CONTENTS

1. FAMILIARIZE WITH TRAINER 1 - 2

2. INTRODUCTION 3


3. EXPERIMENT 1 4 - 5


4. EXPERIMENT 2 6 7


5. EXPERIMENT 3 8 - 9


6. EXPERIMENT 4 10 11


7. EXPERIMENT 5 12 16





FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

1
FLUID MIXING APPARATUS

Installation and preparation

1. The apparatus required a electrical power of 240Vac 50Hz. It is important the equipment
must be properly connected to supply earth conductor, to prevent any electrical shock to the
user.

2. The apparatus required water supply and drainage, it is suitable to installed in the area
which utility water supply and drainage are available.






FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

2

Apparatus layout and descriptions
Description is refer to figure.1 based on the figures label ID number.

ID number Descriptions
1 Acrylic cylindrical mixing vessel incorporates a drain valve, depth scale and a
removable set of baffles.
The mixing vessel is mounted on a mild steel frame.

2 Mixer assembly c/w stainless steel shaft with bare end shaft for mounting
various type of impeller, the mixer is direct driven by Electrical motor. The
reaction force of mixer is measured by load cell and indicates on the digital
panel meter.
The mixer rotation speed is control by frequency inverter.

3 Load cell is installed to measures the mixer resultant force. The distance of
centre mixer shaft to the load cell measure point is 60mm.

4 Electrical control panel is comprise of :
4.1. Safety residual current breaker.
4.2. Motor overload breaker.
4.3. Load cell amplifier and digital display unit. It indicates the mixing reaction
force in Newton unit ( N ).
4.4. Frequency inverter 0.75kw for varies the motor speed. The inverter c/w
digital display meter to shows the motor rotating speed in RPM.
4.5. Main power switch.
4.6. Mixer run switch.
4.7. Mixer speed adjustment potentiometer.

5 Impeller for testing, consists of :
5.1. Flat Paddle 6 x 3cm, 6 x 5cm.
5.2. Turbine impeller.
5.3. Screw propeller.





Care and caution during installation of impeller and experiment carry out.

1. Always fasten all the tightening screws.

2. Do not over filled the mixing vessel with any liquid. Keep the maximum level at 300mm.

3. Any ensure the working surrounding area is dry and clean.






FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

3
Introduction

Mixing of liquid liquid or solid liquid systems is a complex operation to analyse and subject to
many variables. The choice of mixer for a particular application depends on the degree of bulk
movement or shear mixing required by the process. In order to predict full scale requirements it
is usual to model the system and apply dimensional analysis.

Before the dimensional analysis can be used three conditions must apply:

1. Geometric Similarity - This will define the boundary conditions; corresponding dimensions
will have the same ratio.

2. Kinematic Similarity - This requires that velocities at corresponding points must have the
same ratio as those at other corresponding points.

3. Dynamic Similarity - This requires that the ratio of forces at corresponding points is equal to
that at other corresponding points.

Two modes of flow behaviour exist in a mixer: laminar and turbulent flow. Both these flow
conditions may be described dimensionally but for turbulent flow its behaviour is less significant.
In particular the Power number becomes independent of Reynolds number beyond a certain
turbulence range.

A further factor to consider is surface waves which are described by the Froude number group.
In a mixer this phenomena is usually a function of the height of the vortex which forms.

Armfield Limited have developed a model mixer which can be used to predict the power
consumption of a full-sized mixer by equating Reynolds number and Froude number. The effect
of placing baffles in the mixer vessel is also investigated.























FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

4
EXPERIMENT 1

Object Of Experiment:

To observe the various flow patterns that can be achieved by the use of different impellers with
and without the use of baffles.

Equipment Set-Up:

Fluid Mixing Apparatus filled with water up to a depth of 0.3m, flat paddle and turbine impellers,
screw propeller, set of baffles, plastic pellets.









FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

5

Procedure:

Attach flat paddle impeller with base of bush level with the end of the shaft. Add a small quantity
of plastic pellets and make sure that the torque arm clamp is fixed. Turn up the speed of the
impeller in small increments; say 25 r.p.m., until the pellets are seen to swirl around in the water.
A vortex will be seen to form on the surface of the water. A small quantity of plastic pellets
added to the water shows the mixing pattern of the liquid.

Repeat the procedure with each impeller and again with the four baffles in position with each
impeller. Observe the movement of dye and pellets in each case. When the concentration of
dye becomes too high the tank should be drained and refilled with fresh water.



























TYPICAL FLOW PATTERNS IN VESSEL WITH VERTICAL BAFFLES












FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

6

EXPERIMENT 2

Object Of Experiment:

To show how the power consumed by a mixer varies with speed, type of impeller, and with the
inclusion of baffles.

Equipment Set-Up:

Fluid Mixing Apparatus, with medium or light oil up to a depth of 0.3m, flat paddle and turbine
impellers, screw propeller, set of baffles.





Summary Of Theory:

Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular Speed (rad/s)

Torque (T) = Balance reading x 9.81 (Newtons) x torque arm radius (m)

Note: Torque arm radius = 0.06m





FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

7

Procedure:

Fill the tank up to a depth of 0.3m with light oil and attach the flat paddle impeller, 0.09m x
0.06m with the base of the bush level with the end of the shaft. Increase the speed control knob
in gradual increments and record the speed on the speed indicator and the force on the
forcemeter at each speed of the mixer.

Repeat using the turbine impeller and other flat bladed paddles. The experiment can be
repeated using angled rather than vertical paddles.

Repeat with the baffles fitted with each flat paddle and the turbine impeller.

Results:

Flat paddle blade



Draw a graph of Power against Speed.
Repeat table and draw graph for each impeller.


