WiMax Overview Alcatel

Introduction - Page 1
3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1
All rights reserved 2006, Alcatel
WiMAX Overview
WiMAX Overview
Introduction
3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1.01
Welcome to this web-based overview training session on WiMAX
Introduction
All rights reserved 2006, Alcatel WiMAX Overview
Target Audience & Objectives
All persons who need an introduction to
WiMAX technology
Characterize WiMAX technology as opposed to
other radio access systems
Explain benefits and limitations of WiMAX
Understand IEEE 802.16 standards incl. IEEE 802.16e
Describe the main WiMAX features
Distinguish different layers and protocols used by WiMAX
Explain benefits of QoS, services, service flows and security features
Understand the Alcatel solution
Estimated
Duration:
6 hours
Continue with
This web-based training is designed for all persons who need an introduction to WiMAX technology. This applies
especially to all persons who will be in charge of operating and maintaining the Alcatel WiMAX Solution. A basic
knowledge of telecommunication protocols and of air interfaces or radio access systems will be assumed
By then end of this training, you will be able to:
Characterize WiMAX technology as opposed to other radio access systems
Explain benefits and limitations of WiMAX
Understand IEEE 802.16 standards
Describe the main WiMAX features
Distinguish different layers and protocols used by WiMAX
Explain benefits of QoS, services, service flows and security features
Understand the Alcatel Solution
You will need about six hours to work through this web-based training
To continue please click on the Continue button at the bottom of this window
Introduction
Getting Started
Split into 7 modules
Consult modules
whenever you wish
Learn at your own pace
Narrators notes
Useful attachments
(Printable version of this training,
links etc.)
Quiz for self-assessment
at the end of each module
Continue with
This web-based training is split into 7 modules which you are invited to consult whenever it suits your schedule
As well as being able to consult the modules at your own convenience, you will be pleased to learn that you are
able to run the training session at your own pace. You can take a break at any time. You can also go back to a
particular page to look again at a specific point. For navigation inside a module, browse the Outline tab on the
left-hand side or use the Previous and Next buttons in the navigation controls at the bottom of this window
You may also see the spoken text by selecting the Notes tab which will display the page content at the same
time
By clicking the Attachment tab at the top right-hand side of this window, you will be able to access some very
useful supplementary documents and further links. It will also interest you to know that this training material can
be downloaded in PDF format and printed
Finally and in order to assess the knowledge you have taken in from this training session, you are invited to
participate in a short quiz at the end of each module
To continue please click on the Continue button at the bottom of this window
Introduction
Contents
Alcatel WiMAX Products
7
Technical Overview
WiMAX System Overview and Main Features
6
Technical Overview
Medium Access Layer (MAC)
5
Technical Overview
Air Interface and Radio Performances
4
Why WMAN IEEE 802.16?
3
WiMAX Standard Status
2
Broadband Wireless Access and WiMAX
1
Why WMAN IEEE 802.16e?
Technical Overview
Technical Overview
Technical Overview
WiMAX System Overview and Main Features
Exit with
Before we start lets have a look at the structure of this web-based training:
1) Module one gives a short introduction to what WiMAX can be used for
2) In module two you find information about the evolution of the WiMAX standards and which organizations
support the development and the deployment of WiMAX
3) In module 3 you can get an impression of what forces drive the evolution and deployment of WiMAX
4) Physical and mathematical basics of WiMAX are presented in visual form in module 4. Acronyms such as
OFDM and AAS are explained
5) How do WiMAX devices get access to the network and what types of services are available? This is explained in
module 5
6) Mobility and security in WiMAX technology are the most important aspects in module 6
7) The web-based training ends with an overview of Alcatel WiMAX products and their features
To leave this introductory module click on the Close button (which is the red X) in the upper right-hand corner
of this window. You will then be returned to the table of contents from where you can start any other module at
your convenience. So, take your time and take the first steps into the world of WiMAX
Module 1 - Page 1
(1) Broadband Wireless Access and WiMAX
Module 1
Module 1 - Page 2
Our Vision : Seamless Services
Connected Everywhere Anytime
In the office In the office At home At home
On the move On the move During the break During the break
Connected everywhere anytime to a powerful network, which is able to transport all types of services with the
requested Quality
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network: WMAN or WiMAX adds to the existing wire line and wireless transport
networks another wireless technology based on modern radio transmission technology
WMAN has been standardized by IEEE according to the 802.16 specification. It provides full Quality of Service
(QoS) for any kind of real-time, near real time or non-real-time application
Module 1 - Page 3
New devices are getting smart
Mobile broadband access is the name of the powerful transmission technique which supports Next Generation
Network technologies and new kinds of user devices
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network allows for new devices having small form factors to communicate using
modern internet based methods. A large range of applications from home entertainment, gaming, to business
applications are supported by this wireless broadband transmission method
Module 1 - Page 4
Universal Broadband Wireless Access & Mobility
Speed/user
Phone
UMTS/FDD
EDGE/GPRS
WiFi
Wireless
DSL
Fibre
xDSL
Wired
Satellite
High-end PDA
PDA with
phone
Laptop
Fixed On the move
During
a break
Medium
High
Very High
Global coverage Hot spots
TDD
TD-SCDMA*
Mobile DSL
Hot zones
HSDPA
In the zone
WiMAX
Complementary access solutions
for different mobility and nomadic needs
Mobility
Full Mobility
This picture shows complementary access solutions for different mobility and nomadic, or fixed mobile needs
Today for all kinds of applications the appropriate access technology exists
The figure shows the typical access solutions for different mobility and nomadic needs
For fixed network access DSL-based systems deliver broadband data rates depending only on the type of access
technology used: copper line or optical fibre
WiMAX is the synonym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access which stands for support and
promotion of WMAN or IEEE 802.16 technology
This technology preserves Quality of Service through the air interface supporting genuine real-time applications
Small, non-QoS sensitive access methods use WLAN available in so called hot spot areas
User traffic generated with this method may be transported into powerful core networks over flexible wireless
access
WMAN hot zones may support urban mobility as well
Full mobility preserving QoS requirements is realized using UMTS and EDGE/GPRS technology
Module 1 - Page 5
High Speed Data Solutions
Note: Comparative ranking with other technologies in performance per cell
Global cost per end user including spectrum fee
Source: Alcatel
0
1
2
3
4
5
Spectral ef ficiency
Global cost
CPEcost
Mobility
Security
Reach
Number of
simultaneous subs /
cell
Spectrumwidth
Hotspot coverage
during a break
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
0
1
2
3
4
5
Spectral efficiency
Global cost
CPE cost
Mobility
Security
Reach
Number of
simultaneous subs
/ cell
Spectrum width
Data Intensive Broadband
in the zone
WiMAX
WiMAX
0
1
2
3
4
5
Spectral
ef f iciency
Global cost
CPE cost
Mobility
Security
Reach
Number of
simultaneous
subs / cell
Spectrum width
cc
Combined Voice, Data
& multimedia
on the move
UMTS+HSPDA
UMTS+HSPDA
These three diagrams compare various system parameters of WLAN (WIFI), WMAN (WiMAX) and the mobile
network technologies UMTS with High speed Packed Downlink Access (HSPDA). The parameters have the
following meaning:
Spectral efficiency: is the exploitation of the radio frequencies
Spectrum width: means the exploitation of radio channels
Number of simultaneous
subscribers/cell: is the support of multiple access to one network
Reach: is the reachability of subscribers within radio areas
Security: means Authentication, authorisation and ciphering
Mobility: is the change of location at full or reduced speed
CPE cost: is the customer premises equipment cost
Global cost: is the cost for network operator and service user
This kind of visualisation is called a spider diagram. It can be used highlight differences between the compared
systems. The shape of the spider net displays the different parameters and their associated values
Spider net diagrams are used also with complex applications, which show different thresholds for normal and
critical system behaviour at a glance
Module 1 - Page 6
User Terminals
2007
2008
2006
2005 IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.16-2004
Outdoor CPE
Smartphones
Integrated in
laptops & PDA
Indoor CPE
PCMCIA
WMAN technology will be integrated in standard user equipment
But at first there will be dedicated indoor and outdoor customer premises equipment solutions, which support
WIMAX functionality only. The next step will be the integration into laptop by PCMCIA cards
There will be multi-services cards available on the market, supporting WLAN for short distance wireless
applications, WIMAX for longer distance, QoS sensitive applications, with a limited mobility support (802.16e)
and UMTS for the support of full mobility and QoS preservation provided by a UMTS Wide Area Network
Further chip integration will integrate WiMAX connectivity into smaller user terminals such as PDAs and smart
mobile phones
In any hardware environment, we will find a variety of wireless access techniques, ranging from WLAN and
WiMAX to UMTS
Module 1 - Page 7
Application: Wireless Fixed Broadband Access
For urban and suburban areas where access via copper or fiber is not
available
Provides similar kind of service to ADSL with similar limitations
The user has a Subscriber Station on his premises (Customer Premises
Equipment CPE). CPE may be provided by the network operator
CPE connected to the same Base Station
Simple Authentication
Typically CPE authentication/authorization is enough
Bridging the so called digital divide by delivering broadband to low
density areas
This page shows some typical applications and application scenarios for WiMAX
One important WiMAX application is the Wireless Fixed Broadband Access
This plays an important role for flexible service delivery to urban or suburban areas, which are expensive to
provide with wired connectivity. Wireless Fixed Broadband Access technology provides a kind of service similar to
wired ADSL, for example the same internet based services, similar quality of service etc.
WiMAX subscriber stations will be located at customers, similar to DSL splitters used with wireline access methods.
