Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IN
Thesis submitted to
NASHIK
MD
in
ANATOMY
MAY-2010
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
CONTENTS
_____________________________________________________________
1. Introduction 001
5. Results 061
6. Discussion 101
8. Bibliography -----
9. Annexure -----
- Abbreviations
- Master sheet
____________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
INTRODUCTION:
configurations on the palmar region of hand and fingers and plantar region of
foot and toes. The term dermatoglyphics was coined by Cummins and Midlo
in 1926 and was derived from Greek words ‘derma’ means skin and ‘glyphics’
The ridge pattern depends upon the cornified layer of epidermis and
dermal papillae. The typical patterns of epidermal ridges are determined since
and the dermis subsequently projects upward in the epidermal hollows. This is
The ridges are differentiated in their definitive forms during third and
fourth month of foetal life and once formed remain permanent and never
change throughout the life except in the dimension in proportion to the growth
of an individual. The original ridge characteristics are not disturbed unless the
1943)25.
01
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Genetics and Medicine. The research findings put forth by some scientists
earlier age.
interesting matter and little information is available about this relation. Thus,
with regard to the high incidence of CAD in the world, the existence of such
02
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the person can be screened for prevention by controlling other risk factors in
morbidity in the world. The knowledge of major risk factors can be useful in
the prevention of CAD. Few studies has been carried out on dermatoglyphics
of CAD.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
I. REVIEW OF DERMATOGLYPHICS
I. REVIEW OF DERMATOGLYPHICS
The literature available on the subject is reviewed under the following heads:
The patterned traceries of fine ridges on finger, palm and soles must
have aroused interest long time ago. There are records that show
creases within the outline of a human hand. These petroglyphs depict human
hand which roughly represent the dermatoglyphics and flexion creases. Such
ancient stone carvings are found all over the world. The most famous of
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ancient “ Finger Print” designs are carvings on the walls of a Neothilic burial
passage situated on an island of Brittany L’iie de Gavr’inis, Its inner walls are
covered with incised designs of circular patterns, spirals, arches, sinuous and
in a case of Chinese seal dating back to a period of third century B.C. and its
University, noted ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints. A layer of skin was
patterns. 1. Plain arch (Transverse curve), 2. Tented arch (Central long strip),
Bengal, India was the first to use finger print identification against
made a habit of requiring palm prints and later index and middle fingers on
been drawn to the ridges in 1888 when he was studying the problem of
during the course of an individual’s lifetime and that no two fingerprints are
included the first classification for fingerprints. Galton also identified the
Galton’s details.
her two sons but her bloody print was left on a door post, proving her as
murders.
his own fingerprints on a document to prevent forgery. This is the first known
differences.
1901 in England and Wales using Galton’s observation revised by Sir Edward
Richard Henry.
The first systematic use of fingerprints in US, New York Civil Service
Commission for testing was introduced in 1902. Police departments and law
configurations
diagnosis.
dermatoglyphics nomenclature.
specialized and is called friction ridge skin. The basal layer shows more
produce fingerprints. They are also responsible for the palm prints.
the world who share an identical set of fingerprint patterns. No two identical
sets of fingerprints have been found. The pattern formed by the ridge
structure of skin never changes except in size during the life span of a person.
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1/50 of an inch for men and slightly less in women. The width in children is
somewhat smaller than that in women. Men tend to have coarser patterns of
epidermis will produce temporary damage. With temporary damage the ridges
present on the volar surface of palms, finger, soles and toes. These epidermal
ridges form well defined patterns that characterize an individual and are very
epidermal ridges and fetal volar pads because in the course of development,
well as their size and positions are responsible for the configurations of
situated above the proximal end of the most distal metacarpal bone on each
finger, in each interdigital area, in thenar and hypothenar areas of the palms.
Secondary feotal pads may be found on the central palm or as pairs on the
twelfth and thirteenth weeks, while the pads begin to regress in relative size,
the ridges begin to develop at the dermal-epidermal junction while the surface
remains smooth. These primary dermal ridge subdivide to form more parallel
ridges through the seventeenth week. During the twentieth week, the
about three months of intrauterine life when the volar pads are at or near their
peak development, and completed by sixth month of intrauterine life, when the
were the result of physical and topographical growth forces. It is believed that
tension and pressure in the skin during early embryogenesis determines the
mechanism responsible for ridge formation. They also pointed out the
regularity in the arrangement of blood vessels, nerve pairs under the smooth
and its relationship with the growth of epidermal ridges i.e. absence of
development of ridges or abnormal ridges when nerves fail to grow into the
epithelium.
Schaumann and Alter (1976)109 pointed out that besides nerve and
epidermal ridge pattern. They also stated that environmental factors such as
external pressure on the foetal pads and embryonic foetal finger movement
Galton F (1892)39 and Wilder HH (1902)129 were the first to study the
hereditary basis of dermal patterns, suggesting that these ridge patterns are
frequency of patterns in hypothenar area was seen in Africans, thenar and Ist
Basu A (1976) 9, studied digital pattern and digital ridge count in there
moderate whorls and low arches. In pattern types, differences between sexes
are highly significant. Total ridge count differences between sexes are not
significant.
showed one or more central pockets on the little fingers of both hands and left
ring finger.
loops; a single transverse palmer crease; wide atd angle; significant deviation
third interdigital areas; and more common simian line as compared to non-
mongols.
and whorls are decreased in deteriorated group with least variation between
absence of digital flexion crease, maximum ‘atd’ angle and higher position of
axial triradius, 108 degrees ‘atd’ angle, and extra pattern in thenar region.
degrees than normal and high ‘a-b’ ridge count in Turner’s syndrome.
Penrose (1968)89 concluded that finger patterns have low ridge counts
in Klienfilter’s Syndrome.
population.
heart disease. There was decreased frequency of arches finger tip pattern in
idiopathic mentally retarded children. They found low TRC, higher atd angle,
patients and observed that there were increased frequency of whorls and
and noticed overall increase incidence of hypothenar pattern with increase atd
angle.
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increase atd angle, decrease TFRC and decrease frequency of 3rd interdigital
palmar patterns.
loops was found significantly more often in patients (72%) than in the control
group (26%). Radial loops on the fourth and fifth digits were more prevalent in
in ASD and NCM and increase frequency of loop in TOF and Congenital
high frequency (p<0.001) of palmer pattern in thenar and 1st interdigital area
angles in both sexes, and higher frequency of palmer pattern in left 4 th ID area
Increase TFRC ii) Decrease frequency of axial triradius t in right palm female
and t’ & t” in right palm male. iii) Decrease atd angle iv) Absence of axial
cardiomyopathy and the main palmar line had a more longitudinal course on
the palm with its termination more frequently in area 3, less frequently in area
was significantly greater, particularly on finger 2, 4, and 5th digit of female with
increase TFRC and ab ridge count. The atd angle was increased in both
lower 3rd finger ridge count and ab ridge count as compared to the controls.
They also found higher frequency of palmar axial t’ and t” Triradii and a lower
patients and found increase frequency of loops and whorls in all digits as
loops on both thumbs, ring fingers and little fingers of patient with biliary
maturity onset diabetes mellitus. There was decrease in the mean value of
TFRC and AFRC but not statistically significant in both sexes. Male and
increased frequency of ulnar loop fingertip pattern with decreased TFRC and
wider atd angle in patients. Sydney line, Simian crease and patterns in the
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patients.
features (like FT patterns, ridge count total / absolute, atd angle, ab ridge
cerebral palsy. They reported increased frequency of arch, radial loop and
whorl patterns and decreased frequency of ulnar loop in boys and girls but
statistically significant in boys. There was also decrease in TFRC and ab ridge
was found that the most predominant ridge pattern were arches in all patients
whorls and in 63% cases atd angles fall between the range of 41-46 degree in
atd angle. There was also increase in the frequency of whorls and decrease in
count in 1st digit of right hand in male. The atd angle was increased in male
and its genetic predisposition. Higher frequency of whorls was observed in 1st
arthritis. They noticed increased arches and decreased loops/ whorls and
both hands, with increase in arches on 3rd digit and whorls in 4th digit of left
hand.
decrease in loop pattern (32.1%) in tuberculosis. Also the mean TFRC and
AFRC were significantly higher with narrower atd angle when compared to
controls.
in both hands and arches in left hand. They also noticed increase TFRC and
decrease atd angle, td ridge count and decrease frequency of ulnar loops in
both hands.
found partial or total suppression of line C (Cx / Co), reduced ab ridge count,
controls. They observed that six or more whorls in the total fingertip pattern
There was also increase frequency of whorls in right ring finger and right little
cell anaemia cases and observed decrease frequency of ulnar loop and
The atd angle, ab ridge count and position of axial triradius were almost same
within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen and
sudden death.
