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T <<+
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= <Xu\T |&T T+~.
n+<T, X+_ bNq us #]qT >T]+ #dq n< jTH
s +&T ksTT\ $u +#e#TqT. {, #]qT q&|q u #<
X \
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eekjT >e\T djT+bwy T u keT eed |H~ *+#&+ ,
nH ] eT+ eTq bNq #] eT\+ n X+_ u$+#&T. s +&e~,
#< e eTq <X Hd ] Z duy C&+ ke k+d

s+>\qT yU+#&+ . yUH >T]+ sT y #]sT\T


=s =yTs $u~ + #sT. nsTT X+_ |b~+q u,
#< eT+ nsTTq ] |]De es+q ysT> n+<T
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|keH neds+ nqTH y~ ys d+>), Xdj
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#< e b|~> rdT | <y .
|jT + me]d+ n >& n&T>TsT.
eTq Hu ns dT\ w |<> |s> H Hu |sT>T+~
{ ns dT\ d+K |sT>T+~. |&T * kV+ nH~
=~eT+~ |]$TeTsTT+~ <T. de+ X >\ ksTT |]+~.
|> => ns dT\eTq y yqT& esZ\ #+~qy e&+
kV+ <s |#seTjT n_bj\+& ke |u e+ eT]+
me nsTT+~. |&T y n+<Tu{ eq ue |#s k<H \T
jT s*+, ys| \ d]jT <\
T, y{ {esTTq de\T`
no\q nXdj
T q neT yT$+ n+>{ |{q dsT . M{
b{ T= qq s+ Xdj
T uy\qT |#s+ #j *q u<
nuT <jT eTT\+<] MT< e+~. =&e{>+ { T+se nqT
#]qT >T]+ Xdj
T +> +#&+ HsT +f n $wj \ >T]+
Xdj
T +> +#>\
T>T+ {, = s + d+ |jT +.
e]>, +<T qe X+_ n_bjH, d+
n_bjM y n ` =+<sT nqTeq+>, =+<sT V\+`
n&T>TsT. X+_ HqT |]#jT + #dT H q+fH Hse TsTTq X+_
|]#jT + #dT H q. >, d+ \, d+ ds eqT me]H
d+ n_bj\T +{j n+f nqTeqyT. n_bj\T m|&
d$Tw #+~qy. y{ d++ n |{
+ #Te&+ H u< qT
>T]+#&+ eyT . ke d+|< >& ksTT m<>\q +
m+eT+~ #d q |]XeT |jT + u>+.

<s\T
~ X+_ MT< d<+ >+<+ <T. M\sTTq+ ds + > X+_
n_bj\qT |]#jT + #d |d + { X+_ s#q \ qT+& =fwq T

vi

me> e+&, X+_ n_bj\qT H e\ #| &+ ]+~.


= $wj >T]+ X+_ y*Tq n_bj\qT $&$&>
e+&, bNq us< X #] >T]+ (~eT \+ qT+& u keT
<X es ) + (X+_ #|+q +) # |jT + #XeTT.
beD d+ m& & j n_bj\ <s+ @ |d +
@ yd+ @ |J #b& $esD *jT#jT &+ ]+~.
X+_ #] MT< s +&T |d \T, nH yk\T sk&T. |d \T:
(i) An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (ISIH), Popular
Prakasan, Bombay, 1956
(ii) The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India, in Historical Outline
(CCAI), Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1964

+<T s +&e |d + X+_ #] MT< #dq e] s#q . jTq


1966 #bj&T. n+ eTT+<T qT #] MT< #dq s#q \
|d | {H{ e+{e H n_bjT|&&T .1 n_bjT+
$u~ +# V eTq+~.
#]MT<, d+d kV+ MT<, <q T+<e TsTTq $wj \MT<,
X+_ yTT+ 64 yk\T sdqTH&T.2 M{ |< qeTsTTq yk\T
#es d+\H\s|+ e#sTT. $T*q y{ ks+X+ | s +&T
|d \ #T #dT +~. |d + sjT&+ d+ y&Tq d+\H\T
eT&T :
(i) Myth and Reality, Studies in the Formation of Indian Culture
(MR), Popular Prakasan, Bombay, 1962. d+\q+ 5 yk\THsTT.
(ii) Indian Numismatics (IN), Orient longmen, 1981.

+<T 12

yk\THsTT.
(iii) D.D. Kosambi on History and Society (HS), Department of
History, Bombay University, 1985.

+<T 15 yk\THsTT.
M{ yTT<{ d+\q+ eyT X+_ J$+ e+&> e+~.
s +&e~ $<o |#T sD d+d < s+ |#T ]+#&+~. ybs
deTse ++> sV+# bX sTy d+d |eD\qT nqTd]+
d+\q+ #jT &+~. eT&e~ u+usTT $X$<\jT+ #] XK

vii

|j d |* +. eTq $X$<\jT yT<e\ ndeTs L , n\d


# > n<+ |&T T+~. d+\H d+ (i) d+>r d+<s + $e]+#
d<+ |se TsTTq b<+ e+&*. (ii) (@ |d sTTH) |<d
(index) e+&*. #] |d
\ e=d (iii) b, d+d+ ~s
usrjT uw\ |<\T y&q|&T y{ #sD
qT *| (beDe TsTTq)
>TsT\
T+&*. yMT +f d+\H d+b< &, esT |J MT<
jTq |s m+<Tdy ns+ <T.
d+\H\T $&> |#T ]yT q = yk\T >& #XqT.
H dT\u+ > n+<Tu{ s#q \T = n+<Cd q +<T $TT\T
#\k |k< >] E& .
H e=d $wjT + e+ #b*. X+_ u> e BZ MT<
sdq yk 1976 yTTyT T<{k ] #~$ HqT e]dTq jqT.
sTD+ s|+ rsTy\q ] * eT& sTT+~. |{ r]+~.

. u\>b.

1.

CCAI,

2.

Science and Human Progress, D.D. Kosambi Commemoration Volume,

|J\T

| 25, H{
365 - 375

1. |< ` d<++
#] |]X<q <s\T d\
+> s +&T s\T. { kV
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sources). kV <s\+f eT <], |sD ~s >+<\T, \
kV y\T, se+X\ nqTe+ kq #]\T, |]b\H
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MT<, de<T \ MT<, # e+{sT { |sedT <s\T> |]>D+ #
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|j >+ #jT &+ <T .
eTq <X+ |sedT |]X<q # \d+> bs+ue TsTT+~.
yTT<{ #]sT\T me> kV <s\qT |j +#THsT.
s <X\> eTq<X+ bNq\| se+X\ sCkH\ eT
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sT> <+ H\T>T |<\ y+ { rdT= sT\T s < e+

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qT+& (n+f uVD |sD <T. b#eT,
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q n_bj\qT |sedT eT\q Hd]Z d>T\q b*
#dT+& +&sT . d+d uw eTq b+& ds #dT =
=+<sT bXT\T e\+ |<$ Xw D
(philological analysis) #]qT
s]+#& #dq |jT jTq $es+> K+&+#&T.
, kV |sedT <s\qT s +&+{ deTqjT|s y&TH,
eTq <X #]qT |q]]+#Te& n~ d]b< X+_ >T]+#&T.
eTq<X+ |sedT |]X<q # n|]D+> e+~. kV <s\
$wjT+>& s <X\ b*d eTq<X+ |]d # nd+|
seTsTTq~. eTq bNq kV+ kV+ <<| eT>+.
eTTd+ \ |Ps+ @ se+XeT q #]qT sdT<T , ssTT+#< T .
sCkH\T @ $wj \q ]sT\
T sV+#< T . eTq<X * #]
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T bUH\ s|+
$T*+~. eTTd+ sE\ |Ps+ @ ] q d+es+> @
>+<+ sdq d+es+> K+> #| +. sE |]b*+q b++
@$T{ <$T+ > ss TT+#+ . =k] d+|T q @ X+
]+< L& #| +. = >+< s#s TT &T H&T n #| >\+
={ n~ >& k< +<T n+{&T X+_.4 eTq<X @*q yes
eT J$\qT >, |]b\H eeVs\qT > >+<d + #d |jT +
#jT <T . nX XdH\T nsT<sTTq $TqVsTT+|. sT y \+
u <H\qT eyT XdH\ |{
+ #sT. eTq bNq kVeT+
>& s +&L eT <s |#s d++~+q~.

|<`d<++

eTssTT eTq<X #] sjT&+ nk<e nq |X edT+~.


nk< + <T. m+<T#q +f ys @ s <X >=| ks +
us< X #] +~. n<$T+f >+ jTT u (|sedT) neXc
ke, k+d neXc\T de+ bs\ u <+> e+&&+ .
nbseTsTTq _q+ usrjT d+d | n # eT+~
u$ksT >, eTsTTq | _q+ <T, n$q n+{&T
X+_. >+ ]q ke esT\ eT eTT<qT eTq de+
MT< e~sTT. y{ qT+& #]qT #<ee#Tq ks us
#]sT\T y&Ty\ n+{&T.
neXc\qT s +&T s\T> #&e#TqT.
{, eTq ke #] eq @ esT d+|Ps+ > s<T .
5000 d+es\T |Ps+ eTq <X+ n+<s Vs dsD MT<
<s|& d+#s Je. n+f <=]q Vs @sT ( y{&) +
ds yd+ +& d+#]d e+&ysT. sT y eT+> Vs dsD

e Vs #jT &+ n\esTHsT. 5000 d+es\T


>&
H |{ esT |P]<T . Vs dsD
MT< <s|& $
>\
T + $T eHsTT. sT y eq n esT\ +.
H>* eekjT+ #jT &+, q|| eTTT y&+ , ds yd, >MTD
Jeq+, u $T|q e jeq+, k+d s+>+ nH>] +T\T\
kq+ H>] |PC $<q+, @ es >& |P]> s<T . n+{q
b eedq T |{ $T>T\Tq |\THsT.
s +&e~, esT eq # >& = eed b eedq T |P]>
HXq+ #jT+& = s|+`=k] nue s|+`q
eTT&T+~. #]+ > qeTsTTq eed #]+ > yqT& eed
|q $j k~+H z&bsTTq de+ #s eeVs\|q q
eTT< yd q s#T = q #sT +~. >+ q<TqT> $T*b
# >& |]D s|+ $T*bsTT+~. |]D s|+ > \|
#jT n~ +bsTTq eT+ #jT\T >& e+{sTT. > +>
$T>T\Tq <X+ eTs={ <T .
ke neb \qT #] |]X<q |\eTsTTq <s+>
>T]+#&+ X+_ |. #] |]X<H |< jTq k~+q

bNq us< X #]

$wsD> B u$+#*. s#T> jTq kV <s\qsTTH


|sedT <s\qsTTH dcd wy T q neb \qT >T]+#&+ dyT
|]o*k&T. $<+> >T]+q neb\qT ] kV |sedT
<s\ deTqjT |s
#] $wj \qT s]k&T . <w X+_
m+> n\ysTT+<+f eTq |D
\ nde dy T q sV <s
>&
jTq |D
\ |T q&TT+~. Vsb, yTTV+C<s\
sT y eTq <X+ @ |D
eT qeTH |s+ ]++~ <,
n >& = dMT| >e\ \sTT> @s&y q , |D
\ sV <s
| { |\
qT *|q u\T e&+ e\H n+ need + > e+{jT
n+{&T.5

d<++
|< d<+ $&BjT&+ w+ . |]X<H |< d<+ s|D
k<q + >, d<+ <<+ qT+& |]X<H |< sb+<TT+~. X+_
#]# s#q+ #T, s#q+ e& >\ sD
|]X<H |< |s+ > $e]k&T .
eTq bNq #] kV |sedT <s\T nd+|+>
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Vs=&dt {dH e+{ #]sT |]b\&sTTq dsY djT+>
>+<d + #k&T. eTq<X+ eTTd+ \ |Ps+ #]sT\T sT . VsT&
e+{ sE\T s#H keTs + deT* bX |uT e\+f m+
qT\sTTq|{ #]qT *+ #d |jT+ #jT<T. #]>
|]>D+ #>\
@ d+d >+<+ .X. 12e X+ osT b+
#+~q \DT&T sdq s]+D6 nsTT #] >& d+d e
kV+ jTT \+] d+|<j & e+& s#sTT #|
<\Tq yde $wj \qT ndw+ #jT & |j >|& + < | bNq
bX #]sT\sTTq *M, {dH yTT<\sTTq y] X* dw ,
$TeTsTTq |X+ d, s&+seTsTTq <q +, n+<T q&e X+_
n+{&T.7
|sedT <s\ $wjT + >& n+. s< X \ |sedT |]X<q
<s+> kV Xdq eT\qT ns+ #dT >*>sT. kV <s\

|<`d<++

#| q $wj \T yde e < nq~ |sedT |]X<q <s \TdT


>*>sT. Vs=&dt, {dH, *M ~sT \ #] >+<\ $wj \T
^dt, <X\ |sedT |]X<q s|e TjsTT, |]X<q
eT]+ <V<+ #ksTT. >, eTq |<q Vk\sTTq sejTD
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nd\T #] d+|T q < *jT<T. seTH >D++ e] sE\
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X+ n |T H $eTT&T +> eH& < *jT<T. #H
se+X\ #]qT .|P. 840 qT+& (kq ]sT\
<s+>) K+>
#| e#TqT> eTq<X+ @ sE m|&T |]b*++B K+> #| +.
kV <s\T y+y nse ++ e. = bNqeTsTTq e\L
|j >\L >\ s |sedT |]X<q <s eyT ss TT+#&+
k< + neT+~. eT< b#<X\ (dTyTsY, |) bNq #]qT
deTqjT+ k< eTsTTq sD+>H # sTw + > ns+ #dT >*>sT.
eTq<X+ n~ k< + <T .8 k< + be&+e\ |sedT |]X<q qT
|q|{ e\+ bNq kV+ |<\ <Te\qT $Xw+#&+,
|j>\ n<T <X\qT b~+#&+ yTT<\sTTq |<T\qT
ne\+_+q e\
qT`e eTT\sY qT+&9 mdt.m. &+> es `10 X+_
neTs<>qsTTH # HjT+> n_X+ d+#&T.
eT] kV |sedT <s\T ndeT>+> e+&&y T > s +&+{
deTqjT+ >& <s b #]sT&T @ |< T \T ne\+_+#* nq
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sjT<\T+f eTq<X #] sjT&+ k< +<T. |sD\ MT<, s +&
dy <s |#s+ dy sdq kV+ MT<, ns=s> <=]q XdH\
ndwy T q y\MT< <s|& dw =sTyq # <Xu #] }V>H\T
#j *. n+ | KyT q #] m|{ k< +<T. y
ns+ e]H eqT | #~$H #] s|yT e]bT+~.
nsTT #] # s#H #]qT ns+ #dT H $<H esT+f

