Cven SegviZlia aRmovaCi-
noT adamianTa arsebobis, misi cxovrebis ragindara rTuli
pirobebis, situaciebis miuxedavad. xSirad xdeba, rom igi
didi xniT Cerdeba, raRac mizeziT, raRac dabrkolebiT,
magram, saboloo angariSiT progresi mainc xorcieldeba,
is Tavisas Svreba. da bolosdabolos Tavis ueWvel faq-
tiurobas mainc ar kargavs, magram, saerTod rogor aris
ganviTareba SesaZlebeli?(iqve gv.28). ganviTareba ar aris
marto momateba-zrda. nivTier organul samyaros axasi-
aTebs Rrma pasiuroba. maSin roca, Semoqmedeba gulisx-
mobs da moiTxovs moqmedebas, aqtiur Zalas. maSasadame, am
mosazrebiT, ar SeiZleba ganviTarebis aRmoCena nivTier
samyaroSi. aracocxal, materialur samyaroSi mxolod
moZraoba-cvalebadobaa da ara ganviTareba.
samyaros yofaSi axali momenti wamoiweva win, es aris si-
cocxlis amoqmedeba, e.i. roca samyaroSi Cndeba sicocxle.
amiT igi ukve Zireulad gansxvavdeba pasiuri umoqmedobis-
agan. pasiuri samyaro uZluria TavisTavad raime moqmedeba
gamoiwvios. mxolod sulier arsebas, adamians SeuZlia
iyos Semoqmedi subieqti. amasTanave suli (goni), rogorc
usazRvro aqtivoba, dausrulebeli swrafviT xasiaTdeba.
am azriT, kultura sxva araferia, Tu ara pasiuri momen-
tis gasuliereba aqtiuri Zalis meSveobiT. kultura iqm-
neba maSin rodesac, adamiani aamoZravebs Tavis Semoqmedeb-
iT Zalebs. kulturuli ganviTarebis procesSi orgvari
mimarTuleba arsebobs. erTi aris gaRrmaveba da srulyofa
erTi da imave problemis (es azri ZiriTadad mecnierul
Semoqmedebas exeba.) da meore, axali problemebis wamoWra,
axali paradigmebis Seqmna. (es aris geniosis moRvaweobis
sfero, iqneba is bunebismetyvelur mecnierebaSi, sakuTriv
mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi Tu filosofiaSi.).
kulturis TvalsazrisiT, orive mimarTuleba Tanaswori
Rirebulebisaa, amitom, ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT orive
saintereso da mniSvnelovania. ufro metic, CvenTvis Ta-
vad Semoqmedis cxovrebac sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdena-
dac, igi Tavisi subieqturi cxovrebiTa da moRvaweobiT
garkveulad asaxavs, misdevs im tendencias, rac obieqtu-
rad arsebuli Semoqmedebis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba.
xelovneba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc bunebis mkvdari,
aracocxali masalis, SemoqmedebiTi sulis STaberviT ga-
sulierebuli realoba. mTeli msoflios gagoniTebis cda,
pasiuri nivTierebis ZarRvebSi sulis (gonis) SeWra. esaa
ZiriTadi azri kulturuli Semoqmedebisa, aseTia mizani
da daniSnuleba saerTod adamianis cxovrebisa.
kultura obiqturi realobaa, magram, vin aris, vin iTvleba
mis Semoqmedad. yoveli calke aRebuli pirovneba Tu sxva
romelime ufro rTuli xasiaTis erTeuli.
ar SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT imaSi, rom yoveli Semoq-
medeba amqveyniur niadagze ibadeba da izrdeba. maSasadame,
is aucileblad gulisxmobs rogorc sulier, ise fizi-
kuri xasiaTis erTianobas. aseT erTianobas ki pirovneba
warmoadgens, Tavisi gansazRvruli fizikuri da suli-
eri (goniTi) ZalebiT. amitom, cxadia, mxolod pirovnebis
cxovrebis farglebSi da pirovnuli Zalebis meoxebiT
SeiZleba midevna da ganxorcieleba im Rrma da mniS-
vnelovani miznisa, romelic Cveni cxovrebis azrad davsax-
238 239
eT.
magram, adamiani mokvdavi arsebaa. igi arsebobs garkveul
sivrceSi, garkveul droSi, garkveuli xangrZlivobiT.
erT dRes, adamianis amqveyniur arsebobas wertili esmis.
wydeba misi sicocxle da amiT SeuZlebeli xdeba im dan-
iSnulebis ganxorcieleba, risTvisac am qveyanaze movida
da swored es iwvevs CvenSi Rrma sinanulis grZnobas.
es aris agreTve Cveni SfoTisa da usazRvro SiSis (Zr-
wolis) mizezi, sikvdilis moaxloeba. vai Tu sikvdili
male movida da im dros mogviswro, roca jer kidev bevri
ram gvqonda gasakeTebeli, roca bevri Cveni rezervi asamo-
qmedebeli iyo, uamravi potenciuri momenti eloda ganx-
orcielebas.
es aris SiSi imis gamo rom adamiani, sikvdilis Semdeg,
wyvets SesaZleblobas, kargavs unars ganaxorcielos Tavi-
si fundamenturi daniSnuleba. zemoT Tqmulidan naTelia:
cxovrebis uRrmesi azris ganmxorcielebeli subieqti _
pirovneba yofila.
viciT, rom uTvalav STabeWdilebaTa Soris, romelsac
yovel wams ganvicdiT, mkafiod mxolod iseTebs vamCnevT,
romelTac CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT.
danarCeni Cveni cnobierebis zRudeTa miRma rCeba, TiTqos
isini arc arsebulan. (aq ukve aSkarad Cans uznaZis gan-
wyobis Teoriis arsi, romelic goniTi subieqtis aqtiur
damokidebulebas gulisxmobs).
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT filosofiuri nawarmoe-
bi da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nayofi. filosofia mimar-
Tulia imisaken, rom moaxerxos cxovrebis faruli dedaZ-
arRvis Semecneba, da mTeli adamianuri Zalebis mimarTva
mis gansaxorcieleblad. am SemTxvevaSi, adamiani miznis
miRwevas cdilobs logikuri aparatis meSveobiT, cnebiTi
azrovnebis doneze. namdvili filosofosi mxolod is
aris, vinc daavadebulia cxovrebis faruli amocanis amox-
sniT, xolo namdvili xelovania is, vinc imave amocanis
idumalebiT aris tanjuli.
xelovneba or rames gulisxmobs: realuri sinamdvilis ab-
soluturi saxis gancdas da mis sxvisTvis gadacemas. xe-
lovneba Sinaganis gansaxierebis formaa, amitom is sinamd-
vilis fotografiul reproduqcias rodi iZleva, aramed,
sinamdvilis axal formebs qmnis, rogorc xelovanis
pirovnebis ganwyobaTa obieqtivacias. magram Tu mxatvru-
li nawarmoebi Semoqmedis intimur gancdaTa obieqtivaciaa,
maSin igi arsebuli sinamdvilis gamdidrebaa, axali sinamd-
vilis Semoqmedebaa.
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis impulsi xelovanTa ganwyobaSi
da ideis ganxorcielebis survilSia. Semoqmedeba mxolod
Seqmnili produqtiT fasdeba. Semoqmedebis process ek-
argeba Rirebuleba Tu igi manam wydeba, sanam, xelovnebis
nawarmoebi dasruldeba.
samyaroSi Camarxulia ori ZiriTadi principi: principi
sicocxlisa da sikvdilisa. maT Soris mudmivi brZolaa,
xolo, am brZolaSi gamarjvebulia erTi _ sikvdili.
magram, aris meore momentic, adamianis goni protests
ucxadebs sikvdilis meufebas da Seupovrad iltvis ukv-
davebisaken. Tumca, realoba am ukanasknelis marcxsac
gvamcnobs. erTaderTi gza, riTac individi amqveyniur
ukvdavebas aRwevs, aris Semoqmedeba, xelovneba. swored, xe-
lovanis suli igebs sikvdilTan orTabrZolas da maradi-
ulobis saufloSi SebrZandeba. igi dedamiwaze amkvidrebs
maradiul formebs mxatvruli nawarmoebis saxiT, amgvarad,
Tavadac xdeba ukvdavi. rom ar yofiliyo igi, rogorc
individualuri, kerZo piri Semoqmedebisa, arc mis mier Se-
qmnili nawarmoebi iqneboda. esa Tu is xelovnebis nimuSi
arsebobs mxolod misi Semqmnelis ZaliT, mis Sedegad.
da swored Seqmnili produqti, Semoqmedebis produqti
aqcevs adamians ukvdavad.
240 241
rogoria xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sefasebis kriteriumi?
aris aseTi azri, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis dafaruli
azris gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli, raTa SesaZlebeli gax-
des xelovnuri formis Sefaseba, rogorc am azris gare-
gani gamoxatulebisa.
magram Tu nawarmoebis forma mxolod gamoxatulebaa
masSi dafaruli azrisa, maSin mas meorexarisxovani el-
ementis roli hqonia miCenili Seqmnil nawarmoebSi. radgan,
umTavresi is ki ar aris, rac xatavs, aramed is, rac ix-
ateba. maSasadame, Sinaarsi da ara garegani gamosaxva am
Sinaarsisa. magram, xelovneba xom swored imiTaa xelovneba,
rom misTvis mTavari mniSvneloba swored garegan formas
aqvs, vinaidan, azri da Sexeduleba, rogorc aseTi, mxolod
gonebis muSaobis nayofia da ara uSualod mxatvruli
Semoqmedebisa. maS Tu garegani formaa umTavresi ZarRvi
xelovnebisa maSin yovlad SeuZlebelia, is mxolod
gamoxatuleba iyos faruli Sinaarsisa. albaT, igi metia
vidre ubralo gamoxatuleba, Torem, xelovnebaSi mxat-
vrul elements gacilebiT naklebi mniSvneloba eqneboda,
vidre aramxatvruls. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi an formaa
umTavresi an Sinaarsi. Tu forma maSin Sinaarsis kvlevas
adgili ar unda qondes mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebis
dros, da Tu Sinaarsia mTavari maSin mxatvruli nawar-
moebi uargumentacio debulebaTa kona iqneba mxolod da
moklebuli yovelgvar seriozul mniSvnelobas.
analogiisaTvis SeiZleba aseTi magaliTi moviyvanoT. xe-
lovnebaSi forma SinaarsisaTvis iseTive rols asrulebs,
rogorc filosofiur nawarmoebSi logikuri argumenta-
cia. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi gansaxierebuli msoflmxedv-
elobis gamokvleva iseve sainteresod da mniSvnelovnad
unda iqnes miCneuli, rogorc gamokvleva yoveli dasabuTe-
buli Sexedulebisa.
rogorc filosofiis, aseve mxatvruli Semoqmedebis miza-
nia samyaros faruli Sinaarsis Semecneba. verc filo-
sofosi da verc xelovani ver kmayofildeba arsebuli
samyaros yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino saxiT, im saxiT, romelic
Cveulebrivi mokvdavisaTvis aris cnobili da misawvdomia
Cveulebrivi xedvisaTvis.
Semoqmedi ki miiswrafvis mis wiaRSi dafaruli azris
gagebisaken. filosofosic da xelovanic erTnairi da-
JinebiT eswrafian mis wvdomas, xolo wvdomis gza gansx-
vavebulia. filosofosi iwyebs arsebuli naTeli forme-
bidan da logikuri msjelobis saSualebiT erT ganuwyve-
tel inteleqtualur Zafs abams samyaros idumal arsamde.
igi TandaTanaobiT mihyveba am Zafs da amgvarad wvdeba
cxovrebis farul azrs. igi imecnebs samyaros.
rodesac vmsjelobT, vafasebT filosofosis mier samyaros
idumali arsis Semecnebas, am filosofiis logikuri Zafis
simagres vsinjavT. Tu es Zafi magaria, e.i. filosofo-
sis logikuri msjeloba mtkicea maSin Cvenc mivyvebiT am
Semecnebas da viziarebT samyaros arsis miseul gagebas.
xolo, rodesac argumentacia sustia maSin filosofiuri
sistemac saeWvo sistemad migvaCnia da is WeSmaritebac,
romelic mas surs ipovos.
sruliad gansxvavebul gzas miyveba xelovani. isic Rrma
survils ganicdis msoflios faruli arsis gagebisa da
gamoxatvisaken. es survili ver kmayofildeba logikuri
argumentaciiT. igi pirdapir, logikis dauxmareblad unda
miwvdes cxovrebis wiaRSi dafarul idumal arss da Ta-
viseburad gaiTvaliswinos. SemoqmedebiT aRmafrenas uwo-
deben moments, rodesac xelovani gonebis dauxmareblad,
intuiciurad lamobs cxovrebis arsis wvdomas.
filosofiuri azrovnebis Sedegia samyaros gageba, xolo
xelovnebis mizania samyaros idumali arsis gancda. wvdeba
Tu ara xelovani intuiciiT cxovrebis namdvil arss? xom
SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom igi samyaros arsis magier sxva
242 243
rames ganicdis, rogor SeiZleba xelovanis intuiciuri
gancdis Sefaseba?
istoriulad ise moxda, rom Semoqmedeba kulturaSi
ganivTdda. cnobierebasa da samyaros Soris urTierToba
gaxsnili iqna rogorc sagnobrivi moqmedeba, romelic
gardaqmnis garegan bunebas da Tavad adamians. Semoqmedebi-
saTvis aucilebelia sulieri Zalebis Tavisufali TamaSi.
Semoqmedeba atarebs dinamiur xasiaTs. pirovneba, rogorc
Semoqmedi, agrZelebs cxovrebas mxolod imis ZaliT rom
sxva problemebze gadadis. e.i. gadaadgildeba sxva sa-
gnobriv Sinaarsze. Tavad Semoqmedi pirovneba, rogorc
zemoTac iTqva, istoriuli arsebaa. ara mxolod, imitom,
rom ganpirobebulia Tavisi epoqiT, aramed, istoriulia
pirovnebis struqturac, misi Sinagani SemecnebiTi Tu es-
Tetikuri unari.
mecnieruli debuleba Tu mxatvruli saxe, Semoqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdeba. maTSi subi-
eqturoba mxolod saxeTa TaviseburebaSi iZleva sxvaobas.
orive sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiTi agebaa. xelovneba Semec-
nebiTi momentisagan ar aris Tavisufali, aseve Tavis mxriv,
arc mecnierebaa sinamdvilis fotografireba, Seqvs ra
mecnierebas subieqturi Sinaarsi samyaros suraTSi.
amgvarad, mxatvruli da mecnieruli Semoqmedeba bunebiT
erTia. maT Soris sxvaoba ar gamomdinareobs Semoqmedebis
xarisxidan, aramed, aixsneba Semoqmedebis am saxeebis
specifikiT. mecnieruli Semoqmedebis funqciaa bunebaSi,
azrovnebasa da sazogadoebaSi kanonis aRmoCena.
filosofiur Semoqmedebas is Tavisebureba aqvs, rom am
SemTxvevaSi aigeba axali samyaro. filosofiur Semoq-
medebas, erTis mxriv, uzogadesi kategoriebiT operireba,
meores mxriv ki, Tavad Semecnebis meTodis kvlevis obi-
eqtad qceva axasiaTebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi, filosofiuri
Semoqmedeba Tavisi bunebiT emsgavseba ama Tu im tipis
Semoqmedebas.
filosofiuri Semoqmedeba aseve gansxvavdeba religi-
urisagan. filosofia sulieri moRvaweobis Taviseburi
sferoa. is ZiriTadad aris SemecnebiTi azrovnebis da
ara emociuri azrovnebis samyaro. maSin roca, mxatvrul
SemoqmedebaSi wamyvania emociuri momenti. samyaros arsis
gancda mudam dasawyisia mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa. xe-
lovani Tavis SemoqmedebiT motivad cxovrebis gancdil
princips iRebs da qmnis sinamdviles, romelic sruliad
axalia.
