Professional Documents
Culture Documents
@WlLEY-VCH
SolidLiquid
Separation Lexicon
Editors
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Scientific Advisor
Harald Anlauf
Authors
Harald Anlauf
Reinhard Bott
Thomas Langeloh
Bernhard Hoffner
Klaus Julkowski
Franz Meck
@WlLEY-VCH
Reinhard Bott
Thomas Langcloh
BOKELA lngenieurgesellschaft fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik mbH
Gottesauer StraBe 28
D-76131 Karlsruhe
This hook was carefully produced. Nevertheless. editors, authors and puhlisher do not warrant the informa-
tion contained therein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data.
illustrations procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
ISBN 3-527-30522-X
All rights reserved (including those of translation in other languages). No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form - by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means - nor transmitted or trans-
lated into machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trade-
marks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unpro-
tected by law.
Composition: Stefanie GroB, Steinweiler
Printing: Strauss Offsetdruck GmbH. Morlenbach
Bookbinding: Wilh. Osswald + Co. KG, Neustadt
Scientific Advisor
Dr. Harald Anlauf
Institut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik (MVM)
Kaiserstralje 12
Universitat Karlsruhe (TH)
D-76128 Karlsruhe
Germany
Authors
Dr. Reinhard Bott
Dr. Thomas Langeloh
Franz Meck
BOKELA Ingenieurgesellschaft fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik mbH
Gottesauer StraBe 28
D-76131 Karlsruhe
Germ any
Dr. Harald Anlauf
Bernhard Hoffner
Institut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik (MVM)
Universitat Karlsruhe (TH)
D-76128 Karlsruhe
Germany
Dr. Klaus Julkowski
KJJ Filter Engineering
PO. Box 907
Coventry, CT 06238
USA
Our partners and clients in more than ruhe' on the one side and BOKELA
30 countries are frequently confronted engineers on the other. Here we pay
with specific 'Solid/Liquid Separation' tribute to Professor Dr. Werner Stahl as
process terms and definitions they are the fountain well and spiritual rector of
not used to in their normal way of doing the Karlsruhe School.
business.Veryoften they are looking for
a reference book with explanations BOKELA has been active in the process
and interpretations that are readily industry for more than 15 years with high
understandable. The present BOKELA expertise services, R & D, and innovati-
SLS LEXICON aims to fulfil this need. It ve separation equipment. We are also
makes use of the definitions, termi- recognised as equipment supplier and
nology and concepts of the Karlsruhe designer of comlete SLS systems. Evol-
School for 'Solid/Liquid Separation' (for ving from a typical start-up company,
short: SLS), as they are widely used as a BOKELA has had company growth that
standard and are meanwhile accep- culminated in an award in 1999 by the
ted to a large degree in the scientific German President Roman Herzog for a
community. science/technology product. Now-
adays, the enterprise is considered a
SLS forms an unique discipline with high tech group with global reach and
regard to process technological, following clearly defined goals.
equipment and scientific know-how.As
a cross-sectional unit operation it is
ubiquitous in all segments of the process Our mission: To optimise the value
industry as well as in the environmental of our clients through
protection. Hence its specialised and competence, creativity,
highly diversified terminology needs to reliability, speed and glo-
be made accessible. bal coverage.
For more than 20 years, BOKELA's
experts have been strong exponents of Our vision: To advance solid/liquid-
the so-called 'Karlsruhe School for separation through leader-
Mechanical Separation Technologies', ship in technology and
which in turn is the result of an unique, marketing.
very intensive and synergetic co-
operation between the different de-
partments of the 'Institute of Mecha- Driven b y these goals, our experts are
nical Process Engineering and Mecha- looking for both the ordinary and the
nics of the UniversityFridericanaof Karls- more demanding challenges to en-
Prefuce
gineer them into tailor-made solutions. tailor-made solutions for our clients,
combining in-depth know how, wide
The activities of numberless projects- ranging experience, and a thorough
starting with basic lab tests to market analysis of the components of an
analyses and marketing plans for our application, its pocess conditions and
clients on to the design of turnkey objectives. From this point of view, we
systems based on an unique process are guided in all of our activities by the
philosophy - give us the opportunity to following motto:
increase our competence and to
collect important practical experience We, the BOKEIA-Team, strive to provide
on an on-going basis. At the same time, our clients products and services of the
our engineers form trustful and valuable highest value and the best quality
relationships with men and women at based on the latest state of technology.
customers' sites all over the world.The- We are committed to have long-term,
se experiences and relationships, but trusting and constructive relationships
also the continual co-operation with with our cllients, partners and suppliers.
our academic colleagues, are foun-
dations for being a comprehensive
innovation power. Backed by this inno- Karlsruhe,April 2001
vation power we are convinced to BOKELA GrnbH
Pgr-
keep on our responsibility for our clients
and partners, but especially also for our
employees.
Abrasion
1
Adhesive Liquid
2
Asymmetrical Membrane
+
Special design of a double beltpress
applied.The dimensionless Archimedes
number (Ar) containingthe particle size
by the BELLMER company, featuring a x on the ordinate is plotted against the
+
vertical wedgezone (angle) after the Omega number (R) involving the
horizontally arranged pre-demoisturing settling velocity w, as follows:
or +draining zone. Subsequently, the
+ sludge is further demoistured by
pressing and shearing between the filter
belts as they are guided around rollers.
3
Automatic Filter
Automutic Filter
Solid-liquid separation apparatus
employing candle-shaped sieves that
are cleaned in-place by periodic
+ back flushing, or with a mechanical
device.
4
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Bag Filter
Bag Filter
Bag filters belong to the discontinuously
working 3 cake filters. A filter bag,
hanging in a perforatedsupport basket,
is fed with a pressurized 3 suspension
BOKELA RSF back flush f i k r with periodically or and the 3 filtrate is collected in the
permanently working reject shoe
containing pressure tank from which it
exits.When the bag is full with solids or if
A novel variant representsthe patented an upper pressure loss is reached the
BOKELA RSF back flush filter that is similar solids are often disposed of together
5
Burometric Leg
with the filter bag. Generally, bag filters the product to be separated. A con-
are employed to clean up liquids with tinuous manner of operation can be
low contamination. Parallel bag filters realized by a time-delayed parallel
are often set up in large units to pattern of discontinuously working
increase + throughput or to operate machines.
continually.
Butch Process
Burometric Leg Discontinuously operating + batch -
Attachment at continuous 9 wcuum wise separation.
fiibrs to discharge the filtrate from the
vacuum system without the need of a
+filtrate pump. It is a dip tube that
Beuker Centrifuge
when completely filled with filtrate and Discontinuously working + centrifuge,
immersed deep enough into the filtrate used mainly in the laboratory for
pool equalizes with its suction pressure + design experiments,for preparative
the vacuum applied on the filter. purposes, or for preparing small and
Additionally produced filtrate can difficult to separate product quantities,
therefore drain off freely through the e.g. in biotechnology. Beaker centri-
lower outlet. The installation of a fuges with a horizontally rotating axis
barometric leg requires a sufficient feature beakers rigidly mounted to the
overhead height, e.g. at least 8m to rotor. In those with a vertical axis, the
produce a vacuum of 0.8 bar. beakers are mounted vertically on a
pivoting joint at the end of the rotor,and
only move under the influence of the
Busket Weave centrifugal force into a horizontal pla-
+ Wain Weave ne. The beakers can b e equipped
+ +
either for sedimentallonor filtration.
Beaker centrifuges offer only very small
Butch Sepurution filter areas of a few square centimeters
+ Batchwise Separation but can be accelerated up to 10,OOOg.
The warming up of bucket and product
caused by the air friction at high
Butchwise Sepurution numbers of revolutions and long
Discontinuous processing of a given + centrifugation times, can b e
quantity of suspension. During the controlled in+ cooling centrifuges,A
batchwise separation the individual special design of the beaker centrifuge
steps of the separation process,such as +
is the iong arm centrifuge.
+ +
cake formation, cake washing, or
+ cuke demoisturjng are not synchro-
Belt Control
nized with each other and are
independently and individually ad- Attachment in continuous filter
justable. In this manner one is flexible +
machines with circulating filtermedia
to meet the specific requirements of to ensure straightness.It usually consists
6
Blaine Number
Blockage
Clogging of the 3 pores of a 3 filter
medium by particles that penetrateout
of the 3 suspension into its structure.
Body-Feed Filtration
Special type of +cake filtration utilizing
a filter aid that is admixed to the I Log Bond number 1-1
3 suspension to b e processed to Bond Curve
Boozer Filter
Bond Plarteuu
Special section of the 3 Bond curve
where the freely flowing capillary liquid
in coarse pores has been completely
removed from the 3 bulk whereas
3 interstitial liquid, 3 adhesive liquid,
and 3 inner liquid still are remaining.
Depending on the 3 surface roughness
of granular solids, the Bond plateau is
flat for smooth particles, and it declines
for rougher particles towards a lower
residual moisture with increasing Bond BOKEIA Boozerdlsc Wer(L-typewith 2 discs and
numbers. 80 m2fllter area)
9
BoHleneck
+
on the filter medium.The bowl filter is
by impacts from surrounding liquid
molecules. Brownian motion is
specially suited for coarse crystalline especially of relevance in the particle
and rapidly settling materials, e.g. fine size region below 1 pm.Thusfor example
sands, or aluminum hydrates. in + gravity sedimentation particles
with below approx.0.5pm diameter do
Breuthing Filter Curtridge not settle in water due to the Brownian
Special filter cartridge development by
+
motion and thermal convection but
instead remain suspended.
the Brieden company on the basis of a
+ wedge wire filter whose filter
openings can be widened during back Brutsuert Equution
flushing to remove stuck particles. Approximation for describing the relati-
+
ve liquidpermeability P,~,,~ +
of filter
Bridge luyer +
cakes, defined according to Wyckoff
& Bofset, as a function of the relative
Thin layer of particles generated in the
first phase of + cake formation
+ saturation degree S. The saturation
+
producing bridgingacross the pores
degree herein refers to the region
+
of a filter medium.
accessible for mechanicaldemoisturing
and therefore excludes the +
residual
saturation S,:
Bridging
The pore openings of many +filter
media used in +
cake filtration are
10
Bulk Density
Bulk Density
Bubbling Zone
The mean specific density p, of a
Special facility in 3 drum filters for 3 bulk. calculated from the density of
regenerating and cleaning of the the solids psand the density of the fluid
3 filter medium.A small section in the
+ control head of the filter at the
pL in the voids, according to their
respective volume fractions (3porosify
immersion point of the 3 filter cell is E) :
11
Bulk Material
Buoyancy
The static buoyancy of a particle
immersed in a fluid acts on the fluid
volume that is displaced by the particle
in opposition to the acceleration field
formed by the pressure gradients in the
fluid. The dynamic buoyancy occurs if
an asymmetric flow develops around
a particle due to its shape or if the
particle is rotating. It also acts due to
the asymmetrical pressure distribution
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Cuke Demoisturing
or + table filter. The cake formation
angle a,is connected by the number
+ Demoisfuring of revolutions n with the cake formation
time t. as follows:
Cuke Filtrution
is a surface filtration process repre-
senting the third basic filtration type,
beside + deep bed filtration and
3 crossflow filtration, respectively. Its A cake formation angle starts the
objective is to retain the solids in a +
earliest at the position where the filter
+ +
suspension as a bulk on the upper cell is completely immersed into the
side of a + fi/termedium. Both liquid or + suspension, and it ends obviously
solids can principally be the desired where the cell emerges out of the
product. Cake filtration requires a suspension.
certain critical solids concentration in
the feed to build a +bridge layer Cuke Formution Equution
across the + pores of the + filter
Relation for the description of the filter
medium,which then acts as the active
filter medium. The driving potential for cake formation derived by combining
the cake filtration can be a gas diffe- the 3 Darcy equation with a mass
rential pressure, a mechanical or balance.For constant filtration pressure
hydraulic pressing power, or a centri- the following expression applies:
fugal pressure. Hence the spectrum
of cake filtration equipment is wide.The
cake filtration allows + washing of
the + bulk and its mechanical de-
moisturing after the cake formation
process.Theformation of filter cakes can For constant feed flow rate it has the
+
be described by the cake formation form below:
equation.