bNq us< X #]

eTq<X #] sjT&+ k< + neT+~. $<+ > |< d++~+q


#s d<+ #s > esTT+~.
#] n+f eTVsE\T, eTV d+>e\ |{ eyT nsTT
us< X #] sjT&+ nk< eTq X+_ n_bj #X+. nsTT
b+ sCe&T nH |X +f b++ |\ H>* y&+
\TdTH < nH~ eTTKyTq |X . nsTT us< X K+>
#] e+<, #] sjT&+ k< yTq, X+_ u$k&T 12. d+<
H>]
sE\THs < nH~ eTTK+ <T, y H>* y&+
\TdTH qB rs+ es<e TT+| u eTT\ eTT s eekjT+
#jT &+ eyT \TdTH nH~ eTTK+ n+{&T.13 eT] sE\ |keH
#]sT& ns< n+f eekj |j +q |< MT<
sC~s+ due+ <s|& e+T+~> s#]+ eekjT $<H
ss TT+#<T n+{&T.14 sE eTT+< sE eTT+< nH~ ns
s |X . nsTT qTeTT y&+ |
q sE \+ yTT<\sTT+<
eTs= sE \+ yTT<\sTT+< nH~ n+<T _qeTsTTq beTTU
*q |X. n|&T sTT<] mesT eTT+< ssTT+#&+ neds+
neT+~ n+{&T.15 eT] #] n+f @$T{ s+#eT+f
X \
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X \
T d++<\T nH e\qT s# T > <T]j>+
#jT &+ sT>T+< X+_ u$k&T . {, jTq @ ns+ M{
|j+#& #|y*. X\T n+f Vs+ ~s u
neds\qT #jT & |j +# k<H \T, |< T \T.
d++<\T, n+f nsTTq edTe \ X$T& eTqT>& neds
eTsTT+~ b> $T*q < (B n<q| n+{sT) b\ esZ\
#T #sy d @sT. #] $j+# k<H \T, |< T \T,
n<q| b\ esZ\ #sy d ke @sT, \eT+
esT eksTT. esTqT eqT>+ > $e]+#&+ #] n X+_
s#q+.
eT] d+d ef$T{ n =+<sT >us |& s X+_ \TdT.
M eeT\T> d+d u~ < $wjT +> ` eT+, +,

|<`d<++

<s +, kV+, d+^+, , =k] b\esZ\ J$ $Hk\T>&


*|`ns+ #dT +{s | d eTw +&dyT J$+#&e TH~ yde yT
>, +& +& J$+#>\
eqe e+>& |{< mes
#jT < y+> n+{&T. |q #| q d+d k< + y\+f
n<q| >T e+ >T y*. yTdbf$Tj <y\j\T,
>{y |t #H , | |s$ T&T, <T X Vs\T y\+f |<
mTq n<q| neds+ , |> n~ =+<] #T \ y &+ neds+ .
d<+ << <VsD> = <X\
X \
qT,
d++<\qT X+_ $e]ksT .17 | <=] Vs @sT
(y >& +<T u>yT ) J$+#&+ |< nsTTq|&T n<q|
# d\+> e+T+~. < s +& jTT+> |+|f u<
d\
MT< e+T+~. |< +=+#+ n_e~ #+~ (<VsD
|X bwD n\ysTTq sT y) n<q| |]q|&T < |+|+
#d n~s+ >D eTTKT\sTTq |sTw\ # bT+~. eT]+ n_e~
#+~q <X
n<q| d]+ $j+# n~s <y\jT+
> sE> #+#T+{sT. ud\ <s ]> de+
n<q| ud jTeqT\, s T \<s ]> |P & de+
u keTT\, d# ]\ <s ]> sTy de+ |T&<s
#+<TT+~.

e]+
q <<+ >] u y<eT <H e]+ n+{s
n+18 nsTT ~ m+ e+ ] jT y<+ < X+_
V#]k&T 19. V#] X+_ sTTq ns+ @$T{ #&*.20
d\
+> eT&T $wj \T q&sTT. 1. se TsTTq |]d T \T
nys+> se TsTTq esT <]rkjT u$+#L &<T . de+
|]d T \qT #sT q yTT+ #] e <w
|T< u$ wY
|]De\T ns+ e. > \| neXc\T m|& +{sTT. y{ |u e+
\Vq+> e+& rs\ #| +. B X+_ # { <VsD k&T .
=\+dt nyT]qT |{q <T |] nyT] qT+& (16e X+) |<
mTq y+& +>s\T dsTTH s* e#sTT. n$ dsTTH |P &

bNq us< X #]

esZ\qT, s>$T eT~sT\qT \|]#sTT. nsTT n< d+|<


=+
u> <|& #d bdt & e+{ deTT<| <=+>\T +>+ & s* +#>
d+|< +>+ &T u keTT\qT ybs esZ\qT \|] n+eT+>
u keT de+ $H |T&< de+ $sy <V<+
#d+ ~.
2. d+d n |\e& $wj \T n<q| MT< <s|& q y
nsTTq+ eq #] y{ kq+ XSq+<T. eTqTw\T (eTTK+>
s+>+ yqT&eq deC\) eT u ys T <\qT s#
T >
k+d d+|T sD
\ s|+ |]w]+#T+{sT. s +&T deC\
esZ\ eT< ys T < + <s T <e eT< ={> |]D$TdT+ ~. keTsd +
<e \sTTL nes\L $yV\L <] rdT+ ~. eTq <X+ ~
# $d +> ]+~. { X+_ s#q \ mqsTTH <s H\T
<=sTsTT. n< , $c< , >\ dTeTsTTq u< +
\\T |>\
>=T H ={\ <] rj*q n> + @MT < , nsTT
|< u keTT\T Xy <]+#> =+ q sV eT+<T\T yw y
<]+#&+ e\ Xe `yw e d+|T sD
n+re+> ]+< n+{&T.21
3. e]+ #]qT |s>$T due+ >\~> u$dT+~. n+f
keTs+ yqT& <XqT+& n_e~ #+~q <X #]
|s>$TdT+~. nsTT ~ #]qT yTT+>, $X\ u>[ b|~
MT< #dq|&T eyT. |]$TeTsTTq b++ #]qT
|]o*+q|&T #] #\+ |s>$T+# +& s& T >{ be&+,
=k] yqbe&+ q&TT+~. eTq<X #] Te+{ |eTTK
eTsTTq <VsD { e+~. sT\+f d+< H>] bNqeTsTTH
n< ]+ > |<X
e+&+~. d+< H>]
H>* y&+ *jT
bsTTq|{ * eekjT |< T \ #| <>Z n<q| k~+
|D
\T ]+#sT. y sT y eq sT\ =*sE\ eekjT+
> |D
H>] > *jTe. y |X bwD MT< <s|& d+#s
Je\T.

|<
|&T ] |< |seT]<+. #] nH~ eTVsE\
eTV d+>e\ |{ <T. X \
, d++<\ eqT>

|<`d<++

|]De\ $esD n ns+ #dT q sT y |]De\ eTT<\qT


nHw+# |< y*. kV <s\q |sedT <s\q se+X\
nqTeTD d+ > \| ke |]De\ #jT\ d+ n< jTq+
#j *. nsTT s +&T d+|<jT <s\ nd+| s + > eq+
eq +~<T . m+<T+f > \| |]De\qT nHw+#&
> \| kV+, |eTTT ~s edTe \T <=s b sTTH, |]De\T
|{ *#> e~*bsTTq ke neXc\T <=sTsTT ` y
z| e+f. eTq<X+ > nk<sD+> $T>T\Tq~ e&+ |\
X|+ nsTT #]sT& es+. H\T>T dV ku\ #] n <X\

<X\
d+|T sD
\ eT #jT\qT de+ MT< e~* ysTT. n$
eTq #T eHsTT. y{ >T]+ $Xw + #*. C.&. us nqT X+_
<w
#] >+ H <T. ese q+q e+~.22
eTq<X+ = eed m|&T eH n~ b eedq T HXq+
#jT +& q s#T = n&T >T bs\ #sT +~ {
neXc\T yqT& ke s+>\ e+{sTT. yqT& n+f m&
n&e\ n<T. eTVq>s+q e+{sTT, eTq T+u\q
e+{sTT. ekeT+ qT+& | ke ]q esT eTq #]
=* |]De\ { { eTq T+u\ d\
n\y #s\
>+ #jT\qT me> *e+{sTT. d\
| eTsTTq |+&T>\T `
uVDT\ es\ e+>, nuVDT\ uH\|+&T> ` #]
|]X<q me> |j>|&sTT. $\ Vs dsD e
eekjT de+ n&T >T bs XS< ( |+#eT) \T> e
#s& + eTs= eTTKeTsTTq |]DeT+. {, de+ n&T >T
esZ\ + $T*bsTTq n\y, y > \| J$+, yqT
H>] de+ +>BdTq eT+, s +& >#]ksTT. { #] |]
X<&T \ >+<\jT+ e~* q $< n_q ~ uy
e\
>& e~* |\ $Xk b+<\+{&T.23 s s \ |<]+ <|&\
n~ dT\u+ < >T]k&T . uVDT\ y<+ b+~q< usrjT d+d
n d+dr]+#&q< d+kse+T\ uw n q<+ eTq d+d
d+ks+ n u$+#&+e\ >\| #jT\T $T*bsTTq

10

bNq us< X #]

s+>\qT e> #&&+ sT>T+~. <e\ #] <w |+


$<~&sTTq #] |]X<&T qq ue+e\ q+ n\y
>eTHseTsTTq $wj \qT $d]+# |e<+ e+< X+_ n+{&T.24
|&T X+_ d+# #] |]X<H |<$T{ |+>
#| e#TqT. bNq kVeT\qT |sedT <s\T q yTs
$Xd+#*. |< $Xw D
<s+>, XdH\ X
\ <s+> }V>H\T
#jT &+ eqTy*. kV <s\ qsTTH |sedT <s\ qsTTH
se+X\ qTeTD d+ X \
, d++<\ |]DeT+
#jT\ d+ y *. |]DeT+ n <X\
q e~*y[q ke
neXc\ qT+& > |q]]+#Ty*. n{ $T+, ese q de+
+~ bs\ #s eeVs d++<y T q neXc\qT C>>
(mTe+{ qque+ >, d+{yT + d+dsD eTqd + >
+&) |]o*+ Hd ] Z u |]d T \, kV |sedT <s\
deTqjT |s#
*.
nqjT+H |< nse +eTeT+~. { |< |j +q
|* +> X+_ eTq <X #] >T]+ #jT >*q dbjTeTsTTq
rsH \TdTy*. bNq us< X #] n+d +> ]
eT+ q&+< X+_ s|+#&T. ] eT+ eT&T <X\
THsTT.
{, Vs dsD
kq+ Vs #|
& + . s +&+{ eT<
<X> =k] |X bwD edT+ ~. s +&T Vs b|~> >\
ds yd >e\T @s&&+ . eT&T, >e\ XeT $u q n_e~
#+~ n$ # es djT+ bwe TsTT u keT eed |H~ @s&&+ .
.|P.1000 b++ bs+ue TsTTq eT+ .X.1000 H{ =*
e+~. (|P] nsTT+< <T ` |{ |P] <T )
eT&T <X\
T n+THeT+f $ \eT+ eT&T dwe TsTTq
<X\
T> eHjT <T. n{ e+&e+f bNq us #]qT eT&T
\T> $u + e+&e#TqT. b++ <X
e+f |
b++ eTT+<T <XH sTy <XH e+&~. >+> jTeTTH rs
b++ ds eekjT >e\T @s&TTq \+ <H +
Vs dsD
JeH<s+> e+~.

|<`d<++

11

nsTT y$ < eT+ e+~. #] n+d +> q&q


] eT+ m& & d++> bs+u+ <T . n~ #
bs+ue TsTT s b+\ $d] ++~. X+_ $esD eTq #]
\eT+H u>[+> >& |eVdT+~. Vs
n\esT = H>]\sTTq y eT |]ds\ $\ >&
Vs n\e] eT s#T HsT. < e\dq ke
sD ( d++<\qT) y deTLssT. |+CT
bs+ue TsTTq esT sT ~> ;VsY #], n& qT+& <D
|<+
MT<T> ><e] rs+ #] n& qT+& |&e T{ < H , sTq ><e]
&Tq +< b+ $d] ++~. eT+ =*H{ de+ d+|T sD
L
esTL dyT H qsTT+~. #] #d eTq |+# <$T+f
Vs d]+ J$+# q+ |\> |s#
T q <X+ Vs
#d de+ HeT~> $d] +#&+ 25 n, >D\T ed+# u $T
eekjT >MTD ] eed $d] +#&+ us< X + yTTyT T<{
>=| ke $|e +26 n X+_ n+{&T. B $esD, |* \ $XBsD
,
sT yr n<j\ #<+.

$esD\T
1.

