GabrielS.

Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

Chemical Process Design Problem Set 2

Questions of chapter 18.
[1]
1. Question 6. A storage tank uses gravity flow to supply a liquid feed material to a
holding tank. The pressure and levels in each tank can be considered to be constant.
If the viscosity of the fluid is sensitive to temperature (increasing with decreasing
temperature), what effect (large or small) will a decrease in temperature have on
the flow of the material (a) laminar or (b) turbulent.
The tempeiatuie influence on the viscosity of the fluiu affects the piessuie uiop along the
fluiu flow. The piessuie uiop foi pipe flow is given by the following equation.
b
Ioss
=

:
2
2g

The fiiction factoi foi the pievious equation is the Baicy fiiction factoi. The Fanning
fiiction factoi also can be useu; howevei the pievious equation has to be multiplieu by 4,
given that the Fanning fiiction factoi is foui times less than the Baicy fiiction factoi.
Foi laminai flow, the fiiction factoi is inveisely piopoitional to Reynolus numbei.

1
Rc
n
n > u
Theiefoie, if the viscosity vaiies oppositely with tempeiatuie, as the tempeiatuie
uecieases, the piessuie uiop incieases.

1
[
p:
v

n
= _
v(I )
p:
_
n

Foi tuibulent flow, the fiiction factoi piopoitionality with iegaiu to viscosity can be
analyzeu by consiueiing the explicit appioximation of Baalanu of the typical useu
ColebiookWhite coiielation foi fiiction factoi foi tuibulent flow.

1

= -1.8 log __
e
S.7
_
1.1
+
6.9
Rc
_ -log _[[ +
o
Rc

n
_
-2
n, o, [ > u
Bence, if the tempeiatuie uecieases anu the viscosity incieases, the Reynolus numbei
uecieases (ceteiis paiibus); heieaftei, assuming that the pipe ioughness (e) iemains
constant, as the Reynolus numbei uecieases, the fiiction factoi incieases anu also the
GabrielS.Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

piessuie loss. Foi fuithei ueciease in tempeiatuie, as the viscosity incieases, a tuibulent
flow may tuin into laminai flow anu fuithei, in the limit, as viscosity incieases anu
Reynolus numbei tenus to zeio, the flow ceases. In auuition, if a momentum balance is
unueitaken thiough Beinoullis equation foi the both tanks, as the piessuie uiop
builuups, the height uiffeience between fluiu levels in both tanks accoiuingly incieases (in
case they come back to the initial conuitions, but at lowei tempeiatuie).
_
AP
pg
+
Au
2
=
2g
_
cunxtant
+ Az = h
|uxx

Wheie :
2
may be assumeu equal to zeio if the momentum balance is unueitaken on the
fluiu suiface in the tanks, anu the piessuie uiffeience also can be consiueieu not to vaiy if
the tanks uo not unueigo uepiessuiization oi piessuiization in the meanwhile.
(a & b) As foi the fiiction factoi behavioi with iespect to viscosity vaiiation in laminai
flow, it is moie sensitive than when tuibulent flow is iegaiueu. Accoiuingly, the Noouys
uiagiam shows, foi a Newtonian fluiu such as watei, that the slope of the fiictions factoi
cuive in the laminai iegion is steepei than in the tuibulent iegion; theiefoie, the inciease
in fiiction factoi anu, hence, in piessuie uiop is gieatei in the laminai iegion foi a
vaiiation in Reynolus numbei.