Semoqmedeba individualuria, magram, es individualoba
ar unda miviCnioT, rogorc damoukidebeli fenomeni, ro-
melic araviTar zegavlenas ar emorCileba. niWis, ta-
lantis gamovlenisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs epoqis
kulturul-filosofiur dones, imas, rasac samyaros mdgo-
mareobas uwodeben.
sinamdvile iseTi, rogorc is aris SemoqmedebisaTvis, mud-
miv gamocanas warmoadgens. is usasrulod mravalferova-
nia da amouwuravi. xolo samyaro adamianis mier Seqmnili
realobaa (naTelia, rom d.uznaZis es azri pirdapir kav-
SirSia filosofiuri anTropologiis centralur deb-
ulebasTan.).
adamianisaTvis sinamdvilis bolomde Semecneba, miTumetes,
misi gamoxatva, gageba, Zalze Zneli, SeuZlebelic kia.
amitom aris, rom adamianisaTvis samyaro yovelTvis rCeba,
rogorc idea, romelic mudmivad misaRwevia. (es gansa-
kuTrebiT kargad Cans filosofiasa da mxatvrul Semoq-
medebaSi).
maSasadame, yovelgvar Semoqmedebas aqvs anTropologiuri
wanamZRvari. adamiani win uswrebs filosofias, mxatvrul
Semoqmedebas. adamiani safuZvelia yovelgvari Semecnebisa,
yovelgvari Semoqmedebisa. adamiani wamoWris problemebs,
adamiani eWvobs, adamiani moqmedebs.
244 245
SemoqmedebiTi filosofia anTropologiuri filosofiaa.
adamiani ar aris fsiqologiuri wanamZRvari filosofi-
uri Semecnebisa. is samyaroseuli wanamZRvaria.
Semoqmedeba adamianis TviTSemecnebaa, misi rolis gac-
nobierebaa kosmosSi. Semoqmedeba aris gaTavisufleba
garegani iZulebidan.
adamiani SemoqmedebiT cdilobs gamoicnos samyaros, yo-
fierebis saidumlo. anTropologiuri cnobiereba win
uswrebs ara marto ontologias da kosmologias, aramed,
gnoseologiasac. adamianis Semecneba da yoveli adamianuri
Semoqmedeba efuZneba im wanamZRvars, rom adamiani Semoq-
medi arsebaa Tavisi bunebiT da yofierebis centria.
Semoqmedebis dros xdeba adamianis goniTi Zalebis gaxsna.
adamiani SemoqmedebaSi Tavadve aRmoaCens sakuTar Tavs. am
dros iqmneba axali samyaro da grZeldeba samyaros Seqm-
nis msgavsi saqme.
SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena gasdevs adamianis mTel istorias.
SemoqmedebiTi procesis dros Semoqmedi subieqtis Semo-
qmedebiTi Zalebi obieqtivirdeba Tavis produqtSi, sab-
oloo angariSiT kulturaSi.
Semoqmedeba gauazrebelia, SeuZlebelia Tavisuflebis gar-
eSe. Tavisufleba pozitiuria da Sinaarsiani. Tavisufali
da Semoqmedi adamiani aramarto bunebrivi arsebaa, aramed,
ufro meti. igi ekuTvnis goniT samyaros. Tavisufleba
aris dadebiTi SemoqmedebiTi Zala, romelic arafriT araa
ganpirobebuli. Tavisufleba aris Seqmnis Zala araraobi-
dan. Tavisufleba Tavis dadebiT gamovlinebaSi Semoqmede-
baa.
SemoqmedebiTi aqtis dros adamiani gadis realuri sa-
myarodan da qmnis sxva samyaros, axal kosmoss. Semoqmedeba
aris amqveyniuri gardauvalobis gadalaxva. Semoqmedma ge-
niosma iseve unda gaimarjvos samyaroze, rogorc wmindan-
ma. genialuroba Tavisi arsiT tragikulia. SemoqmedebiTi
genialoba ver urigdeba veraviTar cxovrebiseul pozitiv-
izms da utilitarizms.
amgvarad, uznaZis koncefciis mixedviT, adamiani aris
mTliani subieqti, romelic Tavisi arsiseuli mocemulo-
bis relizacias axdens SemoqmedebiT, qmnis ra axal anTro-
pologiur, kulturul samyaros,
daskvna
adamiani rogorc Semoqmedi, goniTi arseba
Cven ukve ganvixileT filosofiuri anTropologiis
ZiriTadi koncefciebi, riT gamoirCeva es mimarTuleba XX
saukunis sxva anTropologiuri Tvalsazrisebisagan?
filosofiuri anTropologiis yvela wamyvani moazrovne,
upirveles yovlisa, cdilobs gansazRvros da gamoiyenos
sakuTari meTodebi adamianis ganxilvisa da axsnisaTvis.
es mimarTuleba cdilobs Tavi daizRvios ori ukiduresi
Tvalsazrisisagan, iqneba es scientur-racionaluri Tu
eqsistencialur _ antiscienturi.
pirveli meTodologiuri principi, romelsac es mimar-
Tuleba iyenebs aris e.w. anTropologiuri reduqcia. is
mTel kulturas, iqneba es ekonomika, religia, mecniereba,
Tu saxelmwifo institutebi, ganixilavs, rogorc adamia-
nis Semoqmedebis produqts. aseve Semoaqvs meore prin-
cipi, e.w. organonis principi, romlis mixedviTac adamiani
iqmneba mis mierve Seqmnili kulturis obieqturi forme-
biT. amgvari ganxilva ki xels uwyobs adamianis mTliano-
bis problemis ukeT gagebas. aseve, calke meTodologiur
principad unda gamoiyos adamianis cxovrebis konkretuli
movlenebis anTropolo giuri interpretacia. kerZod, is,
rom adamianis arsebobis wesis analizis dros saTanado
yuradReba unda mieqces arakulturul fenomenebs, rogorc
adamianis sxeulebriv grZnobad organizaciaSi, aseve, mis
246 247
mier Seqmnil samyaroSi.
amgvari analizis procesSi filosofos-anTropologebi
ZiriTadad yuradRebas amaxvileben adamianis specifikur
bio-fsiqologiur mocemulobaze da mxedvelobaSi iReben
istoriulobis aspeqtsac.
am gziT, sxvadasxva konkretuli mocemulobis bazaze, misi
Teoriuli gaazrebis Sedegad miiReba garkveuli pasuxi
adamianis, rogorc mTlianobis mqone arsebis Sesaxeb. fi-
losofiur-anTropologiurma mimarTulebam (gansakuTrebiT
es kargad Cans bolnovis koncefciaSi) daamkvidra `Ria
sakiTxis~ principi, romlis Tanaxmad, adamiani, rogorc
TviTSemqmneli da TviTdamdgeni arseba, ar flobs mkacrad
gansazRvrul, myar struqturas. filosofiuri anTropo-
logia adamians gansazRvravs, rogorc samyaros centrSi
myof aqtiur subieqts, axali anTropologiuri sinamdvi-
lis Semqmnels. adamianis am subieqtur yofnaSi moZebnilia
safuZveli, romelic apirobebs adamianis Tavisuflebas da
mis SemoqmedebiT unars. es aris goniTi aqtivobis faqti.
Cemi azriT, filosofiur-anTropologiuri kvleva rom
gamarTlebuli iyos da namdvilad CaiTvalos axal mimar-
Tulebad, man unda moicvas mTeli speqtri adamianuri
arsebobis wesisa, misi arsis gagebisa, romelic Sesabamisi
iqneba Tanamedrove konkretuli mecnieruli codnis, aseve
im moTxovnebis rac dResac mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria
filosofiisaTvis.
radgan, filosofiuri anTropologia filosofiuri dis-
ciplinaa, unda upasuxos kiTxvas ra aris adamianis arsi.
ra aris is, rac adamianSi cvlilebebis miuxedavad, mainc
tovebs ucvlels.
ZiriTadi cneba romelsac filosofiuri anTropologiis
yvela warmomadgeneli upiratesobas aniWebs, Semoqmedeba
da gonia.
adamiani aris Semoqmedi arseba, es definicia erT-erTi
ZiriTadia adamianis, rogorc goniTi arsebis dasadgenad.
filosofiur literaturaSi adrec miRebul faqtad
iTvleboda, rom adamianis gasagebad erT-erTi aucile-
beli piroba, misi, rogorc Semoqmedi arsebis aRiarebaa.
rogor ismis es kiTxva filosofiur anTropologiaSi.
m.landmani Tavis cnobil SromaSi `filosofiuri anTro-
pologia~ sakiTxs amdagvarad ayenebs: ris mixedviT xdeba
adamianis arsis gageba? im niSnebiT, romelic yvela adami-
anSia ganurCevlad rasisa da kulturisa, Tu es mxolod
mosamzadebeli kiTxvaa, imisaTvis, rom gavxsnaT kacobrio-
bis (adamianis gvaris) umaRlesi SesaZleblobani, rasac
faqtiurad yvela adamiani da yoveli kultura verc
aRwevs. sxva sityvebiT: Cven veZebT adamianis arsis uR-
rmes punqts. romlis ganxorcieleba gvaZlevs uflebas
mas mivaweroT adamianis predikati, Tu Cven veZebT arsis
umaRles punqts, mis ideals, romelsac igi xSirad Zalze
CamorCeba(48,11)
adamianis Semecneba metad rTul filosofiur problemaTa
rigs ganekuTvneba, radgan, Semecnebis subieqti da Sesamec-
nebeli obieqti erTi da imave arsis matarebelia. da meo-
rec, Tu sagnebis Semecneba SedarebiT `advilia~ imis gamo,
rom sagnebs aqvT myari yofiereba da isini Semmecnebelze
da Sesabamisad, Semecnebaze, romelic mis gasagebadaa mimar-
Tuli, zemoqmedebas ver axdenen. es sagnebs ar SeuZliaT,
ufro zustad, sagnis yofiereba `gulgrilia~ Semecnebis
mimarT. (nikolai hartmani). adamiani am mxrivac gamonak-
lisia. mas ar aqvs dasrulebuli, ucvleli yofiereba anu
uzogadesi struqtura, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mis
bunebriv mxares, romelic myari mocemulobaa. magram, isic
cnobilia, rom es simyare jer kidev ar moicavs mTel ada-
mians. adamianSi aris sxva ganzomilebac, bunebiT aradeter-
minirebuli. esaa adamianis Tavisufali anu SemoqmedebiTi
mxare. adamiani Tavad aris Semoqmedi, Semqmneli. is Tavisu-
248 249
flad irCevs da iRebs gadawyvetilebebs.
Tu gavixsenebT kacobriobis istorias, aseTi suraTis mow-
meni gavxdebiT. Tavdapirvelad, adamiani mxolod agrovebda
bunebis sagnebs da maT iyenebda. am dros igi Sors iyo
Seqmnisagan, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli geo-
grafiuli garemosa da klimatis meSveobiT (zegavleniT),
adamianma daiwyo gamogoneba, Seqmna. aqedan iwyeba ojaxis
istoria, Seiqmna sazogadoeba, gaCnda ierarqiuli Tu Tanas-
woruflebiani movaleoba. Camoyalibda samarTlis normebi,
warmoiqmna religia, xelovneba, filosofia, mecniereba, sax-
elmwifo.
es winsvla, romelic adamianis cxovrebaSi moxda, mxolod
misi Zalisxmevis Sedegia da verafriT ver avxsniT bunebis
SepirobebiT, radgan, yovelive aris sakuTriv adamianuri
miRweva, kultura. kultura ki swored isaa, rasac adami-
ani TviTon qmnis Tavisuflad. am gagebiT, adamianis defini-
cia aseTi unda iyos: _ adamiani aris kulturis Semoqmedi
arseba.
is rac aq iTqva adamianis gvarze, Tavisuflad iTqmis da
vrceldeba yovel calkeul adamianzec. erTeul adamians
aqvs xasiaTi da goniTi midrekilebani. Tu rogori adami-
ani unda mas rom gaxdes, Tavad adamianze didad damokide-
buli. gvaxsendeba cnobili fraza: `gaxdi is, rac xar~,
romelsac kanti Semdegnairad gamoTqvams: `gindodes, ro-
gorc xar valdebuli~. am SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba sa-
kuTari Tavis Seqmna, sakuTari Tavis meSveobiT (bergsoni),
xolo kantis frazaSi meti datvirTvaa adamianis zneobriv
mxareze.
arc is faqti unda uarvyoT, rom adamianma istoriulad
SedarebiT gvian gaacnobiera, rom igia Semoqmedi sakuTari
Tavisa da Tavis kulturisa. odesRac, adamiani mxolod
baZavda miTiuri suraTebis cnobierebas da amiT avsebda
tradiciul sqemebs. faqtiurad, es yovelTvis pirovnuli
gziT xorcieldeboda da xorcieldeba.
Zvel berZnebSi da ufro mkveTrad ki axal droSi kar-
gad Cans individualobis anabeWdi. adamianebs sakuTari
cxovrebis postulatad cxovrebaSi arCeuli suraTebi
aqvT an sakuTari principebiT agebuli sinamdvile. Semoq-
medeba iqca adamianis udides da ZiriTad movaleobad.
zemoT Tqmulidan naTeli unda iyos Semdegi azri, rom
adamiani aris Camouyalibebeli (dausrulebeli) arseba, da
misi cxovreba sulac ar midis winaswar dadgenili gziT.
es cxovreba sanaxevrod mainc Tavad maszea damokidebuli.
Semoqmedebis unari aZlevs mas TviTdadgenis saSualebas.
o.plesnerisa da a.gelenis azriT, adamiani arsebaa, romlis
250 251
winaSec dgas sakuTari Tavis Seqmnis amocana. igi saku-
Tari Tavis Semoqmedia. es exeba rogorc kerZo pirovnebas,
aseve xalxebs da maT kulturas. adamians Tavad upyria
xelT sakuTari yofiereba. adamiani ara mxolod Ta-
visTavad cxovrobs, aramed, TviTon qmnis da Semdeg marTavs
Tavis cxovrebas.
swored es, rom adamiani ar aris dadgenili da sakuTari
Tavi unda Seqmnas, gaaformos, qmnis safuZvels TviTSem-
ecnebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. adamiani Tavad qmnis Tavis
xats, sakuTar Tavs da gansazRvravs imasac, radac unda
iqces.
yovelTvis rodi xorcieldeba yvela Semoqmedeba, TviT-
gaformeba raime xatis mixedviT, iqneba es cnobieri Tu
aracnobieri. Cndeba problema: rogor unda gaviazroT
kacobriobis didi TviTSeqmna anu kacobrioba, rogorc
sakuTari Semoqmedebis Sedegi. isev istoria moviSvelioT.
ase magaliTad, berZnebisaTvis adamiani iyo gonieri arseba,
rac niSnavs mis racionalobaze miTiTebas. igi orien-
tirebulia kulturaze. adamiani unda iqces imad, radac
miaCnia sakuTari Tavi. magram, amis ganxorcieleba nacadia
mxolod gonebis meSveobiT. berZnuli eTikis Tanaxmad,
goneba upirispirdeba ltolvebs da masze unda moipovos
gamarjveba. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianis suraTi gasagebia
mxolod gonebis meSveobiT. qristianobisaTvis adamiani
aris arseba, romlis yofierebis centri ara amqveyniurSi,
aramed imqveyniurSi devs. ase SevdivarT Suasaukuneebis
cxovrebis wyobaSi, roca amqveyniuri kulturis sferoebs
simyare da avtonomiuroba aklda. piriqiT, isini eqvemde-
barebodnen eklesias, romelic imqveyniur transcendental-
urze iyo mimarTuli. axal droSi ki adamiani Tavis us-
asrulo miswrafebiT Seesabameboda samyaros usasrulobas,
ramac mogvca am drois kulturaSi progresisa da momav-
lis rwmena. maSindeli kulturis monapovars, xelovnebis
stils, sazogadoebriv wyobas safuZvlad qristianuli
adamianis saxe, nimuSi edo. adamianis Semoqmedeba, misi war-
modgena sakuTar yofierebaze erTgvarad zemoqmedebs Tavad
yofierebaze. adamiani Tavis SemoqmedebiT Riaa samyarosad-
mi, misi moqmedi idea idealad iqceva. adamiani mzadmyofia
ganviTarebisaTvis. amgvarad, adamiani sxva arsebaTa msgavsad,
ubralod ki ar arsebobs, aramed, Semoqmedia, svams kiTxvas
sakuTari Tavis mimarT, aRmoaCens da qmnis sakuTar Tavs.
adamianis Rrma bunebas Seesabameba is, rom man sakuTari
Tavis Seqmna moaxerxos, iseTi mizniseuli suraTi Seqmnas,
radac Semdeg Tavad unda iqces. adamianis dausrulebloba-
Si devs misi Semoqmedebis gasaRebi. sakuTari Tavis gageba
aswavlis mas Tu rogor unda daasrulos TviTSeqmna, is
interpretacia, romelsac adamiani sakuTar Tavs aZlevs.
igi ganuyoflad rodi dgas ucvleli sinamdvilis gver-
diT, aramed, masSi iWreba, rogorc Semoqmedi da amgvarad
gaigebs sakuTar Tavs.
maSasadame, adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa, romelmac unda
gansazRvros Tavisi cxovrebis struqturebi. swored, es
TviTgansazRvra aris kultura, arc RmerTis naboZebi da
arc bunebis saCuqari, aramed, adamianuri warmoSobis, Tavad
adamianis mier Seqmnili da dadgenili. kulturaTa simrav-
le da araerTgvaroba miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi bunebrivi
warmoSobis ki ara swored adamianis Seqmnilia. adamiani
Tavadaa kulturis subieqtic da obieqtic.
bergsonis sityvebi gavixsenoT: `adamianad yofna niSnavs
adamianad xdomas~. adamiani mudmivad qmnis sakuTar Tavs,
mudam Semoqmedia. eqsistencialistebi adamianis safuZvels,
mis Zireul gansazRvrebas swored adamianis SemoqmedebiT
mousvenrobaSi eZeben.
rogorc ukve iTqva, adamianis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
Rrma unaria Seqmnis da Semoqmedebis. Cveni goneba mxolod
Semmecnebeli rodia, is aris Semqmneli, gamomgonebeli.