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In India, CVD accounted for 32% of all deaths in 2000, and the WHO
estimated that 60% of the world’s cardiac patients will be Indian by 2010. The
transition appears to be in the western style, with CHD as the dominant form
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
cause of death for both males and females in the United States and other
industrialized nations. Each year, near 500,000 Americans die of CAD. About
and approximately one third of them die. At least 250,000 people a year die of
a heart attack before they reach the hospital. (Kumar V et al., 2007)65
>4.5 million deaths occurring in the developing world. Despite a recent decline
in developed countries, both CAD mortality and the prevalence of CAD risk
2004)80
from the Global Burden of Disease Study suggest that by the year 2020 India
more than 90% cases, while other causes are responsible for less than 10%
coronary blood flow even at rest. Slowly developing occlusions may stimulate
collateral vessels over time, which protect against distal myocardial ischemia
2007)65
I] Angina Pectoris, in which the ischemia is less severe and does not
Prinzmetal angina, and unstable angina; the latter is the most threatening as a
heart muscle.
Acute Coronary Syndromes: Acute MI, unstable angina and sudden cardiac
which is based on the traditional risk factors of age, sex, dyslipidemia, blood
such as increasing age and male sex, studies have identified several
important “risk” factors. Some are modifiable, other not. Presence of any one
of the risk factors places an individual in a high risk category for developing
CAD. The greater the number of risk factors present, the more likely one is to
Sex Hypertension
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cholesterol
Personality Obesity
Sedentary Habits
Stress
in men.
usually > 220 mg/dl, increases the risk for the development of MI. There is a
levels and CHD. Japan is having the lowest incidence and Finland is having
cholesterol is most directly related with CHD. While very low density
ratio of <3.5 has been recommended as a clinical goal for CHD prevention.
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4. Diabetes: The risk of CHD is 2-3 times higher in diabetes than in non-
diabetics. CHD is responsible for 30-50% of deaths in diabetics over the age
individuals are more prone to CHD than the calmer, more philosophical Type
B individuals.
The CAD and coronary risk factors were 2-3 fold more common among
urban subjects compared to the rural population in both sexes. Central obesity
was four times more common in the urban population compared to the rural in
both sexes. Sedentary life style and alcohol intake were significantly higher in
Fibrinogen, and hsCRP are also identified as the risk factors of CAD.
CAD is 2-3 times higher in diabetic than non diabetic. (Yusuf et al., 2001)130.
CHD is responsible for 30-50% of deaths in diabetics over the age of 40 years
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and accuracy with above 90% positive prediction value for increase plasma
role of non-conventional risk factors. In a case control study it was found that
2008)60
In the US, an estimated 12 million people have CHD, about one half of
whom have acute MI and half have angina pectoris. For men the prevalence
of MI is 1% at ages 35-44 years and 16% at ages 75 and over. In women, the
prevalence is less than 1% at ages 35-44 years and 13% at ages 75 and
In the US, CHD causes about 650,000 new heart attacks each year
and 450,000 recurrent attacks. The incidence in women lags behind that in
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men by 10 years for total CHD and by 20 years for more serious clinical
underlying disease was not related to CAD and who underwent coronary
total cholesterol and other risk factors were not significantly different in patient
with CAD compared with those without. But the levels of LDL cholesterol and
of age in most of the developed countries, which may be slightly higher in the
United States and Northern Europe and lower in Southern Europe, Japan and
is several fold higher among Asian Indians, more particularly at younger age
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of 25-39 years, whereas it rarely occurs below the age of 40 years among
year 2015, CVD could be the most important cause of mortality in India. The
populations, and in rural areas it has almost doubled in the last decade.
electrocardiogram (ECG) was 9.0% in the urban and 3.3% in the rural
higher prevalences in the men compared with women in both urban (11.0 vs 6.9)
prevalence of CAD has almost doubled in rural areas and increased 9-fold in
the urban population, and that the rates are higher in South India as
compared to the North. The prevalence of CAD and coronary risk factors is
et al., 2009)70.
GENETIC CORRELATION:
genetic influences through mechanism other than these known risk factors
genetic factors in both sexes. The death from CAD at an early age in one’s
twin was a strong predictor of the risk of death from this disorder. The risk was
1994)71.
and/or CHD, and genes have a significant effect on the level of several risk or
CHD, is under strict genetic control. A high level of Lp(a) lipoprotein does not
specific tests with regard to this important genetic risk factor. DNA variation at
several apolipoprotein loci has been examined and several associations with
91
Polzik EV et al. (1993) opined that the two genetic markers--HLA
antigens and the pattern of dermatoglyphics- provide strong evidence for the
study revealed significant and marked association of CHD with low alpha-
FTP, T-D count and palm patterns. These significant associations of CHD and
important loci, two gene variants in the leukotriene pathway (ALOX5AP and
Genome-wide association studies have also been undertaken, and the pro-
placed into left and then to the right coronary artery, and any surgical bypass
of the location and severity of any stenosis relative to the adjacent “normal”
vessel segments. It also evaluates the rapidity of coronary flow, the blush of
the most diagnostic tool for evaluation of the coronary anatomy in with
CAD or the patient presents with a high risk profile of cardiovascular risk
patients with a history of CAD or with clinical symptoms typical for this
more of the three major coronary arterial trunks, the highest incidence being
Kumar V et al. (2007)65 also described that although only a single major
coronary epicardial trunk may be affected, two or all three – LAD, LCX, and
located anywhere within these vessels but tend to predominate within the first
several centimeters of LAD and LCX and along the entire length of the RCA.
Sometimes the major secondary epicardial branches are also involved (i.e.
rare.
disease was not related to CAD and found a prevalence of CAD in 7.3%
cases with SVD in 3.6%, DVD in 2.1% and TVD in 1.6% with at least one
angiography, ~25% will have one vessel, 25% have two vessels and 25%
have three vessels involvement, 10% will have significant left main stenosis
and the other 15% will have narrowing of less than 50% or normal vessel on
50% stenosis in 23.1% cases having SVD, 33.1% cases having DVD and
About one third of cases of CAD have single vessel disease (SVD),
most often LAD arterial involvement; another one third have two vessels
disease (DVD), and the remainder have three major vessels disease (TVD).
362 patients with acquired heart disease. Distal displacement (t” or multiple
axial triradii) of the palmer axial triradii occurred significantly greater frequency
whorls and a correspondingly lower frequency of ulnar loops than the control
group. Total and absolute ridge counts were also significantly higher in MI.
Rashad et al. (1978)101 observed that individuals who had had MI were
significantly higher in total and absolute ridge counts than other control. There
frequency of true whorls, double loops and less ulnar loops and tented
arches. Total and absolute ridge counts were significantly higher (P<0.05) in
frequencies between MI and control subjects. Nor did the analysis of the total
patients when compared to the controls. They concluded that loop type finger
print compared to whorl and arch type were more associated with MI
(P<0.001). They have grouped MI in two groups as Q type MI and non Q type
predominant.
observed that the total number of whorls was significantly higher in patients
right thumb (P<0.05), right little (P<0.01) and left ring finger (P<0.05). Also
there was decrease frequency of loops in all digits with significant in right
MI and 900 control group. It was noticed that in MI patients, the distribution of
dermatoglyphic pattern was 7.2% arch type, 46.8% loop type and 46% whorl
compared to the control (P<0.001) and particularly in left thumb, left index and
left ring finger (P<0.0001). They had also grouped MI cases into Q-wave MI
percentage of arch type was significantly increased in both Q-wave and non-
There was roughly two times increase in the rate of arch patterns in MI
patients.