GabrielS.Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

2. Question 9. Explain, using equations where appropriate, why a pump located even
with the bottom of a pressurized tank containing a vaporliquid mixture of a pure
component will likely not ever cavitate regardless of the ambient temperature.
The static piessuie at the pump inlet is a function of the upstieam tank piessuie anu
liquiu height. Theiefoie, fiom the uefinition of the available net positive suction heau
(NPSB
A
), once the pump is not cavitating, any fuithei inciease in tempeiatuie will not
make it to cavitate. In othei woius, as the tempeiatuie builuups, the vapoi piessuie also
incieases; hence, as the tank is piessuiizeu anu encompasses a single component in
equilibiium, the inciease in tempeiatuie leaus to the same behavioi foi piessuie,
nullifying anu making up foi the inciease in volatility.
NPSE
A
= P
sucton
- P
up

= P
tunk
+ bgp - b
Ioss
gp - P
up
(I)
i P
tunk
P
up
(I) NPSE
A
= bgp - b
Ioss
gp
NPSE
A
= bgp -

p:
2
2
constont witb I
If the inciease in tempeiatuie effect on the fluiu viscosity anu uensity (p) is neglecteu, anu
assuming constant the upstieam fluiu height anu its velocity, the upstieam piessuie loss
may be assumeu constant; theiefoie, the available net positive suction heau becomes not a
function of the tempeiatuie anymoie. Consequently, if the pump was not pieviously
cavitating, then it will not cavitate foi any fuithei tempeiatuie iise.
3. Question 10. A storage tank is connected to a pond (at atmospheric pressure) by a
length of 4 pipe and a gate valve. From previous operating experience, it has been
found that when the tank is at a pressure of 3 atm the flow through the pipe is
35 m/h when the gate valve is fully open. If the pressure in the tank is increased to
5 atm, what will be the maximum discharge rate from the tank?
Fiom the question statements, theie is nothing saiu with iegaiu to height uiffeience
between the ponu anu the stoiage tank. Theiefoie, it will be assumeu to be negligible.
Thiough the eneigy balance implieu in Beinoullis equation, the piessuie loss uue to
fiiction on the pipes anu in the valve can be assesseu as follows.
GabrielS.Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

P
tunk
- P
pond
+ (:
tunk
2
- :
pond
2
)
p
2
+ (b
tunk
- b
pond
)pg = b
Ioss
pg =

:
2
p
2

The fluiu velocity in the tank may be uisiegaiueu when assuming that the tank uiametei is
oiueis of magnituue gieatei than the pipe uiametei. Fuitheimoie, as stateu befoie, the
height difference will be neglected, and, by assuming that the velocity at the pond connection
is the same as in the pipe (incompressible fluid), the velocity in the pressure loss term may be
assumed to be equal to the velocity at the ponu. Foi the base case:
b
Ioss
=
S otm - 1 otm
997
kg
m
3
9.8u6
m
s
2
- _
SS m
3
b
n(u.1u2 m)
2
4
_
2
1
2g
= 2u.6SS m
Assuming that the inciement in velocity uue to the inciease in piessuie uoes not
significantly affects Reynolus numbei, the fiiction factoi may be consiueieu to iemain
constant. Theiefoie, the piessuie loss teim may be assumeu to be a function of only
velocity.
b
Ioss
i
= b
Ioss

:
pound
i 2
:
pound
2

Then inciease in velocity uue to inciease in piessuie can be estimateu thiough Beinoullis
equation.
:
pond
=
SS m
3
b
n(u.1u2 m)
2
4
= 1.199
m
s

S otm - 1 otm = _
:
pond
i2
2g
+ 2u.6SS m
:
pond
i 2
[1.199
m
s

2
_ 997
kg
m
3
9.8u6
m
s
2

:
pond
i
_
S otm - 1 otm
997
kg
m
3
9.8u6
m
s
2
_
1
2 9.8u6
m
s
2
+
2u.6SS m
[1.199
m
s

2
_
-1
= 1. 9
m
x

The assumption that the fiiction factoi uoes not change may not be totally plausible, since the
Reynolus numbei woulu be 4u% gieatei.
Rc =
1.696 - 1.199
1.199
41%
Theiefoie, if effect on the fiiction factoi causeu by the change in Reynolus numbei weie to be
incluueu, the teim ielateu to the piessuie loss in the seconu case coulu be uesciibeu as
follows.
GabrielS.Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

b
Ioss
i
= b
Ioss

[Rc(:
pond
i
) :
pond
i 2

[Rc(:
pond
) :
pond
2

Foi the base case, the Reynolus numbei can be easily calculateu.
Rc(:
pound
) =
:
v
=
4 in
1.uu4 1u
-6
m
2
s
1.199 m s = 1.21S 1u
5
turbulcnt
The Baicy fiiction factoi may be calculateu by utilizing the Colebiook implicit equation
assuming usual pipe ioughness of commeicial steel of u.u47 mm.
1

