Abapbasics 2

CSC Private Slide 1
ABAP/4 OVERVIEW
CSC Private CA-AS India team Slide 2
ABAP/4
SAP R/3 Structure
Application Layer for Standard and new applications.
Middle ware Layer also called as R/3 Basis .
Operating System, Database
O.S Database GUI Protocols
NT Oracle Win 3.1 TCP/IP
Unix Ingress NT,95 CPC
AS/400 Informix,DB/2
Components of M.W.Layer

ABAP/4 Development Workbench
Database Interface
GUI etc.,
ABAP/4 Dev Workbench
It contain different tools for development of ABAP/4 objects, checking and
analysing programs and finally transportation of objects.
1) ABAP/4 Language 2) Data modeler
3) Object browser 4) Repository
5) Test & Analysing tools
6) The Query and 7) Workbench Organizer
ABAP/4 Language

It is the Central part of Middle ware layer that eliminates dependencies
from Hardware, Operating Systems or database management systems.
Data Modeler

Relation ship between the tables are stored in the form of ER diagrams.
(ER = Entity Relation ship)
Object Browser

Hirarcheal representation of Programs, Screens, Menus, Transactions,
Tables etc.,
Repository
The ABAP/4 Repository is made up of following Runtime Objects.
Programs
Screens and
Dictionary
Dictionary contains Metadata. Metadata is nothing but description of data
and definitions.
Test & Analysing Tools

For testing and analysing performance of Programs and Transactions.
Work Bench Organizer

Transportation of Objects between the systems.
Introduction to ABAP/4

ABAP : Advanced Business Application
Programming
4 : Fourth generation Language
Introduction to ABAP/4 contd.
Multi Lingual
Only Tool for developing SAP applications.
ABAP Workbench contains all tools, we need to
create ABAP/4 Programs.
ABAP/4 program contains all usual control
structures and modularization concepts.
After coding, we will save and generate. During
generation, the system creates a Run Time
object. When we execute, the system executes
this Run Time Object.

Structure of ABAP/4 Programs
These are different from sequential programming languages such as
FORTRAN, PASCAL and C.
Instead it shares certain features with event Oriented programming
languages such as VB and JAVA.
Structure of ABAP/4 Prog. contd.
An ABAP/4 program has modular structure.
Source text (processing Block) always consists,
Collection of One or more programming modules .
Programming module consists of sequential
statements.
With in the processing Block, we can use general
Control statements such as DO, IF, WHILE and
CASE statements.
Execution of ABAP/4 Prog.
For Execution of ABAP/4 Programs you need a special Run Time
Environment .
This Run Time Environment is responsible for calling the individual
program modules one after the other .
This Run Time Environment is nothing but ABAP/4 Processor .
Characteristics of ABAP/4 Prog.
Declarative Elements for declaring Data.
Operational Elements for Manipulating data.
Control statements for processing program flow.
Functions for processing character strings.
Subroutines with or without passing values.
Central Library with special type of Subroutines
called Function modules.
Charact of ABAP/4 Prog.contd.
Open SQL (a subset of SQL) to read and change data base tables.
Allows you to define and process Internal Tables.
Allows you to store data as Sequential files on Application and
Presentation Servers.
Types of ABAP/4 Programs
Executable program (1)
INCLUDE program (I)
Module pool (M)
Function group (F)
Subroutine pool (S)

Types of ABAP/4 Prog. contd.

SAP differentiates between two general types of ABAP/4 Programs.
Report Programs
Dialog Programs
Report Programs

Reports are stand alone programs.
We use reports to read data base tables and represent results in Lists
Reports are collection of processing blocks, controlled by System calls
depending on events.
Report Programs contd.

Reports can use LDBs or SELECT STATEMENTS defined by
DEVELOPER.
Reports can call Dialogue programs and vice versa.
Dialogue Programs

Dialogue programs are not stand alone programs. (we have to link the
dialogue programs to at least one or more SCREENS and
TRANSACTION CODES)
We use Dialogue Programs to read and change Database tables.