Such Customer Premises Equipment will be connected permanently to the same base station. Therefore the CPE
can work with simple authentication procedures, based on CPE authentication only
WiMAX technology can also overcome the lack of broadband services in low density areas. This is especially the
case in emerging countries. The underdevelopment of broadband services leads to the so-called digital divide,
the lack of world-wide access digital information networks
Module 1 - Page 8
Application: Nomadicity - Internet in the Pocket
Provides user terminal nomadicity
i.e. a step beyond fixed access and basic fixed DSL type operation
The user is able to get broadband wireless access from different
locations within an operators IEEE 802.16 network
No handovers are specified or supported between network access
points (Base Stations). Connections are not retained
Global network authentication and charging
Connections and contexts are not necessarily retained between two
network (re-)entry actions
Allows inter-operator roaming
The availability of 802.16 interfaces for laptop computers creates the need for terminal nomadicity, which is the
possibility of moving a portable WiMAX device to various locations within the same network access area
The user may change to various network access points, but any existing service connection will be interrupted and
not handed over to the next radio network access point
The network access procedures, such as authentication and authorisation are globally stored within the network,
so that after the re-entry to the network, the previous authentication and access security data are still available,
but no previous data connections
Different network access options are supported, including roaming within different networks operated by different
WiMAX service providers. WiMAX networks will provide the technical basis for inter-operator roaming
Module 1 - Page 9
Application: Portability
Portability is the next step towards mobility with the support of
handover
Same network access procedures as Fixed Access or Nomadicity
Handover is best effort
User may experience a glitch during change of network point of
attachment
Latency-tolerant applications maintain IP connectivity during
change of network point of attachment
Handover latency is a few seconds (worst case)
Packet loss is best effort
Portability and handover are two requirements which lead towards unrestricted mobility. These features are
provided by the IEEE 802.16e extension of the WMAN standard
The IEEE 802.16e extension covers mobility including handover and thus allows continuous connectivity, e.g. in
public transportation such as trains
The extension to the standard supports the same network access procedures used by IEEE 802.16 for wireless
fixed broadband access and for nomadic applications
During handover there will be a short delay due to synchronisation with the next base station. This may cause
buffer underrun for real-time applications and may result in a short glitch in real-time applications, which are
not latency-time tolerant
Depending on the actual speed of the subscriber station and the present radio network coverage, transmission
degradation such as packet loss and packet error rate may increase significantly during the handover process
In worst-case situations, the handover latency-time will be as long as a few seconds, if the number of base
stations in a geographical area is too low and if adjacent base stations do not overlap. In this case packet loss
will be best effort
Optimized network configuration provides full mobility at a max. speed of 120 km/h (with degraded transmission)
and 60 km/h with the support of all Quality of Service classes maintained during handover. This means real-time
applications such as VoIP are maintained during handover
Handover latency will be less than a few tenths of a millisecond
Additional features for mobile performance such as low-power operation are provided
Module 1 - Page 10
WiMAX Network Architecture
WiMAX Access
Network
DSL, Cable
3GPP, 3GPP2
Private networks
WiMAX access WiMAX access WiMAX access WiMAX access
Core Network Core Network Core Network Core Network
WLAN access WLAN access WLAN access WLAN access
Operator value-added content
Partners value-
added content
Internet
3GPP/3GPP2 radio access 3GPP/3GPP2 radio access 3GPP/3GPP2 radio access 3GPP/3GPP2 radio access
Fixed access Fixed access Fixed access Fixed access
Easy Integration of WiMAX RAN
One generic WiMAX Access
architecture that can be integrated into
a multitude of networks
End-to-End features and solution for
Nomadic network
Nomadic network with
limited mobility
Multi Radio Access
WLAN, Mobile, WiMAX
In synchronisation with
NGN and IMS
networks evolution
This picture shows the general IEEE 802.16 network architecture
The IEEE 802.16 network architecture can be integrated into a large number of different fixed or mobile networks.
The reason of this lies mainly in the following IEEE 802.16 features:
1) The transmission technology used is based on IP technology , only IP packets are transmitted over the air
interface. This makes it well suited to be the Next Generation Network access technology
2) The IEEE 802.16 protocol provides an adoption sub-layer as part of the Medium
Access Control (MAC) layer, which can be used to transport different types of layer-2 packets over the air interface
such as Ethernet packets or ATM cells
The support of mobility creates the basis for new mobile and nomadic service concepts which comprise VoIP, high
speed internet access, mobile TV, mobile gaming. Mobile Triple Play applications which comprise TV, internet
access and VoIP, will use WiMAX transmission technology
Module 1 - Page 11
Alcatel Vision of WiMAX Applications & Architecture
Fixed Wireless DSL
Main Features
NLOS
Indoor Application
Plug & Play CPE
Nomadicity
Portability
Service access
Across multiple BS
Simple Mobility
Full Mobility
Session continuity
Across multiple BS
Across multiple RAN
Internet In the Pocket
Reduced end-user devices
PCMCIA, USB Key, Embedded
Network Architecture
Integration in Fixed & Mobile Networks
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Fixed Operators
Mobile Operators
As to the future development of fixed and mobile networks, Alcatels view is driven by its knowledge and broad
experience with legacy and next generation network concepts
One important development direction will be enabled by the convergence of fixed and mobile networks. Future
applications will be transported through one type of network only, whether mobile or fixed, based on IP
technology
Network operators will offer a wide range of different applications requiring various fixed and mobile access
methods. IEEE 802.16 will be the major wireless access technology supporting fixed access, nomadicity, simple
and full mobility
Alcatels business will mainly focus on the development of powerful WiMAX Base Stations (BS) and the connected
backbone network based on NGN concepts. Such products need to offer a seamless connectivity between all types
of networks
Module 2 - Page 1
(2) WiMAX Standard Status
Module 2
Module 2 - Page 2
IEEE 802.16 Standardisation
IEEE 802.16
(December 2001)
IEEE 802.16a
(April 2003)
IEEE 802.16-2004
(July 2004)
IEEE 802.16e
(on-going)
FWA > 11 GHz
FWA 2<<11 GHz
OFDM
AAS optional but
not clearly defined
64QAM optional
802.16a +
UL sub-
channelling,
AAS definition /
mechanisms
BPSK mode
802.16d +
Scalable
OFDMA
IP Mobility
(handover)
Power save
LOS Near LOS Non LOS Non LOS
Installation required at CPE side (outdoor
antenna)
Fixed location
LOS / near LOS
Indoor/outdoor CPE
Fixed location
NLOS
Fixed/Nomadic/
Mobility
NLOS
July 2004 October 2005
Early 802.16 specifications referred to a line of sight (LOS) or near line of sight distance between the subscriber
station and the network Base Station, required because of the high frequency radio band used above 11 GHz.
The lower the frequency band, the longer distances between subscriber station and base station are supported
There are the following additional 802.16 standards:
802.16f
Deals with the specification of a management information base for the 802.16 MAC-layer and Physical-layer
management.
802.16f shows that all WMAN network elements (Base Stations, Access Network Gateways, Access Controller,
Access Security Servers etc) are managed using the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) of the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF)
802.16g
Defines the specification of the management plane for 802.16. It specifies the protocols needed for 802.16 layer
management
802.16h
This specification was created by the Licensed Exempt Task Group (established 2005) The specification ensures
that multi-vendor WiMAX systems can be readily deployed in the license-exempt bands with reduced interference
to other geographically co-located IEEE 802.16-based license-exempt services
Module 2 - Page 3
WW Frequency Bands for WiMAX
3.5 GHz
Europe
Evolution towards Simple Mobility
Lobbying actions
e.g. access to Digital Dividend
3.6-3.8 GHz in Europe
China: 3.3 GHz
2.5-2.7 GHz in Europe
IMT2000 allocated
Convergence efforts between
WiMAX & 3GPP
Mid Term Available Bands Evolutions
Sub-1 GHz band: 700 MHz USA, India
For better low-density areas coverage
Lobbying in India and further
World-Wide
Unlicensed Band: 5 GHz
Unlicensed or Light Licensed
Vertical Markets Usage
Pico Cell Deployments
The table shows the main frequency bands used in different geographic locations of the world. In the short term
there are frequency resources available in the 3.5 GHz band
Depending on the geographic region different radio bands and access technologies are specified by local
government authorities. In Europe, Latin America, North America, Middle East, India and in the Americas and
Pacific region. The available duplex technologies are:
Frequency Division Duplex & Time Division Duplex
For fixed network usage
3.3 GHz in India
The unlicensed bands are located at 5 GHz
These bands can be characterized by the following list items:
They are unlicensed or light-licensed, showing a low license restriction
They target for vertical markets usage, which means for specific segments or niches of a special market
They support pico-cell deployment, used in special areas with dense population as well as services
requesting high bandwidth
Module 2 - Page 4
WiMAX Deployments
Suburban
Urban
RURAL
Capacity Driven Network
Coverage Driven Network
Main Concern :
Sufficient Spectrum Resources
For capacity & multiple operators
Main Concern :
Frequency Band
Rural
Answer :
700 MHz Band
Answer :
2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands
The different WMAN frequency bands are deployed in different urban, suburban and rural environments
The lower the frequency band the larger the cell area but the smaller the available total bandwidth per cell.
Therefore such frequency bands are most appropriate for low population density and big cell area
Of course rural areas can also be provided with 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz bandwidth
Urban and suburban areas need higher bandwidth and because of physical side effects such as multipath
propagation and other fading effects the 2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands seem to be most appropriate
Module 2 - Page 5
Competing Technologies
No standard
Proprietary Solutions
moved to 802.16d/e
WiMAX Solutions
Dormant Solutions
Mobile Solutions
CDMA (Navini, IP
wireless/2.5-3.5 GHz)
OFDM &/or Pre-
WiMAX (Alvarion,
Redline, Nextnet,
BeamReach)
Single Carrier
(Aperto, Proxim)
IEEE 802.20
standard
Not existing
Mobile Broadband
Wireless Access
(MBWA)
Flash OFDM
(Flarion)
802.16d ->
802.16 2005
802.16e-2005
Nomadicity will
bring IOT and full
standard
UMTS-HSDPA
UMTS TDD
(IP wireless)
TD-SCDMA (China)
CDMA2000 EV-DV
Standard
Standard
Dormant
Proprietary solutions will disappear from the market in time. There were some pre-WIMAX solutions on the market
but have now been moved to the 802.16-2004 standard
The successor to 802.16d is now 802.16-2004 (802.16-2005) which is in effect the same standard. 802.16d was
the draft standard name
Urban mobility is supported by 802.16e
Mobile solutions cover all broadband mobile network technologies such as Wideband-CDMA and CDMA-2000.
This means that it will be a development goal to create inter-system connectivity between the different mobile
networks supporting various mobile network standards
The 802.20 working group is expected to develop a WMAN standard supporting high velocity such as common
mobile networks but with higher user-data-rates available
Module 2 - Page 6
WMAN System Profiles (IEEE)
28 MHz channel PHY profile profP2
28 MHz channel PHY profile - FDD profP2f
28 MHz channel PHY profile - TDD profP2t
25 MHz channel PHY profile - TDD profP1t
25 MHz channel PHY profile - FDD profP1f
25 MHz channel PHY profile profP1
Basic packet MAC profile profM2
Basic ATM MAC profile profM1
Description
Identifier
In order to provide a basic manufacturer independent functionality in all WIMAX implementations, the 802.16
standard describes a set of standard features, which are mandatory for all implementations of the Physical and
MAC Layer
Equipment which does not support mandatory features will not receive certification labels
The list above shows the profiles specified in 802.16-2004. There are additional profiles defined by the WiMAX
forum and by the Mobile Technical Group, which recently completed the 802.16e profile
The profiles profM1 and profM2 specify the MAC Convergence Sub-layer and MAC layer features if connectivity
to ATM transport networks and other packet networks is requested
The other profiles specify the Physical Layer as to different radio channel bandwidth characteristics and different
duplex techniques (Time Division Duplex TDD and Frequency Division Duplex FDD)
Each profile specifies general layer features and functions plus all protocol messages and mandatory message
parameters
Further details of the Physical and MAC layer functions will be explained at a later stage of this training
Module 2 - Page 7
WIMAX Profile Selection
The following initial profiles have been selected by WiMAX:
Future profiles will cover the following frequency bands:
5725-5850
3400-3600
Freq Band
[MHz]
10 TDD
7.0
3.5
FDD
7.0
3.5
TDD
Canalisation
[MHz]
Duplexing
5.0 / 5.5 TDD
2500-2690
5.0 / 5.5 FDD
Freq Band
[MHz]
Canalisation
[MHz]
Duplexing
The following Key Profile Characteristics are defined:
All the current profiles under consideration operate using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex multiple carrier
schemes and a Fast Fourier Transformation size of 256 points has been selected
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is currently anticipated as the multiple access mechanism with an option for
OFDMA uplink sub-channelisation
OFDM can be scaled to operate within a variety of channel widths. Widths of 3.5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz have
initially been selected as these are consistent with allocations and assignments in many regions around the world
Both FDD and TDD techniques are included. Both techniques offer specific characteristics that can be
advantageous for service providers and are supported by the standards
Module 2 - Page 8
WiMAX Forum http://www.wimaxforum.org
Industry organization for promotion of IEEE 802.16
Based on IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e standards
Propose and Promote Access Profiles
Certify Interoperability of Microwave Access Products
Achieve a global acceptance of this new technology
Promote the use of broadband wireless access in general
IEEE and WiMAX Forum
IEEE 802.16 http://www.ieee.org
Dedicated to PHY & MAC
Tasks also to cover MIB & Management Plan
Two organizations specify standards for WiMAX:
First, IEEE - the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers - and
Second, the WiMAX forum.