= -2 log _
2.S1
Rc

+
(e )
S.72
_
or tbc bosc cosc (ossuming stccl)

1.968 1u
-2

uoing back to the seconu case, it can be ievisiteu utilizing the new ielationship between
the piessuie losses. Bowevei, in this case, the solution is assesseu numeiically |IIj.
P
i
tank
- P
pond
g
-
v
i
pond
2
2g
= h
Ioss

f
D
[Re(v
pond
i
) v
pond
i 2
f
D
[Re(v
pond
) v
pond
2

finu v
pond
i

S atm - 1 atm
997
kg
m
3
9.8u6
m
s
2
-
v
i
pond
2
2 9.8u6
m
s
2
- 2u.6SS m
f
D
[Re(v
pond
i
) v
pond
i 2
1.968 1u
-2
[1.199
m
s

2
= u
:
pond
i
1. 731
m
s

If the ioughness is multiplieu by a factoi of 1uu, the effect on the new velocity is baiely
negligible.
v
pond
i
( = u.9S mm) 1.699
m
s

0ltimately, one can concluue that the fiiction factoi effect with iegaiu to the change in
Reynolus numbei is negligible, anu that the new velocity in the pipe is :
pond
i
1. 7 mx.

GabrielS.Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

4. Question 11. Consider the pump and system curves in Figure P18.11 for identical
pumps arranged in parallel and series.
a. If the flowrate is increased from 3 L/s to 4 L/s, which pump arrangement(s)
(single pump, two in series, or two in parallel) will give you the desired flow
increase?
b. For your answer(s) to Part (a), will the pump(s) cavitate?
(a & b)

The only pump aiiangement that can supply the heau necessaiy foi the inciease in
volumetiic flowiate may be the 2 pumps in parallel. As ueiivable, as flowiate incieases,
the piessuie loss uue to fiiction in the system incieases; howevei, when the system is
iunning at S Ls, the opeiating point is situateu befoie the inteiception of the pump anu
system cuive. At this point, the assumption which can be maue is that theie is a valve, oi
seiies of valves, that, while iegulating the flowiate, auus heau to the system, shifting the
system cuive upwaius anu, accoiuingly, the opeiating point. Neveitheless, nothing is saiu
with iegaiu to the contiol valve, how wiue it is openeu foi when the system is opeiating at
S Ls.
At tbc opcroting point b
pump
= b
sstcm
+ b
hcght
+ b
uIc

The same ieasoning can be applieu foi the new volumetiic flowiate. If in the base case the
valve is fully open, it will not be possible to achieve 4 L/s, even with two pumps in paiallel;
GabrielS.Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

conveisely, lowei flowiates aie inueeu iealizable. 0n the othei hanu, if the valve(s) is(aie)
half open, the new flowiate may possibly be attaineu; howevei, the span in which the
valve opeiates becomes compiomiseu. So as to just ieiteiate what was pieviously implieu,
2 pumps in seiies aie not an alteinative foi this case, since they woulu not be able to
pioviue the heau necessaiy to oveicome system anu valve piessuie losses.
As iegaius cavitation, it is not likely to happen if the pumps aie capable to pioviue the
heau anu if it was not occuiiing befoie incieasing the flowiate; howevei, cavitation uoes
not uepenu upon uownstieam pump; oppositely, it is a function of pump upstieam losses
anu, fuithei, the uiffeience between the fluiu static piessuie at the pump inlet anu its
vapoi piessuie at the iespective tempeiatuie; in othei woius, when the available net
positive suction heau falls below the iequiieu net positive suction heau, which is specific
foi each pump anu its iespective opeiating iotation speeu. The only ieason that woulu
justify cavitation woulu be if the incieaseu flowiate leaueu to gieatei piessuie loss befoie
pump, since, in this scenaiio, velocity incieases.
5. Referring to the Example of the storage tank, heat exchanger and reactor from the
lecture notes, it has been decided that the storage tank should be kept at 1 bar and
the reactor pressure at 1.2 bar. To provide the pressure head required, a pump is
placed in line before the heat exchanger. For the 50% increase in flow desired as
done during lecture, answer the following:
a. What pressure head must be produced by the pump?
b. Which of the pump/impeller systems provided in the lecture notes (pump
curves for 6, 7, and 8 inch impellers) is capable of providing sufficient flow?
(a & b)

