The Hindi/Urdu Treebank: New Frontiers in Hindi and Urdu

Natural Language Processing

Di pt i M ishr a Shar ma1 Owen Rambow 2
Ashwini Vaid y a3
(1) International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
(2) Columbia University, New York, USA
(3) University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

diptims@gmail.com, rambow@ccls.columbia.edu, ashwini.vaidya@colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The Hindi/Urdu Treebank (HUTB) (Bhatt et al 2009) has been under development since 2008.
It is an innovative resource for research on natural language processing (NLP) for Hindi and
Urdu: like all treebanks, it contains levels of morphological and syntactic annotations. However,
unlike other treebanks, it is being annotated simultaneously for lexical predicate-argument
structure (PB, in the PropBank style), and the syntactic annotations are available in both a
dependency representation (DS) and a phrase structure representation (PS). All three levels
of representation are independently motivated and independently described. The treebank
comprises 400,000 words of Hindi and 150,000 words of Urdu.
The goal of this tutorial is to give an in-depth introduction to the HUTB and to enable
participants to start using it productively. Because of the novelty of the structure of the
treebank, researchers in Hindi and Urdu NLP are encouraged to fully understand the contents
of this treebank, rather than to just consider it as raw data for machine learning approaches.

The Hindi/Urdu Treebank:

New Frontiers in Hindi and Urdu
Natural Language Processing
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Introduction to Morphology, Syntax

and
Lexical Semantics of Hindi and Urdu

Dipti Misra Sharma

<dipti@iiit.ac.in>
LTRC, IIIT, Hyderabad
India
Dec 8, 2012

COLING 2012

Outline

Introduction
!! Some facts about Hindi and Urdu
!! Linguistic properties
!! Morphology
!! Some basic Syntax
!! Lexical semantics
!!

Hindi:Some facts
A major language of Indo-Aryan family
!! Official language of 11 Indian states: Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Bihar, Delhi, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Himachal
Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
!! Also spoken outside India in Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana etc
!! Number of speakers who returned Hindi as their mother
tongue (in India) : 422,048,642 (41.03%) (2001, Census of
India report)
!! A large population in India who speak Hindi as their second
language
!! Script : Devanagari a syllabic script
!!

Urdu : Some facts

An Indo-Aryan language
!! Evolved in India around eight-tenght centuries from
'khariboli', a dialect spoken in and around Delhi
!! Significant borrowings from Arabic and Persian
!! It was also known as 'rekhta' (mixed language)
!! Official language of Pakistan
!! Official language of ?? states of India
!! Also spoken in Fiji, Bangladesh etc
!! Number of speakers in India 51,536,111 (5.01%) (2001,
Census of India report)
!! Script Perso-Arabic
!!

Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani)
!!
!!

!!
!!

!!

Hindi and Urdu are mutually intellible

Linguists consider them as two registers of the
same language
Similar in grammatical structures
Differ in vocabulary, particularly in the formal
written varieties
A mixed variety of the two is used as a lingua
franca in India and is also known as Hindustani

Some Basic characteristics of Hindi/Urdu

!!

Hindi/Urdu have relatively free word order

!!

The unmarked word order in both the languages is subject-objectverb (SOV).

!!

Auxiliary verbs follow the main verb.

!!

Nouns are followed by postpositions.

!!

Adjectives precede the nouns they modify.

!!

In Urdu, sometimes, adjectives follow the noun (ezafe constructions).

!!

Large use of participles, complex predicates, and causatives.

!!

Reduplication and echo-compounding are productively used in Hindi/

Urdu (in fact almost all the Indian languages).

Morphology

Hindi and Urdu have following morpholgical properties

Grammatical gender: masculine and feminine
!! Number: singular and plural
!! Person: first, second and third
!! Case: direct, oblique and vocative
!! Adjectives inflect for number, gender and case
! Some adjectives do not decline
!!

Nouns
!!

Nouns in Hindi/Urdu are inflected for number and case

!!
Gender
All nouns have inherent gender : pankhaa (fan.masc), lataa
(creeper.fem), ghar (house.masc)
!!