Urvasi and Pururavas, Myth and Reality (hereafter referred to as


'MR')

2.

3.

|J 67 b< d.
X+_ # <VsD\T me> \T>T bs & n+<Tu{
|d\$. {, eTq nqTesTTq <VsD {
#T+f u>T+T+~. |eTTK s#s TT H { VeT\>sT q
\ sejTD+ #, sT> <+ @qT>T\ |keq <T {
||+#+ @qT>T\T eTT+< y<\T HjT nHsT.
JeXgE\ |s+ @qT>T\T |j
dH jTT>+ qT+& (n+f <<|
{ d+es\ qT+&) eHsTT. n|{ y<\T e d]<,
nd\T eTqTw\T sT . V<e&T y< $CH eTq |P\sTTq
~yqs\ n+<Cd bj&qTe\d +T+~.
Culture and Civilization of Ancient India (hereafter referred to as
'CCAI') Page 13, Page 51

12

bNq us< X #]
Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture, D.D. Kosambi on History and

4.
5.

6.
7.

Society (hereafter referred to as 'HS), Page 75


On a Marxist Approach to Indian Chronology, HS, Page 81
CCAI, Page 10
CCAI, |J 54, V<su< = >& | &T

>&+
n >T]d q>s sD+ ns# + nse TeT+<y !
bNq $T d+>+ kV+ Te+{ s#q \THsTT. X+_
\DT& ss+ D $Xw + q yd+ The Origins of Feudalism
in Kashmir, HS, |J\T 115`126.

23.
24.
25.

Introduction to the Study of Indian History (hereafter referred to as


'ISIH,) Pages 2-3
ISIH, Pages 3-10
Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 44
Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture, HS, Page 75
ISIH, Pages 2-3
What Constitutes Indian History, HS, Pages 68-69
CCAI, Page 10
What Constitutes Indian History, HS, Page 67
ISIH, Page 13
What Constitues Indian History, HS, Page 69
CCAI, Page 10
ISIH, Page 1
What Constitutes Indian History, HS. Page 69
CCAI, Page 11
ISIH, Pages 8-9
CCAI, Page 12, ISIH, Pages 9-10
ISIH, yTT<{ n<jT+
CCAI, yTT<{ n<jT+
Social and economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita, MR, Page 14
Science and Human Progress, D.D. Kosambi commemoration
Volume, Page 331
ISIH, eTT+<T e
Combined methods in Indology, HS, Page 5
CCAI, Pages 50-51

26.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 27.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

13

2. Vs dsD
`Vs
Vs d]+#& Vs #jT & eT* eTsTTq
& e+~. & X \
q d++<\q >&
q&TT+~. Vs dsD |eTT neds+ e. +Te\qT
#+|& y{ #s + \e& e\dq |]s\T+f #\TqT. #+|q
+Te e+k > s Vs > \Te +#THsTT <
+&, T y*. se TsTTq k<H \ #d Vs dsD

$T>T\T +&<T . n+f n<q| e+&<T . de+ es$Z u q
e+&<T .
Vs #jT&+ nH~ s+&T $wj\q +<T
_qeTsTTq~. H> , |X e\T, bs, =&e*, >=&* yTT<q k<H \T
y*. $T>T\T >& k<sD+> e+T+~. n<q|
#+#TH b\ esZ+ e+T+~. Te+{ deC eTq+
eeT\T> H>] de+ n+{eTT. s +&T <X\
L d+~ <X> q&
|X bw deC\T k<sD+> esdZ e C\T e. nsTT $
deC\ +f d+|qeTsTTq$.
eTq <X+ H>] bs+ue TsTTq|{ qT+&, n\ d+U\T>
eq H>] deC\ #T n~ d+K Vs d]+#
$\THsT. H>]\T M Vs n\yT #jT &+,
yqT X$T\T> eT s#T e&+, < yH es$Z u qqT
|yX |&+ , eTq <X+ |< q #] eT+. eTq bNq #]qT
<++ X+_ <w H #k&T .
H>]\ $\ \|&q |&T eT&T |]De\T d+ue +.
{, H>]\T $\qT y yd d
\ qT+& ]$TyjT &+ <s
> < \ |j >+ ud\T> +> BdTe&+ <s> y
yd d\qT eTT $T+#Te#TqT. <T \+ nyT],
d*j <X\ < ]+~. s+&T, $\ eekjT+ H]

14

bNq us< X #]

s\T> e] eT H>] de+ ~>Te u>+ X$T esZ+>


#sT e#TqT. eT&T, y>& es$Z u q |yX |{ =+<sT s \T,
=+<sT b\\T> yqT $u + <s eekjT deC $d] +|
CjT e#TqT. +<T yTT<{ < +f s +&e~, eT&e~ eTq <X #]
me> ]>jT X+_ n_bjT+. nDy + f \T|e&+
(assimilation) eTq #] |< q $wjT + n+{&T. nsTT \T|e&+
nH~ deq b|~ MT< <T. H>]\ ~| + +<. \T|H
eT+ k+d |P\ dyTq+ (cult syncretism) ]+~.
$\ <e\T H>]\ <e us\T> u\T> yVH\T>
nes\T> n+^]+#&sT . dyT q+ >& H>]\ |P\<
|#s TT.
eTq<X #] eekjT $dsD \|j>+ +f ke
d+q+, k+d dyT q\ <s me ]+<H~ X+_ ne>Vq
n+ eTTKeTsTTq $wjT+. n|&|&T eekjT $dsD X+
jTT+> ]+< >& n+{&T. n+f jTT<\ |j >+ me>
s>
< ` ns+ . $\qT e\ e~>\T> s#T e&+ |X+yT q
d+q+ n ns+ <T. u \|j >+ +f ke nDy k+d
~|\ <s eekjT $dsD me> ]+< $XB]d n~
X+_ $Xw D
q $esD neT+~.
$esD \TdTH eTT+<T Vs dsD
MT< J$+# $\
>T]+ \TdTy*.
bNq #]qT eeT\T> |sedT XgE\T, #]sT\T, bs
jTT>+, =s jTT>+, +#T s jTT>+, qTeTT jTT>+ n $u ksT .
|eTTqT1 j sT #jT & |j +q |<s { $u q
#ksT . s |eTT j # yTTsT>eq b sjTT>+
n =+ dTeTsTTq |eTTT j sT#d keTs + n\e&q sT y
=s jTT>+ n n+{sT. s +{ eT< <Xq T eT< s
jTT>+ (mesolithic age) nq&+ <T . s, +#T, qTeTT V\ y&+
n\ysTTq <X\
qT j |s |\TksT . V\ y& s
|eTT y& >\& e\+ |eTT eTT&|< s+ H <T. s

Vs dsD
`Vs

15

|eTTqT | <=] sqT |<T qT |Te&+ <s j sT #ksT .


< u XeT, =+ |D eyT y*. > V\T |
d#+ > <=se . KC\ s|+ <=sTsTT. KC |]Xu| s
eTT&
V j sT #dT = < |eTTT #dT y*. B # XeT
y*, k+ |]Cq+ y*. de+ =+ eT+~ |P]\+ B
$j+#*. { Vs+ n<q| +&*. n<q|
#+#T= V\ j $j+# b\ esZ+
+&*. n+<T Vs dsD
, @< yTs Vs #jT >\
deC\H V\ y&+ q&TT+~. Vs dsD
= s jTT>+
n+eTeT+~.2
, |eTT eTT&|< s { #d #] \ $u q |P]>
Xdj
T yTq ~ <T. |eTTT X \
u>+ eyT (bNq
\+ # eTTKyTq u>+). yTT+ X \
T d++<\T
*d > sjT + <T. C $$< V\ ke b >&
n|& |P]> ns+ neT+~. ke b qTeTTL, +#TL keT+
<T . qTeTT $ks+ > <=] #e V+ e&+e\ n~ X \

>DjTeTsTTq n_e~ k~dT + ~. s (< $TXeTeTsTTq +#T) $]
$> <=se { X \
n_e~ y{ >\ b d\+. n$
|< q+> |j >|& ~ => @s& b\es+Z jTT<\ j d+,
<e\ $>V\ j d+3 { yTT+ X\T,
d++<\q ` n+f ke u J$ sD duy <w
e+#T=
bNq deC ns+ #dT y*.4

Vs dsD

| dV +> <=] Vs`<q+, |+&T, <T+|\T, +Te\T


d]+ y{& J$+# eqe\T q q >T+|\T> @s&sT. ~
sD
d+ neds+ . n++ f eTTK+>, |sp | s eT
d]bjT+ Vs+ d]+# be#T {, me d]+q y
d]+# bsTTq y eT +& |+#TH @sT neds+.
$T*bsTTq Vs \e +#TH |]s\ |]Cq+ ~eT \+
+&e { ~ uj
T s+ .

16

bNq us< X #]

>T+| eedeTsTTq|&T <TsT (clan) neT+~.


eed + e&+ n+f (1) +& |+|+ s +& jTTeTsTTq
#s+> sb+<&+ , (2) + d++<\ uVw<+ (endogamy)
@s&&+ . n+f >T+| d |sTw\T >T+| #+<y] (s >T+|\
#+~q y]) \e&+ w<+ neT+~. y eT >T+| y]
eyT + d+|s + |Ty*. nsTT ~eT eTdT de+
>T+| yTT+ dV s d+|T +> Vs deTw> d]+ yTT+
d]+q < n+<] deT+> |+#T+{sH n_bj X+_
|\T# $eT]+#&T.5 ~eT de+ >T+| <s e+eTsTTq
deq+> u$+#&+ sk e+{ s#s TT\ |u eyT> e]dT <<+
<T.
b++ d+#s yd+ @ss#T = Vs dsD
<s Jeq+
d+b~+#TH <TsT q Vs dsD
qT |< q+> (|P]> be#T)
edTe |]$T+ #dT + ~. >T+| yTT+ <T+|qT > n&$
<H > +TeqT> d]+#&+ dwC #dT + ~. Vs
dsD
cew eeVs+ <T (y $wjT + ~ $~yT ). nTe+|&T
dwC w H #\ dV eTsTTq $wjT +. <e\ dsD
|D |]
< |sT>TT+~. $<+> <TsT q |> m+#Tq
Vs |<s+ (yTT>, <T+|>, |\
+>, +Te>) <TsT
V+ (Totam) neT+~. <TsTqT q <TsT VeTsTTq Vs
|<s+ e\+ uq`u d++<+ n+ $T+ < d++<+
e+< u$ksT . eT+ < n+X n, < eT k<s + e+<
nqT+{sT. < |PksT . eT++, Kq+, H+, >q+, n \

eT++.
bdq qT+& |{sTT.6 bdq \eTsTTq~ nqTsD
m<Tq T y{&y&T m<Tu eTyd < M| uD+ >T#TqT yksT .
n{# d +>H m<T y k|\
+ #+<TeT u$ksT qeT+
e\ eqd ds+ |+b+<&+ < u |jq+.7 ~ #
dwe TsTTq <VsD. ++ f # d+se TsTTq $ , s +&
nqTsD
eT++ |{sTT.
sT y \+ $ <TsT Vs dsD
e Vs
#|{
, eekjT de+ n&T >T kq+ e #]q|&T <TsT

Vs dsD
`Vs

17

V+ sT #T> +{|sT> $T*bT+~. sD+>H = >e\


+{|sT>\ T+u\T # e+{sTT. eTVsh ys (HeT*)
nH +{|sT $<+ > <TsT V+ qT+& e+<q X+_ n+{&T8
eTq e~> \dT\
|*, m<T, beTT yTT<q +{|sT+ {sTT. M
| &T j +Te\qT <TsT V\T> *q $\sTT e+&*.
H>] de+ y# y e+ yqT L\T> +>BdTq|&T
n$ +{|sj
sTT. |, eT, s & ~s eekjT \dT\
>&
s#
T > yTT |sT, # |sT, +{|sT> e+{sTT (s$, eT], y|,
eT yTT<\sTTq$.) # j b+\ |$yT q $> u$+#
&sTT { $ <TsT V\sTT e+&*.
nsTT $ <TsT H>] deC &&+ sT y \|
esT. y{ dV |]DeT+ yTT<{ esT, = <TsT *d >
>D+ (tribe) > @s&&+. $_qeTsTTq Vs|<s\qT d]+#
<TsT\T >D+> @s&&+ e\ sT d]+q Vs eTs=]
Vs+ esT+{sT. Be\ Vs+ y$ < + |] n~ |w s +
e&+ u |j q+. + jTe\ >& |&T esT
edT+ ~. n+es <TsT d |sTw\ eT eT< H | sT \
+ d++<\T w<+ . |&T >> @s& sT y <TsT d
|sTw\ |sd s + d++<\T w<e TesTT. <TsT +
n+]w<+ (exogamy) edT+ ~. <TsT ys+ d>r\T
nesT. nsTT > yTT+ uV w< b{dT + ~. n+f >

ysT eT >
(s <TsT\) y]H | s >\
d+|s +
|T>&<T . >
<TsT\ eT< >T+| $yV+ >& <X

bs+ue TeT+< X+_ u$k&T .9
eTs= $eTsTTq nue+ >& e+~. n+es @ VseTsTT
<TsT jTT |< q Vs+>, <TsT V+>, e+&+< n~ |&T
|P]> w<+ nsTTbT+~. < q&+ b|+ n nXu+ n ss \
w<\T neT\T eksTT. < |q <TsT y
y{&& d]+#& M\T<T . =k] n~ <TsT s< +
neT+~. $yTq esT n+ |eTTKyTq <VsD.