13
hc= cake thickness, r, = specific cake predetermined pressure and measuring
resistance, Rm = filter cloth resistance, the rate. From the resulting two
IC = +Kappa-Facfor, Ap = pressure equations the filter cloth resistance can
difference, t, = cake formation time, be eliminated. Normally, the cake
A = filter area, qL= dynamic viscosity resistance is determined directly by the
+ f/V=f(V)-mefhod.
0 /
Cake thickness
c
v)
v)
/
/
+
as producedby cake fiifration equip-
a, / ment can range from a few mm up to
c /
1m height.Both filterability of the 3 sus-
Y
rl
/
.-
V / pension and design features play
/
importantparts.The cake thickness can
/
a,
Y / be described with the 3 cake foma-
fion equation.
Cake Washing
Cake formation t i m e 6
Method for the removal of + mother
/iquor and dissolved substances from a
Cake thickness as function of cake formation
time + filter cake with a liquid. mostly
miscible with the + mother /iquor.One
+
differentiatesbetween displacement
Cake Permeability washing and + dilution washing; the
The cake permeability p, is the latter involves re-suspending of the filter
reciprocal of the +
cake resistance r,: cake in the wash liquor.Quality criteria
for displacement washing are a high
p, = -
1
+ wash degree, and low consumption
rc of wash liquid which can be expressed
by the 3 wash mflo.
The cake permeability is quoted in the
unit +
Darcy [ern?. It can be directly
determined by means of the f/V= + Calendering
f(V)-mefhodfrom a filter experiment. is a thermal-mechanical surface
treatment process for smoothening of
Cake Resistance
woven surfaces. A +wmve made of
thermally workable material is treated
Specific permeation resistance rcofthe with pressure in a calender roller to give
+ filter cake. It is independent of the a smooth surface to a +
iilfer medium.
cake thickness and can be directly which for example facilitates cake
determined via +
Darcy’s law by discharge. It should be noted that the
flowing a particle-free liquid through +
resulting pore size of the filter surface
two filter cakes of different heights at a is decreased by calendering.
14
Capillary Diameter
15
Cupillarry Entry Pressure
Capillary Liquid
denotes in general the liquid contained
+
in the poresof the +
bulk which are
hydraulically connected to each other
and thus accessible to mechanical
demoisturing (+ coarse capillary li-
quid).
Capillary Module
+ Hollow Fiber Module
Caplllory Pressure Curve
Capillary Pressure
is the + pressure difference across a Special values of the capillary pressure
c ur ve d ga s- Iiq uid phase bound a r y, curve are the +capillary enfrypressure
which is compensated by the +
inter- and the + remanent saturation. The
facial tension. The capillary pressure in capillary pressure curve can be
+ +
the pores of a filter cake holds the determined for an applied gas
liquid in it.A capillary pressure can have difference pressure or for a centrifugal
positive or negative values.Accordingly, field; both measurements results should
a capillary pressure is positive if a lower be theoretically the same.Thecapillary
pressure exists in the phase with the pressure curve in homogeneous
16
Cell Insert
Caulking Thread
y = interfacial tension. 6 =wetting angle, used for fastening the + filfer cloth on
p,= capillary pressure,g = gravitational the cells of a + drum IIMer. For this the
acceleration, pL = liquid density, +
filter cloth is wrapped around the filter
dcap= capillary diameter cellwith the aid of the caulking thread
in dovetail grooves.
Capillary Suction Draught
+ Capillary Pressure Cell
3 Filfer Cell
Cafman & Kozeny-Equation
is used to quantify the permeation Cell Belt Filter
+
velocity v in bulk solids analogous to + Tray Belf Filter
+ Darcy’s law, however, it explicitly
describes the influences,respectively,of
the porosity F, the volume specific solids Cell Drum Filter
surface S,, the fluid viscosity qLthe driving + Drum Filter
pressure difference Ap, and the filter
layer thickness h,:
Cell Foot
Transitional section of a + filtercellin a
+ disc filfer into the 3 filfrafe pipe.
17
Cell less Drum Filter
stabilize the cells interior against the lative to the drum.The separation con-
acting differential pressure and to ditions have to be adjusted in such a
simultaneously enhance 3 filfrute manner that the heavy solids settling out
drulnage. Cell inserts have different of the 3 suspension can be conveyed
geometric shapes in order to optimize and discharged in one direction while
mechanical stability, costs, and light solids floating up in the suspension
3 permeability.respectively. liquid in the other dlrection. The main
field of application is for sorting of
plastics.
Cell Less Drum Filter
3 Drum filter with a non-partitioned
interior that is completely exposed to a
Centrate
3 vacuum.For the cake removal a so- Cleared liquid evolving from a
called control shoe with sllding seals is 3 centrifuge.
pushed in the removal zone against the
drum's Inner wall for cake removal by
Centridry
3 compressed alr buckpulse. The
3 filtrate in turn is withdrawn from the Process from the KHD company for
base of the drum's internal space by a complete drying of sludges. A combi-
filtrate suction pipe. nation of 3 cenfripress + decanfer
cenfrlfuge, conceived for maximum
mechanical demoisturlng, and a ther-
Cellulose mal flow dryer. A predemoistured
3 Filfer aid manufactured from coni- sludge ejected from the centrifuge
ferous or deciduous trees, or other re- discharge at a high kinetic energy is
newable resources(e.g.3 Rebecel)by finely dispersed in a hot gas stream and
cooking, bleaching, and grinding. Cel- thermally dryed in an extremely short
lulose is often offered as mixture with period of time. The main applications
3 diatomaceous earftr. are waste sludges.
18
Centrifuge Rotor
Centrifuge Rotor
Centrifugal Time
The machine component of a 3 centri-
Residence time of solids to be se- fuge in which a separation process is
parated out of a 3 suspension in the performed at high speeds by 3 sedi-
process chamber of a 3 centrifuge. mentation or 3 filtration.
19
Centrifuge Value
Centrisizer
3 Decanter centrifuge developed by BOKEL4 Cenfrltesf
the KHD company for 3 classifying a
3 suspension into two grain fractions. Ceramic Disc Filter
This centrifuge dischargesboth fractions
A continuously operating vacuum filter
in sludge forms through nozzles to
by the OUTOMEC company based on
minimize any turbulence in the
a 3 disc filter.In place of conventional
processing space, which would other-
wise reduce the + separation selec-
3 filter cells the filter elements are
ceramic plates filtering on both sides.
w. The microporous filter plates have
approx. 1 pm pore size, are each several
Centritest mm thick, and therefore impose a high
+ laboratory beaker centrifugeof the flow resistancethat controls the filtration
process. The minute pore width is ad-
Clarifying
21
Clarifying Filtration
22
Colloid
23
Combination Arrangement
+
achieved with the aid of press filters.
During + sedimentation, the de-
+
veloping bulk is furthermore subject
to compression by the acting mass
forces. Compression does not only
occur with elastic but also with rigid
particles.Thereare four different modes
Concentrute
of compression: first, the particles
approach each other; secondly, they Term used especially in the region of
glide past each other; third, further the + +
micro- and crossflow filtration
compression can be achieved to a for the resulting + suspension, after
certain extent by rearranging the +permeate is drained off through the
particles, and fourth, a particle fracture + membrune.Theconcentrate is in any
occurs. +
case still a free-flowing sludge.
25
Concentrution Polurizution
26
Conveyer Screw
+
presents depending on the concen- zone, + compressed air blow back
trationthe continuous and the other the zone, cloth cleaning zone).
+
discontinuous or disperse phase.The
continuous phase is connected to-
gether and encloses the discontinuous
Control Heud
phase. in a + suspension the liquid Interface between the stationary and
presents the continuous phase, whereas the rotating part during the draining off
the dispersed solids forms the dis- of flltrate at + rotary filters. A control
continuous phase. By comparison at a head is divided into different control
+ filter cake the connected solids zones, in order to adjust independently
structure forms the continuous phase and separately from each other the
and the liquid is distributed as a + pressure difference in the cake-
discontinuous phase in the +pores of formation and demoisturing region, as
the + bulk. +
well as the compressedairblowback
for the cake discharge, and possibly a
Continuous Sepurution
+ bubbling zone. Respective to their
design, one can differentiate between
Appurutus axial and radial control heads. In the
axial type the division into zones is
Separation apparatus which is
equipped with a constant feed for the performed by the so-called + control
suspension and steady discharges of disc. It is a plastic disc into which the
separated liquid and moist solids. The slot-shaped control zones are cut. The
individual steps of the separation control head sits flat with seals against
the rotating counter part of the
process therefore are synchronized in
terms of transport velocity and the integrated + filtrate pipes. In a radial
geometry of the apparatus and are not control head, the rotating part moves
independently adjustable.Continuously concentrically in a stationary ring with
working machines are typically a channel,which can be divided b y so-
employed for large mass flows and called separation plugs into separation
continuous production processes. zones. The sealing is with gland
+ decanter centrifuges or +drum filters packages. In industrial practice the
axial control head is preferred due to
are examples for continuously working
separation apparatus. its easier sealing and lower design
complexity.
Control Disc
Control Valve
A disc made often out of plastic,
employed at the + control head at + Control Head
+ rotary filters, into which the control
zones are cut as slots.Thecontrol disc is Conveyer Screw
stationary while the + filtrate pipes
+ Discharge Screw
move from control zone to control zone
(e.g.cake formation zone, demoisturing
27
Conveyor Chute
Countercurrent Wushing
Coriolis Force
Process for the removal of unwanted
is acting during a relative movement of
a particle against a rotating reference
solutes from + suspensions or + filter
cakes, especially for saving washing Ii-
system in the centrifugal field. It is an quid. The countercurrent washing can
+ inertia force usually possessing a +
be applied in displacement washing
negligibly small value. +
as well as in dilution wash/ng.Thefresh
washing liquid is added at the end of
Coulomb’s Friction Law the separation process in order to clean
the already almost completely cleaned
+Friction product.Thewashing liquid by this now
+
already enriched with some moftrer
Counter Flow Decanter liquor is then utilized for the purification
of the even stronger contaminated
Conventional and simple design of a
+ decanter cenir/fuge.The 3 suspen-
product located further in the direction
of the process beginning. Finally, the
sion is fed approximately in the middle
highly enriched wash liquid is dis-
cut-off
29
Gvalue
C-value
+
states by how many times the centri-
fugul uccelerution in a + Centrifuge
surpassesthe gravitational acceleration
g:
Cyclone
+ Hydrocyclone
30
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Dead Flux
Damper
+ microfilfrafion or + ulfrafilfrafion.