Dialogue Programs contd.

Dialogue programs are controlled by Screen flow logic.
Dialogue program is also called as Module pool program or
TRANSACTION.
These module pools are separated in to PBO and PAI events.
Dialogue Programs contd.

Collection of PBO, PAI and a screen is called DYNAMIC PROGRAM
(DYNPRO).
A module pool must have at least one DYNPRO.
CSC Private Slide 26
DATA TYPES
Data Types
1) Elementary 2) Structured
System Defined
(Pre Defined)
3) Elementary 4) Structured
User Defined
Data Types
1) Elementary System Defined Data
Types
Character (C)
Numeric Text(N)
Integer(I)
Packed(P)
Float(F)
Date(D)
Time(T)
Hexadecimal(X)
2) Structured System Defined Data Types

All Database Tables
3) Elementary User Defined Data Types

Types
4) Structured User Defined Data Types
Internal Tables and
Field Strings
Elementary System defined
Data Types
Character (C) Data Type
Data a(5) type c.
Data a(5).
Data b.
Data : a(5),b.
a = ABCD.b = A.
move ABCD to a. move A to b.
Data : a(5) value ABCD,b value A.
Numeric Text (N) Data Type
Data a(3) type n.
a = 123.
Data b(6) type n value 500029.
Data :c(3) type n value 123,
d(6) type n value 500029.
Data e(3) type n.
move 123 to e.
Integer (I) Data Type
Data a type i.
a = 125.
Data b type i value 130.
Data : c type i value 135,
d type i value 140.
Data : e type i.
move 145 to e.
Packed Number (P) Data type
Data a type p decimals 2.
a = 123.45.
Data b type p decimals 2 value 234.56.
Data : c type p decimals 2 value 123.45,
d type p decimals 2 value 234.56.
Data e type p decimals 2.
move 234.56 to e.
Float (F) Data Type
Data a type f.
a = 123.45.
Data b type f value 234.56.
Data : c type f value 123.45,
d type f value 234.56.
Data e type f.
move 123.45 to e.
Date (D) Data Type
Data a type d.
a = 20000225.
Data b(8) type d. b = 20011226.
Data : c type d value 20000328,
d(8) type d value 20011221.
Data : e type d.
move 20011212 to e.

Time (T) Data Type
Data a type t.
a = 081152.
Data b(6) type t. b = 090231.
Data : c type t value 081152,
d(6) type t value 090231.
Data : e type t.
move 101010 to e.
Hexa Decimal (X) Data Type
Data a type x.
a = 01.
Data b type x value AB.
Data : c(2) type x value 1234,
d type x value AC.
Data e type x.
move A1 to e.
Structured System Defined
Data Types
Tables
Tables sflight.
Tables : sflight, sbook.
Elementary User defined
Data Types
Types Data Type
Types name(5).
Data : name1 type name,
name2 type name,
name3 type name,
name4 type name.

Structured User Defined
Data Types
Structured User Defined Data
Types

Internal Tables & Field strings

DATA OBJ ECTS
Data Objects
Can not exist without Data types.
Occupies memory space.
Created during Run Time.
Data Object Types
Internal External System
Defined
Special
Data Object
Internal Data Objects
Variables
Constants
Literals
Variables
Data a type value 1234.
During run time, Data Object A is created
and its value is 1234.
The value of A in this case (declared as variable) can be changed during
run time.
a = a + 1.
Constants
Constants a type i value 1234.
and its value is 1234.
The value of A in this case (declared as constant) can not be changed
during run time.
Literals
Data a(10) value ABCDEF.
and its value is ABCDEF.
External Data Objects
All Table fields comes under this
category.
Data a like sflight-carrid value SQ.
During run time, Data Object A is
created and its value is SQ.
System defined Data Objects
Space , and System variables comes under this category.
Data a like sy-datum.
a = sy-datum.
and its value is todays date.
Special Data Objects
Parameters
Selection Criteria
Parameters
Data : a type i value 123,
b type i value 321.
You can not assign another set of values to a & b, unless we change
these values with in the above code.
Hence the need for Parameters.
Parameters contd.
Parameters : a type i,
b type i.
With parameters declaration a selection screen is created during run time
and the user can input any number of sets of values.
Parameters contd.
You can assign default values variables declared
under parameters.
Parameters : a type i default 123,
b type i default 321.
During run time, the above default values will
appear in the selection screen. User can use the
same values or he/she can change the above set of
values for later use.
Selection Criteria
Data : a like sflight-carrid.
a = SQ.
You can not assign another value to a, unless we change this value with
in the above code.
Hence the need for Selection Criteria.
Selection Criteria contd.