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
The present study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy from
July 2007 to August 2009. It includes 150 patients (120 males and 30
healthy individual were included as controls. Even the individuals with history/
from controls.
All the patients were taken from the Private Cardiac Hospitals of the
region. The patients who were diagnosed after Coronary Angiography were
only included in the study. Even the patients of IHD with normal coronary
angiography were excluded from the study. The Palmar Prints of the patients
and the controls were taken on the Map Litho White paper by ink method.
by CUMMINS (1936)27 and CUMMINS and MIDLO (1961)26. This method was
advantages:
1. Simple technique.
2. Low cost.
3. Clarity of Prints.
2. Rubber roller.
4. Century board.
7. Cotton puffs.
8. Scale.
9. Pencil Pen
1) The subjects were asked to clean their hands with soaps and water.
They were also asked to dry their hands but to leave some
moisture.
2) The requisite amount of ink daub was placed on the glass slab. It
was uniformly spread by the rubber roller to get a thin even ink film
on the glass slab.
3) The thin film of ink was applied on the palm by passing the inked
rubber roller uniformly over the palm and digits taking care that the
hollow of the palm and the flexor creases of the wrist were uniformly
inked.
4) The palm was examined for the uniformity of the ink, and if found
otherwise ink was also applied to the hollow of the palm with the
help of cotton puffs.
5) Left hand of the subject was then placed on the sheet of paper
(kept over the pressure pad) from proximal to distal end. The palm
was gently pressed between inter-metacarpal grooves at the root of
fingers, and on the dorsal side corresponding to thenar and
hypothenar regions. The palm was then lifted from the paper in
reverse order, from the distal to proximal end. The fingers were also
printed below the palmar print by rolled finger print method. The tip
of the fingers were rolled from radial to ulnar side to include all the
patterns.
6) The same procedure was repeated for right hand on separate paper.
7) The printed sheets were coded with name, age, sex, and for case
group (CAD) and control group.
PROFORMA
Artery Disease.
Investigator: Dr.
PERSONAL DATA
Address:
Diagnosis:
Family History:
DERMATOGLYPHIC DATA
i) Loops :
ii) Arches :
iii) Whorls :
3. Palmar Patterns
6. ab ridge count
7. ‘atd’ angle
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MORPHOLOGY:
DERMATOGLYPHICS CONFIGURATIONS
Nomenclature of Minutiae:
Pattern Configurations:
2. Dermatoglyphic landmarks.
3. Interdigital area - 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th (ID1, ID2, ID3, ID4)
1. Simple or Plain Arch (Ap): Ridges cross fingertip from one side to
the other without recurving. It is not a true pattern.
The distal radiant of the triradius usually points towards the apex of the
fingertip. The ridges passing over this radiant are abruptly elevated and form
a tent like pattern.
1. Ulnar Loop (Lu): In Ulnar Loop ridges opens on the ulnar side.
2. Radial Loop (Lr): In Radial Loop ridges open on the radial side.
Triradius: The triradius is located on the fingertip and on the same side
where the loop is crossed.
Types:
2. Spiral Whorl (Ws): The ridges spiral around the core in clockwise or
anti-clockwise direction.
5. Lateral Pocket Whorl (Wlp) or Twin Loop (Wtl): These types are
morphologically similar, have 2 triradii. In lateral pocket whorl both
ridges emanating from each core emerge on the same side of the
pattern. In twin loop whorl the ridges emanating from each core open
towards the opposite margin of the finger.
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1. Triradii
2. Cores.
3. Radiants.
3. Radiants (type lines): Radiants are ridges that emanate from the
triradius and enclose the pattern area.
Quantitative Analysis:
Pattern Intensity:
The counting is done along the straight lines connecting the core and
the triradius. Ridges containing triradial point and point of core are excluded.
In case of whorl with two triradii and at least one point of core, two different
counts are made, one from each triradii. Each count is made along a line
drawn between the triradial point and the nearer point of core. The two counts
are specified as first radial and second ulnar counts.
Usually the symbols and ridge counts are recorded in order, beginning
with the little finger of the left hand continuing to the thumb. While digits of
right hand are started with thumb and continued up to little finger. Because
the ridge counts are used to express the size, only the largest count is scored
in a pattern with more than one possible count. Both simple and tented arches
have ‘0’ count.
To some extent, ridge count reflects the pattern type (Holt SB,1961) 55.
TFRC represents the sum of ridge counts of all ten digits, where only
the larger count is used on those digits with more than one ridge count. It
expresses the size of pattern.
AFRC is the sum of the ridge counts from all the separate triradii on the
fingers. It reflects the pattern size as well as pattern intensity, which depends
on the pattern type.
The palm has been divided into several anatomically well-divided areas
to carry out dermatoglyphic analysis. These areas approximate the sites of
embryonic volar pads. They include the thenar area, interdigital areas and
hypothenar area.
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Hypothenar (Hypo): Hypothenar area is situated along the lower part of ulnar
border of hand and labelled as ‘Hypo’.
Thenar (Th): Thenar area is situated at the base of the thumb and labelled as
‘Th’.
First, Second, Third, Fourth Interdigital Areas (ID1, ID2, ID3, and ID4):
The first, second, third, fourth interdigital areas are found in the distal palm in
the region of heads of metacarpal bones. Each is bordered laterally by a
digital triradii. The digital triradii are located proximal to the base of digits II-V.
Digital Triradii are labelled as a, b, c, and d starting from digits II-V. The
interdigital area ID1 lie between ‘Th’ and ‘a’, ID2 between ‘a’ and ‘b’, ID3
between ‘b’ and ‘c’ and ID4 lies between ‘c’ and ‘d’.
The triradius or triradii close to palmar axis are termed as Axial triradius
(t). Symbol t, t’, t’’ are used to designate the position of these triradii in the
proximal distal direction on the palm. The axial triradii (t) are found in the
proximal region of palm, near the wrist crease.
Palmar Landmarks:
Digital and axial triradii are traced in the distal portion of the palm. They
are found in the metacarpal regions at the base of digits 2, 3, 4 and 5. They
are labelled as a, b, c and d from radial to ulnar direction. The two distal
radiant of each triradius run laterally to the nearest interdigital area (ID)
subtending the digit concerned.
The proximal radiant traced along its course within the palmar area
constitutes a palmar main line. There are four Main Lines each emanating
from one of the digital triradii and labelled as A, B, C, and D corresponding to
the triradius having the same lower case letter.
The terminals of the main lines are assigned numbers distributed along
the periphery of the palm in order to convey information about their course.
The main line formula constitutes the first part of the palmar formula. It
is followed by the position of the axial triradius/ triradii and then by symbols
used for the palmar configuration in the following order Hyp, Th, ID1, ID2, ID3,
and ID4.
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2. Triradius -t.
6. Triradius -d.
8. Triradius -c.
The termini of two main lines, A and D alone adequately reflect the
ridge direction. A main line index is based on the sum of two numbers
corresponding to the exit of main lines A and D (Cummins H 1936)27. It is the
sum of terminations of A and D main lines, renumbering the terminations 1 to
5” as 1 to 6, and 6 to 13” as 1 to 9. (Reed T, 1981)104
ab RIDGE COUNT:
atd ANGLE:
It is formed by lines drawn from digital triradius ‘a’ to the axial triradius‘t’
and from axial triradius‘t’ to the digital triradius ‘d’. The more distal the position
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of t, the larger the ‘atd’ angle. ‘atd’ angle is the most widely used method in
interpreting the position of triradius‘t’.
Though a valuable and rapid measurement, the atd angle has the
disadvantage of altering with age, because of the growth of the hand. It also
varies a little with the amount of pressure applied in producing a palm print.
(Berg JM, 1968)11
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
The following statistical tests are chosen for the research project:
a. Formula: X= xi
n
Where X= Mean
SE= SD
n
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CV=SD x 100
n
Formula: |X1-X2|
t= (S.D)12 (S.D) 22
n1 n2
and df – degree of freedom = ( n 1+n2 ) – 2
where, X1, (S.D) 1 & n1 – are mean, S.D & no. of items in 1st group
X2, (S.D) 2 & n2 – are mean, S.D & no. of items in 2nd group
Formula : X 2 = ( Oi-Ei) 2
Ei
And df = (r-1) (c-1)
r = number of rows
c = number of columns
7. Furuhata’s Index:
8. Dankmejer’s Index:
LIST OF TABLES
Table 01 : Age and sex wise distribution in cases and controls.