IEEE sets up general specifications dedicated for instance to layer one and two of the OSI model, the physical
layer and the MAC layer. They also specify the MIB structure and management plan
The WiMAX forum is an industry-led, non-profit corporation formed to promote and certify compatibility and
interoperability of broadband wireless products.
The main objectives of the WiMAX forum are
to support the IEEE 802.16 standard and its evolution
to propose and promote access profiles for the IEEE 802.16 standard
to certify interoperability both in the network and at the air interface
to achieve a global acceptance of this new technology and
to promote the use of broadband wireless access in general
Up to April 2006 more than 350 companies have joined the WiMAX forum among which are:
Operators for fixed and mobile networks and Internet Service Providers
Nearly all major telecommunications system suppliers as well as
Equipment, Components and System Suppliers
Module 3 - Page 1
(3) Why WIMAX IEE 802.16?
(3) Why WiMAX IEEE 802.16?
Module 3
Why WiMAX IEEE 802.16?
Module 3 - Page 2
Light install CPEs
Outdoor NLOS* antenna
Zero install CPEs
Indoor
> 10 m
4 m
> 10 m
1.5 m
1km
Around 3km
1.5 km
Around 4 km
Maximum user data rate :
22 Mbit/s (80% probability)
Minimum user data rate :
4.5 Mbit/s (99.9% probability)
Sectorized BS
10 MHz
40 m
* NLOS= Non Line Of Sight
W-DSL Performance - Urban environment
One important WiMAX driving force is the increasing need for high bandwidth in urban and suburban
environments. The bandwidth requirements lie close to or beyond DSL capacity
Network operators and/or service providers can bridge the last mile to the customer with this wireless
transmission technology
The illustration shows some physical configuration parameters as they are expected in urban environments
together with some targeted data rates
Module 3 - Page 3
Dense Urban indoor wDSL scenario
Full indoor (20 dB penetration)
22 Mbps 20 Mbps
Dense Urban Area
Frequency: 3.5 GHz
Antenna height: 30 m
AAS: 4 elements
Service: 1024 kb/s
No of sub: 225 (10 MHz)
Average throughput per sector in TDD
24 Mbps
10 MHz
Dense Urban Environment
W-DSL Performance - Urban environment
The figure shows the targeted data rates for dense urban environment under certain conditions, for specific CPE
and optimised distance to BTS:
The parameter conditions are:
The frequency band used is 3.5 GHz
Antenna height is 30 m and
Adaptive Antenna System with 4 sectors
The internet based service offered for max. 225 subscriber stations requires a channel bandwidth of 10 MHz
The peak bandwidth for each subscriber station can be up to 1024 kbit/s
The sectorisation of the WiMAX cells creates an efficient deployment of base stations and a high total cell
throughput
Module 3 - Page 4
W-DSL Performance - Rural and Suburban environment
3.5 GHz
Indoor
3.5 GHz
Outdoor
5.2 14
Typical Values
Conditions
Indoor Penetration 15dB
Ante. Height 35 m
AAS 4 Ante.
BS OP 35 dBm
SS : 27 dBm W-DSL
A.Gain : W-DSL
TDD 3:1
1024 kbps DL
128 kbs UL at cell range for
WiMAX
4 1.45
Rural
Conditions
5 MHz Channel
Agriculture Model
90% Probability
3.5GHz
Indoor
3.5 GHz
Outdoor
Suburban
Rural
Suburban
Conditions
5 MHz Channel
Suburban Model
95% Probability
Similar estimations lead to data rates for suburban and rural environments
The physical and technical parameters are:
The indoor penetration of radio power is 15 dB
The Antenna Height is 35 m
The Adaptive Antenna System used consists of 4 sectors.
The Base Station operates at a radio power of 35 dBm
The Subscriber Stations operate at a radio power of 27 dBm
The TDD Uplink to Downlink ratio is 3:1
The maximum data rate in downlink direction is 1024 kbit/s
The maximum data rate in uplink direction at cell range is 128 kbit/s
Module 3 - Page 5
3G/3G LTE
WiMAX
IMS
Direct
Payment
Service
Delivery
Platform
HSS
Media
Server
xDSL
Other networks
& contents
Internet Protocol: The Corner Stone
IMS
USER-CENTRIC
ENABLER
IP Backbone
Ethernet
Ethernet
Multi-standard
Radio
Access
Point
Media
Gateways
Call
Servers
WiMAX
Mobile
2G/3G/3GLTE
WiMAX
The First Full IP Standard Radio Access System
IP
SOURCE OF
RATIONALIZATION
As this picture shows, Internet Protocol (IP) plays an important role as a service enabling technology, as a service
delivery platform and a global network technology
With Internet-based Multimedia Services (IMS) new multimedia applications are offered by network operators and
independent service providers (such as Instant messaging, Location service etc. )
The combination of multimedia applications with multi-modal applications (such as voice input, voice control,
voice output etc.) will support new markets and user behaviour
IMS offers a new kinds of user-specific and user-centric services, for example:
ONE Number: The routing of a call across multiple accesses (mobile and fixed)
ONE BILL: The centralized charging of all services to one bill
ONE MAILBOX, ONE ADDRESSBOOK and ONE PROFILE:
Which stand for one type of service available in all networks, hand-over across multiple
access networks and seamless and transparent authentication in every network
Module 4 - Page 1
(4) Technical Overview - Air Interface and Radio Performances
(4) Technical Overview
Module 4
Technical Overview
Air Interface and Radio Performance
Module 4 - Page 2
OFDM is a key multiplexing scheme for broadband
wireless network transmission:
FDM sub-carriers with overlapping spectra
prevention of interferences by orthogonality
sub-carrier peak at minimum of all other sub-carriers
application of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT/IFFT)
highly efficient spectrum exploitation
Data Sub-carriers Pilot Sub-carriers DC Sub-carrier
Guard band Guard band
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is the key radio transmission technology for the WIMAX multi
carrier radio interface
A large number (256 to 2048) of sub-carrier frequencies, which have a low bandwidth and thus do not show
severe physical impairments such as multipath fading are used at the air interface. This can be achieved under
the following conditions:
Sub-carrier frequencies are orthogonal which means they do not overlap: sub-carrier peak at minimum of
all other sub-carriers
This configuration creates a very efficient exploitation of the available frequency spectrum.
Serial to parallel transformation is used to multiplex input data onto the different sub-carriers
The number of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) points is adapted to the number of orthogonal sub-carrier
frequencies
FFT and inverse FFT methods are integrated in the air interfaces transmission process. With IFFT OFDM symbols
are created (calculated in the time domain) and used to transmit data streams over the air interface
Applying FFT the received symbols are transformed into the frequency domain to create the orthogonal sub-
carrier frequencies, which transport the multiplexed data streams
Module 4 - Page 3
With
Cyclic Prefix
t
Without
Cyclic Prefix
t
CP removes ISI
CP used for synchronisation
CP reduces Inter Channel Interference (sub-carriers orthogonality maintained)
copy
paste
CP
No ISI
ISI
No ISI
Cyclic Prefix
This picture shows the influence of multi-path propagation effects and reflections of radio waves at the air
interface. Due to reflection each OFDM symbol reaches the receiver with lower amplitude, with some delay and
several times
This is displayed in the picture for three reflected parts of a single symbol. These three parts interfere with the
original symbol and cause signal degradation
In order to overcome this effect, the overlapping part of the symbols is marked as security period which is not
evaluated. This period is created by copying a known part of the symbol to this overlapping region called Cyclic
Prefix (CP)
The total symbol size is of course reduced by this CP and the goal is to reduce the CP part of the total symbol
time. The higher the frequency the shorter the symbol duration and vice versa. So the influence of CP is reduced
by lower frequencies
Because a CP is a known copy of a part of a symbol it can also be used for synchronisation purposes
Module 4 - Page 4
Time Domain
T
s
T
b
T
g
T
g
: Cyclic Prefix (CP)
T
b
: usable symbol time
T
s
: symbol time
The OFDM symbol is the result of applying the Inverse Fast Fourier
Transformation to the FDM sub-carrier frequencies
OFDM Symbol Structure
The picture shows the structure of an OFDM symbol
Inverse-Fourier-transformation creates the OFDM symbols, which are represented by multi-carrier signals. Its time
duration is referred to as the total symbol time T
s
and the time which can be used for transport of user data is the
usable symbol time T
b
A copy of the last T
g
micro seconds of the usable symbol period, termed Cyclic Prefix (CP), is used to collect
multipath delayed signals, while maintaining the orthogonality of the frequencies
On initialization, a SS searches all possible values of CP until it finds the CP being used by the BS
The SS uses the same CP on the UL. Once a specific CP duration has been selected by the BS for operation on the
DL it should not be changed. Otherwise all subscriber stations would have to resynchronize to the BS
Module 4 - Page 5
S
e
r
i
a
l

t
o
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
Modulator
~
f
1
Modulator
~
f
2
Modulator
~
f
3
+
Higher data rate
Shorter symbol duration
Lower data rate
Longer symbol duration Orthogonal sub-carrier frequencies
Ts = 1/BW
Ts_FDM = N / BW
Ts = Ts_FDM / N
OFDM Principle
The picture shows the process which takes place while sending a user data packet:
A high bandwidth input data stream is split into several different lower bandwidth streams
The high input bit rate Ts is split up. These data streams are then modulated onto the different orthogonal sub-
carrier frequencies using efficient modulation techniques, which increase the data capacity (bit/sec). Then inverse-
FFT (IFFT) operation is applied to calculate OFDM symbols
Each sub-carrier frequency transports a lower data rate and thus contributes to longer symbol duration
The symbols contain user data in a mathematically converted format in order to maximize bandwidth utilisation.
