SDH is a transmission protocol or it is a set of rules for transmitting the data from source to destination via optical fiber. Need for extensive network management capability within the hierarchy. Standard interfaces between equipment. Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed signal. Standardization of equipment management process.
SDH is a transmission protocol or it is a set of rules for transmitting the data from source to destination via optical fiber. Need for extensive network management capability within the hierarchy. Standard interfaces between equipment. Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed signal. Standardization of equipment management process.
SDH is a transmission protocol or it is a set of rules for transmitting the data from source to destination via optical fiber. Need for extensive network management capability within the hierarchy. Standard interfaces between equipment. Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed signal. Standardization of equipment management process.
In a set of Synchronous signals, the digital transitions in the signals occur at exactly the same rate. There may be a phase difference between the transitions of the two signals, and this would lie on specified limits.
SDH is a transmission protocol or it is a set of rules for transmitting the data from source to destination via optical fiber. SYNCHRONOUS SIGNAL: Requirement Of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ( SDH ) Need for extensive network management capability within the hierarchy. Standard interfaces between equipment. Need for inter-working between north American and European systems. Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed signal. Standardization of equipment management process. Node View - TJ100MC1 Line Diagram E1 Tributary Card - TET16/TET21/TET28
E3/DS3 Tributary Card - TE31
TP01
TP01FT
STM-1 Tributary Card - A011
STM-1e/E4 Tributary Card - A1E4
Node view - TJ100MC4 Line Diagram Tributary Card E1- TET16/TET21/TET28 Tributary Card E3/DS3 - TE31 3 E3/DS3 Tributary Card - TE33 Ethernet Tributary Card ETC Ethernet Tributary Card ETCFT TP01 TP01FT STM1 card A011 or A012 STM-1e/E4 Tributary Card - A1E4 STM-1e Tributary Card - A012E STM-4 Tributary Card - A041,A041VLR TR01 TJ100 MC-1 & TJ100 MC-4 can be configured as Regenerator (REG), Terminal Multiplexers (TMUX), Add-Drop Multiplexers (ADM) and Digital Cross-Connect (DXC) SDH Network Elements The Network Elements of SDH Network : Regenerator (Reg.) Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Digital Cross Connect (DXC) STM-N STM-N Regenerator Regenerator (Reg.) It mainly performs 3R function: 1R Reamplification 2R Retiming 3R Reshaping It regenerates the clock and amplifies the incoming distorted and attenuated signal. It derive the clock signal from the incoming data stream. Regenerator Terminal Multiplexer STM-N PDH SDH Terminal Multiplexer (TM) It combines the Plesionchronous and synchronous input signals into higher bit rate STM-N Signal. Terminal Multiplexer Tributaries Line Interface (aggregate) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 . . 1 (Optional) Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) STM-N STM-N PDH SDH Add / Drop Multiplexer Add/Drop Multiplexer Tributaries Add / Drop illustration: 1 is dropped; 17 is added 1 2 1 17 ... Synchronous Transport Module 5 60 1 21 25 34 3 3 5 60 17 21 25 34 3 Drop Add Extraction from & insertion into high speed SDH bit streams of Plesiochronous and lower bit rate synchronous signal. ADM makes possibilities of Ring structure of network which provides the advantage of automatic back-up path switching in the event of fault. STM-16 STM-4 STM-1 140 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s STM-16 STM-4 STM-1 140 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s Cross - Connect Digital Cross Connect (DXC) Digital Cross Connect (DXC) Digital Cross Connect: A digital cross connect is an equipment which has the capability of interconnecting tributaries An Agg to Agg connection, a trib to aggregate connection and a tributary to tributary connection is also possible in case of a Digital Cross Connect Types Wideband VT/DS1 level Broadband STS-n/DS3 level & Narrowband DS0 level SDH NE: Digital cross connect (DXC) Ports Ports Ports Ports 25 1 21 PDH ATM IP SDH multiplexer SDH Regenerator
# Cross- connect SDH multiplexer SDH SDH SDH PDH ATM IP Regenerator Section Regenerator Section Multiplex Section Multiplex Section Path TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH LAYER General view of Path Section designations Topologies Network Configurations Point to Point Point to Multipoint Mesh Architecture Ring Architecture SDH Network Topologies Point-to-Point Network Chain Network Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Regenerator T r i b u t a r i e s
T r i b u t a r i e s
Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) T r i b u t a r i e s
T r i b u t a r i e s
Ring Network Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) A d d
D r o p
M u l t i p l e x e r
( A D M )
Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) A d d
D r o p
M u l t i p l e x e r
( A D M )
T r i b u t a r i e s
T r i b u t a r i e s
Tributaries Tributaries Tributaries Tributaries Tributaries Exchange STM-4 Ring 2Mbit/s 140Mbit/s STM-1 Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) A d d
D r o p
M u l t i p l e x e r
( A D M )
Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) A d d
D r o p
M u l t i p l e x e r
( A D M )
E x c h a n g e
E x c h a n g e
Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) STM-1 140Mbit/s 2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s ADM linear route ( Bus ) ADM Ring X X X X X X X X Mesh Network T r i b u t a r i e s
STM-1 frame structure Check your learning section1 PAY LOAD RSOH MSOH AU Pointer 261 Columns 270 Columns 9 Columns 1-3 rows 5-9 rows 4th row STM-1 frame structure Check your learning section2 SDH Multiplexing Process STM-N Frame Is got by Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of Lower Order Frame.