select-options a for sflight-carrid.

With select-options declaration a selection screen is created during run
time and the user can input any range of values.
Selection criteria contd.
You can assign default values to variables declared
using select-options.
Select-options : a for sflight-carrid default
SQ.
During run time, the above default values will
appear in the selection screen. User can use the
same value or he/she can change the above value
for later use.
CONSTRUCTS
Constructs
Branching
If * Elseif * Else * Endif.
Case * Endcase.
Looping (System index SY-INDEX)
Do * Enddo.
While * Endwhile.
Constructs contd.
If * Elseif * Else * Endif.
If a = 5.
write: / five.
Elseif a = 10.
Write:/ Ten.
Else. Write:/ Others.
Endif.
Constructs contd.
Case ** Endcase.
Case a.
When 5. write: / five.
When 10. Write:/ Ten.
When Others. Write:/ Others.
Endcase.
Constructs contd.
Do ** Enddo.
Do 2 times.
Write:/ ABCD.
Enddo.
ABCD
ABCD
Constructs contd.
Do ** Enddo contd.

A = 5. A = 5.
Do 2 times. Do 2 times.
Write:/ A. A = a + 1.
A = a + 1. Write:/ a.
Enddo. Enddo.
Constructs contd.
Do ** Enddo contd.
A = 1.
Write:/ A. Write:/ sy-index.
A = a + 1. Enddo.
Enddo.

Constructs contd.
Do ** Enddo contd.
If sy-index = 3. Write:/ sy-index.
Continue. If sy-index = 3.
Endif. Continue.
Write:/ sy-index. Endif.
Enddo. Enddo.
Constructs contd.
Do ** Enddo contd.
If sy-index = 3. Write:/ sy-index.
Exit. If sy-index = 3.
Endif. Exit.
Write:/ sy-index. Endif.
Enddo. Enddo.
Constructs contd.
While ** Endwhile.

While sy-index <= 5.
Write:/ sy-index.
Endwhile.
Checkboxes
Parameters : c1 as checkbox,
c2 as checkbox.
If c1 = X and c2 = . <add 2 numbers >
elseif c1 = and c2 = X.<subtract>
elseif c1 = X and c2 = X <multiply>
else. <divide>.
Endif.
Radiobuttons
Parameters : r1 radiobutton group g1,
r2 radiobutton group g1.
If r1 = X .
<add 2 numbers >
else.
<subtract>
Endif.

STRING OPERATIONS
String Operations
Concatenate
Split
Shift
Replace
Translate
Offset
String length
String comparision
String Operations contd.
Concatenate
data : a(10),b(10),c(10),d(40).
A = Apple. B = Orange. C = Banana.
Concatenate A B C into D.
Write:/ d.
Concatenate A B C into D separated by /.
Write:/ d.

Split
data : a(10),b(10),c(10),d(40).
D = Apple/Orange/Banana.
Split d at / into a b c.
Write:/ a
/ b,
/ c.
Shift
Data : a(6) value ABCDEF.
Shift a.(by default shifts to left by one place)
write: / a. BCDEF
A = ABCDEF.
Shift a by 2 places.
Write:/ a. CDEF
Shift contd.
Shift a right.
Write:/ a. ABCDE
A = ABCDEF.
Shift a right by 2 places.
Write:/ a. ABCD
Shift contd.