Table 02 : Distribution of Different Groups depending on the number of vessels
involved in CAD cases
Table 03 : Percentage wise distribution of total Finger Tip patterns in CAD and
Controls
Table 04 : Frequency distribution of Loop Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD and
Controls
Table 05 : Frequency distribution of Arch Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD and
Controls
Table 06 : Frequency distribution of Whorls Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD
and Controls
Table 07 : Digit wise frequency distribution of Fingertip Patterns of both hands
in SVD cases (M=41,F=12, T=53 cases)
Table 08 : Digit wise frequency distribution of Fingertip Patterns of both hands
in DVD cases (M=34,F=7, T=41 cases)
Table 09 : Digit wise frequency distribution of Fingertip Patterns of both hands
in TVD cases (M=45,F=11, T=56 cases)
Table 10 : Frequency distribution of total Fingertip Patterns in different groups
of CAD and Controls
Table 11 : Statistical Comparison of Total Finger Tip Pattern between different
groups of CAD with Controls.
Table 12 (a) : Digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in CAD and
Controls in Males and Females
Table 12 (b) : Digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in CAD and
Controls in both hands
Table 13 : Frequency distribution of Different Finger Tip Patterns in total CAD
and Controls
Table 14 (a) : Statistical Comparison of different Finger Tip Pattern between CAD
and Controls in Males and Females.
Table 14 (b) : Statistical Comparison of different Finger Tip Pattern between CAD
and Controls in both hands.
Table 15 : Frequency distribution of Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC) in
Different Groups of CAD
Table 16 : Statistical Calculation of TFRC count in different Groups of CAD and
Controls
Table 17 : Test of Significance for TFRC for comparison between different
Groups of CAD and Controls
Table 18 : Frequency distribution of Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC) in total
CAD and Controls
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
RESULTS:
The dermatoglyphic patterns on right and left hand of CAD patients are
analysed according to sex and are subjected to statistical tests to evaluate
significant pattern of identifiable difference between CAD and Controls.
Table 1: shows age and sex distribution among cases and controls. In the
present study, 150 cases of angiographically proven CAD and 150 healthy
individual (controls) were included for comparison of various parameters.
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
There were 120 males and 30 females in each group. The age ranges from
35-76 years with mean age of male and female is 55.18 years and 53.83
years respectively in CAD. The age ranges from 31-75 years with mean age
of male and female is 41.29 years and 43 years respectively in controls.
R+L 237 19.8 116 9.7 353 29.4 48 4.0 33 2.8 81 6.8 83 6.9 517 43.1
F R 26 17.3 8 5.3 34 22.7 1 0.7 4 2.7 5 3.3 9 6.0 48 32.0
L 28 18.7 15 10.0 43 28.7 4 2.7 3 2.0 7 4.7 4 2.7 54 36.0
R+L 54 18.0 23 7.7 77 25.7 5 1.7 7 2.3 12 4.0 13 4.3 102 34.0
M+F R 150 20.0 75 10.0 225 30.0 15 2.0 22 2.9 37 4.9 52 6.9 314 41.9
L 141 18.8 64 8.5 205 27.3 38 5.1 18 2.4 56 7.5 44 5.9 305 40.7
R+L 291 19.4 139 9.3 430 28.7 53 3.5 40 2.7 93 6.2 96 6.4 619 41.3
Control
s M R 102 17.0 75 12.5 177 29.5 16 2.7 16 2.7 32 5.3 16 2.7 225 37.5
L 93 15.5 42 7.0 135 22.5 23 3.8 12 2.0 35 5.8 26 4.3 196 32.7
R+L 195 16.3 117 9.8 312 26.0 39 3.3 28 2.3 67 5.6 42 3.5 421 35.1
F R 17 11.3 8 5.3 25 16.7 1 0.7 2 1.3 3 2.0 10 6.7 38 25.3
L 24 16.0 11 7.3 35 23.3 3 2.0 4 2.7 7 4.7 5 3.3 47 31.3
R+L 41 13.7 19 6.3 60 20.0 4 1.3 6 2.0 10 3.3 15 5.0 85 28.3
M+F R 119 15.9 83 11.1 202 26.9 17 2.3 18 2.4 35 4.7 26 3.5 263 35.1
L 117 15.6 53 7.1 170 22.7 26 3.5 16 2.1 42 5.6 31 4.1 243 32.4
R+L 236 15.7 136 9.1 372 24.8 43 2.9 34 2.3 77 5.1 57 3.8 506 33.7
R+L 58 64.4 14 63.6 9 10.0 4 18.2 23 25.6 4 18.2 72 64.3 13 11.6 27 24.1
D4 R 12 26.7 5 45.5 1 2.2 1 9.1 32 71.1 5 45.5 17 30.4 2 3.6 37 66.1
L 15 33.3 3 27.3 1 2.2 0 0.0 29 64.4 8 72.7 18 32.1 1 1.8 37 66.1
R+L 27 30.0 8 36.4 2 2.2 1 4.5 61 67.8 13 59.1 35 31.3 3 2.7 74 66.1
D5 R 32 71.1 10 90.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 28.9 1 9.1 42 75.0 0 0.0 14 25.0
L 31 68.9 9 81.8 0 0.0 1 9.1 14 31.1 1 9.1 40 71.4 1 1.8 15 26.8
R+L 63 70.0 19 86.4 0 0.0 1 4.5 27 30.0 2 9.1 82 73.2 1 0.9 29 25.9
Table 8 shows increase frequency of whorls in D4 and loops in rest of the digit
in cases of DVD. The maximum percentage of whorls is seen in D4 of right
hand (61%) and D1 of left hand (46.3%). The maximum percentage of loops
is 80.5% in D5 of right hand and 75.6% in D3 of right hand. Most numbers of
arches are seen in D2 of both hands.
TVD R 110 48.9 32 58.2 16 7.1 3 5.5 99 44.0 20 36.4 142 50.7 19 6.8 119 42.5
m=45 L 116 51.6 21 38.2 10 4.4 5 9.1 99 44.0 29 52.7 137 48.9 15 5.4 128 45.7
f=11 R+L 226 50.2 53 48.2 26 5.8 8 7.3 198 44.0 49 44.5 279 49.8 34 6.1 247 44.1
t=56
Control
s R 325 54.2 96 64.0 50 8.3 16 10.7 225 37.5 38 25.3 421 56.1 66 8.8 263 35.1
m=120 L 360 60.0 89 59.3 44 7.3 14 9.3 196 32.7 47 31.3 449 59.9 58 7.7 243 32.4
f=30 R+L 685 57.1 185 61.7 94 7.8 30 10.0 421 35.1 85 28.3 870 58.0 124 8.3 506 33.7
t=150
Table 12 (a) shows digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in
CAD and controls in Males and Females.
The frequency of loops decreases in all digits of CAD in both sexes
with statistically significant difference is seen in D1 in males (P<0.05); and no
statistically significant difference is seen in any digit in females when
compared with the controls.
The frequency of arches usually decreases in all digits of CAD in both
sexes, expect D1 in males; and D4 and D5 in females with statistically
significant difference is seen in D5 in males (P<0.01); and D1 (P<0.01) & D5
(P<0.05) in females when compared with controls.
The frequency of whorls increases in all digit of CAD in both sexes,
except D4 in females with statistically significant difference is seen in D5 in
males (P<0.01); and no statistical significant difference in any digit of females
when compared with controls.
Remark NS NS NS NS S S NS NS NS S
W CAD 125 106 66 150 70 28 23 10 31 10
Con 104 88 53 134 42 20 14 9 33 9
X2 3.68 2.50 1.61 1.94 8.49 1.70 2.50 0.06 0.03 0.06
P Value 0.055 0.114 0.205 0.164 0.004 0.192 0.114 0.803 0.855 0.803
Remark NS NS NS NS S NS NS NS NS NS
Table 12 (b) shows digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in
right and left hand. There is decrease frequency of loop patterns in all digits of
CAD with corresponding increase of whorl patterns in both hand with
statistically significant difference in whorl pattern in D1 and D5 of left hand
(P<0.05) and comparable in loop pattern in D1 of left hand (P=0.05) when
compared with controls.