18

bNq us< X #]

y< \+ |< q+> >e+d u \T> eq sT\T eekjT\sTTq


sT y >e+k |P]> w~+#&+ 10 n X+_ n+{&T.
>
e #]q <TsT\T eTT d]+q Vs |sd s+
e]& #dT +{sTT. Vs e]& >T+| + d++<\ |H~
n X+_ u$k&T . e]& s +&>, |+> sT>TT+~.
~ +& e]& (barter) <T. +<T deq $\Te\qT e]& #dT
e&+ nH #q<T . nsTT rdTq y&T u$ wT
qsTTH >sy
u+ >+ \> +& ] k&q #s+, $Xd+ e+{sTT. ~ ybs+
+f s +& # dVeTsTTq e]& ` <TsT >\
T >&
$<+ > |sd s+ Vs+ e]& #dT =+{sTT.

neT<e\T
se TsTTq <TsT`> sD+ eq >D deC\ ke
eedq T |]o*+#*. eed
s |eTTT | ys k<H \T
e. Vs+ |P]> | d+|< MT<H <s|& + ~. < yT +
d+#]d J$ksT. ds yd+ >, > e+&e. eed
e | | >T]+| <T . B ekeT+ nH+ f
e |< q e bs+|s (Matrilineal) eed nq+ dT. |
e q *< sH >T]+|> +& <s <T. |\\
qT H d
>
| >& |\
kj dT+ ~ { | <e> u$+#T+{sT.
sjTT>| <e\+ d
. |X bwD e |sTw\ # |X d+|<
#] | keT de+ @s&q sT y eT><e e#sT. n|&T b
<e\qT = <e us\qT #XsT.
<e\qT neT <e\T (Mother Goddesses) n+{sT. n
uw\q <e\ |sT e d+# X+ n+eTesTT.
<f <e\ |\
kjT+ eq d++<+ nse TeT+~. \T>T
>+>eT, b#eT, yTd e T, q\eT, eTT\eT, |& * , yTT<\sTTq
|sT >\ <e\T n >e\q e+{sT. X+_ # $es+>
n< jTq+ #dq eTVsh < H b+| <e\ |sT \usTT (q\{
*) , &usTT (|jT yTq *) , n+usTT (neT*) yTT<\sTTq$.11
neT<e\ |P\T =*H&T d
sV+#ysT. n+<T, |PC

Vs dsD
`Vs

19

d
\ <>sZ |sTw\T be{ M\T<T . neT<e\ |PCd\
+ <>sZ
k<sD+> eq+ e+T+~.12 eq+ |sTw\T |y d s# < +
#ksT .
X++, keT+ d dV eTsTTq >TD\T e | k$T de+
*+q $\Te\ >T]+#& neT<e\ ds|yT <s q+. M
k<sD+> dwyTq s|+ e+&<T. H m+ e+ n+<+>
keT+> e+&<T . sMT< $+> # & e+T+~. yTqT eT+
#dT |\
kjT+ qTeT&+|Cd T e&+ d+ \T\T (+T \T\T
> qs\T\T>) ksT . * q +Te s $>V |PksT .
s<\T s+ uT |T+{sT. |&T \T\T ZbsTTH
neT<e\ $>V \ (VqTeT+T& e+{ =+<sT eT><e $>V \
L&) m\| & ms{ s+>T |Pd e+#TsT. H>]\ uVD eT+
n\yT nue+ #+~ msT| w<+ neT+~ uVDT\ |P\
k<sD+> ms{ |P\T y&sT . s \T\ V+> |{ |P
nsTTq sT y ms{ +eT qT<T{ MT< uT|T +{sT.
$\T H>]\ &q sT y neT <e\qT \ , bs
yTT<q uVD <e\ n+X> >T]ksT . nsTT b \D
\T +
$T*bsTT. y&+`|T &+ nH >eT+ bs | s|+> >T]+#&
u`nsTT nH neT<e >T]+ #| >T& eT\ $>V + s\,
uj
T + >=*| qT>T& , $s+> e+T+~> }s+| rdTbjT
e $>V+ e+ #{ +#T #dq bs $>V+ n+{&T
X+_.13 eTq <>sZ [, u <[, <Ts,Z >+>eT yTT<\sTTq |s bs
n+X> >T]+#& n+<sT <e\ >T\q & q&TT+~. e
$>V \ H#T= s& d&T >T >& $wjT + >eT+#e#TqT.
>T&|\ $>V + kq+ yTTsT ssTT e+T+~. >T& jT{ >&\MT<
e+ bsD esq \ b* n+<eTsTTq \
es \T+{sTT.
neT<e\ X+_ s +&T s\qT >T]k&T . =+<sT { <e\T.
M |PCd
\T #sT e\T, y>T\T, q<T\T, \b\T ~s {eqsT\
<>sZ T +{sTT. { eqsT\ <e\qT n~H \
T> u$ksT .
s +&e s+ L&* <e\T, Vs dsD
d+ >T+|\T> ]>
<TsT\T >D\T eTT d]+q Vs |sd s+ |+#Te&+

20

bNq us< X #]

d+ n|&| &T \TdT+{sTT. d


\T = *u\ L&* d
\T>
q&sTT. L&\T\ <>sZ neT<e\T+{sT. m+<T+f $\
Vs es+ <T |T&< ybs+ > =+ bNqeTsTTq
+& e]& (barter) > <T. $\T eT es
s +&jT TyT q #s+> sVksT . < |s y+ # <e\T
L&* <e\T. L&* <e\ |PCd
\qT, n& eq esT\qT,
|]o*+ X+_ bNq #]qT ` Vs dsD
qT+& Vs
]q |]De $es+> s|k&T .14 $esDqT sT y #<+.
Vs d]+ J$+# $ de| X\ e#
yTTyT T<{ esT, Vs \Te +# |]s\qT j sT #dT e&+.
~ Vs dsD
Tb <Twuy +Z J$ >TD+>
yTsT>T |sTdT+~. +&\T, T\T jsT #jT&+ $<+>
yTT<\eT+~. M{ # deC\ d
j sT #ksT . +&\T
Vs+ \ed+ ` n+f k<q+> $s$+#jTq&
<s q+> n$ neT<e\ |P\ eTTK u>eTesTT. |{ neT
<e\ |sTMT< ]| uH\ e+{ |+&T>\ +&\ |eTTKkq
eTT+~. uVD eT #+~q <e\ (\ , dsd ) |P\ L&
\X\T |&sT. <e\ |P\T d
sV+#&+ , y~ s
+& \X\ |< q kq+ b e&+, >eT+#<> Z $wj \T. B
f <e\+ | &T $\ neT <e\ d+ || *
eHs sT y \+ H>]\ $\T &q sT y ` Vs
dsD
e Vs de+ n&T>Tu>q e #]q sT y `
+>TuT V+> neT <e\qT H>]\ eT><e
us\T> d]+#&+ ]+< nse TeT+~. |]DeT+ yTT+ e&
us nsTTq bs dw+ > q|&T T+~. \ , dsd |P]> u keT
de| e T > e]bjsT > bs djT+> H <Ts,Z
[ yTT<\sTTq <e\ s|+ $ \D
\qT dw+ > |<] dT+ ~.
H\T>T #T \T, s\T, s+ &d q H\T, yMT uVD <e\
\D
\T e.
+&\T neT<e\ s +& |eTTKb eV+#&y T yT
neT<e\ |sb\T> |P\+<T+{sTT. bNq \+ qT+&

Vs dsD
`Vs

21

|{< +&\qT j sT#d y yT& u>+ <>sZ n\+sD


*ksT .
n~ dw+> d ddT+~. #bsTTq y ] * >s+
bsq qeT+ +&&+ e\ # bNq deC\ #bsTTq y
Xy\qT e>s d+ eTsTTq +&\ |P& |&sT.15 bXT\T
|{ Xe|{
|{ |P&TksT .

neT<e\ |]DeT+, H>]


neT<e\ |P\16 |]De\qT { bNq \| yTTyT T<{
ke $|e +17 ` Vs dsD
qT+& Vs ]q |]DeT+
rsTqT\qT ss TT+#&+ X+_ |< ne\+_k&T . jTq #dq
sj
\ $u~ +#e#THy jTq |j +q |< neT\
yTq ~. neT<e\ |P\T ]> d
\qT $es+> |]o*k&T . n&
|sedT neXc\ d+ (s |eTTT, +& |+\T e>s ) yT &T.
n& |dT Hd ] Z d { y\ d+es\ |Ps| Hd ] Z d , u $T
jTT eekjT j>qT ss TTk&T . B{ |PqT sV+q
$\ Jeq $<H s]k&T . sT y neT <e |P
eq esT ke $|y ddT+ ~. H>] eekjT\T $\qT
+>BdT yqT Vs # d eekjT de+ \T|H
e k+d ||\
q+ |P\ e# esT. eT&T s\ esTqT
q |]X<q X+_ >T]k&T . {, neT<e bs n+X nsTTq
<Ts>Z H [>H >T]+| b+<TT+~. yT |P\qT MT< d\
T
|sTw\T sVksT . nsTT +<T >& >+ V+ $T*bT+~.
eTq uH\ |+&T> e+{~ u+>TSsT dMT|+ ]> s> Cs.
Cs
|P\T sV+# |sTw\T d\
<TdT\
T <] ksT .18 s +&T, neT
<e kq+ eT><e &T |P\+<Te#TqT. <VsD V<su<
q>s+ edu{
+ b++ #sT e MT< +HjT T& >T&
e+~. +HjTT& {eqsT\L mTe+{ d++<+<T. {
+HjT T&T neT<e kH $T+#& nqTe+#*. eT&T,
neT<e >T& | H >, =+< s+ > eT><e &T y*d yT
n us> >T]+| b+<e#T. |P\ ]q esTqT{ H>]
de+ $sy n< jTq+ #jT e#TqT.

22

bNq us< X #]

se TsTTq |]X<H |< k< + e& eTq #] dueyT


sD+. |]X<H |< m|& >& |]X<q $wjT + jTT dueyT
ss TT+#*. |]X<q #jT < due+ @$T{ *jT<T {, |]X<H
eT+H $wjT due+, $Xw D
|< , s +& |sd s+ >] #s
ns+ nesTT. bX #] n< jTH nqTd]+q |< `d+|<jT
|sedT kV <s\ $Xw D
`eTq #] d]b<q X+_ n_bj
yTT<{ e++#eTT. eTq #] n< jTH X+_ nqTd]+q |<
bXT\ #] |sbe#T. nyT]q d*jq qTeTT
y&+ *dq X C H>]\T +#T jTT> s jTT> #+~q
k |\qT V+k+> sXjT T\qT #d <<| Xw+ #XsT. eTq
<X+ H>] eekjT\T yTT<{ qT+& n\ d+U\T e&+ e\
$\qT +>BdTH yTs V+dqT |j + sT y yqT
eT de+ ]+ > k+d+> \T|HsT. \|j > <T\T
eT |j +#sT.19 z&bsTTq $\ VQX =+<] ` >D+
|<\
qT, |sVT\qT ` jT, uVD \ d]+ q
y]q+<] XS< |+#eT \T>, L* #d s+>+> essT.
<VsD c<T\T $\T > uVDT\ c< >+
e+~.20 M c< |sVT\sTTe+& uVDT\T> >T]+| b+~q
yssTT e+&*.
eT+ $ >D\ <TsT V\T, <e\T, #s\T
uVD eT+ ss \T> e #ssTT. y <TsT V\qT eT
<e yVH\T>, u \
T>, nes\T>, y~+#sT. y <e\qT
eT <e T+u\ #sTHsT. y s+& \eTsTTq
#s\qT @ seTsTTq y~ beD H eT #s\
\T|HsT. B d+ |sD\T dw+ #sT. <\
T *+#sT. V+<
<e beTT\T, T\T, |X e\T +&& dyT qyT sD+.
@ <e& n nes\q +Tu #dH $wjT +
ns+ neT+~. e& H MT~ >+> {<e . yT |{ e&
|yT jT+ +& >+>eT> d++> |P\+<T+T+~. e& yT&
beTT eTq |sD\ H>C> |\e& $\ <TsT V+.

Vs dsD
`Vs

23

e& us bs | sb\sTTq <TsZ, [, neT <e\ |]D


sb\T. =&T esk$T yVq+ HeT* (<TsT V+), eTs=
=&T~ @qT>T \, m\T yVq+ (<TsT V\T). e& yVqeTsTTq
q+~ # bNq \+ qT+&`<MT< m dy] #jT & e&
*+# |Ps+ qT+& ` $\ s<+.21 q+~ |{ e&
yVq+>H d++> |P\+<T+T+~.
$we beTT (~Xw &) MT< |&T +{&T. n< ~Xw &T q
|&> $we & *k&T . $we us \ deTT< eT<q + |{+ ~.
(yT dw+ > { <e). $we nes\T Ls+, eT+, esV+,
<TsT V\T. $ eT& |{ y{&& bDT. (n+ >
nes\T &]H d<+ sTEe #jT e). eTs= nes+ nsTTq w& T
|X bw \ <e&T. n k<sT &T \seTT&T ~Xw & n+X nsTTq
s\ |~ (n jTT<+ H>*). e] T<T& >& $we
nes+> |{
+ u<T\
q < $<+ > \T| sy\ #ksT.
>, y eT, Ls, esV <TsT V\T >\ >D Je\> $\T
H>]\T e&+ +s<T . n+<TH T<T& nes+ nd+|Ps+ >
e+&bsTT u<+ d+ eT+> *bsTT+~.
uVD eT+ y<+ b+~q |P\ dyT qyT, mTe+{
y<+ #s\ neb\qT >& X+_ >T]k&T. d\
| eTsTTq ny~ #s\qT d+<s + <V ]k&T . sjTT>|
$\T eTT d]+q Vs yT> q\>>=&+ d+ s |eTTT
j sT #dT HsT. n$ s\T, s* s|+q $j>+qT m
esT\T eH |{ M{ sH j sT #ksT . +&\>
s |]s\T >& neT <e\ |sb\T> |]>D+|&sTT.
eTVsh n>es\ d\
T >& |\\
HeTsD
+ #d|&T s*
>T+&TqT # > n\+]+ j\ #T |s X+_ n+{&T.22
eT>y y~ #s nqTd]+ sV+# HeTsD
d+ks+
neT <e |P\ neXc $T+ <T .
uVDT\ |sD\L es eed L \ |j >+ neds+ +&
H>] eekjT deC y|+| CjT &+ =*H&T |j qs