With the dead end filtration the filtration
.) VibrationDamper process through a + microporous
membrane is continued until a given
upper value of the pressure loss is
Darcy reached, due to depositing of retained
One "Darcy"is the unit for measuringthe suspension contents. The filtration
permeability of a cube (side length process has to be interrupted and the
1 cm) of a porous body at a pressure of membrane has to be regenerated, e.g.
lbar and a liquid + viscosity of through a periodic flow reversal.At very
1 mPa s. Dimension of the unit "Darcy" is large volume flows, as in water
[cm2). treatment plants,the dead end filtration
represents, in contrast to the + cross-
flow filtration with its necessarily large
Darcy's Low
pump performances, the more feasible
Fundamental equation for describing variant in terms of energy consumption.
the laminar permeation of a porous
layer with a Newtonian, incompressible
fluid.The flow velocity v (+ empty pipe Dead Flux
ve/ocify)caused by the driving pressure The flow of fine particles, smaller than
difference Ap, through a + bulk the + cut size, discharged with the
maferial with the thickness h, and the +
coarse underflow in a hydrocyclone.
specific + cake resisfance rc with a Ii-
quid of the + viscosity qLamounts to:
31
Debye Length
33
Defining
+
lishing after the completion of the de- A large quantity of liquid is removed at
moisturing kinetics. At the equilibrium, the onset, then the liquid outflow
the liquid retaining forces, such as the decreases due to the increasing
3 capillary forces, compensate the Ii- influence of the liquid retaining forces,
quid removing forces, for example the +
and finally it ends at the demdshrrlng
+ centrifuga/ forces. Any further me- equilibrium.
chanical demoisturing can b e
achieved only by increasing the driving
potential. All this is iimited by the
Design Experiment
+ mechanics/ demoisturing boundary. Testing on the laboratory or pilot scale
for equipment scale-up. The design
experiment has to simulate the
Defining separation process as planned in the
Removal of the fine grain fraction of a full-size equipment, carried out with a
+ paMc/e size distribution In a +sus- representative product sample as
pension, for example with a + hydro- realistic as possible.
cydone.Purpose of the defining Is either
an improvement of the product's filtra-
bility as it will be coarser then, or the
liberation of the product from conta- Detachment of substances (adsor-
minants, which dominantly are in the bates) attached on a surface (adsor-
fine grain region bent), by superceding the active forces
(opposite of + adsorption).
Demoisturing Kinetics
Time dependent, degressive course of
Destubilizution
liquid removal from a porous solids A suspension in which particles exist
system. individually and separate from each
other is called a + stable suspension.
Destabilization is understood to be a
t change of the electrical charges in a
suspension in such a way, that the
F suspended partlcles can be agglo-
c
c
c
a,
C
merated. Thus, the + electrostatic
0 repelling of the particles has to be
0
a, reduced to an extent that the + Van-
+ der-Waa/s attraction, which is always
s
.-
v)
present as a material-constantvalue,
b becomes dominant.This can be done
Cake Dewatering Time t, for example b y increasing the ion
concen-tration or by changing the
Filter cake moisture content as function of the 3 pH-va/ue.In water treatment, FeCI, is
dewatering time often added for this purpose.
34
Dilution Washing
3 Tensides
+
processed and offered in fractions of
different granularity respective to the
application. Due to its inert behavior
Diufiltrution diatomaceous earth is very often em-
values up to 15,000, some disc stack of solids particles in a liquid for the
+
separators can realize an equivalent production of a + suspension is an
clarifying area of several 1 00,000m2. example for this.
The discharge of the settled sludge
through nozzles at the outer circum-
ference of the dual-conical designed
Disperse Phase
drum is either continuously ( + nozzle is a phase distributed as individual ele-
separator) or periodically ( + self- ments in another, contiguous surroun-
cleaning separator ). Disc stack ding phase (+ continuous phase.
separators can be employed for solid- Examples for disperse phases are solids
liquid. liquid-liquid, or solid-liquid-liquid +
particles in suspensions, gas bubbles
separation, as well as for + extraction. in liquids, or liquid droplets in gas (mist).
37
pressure, hydraulic pressure, or centri- + suspension Is fed by means of a
fugal pressure, the washing liquid is speclal device alternating to the front
passed through the filter cake. The re- and backside of the pusher plate. The
sulting removal of the + mother /iquor produced fllter cake is transported by
occurs in two different mechanisms.For axially oscillating movements to the
one, the main amount of the + pore solids discharges at both drum ends.
liquid is displaced in plug-flow. The still +
A cake washingwith this design type
remaining residualsof the substances to is partially restricted. The special
be removed are added to the flowing advantage of this machine is the large
washing liquid by + difYudon, which is throughput capacity.
considerably more time intensive.
Quality criteria for displacement was-
hing are a high + wash degree and a
Double Belt Press
low consumption of washing liquid, Continuously working + press fl/fer,In
which is expressed by the + wash rotlo. which a + Is/fer cake Is pressed out
An alternative process to the displace- between two filter belts. A pressing
ment washing is + dilution washing, power in the magnitude of 2+4bar can
where the filter cake Is re-suspended in be applied via press and deflection
the washing liquid and subsequently rollers, whereby the press belts are
filtered again. guided. Double belt presses can reach
worklng lengths of several meters and
are employed for the separation of
DLVO-Theory difficult to filtrate and extremely
named after Derjaguin and Landau compressible sludge. The feed slurries
(Russia, 1941) as well as Verwey and that are normally strongly flocculated
Overbeek (Holland, 1948). is used for have to b e predemoistured by
+
describing the stability of suspensions +
gravitational filtration in the sfraining
+
from a balance of the attracting km- zone so that they can b e drawn
+
der- W a d s forces and repelling elec- between the belts. In the wastewater
hosfcrffc forces.This theory is important sector they compete mainly with the
for the solid-liquid separation tech- + decanfer and the + Islfer press for
nology as it allows to describe the state sewage sludge separation.
of suspensions, and agglomeration as
well as + floccu/afionof particles.
Double Filter
by 3compressedairrepulsion.or similar
facilities. Drum filters are built with sizes
up to 100m23 filter area.
Dynamic Buoyancy
3 Buoyancy
Dynamic Filtration
BOKELA drum fllterwithexchangeable fliter cells
Alternate expressionfor the 3 crossflow
(equipped with steam cabin for Hi-Bar Steam
Pressure flltration) filtration, whereby the feed suspension
flowstangentially to the 3 fihrmedium.
A special design in dynamic filtration is
Dry Substance +
the DYNO-Filterbythe BOKELA com-
Mass related definition of the d r y Paw.
substance content in a 3 bulkfollowing
the separation process. The determi-
Dynumic Sieve Filtration
nation of the dry substance DS is simple
and is performed by weighing, Innovative process of + sieve filtration
respectively, the moist and the dry by the BOKELA company based on the
3 cakes.Themass of the solids m, is then principle of 3 dynamic filtrafion with
related to the total mass of the moist the 3 DYNO-Filter. At dynamic sieve
3 bulk qo,, made up of the solids mass filtration the DYNO-Filter is used for a
m, and the liquids mass mL.The dry continuous separation of coarse
substance is quoted in weight per- particles from suspensions. The fine
centage. Substances of different den- 3 parHcle fraction and the 3 mother
sities cannot be compared on the basis liquor pass the sleve medium while the
of their dry substance values. coarse fraction is held back by the sieve
and discharged as highly concentrated
40
residual suspension.
Dynumic Viscosity
refers to the viscousness or internal
friction of a fluid. It characterizes a
material property, according to which
tangential forces appear, acting
against a parallel displacement of liquid
or gas layers relative to each other.The
dynamic viscosity is measured in (N/m2)
or [Pa),It is the force required to flow for
a thin layer of gas or liquid of unit size
DYNO-Filter with 12m2filter area
area with a velocity that is lm/sec
higher than that of a layer l m away.
Viscous substanceshave high viscosities,
and low-viscous ones have lower
viscosities.The dynamic viscosity
of water is q=O,OOl kg/ms.
q(Pa,s = N,s/m2= kg/m,s = 103cP)
DYNO-Filter
+ Dynamic filtration machine by the
BOKELA company featuring up to 12 mz
filter area for the dynamic + crossflow
filtration across discs. It is employed for Schematic sketch of the DYNO-Filter
+ thickening, + crassifying (+ sieve
+
fi/tration) and washing of suspended
particles. The modular structured
machine comprises a sequence of disc-
shaped filter chambers, with stirring
elements inside on a common central
shaft that rotates to prevent cake
formation.
41
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Electroosmosis
43
Hectrophoresis
Electrophoresis Emulsion
Process,at which molecular disperse or 3 Disperslon made of two immiscible
3 collolddisperse particles of a solution liquids, where one is distributed in form
migrate in an electrical field, i.e. re- of small, stable drops in the other liquid.
spective to their charge to the cathode
(cataphoresis) or to the anode
(anaphoresis). Subsequently, they can
EndUfUnCe
be separated from each other. + service life
Electrostatic Repelllng Entry Cross Section
If suspended solid particles carry an Area in the feeding device of a sepa-
electrical charge then the particles, ration apparatus that is perpendicular
often charged with the same polarity, to the flow direction of the suspension.
will repel each other. Therewith the
electrical potential shields off so
Equilibrium load
effectively the 3 Van-der-Waals forces
originating from the particles, that the 3 Equilibrium Moisture
moving particles are prevented from
adhering to each other and the Equilibrium Moisture
3 suspension remains stable.
An equilibrium moisture of a 3 filter
cake or of a 3 sediment is established
Emergency-OH when, following the completion of the
Safety switch installed in the working 3 dernoisturing kinetlcs, the driving
area of an operator for activating an potential such as a gas difference or a
immediate stand still (3 shut down) of centrifugal pressure is in equilibrium with
the apparatus in the case of the opposing potential, i.e. the
emergency. 3 capillary pressure or the solids
pressure. The equilibrium moisture
represents for a given demoisturing
Empty Pipe Velocity potential the physically minimally
Flow velocity of a fluid, establishing reachable moisture of a product.
before and behind a + bulk, if one Respectively to the definition of the
assumes the cross-sectional area as moisture degree in the 3 bulk one talks
being perpendicular to the flow either about equilibrium residual
direction. The mean flow velocity in the moisture, equilibrium saturation, or
3 bulk is enlarged by the contraction equilibrium load. In the course of a
of the cross sectional area and can be technical demoisturing process there is
found by dividing the empty pipe generally not enough time available to
velocity by the bulk porosity. reach this equilibrium. The equilibrium
moisture,however,that is determined in
the laboratory indicates the physically
44
Extrucfion
Equilibrium Suturution
+ pore with defined geometricalshape
(e.g.circle)with the same characteristic
+ Equilibrium Moisture property (e.g. area) as the observed
characteristic of the investigated
particle or pore. The settling velocity-
Equivulent Cake Thickness
equivalent diameter of a particle of any
Term originating from + cake filtration. shape for example corresponds to the
The equivalent cake height hCR diameter of a sphere with the same
characterizes the applied + filter + settling velocity.
medium with a cake layer of the same
flow resistance. It is calculated, re-
spectively, as the product of the specific Excess Pressure
+ +
cake permeability p, and the filter + Overpressure
medium resistance Rm or as the quotient
of filter medium resistance Rm and
+
specific cake resistance rc:
Extruct
In .) extraction selectively enriched
R component from a + suspension in a
h,, = p,R, =
rc
+
dissolution process with an extraction
agent that is not miscible with the
suspension liquid.
Equivulent Clurifying Areu
+
Term applied in sedimentafion centri- Extruction
fuge technology. The equivalent
Process for the complete or partial
clarifying area 1 of a sedimentation
separation of a liquid or solid substance
centrifuge indicates how many m2
mixture by means of a solvent or
clarifying area A in the earth's
gravitational field can be substituted by
+ extraction agent that is not miscible
it, if one applies + Stokes' law for
with the suspension liquid. The com-
+
expressing the seming velocityof the
ponents of the substance mixture to be
removed must have different solubilities
particles:
in the solvent and the + extraction
E=AC agent. The extraction is a selective
process,i.e.the extraction agent has the
+
C is herein the C-value,indicating the capability to accept only certain
preferred substances.
multiple of the earth's acceleration g.
45
Extraction Agent
€xtrucfionAgent
A liquid capable of incorporating
certain substances selectively by
+
solution during exhacfion.
46
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Filter Cundle
Feed Cross Section includes only that part of the filter cloth
that is on the upper side of the filter,
Opening area of the feed device for the whereas the other half is out of use as it
3 suspension to be separated, in a is led back on the underside of the belt.
separation apparatus.