Flat bladed impeller (0.09 x 0.06m) without baffles

Flat bladed impeller (0.09 x 0.06m) with baffles

Turbine impeller without baffles

Turbine impeller with baffles


Discuss the shape of the curves.




FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

8

EXPERIMENT 3

Object Of Experiment:

To observe how different types of impeller turning at different speeds influence the rate of
dispersion of solids throughout the liquid.

Equipment Set-Up:

Fluid Mixing Apparatus with water to a depth of 0.3m, flat paddle and turbine impellers and
screw propeller, 1kg of fine sand (or alternatively graded coal 14-100 microns).



Summary Of Theory:

The mixing of solid powders into a liquid depends on two main factors: shear rate of the
suspension around the tip of the impeller, and the rate of overall circulation of the liquid and
solids through the high shear region. Both contribute to the power needs of the mixer and the
best one would be selected to suit a particular solid and liquid E.g. clay, calcium carbonate,
starch, powdered foods, minerals, paints, dyes etc. in water, oil etc.

A typical optimum arrangement would be a turbine impeller rotating at high speed, one third of
the liquid level from the bottom and using four baffles.


FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

9
Procedure:

The tank is filled with water up to a depth of 0.3m 1/2kg of fine sand is sprinkled on to the base
of the tank. Attach the flat blade impeller with the centre of the impeller 0.15m from the base of
the tank. Increase the speed of the impeller in small increments observing the lifting capacity,
dead spots and movement of the sand particles. Take care that the level of the liquid does not
spill over the top of the tank as the vortex forms.

Repeat the experiment at several lower settings of the impeller on the shaft.

Repeat at a lower level with the blade angles tilted to give a variable component of lift to the
sand particles.

Repeat using the turbine impeller at different levels.

Repeat using the screw propeller at different levels.

Repeat using all the impellers with the baffles fitted.

Results:

Discuss the effectiveness of each configuration of impeller and baffles. Determine which is the
best for this application, and at what recommended speed.





























FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

10

EXPERIMENT 4

Object Of Experiment:

To observe the effectiveness of different impeller configurations running at different speeds, with
and without baffles, on the mixing of immiscible liquids.

Equipment Set-Up:

Fluid Mixing Apparatus with water to a depth of 0.15m and light oil to a depth of 0.15m on top of
the water making a total depth of 0.3m, flat paddles, turbine impeller, screw propeller and
baffles.












FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

11

Procedure:

Attach the flat bladed paddle (0.075 x 0.06m) with its centre-line 0.15m from the base of the
tank. Increase the speed in small increments and observe the rate of mixing between the two
liquid components.

Repeat with the impeller at two further levels one 0.05m below and one 0.05m above the
original level.

Repeat with the turbine impeller.

Repeat with the screw propeller.

Repeat with all the impellers with the four baffles in position.

Results:

Discuss the effectiveness of each impeller type and level, with and without baffles.

Determine the acceptable speed range for each impeller/baffle configuration.































FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

12

EXPERIMENT 5

Object Of Experiment:

To predict the power absorbed by a large mixer using the Fluid Mixing Apparatus provided as a
model and to draw a characteristic mixing curve.

Equipment Set-Up:

Fluid Mixing Apparatus filled with light oil up to a depth of 0.3m. Flat paddle impeller (90 x 60
mm), baffles fitted, viscometer or value of viscosity from suppliers, viscosity/temperature curve.



Summary Of Theory:

For most applications the simplest method of predicting power consumed in a large mixer is by
the power-per-unit volume method. Firstly the model is tested to achieve the flow patterns or
mixing quality desired then the speed is determined of the full size mixer from one of the
following relationships.




FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

13
For similar shear rates equate impeller tip speeds






For similar flow patterns and general mixing quality equate Reynolds' numbers





For similar fluids the speed of the large mixer is given by the equation








For similar surface waves equate Froude numbers








FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

14
The power of the large mixer is given by the power absorbed by the model at the equivalent
speed multiplied by the ratio of the volumes.





The characteristic curve is given by a plot of Power number - v - Reynolds' number (Reynolds'
number on the horizontal axis).

Power number Po is given by the expression:





The power absorbed by the model is calculated at each speed from the equation:

P = T

where T = torque required to drive the impeller
= balance reading x 9.81 (Newtons) x
torque arm radius (m)

and w = Angular speed (rad/s)

Note: Torque arm radius = 0.11m


Procedure:

Attach the flat blade impeller, (0.075 x 0.06m) with the base of the bush level with the end of the
shaft. Release the balance adjustment clamp, and allow the dynamometer arm to move freely.
To set the dynamometer arm to a neutral position, use the setting bar and adjust the tension
spring as necessary. Adjust the length of the cord so that the indicator aligns with the mark on
the datum plate in the neutral position. Increase the speed of the impeller through increments of
25 r.p.m. and record the power and speed until air is entrained at the centre of the paddle or the
liquid gets near to the top of the tank.

Repeat using the turbine impeller and again with both impellers without baffles. Depending on
the viscosity of oil chosen, some difficulty may be experienced obtaining power measurements
of sufficient accuracy for plotting the characteristic curve of the smaller impellers.




FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

15
Results:

Test 1: Paddle impeller (0.075m x 0.06m)
4 Baffles
Oil viscosity 0.15 Ns m-2
Oil density 900 kg m-3






























Typical characteristic curve of Power number - v - Reynolds' number












FM112 Liquid Mixing Apparatus
Operation Manual

16

To predict speed and power consumed by a geometrically similar mixer.
Using equal tip speeds method:







Assume large mixer is 1.0m diameter then if the small mixer gives an acceptable
shear rate at 200 r.p.m. and consumes 25W (when D = 0.16m).

The large mixer should run at




and the power consumed should be approximately