Number

Singular : pankhaa (fan), lataa (creeper), ghar (house)

Plural : pankhe (fans), lataeM (creepers), ghar (houses)

Case
The case roles in Hindi are normally marked by postpositions.
However, Hindi nouns reflect two cases morphologically,
Direct and Oblique
!!

Case
!!

Direct nouns are in nominative and are not followed by a postposition

!!
Occur denoting subject and/or object.
the boy came
LaRkaa aayaa
<ladkaa,n,m,sg,3,d,,> <aa,v,m,sg,3,,yaa,>
'the girl came'
laRkii aayii
<ladkii,n,f,sg,3,d,,> <aa,v,f,sg,3,,yaa,>

!!

Oblique nouns are objects of a postposition such as ne (erg), ko

(acc,dative), se (instr), meM (loc), par (loc), and kaa (gen).
laRke ne roTii khaayii 'the boy ate bread'
<laRkaa,n,m,sg,3,obl,,> <roTi,n,f,sg,3,d,,> <khaa,v,f,sg,3,,yaa,>
laRke ne roTii ko zamiin se uThaayaa 'the boy picked the bread from the floor'
<laRkaa,n,m,sg,3,obl,,> <roTi,n,f,sg,3,obl,,> <zamiin,n,f,sg,3,obl,,>
<uThaa,v,m,sg,3,,yaa,>

Pronouns
Morphologically, like nouns, the pronouns also inflect for number and case.
Sg - dir : yaha (this), vaha (that), jo (who/which) , kaun (who.interro), kyaa (what) and
kuch (some)
Sg Obl : isa (this), usa (that), jisa (which), kisa (which.interro), koii (someone), and
kisii (someone)

Pl - dir : ye (these), ve (those), jo (who.pl)

Pl Obl
a. except before ne (erg) : ina (these), una (those), jina (whoever), kina
(who.interro), kinhiiM (who.indef)
b. : inhoM (these), unhoM (those), jinhoM (who), kinhoM (who) and kinhiiM
(some people.indef)

Pronouns (Contd)
!!

Before ne: maiM (I) and tuu (you.sg) dont change. For eaxmple,
maiMne (I.erg) and tuune (you.erg)

!!

Before other postpositions: maiM (I) and tuu (you.sg) change to the
oblique forms, mujh (me) and tujh (you.sg). Thus, mujhko (to me) and tujhko (to
you.sg)

!!

!!

Before all postpositions: ham (we), tum (you.sg/pl) and aap (you-hon) dont
change form.
hamne (we.erg), tumne (you.erg), aapne (you-hon.erg), humko (to us), tumko (to
you.sg/pl) aapko (to you-hon).
maiM (I), tuu (you), ham (we), and tum (you) dont attach to kaa (gen)
postposition. Instead they have irregular forms meraa (my), teraa (your),
hamaaraa (our), and tumhaaraa (your)

Adjectives
!! Morphologically, an adjective is inflected for gender, number, and case as it agrees
with the following noun.
!! Postpositions are attached only to the nouns. Adjectives preceding these nouns also
have oblique form. acche laRke ne good boys erg
!! The transformations that an adjective (eg acchaa 'good') undergoes with regard to
number, gender and case are given below

Case !

Ditect

Oblique

Number!G
ender "

Sg

Pl

Sg

Pl

Masc

acchaa

acche

acche

acche

Fem

acchii

acchii

acchii

acchii

Verbs
!!

!!

Verbs in Hindi/Urdu are inflected for tense, aspect, mood (TAM) and the
agreement features of gender, number and person.
Tense, aspect and mood are mostly expressed by auxiliaries in Hindi/Urdu.
Thus, only certain moods, aspects and tense are marked in the verb forms.

Given below are some examples of various verb forms from Hindi/Urdu:
Root

ro

cry

ronaa

to cry

Habitual

rotaa

cry.hab

Perfective

royaa

cried

Causative

rulaa

cause someone to cry

rulvaa

make someone to cause

someone to cry

Infinitive

Auxiliaries
!!

Auxiliaries mark Tense, Aspect and Modality information

on verbs

(a) bacce

khaanaa khaa rahe haiM

Children_d meal
eat prog be.pl.pres
'The children are having a meal'

(b) bacce

khaanaa

khaate

rah sakte

Children_d meal
eat_nf
prog ablit
'The children can continue to have their meal'
!!

haiM
be.pl.pres

Auxiliaries also carry the gender, number and person

information

Postpositions

!!