There is no direct relationship between the OFDM symbols, the single sub-carriers and the transmitted user data
Finally the safety area Cyclic Prefix (CP) is created to reduce signal degradation (multipath fading) due to multi-
path propagation effects
OFDM symbols are constructed by IFFT application. FDM-frequencies are reconstructed by FFT application
Module 4 - Page 6
D
o
w
n
l
i
n
k

(
D
L
)
long
Preamble
long
Preamble
Frame
Control
Header
Frame
Control
Header
DL
Burst
(MAC)
DL
Burst
(MAC)
burst profiles: DIUC
DL-MAP
DL-MAP
1 OFDM Symbol
(QPSK 1/2)
Integer number
of OFDM
Symbols
DL
Burst
(MAC)
DL
Burst
(MAC)
DIUC: Downlink Interval Usage Code
DL-PHY Frame Structure
This page shows the general 802.16 physical frame structure in downlink direction
It starts with a long preamble of defined sequence, which can be used by the subscriber stations for
synchronisation and alignment purposes
The following part is the Frame Control Header (FCH). It must be decoded by all stations, so the length and the
modulation of this field is fixed (1 symbol, QPSK, code rate = 1/2). It contains the following parameters:
The Downlink - Frame Prefix: containing Rate-Id, Length and Header Check Sequence
The Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) is a MAC layer message that describes the physical layer
characteristics of a downlink channel
The following parts of the physical frame are the Downlink -Bursts which contain MAC-layer messages for
signalling or for user data transport
DL-Bursts may be modulated differently because they are sent to different subscriber stations at different physical
locations. Therefore each DL-Burst needs to be characterized individually by a Downlink Interval Usage Code
parameter
Module 4 - Page 7
U
p
l
i
n
k

(
U
L
)
short
Pre-
amble
short
Pre-
amble
UL
Burst
(MAC)
UL
Burst
(MAC)
Integer number
of OFDM
Symbols
UL-Sub-frame
RNG
RNG
BW
Req
BW
Req
UL-PH-PDU UL-PH-PDU Contention Slots
short
Pre-
amble
short
Pre-
amble
UL
Burst
(MAC)
UL
Burst
(MAC)
RNG: Ranging
BW-Req: Bandwidth Request
UL-PH-PDU: Uplink Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit
DL-PH-PDU: Downlink Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit
UL-PHY Frame Structure
This page shows the uplink physical frame structure
In this direction the physical header has a different structure
Stations which access the network (called initial ranging) use the Ranging access slots
Stations which are already connected to the network, maintaining active connections, provide bandwidth request
opportunities in the header
These two options are displayed as contention slots in the figure above
All uplink payload bursts start with a short preamble followed by an integer number of OFDM symbols carrying
the MAC layer PDUs, MAC signalling messages or user data
Module 4 - Page 8
SOFDMA:
SOFDM for Multiple Access
Additional flexibility in
resource allocation
Especially small packets (VoIP)
Range extension in DL and UL
Sub-Channeling is a given
F
C
H
F
C
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P
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DL part UL part
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DL part UL part
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DL part UL part
OFDM
SOFDMA
WiMAX: 802.16-2004 vs. 802.16e
OFDM vs. SOFDM [1/2]
With 802.16e the more advanced version of OFDM is introduced: the scalable OFDM (SOFDM)
OFDMA and SOFDMA is an access method based on OFDM technique: the subscriber is assigned a number of
OFDM sub-channels for transmission of user data. OFDMA means the assignment of OFDM resources used for
individual subscribers by the network
SOFDM uses a very high number of sub-carriers (up to 2048). This leads to a reduction of the sub-carrier
bandwidth which affects the physical air interface performance positively
Due to this high number of sub-carrier frequencies, the FFT/IFFT calculation is more complex (2048 FFT points).
This requires high processing power and there is a need to provide for of a high number of orthogonal carrier
frequencies
SOFDMA offers a higher granularity of bandwidth assignable to individual subscriber stations
The result is an optimized exploitation of the air interface especially for small user data packets created by real-
time applications such as Voice and Video over IP
Module 4 - Page 9
SOFDM: Scalable OFDM
Higher number of sub-carrier frequencies provides higher capacity
Number of FFT points is adapted to channel bandwidth
Robustness similar to multipath for higher bandwidth
Same range when bandwidth is increased
x2
BW
2xBW
2xBW
=
BW
OFDM
SOFDM
Sites: + 35%
Tg: / 2
Sites: =
Tg: =
WiMAX: 802.16-2004 vs. 802.16e
OFDM vs. SOFDM [2/2]
This figure shows the major advantage of SOFDM compared to OFDM
The higher number of sub-carrier frequencies allows a very good granularity of bandwidth assignment to user
services
Secondly the advantages of SOFDM lie in a better exploitation of the available bandwidth for user data. The
reason is that the SOFDM cyclic prefix duration (Tg) takes a smaller part of the total symbol length and the
SOFDM symbol duration is longer compared with OFDM
Module 4 - Page 10
Smart Antennas, Data booster for WiMAX
nomadic systems
Up to 12 dB gain in DL, 6 dB in UL (4 antenna system)
Increased indoor penetration
Increased data throughput
Alcatel : years of expertise in AAS technologies
Contribution of Alcatel R&I Stuttgart
Broad knowledge from projects AAS in GSM and UMTS
Field Trial GSM in 1994 and Field Trial UMTS in 2003
First application in GSM diversity receiver
Generalized with BSS B6 on Alcatel 9100 TRX (1998)
R&I for AAS in WiMAX
WiMAX OFDM 256 and SOFDMA
Alcatel WiMAX solution includes AAS
technology
Alcatel Smart Antenna Technology
Smart antenna systems or Adaptive Array Systems (AAS) can extend cell coverage by improving the system link
budget. Link budget gain is realized by an AAS through the coherent combining of signals received or transmitted
from multiple antenna elements, as well as by the increase in diversity order offered by the antenna array
At the same time, AAS can increase base station capacity by enabling the use of higher order modulation through
interference reduction and by enabling spectral reuse within the cell
For this purpose new AAS-Physical layer signalling messages are introduced. These have an influence on the
beam-forming capability of the antenna
Alcatel has as a great deal of experience with this technology. AAS systems were introduced in GSM and UMTS
networks to increase radio cell capacity. Alcatel WiMAX base stations will also include smart antenna technology
Module 4 - Page 11
Deployment
assumptions
BS antenna height: 35 m
BW: 10 MHz
Frequency reuse = 3
Morpho: dense urban
Indoor penetration: 18 dB
Coverage: probably 95%
Shadowing: 8 dB std
64 kbps min @ cell edge
0.60 km 1.05 km
Typical cellular range
300 - 500 m
0.75 km 1.25 km
Capacity (TDD 2:1)
DL: 14.6 Mbps average; 4 Mbps peak @ cell edge
UL: 7.4 Mbps average
Dense Urban indoor scenario
3.5 GHz:
2.5 GHz:
WiMAX Performance
Urban Environment
The picture shows a dense urban scenario:
Depending on the equipment and the frequency band used the base station distance varies from 0.6 km to 1.25
km
Without Adaptive array antenna systems the base station distance would be only 360 m
For a Time Division Duplex (TDD) cell with an DL- to - UL time slot ratio of 2:1 the transmission bandwidth of the
cell is:
In downlink direction 14.6 Mbps average; with a 4 Mbps peak rate at cell edge position and
In uplink direction 7.4 Mbps average value
Module 4 - Page 12
Indoor Outdoor LOS*
SUBURBAN
RURAL
6.75 km 16.75 km
8.30 km 17.00 km
3.5 GHz:
2.5 GHz:
2.20 km
5.80 km
2.70 km 6.75 km
3.5 GHz:
2.5 GHz:
Deployment assumptions
BW: 5 MHz
Frequency reuse = 3
Morpho: rural
Coverage: probably 90 % (indoor)
Availability: 99.99 % (outdoor)
Shadowing: 6 dB std
64 kbps min @ cell edge
Deployment assumptions
Morpho: suburban
Outdoor wall-mounted
Prob coverage: 95 %
Shadowing: 7 dB std
64 kbps @ cell edge * LOS: Line Of Sight
* NLOS: Non-LOS
Indoor
Outdoor
NLOS*
Wall mounted
WiMAX Performance
Rural and Suburban Environment
As rural and suburban cells will cover a larger area the transmission parameters need to be adopted to the
transmission requirements
The picture shows some example parameters:
Generally a big cell size has an impact on the cell capacity and the cell bandwidth is reduced by large
transmission distances due to physical transmission effects
Module 5 - Page 1
(5) Technical Overview - Medium Access Layer (MAC)
Module 5
Technical Overview
Module 5 - Page 2
Medium Access Control (MAC)
A network that utilizes a shared medium requires a mechanism
to share it efficiently
MAC layer is connection-oriented. All data communications are in the
context of a connection defined by the Connection ID (CID)
The downlink direction, from the base station (BS) to the user,
operates on a point-to-multipoint basis
In the uplink direction, the user stations share the uplink to the BS on a
demand basis
Network service access is controlled by contention mechanisms
between users and enables the service to be tailored to requirements
of each user application
The Medium Access Control layer is used to provide efficient multiple access to a shared medium, which is the
physical radio interface
All subscriber stations are physically connected to a base station. All data communication between the base
station and the subscriber stations are connection oriented. During connection establishment, the subscriber
station specifies the type of service and other service parameters needed for this connection
In the downlink direction the communication behaves as a point-to-multipoint operation between the base station
and all subscriber stations
In the uplink direction all subscriber stations share the uplink resources. The mechanisms used depend on the
service type
For real time-data delivery services the bandwidth is periodically allocated by the base station
For non-real-time data delivery services the subscriber stations compete for network service access in uplink
direction using a contention slot mechanism provided by MAC layer signalling. The distribution of uplink and
downlink bandwidth is controlled by MAC protocol messages, which are broadcasted over the air interface
Module 5 - Page 3
BS SS
Connection Establishment/Release
Connection Establishment/Release
Service Flow Provisioning
Service Flow Provisioning
Connection Maintenance
Connection Maintenance
Network Access
Network Access
MAC Layer Services
MAC layer services comprise:
Network access, Connection establishment and connection release, connection maintenance and Service flow
provisioning
Network Access provides access to physical resources as well as MAC-layer services, such as data transfer
and security services, such as authentication and encryption of user data
Connection orientation guarantees QoS. All data exchange over the air interface is based on connections.
For each connection the requested QoS is negotiated at connection set-up time
Connection maintenance, e.g. change of connection parameters
Quality of service requirements may change during the connection. Bandwidth may be changed using
specific MAC layer procedures. This requires sophisticated connection maintenance mechanisms
User data streams which belong to MAC layer connections transport a requested services characterized by
QoS parameters. These data streams are called service flows
Module 5 - Page 4
Bandwidth Allocation Method [1/3]
Current bandwidth grants to CIDs are executed by BS through the
allocation of time slots for transmission to the selected CIDs
Network time is divided into frames of 5 ms duration
Every frame opens with a DL MAP followed by a UL MAP
transmitted by BS to all SS. The MAPs indicate the activity to be executed
by BS and SS during the frame.
DL MAP indicates:
CIDs to which BS will transmit (downlink) during the following frame
The exact moment in time when the transmission will occur.
The physical parameters to be used by BS for each CID
(modulation type, FEC coding rate, etc. DL Channel Descriptor-DCD)
One important MAC function is allocation or grant of bandwidth to subscriber stations. This is accomplished by
assignment of frames to the Connection Id belonging to a subscriber connection
Every frame starts with a frame header, which contains Downlink-MAP and Uplink-MAP messages. These
messages organize the mapping of uplink and downlink payload to and from the subscriber stations
Downlink-MAP indicates the physical payload and its time location within the frame, so that each subscriber
station can identify its payload
The Downlink MAP message indicates the Connection IDs to which Base Station will transmit in downlink direction
during the following frame, the exact moment in time when the transmission will occur and the physical
parameters to be used by the Base Station for each Connection-ID, e.g. the modulation type, Forward Error
Correction, coding rate, etc.
The Downlink Channel Descriptor parameter is used to decode the payload contents, because physical
transmission parameters may depend on the position of each subscriber station
Module 5 - Page 5
UL MAP indicates:
CIDs that have to transmit during the next frame (uplink)
The exact moment in time when the transmission has to occur
The type of information to be transmitted during the allocated interval (data,
management, requests to transmit in the next frame, etc.)