For Example STM-4 is got by Multiplexing 4 STM-1 Frames.
SDH M U X Tributary Signals STM-1 Line Signal STM-3 Byte Interleaved multiplexing STM - 4 TU Format Columns Bytes/ Frame Bandwidth Payload TU 11 3 27 1.728Mbps DS1 TU 12 4 36 2.304Mbps E-1 TU 2 12 108 6.912Mbps DS-2 SDH Over Heads STM-1 Section Overhead Y Y 1* 1* Y- 1001 SS11 (S unspecified) 1*- All 1s
A1 & A2 Framing Bytes
These two bytes indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame
J0 Regenerator Section Trace
Its used to transmit a Section Access Point Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter
Identifies by a number in the individual STM 1s of a higher order STM - n
Regenerator Section Overhead This is a parity code (even parity), used to check for transmission errors over a regenerator section Its value is calculated over all bits of the previous STM-N frame after scrambling, then placed in the B1 byte of STM-1 before scrambling E1 Engineering Order wire This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel for voice communication between regenerators This byte functionality is available at both multiplexers and Regenerators B1- Bit Interleaved parity (BIP-8) RSOH (contd..) F1 User Channel This byte is set aside for the users purposes D1 to D3 Data Communication Channel These three bytes form a 192 kbps DCC for Operation & management of the SDH System Network management system sends / receives provisioning, security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring command / response by way of DCC RSOH (contd..)
Regenerator Section Overhead : Performance monitoring (STM-n signal) Local orderwire Data communication channels to carry information for OAM&P Framing STM Regenerator Section Overhead This is used to determine if a transmission error has occurred over a multiplex section. It is even parity, and is calculated over all bits of the MS Overhead and the STM-N frame (except the regenerator section) of the previous STM-N frame before scrambling The value is placed in the three B2 bytes of the MS Overhead before scrambling. These bytes are provided for all STM-1 signals in an STM-N signal B2 Bit Interleaved parity (BIP 24) MS Overhead D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel These nine bytes form a 576 kbps DCC for Operation & management of the multiplexers on a SDH line Network management system sends / receives provisioning, security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring command / response by way of DCC K1 & K2 Multiplex Section Protn. These two bytes are used for MSP signaling between multiplex level entities for bi-directional automatic protection switching and for communicating Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) and Remote Defect Indication (RDI) conditions MSOH (contd..) Automatic Protection Switching APS is the capability of a transmission system to detect a failure on a working facility and to switch to a standby facility to recover the traffic. Only the Multiplex Section in SDH is protected in this automatic fashion. MS protection mechanism is coordinated by K1 and K2 bytes. Path protection is managed at a higher level by network management functions
Protection Switching is initiated due to : Signal failure Signal degradation In response to commands from a local craft terminal or a remote network manager. APS (contd..) E2 Engineering Order wire This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel for voice communication between multiplexers This byte is not accessible at the regenerators M1 - Remote Error indication It is used to indicate the MS layer remote error indication (MS-REI) MSOH (contd..) S1 Synchronization status message byte (SSMB) Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used to carry the synchronization messages 0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. network) 0010 G.811 PRC (Primary Reference Clock) 0100 G.812 transit SSU-A (Synchronisation Supply Unit - A) 1000 G.812 local SSU-B (Synchronisation Supply Unit B) 1011 G.813 Option 1 SEC (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock) 1111 Do not use for synchronization. MSOH (contd..) H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 H1 & H2 = VC payload pointer
H3 = Negative Justification
1 = All 1s
Y = 1001SS11 (S bits unspecified) SDH Pointers Use of Pointers It indicates the starting position of VC It is also used for justification AU pointer is also used for concatenation SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the phase and frequency of the Virtual Containers (VC-n) with respect to the STM-N frame Lower-order pointers are also provided to permit phase differences between VC-12/VC-2 and the higher-order VC- 3/VC-4 To accomplish this, a process known as byte stuffing is used
The value of the pointer has a range of 0 to 782