Filter Bug
Feed Muteriul
3 Fllfer medium tailored as a bag, as
Generalizingterm for 3 suspensionsfed employed in 3 bag filters or 3 disc
into process equipment. filters. Depending on the design of a
filter apparatus, filter bags are flown
Felt through from the inside to the outside
or from the outside to the inside.
3 Needled Felf
Filter Cuke
Film Flow Model
A porous layer of solids particles formed
The film flow modelwas conceptualized on the surface of a 3 filter medium. In
for the centrifugal demoisturing of a order to generate a filter cake, 3 solids
3 bulk, especially those with a coarser bridges have to develop over the
granularity. This model distinguishes media openings thus blocking the
between a 3 plug flow mode and a following solids. Filter cakes are formed
subsequent film flow of the liquid in 3 vacuum fi/fers,3 pressure filters,
remaining on the particle surfaces. It 3 press fi/ters,and 3 filter centrifuges.
was inspired by the image of a plate, This can occur discontinuously or con-
that when pulled out of an oil bath tinuously, and under a constant or
shows an oil film varying locally and with changing driving potential. Filter cakes
time in thickness until an even flow is are subjected in general to an extensi-
established. ve mechanical 3 demoisturing after
3 cake formafion,and as the case may
Filter Areu be are liberated of still remanent
3 mother /iquor by 3 washing.
is the active area in a filtration process,
which is covered with a 3 filter cloth.In
a + drum filter, for example, the entire Filter Cundle
surface area covered with filter cloth is Cylinder-shaped filter element of a
active as filter area. In a 3 vacuum belt 3 candle filter, mostly consisting of a
filter with a 3 rubber conveyor belt it
47
Filter Curtridge
Filter Fineness
Filter Puper
Data about the separation efficiency of
A 3 filter medium, that is preferred in
a 3 filter medium at 3 liltration.The
the laboratory for preparative purposes.
nominal fineness notes the particle
On the other hand, a technical filter
percentage of a certain size that is
medium is recommended for industrial
retained by the medium. However,test
filter tests, since the filter medium can
materials and experimental conditions
influence the filtration process signi-
influence strongly this value so that no-
ficantly.
minal filter fineness data from different
filter manufacturers are difficult to
compare. Information about the test Filter Performunce
material and experimental conditions
3 Throughpuf
has to be included when stating a no-
minal filter fineness.
Filter Press Membrune
Filter Medium Plastic or rubber membranes, encased
in a special membrane plate and
Porous layer, through which during the
+ fi/frationthe 3 filfrafe permeates due
applied in 3 membrane filter presses.
The membrane is pressed with a
to an acting 3 pressure difference,
pressing liquid,which is pumped into the
while the solids in the original suspension
empty space between membrane and
are retained on its surface or in its
plate wall, against the 3 flltercakeand
structure, respectively.Filter media can
squeezes it mechanically.
be of very different types: metallic
sieves, textile fabrics, fiber 3 fkeces.
felts, paper, membranes, sintered Filter Press
materials, 3 bulk layers, and a host of One of the most commonly used solid-
others are employed. An optimal filter liquid separation machines for the
media has maximum separation discontinuous 3 cake filtration and
efficiency, minimal flow resistance, and demoisturing of difficult to filter 3 sus-
a long service life. In actual operation pensions.A filter press has a frame with
a supportable compromise has to be a stack of filter plates packed between
found among these contradicting ob- head and end piece, which are pressed
jectives for each individual separation together for sealing. In the case of a
task. 3 chamber filterpresses rectangular or
49
Filter Reuctor
50
Filtratest
51
Filtration
The apparatus corresponds to the VDI- system. It should be pointed out that he
guideline No. 2762. Furthermore, it can term "fine capillary system" can mean
be employed for measurements different things, i.e.the pore structure of
according to DIN 38409, ASTM F317-72 + agglomerates, the pores in a solids
and ASTM F 1 170-88. particle, or the + interstifial liquid
remaining in the + bulk after a me-
chanical demoisturing process.
Filtration
In the field of solid-liquid separation
filtration is defined as the segregation
Fine Filter
of a + suspension into solids and +
Class of filters belongingto deep bed
+ filfrate volumesby meansof a porous filters characterized b y solid, porous
+ fflter medium. Both solids and liquid bodies made of sintered metal, plastic,
are moved by a driving pressure or ceramic powder.They typically have
gradient in co-current flow towards the a mean pore size far below 1mm.so that
filter medium. The liquid is able to they are suitable for deep bed filtration
penetrate the filter medium, while the of extremely fine particles down to the
solids are retained.Filtrationis next to the + +
um region. Leaf filfers and candle
+ sedimenfation one of the basic filters with + precoat layer are also
principles applied in solid-liquid sepa- employed as fine fi1ters.A distinguishing
ration. According to the mode of performanceobjective of fine filters is a
execution, one distinguishes further + Illtrafe as particle-freeas possible.
between + cake,+ crossflow, and
+ deep bed liltroHonmodes.
52
Flocculation Agents
53
Flocculation Aids
respect to the solids to be flocculated. flock is, the higher is its strength against
Polymeric flocculants are supplied in mechanical stress. For this reason the
form of powders or concentrated sob- flock density of a flocculatedsuspension
tions. Generally, they can’t be applied is increased prior to feeding into a
in the food sector. Flocculation agents + centrlfuge by a shearing pre-
are a significant operating cost factor treatment, e.g. in a cylindrical stirrer.
in wastewater treatment. They are
+
applied in particular with thickeners,
+ +
decanter centrifuges, sieve belt
Flock Factor
presses, and + fllter presses. Many used in the + Richardson & Zaki-
applications are also found in the area equation to determine the volume
of continuous vacuum filtration. fraction of + flocks in a flocculated
+ suspension.Thevolumetric flock con-
centration c, is derived as the product
Flocculation Aids of + solids volume concentration c,
+ FlocculafionAgents and flock factor k:
Packing density of +
primary parffcles
removal of the product under any cir-
+
in a + flock. The more compacted a
cumstance, e.g. a discharge screw.
54
Fundabac Filter
Forwurd Edge
The forward edge of + filter cells at
+ rotary filters in the direction of the
rotation, characterized by the fact that
it has the shortest cake formation time, Frume Filter Press
i.e.the + cake thickness there is at its
Oldest design of a + filter press
lowest value. If the filter cells are not too
wide this effect is not significant. At characterized by the feature, that the
+ disc filters with relatively few cells, chamber for holding the 3 filter cake is
formed by a frame, which constitutes
however,the zone of the forward edge,
that is close to the cell foot, can cause the plate package, together with alter-
a problem during the demoisturing as nating filter plates between frames. A
more than 50% of the total amount of disadvantageof the frame filter press is
air can penetrate this extremely small the solids discharge, which has to be
filter area. manually performed by breaking the
cake out of the frame. An automation
of this step was initially introduced with
Fouling the + chamber filter press.
Dirt layer, formed by biological activity,
on 3 membranes.Fouling can lead to Friction
a cloggingof the membrane pores and
therewith to a decrease of the +
per- Force of resistance, counteracting the
movement of one body along the
meate flow. Fouling can be abated by
different chemical, physical and me- surface of another one. According to
chanical regeneration measures. Coulomb’s law, the frictional force F
depends on the coefficient of friction ~1
and the normal force N, with which the
Fruction surfaces in contact press against each
Clearly differentiated subset in a other. However, it is not dependent on
particle collective defined by their the size of these surfaces:
+ particle size or type of particle.
F=pN
Frucfionul Grude Efficiency As long as there is no movement, i.e.at
Term for describing the separation adhesive friction, p is larger than after
characteristic T(x) of a separation the onset of sliding, i.e. during sliding
apparatus also called Tromp curve. It friction.
represents the particle amount M,(x)
with the defined particle size x as
percentage of the total amount M,(x)
Fundubuc Filter
of a particle collective, which is dis- Special design of a discontinuously
+
charged in the coarsematerialof the working +
cake filter by the DrM, Dr.
separating apparatus. Muller company. The +
filter candles
consist of six perforated tubes surroun-
ding a central dip tube. The sock
shaped filter media attached to both
ends of the candle retains the solids on
the outside while the filtrate is guided
to the bottom of the outer tubes and
upward through the dip tube. The
candles are manifolded to registers in
a pressure tank with typical differential
pressures of 4 - 5 bars. Fundabac filters
are suited for wet as well as dry dis-
charge of a product and can also be
employed as + precoat lilfers, with in-
situ cake blow back and sock cleaning
by automatic sequencing. The design
without a tubesheet offers in addition
heel filtration and cake washing, and
the Contibac design variant is for qua-
si-continuous processing. Both filter
types, offered with up to 1,700 sq.ft.filter
+
area, are representativesof h e lilten
for dilute, difficult to filter +suspensions.
56
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Gruvity
57
Gruvity Filtrution
Gruvity Fiitrutlon
The hydrostatic pressure of a liquid
column is utilized here as the driving
potentialfor the liquid transport.Thiscan Ap = pressure difference, p = fluid density,
be realized by a n over-the-dam height v = mean (average)flow velocity,
on the surface of a 3 deep bed filter d = characteristic length, h, = cake
(9 sand fiHerfor water purification), or thickness, E = porosity, Re + Reynolds
by the liquid column in a .) bulk Number
Gruvity Thickener
Mostly round tank in which a feed
.)suspension is separated by + gravlfy.
Round thickeners are built with dia-
meters of up to 200m and are operated
continuously.The diluted, often floccu-
lated, suspension is fed centrally. Below
the clear liquid zone in the upper
thickener section whose outer edge
includes the overflow for the clarified Ii-
quid, is the interface level where the so-
called .) swarm sedimen-fation zone
begins. This separating zone changes
into the + compression zone in the
lower part of the tank. Here the particles
approach each other so closely that
they are capable of exerting mechani-
cal forces on each other.The achieved
thickening degree depends on the
thickness of the compression layer and
the compression time. The thickened
sludge is conveyed from the bottom of
+
the thickener by a slowly rotating rake
to the central sludge outlet. Very high
thickening is achieved in so-called
.) deep cone ihlckeners.
Gupte-Equution
Permeation equation for porous .)bulk
with a similar structure as the .)Carman
& Kozeny-equation:
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Hindered Settling
Hindered Sedimentation
One speaks of hindered sedimentation
if the particles in a fluid, i.e.a liquid, are
not able to settle entirely on their own,
but being influenced by each other.
Resulting effects start already at a few
volume percent + solids content in a
suspension.
Hindered Settling
BOKELA Hi-Bar Filtration pilot plant with 2
shipping containers + Swarm Sedimentation
59
HIP
Homogeneous d, = 4- E l - 2 E
- -- d 32
Through and through the same likeness,
I-ES, 3q1-E
without distinct places (9 isohpic).
d, = 9 Sauter diameter, S, = specific
surface, E = porosity, 'p = form factor. For
Hop Sack-Weave sand applies for example: 'p c 1.4,E z 0.4
+ Plain Weave 3 dhz0.33d,,
61
ruhe, Germany. Hyperbar filters are
characterized by a + drum Wter or
9 dIsc filter, which is mounted complete
with its drive in a man-sized pressure
vessel. There is a manhole for
maintenance and service. Detail
consideration has to be given to the
safe discharge of the moist solids
concerning the operation of the system.
Hyperbar filters are preferably em-
ployed in the mineral, ore, and coal
processing industries, as well as in the
food and chemical sector.They operate
with pressure differences of up to dbars
and can hold more than loom2filter
area in a single pressure chamber.
Hyperbar filters are built by a number
of manufacturers, among others by the
BOKELA company with their 9 HI-Bar-
F/Itraffontechnology.
lnner Liquid
63
Integrity
lnterfuciul Tension
+
the range of hinderedsedimentation
where instabilities of the settling process
Reversible, isothermal work that is can appear in the form of + channel
necessaryat constant temperature and formation.
mole number to enlarge an interfacial
boundary surface A by the amount dA.