Postpositions largely mark the case relations

baccoM

ne raat meM mez se

children_obl erg night in

!!

khaanaa le liyaa

table ablat food

Hindi also has compound postpositions

take refl.pst

Compound Post-positions
Compound postpositions are formed by connecting the postpositions ke, kii, and
se with other words as follows:
ke anusaar
ke alaavaa
ke kaaran
ke dvaaraa
ke saamne
ke liye
kii ora/taraf
kii tarah
kii jagah
se baahar
se pahle

according to
in addition to
because of
through
in front of
for
towards
like
in place of
out of
before

Urdu Specific Features

Prepositions in Urdu
'ezafe' in Urdu

Urdu has Prepositions

!!
!!

Unlike Hindi, Urdu has prepositions as well.

Some Urdu examples with prepositions are:

(a) qabl 'before'

qabl az_ayn (qabl azeen)

qabl az_waqt

'before' 'from_this'

'before' 'from_time'

'before this'

'before time'

(b) dar 'in,inside, amidst'

dar_ayn asnah (dariin asnah)
'in_this' 'moment'

(c) az 'from,since,for'
az raahe hamdardi,

az

'from' 'way' 'empathy'

sare

nau,

'from' 'beginning' 'new'

khaarij az bahes
'beyond' 'from' 'discussion'

'for the sake of courtesy'

(d) ta 'to,until,till'
ta waqt

'until' 'time'

'ezafe' in Urdu
!! Urdu has what is referred
to as 'ezafe'.
!! Normally marks a
genitive but is not
restricted to genitive alone

EZ: N+Adj
nasl-e-insani
'race-of-humanity'
lamha-e-aakhar
'The last moment'

EZ: N+N
daur-e-hukumat
'period-of-rule
hukumat-e-hind
'government-of-India'

EZ: Adj+N
qabil-e-rahem
'quailified for sympathy'
EZ: Adj+Adj
qabil-e-qubul
'qualified-for-acceptance'

Reduplication: A morphological
processes
!!
!!
!!

Words belonging to various categories can be reduplicated

These expressions are often hyphenated
Reduplication has various morphological functions depending on the
lexical category which is reduplicated. For example,
"!
"!
"!

!!
!!

Nouns : it adds the sense of 'every',

Verbs : it brings the sense of adverbial participle
Adjectives and adverbs: it adds intensity

Hindi has three types of reduplication: full, partial and redundant

Reduplication is highly productive in these languages

Full Reduplication

If the word is X then its reduplicated form is X-X.

raam-raam
baccaa-baccaa
garam-garam
dhiire-dhiire
jaa-jaa
naa-naa
kyaa-kyaa
jaate-jaate

Ram-Ram (proper noun)

'child-child' (common noun)
hot-hot (adjective)
slowly-slowly (adverb)
go-go
(verb)
not-not (negative particle)
what-what (question word)
going-going (participle)

Partial Reduplication (Echo words)

In partial reduplication, an expression X is repeated partially
Only a part of a given word is repeated which gives the meaning of X etc..
!! In Hindi/Urdu The first consonant of X is replaced by v- .
For example, khaanaa-vaanaa food-etc.
!!
!!

!!

vaanaa is not a valid word in Hindi

Some more examples of partial reduplication in Hindi are:

jaanaa going
" jaanaa-vaanaa going etc.
aaloo potato" aaloo-vaaloo
potato etc.
aisaa like this " aisaa-vaisaa like this etc.
There are also examples which do not fall in this pattern
The meaning of such words changes substantially and does not have the sense of 'etc.'
bhaag run
jhuuTh lie
dekh see

" bhaagambhaag rush

" jhuuth-muuTh just like that (without meaning it)
" dekhaa-dekhii in imitation

Some Basic Syntax

!!

!!
!!
!!