For example, If the VC-4 Payload Pointer has a value of 0, then the VC-4 begins in the byte adjacent to the H3 byte of the Overhead;
If the Payload Pointer has a value of 87 (since each row of the payload has 86 positions), then the VC-4 begins in the byte adjacent to the K2 byte of the overhead in the byte of the next row
The pointer value, which is a binary number, is carried in bits 7 through 16 of the H1-H2 pointer word. Pointers (contd..) Positive Pointer Justification When the data rate of the VC is too slow in relation to the rate of the STM-1 frame, positive stuffing must occur. An additional byte is stuffed in, allowing the alignment of the container to slip back in time. This is known as positive stuffing Negative Pointer Justification Conversely, when the data rate of the VC is too fast in relation to the rate of the STM-1 frame, that negative stuffing must occur. Because the alignment of the container advances in time, the payload capacity must be moved forward. Thus, actual data is written in the H3 byte, the negative stuff opportunity within the Overhead; this is known as negative stuffing Pointers (contd..) H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H2 1 1 H1 Y Y H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 Points out Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary Points out Start of VC-4 Points out Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary VC-4 Boundary To next Row To next Row Positive justification opportunity AU 4 Positive Pointer Justification Points out Start of VC-4 Points out Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary VC-4 Boundary From next row From next row Negative justification opportunity H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H2 1 1 H1 Y Y H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 Points out Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary AU 4 Negative Pointer Justification MS Alarm indication signal Performance Monitoring of individual STM-1s Protection Switching Information MS Remote Defect Indication (RDI) Data channels for OAM&P Pointer to commencement of synchronous payload envelope Express order-wire Multiplexer Section Overhead Path OverHead TCM Tandem Connection Monitoring
J1- Path trace
Starting point of VC It is used to transmit repetitively a path access point identifier, similar to J0
B3 Path Bit Interleaved Parity BIP- 8
Error Monitoring over the previous VC-4 frame. Even parity is used to monitor path errors
Path Overhead C2 Signal Label It is defined to indicate the composition or the maintenance of the VC-4 POH (contd..) Binary Hex Mapping 0000 0000 00 Unequipped 0000 0001 01 Equipped,non specific 0000 0010 02 TUG structure 0000 0011 03 Locked TU 0000 0100 04 34 / 45 Mbps into C3 (async) 0001 0010 12 140 Mbps into C4 (async) 0001 0011 13 ATM 0001 0100 14 MAN (DQDB) 0001 0101 15 FDDI G1- Path status
It is defined to send back the path status and performance to where the path is generated
F2,F3 Path User Channels
It is assigned for user communication purposes between path elements by the network operator
H4 Multi frame Indicator
H4 byte provides the multiframe information POH (contd..) FEBE FERF UNUSED K3 Automatic protection switching(APS) channel
(b1-b4) are assigned for APS signaling for protection at the VC-4/3 path labels
N1 Network operator Byte
The tandem connection monitoring function is currently not used
POH (contd..) VC12 path overhead BIP-2 (Bits 1 and 2). The Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP) bits are used to provide an error monitoring function for the VC-12 path. REI (Bit 3). The Remote Error Indication (REI) bit is used to communicate detected BIP- 2 errors back to the VC-12 path originator. RFI (Bit 4). Remote Fail Indicator (RFI). Not used in present applications. Signal label (Bits 5 to 7). These bits are used to indicate the payload mapping and equipped status. RDI (Bit 8). The Remote Defect Indicator (RDI) bit is used to indicate certain detected TU path alarms to the VC-12 path originator. Performance Monitoring of STM SPE Path Status Path Trace Signal Label (Unequipped or Equipped) STM Path Overhead STM-4 Section OverHead MAPPING Elements of SDH Container (C)
Virtual Container (VC)
Tributary Unit (TU)
Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Administrative Unit (AU)
Administrative Unit Group (AUG)
Synchronous Transport Module - N (STM N)
Input signals are placed into the containers
It adds stuffing bytes for PDH signals,which compensates for the permitted frequency deviation between the SDH system and the PDH signal
C12 (2 Mbps G.703) C11 (1.5 Mbps) C2 (6 Mbps) C3 (34 / 45 Mbps) C4 (140 Mbps) Container Virtual Container = + POH PAYLOAD PAYLOAD POH ANALOGY: Packing C2 carton box with some more packing material and labeled as VC2 box MAPPING : It is a process from Containers to Virtual containers.