252 253
adamiani mxolod imiT ki ar gamoirCeva sxva cocxalTa
Soris, rom samyaros subieqtur suraTs wvdeba, aramed, mas
ZaluZs samyaros ageba, Seqmnas religia, samarTali, xe-
lovneba, filosofia, mecniereba. ufro metic axali sinamd-
vile, manamde ararsebuli.
maSasadame, Znelia Semoqmedebis niSnis gareSe moviazroT
adamianis namdvili buneba. adamiani Semoqmedebis gziT ax-
orcielebs Tavis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis, arsiseuli
daniSnulebis obieqtivacias. Semoqmedebis procesSi Semo-
qmedi gaisagnebs Semoqmedebis obieqtur Sinaarss, Semoq-
medebiT miRweulsa da mis Sedegebs.
amgvarad, Semoqmedeba aris zogadi unari adamianuri kul-
turis, yofierebis Seqmnisa, Semoqmedeba moqmedebaa Rire-
bulebiT sferoSi. kerZod, obieqturi Rirebulebis viTa-
rebaTa wvdoma da gamosaxva. SemoqmedebiTi rezultatis
obieqtur-RirebulebiTi xasiaTi Semoqmedebis arss ukav-
Sirdeba _ Semoqmedeba aris aRmoCena obieqtur Rirebule-
biT sferoSi. obieqturi Rirebulebaa is, riskenac iswraf-
vis Semoqmedi.
mecnieruli Semoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi es obieqturi Rire-
bulebaa WeSmariteba. WeSmariteba Cvens subieqtur Rireb-
ulebas ki ar warmoadgens, Cvens neba-survilze ki ar aris
damokidebuli, aramed, obieqturia. savaldebuloa CvenTvis.
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi aseT obieqtur Ri-
rebulebas Seadgens mSveniereba. esTetikuri Sefasebis
safuZvelSi igulisxmeba mSveniereba, rogorc obieqturi
Rirebuleba, radgan, esTetikur moRvaweobas, Tavad mxat-
vrul Semoqmedebas, swored es SefasebiTi momenti gansaz-
Rvravs, amitom, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis safuZvladac
esTetikuri Rirebuleba gvevlineba. WeSmariti xelovani
swored am mSvenierebis pirvelaRmomCeni da xorcSemsxme-
lia.
aseTive RirebulebiTi xasiaTi aqvs Semoqmedebas iseT
sferoSi, romelTac, pirobiTad praqtikul sferoSi Sei-
Zleba vuwodoT Semoqmedeba. aq igulisxmeba politikuri,
teqnikuri, samxedro da sxva amgvari moRvaweobani.
praqtikuli maT SeiZleba ewodoT Teoriuli (mecni-
eruli) da esTetikuri moRvaweobisagan gansasxvaveblad.
magram, ufro Rrmad Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom aqac
goniTi moRvaweoba igulisxmeba. sanam e.w. `praqtikuli
moRvaweoba~ goniTis, obieqturi Rirebulebis donemde
ar amaRlebula, mas Semoqmedebad ver CavTvliT. teqni-
kuri gamogoneba SemoqmedebiTi miRwevaa. aRmoCenisaTvis
saWiroa SemoqmedebiTi Zieba, mizandasaxuli moqmedeba, misi
miRweva da imis gacnobiereba, rom aRmovaCineT obieqturi
Rirebulebis mqone sagani, gamonakliss arc praqtikuli
moRvaweobis sfero Seadgens. magram, udavoa, obieqturi
Rirebulebis sferoSi unda viyoT, raTa Cveni monapovari
Semoqmedebis produqtad Sefasdes. Semoqmedebis realuri
procesi subieqtur da obieqtur RirebulebaTa erTobli-
vi moqmedebis sferoa.
ganvmartoT, ra gvesmis RirebulebaTa sistemaSi. cnobilia,
rom Rirebuleba gulisxmobs Semfasebel subieqts (indi-
vids an individTa raime erTobliobas).
obieqtis Rirebuleba gulisxmobs, rom Semfasebeli subi-
eqti da Sesafasebeli sagani Tu movlena sxvadasxvaa.
ganarCeven obieqtur da subieqtur Rirebulebebs. subieq-
turia Rirebuleba, Tu mas Rirebulebad aRiarebs mxolod
subieqti, iqneba es individi, sazogadoebrivi jgufi, Tu
ufro farTo klasi. maT yvelas aerTianebs sargebliano-
bis niSani. obieqturia WeSmariteba, roca, arc erT subieq-
tze Tu subieqtTa jgufze araa damokidebuli.
ismeba kiTxva, RirebulebaTa am struqturaSi romel ele-
ments ukavSirdeba Semoqmedeba? subieqturi Teoriebis
mixedviT, yvela Rirebuleba aucileblad gulisxmobs
momxmarebel subieqts da amdenad ar arsebobs obieqturi
254 255
Rirebulebani. is, rac obieqturi Rirebulebis saxiT
warmogvidgeba sinamdvileSi, mxolod intersubieqturi
Rirebulebaa, saerToa yvela subieqtisaTvis. sapirispiro
Tvalsazrisze dgas obieqtivizmi, romlis mixedviT, sagnebs
da movlenebs RirebulebiTi niSani aqvT TavisTavadac,
subieqtTan Tu subieqtTa garkveul jgufTan mimarTebis
gareSec. pirveli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Semoqmede-
ba aris subieqtis (individis Tu individTa jgufis)
moTxovnilebis interesebis dakmayofilebasTan dakavSire-
buli moqmedeba, romelic warmatebiT wyvets amocanas, adre
gadauWrels. meore Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, Semoqmedeba aris
axlis mikvleva mxolod obieqturi Rirebulebis sferoSi.
subieqturi gagebis miRebas aZnelebs is, rom Semoqmedebad
raimes mxolod imis gamo ver CavTvliT, radgan subieqtur
RirebulebaTa sferos ganekuTvneba. SeuZlebelia adamianis
iseTi qceva miviCnioT Semoqmedebad, romelic subieqtis
momentalur biologiur Tu socialur moTxovnilebebs
akmayofilebs mxolod.
subieqtivisturi Sexeduleba zRvars Slis subieqtur da
obieqtur RirebulebaTa Soris da subieqturze daiyvans
yovelives. magram, aseT viTarebaSi, obieqturi Rirebule-
bebis gasubieqturebis SemTxvevaSi, sruliad gaugebaria
Semoqmedebis Tavisebureba. Tavis mxriv, verc obieqturi
Tvalsazrisi aRwevs mizans. obieqtivisturi Sexedule-
bebis mixedviT, Semoqmedebas marto obieqturi Rirebule-
bani gansazRvraven da subieqti mxolod pasiuri Sems-
rulebelia.
raealurad Semoqmedeba, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, yovelT-
vis aris dakavSirebuli subieqtur RirebulebebTan. mas
sawyiss subieqturi stimuli aZlevs da misi produqtic
subieqtis raime moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas emsaxure-
ba. Tavad obieqturi Rirebulebac, subieqtis qcevis moti-
vad rom iqces, unda gaSinagandes, subieqtiseuli gaxdes.
magram, subieqtivisturi koncefciisagan gansxvavebiT, Semo-
qmedeba aucileblad unda miemarTos obieqtur Rirebule-
bas.
subieqturi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas Semoqmedebis
SemTxvevaSi adamiani mxolod imis meSveobiT axerxebs,
rom Tundac droebiT an raime arsebiTi aspeqtiT mainc
mowydeba subieqtur RirebulebaTa, moTxovnilebaTa tyveo-
bas da obieqtur RirebulebaTa samyaros mimarTavs. (namd-
vil zneobriv, esTetikur Tu sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis
mqone sxva princips aRmoaCens, wvdeba WeSmaritebas.).
amrigad, subieqturi motivi garedan marTavs SemoqmedebiT
qcevas Semoqmedebis procesSi is Camocilebul unda iqnes,
radganac, Tavad subieqturi Rirebulebis realizacia,
individis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba aq SeuZlebeli
iqneboda, Tu manamde obieqtur RirebulebaTa sferoSi ar
gadavitandiT Cvens moqmedebas.
Semoqmedeba aris aRmoCena obieqtur RirebulebaTa
sferoSi, xolo es ukanaskneli aucileblad gulisxmobs
cnobierebas, Semoqmedi subieqtis mier RirebulebiTi vi-
Tarebis gacnobierebas. aqedan albaT is debuleba gamom-
dinareobs, rom mcdaria azri Semoqmedebis aracnobieriT
axsnisa. Tumca, gadaWriT arc imis Tqma SeiZleba. rom
aracnobieri ar monawileobs Semoqmedebis procesSi (mag:
anticipacia gulisxmobs: sabolood Sedegi winaswarve
garkveuli saxiT aris cnobierebaSi warmodgenili, magram,
garkveuli azriT, igi aracnobieri impulsebidan ikvebeba.).
ra kavSirSia saerTod Semoqmedeba da adamianuri kul-
tura? ra kavSiria Semoqmedebasa da anTropologiur
progress Soris? Tu Semoqmedebis obieqtur Rirebulebas
daveyrdnobiT, da amave dros gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ka-
cobriobis progresi kulturis, obieqtur RirebulebaTa
sferos zrdas niSnavs, maSin analitikurad miviRebT: Semo-
qmedeba aucileblad istoriuli progresia. magram, isic
256 257
xom cnobilia, civilizaciis ganviTareba, teqnikuri gamo-
gonebisa da Teoriuli Semecnebis zrda yovelTvis rodi
uwyobs xels zneobriv progress Tu ekologiur sijan-
saRes, piriqiT, zogjer maT daqveiTebasac iwvevs.
es qmnis erTgvar aporias, Semoqmedeba TiTqos progresu-
licaa da regresulic. gamosavals ar warmoadgens sakiTx-
is iseTi gadaWra, romlis Tanaxmad, iaraRis Seqmna, misi
gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba Semoqmedebad CaiTvalos, rogorc
uaryofiT RirebulebasTan dakavSirebuli moqmedeba. ase
rom iyos maSin ar dagvrCeboda arc erTi SemoqmedebiTi
miRweva, ramdenadac SeuZlebelia iseTi rezultati war-
movidginoT, risi gamoyenebac ar SeeZlos negatiur Zalas.
sad aris am winaaRmdegobidan gamosavali?
SeiZleba es gamosavali RirebulebaTa ierarqiul aRna-
gobaSi gveZebna. adamianis arsebobis saboloo miznis da
yvelaze arsebiTi mxaris dadgena Tu SeiZleba maSin Rire-
bulebaTa Sesabamisi sfero skalis TavSi moeqceoda, dan-
arCenebi ki subordinaciulad ganlagdeboda, aseT SemTx-
vevaSi, erT sferoSi miRweuli progresi sabolood imiT
Sefasdeboda ras iwvevs igi umTavres sferoSi, progress
Tu regress. magram, kulturaSi aseve kargad SeiniSneba
SefardebiToba da ierarqiis moZravi xasiaTi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan SeiZleba erTi daskvnis gamo-
tana. Semoqmedeba TavisTavad progresad unda miviCnioT,
adamianis pirovnebis da gvaris gamoTavisuflebad anTro-
pologiur sivrceSi manamde arsebuli SezRudulobisagan.
magram, kulturis kerZo dargebis ganviTarebas is SeiZle-
ba garkveul pirobebSi ewinaaRmdegebodes kidec, Tumca, ara
Tavis Sinagani bunebiT, aramed, masTan dakavSirebuli sxva
momentebiT.
adamians, ganviTarebis ra donezec ar unda imyofebodes,
Wirdeba erTian sistemaSi gaiazros samyaro da TavisTavi
am samyaroSi. amrigad, aq saqme gvaqvs garkveul Semoqmedeb-
iT aqtTan, samyaros Signidan ganaTebasTan (dilTai).
Semoqmedebis, gagebis es procesi subieqtis mier garkveu-
li poziciidan xorcieldeba, garkveuli horizontidan. da
radgan aseTi pozicia da horizonti droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba, amitom msoflmxedvelobanic gansxvavdeba erTma-
neTisagan. adamianis Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad gansazRvruli
modeliT fuZndeba. filosofosebi asxvaveben individualur-
yoveldRiur da Teoriul msoflmxedvelobas. pirvelis
mixedviT, yovel adamians aqvs samyaros garkveuli gageba,
warmodgena cxovrebaze, am sinamdvileSi Tavis rolsa da
daniSnulebaze.
yoveldRiuri cnobierebisaTvis, msoflmxedvelobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia gaucnobierebloba an naxevrad cnobieri
xasiaTi, individualoba, romelsac zogadobis pretenzia ar
aqvs. is yalibdeba zne-Cveulebebis, tradiciebis saxiT da
misi gamovlenis umaRlesi formaa `cxovrebiseuli sibrZne~.
msoflmxedvelobis meore formaa Teoriuli msoflmxed-
veloba. es aris azrTa da SexedulebaTa sistema samyaroze
da adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb samyaroSi. isini gamosaxvis
Sesabamisi saSualebebiT gamoiTqmeba religiaSi, xelovnebasa
da filosofiaSi.
dilTai (1898 wels daibeWda misi Txzuleba `mso-
flmxedvelobaTa tipebi da maTi gamovlena metafizikur
sistemebSi~) erTmaneTisagan mijnavs adamianuri moRvaweobis,
Semoqmedebis or sferos, msoflmxedvelobasa da mecnierebas.
misi azriT, samyaro da maT Soris adamianic SeiZleba dan-
axuli da ganxiluli iqnes e.w. garedan xedvis poziciidan.
e.i. adamianma uari unda Tqvas sakuTar interesebze, yovelive
subieqturze da obieqturad gansajos sinamdvile, daadginos
faqtebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs transcendentalur subieqtTan, romelic mecnierebis
sferos agebs da pretenzia aqvs Tavisi codnis zogad mniS-
vnelobaze. magram, samyaro da adamiani SeiZleba danaxuli
258 259
iqnes Signidanac e.i. subieqtis gancdili gamocdilebis, misi
Sinagani goniTi urTierTkavSiris prizmaSi. (swored es aris,
rasac sakuTriv Semoqmedebas veZaxiT) sxva sityvebiT, adamiani
jer cxovrobs, moqmedebs da mxolod Semdeg Seimecnebs, amitom,
sinamdvilisadmi misi mimarTeba uwinares yovlisa Rirebule-
biTia. dilTai adamianis ZiriTad gansazRvrulobas xedavs
moRvaweobaSi, SemoqmedebaSi, kulturis subieqtad yofnaSi.
adamianis Semoqmedebis Sedegia religia, xelovneba, fi-
losofia. xelovnebis yoveli nawarmoebi aris samyaros xedva,
samyaros mTlianobis arekvla gancdaSi, xolo, roca Semoq-
medebiTi damokidebuleba samyarosadmi cnebaSi Camoyalibdeba,
aRmocendeba filosofia.
dilTai cdilobs gonismecnierebis (rogorc adamianis
Semoqmedebis erT-erTi Sedegis) mecnierulobis kriteriumis
dasadgenad bunebismecnierebisagan gansxvavebuli gza eZios.
aseT kriteriumad mas esaxeba `obieqturobis~ cneba.
dilTais azriT, `zogadmniSvneladoba~ da `obieqturoba~
erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. `obieqturobis~ cnebaSi Cven gvesmis
WeSmariteba Semecnebisa Tavis saganTan Sesabamisobis azriT.