Hindi and Urdu are both relatively free word order SOV
languages
For case marking, Hindi primarily uses postpositions.
The verb agrees either with subject or with object
Adjective agrees with the noun it modifies

Simple Transitive
trans-1:

!"#$ "%#&' ()*+&

Atif kitab paRhegaa
Atif book.f read.m.sg.fut
'Atif will read the book'

trans-2:

!"#$ , "%#&' ()Atif ne kitaab paRhii

Atif erg book.f read.f.sg.pst
'Atif read the book'

trans-3:

!"#$ %. "%#&' ()/- (0Atif ko kitaab paRhnii paRii

Atif dat book.f read.f.inf
'Atif had to read the book'

compel.f.pst

Intransitive: Unergative
Unerg-1: !"#$ %&'()
Atif soyegaa
Atif sleep.m.sg.fut
'Atif will sleep'

unerg-2:

*!"#$ * %&+)
*Atif ne soyaa
Atif erg sleep.m.sg.pst
'Atif slept'

unerg-3:

!"#$ ,& %&-) ./0()

Atif ko sonaa paRegaa
Atif dat sleep.inf compel.fut
'Atif will have to sleep'

Intransitive: Unaccusative
unacc-1:

!"#$%$ &'()$
darvaazaa khulegaa
door.m.sg.d open.m.sg.fut

'The door will open'

unacc-2:

*!"#$%* + &',$
*darvaaze
ne khulaa
door.m.sg.obl erg open.pst
'The door opened'

unacc-3:

!"#$%* -. &',/$ 01*)$

darvaaze ko khulnaa paRegaa
door.m.sg.obl dat open.inf

compel.fut

'The door will have to open'

Existential

exist-1:

!" #$% & '() *

us kamre meM cuuhe haiM
that room
in
rats
be.pres.pl
'There are rats in that room'

Dative Subject

unacc-4:

!" #$% &$'"( ) *$+' ,'-$

kal
raat baadaloM meM caaMd dikhaa
yesterday night clouds

in

moon

see(unacc).pst

'Yesterday night, the moon was seen behind the clouds'

dat-subj-1: !" #$% &$'"( ) ./0!1 *$+' ,'-$

kal
raat baadaloM meM mujhko caaMd dikhaa
yesterday night

clouds

in

me.dat

moon

'Yesterday night, I saw the moon behind the clouds'

Ditransitive

ditrans-1: !"# #$%& '$ (')"* +,"

raam mohan ko kitaab degaa
Ram Mohan dat book.f give.m.sg.fut
'Ram gave a book to Mohan'
ditrans-2:

!"# - #$%& '$ (')"* ./

raam ne mohan ko kitaab dii
Ram erg Mohan dat book.f give.f.sg.pst
'Ram gave a book to Mohan'

see(unacc).pst

Complement Clause

compl-cl-1: !"# $"%&" ' () *+&" ,! - ./0+

raam jaantaa
hai ki siita der se aayegii
Ram

know.hab.m.sg be.sg.pres that Sita

late

part

'Ram knows that Sita will arrive late'

Relative Clause

rel-cl-1:

!"# $%& '( )*+,# - "%.# / 0, 1 "%# /

merii bahan jo dillii meM rahtii
hai
My

rahii

sister

who Delhi

in

stay.hab.f.sg

kal

aa

be.sg.pres tomorrow come

hai

prog.f.sg be.sg.pres

'My sister who stays in Delhi is coming tomorrow'

come.f.sg.fut

Relative Clause
rel-cl-2: !" #$ %&'() *+ ',-" ./ 0/ 12 3/
maiMne vah kitaab jo tumne dii
I.erg

that

book.f

thii

paRh

which you.erg give.f.sg.pst be.f.sg.pst read

lii
refl.f.sg.pst

'I have read the book which you gave me'

rel-cl-3: !" #$ %&'() 12 3/ *+ ',-" ./ 0/

maiMne vah kitaab paRh lii
I.erg

that

book.f

read

jo tumne dii

thii

refl.f.sg.pst which you.erg give.f.sg.pst be.f.sg.pst

'I have read the book which you gave me'

rel-cl-4: *+

jo

%&'() ',-" ./ 0/ #$ !" 12 3/

kitaab tumne dii
thii

which book.f

you.erg

vah maiMne paRh lii

give.f.sg.pst be.f.sg.pst that

I.erg

read

refl.f.sg.pst

'I have read the book which you gave me'

Complex Predicate

compl-pred-1:

!"# !$% &' ()'*" &! !+" ,"

raam ravi kii pratikshaa kar rahaa
Ram Ravi gen wait
'Ram was waiting for Ravi'

compl-pred-2:

!"# !$% &- ."/ &! !+" ,"

raam ravi ko yaad

do

prog.m.sg

kar rahaa

Ram Ravi acc remember do

'Ram was remembering Ravi'

prog.m.sg

thaa
be.m.sg.pst

thaa
be.m.sg.pst

Causatives
Unerg-1:

!"#$ %&'()
Atif soyegaa
Atif
sleep.m.sg.fut
'Atif will sleep'

causative-1:

!*) + !"#$ ,& %-.)*)

aayaa ne Atif ko sulaayaa
maid erg Atif acc sleep.caus.pst
The maid caused the child to sleep

causative-2:

/)0 + !*) 1 !"#$ ,& %-.2)*)

maaN ne aayaa se Atif ko

sulvaayaa

mother erg maid by Atif acc sleep.caus.pst

The mother made the maid to cause the child to sleep.

Lexical Semantics
Semantic properties of certain verb types seem to affect the case
selection for certain arguments. For example,
!! Experiencer verbs
!! The experiencer argument takes dative case
raam ko bukhaar hai, raam ko caand dikhaa, raam ko dukh hai
'Ram' 'dat' 'fever' 'be.pres',

!!

'Ram' 'dat' 'moon' 'see-unacc.pst',

'Ram' 'dat' 'sorrow' 'be.pres'

Participatory verbs
The second argument of the participatory verbs takes 'se'
postposition

!!

raam ravi se carcaa

karega,

'Ram' 'Ravi' 'to' 'discussion' 'do.m.sg.fut',

ravi mohan se milegaa

'Ravi' 'Mohan' 'with' 'meet.m.sg.fut'

siitaa raam se shaadi karegii,

'Sita' 'Ram'

'with' 'marriage' 'do.f.sg.fut',

References
!!Agnihotri, Rama K. 2007. Hindi, An Essential Grammar. Routledge,
London and New York.
!!Kachru, Yamuna. 2006. Hindi. London Oriental and African
Language Libtary.
!!McGregor, R. S. 1995. Outline of Hindi Grammar. Oxford University
Press.
!!Dr. Sharma, A. 1975. A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi. New Delhi.

!"#$"%#&'
!
!
!

!
!
!
!

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()*$+,-./+)'*+'*0#'9+$50+?+@4;'34)*1A;'1),'?#A%.1?'3#91)/.3'+2'B%),%'1),'C$,-6''
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<='9%)-*#3>6'

Representing
Tokens, Morph Analysis,
POS and Chunks in
The Hindi/Urdu Treebanks

!"#$%&'(
()*+'&%,-.*&(
!!(/*012*$*3%4-$(5'10'6'&#-.*&(
!!(7!8(#-33%&3(
!!(92"&+%&3(
!!(:&#'0;42"&+(<'1'&<'&4=(-&&*#-.*&(
!!(:&#0-;42"&+(<'1'&<'&4%'6((
!!

!"#$%&'()"%*
*+,-".()/*
!!*011,$1*

!!

2".3",%41*
!! 5,%/-,()"%1*
*
6"7*$8(.39$:*
!!

!"#$$%#&#'($$)($$$$$'(%##$$$$$$'*##+##$$$$,*##$
-;(-*****<"=********$7>******<(%(%(******$(-?3$7@***********3(1-*

*
*

Tokenization
Represented in SSF
ADDR TOKEN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

usa
laDake
ne
kelA
khAyA
thA
.

!"#$%&'()"%*+,--.$-++
+/.%01.()"%-+

!!