It adds overheads to a container or groups of tributary units, that provides facilities for supervision and maintenance of the end to end paths
VCs carry information end to end between two path access points through the SDH system
VCs are designed for transport and switching sub-SDH payloads VC12 (C12 + POH) VC11 (C11 + POH) VC2 (C2 + POH) VC3 (C3 + POH) VC4 (C4 + POH) Virtual Container Virtual Container (contd..) At each level, subdivisions of capacity can float individually between the payload areas of adjacent frames. Each subdivision can be readily located by its own pointer that is embedded in the overheads.
The pointer is used to find the floating part of the AU or TU, which is called a virtual container (VC).
The AU pointer locates a higher-order VC, and the TU pointer locates a lower-order VC. For example, an AU3 contains a VC3 plus a pointer, and a TU2 contains a VC2 plus a pointer.
A VC is the payload entity that travels across the network, being created and dismantled at or near the service termination point.
It adds pointers to the VCs This pointer permits the SDH system to compensate for phase differences within the SDH network and also for the frequency deviations between the SDH networks TUs acts as a bridge between the lower order path layer and higher order path layer TU12 (VC12 + pointer) TU2 (VC2 + pointer) TU3 (VC3 + pointer) Tributary Unit It defines a group of tributary units that are multiplexed together
As a result, a TU group could contain one of the following combinations
Three TU-12s (TUG 2)
Seven TUG-2s (TUG 3) Tributary Unit Group
It adds pointer to the HO Virtual containers(similar to the tributary unit) AU - 3 (VC-3 + pointer) AU - 4 (VC-4 + pointer)
Administrative Unit Group It defines a group of administrative units that are multiplexed together to form higher order STM signal Administrative Unit Synchronous Transport Module n It adds section overhead (RSOH & MSOH) to a number of AUGs that adds facilities for supervision & maintenance of the multiplexer & regenerator sections
This is the signal that is transmitted on the SDH line
The digit n defines the order of the STM signal SDH Generalised Multiplexing Structure Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal A corresponding arrangement is used for demultiplexing 2.048 Mbps (E1) 1 2 3 32 32 Bytes 1 2 3 32 VC-12 35 Bytes POH (Lower Order)
1 2 3 32 C-12 34 Bytes Stuffing Bytes
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N TU-12 36 Bytes Pointer 9 Rows 4 Columns TU 12 is arranged Into Matrix of 9 X 4 Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N TUG-2 9 Rows 12 Columns 9 Rows 4 Columns 4 Columns 4 Columns TU-12 TU-12 TU-12 Multiplexing Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N 7 TUG-2s Stuffing Bytes 86 Columns 84 Columns TUG 3 X 7 TUG-2 TUG-3(multiplexing) Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N HOPOH VC - 4 258 Columns Stuffing Bytes 261 Columns TUG - 3 TUG - 3 TUG - 3 86 Columns X 3 TUG3 Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N 261 Columns AU 4 (Adding Pointer) Pay Load AU Pointer 9 Columns 4 th Row Pay Load VC - 4 261 Columns 9 rows Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N SYNCHRONIZATION Synchronization is the means of keeping all of the digital equipment in your network operating at the same rate. In terms of synchronous networks (SDH/SONET), this means that all network elements must be oriented towards a single clock. In SDH and SONET, higher bit rates and synchronization are the major Advances compared to older transmission technologies. This is the only way to assure uniform standardization at all hierarchy levels and represents a major challenge for system manufacturers and network operators. Synchronization Primary Reference Clock ( PRC ) Stratum 1 DIGITAL EXCHANGE Stratum 1 TRANSMISSION NETWORK Digital Exchange Stratum 2 Digital Exchange Stratum 2 Digital Exchange Stratum 2 Transmission Network Digital Exchange Stratum 3 Digital Exchange Stratum 3 Digital Exchange Stratum 3 Digital Exchange Stratum 3 Digital Exchange Stratum 3 SYNCHRONIZATION HIERARCHY
The network illustrates the digital network synchronization hierarchy,with all clocks normally operating at the same frequency as the reference source. A large network can comprise the interconnection of many such clusters of nodes, each operating plesiochronous. Clock Hierarchies CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY STRUCTURE S1 Clk : Cesium / Rubidium atomic clk. Accurate upto 0.00001ppm. Loses 1sec every 3000yrs. S2 Clk : Accurate to 0.016ppm. <255 slips in 1st 86 days after loosing S1 link. 1st slip cant occur within first 7 days. S3 Clk : Accurate upto 4.6ppm. <255 slips in 1st 24hrs after loss of reference. 1st slip cant occur <6mins after reference loss. S4 Clk : No guarantee. Stratum Accuracy Skip Rate Notes 1 10*10 -11 2.523/Year PRC 2 1.6*10 -8 11.06/Day Electronic Switch Sys 3 4.6*10 -6 132.48/Hour DCS 4 3.2*10 -5 15.36/Min PBX, CPE All network elements are synchronised to a central clock
