Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh

423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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CC NH L HNH HC PHNG (tt)
1.6 nh l Ceva, Menelaus v mt s nh l v thng hng ng quy khc.
Cc bi ton v thng hng v ng quy l hai ch thng gp trong hnh hc. C
nhiu phng php gii quyt cc bi ton dng ny, mt trong nhng cng c c in
v thng dng nht l nh l Ceva v nh l Menelaus.
Bi ton 6a (nh l Ceva). Cho tam gic ABC, A
1
, B
1
, C
1
ln lt l cc im thuc
cc ng thng BC, AC v AB. Khi AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
i mt song song hoc ng
quy khi v ch khi

1 1 1
1 1 1
. . 1
A B BC C A
AC B A C B
(1.6.1)
Chng minh.
) Trng hp 1: AA
1
, BB
1
v CC
1
ng
quy. Gi O l giao im ca 3 ng.
Qua A v ng thng song song vi BC
ct BB
1
v CC
1
ln lt ti P v Q. Khi
p dng nh l Thales ta c:
1 1 1 1
1
A B OA AC AB AP
AP OA AQ AC AQ

Hn na:
1 1
1 1
,
BC C A BC QA
B A PA C B CB

T ta c
1 1 1
1 1 1
. . . . 1
A B BC C A AP BC QA
AC B A C B AQ PA CB
@
Trng hp 2: AA
1
//BB
1
//CC
1
(Dnh cho bn c)
) Gi s ta c h thc (1.6.1), ta cn chng minh AA1, BB1 v CC1 song song hoc
ng quy.
Thc vy, nu cc ng thng trn song song i mt th ta c iu cn chng
minh.
Trng hp AA1, BB1 ct nhau ti O, ta cn chng minh O thuc CC1.
Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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Gi C l giao im ca CO v AB. Khi , p dng phn thun ta c

1 1
1 1
. . 1
A B BC C A
AC B A C B

M do (1.6.1) nn suy ra
1
1
1
C A C A
C C
C B C B

, vy O thuc CC
1
. @
nh ngha 6.1. Trong mt tam gic b ba ng thng xut pht t 3 nh ng quy th
ngi ta gi l b 3 ng thng Ceva.
T cng thc (1.6.1), bng phng php din tch, ta c th a v dng lng gic sau:
Bi ton 6a. Cho tam gic ABC, A
1
, B
1
, C
1
ln lt l cc im thuc cc ng
thng BC, AC v AB. Khi AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
i mt song song hoc ng quy khi v
ch khi







1 1 1
1 1 1
sin , sin , sin ,
. . 1
sin , sin , sin ,
AA AB BB BC CC CA
AA AC BB BA CC CB
(1.6.2)
H thc (1.6.2) c gi l nh l Ceva dng sin.
Bi ton 6b. (nh l Menelaus) Cho tam gic ABC, A
1
, B
1
, C
1
ln lt l cc im
thuc cc ng thng BC, AC v AB. Khi A
1
, B
1
, C
1
thng hng khi v ch khi

1 1 1
1 1 1
. . 1
A B BC C A
AC B A C B

Hng dn:








Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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) V CD// AB (D thuc A
1
B
1
). p dng nh Thales ta c
1
1 1 1
A B CD DC
AC BC C B
v
1
1 1
BC DC
B A C A

Do
1 1 1
1 1 1
. . 1
A B BC C A DC
AC B A C B DC
@
) Dnh cho bn c.
Ch : Cc di v gc cc cng thc trn l di i s v gc nh hng, trong
mt s trng hp ta ch cn xt di hnh hc v gc hnh hc th v phi thay - 1
thnh 1.
Cng thc (1.6.2) c th c vit li nh sau:
1 1 1
1 1 1
sin sin sin
. . 1
sin sin sin
A AB B BC C CA
A AC B BA C CB

Ta c mt s bi ton, nh l p dng nh l Ceva m Menelaus sau:
Bi ton 6.1. Trong mt tam gic th ta c cc tnh cht sau:
a) 3 ng cao ng quy
b) 3 ng trung tuyn ng quy
c) 3 ng trung trc ng quy
d) 3 ng phn gic trong ng quy, mt ng phn gic trong v hai ng phn
gic ngoi ng quy
e) Chn 3 ng phn gic ngoi thng hng

Bi ton 6.2. (nh l Desargues) Cho hai tam gic ABC v ABC. Gi A
1
l giao
im ca BC v CB, B
1
l giao im ca AC v CA, C
1
l giao im ca AB v BA.
Khi A
1
, B
1
, C
1
thng hng khi v ch khi AA, BB v CC ng quy.
Hng dn.

Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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) Cho AA, BB, CC ng quy ti O. Ta chng minh A
1
, B
1
, C
1
thng hng.
p dng Menelaus cho tam gic ACO vi ct tuyn B
1
AC ta c:
1
1
. . 1
B A C C A O
BC C O A A

Tng t cho tam gic CBO vi ct tuyn A
1
BC:
1
1
. . 1
AC B B C O
A B B O C C

V tam gic OAB vi cc tuyn C
1
AB:
1
1
. . 1
C B A A B O
C A A O B B

Nhn cc ng thc trn v rt gn ta c
1 1 1
1 1 1
. . 1
B A AC C B
BC AB C A

p dng Menelaus o cho tam gic ABC suy ra A
1
, B
1
, C
1
thng hng.
) Gi s A
1
, B
1
, C
1
thng hng. Th p dng phn thun cho hai tam gic AC
1
A

v tam
gic CA
1
C ta suy ra iu cn chng minh. @
Bi ton 6.3. Cho t gic ABCD ngoi tip ng trn (I), gi M, N, P, Q ln lt l cc
tip im ca I vi AB, BC, CD v AD. Chng minh rng NP, MQ v BD ng quy.
Hng dn:


Gi I l giao im ca QM v BD. p dng nh
l Menelaus cho tam gic ABD ta c:
. . 1
QA ID MB
QD IB MA
, suy ra . 1
MB ID
QD IB

M MB =NB, DQ =DP, suy ra . 1 . . 1
NB ID PC ID NB
DP IB PD IB NC
, do theo nh l
Menelaus th I, N, P thng hng. @
Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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Bi ton 6.4. Cho t gic ABCD c AB v CD ct nhau ti P, AC v BD ct nhau ti I,
AD v BC ct nhau ti P. ng thng PI ct AD v BC ti M, N. Khi
MA QA
MD QD

v
MI NI
MP NP

Hng dn:
p dng Menelaus cho tam gic AID vi ct tuyn
QBC ta c:
. . 1
QA BD CI
QD BI CA

p dng Menelaus cho tam gic ADC vi ct tuyn
PIM ta c: . . 1
MA PD IC
MD PC IA

Tng t i vi tam gic ICD ta c : . . 1
BD AI PC
BI AC PD

T 3 ng thc trn, ta suy ra ta c
MA QA
MD QD
. @
Bi ton 6.5. (nh l Pascal). Trn ng trn cho cc im A, B, C v A, B, C. Gi
X l giao im ca AB v BA, Y l giao im ca AC v CA, Z l giao im ca BC
v CB. Khi X, Y, Z thng hng.
Hng dn.


p dng nh l Menelaus cho
tam gic PQR vi cc ct tuyn
A
1
BC, B
1
AC v C
1
AB ta c:
Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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1
1
. . 1
A P B R C Q
A R B Q C P

,
1
1
. . 1
C R AQ B P
C Q AP B R

V
1
1
. . 1
BQ C P A P
B P C R A Q

(1)
Hn na p dng phng tch ca cc im P, Q, R vi ng trn (O) ta c:
. . .
1, 1, 1
. . .
PA PB QCQA RB RC
PB PC QB QA RA RB

(2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra
1 1 1
1 1 1
. . 1
A P C R BQ
A R C Q B P
, do theo Menelaus th A
1
, B
1
, C
1
thng hng.
@
Ta thng p dng nh l Pascal trong m hnh sau:

nh ngha 6.2. Trong mt tam gic hai ng thng xut pht t mt nh ca tam gic
v i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic xut pht t nh c gi l hai ng
ng gic.
c bit, ng thng ng gic vi ng trung tuyn c gi l ng i trung.
V d, trong mt tam gic vung th ng cao xut pht t nh ca gc vung l ng
i trung.
Nhn xt. Gc gia hai ng ng gic vi hai cnh ca gc cho l bng nhau.

Mt s bi ton lin quan n ng ng gic.
Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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Bi ton 6.6. Cc ng thng ng gic vi b ba ng thng Ceva th cng l b ba
ng thng Ceva.

Bi ton 6.7. Nu 3 ng thng xut pht t nh ct ct cnh i din to thnh 3
im thng hng th ng thng ng gic ca chng ct 3 cnh to thnh 3 im thng
hng.
Hng dn. S dng nh l Ceva v Menelaus dng lng gic.
Trng hp c bit l bi ton sau:
Bi ton 6.6.1. Ba ng i trung ca tam gic th ng quy ti mt im. (im ny
c gi l im Lemoine)

Bi ton 6.6.2. Trong mt tam gic, cc ng thng k t tm ng trn bng tip
trong mi gc vung gc vi cnh i din th ng quy ti mt im.
Sau y chng ta xt mt s bi ton p dng nh l Ceva v Menelaus.
Bi ton 6.8. (im Gergonne). Cho tam gic ABC, ng trn ni tip tam gic tip
xc vi BC, AC v AB ln lt ti D, E, F. Khi AD, BE v CF ng quy ti mt im.
(im ny c gi l im Gergonne)
Bi ton 6.9. (im Nagel). Cho tam gic ABC, gi I, J, K ln lt l im im ca
ng trn bng tip gc A, B, C vi cc cnh BC, AC v AB. Khi AI, BJ, CK ng
quy ti mt im. (im ny c gi l im Nagel)
Chng ta tng lm bi ton sau: Cho tam gic ABC, v pha ngoi tam gic dng cc
tam gic vung cn (u) ABD, ACE v BCF vi nh gc vung l D, E, F. Khi AF,
BE v CD ng quy.. y l bi ton kh hay v c nhiu cch gii, tuy nhin nu ta
dng Ceva gii bi ton ny th c th tng qut ln mt cht l: thay cc tam gic
vung cn(u) thnh cc tam gic cn ng dng th kt qu vn cn ng. y l kt
qu ti chng minh c hi nm lp 10, tuy nhin, sau ny mi bit rng cng ch l
h qu ca nh l sau:

Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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Bi ton 6.10 (nh l Jacobi). Cho tam gic ABC v cc im X, Y, Z nm ngoi tam
gic tha ABZ = XBC, BCX = YCA v CAY = ZAB. Chng minh rng AX,
BY, CZ ng quy.
Hng dn. S dng nh l Ceva sin.
Nhn xt. Nu dng gc nh hng th khng cn gi thit X, Y, Z nm ngoi hay nm
trong tam gic.

y l mt nh l kh hay v kh tng qut. Mt s h qu ca nh l Jacobi:
Bi ton 6.10.1. Cho tam gic ABC, v pha ngoi tam gic dng cc tam gic cn DAB
(DA = DB), EAD (EA = EC) v FBC (FB = FC) i mt ng dng. Khi AF, BE v
CD ng quy.
Bi ton 6.10.2. Cho tam gic ABC ngoi tip ng trn (I). Gi D, E, F l im i
xng ca I qua BC, AC v AB. Khi AD, BE v CF ng quy.

Cc bi ton rn luyn.
Bi 6.11.(IMO 1982/5) Trn ng choAC v CE ca lc gic u ABCDEF ta ly
im M, N sao cho AM/AC = CN/CE = r. Xc nh r B, M, N thng hng.

Bi 6.12.(Korea 1997). Trong mt tam gic nhn ABC vi AB AC, gi V l giao im
phn gic ca A vi BC v D l chn ng vung gc h t A n BC. Nu E v F l
giao ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AVD vi CA v AB. Chng minh rng AD, BE
v CF ng quy.

Bi 6.13.(Bulgaria 1996/2). ng trn (
1
) v (
2
) c tm tng ng l (O
1
) v (O
2
)
tip xc ngoi nhau ti im C, ng trn () tm O tip xc ngoi vi (
1
) v (
2
). Gi
m l tip tuyn chung ca (
1
) v (
2
) ti C, v AB l ng knh ca O v vung gc vi
m, trong A, O cng pha i vi m. Chng minh rng AO
1
, BO
2
ct nhau ti mt im
thuc ng thng m.

Bi 6.14.(IMO shortlist 31
th
) Ly im M nm trong tam gic ABC. AM ct BC ti D,
BM ct AC ti E, CM ct AB ti F. Chng minh rng S
DEF
S
ABC

Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/ 27/ 15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11

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Bi 6.15.(H V Anh). Gi K, L, M, N l trung im cc cnh AB, BC, CD v DA ca t
gic li ABCD. KM ct AC v BD ti P v Q, LN ct AC v BD ti R, S. Chng minh
rng: PA.PC = QB.QD RA.RC = SB.SD

Bi 6.16.(ng trn Mixtilinear). Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). ng
trn (I) tip xc vi AB, AC v tip xc vi (O) ti D, E, F. Chng minh rng DE i qua
tm ni tip ca tam gic ABC.
Hng dn. (Pascal)

Bi 6.17.(vulalach). Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O), cc ng cao AA, BB, CC v
trng tm G. Gi A
1
, B
1
, C
1
l im i xng ca A, B, C qua O. Tia AG, BG, CG ct
(O) ti A
2
, B
2
, C
2
. Chng minh rng A
1
A
2,
B
1
B
2
v C
1
C
2
ng quy.
Hng dn. (Pascal)

Bi 6.18.(H V Anh). Tam gic ABC c ng cao AD, BE v CF, trc tm H. DP
AB, DQ AC . R l giao ca DP v BE, S l giao ca DQ v CF, M l giao ca BQ v
CP. N l giao ca PS v RQ. Chng minh rng M, N, H thng hng.
Hng dn. (Dersargues)

Bi 6.19. (2001 Australian Math Olympiad) Let A, B, C, A, B, C be points on a circle
such that AA is perpendicular to BC, BB is perpendicular to CA, CC is perpendicular
to AB. Further, let D be a point on that circle and let DA intersect BC in A, DB
intersect CA in B, and DC intersect AB in C, all segments being extended where
required. Prove that A, B, C and the orthocenter of triangle ABC are collinear.
Hng dn. (Pascal)

Bi 6.20.(1991 IMO unused problem) Let ABC be any triangle and P any point in its
interior. Let P
1
, P
2
be the feet of the perpendiculars from P to the two sides AC and BC.
Draw AP and BP and from C drop perpendiculars to AP and BP. Let Q
1
and Q
2
be the
feet of these perpendiculars. If Q
2
P
1
and Q
1
P
2
, then prove that the lines P
1
Q
2
, Q
1
P
2
and AB are concurrent.
Hng dn. (Pascal)