CS 101

Computer Programming and Utilization

Dr Deepak B Phatak
Subrao Nilekani Chair Professor
Department of CSE, Kanwal Rekhi Building
IIT Bombay
Lecture 24, Digital fingerprints
IIT BOMBAY
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 2
IIT BOMBAY
CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Overview
Image representation
Standard file formats
Tools and utilities
XPM files
Sample program
Retrieving fingerprint image from a scanner
Scanner software and APIs
Course Projects
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 3
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Image representation revisited
Digital images are a collection of pixel values
These are arranged in an array (W x H)
Each pixel value can be represented by
1 bit (m : mono colour, e.g. black and white)
8 bits (g : gray scale 0 black to 255 white)
24 bits (c: Red, Blue, Green, each one byte)
One can have 16 million colours!
Usually limited to 200 to 2000 colours
A colour palette is used to map a pixel value to
a specific colour. Multiple pixel values may map
to same colour
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Image representation in a data file
Some compression is mandatory to keep the file size
within limits
12 M pixel camera can produce 36 M bytes image
Some compression is necessary
lossy, lossless
While storing information about an image in a file,
we mainly need values of Width, Height, the type of
colours present, and values for each pixel
Several file formats have evolved over the years
raw, png, bmp, tiff, giff, jpeg, xmp
Refer to wikipedia (Image_file_formats)
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 5
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
XPM format
Most file formats hold binary data
Not visible, cannot be edited
An editable format was desired, specially to
create icons through normal text editing
Created in 1989 by Daniel Dardailler and Colas
Nahaboo in Groupe Bull Research Centre, France
/* XPM */
static char * <pixmap name>[] = {
"Values-string",
"Colors-strings",
"Pixel-strings"};
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 6
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
XPM format
Value string
Width height ncolors chars_per_pixel,
Array of key and colour values, each element
typically has:
Key c Hex value of colour,
key is the colour code characters
For 2 chars per pixel, it could be, say, X., or Aa,
Each picture can have its own colour code
Pixel strings
Each row of in the image has one line in the file
X.X.AaAaBqBwBq .,
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 7
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Gray scale images
The fingerprint images we will use are in Grayscale
Each pixel is a shade of black to white
Can be represented as a 1 byte pixel value
A gray shade can be represented by a colour value
which has identical red, green and blue pixel
components, for example
Hex 000000 is black
Hex 808080 is some intermediate gray shade
Hex FFFFFF is white
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 8
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Sample (dot) image
/* XPM */
static char * dot[] = {
"5 5 2 1",
". c #000000",
"X c #ff0000",
" X ",
" XXX ",
"XXXXX",
" XXX ",
" X ",
};
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Sample Image
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Program
// Program to create .xpm file for a sample image
// written by D. B. Phatak for CS101
// Dept of CSE, IIT Bombay, Oct09
// Copyright under Creative Commons
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
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int main(){
unsigned char* Image;
unsigned int nWidth, nHeight, val;
char symbols[256][2], base1, base2,ch1,ch2;
int i, j, k, pos, sympos;
// Define colour palette chosen arbitrarily to
//simplify subsequent value mapping
// Aa Ab Ac ... upto Ay, then Ba, Bb, etc.
// First character changes after every 25 symbols
// second character is {a,b, .. y} repeated
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base1 = 'A'; base2 = 'a';
for(k=0; k<=255; k++){
symbols[k][0]= base1 + k/25;
symbols[k][1]= base2 + k%25;
symbols[k][2]='\0';
}
cout << symbols[0] << endl;
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 13
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
// fill artificial pixel values in an image array
nWidth = 256 ; nHeight = 256;
Image = new unsigned char[nWidth*nHeight];
for (i=0; i < nHeight; i++){
for (j=0; j < nWidth; j++){
pos = i * nWidth + j;
Image[pos] = (unsigned char)j%256;
}
}
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// Write the file in xpm format
ofstream myfile;
myfile.open("sampleI.xpm", ios::out);
if (myfile.is_open()){
// Write first three lines
myfile << "/* XPM */" << endl;
myfile <<
"static char *sampleI[] = {" <<endl;
myfile <<
"/* width height ncolors chars_per_pixel */"
<< endl;
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// Write image header info line
myfile << "\"" << nWidth<< " " << nHeight
<<" " << 256 <<" " << 2 <<"\"," << endl;
// write colour pallete header
myfile << "/* colors */" << endl;
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// insert colour palette
for (i=0; i<256; i++){
myfile << '\"' << (char)symbols[i][0]
<<(char) symbols[i][1]<< " c ";
myfile.setf(ios::hex, ios::basefield);
if (i < 16){
myfile <<"#" <<"0"<<i <<"0"<<i <<"0" <<i;}
else{ myfile <<"#" << i << i << i;}
myfile.unsetf(ios::hex);
myfile << "\","<<endl;
}
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 17
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
// Now output lines containing coded pixel values
// for each row in the image
for (i=0; i < nHeight; i ++){
myfile << "\"";
// for each row, compose remaining line
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
for (j=0; j<nWidth; j++){
// get pixel value
pos = i * nWidth + j;
val = (unsigned int) Image[pos];
// locate two characters symbol for this pixel
sympos = (val/25)*25+val%25;
ch1 = (char)symbols[sympos][0];
ch2 = (char)symbols[sympos][1];
// and write these to the file
myfile << ch1<<ch2;
}
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
// Push closing quotes and newline
myfile << "\","<<endl;
}
// Now write the last line in the file
myfile << "};" << endl;
myfile.close();
}
else cout << "Unable to open file";
delete[] Image;
return 0;
}
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 20
IIT BOMBAY
CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Portion of XPM file (first few rows)
/* XPM */
static char *sampleI[] = {
/* width height ncolors chars_per_pixel */
"256 256 256 2",
/* colors */
"Aa c #000000",
"Ab c #010101",
...
...
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 21
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Portion of XPM file (last 2 rows)
AaAbAcAdAeAfAgAhAiAjAkAlAmAnAoApAqArAsAtAuA
vAwAxAyBaBb
... JvJwJxJyKaKbKcKdKeKf,
};
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Sample image revisited
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Using a file name of your choice
string filename, filenameWithextension ;
// get a filename for fingerprint storage
cout << " Give a filename without extension" << endl;
cin >> filename;
filenameWithextension= filenames + ".xpm";
myfile.open(filenameWithextension.c_str(), ios::out);
Dr. Deepak B Phatak 24
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Sample fingerprint xpm file
/* XPM */
static char *LT0person2[] = {
/* width height ncolors chars_per_pixel */
"352 544 256 2",
/* colors */
"Aa c #000000",
"Ab c #010101",
"Ac c #020202",
"Ad c #030303",
...
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Fingerprint image of a person (.bmp) file
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Fingerprints of two different persons
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Same person, different capture
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CS 101 - Lecture 24 Image files
Schedule for remaining lecture sessions
Additional lecture slot on Thursday will not be used
any more (available for project discussions.
Lecture(s) Date(s)
23 12 Oct
24 20 Oct
25, 26, 27 26, 27, and 31 Oct
28, 29, 30 2, 3, and 7 Nov
31, 32 9 and 10 Nov
33 16 Nov
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Course Projects
Formal start This Week (19 October 2009)
Duration: four weeks
Final Submission Saturday 14 November 2009
Details will be on the course home page by 14:30 Hrs