The central clock is generated by a high precision primary clock(prc)-G.811 (10x10 -11 )
Clock is distributed throughout the network,this signal is passed on to the Sub-ordinate Synchronization units (ssu) and synchronous equipment clock (sec)
SYNCHRONIZATION
Selector
Internal Clock
Auotmatic Switch
Timing Signal Generator (TSG)
Primary
Secondary
Internal Diagram of BITS S1 Synchronization status message byte (SSMB) Synchronization Status Messaging is the transmission of synchronization quality messages between NEs. Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used to carry the synchronization messages 0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. network) 0010 G.811 PRC (Primary Reference Clock) 0100 G.812 transit SSU-A (Synchronisation Supply Unit - A) 1000 G.812 local SSU-B (Synchronisation Supply Unit B) 1011 G.813 Option 1 SEC (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock) 1111 Do not use for synchronization. QL settings for use with SSM Example: Ring synchronization Figs. A,B,C give a simple example of ring synchronization using four network elements and a PRC clock source: . Configuration of network elements for clock distribution . Clock distribution behavior when a fault occurs During normal operation, the complete ring is clocked by the PRC, which is directly connected to NE 1 (clock input T3). This NE cannot derive a clock from the data inputs and is not configured initially as a clock port. This prevents possible clock loops. The other three network elements derive the clock from the incoming data signals. The best clock source is always used (here, PRC). The output signals have this clock quality, so PRC is indicated in the S1 byte. To avoid clock loops, Don't Use for Synchronization (DNU) is indicated in the S1 byte in the opposite direction. At NE 4, PRCs are present at both data ports. In this case according to the clock derivation table determining the priority in case of identical clock priority, the clock from NE 3 is used. What happens to the ring in case of a fault ? In this case, NE 3 no longer receives a valid synchronization signal from NE 2, so it operates in holdover mode (Fig. B) since an alternative clock source is not yet available. This is also indicated in the S1 byte (SEC) towards NE 4. NE 4 now receives a signal with PRC quality from NE 1 in the reverse direction. According to the clock derivation table, NE 4 takes the synchronization clock from the reverse direction (NE 1). The same applies to NE 3, which uses the clock from NE 4 from the reverse direction (Fig. C). Despite the disruption, all of network elements still use the PRC clock. Errors & Alarms PDH ATM IP SDH multiplexer SDH Regenerator
# Cross- connect SDH multiplexer SDH SDH SDH PDH ATM IP Regenerator Section Regenerator Section Multiplex Section Multiplex Section Path TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH LAYER General view of Path Section designations The advantage of the alarms monitoring are illustrated as follows : Complete failure of a connection results, for example, in a LOS alarm (loss of signal) in the receiving network element. This alarm triggers a complete chain of subsequent messages in the form of AIS. The transmitting side is informed of the failure by the return of an RDI alarm (remote defect indication). The alarm messages are transmitted in defined bytes in the TOH or POH. Numerous alarm and error messages are built into SDH. They are known as defects and anomalies, respectively. They are coupled to network sections and the corresponding overhead information. Types of Alarms Equipment Alarms
Facility Alarms
What is difference between a Defect and a Failure? A defect is a detection of an alarm such as loss of signals, loss of frames. AIS loss of excessive errors. A failure is a defect that persists beyond a maximum time allocated. It is used to access to integrate Automatic Protection Switching ( APS ). Equipment Alarms Card Failure Card Mismatch Card Missing DCN Failure Fan Failed Disk 90% full Derived Voltage high/low I/p Voltage on PSU high/low LAN port down Memory usage exceeded SW download failed Temperature too high
Facility Alarms AIS E1/MS/P/STM LOS LOF OOF LOM LFD RDI MS/P REI MS/P RFI P LOP MS/P TIM RS/MS/P PLM P Cont.. Signal Degrade Signal Fail Timing Reference Failed Forced Switch Active Forced Switch to channel Manual Switch Active Manual Switch to channel Laser Bias Voltage high/low Derived I/p voltage high/low LOS Signal Degrade Signal Fail Loss Of Signals ( LOS ) :
It could be due to cut cable, excessive attenuation of the signal or an equipment fault.