WeSmaritebis igive ganmartebidan codnis zogad mniSvnelo-
baze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, roca Semecnebas viRebT, rogorc
sinamdvilis wminda arekvlas, rogorc cariel asaxvas. aq
igulisxmeba Semmecnebeli subieqtebis erTgvaroba.
gonismecnierebaSi uwanamZRvro Semecneba SeuZlebelia.
codna SeiZleba adamianTa garkveuli wriT Semoifarglos,
magram iyos obieqturi, saganTa viTarebis Sesabamisi e.i.
WeSmariti. WeSmaritebis es gageba ar unda avurioT subieq-
tur TviTnebobaSi an WeSmaritebis pragmatistul gagebaSi.
obieqturobis, rogorc gonismecnierebis mecnierulobis kri-
teriumis dadgeniT dilTaim niadagi moamzada Semoqmedebis
(msoflmxedvelobis) tipologiisaTvis.
dilTais azriT, yoveli Semoqmedeba, romelic ayalibebs
msoflmxedvelobas, Seqmnis samyaros, unda axsnas sicocx-
lis saidumloeba, amitom, maT erTi da igive agebuleba aqvT.
is unda miwvdes samyaros mniSvnelobas, sazriss da amisda
mixedviT dgindeba ideali _ umaRlesi sikeTe, sicocxlis
ZiriTadi principi. dilTais debulebaa, rom msoflmxedv-
eloba Seesabameba misi Semqmnelis pirovnebas.
imisda mixedviT Tu Semoqmedeba ra tips ganekuTvneba,
yalibdeba msoflmxedvelobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: a. natu-
ralizmi, b. Tavisuflebis idealizmi, g. obieqturi idealizmi.
naturalizmi iseTi ganwyobaa, roca adamiani Tavs grZnobs
bunebisagan sruliad gansazRvrulad. naturalizmis struq-
tura ucvleli rCeboda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. dawyebuli
demokritedan, vidre hobssa da holbaxamde. maTi Semecnebis
Teoria sensualisturia, metafizika _ materialisturi. am
tipis TeoriisaTvis (msoflmxedvelobisaTvis) damaxasiaTebe-
lia adamianis Segueba sinamdvilisadmi da ltolva netarebi-
saken. msoflmxedvelobis es tipi yovelTvis arsebobda TviT
umkacresi inkviziciis pirobebSic. (am tipis sistemebidan
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania epikureizmi, hobsis moZRvreba,
holbaxis bunebis sistema, foierbaxisa da vulgaruli ma-
terializmis Tvalsazrisi.) naturalizmi gansakuTrebiT
xelsayreli iyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa ganviTa-
rebisaTvis. am mimarTulebisaTvis yvelaferi bunebrivad da
racionalurad cxaddeboda, ar arsebobs araviTari iraciona-
luri, transcendentaluri da TavisTavadi goniTi. moraluri
maqsima, romelsac naturalizmi gvTavazobs hedonizmia.
Tavisuflebis idealizmi, naturalizmis sapirispiro mov-
lenaa. misi Semecnebis Teoria emyareba uSualod cnobierebis
monacemTa analizs. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia pirovnebis nebis
Tavisuflebis dacva, misi suverenulobis mtkiceba, goniTis
avtonomiuroba. subieqtis Tavisuflebis ideis ukiduresi
gamoxatulebaa RmerTis mier samyaros arafrisagan Seqmnis
aqti. es Tvalsazrisi istoriulad sxvadasxva poziciebidan
iqna dafuZnebuli.
260 261
obieqturi idealizmis SemTxvevaSi, individi acnobierebs
Tavis kavSirs saganTa erTianobasTan, grZnobs Tavis monaw-
ileobas, Tavis CarTulobas samyaros universalur mimdin-
areobaSi.
rodesac dilTai Semoqmedebaze laparakobs, gaTval-
iswinebul unda iqnes rogorc samyaros raoba, aseve subieqtis
damokidebuleba am mTlianobisadmi.
dilTais azriT, Semoqmedebis obieqtivireba xorciel-
deba Teoriis saxiT. magram, obieqtivacia ar SeiZleba iyos
erTmniSvnelovani. is damokidebulia Semoqmedis msoflmxed-
velobaze. kulturis yoveli obieqti, romelic kacobriobis
istoriaSi arsebula aris gonis obieqtivacia. kulturaSi
mocemulia is, rac saerToa kacobriobisaTvis.
rogorc ukve iTqva, tradiciuli gagebiT Semoqmedeba
axlis Seqmnaa. adamiani Tavisi moqmedebiT, aqtivobiT qmnis
raRac axals, romelic manamde arasodes arsebula. Semoq-
medeba specifikur adamianuri saqmianobaa da SeiZleba gamov-
lindes adamianuri moRvaweobis nebismier sferoSi.
kvlav gavimeoreb gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss: imisaTvis, rom
sxvadasxva movlena SemoqmedebiT faqtad iqces, aucileblad
unda moxvdes RirebulebiT sferoSi. es ki ukve miTiTebaa
Semoqmedebis obieqtur, inter-subieqtur bunebaze. mecnierul
SemoqmedebaSi Rirebuleba aris WeSmariteba, romelic obi-
eqturia. mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ki aseTi Rirebulebaa
mSveniereba. am azriT, Semoqmedeba cnobieria, raxan obieqtur
Rirebulebazea mimarTuli. Semoqmedeba iwyeba cnobieri me-s
muSaobiT. is svams kiTxvas, wamoWris problemas. am dros
cnobier me-Si wesrigia.
rogorc er. kasireri aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi `ra
aris adamiani~, `adamiani aRar cxovrobs mxolod bunebriv
samyaroSi. igi mkvidria mis mierve Seqmnili simboluri
samyarosi. ena, miTosi, xelovneba, filosofia, religia am
samyaros nawilia, . . , adamiani cxovelis msgavsad uSualod
aRar exeba sinamdviles, mas ukve aRar SeuZlia uSualod
Sexvdes xeluxlebel sinamdviles. igi mTlianad CarTulia
am axal xelovnur mediumSi.~(46,58)
e.i. anTropologiuri sinamdvile adamianis mier Seqmnili
sinamdvilea. rogoria mainc es sinamdvile? kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacema vcadoT Semoqmedebis raobis (arsis) dadgeniT.
Semoqmedeba gulisxmobs aqtiurobas, Tavisuflebas. am
aqtis dros adamiani Tavs iTavisuflebs biologiuri da
socialuri SezRudvebisagan.
Semoqmedebis problemas ZiriTadad ori aspeqtiT ganixi-
laven. esaa sakiTxisadmi filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri
midgoma. XXs-Si codnis axali dargic ki gaCnda, romelic
Semoqmedebis problemebs swavlobs _ Semoqmedebis fsiqo-
logia. am mimarTulebisaTvis fundamenturia Semoqmedebis
meqanizmis gaxsnis problema. fsiqologia cdilobs Semo-
qmedebiTi procesis modelirebas. man imasac miqcia yur-
adReba, rom Semoqmedebis dros Zalze didia aracnobieri
faqtoris mniSvneloba gonebriv operaciebSi. Semoqmedebis
kvlevis dros ZiriTadad ise xdeboda, rom mTavari iyo Semo-
qmedebis rezultati, misi Sedegi da ara misi struqturis,
dinamikisa da meqanizmis gageba. procesualuri mxareebi da
Semoqmedebis rezultati mxolod abstraqciaSi ganiyofeba.
fsiqologisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa meore mxare.
qcevis motivacia, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba pirovnebis
stuqturas. SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis struqtura mraval-
saxovania. wina planze gamodis niWi, romelic arsebiTadaa
damokidebuli misi realizaciis pirobebze.
Semoqmedebis kvlevaSi dReisTvis erT-erTi centraluri
mniSvnelobisaa motivaciis problema. fsiqologebma Semoq-
medebis analizSi did warmatebebs miaRwies, roca aRweriTi
meTodidan gadavidnen axsniT meTodze da am gziT daiwyes
adamianis Semoqmedebis gamokvleva.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom produqtiuloba da socialuroba
262 263
aris ZiriTadi makonstruirebeli elementebi /niSnebi/ cno-
bierebisa, amasTanave Semoqmedebisac. Cveulebriv, adamianis
cnobiereba Tavisi bunebiT konservatorulia, ar aris imiT
dainteresebuli, rom Secvalos sagnebis arsebuli wesrigi,
miTumetes Tu ukve arsebobs wonasworoba adamiansa da gare-
mos Soris. SemoqmedisaTvis ki aucilebelia goniTi Zalebis
Tavisufali TamaSi. Semoqmedeba mouazrebelia fantaziis
gareSe.
mas Semdeg rac mecniereba gaxda specialuri fsiqolo-
giuri analizis obieqti, gadaiSala axali furceli, ara
marto fsiqologiuri, aramed, istoriul-mecnieruli gamokv-
levebisaTvis.
Semoqmedebas aqvs dinamiuri xasiaTi. pirovneba, rogorc
Semoqmedi agrZelebs cxovrebas mxolod imis gamo, rom
sxva problemaze gadadis. e.i. gadaadgildeba sxva sagnobriv
Sinaarsze. Tavad Semoqmedi pirovneba istoriuli figuraa.
ara mxolod imitom, rom, igi ganpirobebulia Tavisi epoqiT,
aramed, istoriulia pirovnebis struqturac, misi SemecnebiTi
Tu esTetikuri unari. fsiqologiuri ganxilvis dros didi
datvirTva modis STagonebis, anticipaciis da intuiciis
cnebaze. STagoneba aris Semoqmedebis mTeli Zalebis mobili-
zacia da momarTva. is aris daZabuloba, romlis Sedegadac
xdeba migneba, rasac k. miulerma `aha-gancda~ uwoda.
garda amisa, Semoqmedi `rogorRac~ winaswar xedavs
Tavisi Semoqmedebis produqts (anticipaciis unari), amiT
qaosi Tavidan airideba da aqtioba erTi miznisaken miimarTeba.
antipacia eyrdnoba intuicias, uSualo, aradiskursiuli
wvdomis unars. is ki grZnobadicaa da inteleqtualuric.
SemoqmedebiTi aqtis dros swored intuiciaa mTavari da
ara diskursiuli gza. inteleqtualuri intuicia miagnebs
saqmis viTarebas mecnierebaSi, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.(52,58).
warmodgena imaze, rom intuicia aris gansakuTrebuli aqti,
romelic gansxvavdeba gansjiTi, diskursiuli azrovnebisagan,
ra Tqma unda, pirvelad filosofiaSi gacnobierda da hqonda
gansazRvruli gnoseologiuri azri.
versia intuiciaze, rogorc gansakuTrebul fsiqologiur
fenomenze myardeboda ara marto tradiciul-formalur
logikuri sqemis SezRudulobiT, aseve imis gamo, rom SeuZle-
beli iyo SemoqmedebiTi aqti, im cnebebiT aexsnaT, romliTac
xasiaTdeba qcevis Segnebul-nebiTi regulacia. Cveni moqmedeba,
rogorc cnobilia eqvemdebareba nebelobiT kontrols. Semo-
qmedebiTi aqtis gamowveva ki winaswar SeuZlebelia.
mecnieruli Semoqmedeba gagebulia iseTi tipis Semoq-
medebad, rodesac moqmedeba mimarTulia axali codnis gamo-
muSavebisaken, romelic gaivlis socialur aprobacias da
Seva mecnierebis sistemaSi.
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba SemoqmedebaSi oTxi safexuris
arsebobaze miuTiTebs: a)pirveladi cnobieri muSaoba, prob-
lemis dayeneba da misi gadaWris cdebi. b)cnobieri Sromis
Sewyveta, azrovnebis Casvla aracnobieris sferoSi anu
e.w. `inkubaciuri~ periodi. g)ucabedi ganaTeba, `insaiti~
anu amocanis gadaWra intuiciuri wvdomiT Semoqmedebis
centraluri momenti da d)miRebuli Sedegebis Semowmeba,
maTi morigeba Zvel codnasTan an piriqiT Zvelis morigeba
axalTan.(35,86).
Semoqmedebis problemis gagebisaTvis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani momentia aRmoCenis cnebis dadgena, magaliTad, igive
avtori Tavis SromaSi miuTiTebs, rom aRmoCena aris axlis
migneba, arcodnidan codnaze gadasvla, naxtomi. CvenTvis
mTavaria ara is Tu `ra~ aRmoCndeba, aramed is Tu `rogor~
aRmoCndeba.
aRmoCenas sami safexuri aqvs: 1. mosamzadebeli anu
faqtobrivi masalis dagroveba. 2. naxtomi-aRmoCena, 3. aR-
moCenis Sedegebis ganzogadeba da misi mniSvnelobis dadgena
TeoriisaTvis.
aRmoCenas aseve aqvs saxeebi: a)empiriuli, b)Teoriuli
264 265
anu zogadi xasiaTis, g)teqnikuri gamogoneba. SemoqmedebaSi
yovelTvis TanamSromloben logikuri da fsiqologiuri
unarebi.
T.iaroSevski Semoqmedebis interpretaciis cdebs samad
hyofs: a) erTi Teoria gancdis fsiqologiaa da intuiciiT
cdilobs Semoqmedebis axsnas. b)meore _ qcevaze dakvirve-
biTa da formalizaciiT, g)mesame mimarTuleba ki individis
fsiqikur mxares sazogadoebrivi kulturis gavlenis qveS
aqcevs.(35,95)
intuicia aris momentaluri, wamieri ganaTeba, romelic
arsebuli saqmis viTarebas wvdeba. bevri mecnieri miuTiTebs,
rom aseTi ganaTeba cnobierebis `velis~ gareT xdeba. intui-
cia yvela SemTxvevaSi specifikur-SemoqmedebiT momentad iT-
vleba. da xSirad cnobieri analiziT, SedarebiT, ganzogadebiT
mwifdeba. aracnobiers mxolod maSin aqvs SemoqmedebisaTvis
fasi, roca masSi raime pozitiuri azria. aracnobieri cno-
bieriviT rom moqmedebdes, iseve ver moaxdens `ganaTebas~,
rogorc cnobieri moRvaweobis dros yovelgvari uecari
`ganaTeba~ gamoricxulia. amitom, saWiroa aracnobieric
produqtiul cnebad vaqcioT.
froidistul TeoriaSi pirvelad mieqca yuradReba im
garemoebas, rom aracnobieri cnobierebiT ar moqmedebs. magram,
am mimdinareobam aracnobieri gaigo, rogorc iracionaluri
da ise gamovida, rom saboloo jamSi instinqturi ltolva
yofila Semoqmedebis amxsneli. individi, subieqti gagebulia
`Caketil~ sistemad, maSin roca adamiani Ria arsebaa, kul-
turuli garemos Svili.
siRrmiseul moments adamianis SemoqmedebaSi marTlac
aqvs mniSvneloba, magram, es siRrmiseuli biologiuri moce-
muloba ki ar aris, aramed, savsea subieqturi SinaarsiT
iqmneba Semoqmedis, mier xelovnebis Tu mecnierebaTa sistemaSi
pirovnulis CarTviT. (35,104)
geStalt Teoriamac scada am sakiTxis axsna. produqti-
uli aqti misTvis aris erTi geStaltidan meoreze gadas-
vla. es ki aracnobieridan cnobierSi amotivtivebis nacvlad,
cnobieri gadasvlaa. da mainc, aqac Semoqmedeba cnobierebis
farglebSi gaigeba, sinamdvilisadmi mimarTebis gareSe.
meore saxis Teoriaa biheviorizmi, misi mTavari cnebebia
swavla da problemebis gadaWra, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom
Seswavlis obieqtia qceva im situaciaSi, romlisaTvisac
reaqcia jer ar Camoyalibebula. aqac saqme `Semoqmedebas~
exeba. magram, gansxvavebiT geStaltistTa cnobieri mixve-
drisagan, bihevioristebTan mixvedra SemTxveviT cdiTa da
Secdomebis gadalaxviT xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, biheviorizmma
ganaxorciela formalizacia, stimulis (niSnis) safuZvelze.
mniSveloba aq niSanma Secvala.
fsiqoanalizi, geStaltizmi, da biheviorizmi orientire-
bulia arian individze, individi ki mniSvnelovanwiladaa
damokidebuli istoriul ganviTarebaze.