There is slight decrease in the frequency of arch patterns in both hands
of CAD except in D3 of left hand but no statistically significant difference in
any digit when compared with controls.
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Holt SB (1961)55 stated that the ridge counts, which are size related numerical
representatives of pattern types are considered to be of greatest significance
in genetic terms. The absolute and total ridge counts effectively summarise
the quantitative characteristics of all digits of either hands.
Table 17 shows ‘t’ value for TFRC for comparison between different Groups of
CAD and controls with their statistical significance. There is no statistical
significant difference in the mean value of TFRC in different groups of CAD
when compared with controls.
Table 19: Statistical Calculation for TFRC in total CAD and Controls
Table 19 shows statistical calculation for TFRC in total CAD and controls.
There is increase in the mean value of TFRC in CAD males and females, and
also in CAD (M+F) when compared with the controls.
Table 20: Test of Significance for TFRC for comparison between total
CAD and Controls
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Table 20 shows ‘t’ value of different comparison groups with their statistical
significance for TFRC in CAD and controls. There is no statistically significant
difference in the mean value of TFRC in all comparison groups.
Table 23 shows ‘t’ value for AFRC for comparison between different Groups
of CAD and controls with their statistical significance. There is no statistical
significant difference in the mean value of AFRC in different groups of CAD
when compared with controls except TVD (P<0.05).
Table 25: Statistical Calculation for AFRC in total CAD and Controls
Subject Sex Mean SD SE-M CV
Cases M 202.03 80.13 7.32 39.66
(CAD) F 183.77 75.71 13.82 41.20
M+F 198.38 79.36 6.48 40.00
Controls M 191.43 85.25 7.78 44.53
(Normal) F 157.67 71.57 13.07 45.39
M+F 184.68 83.58 6.82 45.25
Table 25 shows statistical calculation for AFRC in total CAD and controls.
There is increase in the mean value of AFRC in CAD males, CAD females
and also in CAD (M+F) when compared with the controls.
Table 26: Test of Significance for AFRC for comparison between total
CAD and Controls
Table 26 shows ‘t’ value of different comparison groups in CAD and controls
with their statistical significance for AFRC. There is no statistically significant
difference in the mean value of AFRC in all comparison groups.
CAD M R 105 87.5 46 38.3 3 2.5 16 13.3 69 57.5 53 44.2 292 40.6
L 103 85.8 62 51.7 8 6.7 7 5.8 40 33.3 68 56.7 288 40.0
m=120 R+L 208 86.7 108 45.0 11 4.6 23 9.6 109 45.4 121 50.4 580 40.3
f=30 F R 26 86.7 4 13.3 1 3.3 0 0.0 10 33.3 19 63.3 60 33.3
t=150 L 22 73.3 4 13.3 2 6.7 1 3.3 7 23.3 16 53.3 52 28.9
R+L 48 80.0 8 13.3 3 5.0 1 1.7 17 28.3 35 58.3 112 31.1
M+F R 131 87.3 50 33.3 4 2.7 16 10.7 79 52.7 72 48.0 352 39.1
L 125 83.3 66 44.0 10 6.7 8 5.3 47 31.3 84 56.0 340 37.8
R+L 256 85.3 116 38.7 14 4.7 24 8.0 126 42.0 156 52.0 692 38.4
Control M R 106 88.3 44 36.7 2 1.7 8 6.7 79 65.8 58 48.3 297 41.3
m=120 L 102 85.0 67 55.8 9 7.5 7 5.8 47 39.2 84 70.0 316 43.9
f=30 R+L 208 86.7 111 46.3 11 4.6 15 6.3 126 52.5 142 59.2 613 42.6
t=150 F R 23 76.7 8 26.7 0 0.0 2 6.7 21 70.0 13 43.3 67 37.2
L 23 76.7 13 43.3 3 10.0 0 0.0 6 20.0 18 60.0 63 35.0
R+L 46 76.7 21 35.0 3 5.0 2 3.3 27 45.0 31 51.7 130 36.1
M+F R 129 86.0 52 34.7 2 1.3 10 6.7 100 66.7 71 47.3 364 40.4
L 125 83.3 80 53.3 12 8.0 7 4.7 53 35.3 102 68.0 379 42.1
R+L 254 84.7 132 44.0 14 4.7 17 5.7 153 51.0 173 57.7 743 41.3
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Table 29 shows frequency distribution of true palmar pattern in total CAD and
controls. The percentage of total palmar patterns is 40.3% in CAD males and
42.6% in control males. Whereas, true palmar pattern is seen in 31.1% in
CAD females and 36.1% in control females.
In CAD males, the percentage of palmar patterns is 86.7%, 50.4%,
45.4% and 45% in hypothenar area, ID4 area, ID3 area and thenar area
respectively whereas in control males it is 86.7%, 59.2% 52.5% and 46.3% in
hypothenar, ID4, ID3 and thenar area respectively.
In CAD females, the percentage of palmar pattern is 80%, 58.3%,
28.3% and 13.3% in hypothenar, ID4, ID3 and thenar areas whereas in
control females it is 76.7%, 51.7%, 45% and 35% in hypothenar, ID4, ID3 and
thenar area.
In CAD (M+F), the percentage of palmar patterns is 85.3%, 52%, 42%
and 38.7% in hypothenar, ID4, ID3, and thenar area as compared to 84.7%,
57.7%, 51% and 44% respectively in controls (M+F).
In right hand, the percentage of palmar patterns is 87.3%, 52.7% and
48% in hypothenar, ID3 and ID4 area in CAD cases as compared to 86%,
66.7% and 47.3% respectively in controls.
In left hand, the percentage of palmar patterns is 83.3%, 56% and 44%
in hypothenar, ID4 and thenar area in CAD cases as compared to 83.3%,
68% and 53.3% respectively in controls.