24

bNq us< X #]

eTsTTq b +&f n$ n+ \+> *bjsTT. |sD\


ny|T eTsTTq nd+< L , $T $T #jT >\ uVD s
< eT\+ n X+_ u$k&T .23 V+dqT keTsk`ke
k+d dyT H ` $\qT s#T e& |< q k<q +>
sb+~++~ uVD eT+.24 = $ >D ( <TsTqT,
+>BdTe& , |sD, uVD >)
s+& d++<eTsTTq esTqT, dw+#* e+~. eT+
nbseTsTTq >+<s> \jTeTsTTq uVD bsD ><\
T, nq+yT q
s\T de+ MT< us+> jssTT deC eTT+<T
q&e+& + |s#
sTT. | { ke neds+ sT y >T~+&>
e] uVDT\ <s bwD | ++<TL |s us+>
j ssTT+~.
n<j eTT+#eTT+<T eTq sh+ eTTK >\
X+_
|< | + > nqsTT+ #<+. eTq sh+ n w& >\

yqT &q$ <=eT], e&s, msT\, jH~, ujT >\T. VQX
yT<sT \qT >& M #s e#THy . >\
T n >& =s jTT>|
Vs dsD #jT\qT |{ \+> * eHsTT. jH<T\T
m\T\q &T\q |Te&+ (y) |DT\T. jH<T\T
m\T\T |+<T\qT bwksT > y |+<T\ bwD +f y{
Te&+ |DT\T. eTq >e\ |+<T\T bNq \+qT+&
nX< Xu+ #d | deTse ++> sVdTH sTT. s T , H\sT
# |D
\ b | jH<T\T #ksT . T\ j
msT\T, yT<sT \T |DT\T. (+&\> T\T>& Vs dsD
<X
#+~q = sjTT>| |]XeT). e&s \
T s =&sT. \+>D
\\ me> e&s \
T |#ksT . <=eTs
d\
e_#s+ #d
n\yT+~. e |< qeTsTTq sjTT>| >\
e_#s+ nH e
ns+<T. |#jT&+ <s |k$T H>] de+ Jeq+
d+b~+#Te#TqT { y <H= e> d]+#&+ Xs+
<T .
n{+ f eTTKyTq $wjT + >\
+{ _{wyt $Tq
>\
> >T]+#&+ . | d+|< @ ] d+ d +&&+ Vs

Vs dsD
`Vs

25

dsD
nedse TsTTq jTeT+. nsTT H>] de+ d+ d
eedqT |yX|{ eT+> | d+|<qT =+<] d> esTdT+~.
_{wyt &T |yX |{q |T&< d++<\T e |P]#d me]
#+<~ @<sTTH e+f < |uT + d> |{
+ +~. $<+ >
Vs dsD
<=+>q +> e]+~. =s jTT>+ qT+& $\T
<=+>\T> H>] de+ |y +#sT. (>+ >&, _\T&s TTq
y uVDT\T <=+> nHsT. |> n# sejTD+ #| +
+> bjT+ >& #ksT. _\T\T |{ y{& J$+# $\T).
sjTT>| >\
+f =+#+ yTsT>sTTq$ >+&T, jT HjT|
=+&s &, #+#T yTT<\sTTq eekjT >\
T. M =+<] $wjT +
X+_ #| q k+d dyT q+ |{ yTT<\sTT+~. #+#T\T eTqT
eTT uVDT\ <e \ |s|+ nsTTq #+#T\ d+> u$ksT .
yTqT $we neseTsTTq qsd+ VQ&T e]+#&T. nsTT dyT q+
|]|Ps+ <q & <s q+> uVDT\ \ d$ y +s
sjT+& ]yTd+~. >+&T\T >& < $<+> eTT ;eTT&
V&+L |{q d+> u$ksT . nsTT V&+ >& ;eTT& <s |
nsTTq <|~ deq+ <T. ;eTT&T yT =+ \+ >&| y&T.
>\
~es @< yTs Vs n\yT |&sTT.
{ M eT w+ > sT . nsTT n_e~ |] M n&e\qT
|uT + #+#Te&+ M >& nys+> Hsd T \
T neTHsT.
n+<]+f n_e~ #+~q > \+u&\T. s < H +Cs\T
n |\e& > M XK. +Cs\T = Xu\T y T Vs
dsD
e |X bw \jsT. yTT>sTT ke+ +B ]
eed @s&&+ <s b+\ es + $d] ++~. +Cs\T eT
|X e\ M|\MT< eT\T> dsT \qT syD #dysT. y\ d+K
eq +Cs syH\qT #d bXT\T Xs+ |{
+ #sT. n+
yTT>sTT d _s\ >e\qT+& dsT \T nyTysT. eTq<X+
|T&< $<q+ d++> $s$ + e+f M \eTsTTq
es es+Z > j sjT ysT >, _{wt y&T jT{qT+& |T&
~>TeT #d s\T esZ\ sV<s yjT&yT , <X es se
|D
\ qTK+ #jT &+ e\ M JeH<s+ k]> HXq+ nsTT+~.

bNq us< X #]

26

19e X+ e]< eekjT j>yTq yTu $T <X+ n+<Tu{


e+&&+ e\ M n~\T yTk>T n\yT|&sT. es+>,
+q>sY w (ms) H\ ysT Xq>, ~u< q\s >&
H\ | |+&ksT . nsTT $<+ > eekjT #jT & u $T
<=s y <=+>H \ n\yT |&sT .
$<+>, Vs dsD MT<> |XbwD MT<> <s|&
J$+# >\
qT y eTq H>] de+ b |y>, L\T>,
|< s T \T>, n{ $T+ Hsd T \
T> q \T|+{+~. H>]
us de+ nyT], d*j <X\> $\qT #+|jT&+
<T . eTC>, <=+>\T> q \T|+ e+~. | \
|j >+ neds+ +& ke ~| + <s d+q+ #dT +{+~.
nsTT | &T uVD |sD\T sV+q bqT |&T $Tq
bdsY & sVk+~. eTq<X Hu w& >\
T 7 XyT >
eTq C d+ 20 X+ y e+{sT.

$esD\T
1.
2.

jTT<\T>& | &T |eTTf. y{ +Te\ y +&


eTqTw\ y y&&+ yTT<\T|{q sT y n$ jTT<\jsTT.
nsTT X+_ |< |< #d V#]qT >TsT+ #Ty*. (< : lsih
|J 21). Vs d]d J$+# $\T eT dMT| H>]\
qT+& V\ y& HsT e#TqT. @ de+ XSq+ < T .
~ sH yqT >& H>]\qT #j*>, sH
nH~ = <Xu\T e#T. Xu\T >& e#T.

3.

CCAI, Pages 28 - 29

4.

ISIH, Pages 21 - 22

5.

CCAI, Page 30, ISIH, Page 25

6.

ISIH, Page 23

7.

B +^w
t Sympathetic Magic n+{sT. y u+
>Tek q sTT+{ &s Y ueTd (eTT>T\
Z T|{) < MT< qT
sdTq T> n_qsTTd q | de+> ]bT+< qeT&T>,
n< d+ MT< <s|& q # & MT< qeT+ e+ $d +>

Vs dsD
`Vs

27

e+~. +< b++ $ Vs dsD


e Vs
#d eekjT de+ @s& eT+ 2500 d+es\ |Ps+
><e rs+ bs+u+ eTsTT+~. 25 Xu\T >&
H nqTsD

eT++ MT< qeT+ bbe&+ X+_ #| neXc\ {.


nsTT # & MT< qeT+ |&e] ds eb>
>e\ =+<sT eT+>L |D
\ qe s#s TT\L
nHjdyTq JeH<s+ nsTT+~. qe s#sTT\T dTK+>H
eHsT> eT+>qT e+ q+ n|&| &T (eTTK+> yT<,
s+>s& ) keTV+> >\
u&T T+{sT.
8.

Combined methods in Indology, HS Page 12

9.

ISIH, Page 22

10.

ISIH, Page 22

11.

nTe+{ neT <e |sT eTT+u sTT. yT |P\+<Tq


b++ |] |<< s TT eTT+usTT u+usTT q>s+ nsTT+~.
|&T < ] eTT+usTT #j \ edq |T{+ ~. VQX
eTT+u sTT q>s+ m&T+< y |T= |< mTq >T&
{ksy !
<VsD T\deq+, +<eq+, T\d +< neT
<e. #. Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, |J\T 42`81.

12.
13.

Pilgrim's Progress : A contribution to the Pre-history of the Western Deccan Plateau, MR. |J

14.

117.
$Xw D
X+_ #dq n s#q \q e+~. eTTKyTq yd+ :

At the Cross-roads : A study of mother goddess cult sites, MR,

|J\T 82`109
15.

16.

17.

Urvasi and Pururavas, MR.

|J 76
|P n+f e\+ |PC seT+ <T. +^w
t Cult nH e
nqTy<+> y&TTHqT. <e d++~+q bsD ><\
T,
s +&, eTV\T, n *dq yTT Cult n+{sT. \T>T
>& |P, s<q nH e\ $d ns+ e+~.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 27

bNq us< X #]

28
18.

Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 73

19.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS Page 29


What Constitutes Indian history HS. Pages 69-70

20.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS Pages 41 - 42

21.

Social and economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita, MR, Page 28

22.

ISIH, Page 49

23.

CCAI, Page 166, ISIH, Page 45

24. |<q k<q+ eyT. d+|TsD +& dyTq+ k<+


<q & ny bsD ><\
nd+< <s q+.
<e& nes\T. yVH\T, us\T, T+ duT \T, u \
T,
|sd s+ \V+#T+{sT. #+|+{sT >&.

29

3. d+< H>] ` sT\T


bNq \+ eTq <X+ u ks+ u> eq b+\ (qB
jT\T, sT |&e T{ rsb+\T) <e TsTTq n&e\T+&$. y{
eekjT j>+ #jT & qTeTT y&+ | d]. qBjT\T
yT b+\ (<VsD < H |su $T) n&e\T k| + > |\>H
eH H\ # >{~ e&+e\ eekj sTesTTq H>* y*.
H>* qT| eTT eH b sTTH < j sT #jT & qT|
|eTTT y*. { qTeTT y&+ *jT |Ps+ (|sedT Xg
|]uw qTeTT jTT> |Ps+) eTq <X+ $d b|~ MT<
Vs k< +<T. # nqTL\eTsTTq b+\ eyT (H\
*> e+& n&e\T <+> b+\) Vs #d
eekjT de+ k< + neT+~. ~ eTq <X <T. @ <XH
e]dT + ~. n+<TH ||+ #+ yTTyT T<{ eekjT deC\T (+#T
jTT> #+~q$) >+>, nyTCH, $Tdd| q<T\ jT\ bs+u+
<T . q<T\ jT\T bNq \+ # <e TsTTq n&e\
+& e+&$ (nyTCH |{ >&). m&] d< XeTsTTq b+\ >T+&
|eV+# d+<T , H
, f dt, jT|{
d t e+{ q<T\ jT\H yTTyT T<{
T
+#T jTT>| eekjT H>] bs+ue TsTT+~.1 q<T\ es<\
eq|&T n$ eT |yV b+ kse++ #d$. n& *
s+ H>* s eekjT+ k< eTjT~. $<+ > yTT<\sTTq
eekjT H>] qTeTT y& HsT b n& qT+& $d] +#&+
w+ . = s <X\ +#TjTT>+ H>]\
T qTeTT y&
HsT = $d] +#sTT >, d+< H>] qTeTT y& HsT
b+ |]$TeTsTTbsTT eT+> q+ bsTT+~. n+<T eTq<X
#] d+< H>] n+s>+ > $ds dqT e+T+~. nsTT
k+d ke sD+ d+< H>] |u e+ \+>H e+<
=+<sT #]sT\T u$ksT . y] X+_ &T .