The physical parameters to be used by each CID when transmitting to BS
(modulation type, FEC coding rate, etc. UL Channel Descriptor - UCD)
The Uplink MAP information indicates uplink transmission capacity to the subscriber stations
This information is based on the active Connection-Id which belongs to user data connections
Transmission time allocations are based on requests received by the base station during previous frames. In
uplink direction resource allocations are made per user, identified by the basic connection ID value
The Uplink-MAP message also contains the type of information, which is to be transmitted (data, management,
requests to transmit in the next frame, etc.) and the physical parameters to be used by each Connection-ID when
transmitting to BS (modulation type, FEC coding rate, etc.
The uplink mapping information is transmitted in downlink direction to indicate the reserved uplink resources to
the subscriber station. These resources are available for the subscriber station in the next frame period. This is
shown in detail on the next page
Module 5 - Page 6
DL-MAP
UL-MAP
DL-MAP
UL-MAP
DL UL
DL UL
frame { i }
frame {i+1}
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
The Downlink-MAP information shows the payload position for any subscriber station within the current frame
The Uplink-MAP information refers to the next frame and shows the locations where subscriber stations can
position their uplink transmission data
This Bandwidth allocation mechanism is deduced from the Data over Cable Service Interface Specification
developed by Cablelabs
Module 5 - Page 7
Channel Description Messages
Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD)
The BS transmits DCD messages at a periodic interval to define the
characteristics of a downlink physical channel (Downlink Burst Profile)
Uplink Channel Descriptor (UCD)
The BS transmits UCD messages at a periodic interval to define
the characteristics of an uplink physical channel
A separate UCD Message is transmitted for each active uplink channel
associated with the downlink channel
In downlink direction the Downlink Burst Profile defines the physical layer characteristics and associates it with a
particular Downlink Interval Usage Code
Each Downlink Burst Profile contains a list of layer-1 attributes
The downlink-MAP message uses the Downlink Interval Usage Code and the Downlink Burst Profile to describe
the characteristics of a downlink physical channel
In uplink direction the Uplink Burst Profile defines the physical layer characteristics and associates it with a
particular Uplink Interval Usage Code
Each Uplink Burst Profile contains a list of layer-1 attributes
The uplink-MAP message uses the Uplink Interval Usage Code and the Uplink Burst Profile to describe the
characteristics of an uplink physical channel
Module 5 - Page 8
Network Entry and Initialization
Subscriber Station Network Entry &
Initialization Procedure Steps
1. Scan for downlink channel and establish synchronization with the BS
2. Obtain DL and UL transmit parameters
3. Initial ranging - Transmit Range-Request to set correct power level,
accurate frequency and correct transmission timing
4. Authentication, Authorization and key exchange
5. Perform registration SS gets CIDs for its management messages
6. Establish IP connectivity (e.g. via DHCP)
This part explains the different steps a subscriber station has to go through during network entry and initialization
It is important to understand these procedures, because they are basis for the MAC layer function. The following
questions are addressed:
Establishment of a physical connection
Setting of physical layer parameters
Network access security functions: Authentication and authorisation
Registration and assignment of signalling connection. (CID allows for manageability.) And
IP layer activation (needed if DHCP is required)
When these procedure steps are completed, the subscriber station can establish user connections for user
applications and user data transport
Module 5 - Page 9
M
A
P
t
Air Frame
M
A
P
t
Air Frame
M
A
P
t
Air Frame
M
A
P
t
Air Frame
Network Entry Process : Synchronization [1/2]
The Subscriber Station (SS) listens to the frequency it is configured for
and waits to hear MAPs
The SS will synchronize only if it has received 4 consecutive MAPs from the
same Base Station (which match its configured BS-ID) in the same cycle
time (t)
Each physical layer frame starts with a header. The part which contains MAP information always has the same
modulation, so all stations can read and evaluate it
Before being able to receive MAP information, the subscriber station has to listen to the frequency bands it is
configured for and try to synchronize via one physical frequency
If this is successful, the station evaluates four consecutive MAP messages, which were sent by the same base
station
Module 5 - Page 10
BS SS
MAPs Send
MAPs
Search
Mode
Coarse frequency fix
schedule recv mode
MAP decode start
Adjust Tx
parameters
MAP with UCD Send MAPs
with UCD
5 sec.
Network Entry Process : Synchronization [2/2]
The process is displayed here
Within five seconds the base station transmits one Uplink Channel Descriptor Message. This information must be
evaluated by the subscriber station, because it contains important information for the physical parameter setting
Before the subscriber station can only set the physical parameters such as exact frequency framing schedule etc.
on a coarse base
The more precise adjustment of these physical layer parameters requires additional information from the UCD
message
Module 5 - Page 11
MAP DL - DATA
UL - DATA
Ranging Area
Maintenance Period
T.O. Transmission Opportunity -> new SS send Initial Range Request
BS
T
.
O
.
T
.
O
.
T
.
O
.
T
.
O
.
DL
UL
Tx
Rx
Network Entry Process: Initial Ranging [1/2]
As a next step the subscriber stations must find a way to contact the base station actively by sending MAC
messages
Other mobile radio systems like GSM and UMTS use specific signalling channels, called Random Access
Channels, to create a first network access
Because many subscriber stations compete for the limited number of such uplink access channels, this access
method has to solve this contention
WiMAX PHY/MAC protocol layers specify a certain time period within a physical header, called Maintenance
Period, which is split into multiple so called Transmission Opportunities (TO). The TOs play a similar role, like the
Random Access Channels in a GSM system. Any subscriber station may select one TO as a ranging interval to
send Initial Ranging information to the base station.
If by chance two or more subscriber stations try to send at the same time using the same TO, a collision occurs
and the subscriber stations have to resolve this in a statistical manner (which is achieved using random number
controlled time delays)
The message type sent in a TO is the Initial Ranging Request message
Module 5 - Page 12
BS SS
RNG REQ
Send Initial Ranging
packet in contention
Mode with CID = 0
MAPs
Send MAP with
Initial Maintenance-IE
using broadcast CID
Allocate Mgmt CIDs
+ CID to multicast
polling, send RSP
RNG RES
Adjust Tx parameters
store CIDs
Network Entry Process: Initial Ranging [2/2]
The Initial Maintenance Messages have to be sent by the base station using broadcast addresses in order to be
received by all new subscriber stations. Broadcast addresses are specific connection IDs
The Ranging Request messages sent by the subscriber stations contain Connection ID = 0.
With this connection address the base station cannot differentiate between all the subscriber stations trying to get
network access at the same time. This ambiguity is resolved by each subscriber station, in that they identify
themselves during this phase with the (unique) 48-bit MAC address
The base station can now answer to the Ranging Request message received with the Ranging Response, which
contains the unique management CIDs for each subscriber station and the requested Initial Ranging parameters
Now the terminal can perform the exact parameter settings
Module 5 - Page 13
Radio Signal Propagation Delay [1/2]
Delay depends on distance between subscriber and base station
Distant subscriber has to transmit frames in advance thus ensuring
reception at base station in time
Time length for the Transmission Opportunities has to be set in such a
way that even the Initial Range Request of the remotest subscriber
station will be received during the Transmission Opportunities length
Taking into consideration the remotest subscriber station propagation
delay (using the Cell Radius parameter) the correct TO length should
be:
TO = TO (initial) at UL basic rate + 2 x (Propagation delay)
Propagation delay limits the radius of a WiMAX cell. This is similar to
GSM
Radio signal propagation may be significant depending on the distance from subscriber station to base station
Because physical frames have a well defined structure consisting of header and type of payload information, the
proper decoding requires exact timing. A distant subscriber station has to transmit the physical frames in
advance so that it arrives at the base station just in time
Time length for the Transmission Opportunities has to be set in such a way that even the Initial Range Request
of the remotest subscriber station will be received during the Transmission Opportunities length. If the subscriber
station is too far away from the base station, the network entry process, i.e. the accessing of Transmission
Opportunities, will not be successful because of the time delay due to wave propagation delay. For that reason it
is required to define a Cell Radius in the base station which together with the up link basic rate defines the
Transmission Opportunities length
Taking into consideration the remotest subscriber station propagation delay (using the Cell Radius parameter)
the correct TO length should be:
TO = TO (initial) at up link basic rate + 2 times (Propagation delay)
Propagation delay limits the radius of a WIMAX cell. This is similar to GSM
Module 5 - Page 14
MAP
IRQ-Tx
BS
SS
Propagation
Delay (Tx)
Propagation
Delay (Rx)
IRQ-Rx
IRQ: Initial Ranging Request
Radio Signal Propagation Delay [2/2]
This animation shows the effect of radio signal delay during the initial ranging phase
The BS sends a MAP message arriving with a delay at the subscriber station. Now the subscriber station knows the
MAP fields which contain Transmission Opportunity information
The subscriber station uses one Transmission Opportunity to transmit initial ranging request
This packet arrives, again with a delay, at the base station. If the delay lies within the transmission delay variation
time, the BS can evaluate it and in return send physical-layer and MAC-Layer parameters
Module 5 - Page 15
Network Entry Process: Ranging Response
The BS answers the SS with a Range Response message
which contains:
1. Propagation delay correction from now on after receiving the
correction, each time that the SS will get a MAP with timing for its next
transmission, the SS will adjust/correct its transmission time accordingly
2. Power correction
3. Frequency correction in case of frequency deviation
(up to +/- 40 ppm or +/- 140 kHz)
4. Subscriber Station ID (SSID)
If needed RNG-REQ & RNG-RSP messages can be used multiple times
The Ranging Response message is sent by the base station as a response to Ranging Request from the subscriber
station
The propagation delay value (in GSM it is called Timing Advance) is important to synchronize physical framing
between base station and subscriber station
Depending on the distance from the base station and on the radio quality measured, the base station also has to
adjust radio transmission power (ATPC)
Finally the physical air interface quality is very sensitive to the setting of the orthogonal sub-carrier frequencies.
Frequency deviation may cause inter-carrier interference. Thus the base station can request the subscriber station
to fine-tune the frequency within the range of +/- 40 ppm (Parts Per Million)
Finally the subscriber station receives from the base station a unique station ID, which is used for station
identification purposes
A Subscriber station may repeat the ranging request procedure at any time if it detects a degradation of
transmission quality which may be caused by incorrect setting of the initial ranging parameters
Module 5 - Page 16
High Speed Internet Access
For several MBs / user service
Through existing network architecture
Taking benefits of deployed services & charging features
GGSN or SGSN for Mobile 3GPP & 3GPP2
DSLAM for ADSL
Direct internet access
Video & Audio Streaming based services
Voice Over IP through NGN & IMS implementation
Based on SIP signaling plan
For fix services (No SS terminating call, No paging, No mobility)
Integration in Fix NGN, Alcatel 5020 CSC
Integration in Mobile NGN, Alcatel 5020 Atrium
Main Services
All services provided by WMAN are IP based, which means they use as a layer 3 the Internet Protocol and internet
based upper layers, like TCP or UDP as transport layers and e.g. HTTP, SIP, etc. as application layers
The main services addressed here relate to the use of bandwidth and to the characteristics of the service as to
QoS, which includes parameters such as delay, error rates and effective bit rates
May require data rates of several MBs per user service
Is provided through existing network architecture in fixed and mobile networks
WIMAX may also offer direct internet access for wireless fixed broadband access
Real time or near-real time based services of audio and video streaming
Real time Voice Over IP through next generation network functionality
Based on SIP signaling plan
Provided for fixed services
Integrated in fixed network NGN architecture
Integrated in Mobile NGN architecture
WMAN base stations can be integrated into different existing network:
In fixed networks they can be attached to DSLAMs to provide ADSL bandwidth
In mobile networks they can be attached to GGSN
VoIP is the only speech service provided by WiMAX. That is why it can be integrated easily into next generation
networks, which are based on IP transport technology. Other IP based services, which may be transported over
WiMAX interfaces can be included in IP-based Multimedia Service concepts, which will be implemented in UMTS
networks (of release 6)
Module 5 - Page 17
Unsolicited Grant (UGS)
For real time services like E1, VOIP
(without silence suppression)
Fixed size data packets on a periodic
basis
Service parameters: unsolicited grant
size, normal grant interval, normal grant
jitter
Real Time Variable Rate
(RT-VR)
For real time services like MPEG video.