As the molecular attractionforces at the
lnferstithl Liquid Demoisfuring
boundary of two immiscible substances While it is not possible with a gas diffe-
(at least one liquid) do not compensate, rential pressure field to demoisturing the
but form instead a resulting force + interstitial liquid held at the contact
pointing to the inside of the homo- points of particles in the + bulk due to
geneous phase, work is necessary to pressure compensation around the
transport additional molecules into the contact points, a certain part of the Ii-
interface. Surface-active substances, quid still can be removed b y inertia
also called + fensides, reduce the force demoisturing in + centrifuges
interfacial tension. It also decreases by operating at extremely high
a temperature increase.The interfacial + C-wlues. The demoisturing of inter-
tension is measured as force per unit stitial liquid is characterized as the so-
length and is quoted in N/m or mN/m, +
called 4th region of the Bond-curve.
resp. Water at 20 O C possesses an
interfacial tension of 72mN/m.Often the
Interstitid Liquid
commonly valid term of interfacial
tension is synonymously used with the +
remains due to attracting capil/ary
expression 'surface tension". However, forcesat the contact points of particles
the latter applies according to its strict after a mechanical demoisturing pro-
64
cess. Depending on the geometric lsokinetic Sumpling
conditions and the 3 weflabilifyof the
refers to taking a fluid sample with mini-
solids, the fraction of interstitial liquid
held in the 3 bulk can reach &20% of mal interference by the sampling
device on the flow.It has to be designed
the 3 saturation.
in such a manner that the flow velocity
at its intake corresponds exactly to the
lnverting Filter Centrifuge one of the fluid surrounding the device.
A discontinuously working 3 filter centri-
fuge, with a drum insert where the lsotropic
3 filter cloth is attached to at one end
like a cuff.After the cake demoisturing +
A bulk materialis defined as isotropic
if the center of gravity of each particle
process, this drum is hydraulically
pushed out of the drum in axial has the same probability to be located
direction. This turns the filter cloth inside at any random location in the 3 bulk
at any random point in time. An iso-
out and the 3 filter cake that had
formed on its inside, is now on the out-
+
tropic bulk material is entirely evenly
side and can be cast off the filter cloth. mixed and does not display any
An advantage here is the complete re- predominant direction.
moval of the filter cake without a re-
maining cake layer, as required with
3 peeler centrifuges.Also, it cleans the
cloth extremely well. As the sieve basket
rotates in an enclosed housing, the
centrifugation can also b e super-
imposed by a + pressure filtration
or 3 steam pressure filtration by
pressurizing the drum’s internal space.
This internal space is sealed against the
housing by the front plate of the drum
insert.The main field of application of
this relatively complicated machine is
in fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
lsoelectricul Point
In 3 colloidal 3 ampholytes the
mobility caused by 3 electrophoresis
drops to zero and the zeta potential
disappears. The ability of suspended
particles for 3 agglomeration reaches
a maximum.
65
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Krumer Filter
Laminar Flow
Luborufory Appurutus
Small scale equipment like the +Filtra-
test or +Centritest for simulating solid-
liquid separation process in the labo- Lumellu Clurifier
ratory.Objective is to obtain data con-
cerning the separation behavior of the Apparatus for gravitational sedimen-
+ suspension and the dimensioning of tation. The clarifying area is increased
full-scalescale equipment.Sincecertain with tilted, parallel plates separated by
machine parameters of the envisioned only a small distance of several mm up
large scale apparatus cannot b e to a few cm between each other. The
simulated in a laboratory apparatus, like gap width determines the sedimen-
a special agitator machine, testing with tation path of the particles on the plate
a so-called + pilot plant is frequently beneath it.The clarified liquid rises over
special rising channels and exits on the
conducted on semi-technical scale for
proper plant dimensioning. upper side of the apparatus.If a lamella
clarifier is applied as a + thickener, a
sludge collecting space beneath the
Luce Weuve plate assembly is required with sufficient
+ Weave in +
linen or +
twill weave height for the formation of a +com-
where the warp and weft threads, cros- pression layer. Lamella clarifiers can be
sing at right angles, have different operated in co-current flow (particle
diameters. and liquid) or in countercurrent flow. In
addition, they can be employed in
special designs for the separation of a
Lumbdu Value second liquid phase (e.g.oil and water).
The term lambda value h is used in the
modeling of the + demoisturing of
Luminur Flow
+ filter cakes in the centrifugal field. It
is defined as a dimensionless kinetic A laminar flow is defined as the move-
parameter taking into account the ment of a liquid or a gas, where lndi-
cake thickness hc.the liquid viscosity rlL, vidual volume elements move past
the liquid density pL, the + centrifugal each other without mixing.This flow type
value C, the earth's acceleration g, the +
is stable only up to a certain Reynolds
mean +hydraulic radius of the cake number.In the laminar flow of particles
pores r,and the demoisturing time t,: in+ sedimentation for example the
particle Re number is made up of its
settling velocity w, the particle diameter
69
x, the liquid's density pLand dynamic Leaching Out
viscosity qLas follows:
3 Fxtraclion
Resed= W X P L
~
Leading Edge
+ Forward Edge
UL
P, =
2yLcos6 +
leaf filter is the so-called NiagafaffNer.
Leakuge Air
Lay UP + Secondary Air
+ Shutdown
Leaving Filter Belt
~uyerThickness A 3 fflter cloth for the discharge of a
Thickness of a +
bulk formed in a filter cake from a +drum filter that is
separation apparatus.Thiscan be either guided away from the drum around a
+ +
a f i k r cake or a sediment. small diameter spindle.Thecloth returns
to the drum via tension and deflection
rollers.A running cloth is typically used
for strongly adhesive and cloth conta-
70
Long Arm Centrifuge
level Controller
liquid load
Sensor in vertical and horizontal discon-
A measure for the liquid amount remai-
tinuous filter centrifuges for controlling
ning in the solid bulk after separation.
of the filling process with 3 suspensions.
Generally, the load B is defined as the
Generally, the level controller employs
ratio of liquid mass mLand solid mass
a water ski-like sensor, that is mounted
mS:
on a pivot and that glides on the surface
of the rotating drum while pressed on m
B =L(-)
by a spring.The pivoting caused by the
increase in fill height can be measured
m,
by an electronic position sensor and
utilized for the regulation of the filling long Arm Centrifuge
valve.Objective is to avoid overtilling of
Special laboratory 3beakercenirituge,
filter drum.A novel development by the
whose beakers are so far extendedfrom
KRAUSS MAFFEIcompany combines the
the rotationalaxis that a single average
basic level indicator with a thermal
can be assigned for the layer to be
sensor capable of registering
centrifuged concerningthe centrifugal
differences in frictional heats between
acceleration.
suspension and solids, respectively, and
thus is able to indicate when the
demoisturing step of the cake begins.
71
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Muss Throughput
+
liquid, 3 adhesive liquid, inner liquid,
and isolated liquid regions. In the
Mass transported or separated in a centrifugal field one can still remove
separation apparatus per time unit.The certain portions of these liquids by the
mass throughput refers mostly to the acting mass force. In the demoisturing
solids mass throughput. It is often b y mechanical pressing, a limit is
correlated to a +filter area The area- reached when the solid particles get
73
Mechonicd Demoisturing
74
Moisture Measurement
Moisture Meusurement
Mesh Width 3 Residual Moisture Measurement
Opening cross section of 3 pores in a
filter weave. The term mesh width is not
75
Moisture
3 Residual Moisture
Monoplute Pressure Filter
Monofilument Discontinuouslyoperating 3 cake fi/ter
with horizontally arranged filter area
Weave, which is woven from endlessly and flowing in the direction of gravity.
spun individual threads.Monofil weaves A driving overpressure is generated by
+
are extremely adjustable in poresize, either a pressurized gas or from the
and are often applied in the +cake
head of the 3 suspension pumped into
filtration.A lower pore size limit is around the filter chamber.Pressuresuction filters
5um. are ubiquitous in industry, have less than
10m2 filter area, and are usually
Monolayer Filter operated with pressures less than 1Obar.
The thickness of the filter cakes, formed
Apparatus of the +deep bed filtraf/on
in the monoplate pressure filters, can
type with a homogeneous bed
exceed 0.5m.Monoplate pressure filters
structure operated as +quick filterwith
with a few cm2fllter area are popular
a highly porous layer of 3 filter aid. The
for laboratory testing experiments
layer is supported on a perforatedhori-
concerning the characterization of the
zontal filter floor onto which the feed
filtration behavior of suspensions, and
flows in the direction of gravity. The filter
the sizing of 3 cake filters (3 Flltratesl).
is regenerated by changing the layer
or by a momentary flow reversal and
3 backflushing.Their main application Mother Liquor
is the field of water wrification. A liquid originally contained in the
3 suspension to be separated that
Monoplute Filter remains in the 3 bulk following the filter
cake formation. This mother liquor,
Discontinuously operating filter
however, can be displaced or diluted
apparatus for 3 vacuum or 3 pressure
in a following processstep with a 3 was-
filtration with a typically horizontal filter
hing liquid.
surface and flowing in the direction of
gravity.Theyusually produce thick cake
layers up to 0.5m or even higher from Multifllument
granular, often crystalline substances.
3 Weave woven from endlessly spun
They are popular due to their simple threads and twisted into a twine.
design in the laboratory; the 3 Biich- Multifilament weaves due to the thread
ner funnel as a vacuum filter and the structure display a certain deep bed
3 Nutsche fiiter as a pressure filter filter characteristic which can lead to
examples for this. Filtration charac- 3 blockage, but they are more stable
teristics derived with these apparatus against thread breakage than a
are quite useful for predicting the 3 monofilament weave.
performance of other filtration equip-
Multilayer Cartridge Filter
Candle shaped filter element flowing
from the outside to the inside and
working as a + deep bed filter. A
multilayer cartridge works like a +bulk
multilayer filter, but with a filter layer
made up of several layers of differently
fine porous + filter media (e.g.
+ fleeces) instead of +bulk ma-terial.
+
Again the pore size decreases in the
direction of the flow.Multilayer cartridge
filters are used in the purification of
liquidswith extremely low solids contents
+
(pulp colloids).
Multi-Pass Test
This test was developed in the first place
for the examination of hydraulic liquid
+
filters similar to the Single-fuss Test.
Here the + suspension is recirculated
+
through the tested filtermedium in a
large number of passes. A particle
measuring device registersthe amount
and size of the particles before and
after the filter during the test period.
77
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Nonle-Type Sepurutor
79
Number of Revolutions
Number of Revolutions
Number of rotations of a centrifuge
drum or a filter element of a 3 rotary
filter. generally expressed in rotations per
minute (rpm). While the number of
revolutions of 3 cenfrifuges can vary
from 100 up to several l0,000rpm, it lies
in the range of 0.1 to lOrpm for filters.
Nutsche Filter
Simple, discontinuously working
apparatus for the + cake tlltraffon.A
nutsche filter consists in its basic form of
a vessel, closed at the bottom by a
3 filter surface that is filled with a
+
3 suspensionfor ff/fmtlon.Depending
on design, the suspension will then be
filtered elther under 3 vacuum or wlth
overpressure in the direction of gravity.