Groups Sex Si t t' t" t t' tt" t' t" t' + t t' t" + tt" DDA
de No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No %
SVD M R 32 78.0 5 12.2 0 0.0 2 4.9 2 4.9 0 0.0 7 17.1 2 4.9 9 22.0
m=41 L 25 61.0 6 14.6 1 2.4 5 12.2 4 9.8 0 0.0 11 26.8 5 12.2 16 39.0
f=12 R+L 57 69.5 11 13.4 1 1.2 7 8.5 6 7.3 0 0.0 18 22.0 7 8.5 25 30.5
t=53 F R 8 66.7 3 25.0 0 0.0 1 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 33.3 0 0.0 4 33.3
L 9 75.0 2 16.7 0 0.0 1 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 25.0 0 0.0 3 25.0
R+L 17 70.8 5 20.8 0 0.0 2 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 29.2 0 0.0 7 29.2
M+F R 40 75.5 8 15.1 0 0.0 3 5.7 2 3.8 0 0.0 11 20.8 2 3.8 13 24.5
L 34 64.2 8 15.1 1 1.9 6 11.3 4 7.5 0 0.0 14 26.4 5 9.4 19 35.8
R+L 74 69.8 16 15.1 1 0.9 9 8.5 6 5.7 0 0.0 25 23.6 7 6.6 32 30.2
DVD M R 26 76.5 5 14.7 1 2.9 2 5.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 20.6 1 2.9 8 23.5
m=34 L 28 82.4 4 11.8 1 2.9 0 0.0 1 2.9 0 0.0 4 11.8 2 5.9 6 17.6
f=7 R+L 54 79.4 9 13.2 2 2.9 2 2.9 1 1.5 0 0.0 11 16.2 3 4.4 14 20.6
t=41 F R 5 71.4 1 14.3 0 0.0 1 14.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 28.6 0 0.0 2 28.6
L 6 85.7 1 14.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.3 0 0.0 1 14.3
R+L 11 78.6 2 14.3 0 0.0 1 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 21.4 0 0.0 3 21.4
M+F R 31 75.6 6 14.6 1 2.4 3 7.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 22.0 1 2.4 10 24.4
L 34 82.9 5 12.2 1 2.4 0 0.0 1 2.4 0 0.0 5 12.2 2 4.9 7 17.1
R+L 65 79.3 11 13.4 2 2.4 3 3.7 1 1.2 0 0.0 14 17.1 3 3.7 17 20.7
TVD M R 36 80.0 5 11.1 0 0.0 2 4.4 2 4.4 0 0.0 7 15.6 2 4.4 9 20.0
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
m=45 L 32 71.1 6 13.3 0 0.0 5 11.1 2 4.4 0 0.0 11 24.4 2 4.4 13 28.9
f=11 R+L 68 75.6 11 12.2 0 0.0 7 7.8 4 4.4 0 0.0 18 20.0 4 4.4 22 24.4
t=56 F R 6 54.5 4 36.4 0 0.0 1 9.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 45.5 0 0.0 5 45.5
L 6 54.5 5 45.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 45.5 0 0.0 5 45.5
R+L 12 54.5 9 40.9 0 0.0 1 4.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 45.5 0 0.0 10 45.5
M+F R 42 75.0 9 16.1 0 0.0 3 5.4 2 3.6 0 0.0 12 21.4 2 3.6 14 25.0
L 38 67.9 11 19.6 0 0.0 5 8.9 2 3.6 0 0.0 16 28.6 2 3.6 18 32.1
R+L 80 71.4 20 17.9 0 0.0 8 7.1 4 3.6 0 0.0 28 25.0 4 3.6 32 28.6
Control M R 99 82.5 10 8.3 1 0.8 7 5.8 2 1.7 1 0.8 17 14.2 3 2.5 20 16.7
m=120 L 96 80.0 10 8.3 0 0.0 9 7.5 5 4.2 0 0.0 19 15.8 5 4.2 24 20.0
f=30 R+L 195 81.3 20 8.3 1 0.4 16 6.7 7 2.9 1 0.4 36 15.0 8 3.3 44 18.3
t=150 F R 22 73.3 4 13.3 0 0.0 3 10.0 1 3.3 0 0.0 7 23.3 1 3.3 8 26.7
L 19 63.3 8 26.7 0 0.0 2 6.7 1 3.3 0 0.0 10 33.3 1 3.3 11 36.7
R+L 41 68.3 12 20.0 0 0.0 5 8.3 2 3.3 0 0.0 17 28.3 2 3.3 19 31.7
M+F R 121 80.7 14 9.3 1 0.7 10 6.7 3 2.0 1 0.7 24 16.0 4 2.7 28 18.7
L 115 76.7 18 12.0 0 0.0 11 7.3 6 4.0 0 0.0 29 19.3 6 4.0 35 23.3
R+L 236 78.7 32 10.7 1 0.3 21 7.0 9 3.0 1 0.3 53 17.7 10 3.3 63 21.0
triradii near wrist (t) in all groups of CAD with 69.9% in SVD, 79.3% in DVD
and 71.4% in TVD as compared to 78.7% in controls.
In SVD, there is increase in the percentage of axial triradii at t’, t”, tt’,
tt”, t’+tt’, t”+tt” and DDA position and decrease in the percentage of axial
triradii near wrist (t) as compared to the controls.
In DVD, there is increase in the percentage of axial triradii at t, t’, t”
position and decrease in the percentage of rest of position of axial triradii as
compared to the controls.
In TVD, there is increase in the percentage of axial triradii at t’, tt”, t’+tt’
and DDA position and decrease in the percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t)
as compared to the controls.
Thus there is decrease in the percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t)
with increase in the percentage of Distal Displacement (t’,tt”,t’+tt’) of Axial
triradii (DDA) position in both SVD and TVD but not statistically significant.
No statistically significant difference is seen in any position of axial triradii in
any groups of CAD when compared with the controls.
F CAD 2 46 9 3 0 0
CONTROL 2 34 19 4 1 0
Chi Sq 0.26 4.54 4.66 0.15 0 ----
P-Value 0.6110693 0.0331600 0.0309022 0.6969097 1.0000000 ----
Remark NS S S NS NS ----
M+F CAD 19 183 64 28 6 0
CONTROL 4 167 104 17 6 2
Chi Sq 8.86 1.54 12.57 2.40 0.09 0.50
P-Value 0.0029126 0.2141930 0.0003911 0.1211491 0.7705879 0.4991653
Remark S NS S NS NS NS
Table 40: Test of Significance for ab- ridge count for comparison
between different Groups of CAD and Controls
Comparison RIGHT HAND LEFT HAND
with t- Std T- P Remark t- Std T- P Remark
Controls value value value value value value
SVD 0.170 1.972 0.865 NS 0.721 1.972 0.472 NS
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Table 40 shows t-value for ab ridge count for comparison between different
groups of CAD and controls. There is no statistically significant difference in
the mean value of ab ridge count in different groups of CAD when compared
to the controls.
Table 41: Frequency distribution of a-b ridge count in total CAD and
Controls
ab MALE FEMALE
Ridge CAD CONTROL CAD CONTROL
Count R L T % R L T % R L T % R L T %
26-30 2 2 4 1.7 4 2 6 2.5 1 1 2 3.3 2 2 4 6.7
31-35 17 16 33 13.8 24 15 39 16.3 7 8 15 25.0 4 2 6 10.0
36-40 52 54 106 44.2 48 48 96 40.0 12 6 18 30.0 6 6 12 20.0
41-45 39 29 68 28.3 32 40 72 30.0 7 5 12 20.0 13 16 29 48.3
46-50 7 16 23 9.6 7 10 17 7.1 2 8 10 16.7 4 4 8 13.3
51-55 3 2 5 2.1 5 3 8 3.3 1 2 3 5.0 1 0 1 1.7
56-60 0 1 1 0.4 0 2 2 0.8 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
Table 42: Statistical Calculation for a-b Ridge Count in total CAD and
Controls
Subject Sex Side MEAN SD SE-M CV
CAD M R 39.68 4.78 0.44 12.05
(Cases) L 40.17 4.91 0.45 12.24
R+L 39.93 4.85 0.45 12.15
F R 38.43 5.39 0.98 14.01
L 40.67 6.47 1.18 15.91
R+L 39.55 5.93 1.08 14.96
M+F R 39.43 4.91 0.40 12.46
L 40.27 5.24 0.43 13.02
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Table 43: Test of Significance for a-b Ridge Count for comparison
between total CAD and Control
t- Std T- P Remark
Comparison value value value
NMRxCMR 0.542 1.970 0.588 NS
NMLxCML 0.397 1.970 0.692 NS
NM(R+L)xCM(R+L) 0.098 1.965 0.922 NS
NFRxCFR 1.396 2.002 0.168 NS
NFLxCFL 0.485 2.002 0.630 NS
NF(R+L)xCF(R+L) 1.312 1.980 0.192 NS
NTRxCTR 0.187 1.968 0.852 NS
NTLxCTL 0.597 1.968 0.551 NS
NT(R+L)xCT(R+L) 0.546 1.964 0.585 NS
Table 43 shows t-value for ab ridge count for comparison between total CAD
and controls. There is no statistically significant difference in the mean value
of ab ridge count in CAD males, CAD females and CAD (M+F) when
compared with the controls. Also no statistically significant difference in the
mean value of ab ridge count in both right and left hand in CAD when
compared with the controls.
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Table 45: Test of Significance for atd angle for comparison between
different Groups of CAD and Controls
Comparison RIGHT HAND LEFT HAND
with t- Std T- P Remark t- Std T- P Remark
Controls value value value value value value
SVD 0.250 1.972 0.803 NS 1.272 1.972 0.205 NS
DVD 1.741 1.973 0.083 S 2.182 1.973 0.030 S
TVD 2.220 1.972 0.027 S 2.502 1.972 0.013 S
Table 45 shows t-value for atd angle for comparison between different groups
of CAD and controls. There is statistically significant difference in the mean
value of atd angle in DVD (P<0.05) and TVD (P<0.05) of both right hand and
left hand when compared with controls.