Variable bit rates.
Guaranteed rate and delay requirement.
Service parameters: committed burst,
committed time
Delivery Services
Non Real Time Variable
Rate (NRT-VR)
Variable bit rate services.
Guaranteed rate required, guaranteed
delay not required.
Service may expand to occupy full
bandwidth rate limit required.
Service parameters: committed burst,
committed time excess burst
Best Effort (BE)
For service with no rate or delay
requirements.
The requested bandwidth always refers to one of the following service classes:
Real-time service: for connection oriented services
Streaming service: for encoded audio and video streams
Non real-time service variable bit rate service and
Best effort or background service
The service class preserving real-time transmission over the air interface as nearly as possible is the Continuous
grant service. This class of service transports (nearly) synchronous packet streams e.g. VoIP without silence
suppression and using a fixed encoder output packet size during a connection or the transport of other
synchronous information such as E1 frames
Absolute synchronicity cannot be granted, packet streams show a little jitter
Real-time variable bit rate is created by MPEG encoders (MPEG video or audio) or VoIP with silence suppression
VoIP applications need to be monitored with appropriate Voice Quality Analysis (VQA) equipment in order to
prove high voice quality and to optimize transmission parameters
Non real-time services often put an emphasis on low bit error rates instead on high data rates and low delay time
This means they may run in the background using low data rates but high data quality, such as e.g. slow file
transfer or e-mail services
Module 5 - Page 18
Services
Voice Over IP
Video Streaming
Main Features
Fix and Mobility
Nomadicity and Portability
Quality of Service
Innovative RAN Architecture
For Broadband Wireless Services
WiMAX
Non Real Time
Real Time
Voice
Real Time
Video
IP Based RAN
Alcatel WiMAX Solution Services and Architecture
If a subscriber station has access to the network it has received signalling connection IDs which are used to
establish a user connection
Each user connection requests a quality of service specific to this connection
The services are generally grouped into real-time voice and video and non real-time applications
Real-time applications also comprise near real-time services like uni-directional or bi-directional streaming
Non real-time applications comprise the request-response type of applications, using TCP as IP transport layer
which uses acknowledgement methods. These ACK-messages should not be delayed too much, as this reduces
the performance of the TCP dynamic behaviour
Services which do not request fast responses (if any) are called background services, e.g. e-mail or slow file
transfer
Module 6 - Page 1
(6) Technical Overview - WiMAX Mobility
WiMAX Mobility
Module 6
Technical Overview
WiMAX Mobility
Module 6 - Page 2
Multilayer IP Based Mobility
Micro mobility
Macro mobility
Inter technology
mobility
Simple Mobility
Service access
Across multiple BS
Non-RT applications
Full Mobility
Across multiple BS
Across multiple RAN
RT applications
Nomadicity
Service access
Across multiple BS
No handover
Usages Models
802.16e
AC
(proxy MIP)
WiMAX RAN
Micro mobility
Macro mobility
WiFi hot spots
Mobile RAN
BSC
RNC
HA
Inter technology mobility
Corporate Corporate Corporate Corporate
IMS IMS IMS IMS
Internet Internet Internet Internet
AC
(proxy MIP)
Core Network
802.16e
AC
(proxy MIP)
WiMAX RAN
Micro mobility
Macro mobility
WiFi hot spots
Mobile RAN
BSC
RNC
BSC
RNC
HA
Inter technology mobility
Corporate Corporate Corporate Corporate
IMS IMS IMS IMS
Internet Internet Internet Internet
AC
(proxy MIP)
Core Network
Alcatel WiMAX Mobility Solutions
Alcatel provides a number of mobility solutions ranging from nomadicity up to full mobility. The difference
between the three is the availability of continuous service while being connected with several base stations
The process in which an MSS migrates from the air-interface provided by one Base Station to the air-interface
provided by another base station is called Handover
Two hand over variants are defined: Break-before-make and make before break
Break-before-make handover starts the service with the target base station after a disconnection of service with
the previous serving base station
Make-before-break handover starts the service with the target base station before disconnection of the service with
the previous serving base station
Nomadic services do not allow handovers between base stations. We call this micro-mobility because it is
restricted to the area of one base station
Simple mobility is defined as follows: The user device can continue with an operating network data service
session as it moves at vehicular speeds within the network coverage area. Handovers between cells, sectors, and
base stations provide session continuity. Application performance during handover is guaranteed for all non real-
time applications, but not guaranteed for real-time applications. Up to 60 km/h with no performance
degradation, 60 to 120 km/h with client-friendly performance degradation
Full mobility is defined as: The user device can continue with an operating network data service session as it
moves at vehicular speeds within the network coverage area. Handovers between cells, sectors, and base stations
provide session continuity. Application performance during handover is guaranteed for all real-time and non-
real-time applications. Up to 120 km/h with no performance degradation Handover latency is less than a few
tenths of a millisecond
Module 6 - Page 3
IEEE 802.16e Standard specifies roles to the Base Stations
Serving Base Station
BS with which the MSS has most recently completed registration
Neighbour Base Station
BS whose downlink transmission can be demodulated by the MSS (other
than the serving BS)
Target Base Station
BS that an MSS will be registered with at the end of a hand over
Anchor Base Station
BS which assigns resources to the MSS and which it will be connected to
all the time
Base Station Roles
In a mobile network a base station may play different roles depending on the current movement of the subscriber
station. Thus the BS role refers to one specific subscriber station. IEEE 802.16e Standard specifies roles of the
Base Stations:
First of all a base station may be the serving base station. In this case all connections are established with
this base station and data is sent to and transmitted from this base station
While being served by one base station the subscriber station may synchronize already to other base
stations, which are called the neighbours
The one it approaches will be selected as the Target Base Station, because it provides the best radio signal
quality
If we assume that the actual base station also manages the resources (QoS requests etc.) then the serving
base station is also the Anchor Base Station
The introduction of an anchor base station role may be taken by other network elements, e.g. the WiMAX Access
Controller
When the serving base station changes, the old base station still may be responsible for assignment of
resources to the mobile subscriber station. In this case the old base station is the anchor base station and the
anchor and serving roles are separated
The definition of base station roles requires communication between the bas stations over the core network
Module 6 - Page 4
Network Reference Model showing interfaces between Subscriber
station/Mobile Subscriber Station, Radio Access Network Elements and
Radio Access Network interconnection with the Core Service Network
Reference Configuration
SS/
MS
SS/
MS
BS
BS
ASN-GW
(WAC)
R1
R8
R6
R3
CSN
ASN-GW
(WAC)
SS/
MSS
BS
R8
R4
R3
R1
R6
This page shows the network reference configuration 802.16e network elements as defined by the WiMAX Forum
The Radio Access Network connects the clients equipped with Subscriber Stations (SS) or Mobile (Subscriber)
Stations (MS or MSS) to a Core Services Network (CSN) via the Radio Access Network (RAN) Network Elements
Radio Access Network Elements are Base Stations and Access Service Network Gateway (ASN-GW)
In our Alcatel 9100 WiMAX solution, the Access Service Network Gateway is named WiMAX Access Controller
(WAC)
The R1 interface is the air interface between subscriber system or mobile subscriber system and base station
The R3 interface is located between the Radio Access Network and the Core Services Network
The R6 interface is located between base station and Access Service Network Gateway
The R4 interface is located between Access Service Network Gateway
The R8 interface is located between base stations. It is not implemented in Alcatel devices
R1, R4 and R6 interfaces carry data and control messages
Control messages belong to user administration (entry, authentication, service flows establishment, mobility
handling, etc.)
Control messages on R1 interface are standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Control messages on the other interfaces are specified from the WiMAX forum
Alcatel is currently using proprietary control messages on R6 and R4 interfaces.
Module 6 - Page 5
SERVING
+
ANCHOR
Base
Station
Base
Station
Provider
Backbone
WAC
WAC: WiMAX Access Control
Server
MSS: Mobile Subscriber Station
MSS
TARGET
802.16e: MSS Connectivity
The BS broadcasts information about the network topology using special MAC messages. These messages
provide channel information of neighbouring base stations. Availability of this information facilitates Mobile
Subscriber Stations (MSS) synchronization with neighbouring BS
These messages also define a logical assignment of handover priorities or preferences as determined and set by
the serving base station. These preferences can be:
normal neighbour
preferred neighbour and
non-preferred neighbour
With this information the serving BS can control the traffic distribution from one BS to the following one, because
the MSS is informed about the target BS, which will later become serving BS
Module 6 - Page 6
SERVING
+
ANCHOR
Base
Station
Base
Station
Provider
Backbone
MSS
TARGET
1. SCANNING of neighbour BS
2. Report of scanning results
3. ASSOCIATION to Target-BS
WAC
Handover Preparation
The BS may allocate time intervals to MSSes for the purpose of seeking and monitoring neighbour base stations
most suitable as targets for handover
The time during which the MSS scans for neighbour BS is referred to as the scanning interval
The MSS reports the scanning result to the Serving BS through a specific MAP management message periodically
The Association procedure is an optional initial ranging parameter negotiation occurring during Initial Ranging of
a BS. At the end of this procedure, the MSS marks the BS as associated in its association table
An MSS may have several associated base stations in its local association table concurrently
Module 6 - Page 7
ARCHOR
Base
Station
Base
Station
Provider
Backbone
WAC
MSS
SERVING
Handover
1. Cell Selection
2. HO Decision & Initiation
3. Target BS scanning
4. Network re-entry
5. Termination of service
MSS Handover
From the preference parameter the MSS selects the appropriate base station to handover to. This is accomplished
by the cell selection procedure, handover decision results from air interface quality measurement and handover
initiation
The possible target base stations are now scanned. The mobile subscriber station connects to the base station with
the best air interface signal quality and the network re-entry takes place
After handover the base station roles change from Target to Serving. The role of the anchor base station may
remain or go immediately to the serving base station
As a final procedure, the service with the previous base station has to be terminated
Module 6 - Page 8
Sublayer Functions:
Packet data encryption
Privacy Key management (PKM-protocol)
Specification of a cryptographic suite
Definition of Security Associations (SA)
Mapping of connections to SAs
Sublayer Functions:
Packet data encryption
Privacy Key management (PKM-protocol)
Specification of a cryptographic suite
Definition of Security Associations (SA)
Mapping of connections to SAs
Privacy Sublayer Overview
Privacy is provided by encryption on connections between subscriber
stations and base stations
The 802.16 MAC protocol layer includes a privacy sublayer. This layer provides highly sophisticated security and
privacy functions
All user data packets are encrypted
The Privacy Key Management protocol uses public-key cryptography to establish a shared secret (i.e., an
Authorization Key) between the subscriber station and the base station. The shared secret is then used to
secure subsequent key exchanges of traffic encryption keys
Specific key management protocol procedures exist to distribute and synchronize encryption keying
material. Additionally, basic privacy mechanisms are strengthened by adding digital-certificate based
subscriber station authentication to its key management protocol
For every user connection (identified by the connection-id) a security association (SA) may be negotiated
between subscriber system and base station. The security association includes among others: encryption
method and encryption key material
The security association is mapped to a connection and used throughout the whole connection
This two-tiered mechanism for key distribution permits re-newing of traffic encryption keys without involving
computational-intensive public-key operations
Module 6 - Page 9
Authentication of device and user
IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.16e require authentication either for user only or for
device and user
Authentication is performed via EAP
PKMv2 (Privacy Key Management Protocol version 2) is used for key management
Control Message Authentication
Control messages are authenticated with CMAC
User Data Encryption
User data traffic is encrypted with AES
Security involves all Radio Access Network Elements
SS are authenticated by the Access Service Network Gateway
SS and BS establish security associations
Access Service Network Gateway provides Authorization Key (AK)
Security & Authentication
The list shows the security and authentication features implemented in Alcatel WiMAX network elements.