Agitators are frequently integrated into
nutsche filtersto improvethe separation,
which then are called agitated
+monoplafe pressure filfers.Thestirring
80
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Oyster Filter
Overpressure Filter
Osmosis
Enclosed filter apparatus, working with
Selective passage of liquid components an increased gas pressure in relation to
through .) membranes due to a the surrounding atmosphere. Over-
concentration difference. If a liquid pressure filters work with +
pressure
permeates a semi-permeabie mem- differences up to around lobar:
brane under the force of an outer hydraulic or mechanical pressure filters
pressure and the solutes (e.g. ions) are are employed for larger pressures.
retained on the wall in this manner then
it is called reverse osmosis (saltwater
desalination). Oversize Parficles
have a considerably larger diameter
than the average solids and appear
Overflow
sporadically as a contamination in a
limits the fluid level: for example a + suspension. Oversize particles often
+ peeler centrifuge can be operated have to be separated before the actual
with an overflow, meaning the + sus- separation process, in order not to
pension drains off over the flange ring impair the function of the following
during the cake formation and the separation equipment.
maximal centrifugal pressure acts. In
+ drum or + disc filters the +tilter
trough level can be adjusted with a Oyster Filter
height-variable overflow pipe. The Oyster Filter is a special variant of
the BOKELA + Hi-Bar Filtration tech-
nology especially developed for the
Overflow Weir
+ filtration, + wahshing and 3 de-
Term often used in connection with moisturing of + suspensions in the
+ clarifiers and +
thickeners for the
81
chemical, pharmaceutical and food
industry.The Oyster Filter Is mounted in
a shell-like opening pressure vessel
which provides for a good accessibility
of the filter. A special feature of this
innovative pressure drum filter are the
individually exchangeable +drum lWbr
cells.
82
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Purticle Fruction
Pun Filter
3 Table 1Slter
Purullel Connection
Parallelarrangement of multiple units of
processing equipment when an
individual unit is too small to process the
total feed, or when quasi-continuous
operation has to be realized in the case
of discontinuously working units.For the
latter, each individual machine is
operated in a time-shifted manner for
continuous processing of the feed
stream.
83
Particle Size Analysis
Peeler Knife
Particle Size
Cake removal device in 3 peeler
refers to a geometrical particle centrifuges. A standard peeler knife
dimension.Often a definite description reaches across the entire depth of the
is impossible due to an irregular particle drum; alternatively, a short knife with
shape and one uses a so-called axially oscillating movement is used.The
statistical particle diameter or an peeler knife is either radially pivoted
3 equivalent diameter. against the cake on the rotating drum
or vertically driven against it.To protect
84
Permeubilify
+
the filter medium against damage a Pendulum Centrifuge
thin product layer remainson the drum.
The cake discharge with peeler knives Disc ont i nuously operating 9 filter
at 9 centrifuges is roughly equivalent centrifuge with a vertically rotating axis.
The drum is rigidly mounted to an
to the 9 scraper discharge used in
9 drum and 9 disc filters if reverse
oscillating housing,supported by three
pneumatic pulsing is not considered. telescope-type spring legs.Therefore a
special foundation for the absorption of
vibrations is eliminated.Solids discharge
Peeling Disc can be performed in conformance to
Stationary double disc with curved flow product requirements, e.g. 9 peeler
channels in the gap leading to the knife, 9 peeling pneumatics, detach-
center of the disc. The rotating liquid able filtering bags, or manual removal.
surroundingthe disc enters into the flow Pendulum centrifuges work in the rpm
channels and drains through the center range of 200 to 3,000, and have drum
of the disc at a high velocity. Such diameters of 0.3 to 2.0m. Suspension
discharge devices are found in 9 disc throughputs of approx. 0.1+20m.t./hr
stack separators and 3 decanter can be realized.Theyare easy to clean,
centrifuges as well as 9 centrifugal flexible in operation, and therefore well
mixers. suited for a quick product change.
Peeling Pneumatics
Permeability
(also known as the Titus-System) is an
aspirating pipe used in 3 peeler is the flow resistance of a porous system,
centrifuges for the solids discharge. termed 3 cake permeabllity. The
Located directly behind the + peeler specific permeability of a + bulk is in-
knife this pipe pneumatically takes the dependent from the layer thickness and
peeled solids out of the centrifuge drum. determined by the geometry of the
The peeling pneumatics can be pore system. It can be measured in a
especially beneficial for subsequent filter test via the 3 Darcy equation.
thermal drying operations.
85
be processed due to their relatively
large cross-sectional flow area.
The clear liquid produced b y
+ microfl/fraffon and +
u/tr~/iraffon;
equivalent terms are 9 fl/iraie in filter PistonSpring Model
apparatus and 9 centrate in centri- is used conceptually for describing the
fuges. + consolidation of + compressible
9 bulk maferials. Accordingly, if a
pH Value bulk is compacted by pressing the
structural pressure and the liquid
Negative common logarithm of the
pressure change inversely in the bulk.
hydrogen ion concentration used to
The structural pressure rises from zero to
quantify the hydrogen or hydroxyl ion
the level of the pressing force, whereas
concentrationin aqueous solutions.pH-
the liquid pressure declines from the
values of < 7 are described as sour or
value of the pressing force at the
acidic, pH-values > 7 as alkaline or basic.
beginning of the consolidation process
At the pH of 7 a solution is neutral, down to zero at the equilibrium state.
because the concentrations of
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are equal.
Plain Weave
Pilot Plant Special pattern for a + weuve repre-
senting the tightest and strongest inter-
Experimental equipment for testing on lacing of warp and weft threads. In
a serni-technical scale. A pilot plant
earlier times, it was named calico or
should be as small as possible in order
muslin weave for cotton, cloth weave
to minimize the operational efforts, but
for wool, and taffeta in silk weaving,
large enough to provide realistic data
respectively.Weaves in plain weave
for the design of a full scale machine.
texture show the same appearance on
Especially important is the investigation
both sides as one weft thread interlaces
of operational parameters, such as
a warp thread. By interweaving two or
suspension homogenization or solids
more weft threads with two or more
discharge behavior. warp threads a rib- or basket weave is
formed.
Pipe Module
Membrane filter medium assembled in Pleating
a pipe of several mm or cm diameter
for 9 crossflow fl/trafion. They offer in
Accordion-style folding of a + filter
med/a for 9 carfridge fl/fers.Through
comparison to other module designs pleating a filter cartridge with a large
only a small membrane area per surface area is produced, enabling in
module volume, but are well suited for return large throughput performances
applications in 9 microffltrotionas they with a low starting pressure loss.
do not make high demands on the
+
pretreatment of feed suspens/ons to
Plug Flow as solid granulates or liquid concen-
trates and have to be conditioned prior
+
in a 3 bulk is, in contrast to fingering, to use.
characterized by a uniformly pro-
gressing liquid front. One differentiates
in the modeling of the displacement of Pore Diumeter
liquid in a 3 capillary by centrifugation 3Pore
between plug and 3 fflm ffow.
Pore Flow
Plunger
relates to the flow of a fluid in the
Accessory for 3 bog filters.Plungers are 3 pores of a 3 filter medium or a
inserted in a bag to reduce dead space 3 bulk. The 3 empty pipe velocity of
(e.g. glue filtration). They are hollow the pore system is calculated as the
bodies, which are adjusted in their size product of the mean pore flow velocity
to the bag’s interior to reduce the loss and the mean 3 porosity. Known
of product. equations for describing the pore flow
in 3 bulk materials are respectively the
Police Filter 3 Carmanit Kozeny equation and the
3 Gupte equation.
Generally, a discontinuously operating
filter located downstream of a sepa-
ration processfor trapping particles that Pore
inadvertently can appear in the primary In solid-liquid separation a pore
filtrate. 3 Candle and 3 bag filters are describesthe void space surrounded b y
typically used as police filters. solids in a 3 fflfer media or in 3 bulk
materials. The geometry of such pores
Polishing Filter is often quite complex and exact
description can not be given. Hence,
3 Police Filter the pore size, i.e. the pore diameter, is
often represented by substitute values
Polymeric Flocculunt such as the circle equivalent to the pore
cross sectional area. A measuring
High molecular-weight polymers, such
method for the determination of pore
as polyacrylamides, with molecular
sizes in filter media is the 3 bubblepoint
weights in the magnitude of 107g/mol.
test.
One classifies according to their
dissociating groups between cationic,
anionic and nonionic polymers. Pore Size
Polymericflocculants cross-link particles +Pore
in a 3 suspension that form 3 flocks
which enhances their separation in
settling as well as in filtrating processes. Pore Size Distribution
Polymeric flocculants are offered either The pores in a 3 filter media or in
87
Porosimetrics
+ bulks are always more or less a size cycloneswithin the so-called .)primary
distributed that can be approximated vortex.The rotationalvelocity increases
in the same form as a +parf/cle size radially inwards up to a maximum. For
distribution, as a pore sum distribution, such a flow the momentum equation
or pore density distribution as a function based on the tangential velocity v and
+
of the pore size. the radius r yields the following relation
for different radii:
Porosimetrics v,r,"' = vzr;"
Measurement techniques for the
.)pore size or the + pore size dlstribu- For frictionless flow the exponent m
tion in .) filter media or + bulks. In equals 1 . For the frictional flow of
.) mercury porosimetrics the evacu- suspensions in .)hydrocyclonesa value
ated structure of a porous system is of m = 0.5 is often used.
successivelyfilled.With the bubble point
procedure a porous body filled with a
Precipitution
.) weffingliquid is stepwise demoistured
by application of a steadily increasing Solidification of dissolved compounds
gas pressure differential. Both pro- by adding a suitable substance (i.e.
cedures utilize the connectionbetween precipitation agents). The insoluble so-
+ capillary pressure and + pore size lid precipitates can then be removed
given by the .)Laplace equation. by a solid-liquid separation.
Porosity Precout
The porosity E of a .) bulk is defined as .) Precwt t9ltmffon
the ratio of void volume Vv and total
volume V, of a .) bulk, which in turn is
Precout
the sum of void- and solids volume Vs:
.) Precoat Layer
vv
&=-=-
vv
v,,, vv+vs Precout Filtrution
Another term for .) clarifying fi/frafion
The porosity is directly connectedto the where a coarse porous layer of a filter
+ vold run0 e: aid is filtered first on a cake-forming
.) vacuum or .) overpressure filter.
&=-
e Through this auxiliary layer the actual
I+e suspension is then filtered. Aside from
.) surface filtration there is also a
88
Press Filtration
Importantfields of application are in the rollers.As long as the press belt seals on
beverage and food industries,as well as the edge of the filter cake, the existing
in biotechnology. Discontinuous gas pressure differential can also be
+ +
candle filters, leaf fflters, as well as utilized for pressing, thereby acting not
+
continuous drumffMersareemployed. only linearly but also uniformly over the
The + disc stack separator and the entire surface. Such a pre-press system
+ crossflow filter equipped with is of advantage when the filter cake has
membranes are competing separation a tendency for + shrinkage crack
options. formation as it can be stabilized by a
certain pre-compression.
Precoat Layer
+
A filter layer, formed by cake ffltraffon Press Filter Automat
from a + filter aid, through which the Special design of a + membrane filter
process suspension is filtered during a press, with a vertically plate package
+ precwt ffltration. Precoat materials and horizontal filter chambers. The
+ +
are diatomaceous earih, activated + filter cloth is continuous that zig-zags
+
carbon, perlite, wood flour et al; they through all chambers.After the opening
usually offer a large specific surface for of the plate package the cloth is
stopping large amounts of pollutants. transported by one plate length
Aside from the purely mechanical re- forward, and the cakes are safely
+
tention, adsorptioncan be utilizedto discharged to the sides of the
remove compounds that are dissolved chambers. Filter cakes can be washed,
or form + colloids in a liquid pressed and demoistured with gas
pressure. Press filter automated
machines are build with up to 150m2
Pre-Filter
filter area and work with gas pressures
Apparatus employed for screening of of up to approx. 6bar. The horizontal
+ oversize grain to protect the subse- position of the filter plates promotes the
quent separation equipment.Pre-filters consistent product distribution in the
are installed upstream of +disc stack filter chamber as a well as the efficient
separators and + hydrocyclones to + washing of the cake.
prevent potential blocking of their dis-
charge nozzles.