The LOS state will clear when 2 consecutive framing patterns are received and no LOS condition is detected. OOF LOF TIM(J0) DCC Fail @ RSOH Out of Frame (OOF ) : This situation occurs when 4, or in some implementations, 5 consecutive SDH frames are received with invalid framing patterns(A1 and A2 bytes)
The maximum time to detect OOF is therefore 625Ms
The OOF clears when consecutive SDH frames are received with valid framing patterns Loss Of Frame ( LOF ) : The LOF occurs when the OOF state exists for a specified time in msecs If OOFs are intermittent,the timer is not reset to zero until an in frame state persists continuously for specified time in msecs As the framing bytes are there in Regenerator section overhead(RSOH) this alarm is sometimes known as RS-LOF @ MSOH AIS/RDI(K1,K2) DCC Fail Timing Reference Signal Fail(S1) REI(M1)
MS-AIS : This alarm is sent by a Regenerator Section Terminating equipment(RSTE) to alert the downstream Multiplex section Terminating Equipment(MSTE) of detected LOS or LOF state It is indicated by an STM-N signal containing valid RSOH and a scrambled all 1s pattern in the rest of the frame The MS-AIS is detected by the MSTE when bits 6 to 8 of the received k2 byte are set to 111 for 3 consecutive frames Removal is detected by the MSTE when bits 6 to 8 of the received k2 byte are set with a pattern other than 111 in bits 6 to 8 of k2 AU-4 AIS : This is sent by MSTE(Multiplex Section Terminating Equipment) to alert the downstream higher order path terminating equipment (HOPTE) of a detected LOP state or a received AU path AIS The AU-4 path AIS is indicated by transmitting an all 1s pattern in the entire AU-4(I.e an all 1s pattern in H1,H2 and H3 bytes pointer bytes plus all bytes of associated VC- 4) Removal of AU-4 path AIS is detected when three consecutive valid AU pointers are received with normal NDFs TU-12 AIS : This is sent downstream to alert the Lower Order Path Terminating Equipment(LOPTE) of a detected TU-12 LOP state or a received TU-12 path AIS TU-12 path AIS is indicated by transmitting an all 1s pattern in the entire TU-12 (I.e all 1s in pointer bytes v1,v2,v3and v4 plus all bytes of associated VC) The TU-12 AIS detected by the LOPTE when all 1s pattern is received in bytes v1 and v2 or three consecutive multi- frames. Removal of TU-12 is detected when three consecutive valid TU-12 pointers are received with normal NDFs If the received signal contains bit errors, the receiving network element detects and reports BIP errors. Since this is not the same as a complete failure of the connection, the alarm here is referred to as an anomaly that is indicated back in the direction of transmission. The return message is called a REI (Remote Error Indication). REI & RDI: If network is failed due to fault in network connection itself, breakup in path or fault in terminal equipment then RDI (Remote Defect Indication) alarm will appear. @ HOPOH TIM(J1) PLM(C2) REI,RDI,PLM,TIM,AIS,LOP(G1) LOM(H4) IEC,TC-REI/OEI/API/RDI/ODI(N1) Loss Of Pointer (LOP ) The LOP state occurs when n consecutive invalid pointers are received or n New Data Flags(NDF) are received(other than in a concatenation indicator) The LOP state is cleared when 3 equal valid pointers or 3 consecutive AIS indications are received.This alarm is very rare in steady state because the pointer is either valid or is all 1s An AIS indication is all 1s pattern in the pointer bytes.Concatenation is indicated when the pointer bytes are set to 1001XX1111111111 I.e NDF enabled(H1 and H2 bytes for AU LOP; v1 and v2 bytes for TU LOP) Loss Of Multiframe (LOM ) The LOM state occurs on SDH LOVCs & SONET VTs. LOM is detected by checking the 7 & 8 bit of H4 Byte. LOM is recovered when an error free H4 sequence is found in 4 consecutive VC n frames.