IEEE 802.16e requires authentication for user only or device and user
All subscriber stations use authentication per default. User authentication is offered as an option.
The authentication is performed via the extensible authentication protocol (EAP).
Privacy Key Management Protocol version-2 is used for key management. Keys are re-newed frequently.
The typical key length is 128 bit
Control messages are not encrypted but authenticated with Cipher-based Message Authentication Check
(CMAC). CMAC proofs integrity of the control message
User data is always encrypted. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with cipher-block chaining is both
an authentication and encryption algorithm for user data
Security involves all radio access network elements. These are: subscriber station, base station as well as Access
Service Network Gateway
SS is authenticated by the Access Service Network Gateway
SS and BS establish security associations relative to each connection
Access Service Network Gateway provides Authorization Key (AK)
Module 6 - Page 10
Main Security Procedures (Mobile WiMAX)
AAA Server Access network Subscriber Station
Authentication / Authorization
Pre-shared secret or
PKI based
MSK
derivation
MSK
derivation
MSK
Key hierarchy
derivation
Key hierarchy
derivation
Data signed / encrypted
Additional signaling e.g.
key renewal
Traffic keys (encrypted)
This slide shows the steps of the security procedure, which are carried out sequentially. It also shows the key
dependencies
Subscriber stations and network authenticate each other mutually. Authentication is performed periodically
Upon authentication a common secret key is negotiated between the two parties. This is the Master Session Key
(MSK). This Master Session Key is transferred by an authentication-authorization and accounting server (AAA) to
the radio access network
The Master Session Key is not used directly to protect data. However it is used to derive a complete hierarchy of
temporary keys for authentication and encryption
In the standard the following key-dependencies are defined:
The Authentication Key (AK)
Is derived from the authentication processes
The Cipher-based Message Authentication Check keys (CMAC)
Are derived from the authentication key
Are used for up link and down link
Used for signing MAC management messages and is therefore also known as MAC layer control key
The Key Encryption Key (KEK)
Is derived from the authentication key
Is used by the base station to provide the traffic encryption key to the subscriber station
The Traffic Encryption Key (TEK)
Is randomly generated by the base station
Is used to encrypt all traffic
Traffic encryption keys are frequently renewed
Module 7 - Page 1
(7) Alcatel WiMAX Products
Module 7
Module 7 - Page 2
Scalable up to 2000 cells
Advanced supervision facilities
Northbound open interfaces to
external OSSs (Corba based)
Open interface to A9155 Radio
Network Planning (RNP) tool
Built-in Performance database
Leading-edge technology
(Java, Corba)
Innovative Radio Network
Optimizer (RNO) embedded
Overview
OMC-R WiMAX
WAC
BS
Outdoor CPE
Indoor CPE
INTERNET INTERNET
HA
All Alcatel WiMAX products are easy to manage via the Alcatel 1353 [thirteen fifty three]-R [R] WiMAX Network
Management System
Every Alcatel 1353 [thirteen fifty three] Network Management System provides:
Management of up to 2000 [two thousand] base stations
Advanced supervision facilities such as software management
Northbound open interfaces to external operating systems. These interfaces can be used e.g. for
synchronization in real time. They are defined in according to CORBA [corba] (Common Object Request
Broker Architecture)
Open interface to Alcatel 9155 [ninety one fifty five] Radio Network Planning tool
Performance measurement based on an internal database
JAVA [java] applications based on CORBA [corba] emphasize that the Alcatel 1353 [thirteen fifty three] Network
Management System is leading edge technology.
The most innovative feature is the embedded Radio Network Optimizer RNO [r-n-o]
The network management system is, of course, protected by a firewall against possible attacks from the internet
Module 7 - Page 3
O&M architecture
WAC BS
SNMP
Interface
NEM NEM
Alcatel 9155
Radio Network Planning
OMC-R WiMAX
Northbound
interface
OMC-R WiMAX
Another name for Alcatel 1353 WiMAX is OMC-R WiMAX [o-m-c-r WiMAX]. This network management system
enables you to manage base stations (BS [b-s]) as well as WiMAX Access Controller (WAC [wac])
OMC-R WiMAX is prepared to receive data from the Alcatel Radio Network Planning tool Alcatel 9155. This
feature can be used to import data for the configuration of the Remote Access Network
It provides a northbound open interface to external operation systems
Centralized management of WiMAX equipment uses standardized SNMP [s-n-m-p] protocol
Local management can be carried out with a local management terminal. The network element manager
software NEM [n-e-m] is provided by Alcatel
Module 7 - Page 4
NEM and OMC roles
WAC BS
OMC-R WiMAX
NEM BS NEM WAC
NEM BS NEM WAC
The Network Element Manager (NEM [n-e-m]) is a software used from the Local Management Terminal (LMT [l-m-
t]) at the equipment site for commissioning and maintenance requiring physical actions (e.g. board replacement,
re-cabling). There are two types of Network Element Managers: one for Base Station (BS [b-s]) and another for
WiMAX Access Controller (WAC [wac])
The OMC-R WiMAX provides equipment level services via the same NEM (for BS and WAC) and Network level
services with full WiMAX Remote Access Network scope
physical and logical resource supervision
software management application
hardware and software inventory
performance monitoring and QoS management
radio network configuration
Both network element managers are integrated in a single graphical user interface with navigation capabilities
Module 7 - Page 5
Advanced services provided to the operator
WiMAX BS and WAC installation is Plug & Play
WiMAX BS and WAC software can be managed from the OMC-R
WiMAX
WIMAX RAN operational configuration
can be imported from Alcatel 9155 RNP
Alcatel 9156 NPO is embedded in the OMC-R WiMAX
Northbound interface: CORBA based and 3GPP compliant
WiMAX Base Station and WiMAX Access Controller installation is Plug & Play. Simplified network element
commissioning on site uses a wizard running on the local management terminal. Once the commissioned BS or
WAC is connected to the network, it is automatically detected and configured by the OMC-R [o-m-c-r] WiMAX
WiMAX Base Station and WiMAX Access Controller software management can be carried out from the OMC-R
WiMAX. Upgrade and backup can be performed immediately or according to self-defined schedule
The WIMAX Radio Access Network (RAN [r-a-n]) operational configuration can be imported from the Alcatel 9155
[ninety one fifty five] Radio Network Planning tool (RNP [r-n-p])
The Alcatel 9156 [ninety one fifty six] Network Performance Optimizer (NPO [n-p-o]) is embedded in the OMC-R
WiMAX
The Northbound interface is CORBA based and third generation partnership project [3-g-p-p] compliant
Module 7 - Page 6
QoS
Alcatel 1353 Network Management System
All services from a single terminal
Icon Box Icon Box
Administration Administration
Equipment view Equipment view
Supervision Supervision
Network topology Network topology
Software Software
Performance Performance Measurement Measurement
Radio Radio Trace Trace
The OMC-R WIMAX system provides all activities required for network management centralized from a single
terminal. All applications are started from one icon box
All devices can be selected via the network topology view
Supervision is facilitated with a single alarm display
The Equipment view allows the user to perform detailed checks on every system
The internal database allows for a detailed quality of service recording and a continuous performance
measurement. Radio connections can be traced
Upgrade of the software of the managed devices can easily be handled
The management system allows for complete administration of all Alcatel WiMAX equipment
Module 7 - Page 7
Root screen
Screen opens after log
in
All O&M functional
areas are reachable
from this screen
Here you see a part of the root screen of the Alcatel 1355 network management system . This screen opens after
start of OMC-R WiMAX. All functional areas are reached via this screen:
Topology management
Supervision
Performances
Network Performance Optimizer (NPO [n-p-o])
Operator Security Management (OSM [o-s-m]) and
Security
You can navigate easily from one application to the other
Module 7 - Page 8
Topology Management
BS and WAC creation
Plug & Play approach
NE modification/deletion
Powerful & customizable
filters for lists
Export in XML/Excel
TM
format
Start/Stop Supervision
Color coded Status
Multi-NE commands
Integrated navigation
Topology management allows for the following management functions
Creation of Base Station and WiMAX Access Controller
Installation is plug and play
Network Elements can be modified and deleted
Powerful and customizable filters can be applied to lists
Lists can be exported
Equipment can be included or excluded from supervision
Status of equipment is indicated by different colors
Commands can be applied to sets of devices
Topology management screen allows for straightforward navigation to other applications.
Module 7 - Page 9
Centralized Software Management
Update SW of NEs
Applicative SW and
firmware
Two SW versions in
NEs: Active / Stand-by
Software Plans
Multi-NEs scope
BS & WAC
Download, activate,
accept, reject
Immediate or planned
execution
Centralized software management facilitates update of software in network elements
This includes the applicative part as well as the firmware
In every network element two versions of software can be stored: one as active and one as standby version,
for example as fallback
Software plans can be defined
You can address a set of Network Elements Base Stations and WiMAX Access Controllers - and perform
functions easily in parallel.
Software can be downloaded, activated, accepted and rejected
Execution can be immediate or scheduled
Module 7 - Page 10
Alarm Management
Compliant to ITU-T X.733
Powerful & customizable
filters
Filters saved/recalled by
operator
Current and Historical
views
Customizable severity
Alarm acknowledgment
Automatically propagated
in Supervision view
Alarm lists can be
exported as ASCII files
The alarm management within Alcatel 1355 is compliant with ITU-T [i-t-u - t] specification X.733 [x-7-3-3]
Powerful and customizable filters can be applied to alarm lists. These filters can be stored and recalled for
future use
All alarms are stored in a database. This allows analysis of past events
Display of alarm severity can be customized
Alarm acknowledgement is required
Alarms are automatically propagated in Supervision view
Alarm lists can be exported as ASCII files
Module 7 - Page 11
Network Performance Optimizer
NPO runs on the OMC-R WiMAX platform
NPO is also used for Alcatel GSM and UMTS RAN solutions
NPO offers full range of facilities
Planning and optimizing of the network structure
Evaluation of usage Statistics
Detailed analysis of past events
Real-time analysis
Network performance optimizer [n-p-o] runs on the OMC-R WiMAX platform. It is the same functional coverage
that is offered for the Alcatel GSM [g-s-m] and UMTS [u-m-t-s] Remote Access Network solutions.