Press Filtration
Press Belt
+
A process,where the filter cake after
formation is either compressed by the
employed on + drum filters or+ belt + suspension,or undergoes additional
filtersto cover partially the demoisturing pressing (+ filter press), or by a
section of the + filter cake for me- mechanically applied pressing power
chanical compression. The press belt, (+membrane filter press), for subse-
usually designed as a rubber belt, is quent demoisturing. Dependingon the
guided over a roller system to the filter filter design, pressing powers of a few
cake, where it is pressed on by press bars up to high pressures of 1Wbars are
89
Press Roller
90
Pull Action Centrifuge
+
diluted suspension by relatively sim- increases towards the inside. The
ple means, in order to reduce the maximumflow velocity is attained at the
burden on the often considerably more radius of the vortex finder, where also
complex equipment for the following the +cut size is determined.
mechanical demoisturing, or to allow
their application in the first place. For
instance, + Pusher centrifuges require
Product Moisture
a certain minimum feed concentration Amount of liquid which still remains in
for proper operation, i.e.to prevent an the separated solids after the solid-liquid
excessive increase of the + solids loss separation. It is reported, respectively, as
through the sieve as well as to be able + residual moisture, as + dry sub-
to form and demoisture the + cake in stance content, or as + saturation
the relatively short residence time. degree.
Gravitational + thickeners, +decan-
+
ters, thickening filters, and + cross-
Product purumeters
now filters are used as thickeners. The
thickening process is often combined are intrinsic product properties that
+
with a t7ocCulatiOnto ease the sepa- influence the separation process.
ration of the mostly extremely small Product parameters are for instance the
particles. dynamic + viscosityq, of the liquid or
+
its sudace tension yL,the particle size
x and the + particle size distribution
Primury Purticles Q(x), and the + suspension concen-
When particles in a + suspension are tration c,.
present as solid + agglomerates,then
the originally individual particles that
Pseudoplastic
make up the agglomerate are called
primary particles. + Shear Thinning
Primury Vortex Pull Action Centrifuge
Flow in a + hydrocyclone developing Discontinuously working + filter centri-
immediately behind the suspension fuge, by the FERRUM company, with a
inlet. At the opposite end of the vertical rotation axis and a drum with
+
hydrocyclone, at the throttled apex an open bottom. After filtration and
nozzle,the flow direction is reversed,and cake demoisturing, the machine is
the liquid leaves the cyclone in a slowed down and the +filter cake is
+
secondary vortex through the vortex detached by stretching the + filter
finder. Coarse particles in primary cloth. This discharge is downwards out
vortices are separated onto the outside of the machine without a remaining
at the cyclone wall, while the fine + residual layer.
particles follow the liquid flow on the
inside.The primary vortex is a + pofen-
tial vortex, meaning the flow velocity
91
Pulp
Pulp
+ Suspension
Pulp Density
+ Suspension Densiiy
Pusher Centrifuge
Continuously operating, cantilevered
filter centrifuge with solids discharge by
means of an axially reciprocating
+ pusher plate. They are offered in sin-
gle- or multi-stage design with either
cylindrical or conic-cylindrical drums.
Pusher centrifuges are also suited for an
+
intensive washingof the product due
to the cantilevered support and the free
accessibility of the processing space.A
special design features the + double
acting pusher centrifuge. Pusher
centrifuges as a rule separate particles
with diameters larger than 80um. They
operate with C-values of 200+2500,
have drum diametersof 0.15+1.5m.and
can handle suspension streams of
0.5+100m.t/hr.To assure good filtrate
clarity, these machines require feed
concentrations of approx. 10+40%,
which is why they are often combined
+
with a pre-fhickener.
Pusher Plute
Axially reciprocating, circular transfer
+
device in pusher centrifuges.During
each forward stroke the previously
formed + f i h r cake is pushed a step
toward the open front end of the
centrifuge drum where the filter cake
ultimately breaks off.
92
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Quick-Sturt Centrifuge
Quick Filter
+ Deep bed filter with a filtration
velocity of approx. 10m/h. These filters
operate under a hydrostatic head, form
cake layers of approx. 0.5+2.5m
thickness, and use +filter aids with
approx. 0.5+4mm grain size. Quick
filtration is by far the most important
among all filtration techniques for the
processing of both potable and
industrialwater, as well as for the ensuing
wastewater treatment.
QuickstCrrt Centrifuge
Discontinuously working laboratory
centrifuge (+ Centritesf) characterized
by the short time required ( i e 1+2sec)
to reach the set number of revolutions
and the subsequent deceleration.The
reason for this operational charac-
teristic is to be able to perform realistic
design experiments for continuous
93
SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Re-Moisturjzation
Rebecel Re-Mashing
A type of 3 filter aiddistributed by the 3 Mashing
BELLMER company based on cellulose
from renewable resourcesfor improved
cake drainability.The material is offered Re-Moisturization
in pellets that are admixed after Phenomena in filters observed during
dissolving them in water to a 3 sludge the cake removal step,when the driving
before pressing. 3 pressure difference is shut off. Some
of the liquid remaining in the structure
Receiver +
of the filfer medium or in voids of the
3 filter cell can be sucked back by
Commonly,a receiver is perceived as a capillary action in the demoistured filter
cylindrical container downstream of a cake.
solid-liquid separation process in which
gases are expelled from a liquid. In
95
Residual Moisture
RefenM e
Richardson & Zaki Equation
+ Concentrate Equationdescribing the settling velocity
u of the suspensions separation zone in
+ hindered sedimentation where the
Revamping of filter plants is carried out + particre sizeand shape lose influence
to increase the filter capacity,to reduce +
on the settling rate and the concen-
the residual moisture of the filter cake tration of particles c, (volume concen-
or to improve the handling and tration) becomes the decisive factor:
availability of filters. According to a
special optimization program de-
veloped by BOKELA company filters like
+ + + +
disc, drum, pan, belt filters, Here us+is a fictitious settling velocity of
+ + +
filferpresses, Kelly filters, Niagaro a representative, average size particle.
The actual suspension settling velocity
filters, etc. can be upgraded in three
steps including first test trials to decreases rapidly with increasing
determine the optimization potentialup concentration.
to the start up of the modified filter.
Rip Weave
Reverse Osmosis + Plain Weave
+ Osmosis
Rising Channel
Reynold's Number +
A vertical bore hole through the disc
Most important dimensionless number package of + disc stack separators,
in viscous flow named after the English used for separating immiscible liquids
physicistReynolds.It is the ratio of inertial with different densities. The positioning
to frictional forces, and containsthe flow of the channels depends on the volume
velocity v, a characteristic length I, and ratio of the components to be sepa-
the +kinematic viscosity v: rated, and the degree of clarity required
of either component.
vl
Re = -
V
Roller Discharge
Special type of filter cake removal at
97
Rollfit
Saturation Degree
Sand Trap
A simple pre-separation tank for
If all 3 pores in the 3 bulk were filled
wastewater treatment, in which denser
sands are first removed by gravitational with liquid, then S = 1. If an entirely dry
3 bulk is present, then S = 0. The
sedimentation to reduce the burden on
the downstream clarythickener, i.e. to saturation degree of different bulks
99
Sauter Meun Diameter
100
Sedimentution Velocity
101
Sedimentutor
+
a sedimentoffon lronf settles in fluid. under extreme process conditions
In the laminar flow region the sedimen- (temperature and pressure).
tation velocity of individual particles
can be calculated via + Stokes’ law,
whereas the + Rlchardson & Zaki-
Segregution
+
equdon applies for a sedimentoffon +
De-mixingphenomenon in a suspen-
front. don. Often particles get classified
according to their + particle slze, like
for instance when a filtration process is
Sedimentator superimposed by a n undisturbed
Novel wash process of the BOKELA + sedimenfaffon caused by gravitation
company and the TICONA company. or centrifugation. The potential for
segregation is therefore especially high
in horizontal filters and filtrating
+ cenfrifuges. Due to this segregation
+
a bulkforms with an increasingly finer
structured layer. The + entry capillary
plessure in the so-called top + clogging
layer is considerably higher than In a
homogeneously structured cake.
Self-cleaning Separator
Special design of a +disc stack
separator with periodically opened
sludge discharge nozzles a t the
periphery of a dual-conical centrifuge
Schematic view of the sedimentator drum. After a critical solids pressure is
produced by the settled solids a
In the Sedimentator a continuous hydraulic piston slide moves through the
+ counfercurrenf wash of solids is settled solids and the discharge nozzles
realized which is based on a n open for a fraction of a second. This
advanced principle of + disprocernent discharge type is especially of
wash.In the contact zone of solids and advantage at low solids concentration
washing liquid the settling solids form an (e.9. milk skimming, beverage
expanded bed which enables that the +
purification),whereas the nozzle-type
+ mother llquor between the solids is separator is used for higher solids
displaced by the + washing llquld in a concentrations.
highly efficient way leading to high
+ wash degrees with a low wash liquid
Self-Suctioning Drum Filter
consumption. The novel apparatus is
built up like a sedimentation column in +
The pressure difference in drum Islfers
a vertical pressure vessel with numerous +
is produced by fact that the filfercells
stages and allows the washing of solids +
are connected with the Islfratepipes.
102
Series Connection
Sepurutor
Semipermeubility
3 Disc Stack Separator
Selective or partial permeability in a
separating layer which only allows
certain components of a mixture to Septum
permeate.Membranes for the +
ultra- 3 Filter Medium
filtration pass only molecules of a
certain size, which correspond to their
3 MWCO. Series Connection
3 Combination of separation equip-
ment arranged in line in order to amplify
103
Serruted Weir
Settling Tank
Shew Thickening
Circular or square container in which
separation by sedimentation of solid Non 3 Newtonlan flow. The viscosity
particles and liquid occurs under the increases with increasing shear stress.
influence of gravity.The specific density
of the dispersed solids necessarily has Shear Thinning
to be greater than that of the con-
tinuous liquid phase. The settled solids Non 3 Newtonian flow behavior. The
are removed from the tank bottom in 3 viscosity decreases with an in-
the form of a thickened 3 sludge. creased shear stress.
Ideally, the particle-free liquid is
removed at the top of the tank by
means of an overflow.
Single-Pass Test
105
Siphon-Peeler Centrifuge
of a + filter medium under realistic of solids and liquid, the moisture degree
conditions where a filter sample passes +
of the bulk, and the roughness of the
once. The test filter is fed with a nearly screen wall. Sliding discharge centri-
constant particle concentration until a fuges are generally employed in the
specified maximum + pressure separation of highly viscous materials.
difference is reached. A particle- such as molasses in the sugar industry.
measuring device monitors both Other designs try to control the transport
particle number and size in front and process by built-in devices such as at
behind the filter. the + direcfed flow screening
centrifuge,or by periodically changing
the centrifugal forces, such as in the
Siphon-Peeler Centrifuge + tumbler centrifuge.The sliding process
+
Special design of a peeler cenfrifuge can be influenced especially well if the
in which the + centrate is not freely surface parallel force alone is not big
ejected into the centrifuge housing, but enough for the transport and the friction
+
instead is collected in a rofarysiphon is surpassed by an axial oscillation,
cup and utilized to produce a adjustable in amplitude and frequency,
+ +
wcuum behind the filtermedium. of the screen basket like in the
The liquid ring in the rotary cup seals the + vibratory centrifuge.
space behind the filter medium against
the interior housing, so that an additio-
nal pressure filtration can be realized.For
Sliding Friction
this, the pressure gas that permeates + Friction
through the cake has to be removed
b y a duct in the Centrifuge shaft. A
peeler centrifuge of this design is called
Slow Bulk layer Filter
a pressure-siphon-peelercentrifuge. Sand filter from the field of water treat-
ment. Slow bulk layer filters are based
106
Solids Flow
Solids Flow
Solids Concentration
Term for the description of the settling
3 Solids Content
procedures in 3 gravity thickeners
when 3 swarm sedimentation occurs.