Shift a up to C. Write:/ a. CDEF
a = ABCDEF.
Shift a circular. Write:/ a. BCDEFA

Shift contd.
Data a(6) ABCDEF.
Shift a circular by 2 places.
Write:/ a. CDEFAB
a = ABCDEF.
Shift a circular right by 2 places.
Write:/ a. EFABCD
Replace

Data p(6) value ABCABC.
Replace ABC with DEF into p.
Write:/ p. DEFABC
(Replaces first occurrence only)
Translate

Data p(11) ABC ABC ABC.
Translate p using ADBECF.
WRITE:/ P. DEF DEF DEF
Offset

Data p(6) value ABCDEF, q(3).
q = p+2(3).
Write :/ q. CDE
q = p+0(1).
Write:/ q. A

String Length.

Data: a(50) value PQRPQRPQRXYZ,
b type i.
b = strlen( a ). 15
String Comparison
Contains any ca
Contains only co
Contains string cs and
Contains pattern cp.

Contains any (ca) [ case sensitive ]
If SAP ca ABAP/4.
Write:/ True.
Else.
Write:/ False.
Endif.
True
Contains only (co) [ case sensitive ]
If SAP co ABAP/4.
Write:/ True.
Else.
Write:/ False.
Endif.
False
Contains string (cs) [ not case sensitive ]
If ABAP/4 cs Ab.
Write:/ True.
Else.
Write:/ False.
Endif.
True
Contains pattern (cp) [ not case sensitive ]
If ABAP/4 cp *aP++.
Write:/ True.
Else.
Write:/ False.
Endif.
True
OUTPUT STATEMENTS
Output statements contd.
The basic ABAP/4 statement for output on the Screen is WRITE.
Syntax :
Write f .
f can be any data object.
Horizontal Lines
Write: / sy-uline.
Write:/P sy-uline.
Write:/P sy-uline(L).
Write:/P(L) sy-uline.
Uline.
Uline /P.
Uline /P(L).
Vertical Lines

Write:/ sy-vline.
Write:/P sy-vline.
Blank Lines

Skip.
Skip 2.
Skip to line 5.
Formatting Options
Write f option.
Formatting Options contd.
Different Options
Left-justified.
Centered.
Right-justified.
No-gap.
No-zero.
No-sign.
Under g.
Using Editmask m.
Decimals d.
Round r.
Exponent e.
Left-justified, centered, Right-justified

Data a(50) value ABCD.
Write:/ a,
/ a centered,
/ a right-justified.
NO-GAP

Data : p(4) value ABCD,
q(4) value EFGH.
Write:/ p no-gap, q.
NO-ZERO

Data a(5) type n value 123.
Write:/ a no-zero.
NO-SIGN

Data : a type i value 20,
b type i value 25,
c type i.
C = a - b.
Write: / c no-sign.
Under g.

Data : a(4) value ABCD,
b(4) value EFGH.
Write:/10 a,
/ b under a.
Using edit mask m.

Data : a like sy-datum.
A = sy-datum.
Write:/ a,
/ a using edit mask _ _ / _ _ / _ _ _ _.
Decimals d.

Data : a type p decimals 3.
a = 123.456.
Write:/ a decimals 2.

Round r.

Data a type p decimals 3.
a = 123.456.
Write:/ a round -2,
/ a round -1,
/ a round 1.
Exponent e
Data a type f.
a = 123456.789.
Write:/ a exponent -2,
/ a exponent -1,
/ a exponent 1,
/ a.

Format intensified. (default)
Format intensified off.
Format inverse.
Format inverse off. (default)
Format color n.
write:/ a color n.
n can be col_background.
1 or col_heading ( Blue)
2 or col_normal (White)
3 or col_total (Yellow)
4 or col_key (Olive green)

Write :/ a color n.
n can be
5 or col_positive (Green)
6 or col_negative (red)
7 or col_group (violet)

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