@LOPOH REI,RDI,RFI,PLM,AIS,LOP(V5) AIS,TC-REI/OEI/API/RDI/ODI(N2) TIM/PLM(J2) RFI Loss of Frame MS-REI Loss of Signal MS-AIS Loss of Signal RFI SDH REGEN SDH REGEN SDH REGEN SDH MUX SDH MUX SDH MUX SDH MUX SDH MUX SDH MUX STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 Cable Cut Cable Cut Excessive Errors Some SDH alarms : PROTECTION SCHEMES Failure Events According to ATIS
Causes
1) Fiber cable dig-ups 2) Fiber cable non-dig-ups 3) Digital cross-connects 4) Synchronization timing 5) Internal power components
Protection Schemes Linear Protection (1+1,1:1,1:N)
In 1+1 protection, for each of the working unit(Which can be either unit or path)there will be a corresponding protection unit Both the units will be carrying data all the time ,the receiving end will select the better of the two signals In case of failure,there will be a switching from working to protection Even if the fault in the working unit is rectified ,there will be no automatic switching from protection unit back to working unit This is called Non-Revertive type(because there is no automatic reversion from working to protection even when the working unit is functioning properly)
1+1 Protection Protection Section Working Section Multiplex Section SDH Multiplexer SDH Multiplexer Protection Section Working Section SDH Multiplexer SDH Multiplexer Fault 1+1 Protection 1+1 Card Protection 1+1 Protected Linear Link Even in 1:1 protection, for each of the working unit(Which can be either unit or path)there will be a corresponding protection unit Only working unit will be carrying data all the time,in case of the failure in the protection unit there will be a switching to the protection unit Once the fault in the working unit is rectified there will be a switching from protection unit back to the working unit This is called Reversion type(because there is an automatic reversion from protection back to the working once the working unit is restored)
1:1 Protection(Dedicated Protection) 1:N protection is very similar to 1:1 protection,except the fact that for N working units there will be one protection unit This is also called revertive protection,because as soon as the fault in the working unit is rectified there will be an automatic reversion from working to protection 1: N Protection 1:N Card Protection 1:N Protected Linear Network Path Protection A B C D E path protection switching within 30 ms VC-n working path protection path VC-n Unidirectional Operation Bidirectional Operation Unidirectional Path Switched Ring/SNCP UPSR/SNCP In Uni-directional rings,signal is being carried in only one direction that is either clockwise or anti-clockwise Only in case of failure there will be a switching in the other direction also In the above example let us assume that there is an interruption in the circuit between A and B.Direction y is unaffected by this fault , an alternative path must however,be found for direction X The connection is therefore switched to the alternative path in the Network elements A and B The other network elements(C and D) switch through the back up path A simpler method is to use the so-called path switched ring Traffic is transmitted simultaneously over both the working line and the protection line If there is an interruption, the receiver (in this case A)switches to the protection line and immediately takes up the connection UPSR/SNCP Advantages of UPSR/SNCP Unidirectional protection switching is a simple scheme to implement and does not require a protocol. Unidirectional protection switching can be faster than bidirectional protection switching because it does not require a protocol. Under multiple failure conditions there is a greater chance of restoring traffic by protection
Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - normal State Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - failed State MSSP In this type bandwidth is segregated in to three ways
Working Traffic
Extra Traffic
Non Pre-emptible unprotected Traffic (NUT) 2F Multiplexer Section Shared Protection 2 Fiber MSSP Normal condition A F B C D E ADM Tributary Tributary One Fiber 2 Fiber MSSP - Fault A F B C D E ADM Tributary Tributary Node A Node D Node B Node C Node E Node F working protection Fiber 1 Fiber 2 2F MSSP Node A Node D Node B Node C Node E Node F MS Protection Switching within 50 ms Fiber 1 Fiber 2 2F MSSP