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Table 46: Frequency distribution of atd angle in total CAD and Controls
atd MALE FEMALE
angle CAD CONTROL CAD CONTROL
R L T % R L T % R L T % R L T %
26-30 0 1 1 0.4 1 1 2 0.8 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
31-35 13 11 24 10.0 19 16 35 14.6 5 4 9 15.0 5 4 9 15.0
36-40 54 48 102 42.5 61 62 123 51.3 11 7 18 30.0 12 12 24 40.0
41-45 37 43 80 33.3 30 34 64 26.7 9 11 20 33.3 10 8 18 30.0
46-50 11 10 21 8.8 8 5 13 5.4 5 6 11 18.3 2 5 7 11.7
51-55 3 5 8 3.3 1 1 2 0.8 0 2 2 3.3 1 1 2 3.3
56-60 2 2 4 1.7 0 1 1 0.4 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
Table 46 shows frequency distribution of atd angle in total CAD and controls.
In CAD males, maximum percentage of atd angle is seen between 36-40
(42.5%) as compared to control males where it is seen between 36-40
(51.3%).
In CAD females, maximum percentage of atd angle is seen between
41-45 (33.3%) as compared to control females where it is seen between 36-
40 (40%).
Table 47: Statistical Calculation for atd angle in total CAD and Controls
Subject Sex Side MEAN SD SE-M CV
CAD M R 40.77 5.02 0.46 12.32
(Cases) L 41.09 5.01 0.46 12.19
R+L 40.94 5.02 0.46 12.26
F R 40.47 4.49 0.82 11.08
L 42.20 5.18 0.94 12.26
R+L 41.34 4.84 0.88 11.67
M+F R 40.71 4.91 0.40 12.06
L 41.31 5.04 0.41 12.21
R+L 41.01 4.98 0.41 12.14
Controls M R 39.61 4.07 0.37 10.27
(Normal) L 39.54 4.21 0.38 10.64
R+L 39.58 4.14 0.38 10.46
F R 40.17 4.28 0.78 10.64
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Table 47 shows statistical calculation of atd angle in CAD and controls. There
is increase in the mean value of atd angle in CAD males, CAD females and
CAD (M+F) as compared to the controls.
There is also increase in the mean value of atd angle in both right and
left hand in CAD as compared to the controls.
Table 48: Test of Significance for atd angle for comparison between total
CAD and Controls
t- Std T- P Remark
Comparison value value value
NMRxCMR 1.983 1.970 0.048 S
NMLxCML 2.595 1.970 0.010 S
NM(R+L)xCM(R+L) 3.240 1.965 0.001 S
NFRxCFR 0.265 2.002 0.792 NS
NFLxCFL 0.860 2.002 0.393 NS
NF(R+L)xCF(R+L) 0.821 1.980 0.413 NS
NTRxCTR 1.895 1.968 0.059 NS
NTLxCTL 2.688 1.968 0.008 S
NT(R+L)xCT(R+L) 3.252 1.964 0.001 S
Table 48 shows t-value for atd angle for comparison between total CAD and
controls. There is statistically significant difference in the mean value of atd
angle in CAD males (P<0.001), CAD (M+F) (P<0.001) and CAD left hand
(P<0.01) when compared with the controls. There is no statistically significant
difference in atd angle in CAD females.
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38% 35%
27%
900
870
800
779
700
600
Frequency
619
500 506
400
300
200
100 102 124
0
Loops Arches Whorls
CAD Controls
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0-25 26- 51- 76- 101- 126- 151- 176- 201- 226- 251- 276- 301- 326- 351- 376- >401
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
CAD Controls
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25
20
15
10
0
0-25 26- 51- 76- 101- 126- 151- 176- 201- 226- 251- 276- 301- 326- 351- 376- >401
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
CAD Controls
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Hypo Th ID1 ID2 ID3 ID4
CAD Controls
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180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
4 5 6 7 8 9
CAD Controls
120
100
Frequency
80
60
40
20
0
26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60
Class Interval CAD Controls
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140
120
100
Frequency
80
60
40
20
0
26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60
Class Interval CAD Controls
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Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
DISCUSSION:
Dermatoglyphics as a diagnostic tool is now well established in a
to be expected in it.
and equal numbers of normal healthy individual were included as controls for
comparison. The prints were obtained by “ink method” on the map litho paper
a. Loops
b. Arches
c. Whorls
The observed values in the current study were first subjected to the
test of statistical significance and the findings were then compared with the
In the present study, there are 120 males and 30 females in both CAD
and control groups. The mean age of male and female is 55.18 years and
respectively in controls.
The CAD patients in the present study were classified into three groups
atherosclerosis, and it is found that 35.3% of the patients have SVD, 27.3%
have DVD and 37.3% have TVD. This finding is similar to Fuster V et al.
(2001)37 and Harsh Mohan (2006)50. Fischer et al. (2005)35 noticed SVD in
LOOPS:
loops in SVD (P< 0.001) and TVD (P< 0.01) with slight increase in DVD when
compared to radial loop in both sexes in CAD and control group. The
with significant decrease in CAD males (P< 0.01), CAD (M+F) (P< 0.001) and
CAD left hand (P<0.01). The frequency of loop is decreased in all digits of
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CAD patients in both sexes and in both hands with significant decrease in
difference when compared with the controls. Bhatt (1996)13 revealed lower
incidence of loops in MI. Dhall et al. (2000)30 observed that the loop pattern
(P< 0.001).
Dhall et al. (2000)30 also noticed lower percentage of loops in all the
digits of the patients with statistically significant in right thumb (D1) and left
ring finger (D4). These findings correlated with the present study finding but
workers had classified CAD into SVD, DVD and TVD for dermatoglyphic
study. However, Shamsadini et al. (1997)110 and Jalali et al. (2002)58 had
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Jalali et al. (2002)58 noticed that the percentage of loops tended to be greater
ARCHES:
and TVD but not significant. The percentage of tented arches is almost
doubled as compared to the plain arches in both CAD and control groups. The
but not significant. The frequency of arches is decreased in all digits of CAD
in finger pattern type when compared with the controls. Dhall et al. (2000)30
statistically significant. Jalali et al. (2002)58 found that arch type of fingerprint
(2002)58 who found two fold increase in the frequency of arch pattern in MI
patients.
Jalali et al. (2002)58 also noticed that the percentage of arches was
(D1), left index (D2) and left ring finger (D4) (P<0.0001). These findings do
not correlated with the present study finding in which there is slight decrease
in the frequency of arches in all digit of CAD in both hands except D3 of left
arches in little finger (D5) in males; and thumb (D1) and little finger (D5) in
females.
compared as none of the workers had classified CAD into SVD, DVD and
TVD. However, Jalali et al. (2002)58 noticed that the percentage of arch type
to the controls (P<0.0001), but the percentage was higher in non-Q- wave MI
WHORLS:
of CAD with statistically significant in SVD (P< 0.001) and TVD (P< 0.0001)
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compared to double loop whorls and other composite whorls in both sexes in
and in both hands with significant increase in CAD males (P< 0.001), CAD
(M+F) (P< 0.0001) and CAD left hand (P< 0.01). The percentage of whorls is
increased in all digit of CAD in both sexes (except D4 in females) and in both
hands with significant increase in D5 in males (P< 0.01) and D1 and D5 of left
al. (1981)4 found increase in the whorl pattern in MI but not statistically
revealed higher incidence of whorls in MI. Dhall et al. (2000)30 observed that
control group (P< 0.001). Jalali et al. (2002)58 also revealed slight increase in
Dhall et al. (2000)30 also noticed higher percentage of whorls in all the
digits of the patients with statistically significant in right thumb (D1), right little
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finger (D5) and left ring finger (D4). These findings correlated with the present
compared as none of the workers had classified CAD into SVD, DVD and
Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC): In the present study there is increase in
the mean value of TFRC in all groups of CAD as compared to the controls but
females and CAD (M+F) when compared to the controls but not statistically
significant.
Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC): In the present study there is increase
in the mean value of AFRC in all groups of CAD as compared to the controls
There is also increase in the mean value of AFRC in CAD males, CAD
females and CAD (M+F) when compared with the controls but not statistically
significant.