233+4.%01.()"%-+1"+5$+1"#$%&'$6+
!!+7"84".%6-+
92,:5(;(%(+<5="1;$=:-&-1$=>?+523&#2:@&AB23(B(+<C&=3:-0;""3>+
!! 7"84".%6-+&%1$=%(33B+0"%1(&%+(+4.%01.()"%+
!! 2=$+4="6.0)@$+
!! D"=4;"3"C&0(3+(%(3B-&-+"E+1;$+8$85$=-+"E+1;$+0"84".%6-+
!! !;$+&--.$?+F;$1;$=+1"+0=$(1$+(+-&%C3$+1"#$%++
!! G$0&-&"%+
!! 7=$(1$+1;=$$+1"#$%-+
!! D(=#+1;$+;B4;$%+(-+HIJ,KH+
+

!"#$%&'()*+,-,&)(.&-/,&01$#1,1(/)2"(&&
'af' defines the composite attribute consisting of root, category, gender, number,
person, case, tam (tense,aspect,modality)/vibhakti(case marker), suffix

ADDR_ TKN_
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

usa
laDake
ne
kelaa
khaayaa
thaa
.

OTHR
<fs af=vaha,pr,,,>
<fs af=laDakaa,n,m,sg,3,o,,>
<fs af=ne,psp,,,,,,>
<fs af=kelaa,n,m,sg,3,o,,,,,>
<fs af=khaa,v,m,sg,any,,yaa,>
<fs af=kelaa,v,e,,,>
<fs as='&STOP,punc,,,,,'>

!"#$%&''()'$$
!"#$%!&'(!%)*+,-+!)./0-,.!!

!!

!%/-)1!23!-)*+!

!!

ADDR TKN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

usa
laDake
ne
kelA
khAyA
thA
.

OTHR

CAT
PRP
NN
PSP
NN
VM
VAUX
SYM

<fs af=vaha,pron>
<fs af=laDakA,noun>
<fs af=ne,psp>
<fs af=kelA,noun>
<fs af=KA,verb>
<fs af=kelA,verb>
<fs as='&STOP,punc,,,,,'>

!"#$%&$'((
Chunking is introduced to save the effort in manual tagging
!! Dependency relations are marked between the chunk heads
!! Chunking restructures the tree, i.e., the value of ADDR_ will change)
!!

ADDR_
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2
2.1
3
3.1
3.2
4.
4.1

TKN_
((
usa
laDake
ne
))
((
kelA
))
((
khAyA
thA
((
.
))

CAT_
NP
PRP
NN
PSP
NP
NN
VG
VM
VAUX
BLK
SYM

OTHR
<fs af=vaha,pron>
<fs af=laDakA,noun>
!"#$%&''
<fs af=ne,psp>

<fs af=kelA,noun>

<fs af=KA,verb>
<fs af=kelA,verb>

<fs as='&STOP,punc,,,,,'>

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!
!
!

!
!
!
!

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7D01$91;'EF'9%)-*#3>'
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819:+&;'KF'9%)-*#3>'
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D195?#'%)%/1?'#A5#$%9#)*3'%)'B%),%'1),'C$,-'QRN'-3%)@'*0#'BCGO6''7D01$91'1),'
819:+&;'<='9%)-*#3>6'

Paninian Grammatical Model

and
Hindi/Urdu Treebanks

Dipti Misra Sharma

IIIT, Hyderabad
<dipti@iiit.ac.in>
COLING-2012

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"#$%&#!'()&)*!+,)!-'./!
!
opened
!
!
k1
k2
!
!
Sabina
lock
!
the
!
!
K1 (Karta) : the doer! of the action (the locus of activity)

!
!

K2 (Karma) : locus of result

Sabina opened the lock with this key

opened
k1
sabina

K3 (karaNa) : instrument

k2

k3

lock

key

the

this

Yesterday, Sabina opened the lock with this key at my home

opened
k7t
Yesterday

k1
Sabina

k2

k7p

k3

lock

key

home

the

this

my

K7t (deshadhikaraNa) : time

K7p (kaladhikaraNa): place

Yesterday, the lock opened with this key

opened
k7t

k1

yesterday lock

the

'lock' becomes the 'karta' !!!

k3
key

this

!"#"$%&'(&)*+$,%-%&
L1 Semantic relations : karakas, eg

raama karta

L2 Morphosyntactic : vibhakti, eg raama prathamaa

L3 Morphological representation (abstract) : vibhakti
markers, eg raama + su (Sanskrit)!
raama + 0 (Hindi)!
raama + du (Telugu)!
L4 Phonological form :

raamaH (Sans)!
raama (Hindi)
raamudu (Telugu)!

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