Cemi azriT, mecnierul Semoqmedebas saerToc bevri aqvs
mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan da gansxvavebulic. imis Tqma, rom
xelovneba qmnis sinamdviles, xolo mecnieruli ki asaxavs,
maincdamainc zusti ar aris, radgan, siRrmiseulad asaxvac da
Seqmnac orive subieqturia. amitom, mecnierul-SemoqmedebiTi
da mxatvruli asaxva, mecnieruli da mxatvruli saxeebi Semo-
qmedebis TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba.
maTSi subieqturoba mxolod saxeTa TaviseburebaSi iZleva
sxvaobas. orive sinamdvilisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgomaa.
xelovneba SemecnebiTi momentisagan ar aris bolomde
Tavisufali, magram, Tavis mxriv, arc mecnierebaa sinamdvilis
fotografireba, Seaqvs ra mecnierebas subieqturi Sinaarsi
samyaros suraTSi. orive sferoSi SemoqmedebiTi procesis
dros mTavari momentia warmosaxva. is ZiriTadia rogorc
xelovnebaSi, aseve mecnierebaSi. fantaziis gareSe arc mec-
nierebaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani aRmoCena. warmosaxvis
gverdiT, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, didia intuiciis roli,
266 267
romlis Tavisebureba ucbadobaSia, wamier `ganaTebaSia~, magram,
Secdoma iqneboda misi mistificireba. ase rom, mxatvruli da
mecnieruli Semoqmedeba bunebiT erTia. maT Soris sxvaoba
ar gamomdinareobs Semoqmedebis xarisxidan, aramed, aixsneba
Semoqmedebis am saxeobis specifikiT.
mecnieruli Semoqmedebis funqcia bunebaSi, azrovnebasa
da sazogadoebaSi kanonebis aRmoCenaa. aristoteles TqmiT,
mecniereba adgens aucilebelsa da zogad debulebebs. mas
moeTxoveba iyos sistematuri codna, amitom, mecniereba
sistemis Seqmnac aris.
SemoqmedebaSi is naxtomiT miiRweva, aRmoCena da gamogone-
ba swored aseTi naxtomebia. naxtomamde Semoqmeds deduqcia
exmareba, magram, ganaTebis momentSi deduqcia imsxvreva da
axali horizontebi ixsneba.
filosofiur Semoqmedebas is Tavisebureba aqvs, rom er-
Tis mxriv cnebiT, uzogadesi kategoriebiT operirebs, meores
mxriv ki, Tavad Semecnebis meTods aqcevs kvlevis obieqtad.
sxva mxriv filosofiuri Semoqmedeba Tavisi bunebiT ar
gansxvavdeba sxva tipis Semoqmedebisagan.
mecnieruli Semoqmedebis problemis garkvevas vrceli
monografia miuZRvna g.girginovma.(24) dasaxelebul naS-
romSi mimoixilavs ra mecnierul Semoqmedebas, gamohyofs
oTx komponents:
a)mecnieruli problema. problemis dasma pirveli Semoq-
medebiTi aqtia. es aris `codna arcodnaze~, misi gacnobiereba.
b)mecnieruli Semoqmedebis meore arsebiTi komponentia
mecnierul faqtTa Tavmoyra, aRwera da misi Tematizacia.
avtori ganasxvavebs mecnierul faqts nedli faqtisagan.
is logikuradaa damuSavebuli interpretirebulia. nedl
faqtSi ki bevria SemTxveviTi. e.i. mecnieruli faqti raime
mecnieruli meTodiT aris Seswavlili da dadgenili, ro-
gorc diskretuli nagleji sinamdvilisa. faqti mecnieruli
maSin xdeba, roca mecnieruli sistemis SigniT moipovebs
adgils. g) faqtebi erTiandebian TeoriaSi, sadac kanoniT
ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. faqti xdeba zogadi kanonzomierebis
wevri. es ganzogadeba ukve SemoqmedebiTi aqtia. didia roli
abstraqciisa, maTematizaciisa, dafuZnebisa, (dasabuTeba, axsna).
mwvervali ki am ZiebaSi mainc kanonis dadgenaa, movlenebs
Soris zogadi, aucilebeli kavSiris dadgena. mniSvnelovani
momentia hipoTezis Teoriad qceva, rac dasabuTebis gziT
miiRweva.
d) mecnieruli Semoqmedeba meTodis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
mecniereba yoveldRiuri codnisagan swored specifikuri,
zusti meTodis gamoyenebiT gansxvavdeba. mecnieruli Sem-
ecneba meToduria, yoveldRiuri Semecnebis meTodi ki araz-
ustia, daumuSavebeli. swori meTodiT araerTxel gaxsnila
WeSmariteba. e.i. meTodis gamoyeneba Semoqmedebaa. garkveuli
azriT, mecnieruli Teoria Tavadaa meTodi.
aramecnierulisagan gansxvavebiT mecnieruli codna
sistematuria. amitom, sistemis Seqmna erT-erTi SemoqmedebiTi
momentia. ase mag. hegelma triadis principiT aago erTiani
sistema, azrovnebis, bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.
adamiani mopovebul Teoriul codnas praqtikaSi iyenebs.
Tavad mecnierebis `qmna~ aris aqtivoba, praqtika. izolirebu-
lad, abstraqtulad aRebuli buneba srulad ver Seimecneba.
saWiroa sagnobrivi mimarTeba sinamdvilesTan praqtika xdeba
WeSmaritebis kriteriumi. da mainc, Teorias da praqtikas
sxvadasxva miznebi aqvT: Teoria imecnebs obieqts, praqtika
ki gardaqmnis mas. am dros Tavad gardamqmneli subieqtic
gardaiqmneba. Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris aqac erTianobaa.
mecnieruli codna realizdeba praqtikiT.
Teoriis praqtikaSi gamoyenebiT miiReba teqnika. (iara-
Rebi, instrumenti). teqnikaSi xdeba Teoriuli codnis gasa-
gneba. dReisaTvis teqnikaSi minimaluri Sedegebis miRwevac
ki warmoudgenelia mecnierebis gareSe. teqnikaSi Semoqmedeba
aris mecnieruli codnis materializeba, ris nimuSsac war-
268 269
moadgens mag: manqana. am SemTxvevaSi, adamianis xelis funqciis
gadatana xdeba manqanaze. manqana `gaadamianurebuli~ nivTia.
es teqnikuri Semoqmedebaa.
g. girginovic gamohyofs SemoqmedebaSi fsiqologiur
da logikur aspeqtebs. Semoqmedebis dros xdeba fsiqikur
ZalTa mZlavri amoqmedeba. didia ganwyobisa da aracnobieri
sferos roli, aseve cnobismoyvareobis, Cvevebis, motivaciis
da STagonebis. calke problemaa mecnierebis logikis Ses-
wavla. Tu formaluri logika swavlobs swori azrovnebis
xerxebsa meTodebs da wesebs, mecnierebis logika Seiswavlis
dafuZnebis, axsnis, dasabuTebis aqsiomatur meTods, modeli-
rebas da a.S.
mTavari mainc mecnierebis filosofiuri gaazrebaa. is
saTaves antikur saberZneTSi iRebs da dRemde aqtualuria.
filosofiuri codna mecnierebis TviTrefleqsiaa.
Znelia gaviziaroT avtoris pozicia, roca igi aigivebs
Semoqmedebas mxatvrul sferoSi SemoqmedebasTan mecnierul
sferoSi. arc is unda iyos marTebuli azri, rom Semoqmede-
baSi warmosaxvasa da intuicias erTnairi roli ekisrebaT.
mainc rogor unda gadaiWras mecnieruli Semoqmedebisa
da misi `meqanizmis~ problema. kidev erTxel SevexoT in-
tuiciis unars SemoqmedebaSi. xSirad xdeba, rom mkvlevarebi
erTmaneTSi ureven intuiciisa da warmosaxvis cnebebs.
filosofiaSi intuicia esmiT, rogorc Semecnebis unari,
romelic aradiskursiuli gziT, `wamierad~ wvdeba WeS-
maritebas.
masze msjeloben platoni da aristotele. magram,
ZiriTadad intuiciaze moZRvreba damuSavda axal filoso-
fiaSi (kerZod, inteleqtualur intuiciaze) r.dekartTan,
romlisTvisac Tandayolili ideebi intuiciiT moipoveba.
spinozasTan is Semecnebis umaRlesi unaria. mniSvnelova-
nia intuiciis roli laibnicis filosofiur sistemaSic.
kanti uaryofda inteleqtualur intuicias, magram, ZalaSi
datova grZnobadi intuiciis mniSvneloba. inteleqtualuri
intuiciis cneba kvlav aRadgina fixtem. marTalia, SelingTan
da romantikosebTan Seirya intuiciis racionaluri buneba,
bergsonTan iracionaluri saxe miiRo, magram, huserlis `arsis
Wvreta~ cxadia, inteleqtualuri intuiciis nimuSia.
ra bunebisaa inteleqtualuri intuicia, logikuri Tu
metalogikuri? aristotelesaTvis dasabuTeba ar SeiZleba
yofiliyo dausrulebeli procesi. is saTaves iRebs Ta-
visTavad cxadi debulebidan, romelTa dasabuTeba ar Sei-
Zleba. magram, `analitikaSi~ igi ganixilavs aqsiomebs, rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom aristotele logikis sferos mxolod
dasabuTebiT ar Semofarglavs. dekartTan da laibnicTan,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkacrad gaimijna erTmaneTisagan Sem-
ecnebaSi intuiciuri da diskursiuli gzebi, orive logi-
kuri bunebisaa. mxolod hegelma uaryo `dausabuTebeli~
debulebis miReba, raxan misTvis logikaSi yvelaferi dasab-
uTebuli unda iyos. mainc Secdomaa intuiciis zelogikur
unarad gamocxadeba. Tu sanimuSod miviRebT dekartes cogito-s,
rac udaod logikuri bunebisaa, misi meSveobiT azrovnebasa
da yofierebas Soris aucilebeli mimarTeba myardeba.
magram, Semoqmedebis intuicia sistemaSi mxolod sawyisi,
sayrdeni debulebis mignebas ar axdens, misiT nebismieri
debuleba moipoveba. amitom, farTo gamoyeneba aqvs, rogorc
filosofiaSi, aseve mecnierebaSi. am mxriv ki inteleqtua-
luri intuiciis roli gadamwyvetia. (Tumca, arc grZnobad
intuiciaSia obieqti izolirebuli saxiT, mimarTebis gareSe
mocemuli.)
mainc ra gansxvavebaa warmosaxvasa da intuicias So-
ris? xSiria Secdoma, roca warmosaxvas TvalsaCino xatebiT
operirebis unars miaweren, intuicias ki ara. jer erTi,
inteleqtualuri intuiciis gverdiT arsebobs grZnobadic,
warmosaxva ki musikaSi, filosofiaSi, logikaSi da maTemati-
kaSi erTmaneTTan akavSirebs araTvalsaCino Sinaarsebs. amitom,
270 271
maT Soris gansxvaveba ase unda gavigoT: intuicia amyarebs
Sinaarsebs Soris arsebiT logikur kavSirs. Tundac, rom
Tavad mwifdebodes friad `uCveulo logikiT~. warmosaxva
ki, Tumca, Tavisufldeba mexsierebis `asociaciis kanonebisa-
gan~, Tavisufals, magram, mainc asociaciur kavSirs amyarebs.
swored amis gamo, ra didic ar unda iyos warmosaxvis
roli mecnierul SemoqmedebaSi, gadamwyvet momentSi is
adgils uTmobs intuicias, xolo xelovnebaSi, mxatvrul
SemoqmedebaSi, warmosaxva prevalirebs intuiciaze.
iseve rogorc warmosaxvas miewereba ori funqcia
SemecnebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi, aseve SeiZleba intuiciis
or funqciaze laparaki. mopovebuli codnis aTvisebisas
intuiciis roli SemecnebiTia, mecnierebisaTvis ucnobis aR-
moCenisas ki SemoqmedebiTi. mecnierebaSic iseve gvaqvs Semo-
qmedeba, rogorc xelovnebaSi. orivegan xdeba axlis miReba.
magram Tu xelovnebaSi es axali `warmosaxuli sinamdvilea~,
mecnierebaSi SemoqmedebiT miRebuli realuri sinamdvile
axleburad gaigeba.
SemoqmedebaSi miuTiTeben e.w. STagonebis rolze. masSi
gulisxmoben adamianis ZalTa mimarTvas da mobilizebas. ra
adgili unda mivuCinoT mas?
fsiqologebi ganasxvaveben fsiqikur procesebs (aRqma,
yuradReba, azrovneba da sxva) fsiqikuri mdgomareobisagan
(emocia). Tu axla gavavlebT erTgvar paralels da Semec-
nebas `goniT process~ vuwodebT maSin STagoneba SeiZleba
gavigoT, rogorc `goniTi mdgomareoba~, romelic adamianis
Zalebs mimarTavs garkveuli miznisaken da pirobad edeba
nebismieri saxis Semoqmedebas.
rac Seexeba filosofiur Semoqmedebas, mas araerTi Ta-
visebureba axasiaTebs da specialur Seswavlas moiTxovs.
rodesac filosofiur Semoqmedebaze laparakobdnen, tradici-
ulad ise xdeboda, rom pirvelad adgendnen mimarTebas fi-
losofiur da religiur Semoqmedebas Soris. es imitom, rom,
istoriulad swored adamianuri moRvaweobis es ori sfero
ukavSirdeba yvelaze ufro mWidrod erTmaneTs. am mimarTebis
gagebisaTvis visargebloT lapSinis wigniT `gamogonebis
filosofia da gamogoneba filosofiaSi~. (52)
filosofiuri Semoqmedeba gansxvavdeba religiurisagan.
filosofia sulieri moRvaweobis Taviseburi sferoa. is
ZiriTadad aris SemecnebiTi azrovnebis da ara emociuri
azrovnebis sfero. filosofia imTaviTve upirispirdeba
Teosofias. mas ufro mecnierebis msgavsi codnis saxe aqvs.
filosofiuri gamonagoni sxvaa, Teologiuri ki sxva.
religiur Semoqmedebas aqvs Rrmad emociuri xasiaTi, buneba.
religiis damfuZnebelni arian ara mecnier-Semoqmedni, aramed,
axali religiuri Rirebulebebis sjulmdebeli Semoqmedni.
amitomac Sedis filosofiis istoriaSi sokrate, platoni,
kanti da ara mose, muhamedi an qriste.
RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTadi mizania moaxdinos religi-
uri moZRvrebis mowesrigeba da sistematizacia. ra Tqma unda,
mas aqvs Sinagani logika da ganviTareba, magram, Tavad RvTism-
etyvelebis bunebidan gamomdinare, Teoretikosi, miadgeba ra
iseTi cnebebis sazRvrebs, rogoricaa saswauli, saidumlo,
avtoriteti, Teologiur azrovnebaSi gonebis logikas gulis
logika cvlis codnas rwmena enacvleba. RvTismetyveluri
Semoqmedebis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba religiuris gavleniT
mrevlze, filosofiisa ki obieqturi mniSvnelobiT.
zemoT naTqvami sulac ar gamoricxavs im faqts, rom
RvTismetyveluri da filosofiuri tendenciebi xSirad
Tanaarseboben Seqmnis (Semoqmedebis) procesSi.
aseve faqtia isic, rom araerTi filosofosi iyo da-
jildoebuli mxatvruli (mwerluri) Semoqmedebis niWiT,
amitom, maTi nawarmoebebi ganxilul iqna ara mxolod, ro-
gorc filosofiis istoriis kuTvnileba, aramed, xelovnebis
istoriisac. magram, es sulac ar gviSlis xels, SevZloT
movaSoroT e.w. esTetikuri garsi filosofiur nawarmoebs,
272 273
davinaxoT nawarmoebis birTvis filosofiuri mniSvneloba da
Rirebuleba. filosofias aqvs Tavisi specifikuri funqcia,
rogorc codnis Tavisebur sferos. Semoqmedeba aris indivi-
dis, pirovnebis saqmianoba, iqneba es filosofiuri, religiuri
Tu mecnieruli Semoqmedeba. problemad iyo qceuli sakiTxi
Tu ra gansazRvravs Semoqmedebas, mis arsebobas, Camoyalibebas.
ra zomiT monawileobs masSi memkvidreobiToba da aRzrda.
aq Cven ZiriTadad vxvdebiT or calmxriv Tvalsazriss. an-
tinomia sociumisa da individisa. Semoqmedeba amboben erTni,
yovelTvis aris socialuri pirobebis sasurveli damTxvevis
(Tavmoyrisas) produqti. igulisxmeba politikuri, ekono-
miuri, pedagogiuri, socialuri garemoebani. (mag: aseTi azri
hqonda helveciuss.) misi azriT, mecnierebaSi bevri ramaa
ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT. am TvalsazrisSi niWierebis
arseboba Tundac biologiur doneze nuls udris.
meores mxriv, aseve kategoriulad da radikaluri for-
miT icavs Tavis pozicias individualizmi. Tu Sopenhauers
da nicSes davujerebT, Semoqmedi aris mwvervali, romelic
maRldeba adamianTa samyaros yovelgvar mocemulobaze.
Cemi azriT, orive SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi safuZvelSive
arasworadaa dasmuli. individualistebi gadaWarbebulad
afaseben SemoqmedebaSi wyvetadobis moments, xolo meoreni
utrireben mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis uwyveti akumulirebis
ideaze.
aseve mecnierul Rirebulebasaa moklebuli Tvalsaz-
risi, rom genia da nevrozi ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan.
sulieri, iseve, rogorc fizikuri tanjva, ar SeiZleba iyos
SemoqmedebiTi produqtulobis TavisTavadi mizezi. zogjer,
is SeiZleba iqces Semoqmedebis irib sababad. avadmyofobam
Tu uSualod ar Seexeba SemoqmedebiT niWs, SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos TviTCaRrmavebas. niWier adamianze, rogorc aranorm-
alurze, gadaxrilze, SeiZleba vilaparakoT im azriT, rom
igi aRemateba niWierebis saSualo dones.
filosofiur SemoqmedebaSi didia filosofiuri
skolebis gavlena, magram, es ar exeba genialur Semoqmede-
bas, radgan roca geniosi modis, misi moRvaweobiT Tavad
mimdinareoba icvleba, sinTezirdeba axali mTlianoba, axali
sinamdvile. (aseTia mag: platonis, aristoteles, kantis Tu
nicSes mosvla.)
marTalia, niWis, talantis gamovlenisaTvis didi mniS-
vneloba aqvs socialur-kulturul realobas, saerTod
epoqis suls. imas, rasac hegeli `samyaros mdgomareobas~
uwodebs, magram, ganviTarebis am pirobebze ufro mWidrodaa
damokidebuli specialuri mecnierebani, vidre filosofia.
SemoqmedebaSi, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, arCeven aRmoCenisa
da gamogonebis cnebebs. ase mag: faihingeri Tavis wignSi
`Philosophie des Als-ob~, am or termins Semdegnairad mijnavs:
aRmoCenis wyaroa hipoTeza, romelic damtkicebas poulobs moce-
mul cdaSi, gvixsnis mocemuli cdis sxvadasxva kanonzomierebas.
gamogoneba ki aris dabadeba fqciisa, xelovnuri cnebisa, azrovnebis
damxmare konstruqciisa da wminda instrumentaluri mniSvnelobis
mqonea.
gamogonebis cnebaSi aRiniSneba adamianis azrovnebis Semo-
qmedebiTad aqtiuri momenti, xolo aRmoCenaSi, fzikuri Tu goniTi
samyaros empiriuli mocemuloba. mag: niutonma aRmoaCina mizid-
ulobis kanoni, xolo laibnicma gamoigona diferencialuri aRricxva.
kolumbma aRmoaCina amerika, aristotelem ki Seqmna silogizmi.
gamogonebis ZirSi midrekilebisa da warmodgenebis rTuli er-
Tianoba, da cxovrebiseuli problemebis dakmayoflebis miswrafebaa,
SemoqmedebiTi unarebis Tavisufali TamaSia. yvela SemTxvevaSi
gamogonebis meqanizmi erTia. exeba yofTi moTxovnilebisaTvis
saWiro raimes Seqmnas Tu ufro maRal, faqiz esTetikur moTxovnebs.
flosofuri gamogonebis upirvelesi wyaroa flosofuri cno-
bismoyvareoba, gaocebis adamianuri unari, sakuTari yoferebis,
Semecnebis, Semoqmedebis gamocnobis, axsnis survili. flosofur
gamogonebaSi did rols TamaSobs skepsisi. absoluturi skepsisi
274 275
gamoricxulia, flosofis istoriaSi skeptikosebi Cndebodnen garkveul
dros, rac imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom kulturaSi gaCnda konservatiz-
mis saSiSroeba da adamianis gonebas Wirdeba axali RirebulebebiT
gamdidreba.
skepsisi mJRavndeba gnoseologiaSi, metafzikaSi, eTikaSi.
filosofiur SemoqmedebaSi. skepsisis monawileoba SeiZleba
gamoixatos Semdegi dadebiTi da uaryofTi momentebiT: mizezebi,
romelnic ganapirobeben skepsisis ganviTarebas, SeiZleba moiZeb-
nos, rogorc inteleqtualur sferoSi, aseve nebelobaSi. pirvel SemTx-
vevaSi mTavari mizezia Seusabamoba codnis dagrovebis processa
da misi koncentraciis process Soris. es xdeba maSin roca, specialuri
codnis dagrovebis procesi CamorCeba misi gacnobierebisa da Rrma
flosofuri sinTezis process.
meore SemTxveva ki ZiriTadad iq gvxvdeba, sadac xdeba
xalxebis, rasebis, kulturebis gadajaWva. skepticizmis dadebiTi
momentia rom arRvevs tradicias da xdeba axali flosofuri ideebis
warmoqmnis stimuli. is arRvevs inteleqtualur imunitets da didi
doziT Seicavs sasargeblo ironias.
flosofuri gamogoneba gviandeli nayofa adamianis kulturisa.
adamianuri moRvaweobis yvela forma TandaTanobiT gamoeyo ada-
mianis pirvelyofl, religiur-magiur samyaros. esaa ena, xelovneba,
politika, samarTali, ekonomika, teqnika, mecniereba da flosofa.
pirvelyofili azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia azris bun-
dovaneba, aramdgradoba. pirvelyofli magiis principia yvelaferi
yvelaferSi, yvelaferi moqmedebs yvelaferze.
religiur-magiuri azrovneba aris emociuri da ara Semmecnebeli
azrovneba. flosofa ibadeba, maSin roca, RmerTebis rwmena, rogorc
adamianis cxovrebis praqtikuli sayrdeni iwvevs eWvs. `grZnobis
logika~ kraxs ganicdis, vinaidan Cndeba pozitiuri mecnierebis
Canasaxebi. RmerTebma ar gaamarTles adamianTa molodini, eW-
vis gaCenis mizezad agreTve iqceva samyaroSi, sazogadoebaSi,
istoriaSi gansxvavebisa da usamarTlobis arseboba da misi eTikuri
Sefasebis moTxovnileba.
flosofas Tavdapirvelad aqvs andazebis, igavebis, legendebis
forma, is, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `flosofuri folklori~. yovelive
es interesis sagania, ara rogorc `bunebrivi flosofosobis~ forma,
aramed, niadagi, romelzec Caisaxa filosofiuri Semoqmedebis
umartivesi forma-aforizmi. flosofosTa nawerebSi dRemde vx-
vdebiT aforistuli azrovnebis magaliTebs.
meore forma flosofuri Semoqmedebisa, romelic sokratedan
modis, aris dialogi. mesame formaa sistema, romelSic dasmulia
problema, gaxsnilia Sinagani winaaRmdegoba da napovnia garkveu-
li gadawyveta. am tipis flosofur Semoqmedebas safuZveli Cauyares
demokritem da aristotelem. mecnierebis msgavsi sistematuroba
SeiZleba exebodes, rogorc romelime kerZo flosofur problemas,
aseve moicavdes flosofuri msofmxedvelobis mTel safuZvels.
CamovTvaloT flosofuri Semoqmedebis ramdenime nimuSi.
mag: gnoseologiuria a) romelime calkeuli kategoriis axsna. (herak-
lite cdilobs axsnas cvalebadobis idea, xolo eleelebi mudmivobis
idea.) an xdeba kategoriebis cxrilSi sinTezuri kavSiris dadgena an
damtkicebis Teoriis damuSaveba.
b) mocemuli fzikuri samyaro, romelic struqtuirdeba bune-
baTmecnierebiT. (mecnierebis klasifkacia, mecnierebis flosofa).
g)samyaros ontologiuri, fenomenologiuri, metafzikuri an
kritikuli gaazreba.
aseve gnoseologiuri Semoqmedebaa RvTismetyveluri da meta-
fzikuri moZRvrebis uaryofs, dangrevis samuSao, ramdenadac isini
xels uSlian axali flosofuri codnis warmatebul dafuZnebas.
samyaro, iseTi rogoricaa warmoadgens mudmiv gamocanas.
is usasrulod mravalferovani da amouwuravia adamianisaTvis. misi
bolomde Semecneba, gageba Zalze Zneli, SeuZlebelic kia. amitom
aris, rom flosofaSi samyaro yovelTvis rCeba, rogorc amosacnobi
raRac Ria sistema. adamianis SemoqmedebiT nebas surs ara marto
Seicnos samyaros mTlianoba, aramed, kidec Seqmnas Tavisi war-
modgenis Sesabamisad.
tradiciulad flosofuri Semoqmedebis dros amocanad dgeboda
276 277
rogorme gadalaxuliyo azrovnebis SezRuduloba da codnis simwire.
istoriulad wamyvan rols TamaSobda sami ZiriTadi idea. 1. samyaros
eqstremaluroba (borotebis idea), 2. nebis ukmaroba individisa Tu
kacobriobisa _ awmyos vnebebTan brZolaSi. 3. SiSi adamianis Tu
kacobriobis gardauvali daRupvisa momavalSi. tradiciuli flosofa
cdilobs am sam problemas sami ideiT mouaros. samyaros eqstrem-
alurobas RmerTis ideiT, vnebis Zalaufebas _ Tavisufebis ideiT,
sikvdilis gardauvalobas ukvdavebis ideiT. sxvadasxva flosofur
sistemebs sxvadasxvagvari pasuxi aqvT am sakiTxze.
flosofuri Semoqmedebis arsia adamianis gonis maradiuli mis-
wrafeba, raTa dainaxos da daadginos sinamdvilis ufro adekvaturi
suraTi. misi paTosia codnis gafarToeba da gaRrmaveba. (52,72)
es Tvalsazrisi aris erT-erTi klasikuri interpretacia imisa Tu rogor
unda gavigoT flosofa, rogorc Semoqmedeba. amave problemas
aSuqebs n.berdiaevi Tavis wignSi `Semoqmedebis sazrisi~.
misi azriT, yoveli SemoqmedebiTi aqti aris gaTavisufeba da
gadalaxva yoveldRiuri amqveyniuri amaoebis. Semoqmedeba Tavisi
arsiT aris gamosavali krizisuli situaciidan da masze gamarjveba.
magram, zogjer, Semoqmedeba iqceva piradi tragediis mizezad.
Semoqmedis gza aris tanjvisa da msxverplis gza, magram is yov-
elTvis aris gaTavisufeba yovelgvari gare iZulebisagan.
berdiaevis mixedviT, axali flosofis mizania gaxdes mecnieruli
an mecnierebis msgavsi. flosofas raRacnairi Suri aqvs mecnierebi-
sa. Tavad flosofosebsac mecnierebis ufro sjeraT, vidre flosofisa.
da am eWvs principadac ki acxadeben. flosofis istoria savsea
magaliTebiT Tu rogor cdilobdnen mecnierebad eqciaT flosofuri
codna, magram, saboloo azriT, yvela am tipis azrovneba ganwiruli
iyo flosofuri sqolastikisaTvis.
flosofa arcerTi parametriT ar aris mecniereba da araviTari
azriT ar SeiZleba iyos mecnieruli. iseve, rogorc, ar aris xelovneba,
morali an religia mecnieruli. maincdamainc flosofa ratom unda
iyos mecnieruli? mecnieruloba aris gamonaklisi Tviseba da maxa-
siaTebeli mecnierebisa. is mxolod mecnieruli codnis kriteriumad
gamodgeba. aseve, flosofa unda iyos mxolod flosofuri da ara
mecnieruli. flosofa mecnierebamdeli faqtia da axloa sibrZnesTan.
flosofas Tu mas miviRebT, rogorc mecnierebas Semecnebis Ses-
axeb, an sawyisis Sesaxeb maSin daikargeba is, rogorc adamianuri
Semoqmedebis TviTmyofadi sfero. flosofa damoukidebeli sferoa
kulturis da ara mecnierebisa.
zogjer, flosofosebs surT flosofa aqcion ara imdenad mec-
nierebad, ramdenadac `mecnierulad~. ar SeiZleba seriozul moaz-
rovnes eWvi eparebodes mecnierebis RirebulebaSi. mecniereba
faqtobrivi codna sinamdvilisa namdvilad Wirdeba adamians.
magram, sruliad sxvadasxva ramaa mecniereba da mecnieruloba.
mecnieruloba aris mecnierebis sazRvrebis gafarToeba, mecnierebis
kriteriumebis gadatana adamianuri cxovrebis sxva sferoSi. mecnier-
ulobis aRiareba niSnavs imis rwmenas, rom mecniereba aris adamia-
nis Semoqmedebis umaRlesi kriteriumi, rom misi kanonzomiereba,
wesrigi, akrZalvebi Tu nebarTvebi yvelgan vrceldeba. mecnieruloba
gulisxmobs erTiani principis arsebobas. gnoseologebma bevri iR-
vawes imisaTvis, rom ganemtkicebinaT mecnierulobis ideali. Zalze
didia mecnierulobis paTosi germanul kritikul cnobierebaSic. ma-
gram, aseTi mdgomareobis SeqmnaSi yvelaze naklebi `damnaSave~
Tavad mecnierebaa. mecnieruloba aris gansakuTrebuli rwmena
yoferebis ufro dabali sferoebisadmi, damZimebuli aucileblobis
cnobierebiT maSin roca, mecniereba aris adamianis SemoqmedebiTi
specifkuri reaqcia samyaroze. Tavisi arsis Taviseburebis gamo,
mecniereba aris garkveuli tipis moRvaweoba, romlis mizania realuri
berketi misces eqstremalur samyaroSi dakargul adamians. imisaTvis
rom iarsebos, ganviTardes, adamianma unda moaxdinos samyaros
Semecneba. mecniereba aris Semecneba aucileblobisa, mocemuli
samyaros Seguebis mizniT da Seimecneba aucileblobis gziT. is
aris arsebulSi orientirebis iaraRi. Seguebis amgvari beWedi azis
ara marto mecnierebas, aramed diskursiul azrovnebasac, romelsac
iyenebs mecniereba Tavis daskvnebSi.
magram, aseve maradiulia adamianSi miswrafeba samyaros
278 279
saidumloebis wvdomis, misi Wvretis. amitom, igi midrekilia iyos
flosofosi. mecniereba ki yovelTvis usmens aucileblobas. misi stiqia
Tavisufeba araa, mecniereba arasodes ar yofla da arc iqneba adami-
anuri gonis ganmaTavisufebeli. magram, is iyo da iqneba Rirebuli
orientiri aucileblobis samyaroSi. amitom, mecnierebis saqme ar aris
WeSmariti, aramed WeSmaritebebi. mecniereba qmnis mecnierul
sinamdviles, xolo flosofa Wvrets da qmnis Tavis sinamdviles.