Solids Content The solids flow S is defined as the product
out of the settling velocity w and solids
Measure for the amount of solids in a
volume concentrationcvand possesses
solids-liquid mixture. For a mass-related
the dimension [m3/m2h]. The total solids
representation the solids mass ms is
flow S,o, in a gravity thickener consists of
referred to the total mass of the solid-
the solids flow due to the swarm
liquid-system ms+ mLand quoted in
sedimentation, ,S (settling velocity w-,
(mass %), Depending on whether the
concentration c,) and the solids flow
solids or the liquid present the
due to sludge removal (outlet) from the
continuous phase, this quantity is also
underflow In the thickener Su:
described as dry substance content DS
or solids mass concentration c:,
108
Steam Pressure Filtration
109
Steaming
Stern Layer
Mono-to blmolecular layer of adsorbed
BOKELA steam pressure drum fllter (Hi-Bar
Oyster Filter plant)
+ counter ions, solidly bonded on a
charged particle surface.
Steaming
Stirred Pressure Nutsche Fllfer
Measure supporting the +
cake de-
+ pmssurenutsche ffbrequipped with
moisfufing in the +
vacuum tilfrallon.
a stirring apparatus. The stirring allows
mainly employed for continuous filters,
the execution of a number of ope-
110
rations in the filtration space, which can must be verifled that + laminar flow is
range from homogenization of the still present.
+ suspension to re-suspending up to
solids discharge. The stirred pressure
nutsche filter in its most variable form
Strainer
+
develops into a fi/terrmcfor,in which A continuously rotating, drum-shaped
further operations can be performed. sieve, which is loaded on the inside with
such as chemical reaction, crystal- for example a strongly flocculated
lization etc. + suspension for pre-thickening under
the influence of gravity.
Stockpile Demoisturing
Special form of + gravity filfraflon.The
Straining Zone
demoisturing of liquid-saturated, Horizontal, pre-demoisturing zone of
granular + bulk mafer/a/ in a gravi- + doublebelfpremsin which a crossly
tational field is driven by the hydrostatic flocculated 3 suspension is thickened
head of the liquid itself.Thispressure has by gravitational demoisturing, so that it
to be larger than the + capillary can be drawn subsequently into the
pressure acting in the + bulk. During + wedge zone between the two filter
demoisturing the liquid column gets belts.
smaller and the hydrostatic pressure
decreases. respectively, until at
Strindlund Filter
+
equilibrium of the forces the capillary
+
rise of a bulk is reached. + sell-SucHoning Drum Filter
Stokes' Law String Removal
Equation for the description of the + Chain Removal
settling velocity v of a spherical indi-
vidual particle with a diameter x and a String-wound cartridge
density p, in a liquid with a density pLand
the + dynamic viscosity qL under the +
Filter element for discontinuous deep-
earth's gravitational acceleration g, if bed filtraHon made from twisted yarn
a laminar flow is present: (+stack fibers),that is coiled to a thick
layer around a perforated core from
where the filtrate flows.The coiled yarn
forms the actual deep-bed filter in
whose pores the contaminant particles
deposit themselves.
Particles must be able to settle un-
hindered by other particles present. If Substitute Cake Thickness
Stokes' law is to be applied onto centri-
fugation the gravitational acceleration + Equivalent Cake Thickness
+
is to be multiplied with the C-value.It
111
Suction Filter
112
Symmetric Membrane
Sweetland Filter
+ Leaf filter, patented in 1905 by E.
Sweetland, with hanging filter leafs,
arranged in a tank. Originally,the lower
part of the vessel was unhinged for
cleaning purposes; in present day
designs the upper part of the vessel can
be opened.
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SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Table Filter
t/ V=f( V) Method
Experimentalmethod to determine the
9 filfer medium resistance and the
9 filter cake permeability in a Generally, the specific cake resistance
9 laboratory nufsche filter(+ FiNmtesl) r, has values between 10" and 1016m-2;
with the filter surface A. While a 9 fi/fer at 1011m-2 are extremely well filtering
cake is formed under constant pressure products (i.e. coarse salts, minerals)
Ap, the suspension concentration whereas 1016m-2 characterizes very
( 9 kappa-factor) and the liquid slowly filtering materials (bacteria,
viscosity qL , the cumulative filtrate pigments).
volume V is recorded over time t. Then
the curve t/V-over4 is plotted. Table Filter
Continuously working horizontal
9 vacuum filter, which similar to a 9 disc
filter is divided into a number of 9 filter
cells with individual filtrate discharges.
Although table filters are very similar to
+ bowl ff/ters,their rim edges are not
rigidly connected with the filter disc, but
instead is stationary with a sliding seal.
The solids discharge straight horizontally
X A through an opening in the wall via a
+
A
discharge screw. Table filters are
employed for easy to filter and rapidly
Filtrate volume V, settling+ suspensions.
discharge
tlv over V for incompressible cakes system
115
Tangled Fiber Fleece
Thermal Convection
Flows in a liquid caused by density
differences in turn due to temperature
gradients. Next to 3 Bmwn/an moffon,
they are the main reason why individual
particles with a diameter of less than
approximately 1 vm cannot settle out in
the earth's gravitational field.
Thermal Fixation
pre-treatment of synthetic fiber weaves,
generally with hot air, to condition the
cloth for dimensional stability during
operation.
BOKELA hlgh perfiDrmance pan fl/ter
Thermal Loading Control Re-
Tangled Fiber Fleece gulator
+ Fleece 3 Loading Regulator
116
Throughput
117
Tilting Pan Filter
Titer Reduction
68/t Filter
+ Bacteria Retaining Test
+
is a special design of the belt filterby
the DORR OLIVER company that
Titus Pneumatics features vacuum trays covered with a
+ Peeling Pneumatics +
continuous filter medium.This design
is more elaborate than a basic
Titus FilteMryer
+ vacuum filter with a +rubber con-
veyor, but it offers considerably more
+ Filter Reactor freedom in the selection of suitable filter
media,and it operates like a continuous
Torque
+ vacuum filter.
118
adjusted with a height-variable suspension.
+ peeling disc.
Turbid Substances
Tromp Curve 3 Colloids
+ Fractional Grade Efficiency
Turbidity
Tubular Centrifuges + turbidfiltmtion phase
Cylindrical sedimentation centrifuge of
distinct slenderness ratio. They are
operated with over flow until the solids
Turbodrain
collection space is filled up with Continuously working gravitational belt
separated solids. Tubular Centrifuges thickener by the BELLMER company for
are used for separating extremely fine upgrading flocculated thin slurries.
particles out of highly diluted Plowshare-likebaffles are moving across
suspensions with +
C-values of several a horizontal demoisturing tray in order
10.000’s. to reposition the sludge layer over and
over again and to tear open new flow
channels for the draining liquid. The
Tumbler Centrifuge machine serves for instance as a pre-
+
Continuouslyworking se/ftransporiing treater of + suspensions for the subse-
centrifugewith a conically opening and +
quent demoisturing on a doublebelt
a cantilevered sieve basket. The press.
+
transport of solids through this sliding
centrifuge is accomplished with a
tumbling motion of the sieve basket
Turbulent Flow
around its rotating axis. The machine is sets in when the critical + Reynold’s
designed in such a way that at normal number is exceeded as minor flow
rotations the solids remain in place by fluctuatlons are no longer attenuated
adhesive friction. The solids are forced and random turbulences disturb the
to slide intermittently by the tumbling fluid movement. These are small liquid
movement to manage the otherwise or gas eddies that move volume
difficult to control solids transport in elements diagonally to the flow
sliding centrifuges. direction, so that the liquid or gas layers
are being mixed.
119
Will Weuve
Special form of thread weave in a
+ weave. A weft thread is bound over
respectively two or more warp threads
or reverted (weft- respectively warp
thread). The interlacing points rise in a
twill weave in uninterrupted diagonals,
forming the twill marks. Wlthln the
+ pattern repeat one or more weave
marks can exist. In a satin weave the
interlacing points do not contact each
other, so that a smooth, surface without
structure is formed. Twill weaves often
have unevensides, if warp and weft are
not equally distributed on the upper-
and underside of the cloth.
Wo-Phase Flow
in solid-liquid separation technology
means often a mixed flow of liquid and
gas in a + bulk. In contrast to tubular
two-phase flows, these fluids move to a
large extent independently from each
other in the fine pore channels of
+
particle bu/ks.Thus the liquid volume
is assigned to the solids when the gas
flow is evaluated since the shear stress
+
induced by the frictionof the gas into
the liquid is generally smaller by several
orders of magnitude than the
3 capMary pressure which retains the
liquid.
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SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Upgrading
Ultrafiltration
A membrane-type filtration, often
executed as + crossflow liltrcrfion for
separating submicron-sizedparticles or
dissolved macromolecules. The 3 cuf
point of ultrafiltration membranes is
often characterized by the so-called
+ MWCO (Molecular Weight Cut Off).
Underpressure
Lowered absolute pressure acting
against a surrounding atmospheric
pressure.This underpressure,also known
as vacuum, can be decreased in low
vacuum filtrations only down to the
vapor pressure of the liquid, i.e. the
underpressure for water at room
temperature and sea level can be
decreased down to 0.2bar a.
Upgrading
3 Thickening of 3 suspensions,
meaning an increase of the 3 solids
concentration.
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Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
123
Vibrating Screen
Volume Concentrution
.) Solids Content
Vortex Finder
A pipe, immersed from above into the
center of a 3 hydrocyclone, through
which the main portion of the
suspension liquid is discharged. All
+
particles smaller than the cut-size are
also carried by the .)secondary vortex
out of the cyclone.
Vortex Flow
3 Potential Vortex
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Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Water Value
Warp
a + +
fflfer cake in pusher cenhituges
etc.
+ Weave
Washing Spray
Wash Degree Device especially applied at +
drum
Residual portion of a substance dis- filters for the +washing of a +
filter
solved in the + mother liquor that is to cake. Pipes with spray nozzles running
be washed out of a + fflfer cake. The across the drum distribute the +
was-
wash degree is normalized by assigned hing liquid as uniform as possible film
values of 1 before the washing and 0 over the cake surface.
after the total removal of the undesired
substances, respectively.
Washing Ratio
Washing
Characteristic measure in + CfiSplaCe-
menf washing for the consumption of
+ Cake Washing washing liquid.Thewashing ratio relates
the volume of washing liquid to the pore
Washing liquid
volume in a + filter cake. Ideally, the
ratio would be unity as the pore volume
Used for the removal of undesired would be replaced just once by was-
substances, which are dissolved in the hing liquid. In reality, however, washing
+ +
mofherliquor of a bulk.The bulk+ ratios can be considerably higher.
can either be permeated by the was-
hing liquid (see + dlsplacemenf was-
hing) or the demoistured + bulk is re- Water Content
suspended in it separately and filtered 3 Residual Moisture
again.The latter case causes a dilution
effect (see + dilution washlng).
Water Value
Reference value for the permeation
Washing Out +
rating of filfermedla.It is determined
+ Washing with particle free water under defined
conditions and by relating the passed
127
Wear
129
Wring Press
Wring Press
+ Wring Alfernafing Press
Wyckoif & Botset Equation
The permeability of + fllfer cakes
changes for both the liquid and the
gaseous-phase flows with a change in
the + saturation degree during a gas
differential pressure demoisturing of the
system. As for the permeability of the
gaseous phase p,(S) as a function of
the saturation degree S. it is according
to WyckofftIBotset the product of the
single phase permeability p, and a re-
lative gas permeability P,~~,,(S)ranging
from 0 to 100%:
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Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Yield Point
Yield Point
The yield point of a body under strain is
defined as the tension at which plastic
deformation begins with a measurable
velocity.
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SolidlLiquid Separation Lexicon
Reinhard Bott and Thomas Langeloh
Copyright0 Wiley-VCH Veriag GrnbfL2002
Zone Sedimenfufion
Zone Sedimentation
+ Agglomeration or 3 flocculation of
the solid particles can intensify the
+
hindered sedimentation (see Swarm
Sedimentation). In the region of low
solids concentrations an excess
sedimentation velocity can be ob-
133