Network performance optimizer offers the full range of facilities
Planning and optimizing of the network structure
Evaluation of usage statistics
Detailed analysis of events that have occurred in the past
Real-time analysis
Module 7 - Page 12
Network Performance Optimizer
Permanent network-wide QoS monitoring
All counters in all NEs are permanently collected by OMC-R WiMAX
Raw measurement data is stored in OMC-R WiMAX database
Measurement data is consolidated in pre-defined or flexible indicators
Customizable reports with tables and graphs (based on templates)
Alcatel provides a set of pre-defined indicators and QoS report
Performance data can be exported via XML or in Excel
TM
sheets
The Network Performance Optimizer monitors quality of services permanently throughout the whole
network
All [!] counters in all [!] network elements are permanently [!] collected by OMC-R WiMAX.
Raw measurement data is stored in internal database
Measurement data is consolidated in pre-defined or even flexible indicators
Reports with tables and graph can be generated according to customer needs. Generation of tables and
graphs is supported by customizable templates
A set of pre-defined indicators and QoS reports is provided by Alcatel
Performance data can naturally be exported via XML or Excel
TM
sheets
Module 7 - Page 13
OMC-R WiMAX Administration
Operator Security Management
Operator rights managed per functions
Password aging
OMC-R WiMAX Administrator (with privileged rights)
OMC-R WiMAX Backup/restore
OMC-R WiMAX Data backup/restore on DAT tape
Manual (immediate) and Automatic (planned schedule) modes
OMC-R WiMAX Software update
Designed to minimize impacts and disruption during migration
Performance measurement data is protected
Supervision data and visibility of alarms is guaranteed
The Alcatel 1353 WiMAX network management system provides a powerful security management for operators.
Operator rights can be assigned on the level of functions.
Password aging is supported.
The OMC-R WiMAX administrator has special privileges, such as
Creation, deletion and modification of accounts
Assigning operator profiles (There is a set of preconfigured profiles for example for alarm handling,
performance measurement etc.)
Backup and restore function for OMC-R WiMAX data is provided.
Standard DAT [d-a-t] tape is used
In addition to immediate function an automatic enforcement can be scheduled
Future update of OMC-R WiMAX software will be smooth
Impact on performance or even disruption of management during update is minimized
Performance measurement data is protected
Supervision data and visibility of alarms is guaranteed
Module 7 - Page 14
Alcatel WiMAX Access Control
WAC Overview
Access Control
Security and Authentication (EAP)
Accounting
Traffic routing
IP Addressing Management (DHCP)
Mobility Management
QoS Management
Ethernet Interfaces
WiMAX
Access Controller
This slides shows the WiMAX Access Control functions
Via the WiMAX Access Controller the following functions can be performed
Access control including security and authentication. The WiMAX Access Controller has the role of a
RADIUS [radius] client. It checks for authentication of subscriber stations. Enhanced Authentication Protocol
(EAP [e-ap]) is used
Accounting information, such as date and time, volume and quality of service is collected and sent to a
Radius [radius] server
Traffic routing: The WiMAX Access Controller manages the users mobility within the radio access network
IP [i-p] address management: The WiMAX Access Controller acts as DHCP [d-h-c-p] relay agent. IP
addresses can be public or private
Mobility management: The WiMAX Access Controller provides bothintra-WAC [wac] and inter-WAC [wac]
mobility. It also helps for paging control
Quality of Service management (QoS [q-o-s]) is applied to ensure that the Voice over IP [i-p] service [make
a little break] over the WiMAX Radio Access Network [make a little break] is as good as the legacy voice
service
Module 7 - Page 15
WAC Overview
Ethernet Interfaces
HA for
Mobility handling
SBC for
NGN / VoIP service
Other services
AAA for
Authentication (EAP)
Authorization and
Accounting
DHCP/DNS Server for
IP address allocation
URL address resolution
Optionally embedded in WAC cabinet
WiMAX
Access Controller
This slide shows the WiMAX Access Control concept
To perform all the formerly mentioned functions a WAC cabinet may include in addition to the access controller
one or all of the following core network central functions:
Home Agent HA [h-a]: The Home Agent is the anchor point in the handling of mobile communication.
Speaking in technical terms it is a router. It is the device to which all the incoming connections are directed
and from which all the outgoing connections emerge
AAA [triple a] Server: This server is used for Authentication (which involves Enhanced Authentication
Protocol EAP [e-a-p]), Authorization (which is based on a repository of users profiles) and Accounting of
user sessions (date, time, volume info)
DHCP/DNS [d-h-c-p d-n-s] server for subscriber stations. It allocates an IP [I-p] address to all Subscriber
Stations and it resolves hostnames into IP addresses for the applications the user launches (e.g. a browser
session)
Session Border Controller SBC [s-b-c]: An SBC provides the interface in control and data plane to the Voice
over IP VoIP [v o i-p] service offered in new generation networks (NGN [n-g-n])
Module 7 - Page 16
WAC Capacity
2 240 000 800 4
1.5 180 000 600 3
1 120 000 400 2
0.5 60 000 200 1
Maximum
throughput
(Gbps )
Maximum
number of
supported users
Maximum number
of supported BS
(cells)
Number of WAC
Servers in
Cabinet
In this table you see the number of WiMAX Access Controller related to the number of supported Base Stations
(which is equivalent to the number of cells), the number of users supported and the maximum throughput. The
maximum number of WiMAX Access Controller per cabinet is 4
Module 7 - Page 17
Alcatel WiMAX Base Station
Alcatel WiMAX Base Station Highlights
The flexible solution for all constraints at radio sites
Compact equipment
Indoor & Outdoor
High end radio features
35dBm Output Power
TDD System
Integrated AAS
Radio Booster Features
All frequency bands
2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz
Easy to install thanks to Plug & Play approach
Evolium future proof architecture towards multi-standard
SW download,
No ASIC, Only programmable devices
The most compact
WiMAX Base Station
High Power
High end Radio Features
IEEE 802.16e
Extended to
The following slides will give you an overview of the Alcatel 9116 WiMAX Base Station
The Alcatel 9116 WiMAX base station guarantees flexibility to overcome all constraints that there might be at any
site. The equipment is very compact. It offers a variety of site options, such as mounting on a tower, pole or wall.
Although the equipment does not take much space high-end radio features are offered: 35 dBm output power,
Time Division Duplex mode, an Adaptive Antenna System and more. All features are totally compliant with IEEE
802.16e
All specified frequency bands are supported:
From 2.3 GHz to 2.4 GHz
Besides being easy to install, the Alcatel Base Station is also easy to control, thanks to the Operation and
Maintenance Centre (OMC-R). The OMC-R greatly facilitates expansion and exploitation of the WiMAX network.
Based on the Evolium concept, with the experience coming from GSM [g-s-m] and UMTS [u-m-t-s], the design is
made with programmable components such as DSP [d-s-p], Micro-Controller, FPGA [f-p-g-a] and Network-
Processor, leading to a flexible architecture that is entirely upgradeable through changing software; this makes
futures evolutions very simple.
Module 7 - Page 18
Alcatel Smart Antenna Benefits
Coverage Enhancements
Extremely robust radio link
UL +6dB, DL +12dB
Increased cell range
Improved indoor penetration
Interference Reduction
Adaptive beam-forming per subscriber in
downlink and uplink combined with OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Capacity Increase
Better link quality
More efficient modulation schemes
Increased throughput
UL and DL beam-forming
The Alcatel Adaptive Antenna System AAS [a-a-s] grants a lot of benefits to the customer and end-user. The AAS
[a-a-s] is a key feature of the Alcatel WiMAX Base Station. Beam-forming technology combined with a four-
element antenna (with 4 different RF signals) make the Base Station capable of significantly greater radio
performance, i.e.
Enhanced Coverage
Increased Capacity and
Reduced Interference
The concentration of the radiated power focused on the end-user, (4 different RF [r-f] signals are used), the signal
of the Alcatel Base Station is extremely robust. The link budget is increased: +12 dB [d-b] in Down Link and +6
dB [d-b] in Up Link leading to enhanced coverage, expanding the cell range.
In addition and linked to the higher signal level possible, more efficient modulation schemes are used. This
increases the throughput in the sector.
Powerful new features are
the focused radiated pattern (30 in horizontal plane, 5 in vertical plane)
side-lobe suppression capability
beam-forming and
explicit main interferers cancellation.
Of these the beam-forming technology has the outstanding virtue of interferences mitigation, leading to highest
coverage probability
The Adaptive Antenna System of Alcatel equipment is one important part of the technology that ensures high
radio performance
Module 7 - Page 19
WiMAX Radio Site Generic Star Configuration
WiMAX Base Station
1 sector, 1 carrier
Full outdoor
Full Plug & Play
Typical
1 to 3 Cells per Radio Site
BS
Electrical or Optical
Fast or GIGA bit Ethernet
Trans -
port
Adapter
Trans -
port
Adapter
Chained site
IP
Radio
Site
BS
WAC
BS
The Alcatel 9116 WiMAX Base Station is a compact device which covers one sector with one carrier. In the case of
a typical cellular deployment with sites using three 120 [degrees] sectors, 3 base stations are required to cover
the entire 360 [degrees]
To convey the data traffic from the Base Stations through the IP network to the WiMAX Access Controller (WAC),
several Backhauling solutions can be employed using the Ethernet interfaces of the Base Station (BS), such as:
IP router connected via optical fiber
DSL [d-s-l] adapter for copper-lines usage
Microwave transmission devices for over-the-air transmission
Electrical and optical Ethernet interfaces are provided at the base station
Module 7 - Page 20
WiMAX Base Station All Installation Types
Antenna in Mast
Rooftop Outdoor / Indoor
Compact and Aesthetic design
Unit itself : 34 liters / 25 kg
Cover included: 54 liters / 32 kg
Location Requirements
+45C with air-cooling
+55C with optional fan
Power Supply AC: 110 to 220 V, (240W)
The Alcatel Base Station is very compact and has an aesthetic design. It is a full outdoor equipment. It can be
deployed in rural as well as in urban areas. It can be mounted on rooftops, on masts , on towers and also on
walls
To prevent loss of signal inside the RF [r-f] cable the the base station has to be installed close as possible to the
antennas. No additional costs for extra shelter are necessary
The unit itself has a weight of only 25 kg, with an extra sun cover still only 32 kg. The volume is 34 or 54 liters.
There are very few location requirements for the installation and 0peration of the base station. No air
conditioning is required. Up to +45C ambient temperature cooling is perfectly dealt with the convectional air
cooling created in the sun cover. If the temperature is higher (limited to 55C) fans are required. These are
available as an option
Hybrid cables for AC power supply and Fast Ethernet to the Base Station are provided in different lengths (20 m
[meter], 40 m, 60 m and 80 m). Power consumption is less than 240 W [watt]
Summary - Page 1
Technical Overview - Medium Access Layer (MAC)
Summary
Summary
Summary - Page 2
Technical Overview - Medium Access Layer (MAC)
Summary
Impression of WiMAX
Organizations responsible for the standards
Insight into the mathematical and physical basics
Details of the MAC layer
Mobility and security
You now have finished the entire web-based training WiMAX Overview
You have gained an impression of WiMAX
You know which organizations are responsible for the standards. And you can imagine how the power of over
350 companies drives the development and deployment of WIMAX
You have gained an insight into the mathematical and physical basics of WiMAX
Details of the MAC layer have been explained so far as they are essential to understand the features of WiMAX
You know about mobility and security in context with WiMAX
Now the next steps are to you!
Broaden your knowledge while working with WiMAX products

WiMax Overview Alcatel

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Introduction - Page 1

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