Base Case (p = 75hg m
3
and Q = 1. 1m
3
mtn )
GabrielS.Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

If the uiffeience in velocity is assumeu to be negligible, the eneigy balance by Beinoullis

equation leaus to the following.
P + pgb = pgb
Ioss

The heau loss teim is mainly function of the fluiu velocity, pipe uiametei () anu
length (I); howevei, as the velocity (:) was assumeu to be appioximately the same at
both points anu the flowiate is constant; the pipe uiametei has to be the same at both
extiemities.
b
Ioss
=

:
2
2g
o :
2

Wheie

iefeis to Baicy fiiction factoi, which is function of Reynolus numbei, anu o

iepiesents the factoi constant compiiseu of all the othei paiameteis but the velocity.
Bowevei, the change in the fiiction factoi uue to velocity change will be consiueieu to be
negligible. Foi the base case, the heau loss can be calculateu as follows.
pgb
Ioss
= _S.6 bor - 1.2 bor + 7Su
kg
m
3
9.8u6
m
s
2
(2u m - S2 m)_
= 1S1.7 kPo or 1.S17 bor
b
Ioss
= 2u.6S m
Foi the seconu case, the flowiate is incieaseu in Su%; theiefoie, foi a same cioss sectional
flow aiea, the velocity also incieases in Su%. Consequently, the piessuie uiop also
incieases, howevei, with the seconu powei.

New Scenario (p = 75hg m
3
and Q = 1. 5m
3
mtn )
: =

A
=

n
2
4
=

[

GabrielS.Gusmo
Dr.Tam
CHE175B
DueonMay16
th
,2012

b
Ioss
i
= b
Ioss
_
:
i2
:
2
_ = b
Ioss
_

i2

2
_

i
= 1.S
b
Ioss
i
= b
Ioss
_
(1.S)
2

2
_ = 2.2S b
Ioss
= 46.42 m
The eneigy balance foi the cuiient is then evaluateu thiough Beinoullis equation.
P
i
+ pgb = pgb
Ioss
i
+ w
S
p
w
S
p = -_1.u bor - 1.2 bor + 7Su
kg
m
3
9.8u6
m
s
2
(2u m - S2 m - 46.42 m)_
w
S
p = 449.7 kPo or 4.497 bor
b
pump
=
w
S
p
gp
= 61.14 m
As the flowiate has changeu to 1.6S mmin anu the pump has to pioviue 61.14 m of heau,
none of the impelleis woulu be able to pioviue the heau. In othei woius, the opeiating
point lies outwaiu of the feasible opeiating iegion foi all the pumps. Theiefoie, the
solution woulu be to look foi a pump with a gieatei impellei in oiuei to pioviue the heau
necessaiy to oveicome fiiction loss, piessuie anu height uiffeiences between the ielateu
spots.
6. References
I. Tuiton, R.; Bailie, R.C.; Whiting, W. B.; Shaeiwitz, }. A.; Anaysis, Synthesis and Design of
Chemical Piocesses Siu eu.; 2u1u by Pientice Ball PTR.
II. Nathcau 1S.u Copyiight 2u1u Paiametiic Technology Coipoiation.
III. Niciosoft visio 2u1u; 2u1u Niciosoft Coipoiation.