In this network connection between network elements are bi-directional.the overall capacity of the network can be split up for several paths each with one bi-directional working line While for unidirectional rings,an entire virtual ring is required for each path If a fault occurs between neighboring elements A and B,network element B triggers protection switching and controls network element A by means of the k1 and k2 bytes in the SOH 2F MSSP (Multiplexer Section Shared Protection) 4F MSSP 4 Fiber MSSP - Normal A F B C D E ADM Tributary Tributary 4 Fiber MSSP (Span Switch) - Fault A F B C D E Tributary Tributary Protection Fiber 3+4 Working Fiber 1+2 4 Fiber MSSP (Ring Switch) - Fault A F B C D E Tributary Tributary Protection Fiber 3+4 Working Fiber 1+2 NODE A NODE B NODE D
NODE E
NODE F
NODE C
NODE A NODE B NODE D
NODE E
NODE F
NODE C
STS-n STS-n NODE A NODE B NODE D
NODE E
NODE F
NODE C
NODE A NODE B NODE D
NODE E
NODE F
NODE C
NODE A NODE B NODE D
NODE E
NODE F
NODE C
NODE A NODE B NODE D
NODE E
NODE F
NODE C
Even greater protection is provided by bi-directional rings with 4 fibers Each pair of fibers transports working and protection channels This results in 1:1 protection, i.e.100% redundancy This improved protection is coupled with relatively high costs 4F MSSP Advantages of MSSP With bidirectional protection switching operation, the same equipment is used for both directions of transmission after a failure. With bidirectional protection switching, if there is a fault in one path of the network, transmission of both paths between the affected nodes is switched to the alternative direction around the network. No traffic is then transmitted over the faulty section of the network and so it can be repaired without further protection switching. Bidirectional protection switching is easier to manage because both directions of transmission use the same equipments along the full length of the trail.
Protected Add/ Drop With MSP on 1 Pair of Tribs COMBINATIONS PROTECTIONS Dual trib to aggreagate with MSP on aggregates and MSP on 2 tribs Protected Add/Drop with Card Protection on 1 Trib Unprotcted Trib to Trib with Card Protection on 2 Tribs Protected Trib to Trib with cp on 1 trib and MSP on 2 tribs Node Element Ring Types of Traffic Matrix Advantage of SDH : The SDH is based on global international standard. Faster provision of services by remoter control. In service performance monitoring of signals. Possibility of control of circuit routing by customers. Easier management of bandwidth. Remote test access and maintenance from a central location. Optical Transmission interfaces. It will allow existing PDH hierarchies to be transported in the SDH. Reduced amount of equipment in the network and hence savings on accommodation and power consumption. Greater equipment reliability due to advanced electronic circuitry and 1+1 protection. Improved protection facilities for transmission failures. Advance network management features. Single stage multiplexing into the higher bit rates. Cross connect functionality can be distributed around the network. Advantage of SDH (Contd.): Software and configuration information can be downloaded to network elements. Reliability of ring networks using path protection. Implementation of new broadband services such as ATM is made easier. There are cost saving and increased revenue to the network operation. Equipment from different manufacturer can be connected together in the same network. Advantage of SDH (Contd.): COMPARISION OF SDH / PDH PDH SDH The reference clock is not synchronized throughout the network The reference clock is synchronized throughout the network. Multiplexing / Demultiplexing operations have to be performed from one level to the next level step by step. The synchronous multiplexing results in simple access to SDH system has consistent frame structures throughout the hierarchy. PDH system has different frame structures at different hierarchy levels. SDH system has consistent frame structures throughout the hierarchy. Physical cross-connections on the same level on DDF are forced if any Digital cross- connections are provided at different signal levels and in different ways on NMS PDH SDH G.702 specifies maximum 45Mpbs & 140Mpbs & no higher order (faster) signal structure is not specified G.707 specified the first level of SDH.That is, STM-1, Synchronous Transport Module 1st Order & higher. (STM-1,STM-4,STM- 16,STM-64) PDH system does not bear capacity to transport B-ISDN signals. SDH network is designed to be a transport medium for B-ISDN, namely ATM structured signal. Limited amount of extra capacity for user / management It will transport service bandwidths Sufficient number of OHBs is available Bit - by - bit stuff multiplexing Byte interleaved synchronous multiplexing. Comparison (Contd.)