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Thus the finding of increased mean value of TFRC and AFRC in CAD
hypothenar area followed by ID4 and ID3 area in all groups of CAD and
all areas except hypothenar and ID1 area with statistical significant in ID3
pattern in all areas except hypothenar and ID2 area with statistical significant
palmar pattern in all areas except ID1 and ID2 area but not statistically
sexes and both sides as compared to the controls. There is decrease in the
frequency of palmar pattern in all areas except ID2 area in CAD males;
hypothenar area in CAD females; hypothenar, ID1, ID2 area in CAD (M+F);
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hypothenar, ID1, ID2, ID4 in right hand; and ID2 area in left hand with
(P<0.05), ID3 area in CAD (M+F) and CAD right hand (P<0.05) and ID4 area
CAD, hence the present study findings could not be compared. However,
Takashina et al. (1966) 116 observed significant increase in the loop pattern in
near wrist (t) with increase in the percentage of t’, tt”, t’+tt’ and Distal
Displacement of Axial triradii (DDA) position in both SVD and TVD but not
(t) with increase in the frequency of t’, tt”, t’+tt’ and Distal Displacement of
Axial triradii (DDA) position in CAD in both sexes and in both hands but not
hence the present study finding could not be compared. However, Takashina
t” and other position) of axial Triradii in patients with congenital heart disease
In the present study, there is increase in the percentage of ‘4’ and ‘7’
palmar Triradii in SVD; ‘4’ and ‘5’ palmar triradii in DVD and ‘4’, ‘5’ and ‘7’
palmar triradii in TVD with significant increase in ‘4’ palmar triradii (P<0.0001)
and ‘7’ palmar triradii (P<0.01) in SVD; and ‘5’ palmar triradii in DVD (P<0.01).
Also, there is decrease in the percentage of ‘5’ and ‘6’ palmar triradii in SVD
and ‘6’ palmar triradii in DVD and TVD with significant decrease in ‘6’ palmar
palmar triradii in CAD females and ‘4’, ‘5’ and ‘7’ palmar triradii in CAD males,
CAD (M+F) and in both hands with significant increase in ‘4’ palmar triradii in
CAD males (P<0.01), CAD (M+F) (P<0.01) and CAD right hand (P<0.05); and
the frequency of ‘6’ palmar triradii in CAD males (P<0.01), CAD females
(P<0.05), CAD (M+F) (P<0.001), CAD right hand (P<0.05) and CAD left hand
groups of CAD is slightly lesser in both right and left hand as compared to the
males and decrease in CAD females, CAD (M+F) and in both hands as
In the present study, the mean value of atd angle in all groups of CAD
is increased in both right and left hand as compared to the controls with
There is increase in the mean value of atd angle in both sexes and in
both hands with significant increase in CAD males (P<0.001), CAD (M+F)
No study has been carried out on atd angle in CAD, hence present study
controls. There were 120 males and 30 females in each group. The CAD
cases were again classified into 3 groups as SVD, DVD and TVD.
Cummins and Midlo (1961)26 and further subjected to analysis to find variations
2. Loops are decreased in all digits of CAD in both sexes and both
3. Loops are decreased in CAD in both sexes and both hands with
(P<0.05).
6. Arches are decreased in CAD in both sexes and both hands but not
significant.
(P<0.0001).
8. Whorls are increased in all digits of CAD in both sexes and both
and thumb (D1) and little finger (D5) of left hand (P<0.05).
9. Whorls are increased in CAD in both sexes and both hands with
10. Mean value of TFRC and AFRC in all groups of CAD is increased
11. Mean value of TFRC and AFRC is increased in CAD in both sexes as
12. The true palmar pattern is significantly decreased in ID3 area in SVD
CAD females (P<0.05), ID3 area in CAD (M+F) (P<0.05) and CAD
right hand (P<0.05), and ID4 area in CAD left hand (P<0.05).
14. The percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t) is decreased with
SVD, TVD and in CAD in both sexes and both hands but not
significant.
(P<0.0001) and ‘7’ palmar triradii (P<0.01) in SVD; and ‘5’ palmar
(P<0.01), CAD (M+F) (P<0.01) and CAD right hand (P<0.05); and ‘5’
CAD (M+F) (P<0.001), CAD right hand (P<0.05) and CAD left hand
decreased in both hands, and in CAD females and CAD (M+F) with
Conclusions:
whorls in CAD males, CAD (M+F) and CAD left hand as compared to
the controls.
AFRC in TVD.
DVD and CAD females; ID3 area in SVD, CAD (M+F) and CAD right
hand; and ID4 area in CAD left hand as compared to the controls.
9. There is decrease in the percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t) with
SVD, TVD and in CAD in both sexes and both hands but not
significant.
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10. There is significant increase in frequency of ‘4’ palmar triradii and ‘7’
palmar triradii in SVD; and ‘5’ palmar triradii in DVD with significant
11. There is significant increase in ‘4’ palmar triradii in CAD males, CAD
(M+F) and CAD right hand; and ‘5’ palmar triradii in CAD females
13. There is significant increase in the mean value of atd angle is in DVD
and TVD in both hands and in CAD males, CAD (M+F) and CAD left
hand.
Thus from the present study, it appears that there do exists a variation
being very simple and economical ‘ink’ method. Moreover the materials
required for the dermatoglyphic procedure are easily available and portable.
and its groups, it can be use for mass screening program for prevention of
CAD.
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Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
ANNEXURE:
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN MASTER SHEET
A : Arches
A.C : Associated Conditions
A.F : Angiography Findings
a-b RC : ab ridge count
AFRC : Absolute Finger Ridge Count
Ap : Plain Arch
A-r : Arch Radial
At : Tented Arch
atd ang : atd angle
Au : Arch Ulnar
D1 : First Digit/ Thumb
D2 : Second Digit/ Index Finger
D3 : Third Digit/ Middle Finger
D4 : Fourth Digit/ Ring Finger
D5 : Fifth Digit/ Little Finger
DVD : Double Vessel Disease
F : Female
Hypo : Hypothenar
ID1 : First Inter-digital area
ID2 : Second Inter-digital area
ID3 : Third Inter-digital area
ID4 : Fourth Inter-digital area
L : Loop
L-c : Loop Carpal/ Proximal
L-d : Loop Distal
L-r : Radial Loop
Lu : Ulnar Loop
M : Male
Name : Initials of individuals
NOPT : Total Number of Palmar Triradii
O : Open
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
The aim of this research project is to study the palmer dermatoglyphic pattern in the
patients of CAD & compare it with the dermatoglyphic pattern of the non-affected
general population.
The Method that will be used is ‘Ink Method’.
Palmer & finger prints will be taken on white paper by ink method.
Biological samples are not required for this project. Expected duration required to
take palmer prints by this method is about 10-15 minutes.
By participating in the study there is no risk to the patients. All these records will be
kept confidential.
Free treatment for research related injury by the investigator/ institution will NOT be
provided.
The patient can withdraw from research at any time without penalty.
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Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis entitled “Study
in Anatomy.
I have checked her work on the subject from time to time. I am satisfied
Date:07/12/09
Place: Nagpur
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis entitled “Study
carried out by Dr. Hemlata Dhanraj Chimne (Candidate) under the direct
in Anatomy.
Date:07/12/09
Place: Nagpur
College Seal
DECLARATION
Nashik for the award of the degree of MD in Anatomy (Subject) and it has not
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
been submitted previously for the award of any diploma or degree from the
Date:07/12/09
Place: Nagpur
(Candidate)
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
and words while acknowledging thanks to all those who helped me in voyage.
Nagpur, for his affectionate guidance, meticulous attention, keen interest with
and Research Centre, Nagpur, for their remarkable insight and expert
guidance.
NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nagpur, for
Arneja Heart Institute; Dr. Uday B. Mahorkar, Director Awanti Heart Institute;
Dr. Manjusha K. Tabhane for their whole hearted support and guidance.
I am also thankful to Dr. S.V. Sathe, Dr. S.M. Walulkar, Dr. Mrs. R.K.
Deshpande, Dr. M.D. Huddar, Dr. Mrs. S.S. Mahajan for their kind suggestion
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. A.C. Fulse, Dr. S.H. Lade, Dr. U. G.
Shrivastav, Dr. S. Durge, and all the staff members of department for their
statistical analysis.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank all my patients and subjects
who were the backbone of this study without them the study would not have
been possible.
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)