30

bNq us< X #]

d+< H>]
d+< q~ jT b+\ ]q |sedT e\ s+&T
bNqeTsTTq |D
\T jT|&sTT. n$ Vsb, yTTV+C<s, Vsb
d+< q~ | u>q (|q~ s$ &Tq ) e+~. yTTV+C<s q~ ~>Te
u>q |{ d+< (bkH) sh+ e+~. sT y $d +> ]q
e\ s +&T |D
# yk\T (settlements) jT
|&sTT. yk\ >& d+< q~ jT Vsb qT+& ~>Te
qBeTTK+ <, qB eTTK+ qT+& deTT<rs+ d+< >TsY sc\q
|s#
T = eHsTT. s + qT+& <D
qBjT ysTT yT , deTT<
rs qT= eTs= ysTT yT &$ $d] + eHsTT. d+< H>]
yTT+ m&] d< XyT q qBjT b+ deTT<rs b+ |]$TyT
e+& kse+eTsTTq u u>+ $d] +# b e&+ >eTHseTsTTq
$wjT + n nsTT #]sT\T |{+ #Te&+ < X+_ n+{sT.2
<X+ yTTyT T<{ |D
H>] m&~ >T+& |eV+# q~ &Tq
m+<T $s$ +#* e+< #]+#&+ $Xw D
bs+u+ neT+~.
|D
H>] k< + y\+f Vs+ n<q| e+&*.
n+f Vs dsD
e Vs # d eekjT de+ $s$ +
e+&*. d]>Z d+< jTH Vs bs+u+ e& >\ neds+
@$T{ nqTL\ @$T{ s+& |]o*+#*. kse+eTsTTq H\
n&e\T <+ > e+{sTT. { y{ eekjTj>+ #jT & qTeTT
$ks+ > y*. sTesTTq H>* y*. |> <e TsTTq n&e\ Vs
dsD
e d+|< +Te\ <+&>H <=sTsTT. Vs
n|{+ neds+ <T. >, m&] qB jT\ &T e\ eTT
b<\ Vs dsD
e\ *> |* + d\+. b<\qT eekjT
j>+ #jT &+ k| + > dT\u+ . ||{ >\
ue #TqT. q~ qT+&
\e\T $ #Te#TqT. H q~ es<\T eq|&T
kse+yT q eT{ yT ydT + ~. n~ |yV+ =T=q eT{ e&+
e\ e<T\T> e+T+~. sTesTTq H>* neds+ +& eekjT+
#jT e#TqT.

d+< H>] ` sT\T

31

sD\ e\ ||+ #+ yTTyT T<{ +#T jTT>| eekjT


H>]\
T m&s >T+& |eV+# qB jT\ d+< q~, yTdbf$Tj
f H`jT|{
d t q<T\T, |
H\
Tq~` jT\ bs+u+
njsTT. qTeTT y&+ $ks+> n\yjT< >+>, ><e]
yTT<\sTTq (kse+eTsTTq >{ H\\ >T+& |eV+#) qBjT\
Vs k< + <T . d+< q~ s#
T > e# es<\
=T=
&TM T< yT ydq kse+eTsTTq eT{
* |]s\ eekjT+
#jT &+ <<| .|P. 3000 H&T bs+ue TsTT+<, .|P. 1750 <
*+<, X+_ u$k&T .3
H>]q T ns+ #dT e& kV <s\T e. Vsb
yTTV+C<s\ neXc\ = ybsdT \
eTT<\T (seals) <=]sTT.
M{ MT< <TsT V\sTTq +Te\ s *| +{~
e+~. nsTT *| |{es mes #<e bjsT { y{
MT< @+ sde+< *jT<T. #+~q ys mTe+{ s#q \
\u +<T . |sedT <s\ e=d Vsb, yTTV+C<s\ #H
<=]sTT. yTT+ d+<jT H>] #|<>Z |D\T Vsb,
yTTV+C<s\T s +&. y{ #< X
s +& >& #<s | yT\
T
$ds * eHsTT. s+& >& nkT> qeTH |s+
{q THsTT > q >e\T> yTT<\sTT |]qT e. B{
|D sD+ |]#jT+ qyes & e |D\qT
]+#s X+_ u$k&T . .|P. 1750 < H>] yTdbf$Tj
ybs d++<\T n& ]q |sedT |]X<q *+~.4
d+< jT neXc\ H\eT+ 30 50 n&T>T\T |]+~ {5
n~ 1000 d+es\|H *+< u$d H>] \+ .|P. 3000`
1750 n s]+# e#TqT.
# $yT q $wjT + @eT+f + Bs\+ Vsb, yTTV+C<s
|D
\ sD+ mTe+{ esT <T . m = & \T ]+H
n< qeTH ]+#sT. +&|+\ neXc\qT { #d >&
1000 \s d+es\ +&\ j >& mTe+{ esT<T .
eTT<\ MT< eq *| >& dV k_ \+ esT<T . sT y
\+ eTq <X uw\ *| # s#
T > es& { H>] @

32

bNq us< X #]

s|+ $s$ ++< s|+H sT &T>{ bsTT+<, sD+>H


jT{qT+& <& s>> H T HXqeTsTT+< s]k&T . V+k
eTsTTq <& |*+> H>] n+eTsTT+< u$+#& >\
<s H\T yTTV+C<s neXc\ |bs eHsTT. >\
&qT,
|< mTq V+& ]qT <s\THsTT. V+k+& s \T
sT\q X+_ n_bj sT y $e]<+.
H>]q T ns+ #dT e& X+_ q |]X<H |< ,
d<+, # dH+> nqsTTk&T . X \
d++<\
dsb, n+<T |]De\q ss TT+#*. |D
H>] e+<+fH
|]ds >e\ Vs sT>T+< ns+ . nsTT >e\
neXc\ |sedT e\ jT|& neX+ <T { y{ duy
s s]+#*. q~ &Tq es< eTT+| ueTT\
sT>T+~. B ne\+_+q |< T $T{, #dq y mesT,
y qT+& n<q| #+#T= |D
H>]q T ]+q b\
es+Z mesT, y n<q| @ $<+ > #+#THsT, nH |X \
de<q+ y*.
Hd ] Z |]d T \ sy T q |< T \qT |j +#
H>]\
ke sD+ (yTT+ MT<) > e+&*. { d+<
H>]q T deT* m&] qBjT H>]\ sTTq yTdbf$Tj, |\
X+_ b\Tk&T . &\T q&q # $<q+ &\qT s]+#
|jT + #k&T . |< eq ks + @$T+f d+< H>] +f
|, yTdbf$Tj\ bNq \| #] >T]+ deT>eTsTTq de#s+
e+~. H>]\ *| #<e>*>sT. * <s\qT |sedT
|]X<q\ deTqjT|s # $wj\T s]+# >*>sT. d+<
H>] *| y #<e >*H n~ e\+ = eTT<\ MT< eq
| e TsTTq y\ |]$T+ e&+e\ \TdT>*+~ |<> e+&<
X+_ n_bjT+.
yTdbf$Tj d+< H>] es d++<\T+&$. Vs H
B$ s e <s d+< H>] dsT \T yTdbf$Tj #s $. &
qT+& m>TeT nsTTq dsT \T <++, s HeT, T\T, deTT<|

d+< H>] ` sT\T

33

eTT\T, ek\T. ~>TeT #dT q y$T{ <T. dsT \qT m>TeT


#dq ybsdT \
T y{ >{> eT>{ eTT< ydysT. eTT<MT<
m<T, @qT>T, K&eZ T>+, bf\
T, > < yTT<\sTTq +Te\ \T eTq
ns+ *| = y\T eHsTT. ueT\T <TsT V\T. =
eTT<\ MT< d>+ eTw, d>+ m<T, d>+ @qT>T nsTTq d+jTT <TsT
V\THsTT. Te+{$ s +&T eT&T <TsT\ d+H dksTT.
<TsT V\ e+ due+ b~+#&+ e\ eTT<\T ydq
eT\T $|& uj
T |& sT. $<+ > dsT u <+> e+T+~.
Vsb, yTTV+C<s\ eTT<\T s <=]sTT f d+< |D
\T
yTdbf$Tj es + #de *d+~. yTdbf$Tj <=]q eT{
|\
\ (clay tablets) MT~ y\qT #<e >*q sT y @jT dsT \T
& qT+& m>TeT njj *d+~.
B { Vsb, yTTV+C<s\ es \ es+Z qT
ns+ neT+~. es \T <sb+| $\ qT+& s, <++
yTT<\sTTq$ d+b~+ yTdbf$Tj m>TeT #dysT. + |<
mTq es + #jT & es \T eT |D
\ |]ds\ >MTD
eekjT\qT+& n<q| >Ts d]+#*. $<+>
d]+q <H \e +q &+ >T\T Vsb, yTTV+C<s\
q&sTT. <H bTrjT&+ yTT<q |qT\T #dq L\ q
q >& &+ >T\qT qT= eHsTT. |qT\T #jT & y&q
s, s, |]s\T >& \u + njsTT.
+= $es\T \TdTe& | yTdbf$Tj\ d+<
H>]q T eT]=+ C>> b* #&*. |
H\
Tq~ H>]
bNq \+ n+ k+<s y T q HuqT bw++~. |< mTq
eT< <s deTT< rs+ # b+\ es bw++~. Vs+
| s neds\qT (eTTK+> V\qT) | <sb+\ qT+&
\|j >+ <s d]+#~. dsD
qT sV+q sqT\ es+Z ,
y n~| nsTTq bs (Pharoah) sE +&ysT. seTsTTq
<y\j\T+&$. M+{ H\ Tq~ eekjT+ bw++~. yTdbf$Tj
>& d+ &qT |< |D
\T, nH q |D
\T jT|&sTT.

34

bNq us< X #]

= |D
+ q |]ds >e\ *d q>s s+ (city state) >
@s& |sd s+ s#
T jTT<\T #dT H$. |
q yTdbf$Tjq
$<+ > seTsTTq H>]. se+X\T, jTT<\T, <y\j\T,
q&sTT.
> yTdbf$Tj +f u yX \+ n~+ > eq d+< jT
H>]
sE\ se+X\ V\T e. yTTV+C<s <=]q es \
HD\ MT< sE\ eTT<\T> se+X\ V\T > e.6 |< |<
<y\j\T e. s +& s +&T |D
\THsTT. ke sD+
&qT {, d+< H>] eekjT+ $T*q s +&T +#TjTT>+ H>]\

+f yqT&+< X+_ u$k&T . sTsTTq jT |eV+# H\


T
q~ es<\
T $|+> e+&&+ e\ es< eTT+| u $T u ks+ n~+ >
e+T+~. yTdbf$Tj q<T\ n&T
\
T { \e\T $ eekjT+
#XsT. |> eekj *s + H>* |j +qT n& jT
|& ueT\qT { \TdT+ ~.
d+< q~ H\T q~ b\<>Z es<\T sbe&yT ,
yTdbf$Tj> \Te\T $q <K\T e. nsTT y |P]>
dV eTsTTq es<\
MT< <s|&
< T . d+< q~ nqTL\eTsTTq #
n&T
\
T {sT . n&T
\
e\ es<\
T eq|&T es< eTT+| >TsjT
u $T $ds + |sT>TT+~. $<+ > |+#THs | d+<
jT ydT\T \Te\ e+ HsT <T . eTs= & H>* y&
d++~+q~. yTdbf$Tj neXc\ # dwy T q H>* ueT\T>\
eTT<\T <=]sTT. Vsb, yTTV+C<s neXc\ H>* \T e.
|X e\ ueT\THsTT> +]>H +& >TTq{ HsTT |
H>* u$T <TqTTq ueT\T e. { y H>* y&+
*jT<, *> eq H\ eTT s eekjT+ #ks, X+_
u$k&T . |{ ns+ d+< H>] *| H\T>T |+&Tq s+{
d+ + e+~. n~ VQX eTT sqT ddT+ < X+_ u$k&T .7
|&T X+_ u$+# =+#+ $es+> #| e#TqT. =
y\ yT |s ++ $d] +q d+< jT H>]
s +& |D
\THsTT.
sE\T>, se+X\T> e. >MTD b+\ es< eTT+|
u eTT\ |+& s dV jT+ eekjT+ #ksT. eekj |X e\qT

d+< H>] ` sT\T

35

|j +#< T . q~ n&T
\
T { eTT+| u $T $ds |+ me
k~+#sT. e], ><T eT, u, qTe\T |+&+#sT. eekjT<sT\T
eTT #dq eT eTqT>& b> $T*q < q~ y+&
z&\ Vsb, yTTV+C<s\ s* +#sT. n& <H &+ >T\
\e+ ybsdT \
es+Z dT<s b+\ es $j++~.
eTssTT eekjT\T <|& m+<T qjsT, n<q|
d#+ <+> m+<T s +&T |D
\ s* +#sT nH |X
edT+ ~.
d+|<q T dw+ #y sT>TuT qT+& < esZ b&q
|< T $T{? #] s +& |< T \THsTT. esZ $u q n+eT+>
m\| & \|j >+ MT<H <s|& + ~. es+Z #dq n<q|
n\ d+U\sTTq b\\T m\| & \|j >+ <sH #+#T
HsT. nsTT < esZ+ b\q | s eT Jeq+
d+b~+#TH es+Z <sT\ >#]+#b \|j >+ e
ksTT +&e#TqT. ~ k< + y\+f, X$T es+Z n<q|
n+<Cj
T b n<T X \
T yqT HXq+ #kjT q$T+# eT+
neds+ neT+~. n+, <|& rese TjT =B s+ < \|j >+
eT]+ neds+ neT+~. & >& eT|s e TsTTq w<\T \+>
|#ksTT. \|j >+, eT+, s +&+{ @ k<H |j +#s
$Xw d d+< H>] ke sD eT]=+#+ $es+> \TdT
e#TqT. \|j > k<H \T n+f jTT<\T`|sedT e\ jT
|& sTT. eT& qeT\ V\T eT|s y T q sD\q, \q
jT|& sTT. { neXc\ d+ nHw+#*.8
# $yTq $wjT+ @$T+f d+< H>] neXc\
\eTsTTq jTT<\T e. T \
T> >=& > e, dq \T,
n+T\T eHsTT. M{ yTTq\T me> sq \VqeTsTTq V+
sq #ksT>, +#T <T. nsTT M V| jTT<\T j
k< + b<T . m+<T+f s >s \ $TXeTeTsTTq +#T \eTsTTq
|eTTT jsT #dTHsT. jTT<\ j e+ +#T
|j +#< T . \|j > nedse TsTTq >{ jTT<\qT b\