Tu mecniereba aris ekonomiuri Segueba mocemuli samyaro-
sadmi da Segueba misi aucileblobisadmi. ra azriT aris flosofa
mecnierebaze damokidebuli da unda iyos mecnieruli? upirveles
yovlisa, flosofa aris zogadi orientiri mTlian yoferebaSi.. da ara
kerZo orientiri, flosofa eZebs WeSmaritsa da ara WeSmaritebebs.
mecniereba Tavis safuZvelSi, principebsa da daskvnebSi SeiZleba
iyos damokidebuli flosofaze, magram, ara piriqiT. dasaSvebia
mecnierebis flosofa da ara mecnieruli flosofa. flosofa yovelTvis
iseT WeSmaritebebs eZebs, romelic aRemateba realur samyaros.
flosofis sapatio mizani yovelTvis iyo Tavisufebis gageba da Sem-
ecneba Tavisufebidan.
flosofis stiqiaa Tavisufeba da ara aucilebloba. is gamosavalia
samyaros mocemuli aucileblobidan. flosofa principulad sxva tipis
reaqciaa samyaroze, vidre mecniereba. mecnieruli flosofa niSnavs,
rom man Tavisi pirveladi stiqiuri Tavisufeba gadasca aucileblobis
samyaros. flosofis mizania wvdes samyaros sazriss da Tu samyaro
materialuria es sulac ar niSnavs, rom flosofac aucileblad materi-
alisturi unda iyos. flosofa aris Semoqmedeba da ara garemosadmi
Segueba. am azriT, flosofa ufro xelovnebaa, vidre mecniereba. is
aris gansakuTrebuli tipis xelovneba _ gagebis, Wvretis xelovneba.
flosofa aucilebelia am cxovrebisaTvis. is arasodes ar yofla
aucilebeli am samyarodan gasasvlelad. mecniereba adamians tovebs
am samyaros usazrisobaSi, magram aZlevs iaraRs, imisaTvis, rom
SeZlos am samyaroSi arsebobis SenarCuneba. flosofa miiswrafs
gaigos samyaros sazrisi da yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeba samyaros
aucileblobas. ZiriTadi azri yoveli WeSmariti flosofisa am sa-
myaroSi sazrisis Ziebaa.
flosofis istoria savsea Rrma dramatizmiT, momdinare Sem-
ecnebiTi survilidan. filosofiis istoriaSi ar SeiZleba daiZebnos
mecnieruli progresis elementebi. flosofuri cnobierebis istorias
aqvs Tavisi aramecnieruli logika. flosofis istoria aris adamianuri
gonis TviTSemecnebis istoria, sadac mkveTrad Cans Semoqmed-
flosofosis individualoba.
Cveni epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia cnobierebis gamZafreba
da misi krizisi yvela sferoSi. SesamCnevia mecnierul-obieqtivisturi
flosofis seriozuli krizisi. arasodes aseTi Zlieri ar yofla epoqis
ganwyoba, rom flosofa sabolood aqcion mecnierulad, rogorc dRes.
Tanac, yovelive amis paralelurad Cndeba araCveulebrivi ltolva
iracionalurisaken. flosofa ar moiTxovs da ar uSvebs araviTar mec-
nierul, logikur mtkicebas da gamarTlebas. mecniereba da misi logika
yovelTvis flosofis gareTaa da mis Semdeg. logika mxolod kibea,
romliTac intuiciuri flosofa eSveba samyaros mocemulobamde.
is mxolod instrumentia, rodesac flosofaSi pragmatizmi, rogorc
mimarTuleba Cndeba. es mecnieruli flosofis krizisis simptomia.
Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi TandaTanobiT sacnaurdeba, rom
bolo eReba Zveli pasiuri flosofis aucileblobas, ra formisac ar
unda yofliyo igi. metafzikuri, kritikuli Tu pozitivitisturi. yvela am
flosofisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia pasiuroba, daqvemdebareba gare-
gani aucileblobis mimarT. am damokidebulebam SeiZleba miiRos
sxvadasxva flosofuri formulireba, romelic gamoixateba materiis
an ideis warmmarTvelobiT.
flosofuri Semecneba ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod pasiuri, iqneba
es yoferebis, samyaros Tu sinamdvilis sxva formis asaxva, aramed,
is unda iyos samyaros gageba sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebis
gziT.
berdiaevis TvalsazrisiT, SemoqmedebiTi flosofa gamoricxavs
eWvs, radgan, gulisxmobs Semecnebis sagnis siyvaruls. flosofis
paTosi siyvarulis paTosia. amitom aris flosofa xelovneba da ara
mecniereba. flosofis amocanaa ipovos ramdenadme damajerebeli
280 281
formulireba WeSmaritebis, romelic miiwvdomeba intuiciiT da sin-
Tezirdeba raime formuliT.(6,37)
cxadia, rom yovelgvar filosifias aqvs anTropologiuri wa-
namZRvari. adamiani win uswrebs flosofas. adamiani safuZvelia
yovelgvari flosofuri Semecnebisa. adamiani svams problemebs,
adamiani eWvobs. kritikul flosofaSi arc Tu maincdamainc kargadaa
saqme, radgan igi flosofur problematikas adamianis gareSe ganixi-
lavs, sadac Tavad flosofa flosofosobs da ara adamiani. kritikul
gnoseologebs uyvarT gamoTqma, rom mecnieruli Semecneba aris
WeSmariti realobis wvdoma.
SemoqmedebiTi flosofa anTropologiuri flosofaa, adamiani
ar aris flosofuri Semecnebis fsiqologiuri wanamZRvari. igi univer-
saluri wanamZRvaria, ontologiuri, kosmiuri. flosofuri Semecnebis
wyaro SeiZleba iyos mxolod kosmiuri, adamianis universaluri
mdgomareoba samyaroSi da ara fsiqologiuri individualuri yofna.
flosofa aris adamianis gonis TviTrefeqsia, misi Semoq-
medebiTi rolis gacnobiereba kosmosSi. flosofa aris gaTavisufeba
garegani iZulebidan. flosofosobis wyaroa ara aristoteles an kantis
moZRvreba, aramed Tavad yofereba, misi intuiciurad wvdomis
unari (survili). flosofosobis mizani unda iyos ara mxolod sistemis
Seqmna, aramed, samyaroSi SemoqmedebiT-SemecnebiTi aqtis
ganxorcieleba. es SemoqmedebiTi flosofis amosavali paradigmaa.
flosofa mudam cdilobs gamoicnos adamianis saidumlo da
amgvarad gaigos yoferebis saidumloc. Seican Tavi Seni da am
gziT Seicnob samyaros. Tu samyaros safuZvlad ar aris aRebuli
adamiani, Cven mxolod zedapirul codnas vaRwevT. samyaros
yovelgvar flosofur Semecnebas win uswrebs adamiani, rogorc
absoluturi mocemuloba.
anTropologiuri cnobiereba win uswrebs ara marto ontologias
da kosmologias, aramed, gnoseologiasac, adamianis Semecneba da
yoveli adamianuri Semoqmedeba efuZneba im wanamZRvars, rom
adamiani kosmiuri arsebaa Tavisi bunebiT, is yoferebis centria.
Semoqmedebis dros xdeba adamianobis gaxsna, adamiani
SemoqmedebaSi Tavadve aRmoaCens sakuTar Tavs. rogorc Rmer-
Tis `msgavssa da xats~. Semoqmedeba ar aris mxolod keTilisa da
borotis Widili, aramed is qmnis axal samyaros da amiT agrZelebs
samyaros Seqmnis msgavs saqmes. SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena gas-
devs adamianis mTel istorias, magram, misi SemoqmedebiTi buneba
xSirad ganiaraRebuli iyo yoferebis dabali sferoebis zegavleniT.
Cveulebriv, roca Semoqmedebaze laparakoben gulisxmoben `mec-
nierebisa da xelovnebis~ ayvavebas. zneobrivi mxare adamianis
bunebisa nakleb SemoqmedebiTia, radgan masSi Zlieria normebis
valdebulebebis momenti. aseve, ar daiSveba da ar gamarTldeba
Semoqmedeba religiiT. ufro metic, SemoqmedebaSia adamianis
arsis gasaRebi.
Semoqmedeba mouwyvetelia Tavisufebidan. Tavisufeba pozi-
tiuria da Sinaarsiani. Tavisufali da Semoqmedi adamiani ara marto
bunebrivi arsebaa, aramed, ufro meti. is ekuTvnis goniT samyaros.
Tavisufeba aris dadebiTi SemoqmedebiTi Zala, romelic arafriT
araa ganpirobebuli.
adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa, romelsac samyaros, sinamdvilis
gardaqmna SeuZlia da garemos ki ar emorCileba, aramed, Tavis
nebasac axvevs mas. sinamdviles gardaqmnis, aagebs garkveuli
miznebis Sesabamisad. Semoqmedeba adamianisaTvis arsebiTia.
is adamianis specifkas ganapirobebs. e.i. flosofuri anTropologi-
isaTvis adamiani upirvelesad universaluri arsebaa.
igi ar aris mxolod biologiuri, amitom, adamianis gasagebad sak-
marisi ar aris kauzalobis principiT misi aRwera. mizez-Sedegobrivi
damokidebuleba ver amowuravs adamianis samyaroSi mimarTebaTa
ragvarobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi eqvemdebareba garkveuli
saxis determinacias, garkveul pirobebs, igi damokidebulia biologiur,
fsiqologiur da socialur mocemulobebze da am sibrtyeSi misi gare-
gani aRweriT igi sulac ar tovebs Tavisufali arsebis STabeWdilebas.
e.i. adamiani ar aris situaciisagan Tavisufali, magram, xazgasmiT
unda aRvniSnoT, rom adamiani Tavisufalia raimesaTvis, raimes
mimarT da ara raimesagan. es ki upirvelesad imas niSnavs, rom
282 283
adamiani yvela pirobis Tu situaciis mimarT Tavisufalia arCevanSi.
adamiani mxolod ltolvebiT rodi imarTeba, aramed, Rirebule-
bebiTacaa aRZruli. adamiani Tavisufebis arCevanidan amosvliT
sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT wyvets ama Tu im Rirebulebis ganxor-
cielebas an arganxorcielebas. igi aqtiurobs, moqmedebs gonis Sesa-
tyvisad an mis winaaRmdeg (ltolvis msgavsad goniT aqtivobasac
aqvs Tavisi dinamika).
marTalia, goni fsiqikisagan gansxvavebulia, magram, princi-
pul rols TamaSobs adamianis fsiqikur aqtivobaSi. radgan, mas
aZlevs mimarTulebas. goni faqtiurad yvelaferTan aris, razec ki
adamiani azrovnebs, rasac ki exeba. rasakvirvelia, es Tanyofna ar
unda warmovidginoT sivrcobrivad (ontiurad), aramed, ontologiuri
mniSvnelobiT. goni ar unda gavigoT rogorc substancia, aramed,
rogorc aqtualoba, wminda dinamika. goni warmoadgens ontologiur
garkveulobas, entitets da masze ver vimsjelebT, rogorc ontiur realo-
baze e.i. substanciaze tradiciuli gagebiT. mkacrad unda gaimijnos
erTmaneTisagan fsiqofzikuri sinamdvile da goni.
iyo adamiani, niSnavs `iyo samyaroSi~ (m.haidegeri). adamia-
nis arseboba ganwirulia daRupvisaTvis Tu igi ar axorcielebs TviT-
transcendencias. Tavisufeba rogorc adamianuri fenomeni Zalze Ta-
viseburi ramaa. adamiani ar aris Tavisufali pirobebisagan. magram,
Tavisufalia gamoavlinos pozicia mis mimarT, adamianis Tavisufeba
upirvelesad gulisxmobs imas, rom mas aqvs unari gamocalkevdes
sakuTari Tavidan, hqondes damokidebuleba mis mimarT. garemo
pirobebi mTlianad rodi gansazRvravs mas. adamianis arCevanzea
damokidebuli, daemorCileba igi Tu ara garemo pirobebs.
rogorc Seleri aRniSnavda, adamians ufeba aqvs Tavi CaTvalos
damnaSaved da iyos dasjili. misi bralis uaryofa, imis axsniT, rom
igi garemoebis msxverplia, niSnavs adamians wavarTvaT goni,
adamianuri Rirseba. igi ar aris `Caketili monada~, Caketili sistema.
arsebobis es Riaoba adamianis TviTtranscendenciaSi gamoixateba.
adamiani ar aris `raRac~, igi arc sagania sxva sagnebs So-
ris. sagnebi determinirebulia erTmaneTiT. xolo adamiani Tavad
gansazRvravs sakuTar Tavs. is Tavad wyvets misces Tavs neba
gansazRvruli iyos vnebebiTa da instinqtebiT Tu goniTa da sazrisiT.
adamianis, rogorc mTliani goniTi fenomenis pozitiuri aspeqtia iyos
pasuxismgebeli.
Tavisufeba SeiZleba saganTan mimarTebaSi sami mdgomareo-
biT daxasiaTdes: 1) vnebebTan damokidebuleba. 2) memkvidreo-
basTan damokidebuleba da 3) garemosTan damokidebuleba.
adamians, rogorc cocxal arsebas rom ltolvebi aqvs, kargadaa
cnobili. magram, ltolvebi ar amowuraven mas. ltolvebis arsebobis
aRiareba ara marto ar ewinaaRmdegeba Tavisufebas, aramed,
flosofur anTropologiuri gagebiT, Tavisufebis maCvenebeli wa-
namZRvaria, misi uaryofs unaria. Tavisufeba _ esaa Tavisufeba
raRacasTan damokidebulebaSi.
adamiani distancirdeba ltolvebisagan, cxovels es ar SeuZlia,
amitom, cxoveli ltolvis identuria. cxovels ltolvebi ki ar `aqvs~,
aramed, Tavad aris ltolva.
ltolvis mocemuloba kontroldeba adamianis goniT ganwyobis
Sesabamisad. igi yovelTvis personifcirebulia. asea ara mxolod
maSin roca ltolva damuxruWebulia, aramed, maSinac roca is Seuz-
Rudavia, goni ar aris umoqmedo, is an ereva moqmedebebSi an
ganze dgeba. adamiani, rogorc goniTi arseba, aramarto upirispirdeba
gare da Siga samyaroebs, aramed, maT mimarT pozicias avlens. is
raRacnairad `ganewyoba~, igi rogorRac unda `moiqces~. amitom
adamians is ki ar SeuZlia Tqvas: `me var is, rac var~, aramed: `me
var is, radac gavxdebi~.
adamiani aseve Tavisufalia memkvidreobiTi faqtorisagan
garemos gavlena ZiriTadad damokidebulia imaze Tu ras Seqmnis
adamiani, rogorc goniTi arseba (pirovneba) misgan. amgvarad,
adamiani, rogorc pirovneba naklebadaa garemos Tu memkvidreobis
produqti. adamiani saboloo angariSiT Tavad qmnis sakuTar Tavs,
Tavad irCevs sakuTari cxovrebis wess.
adamianis bunebrivi monacemebia: vitaluri safuZveli da misi
realuri mdgomareoba. es mocemulobani yovelTvis SeiZleba iqnes
284 285
aRniSnuli da dadgenili biologiiT, fsiqologiiT, istoriiT, sociologiiT.
amasTanave, isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom sakuTriv adamianuri yof-
ereba iq iwyeba, sadac mTavrdeba yovelgvari dadgenili da aRniS-
nuli, iwyeba iq, sadac Cndeba pirovnuli, goniTi pozicia.