36

bNq us< X #]

es+Z j sT #dT <q & eTs= <s q+> Vsb, yTTV+C<s\


jT|& es \ *q T\ {q \eTsTTq >&\THsTT.
>&\T @&&T >T\ eT+< * eHsTT. y d+|<q T b&&
\eTsTTq bdT eed <T . +{ >& b&sTT.
s # nsT<T> <=] V+ e&+ e\ +#T jTT>+ b\
esZ\ # jTT<\T e> eH d]bT+< u$+#e#TqT.
(qTeTT jTT>+, n+<T _q+>, $]$> <=] qT| V+ X$T
esZ+ >& jTT<\T jsT #dT>\<T { b\ esZ+ #
jTT<\T me y*). $wj X+_ $d]+#&T > +
\VqeTsTTq jTT<\T >\ b\ es+Z e\+ \ |j >+ d+<
jTqT @*+< u$+#&+ w+ n s]ksT .9 \|j >+ b
$T*+~ eT+, eT& + M{ V\ d+ yT &T.
ybsdT \
eTT<\MT< <e ueT\ <TsT V\ ueT\
eHsTT. +Te\ eT> +Te\T, <e >& eT> <e>H
q&sT. y <e&T sT y \| e& qeTH e#Tq
X+_ u$k&T . $X$TT&T ` X+\ < s|D n|+# eTs=
ueT >& e+< n+{sT10.
eT> <e, eT> +Te , eTs= eTTK $wjT + >&
e+~. | yTdbf$Tj\> d+< H>] neXc\ <y\j\T
> |< |< <e $>V \T> e. Vsb, yTTV+C<s
neXc\ < es+Z =~ <s+ 10 MTs mTq eT{`
T\ ]+q #T sks| >T (mound) e+~. yTTV+C<s
>TMT< sD+ e+~. n+<T eT< u>+ 23 n&T>T\T
b&e, 39 n&T>T\T y&\
T, 8 n&T>T\T T eq ={ e+~. <
+< eTT\T +&&+ { n~ eT {+ n ns+ neT+~.
{+ #T q q ><T \THsTT. B #] |d \ kq|T +>
e]dTHsT. |sqT\+ & e kq+#d ys u$+#&+
sT>T+~. nsTT X+_ +<T = nu +s\T \T|&T. kq+
#jT &yT <X + nsTT |r +{q # { kH\>~ e+~. >T| H
d+< q~ |eVk+~. |> ms TTq b++ eq ={
+|&
# XeT ydTsy*.

d+< H>] ` sT\T

37

{ ~ e\+ kq+ #jT & < +q @sT <, B


|PC d++<y T q ns+ e+&\, n+{&T. {+ sD, {+
~>& @sT #dq yTqT { ~ |PC d++<y T q {+
|ws+ (|wsD) nsTT e+T+< u$k&T .11 sT y \+
|wsDT\qT <y\j\qT qT= ]+#sT > bNq d+d
kV+ |ws\T n|sd\
({ <e\) yd d
\T. neT <e\
|P d+ | &T |ws\qT d++> ]+#ysT. |w\+, |w,
yTT<\sTTq e\ n< <Te +&& { |ws+ nH e
|\
kjT+ d+ ]> neT<e\ |PqT ddT+ ~.12 neT<e\qT
s~+q $\qT eekjT H>]\T s#Tq sTy
dyTH V+> |ws\qT eT> <e <y\j\qT qT=
]+#&+ yTT<\sTT+~.
eTs= |]DeT+ >& sT>TT+~. =*H{ neT<e\T uj
T +s
ds|DT\T. y |PC d
\ eT>y bL&<T . d+es k]
eT>y& neT<e $yV+ #d y+H * ksT . H>]\
|P neT<e\qT q ~| + +< d+q+ #dT q sT y
#s+ $$< s\T> esTT+~. uj
T + >=*| { <e\T n+<yT q
n|sd\
T> essT. nsTT sT y \+ >& n|sd\
b
ydq\T be. eTq |sD\ s#
T > n|sd\
k+<s yV+q
y $HXq+ #+<TsT. ~ > \| neXw+ > => e# esT
@$T+f n+esL eT d+>$T+q |sTw& *]q neT<e\T
|&T +<+ H>\
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| sT\
qT z&+#& jTT<+ > yX \qT y&T+{sT.
d+< H>]
es \ eTT<\ MT< eq eT><e eT> +Te\
|P neT <e\ |P >& +&+<q& <s q+> q q
(uj
T + >=*|) &y ueT\T neXc\ \u + njjT X+_
n+{&T.13 neT<e\ |P d++~+q |wsyT yTTV+C<s
~\ |+q kq+ ={ n X+_ n_bjT+.
eTssTT neT<e\ $>V +<T \u +< n&, VQX
y dJe |<T \T Hsy n u$k&T . =+eT+~ d\
T neT

38

bNq us< X #]

<e\ |<T \T>, <e<d\> e+& e+&*. {+ #T eq ><T \T


|&T nse ++ nesTT. |P u>+> eT>y {+ kq+#d
><T\ <e<d\ d+>$TksT. deTq yTdbf$Tj |sY
nH neT<e s<q Te+{ <e<d eed +< n+{&T14 eTq
<X+ |{ Te+{ #s\qT b{+# |PCd
\T HsTT. eTV
sh |+&sY|PsY n+u sTT nH neT<e |P\qT yX\T
sVksT15. = sjTT>| $\ neT<e\ eke
nue+> H>] eekjT de <y\j\ <e<d eed eTq<X+
#\+ *bsTT+~. n|sd\T <e<d\ +<| |<T\T.
<e<d eed |sTc~ uVD eT+ \d+> $d] +q <s b+\
|{ *be&+ >eT+#<> Z $wjT + n X+_ u$k&T .16
|&T d++<\qT >T]+ +=+#+ $es+> #| e#TqT.
jTT<\ neXc\T d\+> \Vq+> e+&& { n<q|
b\ es+Z #+#Te& |j +q |< q k<q + eT+. es
esZ\ eTT<\ MT< eT> <e, eT> +Te\ (<TsT V\),
\THsTT. es \ eT+ |sTw |< qeTsTTq~ n }V+#e#TqT.
$ , neT <e\ |P\ u>+ nsTTq |ws+ # |eTTK kq+
ms TTq d\
+ e+~. yTdbf$Tj b*\qT { #d ~ d+
eTsTTq neT<e\ |P <, |sTc~ deC &q |P n
ns+ neT+~. |wsq |eTTK kH { de+ |< q
eT+ neT<e |PC, es \ eTT<\MT< eq eT> <e |P <T.
B { #d d+< H>] n<q| Vs deTL]q
s \T s+ neT<e\qT |P+q $\T, Vs
y n\e]q e\
T jT{ qT+& e#sT. M n|{ H>]\T `
M |P\T |sTw ke dksTT. M k $\qT sT#T
HsT. nsTT yqT HXq+ #jT +&, y neT<e |PqT eT
~| + d+q+ #dT = <y\j ]+#sT. |PH |< q
|P> n+^]+#sT. k+d d+q+ |* +> $\T |
\|j >+ neds+ +& <y\j n<q| n|CbsT.
n~ |sVT\ <D
\ s|+ #]+< <e\ # \T\ s|+

d+< H>] ` sT\T

39

#]+< *jT<T. yTT \|j >+ |< q k<q + +& n<q|


s \T n|CbsT. (~ us< X #] |< |< ]+~
n X+_ n+{&T17).
n<q| dsD
> |+|+ > |P]> <y\jT+ u< .
ybsdT \
eT y{ n+<Te&+ | ys |yT jT+<T . n+<T
y |P\ <e > <e\T sT . n> es \ u\ <y\j
y{ <T .
b\ es+Z <y\jT |sVT\L es \L eT< qTq sD
|se TsTTq $u H d+< H>] yqTuTH n~ s|+
sT &T>{ be& sDeT X+_ n_bjT+. yTdbf$Tj es +
#dq es \T n& \e eekj >, jTT<\ j
>, n_e~ #+~q *| > HsT <T . eT eekjT ,
n<q| dsD
, |yT jT+ <T { y n_e~ neds+
<T . <sT\sTTq >MTD s \ $wj \T *jTe. n<q|
d]+# <y\j\ eT& + |< qeTsTTq k<q +. n_e~
|+#TT+~ > eT& <rdT+ ~. sD+> yTdbf$Tj
d+< H>] dV es d++<+ eH n& n_e~ M
n\esT<T .18 e] jT{ qT+& sT\T <&#d q |&T, sT\+f
qeTsTTq H>] *e+& >& HXq+ | <T .
d+< H>] b\es+Z jT{ qT+& e+<q X+_ n_bj
|q |k$+#eTT. d+<T , yTdbf$Tj, | H>]\
T eT&T >&
j <X\ y\|* qT+&, eT\ b++ qT+& e#jTyq X+_
}Vk&T. .|P. 7000 b++ # VQjTq
b\dH C]q yTT yTT<{ Vs de+, |D
H>],
bs+ue TjsTT. C] m&] jddt MT< <s|& H>].
Vs n\esTe&+ e\ deC\ Hu |] $ds D
nys+
neT+~. | HsT > d+< , yTdbf$Tj, | b+\ e#s
u$+#qeds+ < C @ $wj qsTTH sTEe #jT & e\dq
|sedT |]X<q k< + <y q n+ nsTT $ds D
n+eT+>
| eT&T +#TjTT>+ qBjT H>]\
<]rd+< u$+#y

40

bNq us< X #]

<=]q eTT<\
q+{&T.19 n+<T <s q+> eT&T H>]\
MT~ \ ksb $e]k&T 20.
# d\eTsTTq eT\MT< <s|& X+_ #d ssD

e < nq #s n+ eTTK+ <T. m+<T+f @ ssD


#jT &sTTH d+< H>] >T]+ eTq n+<Tu{eq de#s+
=+#yT . nsTT X+_ nqTd]+# |< ns+ #dT e&+ eTTK+. sE\T
s e+X\T jTT<\T d+>e\qT X\q
d++<\q y{ esTq ` esT b e& ns+ #dT H
|jT +, n+<Td+ #] d<+ n< jTq |< |j +#&+ ,
u |]d T \ keT+eq s H>]\
{ b*\q &\q
$e]+#&+ <s de+ dsb ss TT+#&+ , >+ e<* y[q
neXw+ kq|T +> >T]+#& |ws+ > \| |]De\ V\qT
nHw+#&+ , n< jTq |< eTq eTTK+.

sT\T
d+< H>] >T]+ X+_ #| q n_bj\ qT+& $wjT +
dwe TeT+~. jTq < us <X |]$TeTsTTq | $wjT +>
u$+#< T . |&e T{ dj m&] b+\ q q {eqsT\
<>sZ .|P. 7000 H&T H>] bs+ue TsTT+~. X \
n_e~
|* +> Hu |] H>] dd
e~* $d] ++~. sT y
<X
m&] due+>\ qB jT\ eT]+ |< mTq kes+ @ss#T
+~. .|P. 2000 H{ * eekjT+#d +#T jTT>| H>]\T
|&e T{ dj qT+& us |K+&+ es #H eHsTT. sujT
qTeTT jTT>+ +f |&T n<q| # e. n<+
sq`|sV`es esZ+ # +BeTsTT+~. n#{ >&
$|eTsTTq eT eT& + deC {| & d + ~. |sd s+ =+ ybs
d++<\TH <$ $&$&> J$dTH sTT. ] qT+& sT HsT q~
<T , =q T V++~ <T . d\eTsTTq n<q| n~+ >
s +&L , |s T \ (#bsTTq |P\) |P\L $j+#sT. |
sE\ de<T \sTTq |s$ T& b*d y yd >V\T >T&d\ >
q&sTT.

d+< H>] ` sT\T

41

+#T jTT>| qBjT H>]\


T b+eT+ \+
q q d+#s $ deC\ +&e+~. eTq #]qT M\sTTq+
yq H& + |{ $T* bsTTq <Ts\yT { us< X >T]+
eTs=k] #| y*. .|P. 2000 H{ d+< jT $TqVsTTd q
<Xe T+ q q $ deC\ +&e+~. y # k+<s
eTsTTq HuqT bwdT q kse+eTsTTq yT< H\T (>+>, jTeTTH
jT\T, sTrs+, |&e T{ rs+, <D
q y] jT) qTeTT y&+
*jT |Ps+ <e TsTTq n&e\ +& e+&$. n& H{ Vs
dsD
| Vs k< +<T. b $T*+~ < H |su $T.
|su $T MT< n&e\T =+ |\>eH H\ >{~ e&+ e\ sTesTTq
H>*, H>* qT| eTT +& eekjT+ k< +<T. qTeTT jTT>
|Ps+ < H |su $T MT< >& Vs dsD
k< +.
$\T | nqTL\+> eq # =+ n<q|
k~+#sT> <q+ >& |< |< +&s (megaliths) |P
$j+#sT. +&sqT < MT<={ |{ n<T sD\T k~+
y{ |s T \ |sb\T> u$+ |P+#sT.
<D
jTs|,t eT< dj , |\
qT+& us |K+&+ es
$&$&> J$d, n<q| nH~ q yTs s +& $jd
sT&T>{bsTTq $ deC\q +#TjTT>| qB jT
H>]\q $|y eTsTTq esTqT k~++~ sT\T. < sT\
#] b<q+ n X+_ n_bjT+.21. $&$&> e+ eT
$Xk\q ~eT |eTTq mTe+{ esT +& n{> $T>T\T=
_>TdTbsTTq s deTT<j\ eT< n&T> &\qT <\
T =&+
sT\ #] beTTK n+{&T.
sT\ e+<$T+f qTeTT y&+ , qTeTT y&+ e\ k<
eTjT eekjT H>], n+<T nqTesTTq ke sD+. n+f
= X \
T, = d++<\T. $eTsTTq $wjT + @$T+f
n|{ m+ =+ eekjT+ n\esTq +#TjTT>| deC\L
= sjTT>| >D\L qTeTT dV jT+ sTesTTq H>* eekjT+
#jT&+ H]q sT\ =*H&T nd\T eekjT+ <T. qTeTT

42

bNq us< X #]

y& u{+ B y sT. y +#TjTT> #+~q |X bw \T.