adamiani erTianoba da mTlianobaa, magram, es mTlianoba
ar niSnavs, rom igi Sedgeba sxeulis, fsiqikisa da gonisagan da es
yvelaferi erTSia, aramed, es modis iqedan, rom mxolod goni kon-
stituirebs am erTs da garantias iZleva am `erTisas~. adamiani goniT
mimarTebas amyarebs Tavis sxeulTan da sulTan (fsiqikasTan). maT
mimarT pozicias avlens. adamians aqvs sxeuli da fsiqika, magram,
is aris `goni~. adamiani marTalia ganpirobebulia misi biologiiT,
magram, misi `aseTad yofna~ gonis moqmedebis Sedegia. ada-
mianis `TviTganxorcieleba~ goniTi warmoSobisaa. haidegeri mas
`transcendents~ uwodebs, iaspersi `komunikacias~. adamiani es
aris absoluturi siaxle _ goniTi yofereba, pirovnuli yofereba. ada-
miani Sekrebadi ki ara integraluri arsebaa. goni aqcevs adamians
pirovnebad. goni garedan marTvas ar eqvemdebareba. igi unda
ganxorcieldes. me ara marto vmoqmedeb imasTan SesabamisobaSi
rac me var, aramed vxdebi imasTan SesabamisobaSi, rogorc vmo-
qmedeb, e.i. moqmedeba gadadis poziciaSi.
goni ar faravs cnobierebas, amitom, rogorc v.frankli aRniS-
navda: ltolviT aracnobieris gverdiT aris goniTi aracnobieric. go-
niTi imdenadaa aracnobieri, ramdenadac arsebobs goniTi aqtebis
ararefeqsuri ganxorcieleba. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba codna
da cnobiereba am codnisa. codna pirveladi (primeruli) aqtia, codnis
cnobiereba meoradi (sekundaruli) aqtia. TviTcnobierebas upirispird-
eba uSualo cnobiereba, romelic `pirveladi intenciaa~, xolo refeqsuri
anu TviTcnobiereba aris `meoradi intencia~(84,134)
imave avtoris azriT, is rom Znelad amCneven goniTi sinamd-
vilis Taviseburebebs, amaSi brali miuZRvis nihilizms (adamianis
yoferebis sazrisis uaryofas). nihilizmis saxeobebia _ fziologizmi,
fsiqologizmi, sociologizmi, romlebic SezRudulni arian TavianTi
CarCoebiT. maT ar `ician~, isini `ar cnoben~ goniT yoferebas.
nihilistisaTvis adamiani produqtia, marionetia, aqtioria. es gza
verasdros migviyvans goniT anTropologiamde.
fsiqologizmis daZleva aqtualuri amocanaa flosofuri anTro-
pologiisaTvis, goniTi ar unda airios fsiqikurSi, romelic yvelafers
cnobier zedapirze aproecirebs. amiT ki ikargeba intencionaluri
mimarTeba transcendentur saganze, goniTis adgils sulieri (fsiqolo-
giuri) mdgomareoba iWers. fsiqologizmi ara mxolod goniT personas
aqcevs obieqtad, aramed, goniT aqtebsac. Tavisi arsis mixedviT, go-
niTi aqtebi intencionaluria da es sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara imas,
rom Tavis mxriv maT aqvT obieqtebi, romelzedac miemarTebian.
imwamsve, rogorc ki aqtebi Tavad iqcevian obieqtebad, maSinve
intencionaluri aqtis obieqti xelidan usxlteba Cvens mzeras, ramde-
nadac upirvelesad laparakia obieqtur Rirebulebaze. e.i. fsiqologizmi
iseve brmaa Rirebulebebis mimarT, rogorc saerTod goniTis mimarT.
Rirebuleba aqvs sagans, xolo Rirseba ki personas, pirovnebas
(es kargad icoda kantmac). es Rirseba aris pirovnebis Rirebuleba.
personis Rirseba, rogorc Rirebuleba ar unda agverios saWiro Ri-
rebulebaSi, romelic personas SeiZleba hqondes Rirsebis miRma.
adamianis socialur saWiroebebs araferi esaqmeba personalur Rirse-
basTan, radgan, persona ar SeiZleba gaviazroT sagnad, obieqtad.
flosofuri anTropologia adamians mimarTavs Tavisufebisa da
pasuxismgeblobisaken. xedvis centri gadaaqvs adamianis Rirsebaze,
pasuxismgeblad yofnis cnobierebaze, goniTad yofnaze.
goniTi moqmedeba gulisxmobs aqtiur pirovnul pozicias.
goniTi persona, romelsac amagrebs Rirebuleba, sazrisi, jerarsis
sfero, winaaRmdegobas uwevs fsiqofzikur aqtebs, alagebs maT da
refeqsiis gziT axorcielebs moqmedebas. e.i. Rirebulebani, romle-
bic realizdeba produqtiul moqmedebaSi ukve aris Semoqmedeba.
aseve arsebobs Rirebulebani, romlebic gancdiT realizdeba da mas
Sesabamisad `gancdis Rirebulebebi~ ewodeba. garda amisa, arse-
bobs `damokidebulebis, anu msofmxedvelobrivi~ Rirebulebani.
(romelic Zalian axlosaa obieqtivaciis unarTan). yovelive es ki imas
gviCvenebs Tu ramdenadaa esa Tu is individi pirovneba e.i. goniTi
286 287
persona.
maSasadame, am paradigmiT gaazrebisas, flosofur anTrop-
ologiuri koncefcia axlosaa eqsistencialur TvalsazrisTan. maTTvis
konkretuli adamianis arseboba Tavisi arsiT ar SeiZleba iyos usazriso.
raxan mas pirovnebad yofnis unari aqvs, igi valdebulia ganaxorcielos
Rirebulebani da iyos pasuxismgebeli.
iyo adamiani, niSnavs ikisro pasuxismgebloba Seni
cxovrebis ragvarobisa. es adamianis amqveyniuri `movaleoba da
misiaa~(84,70). adamianuri yofereba esaa Segneba da pasuxismge-
bloba, gacnobiereba TiToeuli adamianis gansakuTrebulobisa da
ganumeoradobisa. es ki adamianuri yoferebis mouwyveteli sazrisia.
magram, es ganumeoradoba sruliad sxva tipis ganumeoradobaa. is ar
efuZvneba adamianis biologiur mocemulobas. adamianis arseboba
rogorc pirovnebisa niSnavs, rom igi aris yoferebis gansakuTrebuli
tipi, romelic ar hgavs yoferebis nebismier sxva obieqts. igi Ta-
visi arsebobis wesiT unikaluria. adamiani ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc Semadgeneli elementi romelime sistemisa. radgan, amiT
ikargeba gansakuTrebuloba. adamianuri yoferebis wesia adamianad
(pirovnebad) yofna.
Tu amgvarad ar ganvixilavT adamians, xelSi SegvrCeba ar-
seba, romelic frustrirebulia xan seqsualurad, xan eqsistencialurad.
ra apirobebs eqsistencialur vakuums. isev v.franklis movusminoT:
cxovelis sapirispirod instinqtebi da ltolvebi adamians ar eubnebian,
Tu ra unda akeTos man. Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis arc tradici-
uli Rirebulebebia erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvruli. amitom Tu
adamiani xvdeba socialuri wnexSi, igi akeTebs imas, rasac sxvebi
akeTeben _ es ki konformizmia. anda imas, rasac sxvebi moiTxoven,
aiZuleben, rom gaakeTos _ amis Sedegia totalitarizmi. es orive
goniTi yoferebis ararsebobis _ eqsistencialuri vakuumis produqte-
bia. (es problemebi metad sainteresod aqvs gamokvleuli qarTvel
flosofoss z.kakabaZes Tavis cnobil SromebSi).
adamianis goniTi arsebobis dros xdeba Tavad goniTis gac-
nobiereba (ararefeqsuri yoferebis Rirebulebebis cnobierebis doneze
amotana). upirvelesad, es niSnavs adamianis arsobrivi safuZvlis
_ goniTobis gacnobierebas _ rac pasuxismgeblobis, adamianis
pasuxismgeblad yofnis gacnobierebaa. adamianma sakuTari yofna
`unda daxarjos~, rogorc Rirebulebebis Seqmnisadmi pasuxismge-
belma arsebam. amiT gansxvavdeba adamianuri yofereba yvela
sxva tipis yoferebisagan. es aris swored misi unikaluroba. sakuTriv
adamianuri yofereba _ esaa yofna Rirsebis grZnobiT. Tu adami-
ani Tavidan `moicilebs~ pasuxismgeblobas raRac nawilsac ki, Tu
CvenSi arsebobs tendencia gaveqceT pasuxismgeblobis tvirTs, es
iqceva koleqtivizmis nebismieri formis motivad.
adamianis Tavisufeba imasac niSnavs, rom gaeqces sakuTari
tipis SezRudul CarCoebs, ar ganisazRvros misiT, WeSmaritad ada-
mianuri arseboba adamianSi maSin iwyeba, roca daupirispirdeba
garegan determinants, win aRudgeba sakuTar tipze damokidebule-
bas. swored, sakuTari ganumeoreblobis SegrZneba qmnis namdvil
adamians. rac ufro standartulia adamiani, miT ufro iTqvifeba Tavis
rasaSi, kulturaSi, erovnebaSi, tradiciaSi, religiaSi Tu fsiqologiur
tipSi. rac ufro Seesabameba igi `raRac standartul saSualos~, miT
ufro dablaa, rogorc goniTi, zneobrivi mimarTebebis subieqti.
Rirebulebebis realizaciiT adamiani qmnis Tavisi arsebobis
wess, Tavis beds. adamianis Tavisufeba miRebaa monawileobis
poziciis arCevaSi. flosofur anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT, vin-
mem rom mogvTxovos adamianis gansazRvra, igi SeiZleba asec
Camogveyalibebina: adamiani aris arseba, gaTavisufebuli yovelive
imisagan, rac mas gansazRvravs, rogorc biologiur, fsiqologiur Tu
sociologiur tips. anu es aris arseba, romelic aRemateba yvela am
determinants, imiT, rom moipovebs maTze gamarjvebas, Tavad
aformebs Tavis yoferebas. rogorc iaspersi ambobs: adamianma
upirvelesad Tavad unda gadawyvitos, rogori unda iyos. misi `TviT-
ganmsazRvreli arseboba~ aris adamianis yofereba, adamianis
fundamenturi SesaZlebloba.
kidev erTxel mivubrundeT gonis raobis sakiTxs. mainc sad
imyofeba igi? Tu goni fsiqikaa, ra Tqma unda is gaiazreba cnobieri
288 289
fsiqikis maRal fenad, maSin gonis, rogorc fsiqikis umaRlesi donis
gageba iqneba fsiqologiis kvlevis obieqti. magram, problema swored
isaa, rom gons aqvs specifkuri arseboba. goni ar SeiZleba gaazre-
buli iqnes, rogorc fsiqika. marTalia, gons cnobierebaSi aqvs adgili
(ramdenadac adamianur-subieqtur gonze vmsjelobT) magram, is
cnobierebis araspecifkur Sinaarsad unda gavigoT. radgan ar arse-
bobs realuri sinamdvile _ goniTi fsiqika. aq gamosavali SemdegSia:
jer erTi, dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom adamianis raoba fsiqikaze ar
daiyvaneba, radgan igi goniTi arsebaa. goni ki fsiqikuri ganzomileba
ar aris. analizisas aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan gaiTiSos fsiqologia
da flosofuri anTropologia. SeiZleba ase iTqvas: subieqturi goni
niSnavs gonis konkretulad gaxdomis faqts. personasTan gonis
dakavSirebas, obieqturi gonisa sapirispirod, rac personisagan da-
moukidebel arsebobas gulisxmobs, radgan igi fqsirebulia goniT
produqtebSi, (SenaqmnebSi) _ kulturaSi.
adamianis fsiqologia fsiqikis farglebs ar unda Sordebodes.
flosofuri anTropologia fsiqikas ar ikvlevs is swavlobs adamians,
rogorc mTlian goniT arsebas. (adamianis rogorc goniTi arsebis
ganzomilebebs, mis moqmedebas, romelic ar aris fsiqika, magram
subieqtis kuTvnilebaa. am sakiTxebis kvlevas miuZRvna a. bo-
WoriSvilma ara erTi fundamenturi naSromi).
maSasadame, flosofuri anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamia-
nis subieqturi goni SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc eqsistencia. eqsisten-
ciis arsi ki transcendenciaa. gons mihyavs adamianis qceva da am
gonis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe adamianis moRvaweoba usazriso
aqtivobamde davidoda. goniT moqmedebis gaCereba iwvevs ada-
mianis mTlianobis daSlas, mis gadagvarebas, anTropologiuri sivrcis
dangrevas.
amgvarad, adamianis arsi unda gaviazroT, rogorc goniTis
funqcioba. adamianis ganmsazRvreli subieqturi goni fsiqikisagan
gansxvavebul garkveulobas warmoadgens (igi intencionaluri aqtia.
intencionaluri referenti miuTiTebs adamianis moqmedebaze. amas-
Tanave, misi arseboba gulisxmobs transcendenciasac, adamianuri
arseboba ar aris autenturi Tu is ar cxovrobs, rogorc TviTtranscen-
denciis unaris mqone arseba).
maSasadame, gavimeoreb araerTjer naTqvams. filosofiur
anTropologiuri Tvalsazrisi adamianis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeba tradici-
uli ontologiuri midgomebisagan. is adamians ganixilavs, rogorc
damoukidebel da TviTmyofad arsebas. miuxedavad dasaxelebuli
sxvadasxva mimarTulebebisa, yvela maTgani cdilobs adamiani
gaigos rogorc Semoqmedi arseba, romelic qmnis Tavis yoferebas
da aris Semecnebis, istoriis da kulturis subieqti. amasTanave, yur-
adReba eqceva calkeul individs, wina planze wamoweulia adamianis
aqtiur-SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi. flosofuri anTropologia SeiZleba
miviCnioT imis magaliTad Tu rogor SeiZleba konkretul-mecnieruli
codnis gamoyeneba flosofuri problemebis asaxsnelad, kerZod,
adamianis Sesaxeb flosofuri disciplinis Sesaqmnelad.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, flosofur anTropologiuri Seswavlis
obieqtia adamiani rogorc gansazRvruli, mudmivi da Seucvleli arsis
mqone arseba, amasTanave arseba, romelsac aqvs ganumeorebeli
konkretul-istoriuli mTlianoba, romelSic igi aqtualizdeba. e.i. ra aris
adamiani? aris kiTxva misi arsis Sesaxeb, im kanonzomierebis da
meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, romelic mas moecema, rogorc bunebriv
arsebas da romelsac igi Tavad aiTvisebs da Seqmnis Tavisive kul-
turis meSveobiT. rom goniTi aqtivoba aris safuZveli misi Semoq-
medebiTi moRvaweobis. riTac `qmnis~ igi sakuTar Tavs, cxovrebis
wess. sakuTar yoferebas.
maSasadame, flosofuri anTropologia SeiZleba miviCnioT iseT
specifkur flosofur mimarTulebad, romelmac SeZlo gaeerTiane-
bina flosofuri da bunebaTmecnieruli codna, Seeqmna koncefcia
adamianis arsis, misi mTlianobis Sesaxeb da adamiani gaigo rogorc
kreatori, goniTi arseba.
290 291
292 293
294 295
296 297
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300 301
s a rC e v i
Sesavali
ra aris filosofiuri anTropologia ........................................... 3
Tavi pirveli
filosofiuri anTropologiis winare istoria .....................25
1. adamiani antikuri, Sua saukuneebis da
axali drois filosofiaSi ........................................................27
2. i.kantis anTropologiuri koncefcia ...................................37
3. l.foierbaxis anTropologizmi ................................................52
4. z.froidis fsiqoanalizuri anTropologia ..................... 60
Tavi meore
m.Seleris goniTi anTropologia ...................................................... 85
Tavi mesame
h.plesneri _ biologiuris da gonis adgili
adamianis struqturaSi ......................................................................... 106
Tavi meoTxe
a.geleni _ adamiani rogorc `naklovani~, moqmedi arseba ...... 127
Tavi mexuTe
e.roThakeris kultur-filosofiuri anTropologia ........147
Tavi meeqvse
m.landmani _ adamiani rogorc kulturis
subieqti da obieqti ............................................................................... 187
Tavi meSvide
d.uznaZis anTropologiuri Tvalsazrisi ................................ 212
daskvna
adamiani rogorc Semoqmedi, goniTi arseba ........................... 249
literatura ............................................................................................ 296
302 303
n i n o m S v e n i e r a Z e
a d a m i a n i r o g o r c S e m o q m e d i ,
g o n i T i a r s e b a
( f i l o s o f i u r i a n T r o p o l o g i a )