= sjTT>| , +#T jTT>| , deC\ n|{ qTeTT |]#jT +
e+~. <VsD < H |su $T MT< qTeTT K+ u $T |bsH
$ks+ > <=sTT+~. nsTT qTeTTqT |j +#T= eekj
$d] +| CjT & (n+f X \
n_e~ k~+#&) y ke
sD+ ( d++<\T) +yT + ~. d\yTq n<q| yTT+
s +&L |s T \ |P\ $jd \ |yV+ _>TdTbsTTq
deC\T eT eTT+<Tq n_e~ qb jsTT. |X bw \
>q jTT<+ |DT\T>q eq sT\ ke sD+ +<T
_q+>, esTqT V+#>\ ydT \TuT e+~. sT y \+ deC
|< |&> j ssTTq uVD eT eT& + n|{ y+ e]+#< T .
y |< q+> bNq deC\ deTL]+~ = ke sD+.
qTeTT jTT> #+~q eekjT esZ deC nqTL\eTsTTq
d++<\T. eTq<X+ ~ es eed s|+ rdT+~.
sT\T |X bw \sTTq d+#s Je\T e&+e\ |D
\
~\T > |eTT neXc\T > e~* y <T . { M >T]+
\TdTe& |sedT |]X<q n+> |s<T. bNq kV+ MT<
me> <s|& | <T.
sT\T n+f mesq~ yTT<{ |X. =+ \+ + es
eqy[ qs esZ\T> (race) $u +#&+ n\yT> e+&~. |s s+,
eTTb&e, ETs+ >T, yTT<q y{ { $u q #dysT.
se TsTTq $u q HJy<+ jTT CV+s <]rdq sT y
#\eT+~ #]sT\ qses+Z nH ueq | es jT\T<]+~.
nd\T sT\T nH e y&&+ >& nXdj
T yT nH n_bjT+ >&
jT\T<]+~.
qsesZ+ nH ueqq, eTTb&eqT { |s s {
eqy[ $u +#& X+_ esk&T . de+ $$< esZ\
=\\T ysT ysT > e+{jT, |> Jeq $<q+ (eTTK+> Vs+)
esTed =\\T s +&T s\ esjT n+{&T.22 b sT\~

d+< H>] ` sT\T

43

nq>\ u d+d e+< n+f nB <T . sT\ | yT q |eTTT


> +&\T > s neXc\T> e.23 nsTTq|{ sT\T nH~
nss V eTsTTq |j >+ n X+_ |&T. bNq\+ eTT eTT
+>H sT\T n |\T#Tq y, sT \# sT\T n |\e&
y HsT. sH sE yTT<{ &]jTdt qT qT sT&, s
|T& n #| =HsT.24 sH nH ef sH+ (sT\ jTT)
nH e qT+& e+~.25 ++ f eTTKyTq eTs= y<q X+_ #k&T .
<D jTs|t |eT dj\ qT+& <D dj< +#TjTT>|
H>]\
qT HXq+ #d qTeTT jTT> <] rdqy |X bw q
>D Je\T. |X bw \ uw\T {H, ^, d+d+ yTT<\sTTq$.
.|P. 2000`1000 eT< \+ uw\T e{& |X bw \T $X\
u u>+ =s jTT>+ >D\qT +#TjTT>+ H>]\
q +>
BdT+ $d] +#sT. M+<s b++ qT+& e#s u$+#&
>\ sD+ M uw\ ks|+. uw\ b*e+f uw\T e{&
ysT dVT\T e\d+<H n+f X+_ neqH n+{&T. &
eTTKeTsTTq drsD
#k&T . sy T q , |< T \ J$+#
y seTsTTq #s\T+&&+ d+ue+. (n+f s+&T deC\
#s\ b* eq+ eq b+ #+~qysT qeds+ <T ).
nsTT s +&T uw\ = edTe \ e e+f uw\T e{&
|\ eT< d+|s + e+< u$+#* n+{&T.26 d+d+, ^, {H
~s uw\ +&, *, nq yTT<\sTTq # y{ eT\+
qT+& eq e\T |jksT27. B{ uw\T e{&q
|Xbw \T b++ qT+& <<| 1000 d+es\bT $&\T
$&\
T> $d] + <D
jTs|t qT+& <D
dj < $d] +q $X\
u u> V+k+> s#T Hs X+_ s]k&T . n+f s
Xu ns+ s|+ <T. C <T, uw\ ks|+.
sT\T b++ qT+& e#s u$d b++ @< ss TT+#*.
B nqTd]+# |< @$T{ X+_ $e]k&T .28 bNq uw\ #T
+Te yTT<q C |sT+ &e. = #T , = +TeL =
|sT+T+~. nsTT |\ @ #T me> |]#jT + +T+<

44

bNq us< X #]

#T |s eT+> #T nH C |sT> esTT+~. (ds +{


yk nqT). sD+>, ^, {H, d+d+ yTT<q uw\
$$< C |s keq eT\qT s]d |\ =* sE\ u>
|]#jT + q +Te\T, #T @y ss TT+#e#TqT. n$ me> @
b++ +{j n~ sT\ =* yd d\
+ n s]+#e#TqT.
n$ me> @ b++ +{j n~ sT\ =* yd d\
+ n
s]+#e#TqT. $<+ > sT\T eT< dj b+ #+~q ys
# eT+~ #]sT\ > X+_ s]k&T 29.
n& qT+& n\\T n\\> (VQX Hu & e\) $d] +q
sT\ #]qT d\
+> eyT ns+ #dT e&+ k< + neT+~. d+#s
Je\T, |X bw \T, e&+e\ y e~* y[q |sedT <s\T #
d\+. n #{ eT |+q deC\qT V+k+> sT#T
HsT >, y n\yq #s\q =+yT s d++ #dT HsT.
y + d++<+ |T= s deC $d] +|Ck sT. y|&T
|]X<+ > e+&< T . n|{ es $&$&> eq deC\ ds y T q
uw <s d+|s + @ss#sT. <s, n+es s +& *dbsTT
m& & sV k\T> e+&bsTTq k+ |]CH n+<] n+<Ck sT .
eT+ +#TjTT> qTeTT jTT> nqTesTTq ke
sD sb+~+#sT.
us |K+& e\d |< q+> s +&T <b \T> e+<
X+_ n_bjT+. .|P. 2000 dMT|+ k], .|P. 1000 dMT|+
k], |< mTq s>D\T e\d e#sTT. yTT< e\d eq y
.|P. 1750 b++ d+< H>]q T HXq+ #ks X+_ n+{&T.
sT\T >Ts eT #dT= >Ts\ >& +&T (s<\T)
jTT<+ |j+#sT. d+< H>] eT+f q eTsTTq~
nsTTq|{ y+f yT\sTTq jTT<\qT * eHsT. jTT<+
nk<sD H| D+ >\ysq& <s q+> |&e T{ dj qT+& us
|K+&+ < eT +f H>]\sTTq +#T jTT>| eekjT\q,
eT+f nH>]\sTTq s jTT>| $\q z&+#sT.
d+< H>] HXH sT\ <+&j sDeT X+_
n_bjT+. B =+# $es+> ns+ #dT y*. X+_ n_bj

d+< H>] ` sT\T

45

eT< T > s +&T s\ <s\qT #|k&T . { |sedT d++<y T q ~,


s +&e~ kV d++<y T q ~ (sT> <+).
Vsb neXc\ 1000 d+es\ |s+s+ esT\T e
#k+. nsTT e] | bs e+ @ +~ bsq =
$wj \THsTT. |bs sT\ eTDqT ddT+ < >sH #

>& u$+#&T. +~ bs\ Vsb de<T \ Xy\qT n&+ >
|&T u{ |P& |{sT . | bs, Xy\ e+k |X | <T\ yd
meTT\qT e+ +& Lsu{ |P&|{sT . |> +&\T +~
bs\ +&\> s&+ssTTq$ , # > ueT\ n\+]+#&
eHsTT. +~ bs\ ~ | bs >=& eHsTT. n> yTTV+C<s|
bs yTT yTT<{ k]> >Ts+ ( >&<) ueT qeTH e+~.30
yTTV+C<sqT >\u{ |< mTq V+k+& ]|qT |bs
<K\THsTT.31.
B{ s +&T |D
\qT mes XTe\T <&#d HXq+ #ks,
=+\+ $T+#T= sT y y{ ~\> e~ks ns+
neT+~. nsTT XTe\T sT m+<T y*? B >\ <s\qT
X+_ sT> <+ qT+& e+k&T .
Vsb, yTTV+C<s\qT HXq+ #dq y |D\qT
$T+#T= H>]q T =qk+#< T . y <& |D
\ H>]
n+eTsTT+~. b dMT|+ = |D
\T ]+#s n+f nB<T .
{ XTe\T mes> y |D
H>] *jT<T. n+ ,
|D
H>] <seTsTTq es< eTT+| u eTT\ eekj
>& y HXq+#d e+&*. b ( eekjT+ n{> =qke+f)
Vsb, yTTV+C<s |D
\ b\esZ\ > XTe\T >& >e\
qT+& n<q| d]+ |D
H>]q T =qk+ e+&e#TqT.
{ |D
H>] > eekjT+> *jT yes d+< H>]
eekj, s +&T |D
\q V+k+> HXq+ #d e+&*.
sT> <\+ sT\ eTTK <e n, +<T&T. keTbq+ #d
XTeqT z&+#eT sT>< d\ +<T& VksT. Hd\
d+|<q T (B n<eH) =\>={q MsT&> b>T&TsT. jTyer q~ (|{

46

bNq us< X #]

s$) &Tq eq V]jT|jT (Vsb nsTTe+&\ X+_ n_bjT+)


|D
eTT&+ , +&qT eTT\T #dq T XTe\ dH H_q+
#k& # +<T& b>T&TsT32. H]D nH |D
n <e&T
<V q+ #dq T sT> <+ nHsT. n~ yTTV+C<s nsTT e+&\,
yTTV+C<s ~\ | bs\T |D
>\
u{q T eq V\qT
$<+ > ns+ #dT e#Tq, X+_ u$k&T 33.
d+< H>] |\T es< eTT+| u $T $ds |+#&+ d+
q~ n&T
\
T yks #beTT. sT\T n&T
\
qT HXq+ #ks
$<+> d+< H>] <seTsTTq eekjT+ HXqeTsTT
H>] >& HXqeTsTT+< X+_ n+{&T. <s\T eT sT> <+
qT+& +<T& sT> <+ eT eTsTTq n&T
\
qT (s=<+d eD)
=\+q y&T n dT ksT . +<T& n|Y ({ sTT+q y&T)
n |sT.34 q &Tq + es< { eTT+q $u q~ ] eeT\T>
|eV+| Ck&T +<T&T. n{+ f s#
T > X+_ <V ]+# sT> <
|T + edTse<. eT&T nH sd T &T q\{ beTT> q~ n&+ >
|&T= q~ { |eV+#jT+& s~+#&, +<T&T n
eCjTT<+ e~+#&+ H\ +, +&\Tb] q~ eT sd T & Xe+
MT<T> |eV+#&+ yTT<\T |{+ < <. esq # dw+ > n&T
\
qT =\+#& ddT+ ~35.
sT\T n&T\qT m+<T =\+#* e+~ nH |X
edT+ ~. X+_ s +&T sD\T dk&T . {, q~ m>Te u>+
n&T
yd ~>Te u>+ { sT eeT+~. (X+_ nqT |{
us bkH <X\T sD+>H d+<T < | q<T\ MT~ q\

>T]+ \V+#T+THsTT). s +&e~, es<e TT+| eekjT+ e\ q~


&Tq u $T Ts<> j ssTT |X e\ s>& +~ neT+~.
~ |X bw \sTTq sT\ qw s + .
+<T }V b\T =+#+ me> e+< messTTH | d
VQX X+_ |e& d<y T Hy . nsTT sT\ {eqsT\ >T]+
ssT \ s#
T > ><\T e#eH~ dwy T . eTq |sD\ sTw\T,
sd T \T q<T\qT <] eT[+ eT +& #dT H s <eL,

d+< H>] ` sT\T

47

sE\L yTTs|T+{sT. (seTT& dVjT+ |+|eT <Xs<T&


n&>& eq $X$TT&T #| sD\ ~ {) .
d+< H>]q T sT HXq+ #ks sT\T s|P syT
ys messTTH n$\T HXq+ #ks nH~ |Xs + >H e+&bT+~.
HXq+ #d+ ~ messTTq|{, H>] \ |yV+ esT neX+
+& _>TdTbsTT e+&&+ e\ q+f yqT&q nH>]\ #
z&be& d<+ > e+~. ~ < z$T >\ eTTKyTq n+sZ sD+.
jT{ qT+& @ X \
T | #kj \&+ nk< yTHy .36

$esD\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

ISIH, Page 57, CCAI, Page 58


CCAI, Page 58
CCAI, Page 55
CCAI, Page 59
ISIH, Page 56
On the origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN, Page
91.
ISIH, Page 71
ISIH, Page 62
ISIH, Page 63

13. + 64 e | e+~.
ISIH Page 78, b<d
Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 71, CCAI, Page 68
Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 71
CCAI, Page 68
CCAI, Page 68
Pilgrim's Progress : A contribtion to the pre-history of the Western
Deccan Plateau, MR, Page 115
Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 81
CCAI, Page 70
CCAI, Pages 69-70, ISIH, Pages 75-76

CCAI, |J\T 65`66 eT\ b++ qT+& eT&T H>]\
e#jTq #q ISIH q e+~ (| 76) > n~ @ b++
nq $wjT+ n|{ (1956) X+_ dwyTq n_bjT+
qT+~.

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

ISIH, Page 58
ISIH, Pages 81-85
ISIH, Pages 81-82
CCAI, Page 76
Combined methods in Indology, HS, Pages 13-14, ISIH, Page 82

bNq us< X #]

48
25.
26.
27.

CCAI, Page 75
ISIH, Pages 82-83
CCAI, Page 75

28.

CCAI,

30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.

ISIH, Page 73
CCAI, Page 55
ISIH, Page 72
ISIH, Page 73
ISIH, Page 88
ISIH, Pages 74-75

39.

X+_ q $Xw D
qT |Xs + H eTT+#&T. VQX d+< q~
q |yV esZ esTe&+e\ d+< H>] HXqeTsTT+<y
q # n+{&T. CCAI, |71.

| 75, #dq ssD


m+ eTTKy |<r n+ eTTK+
{ < $e]+#&+ sT>T+~.
29. sT> <+ #, wdT Bs\+ esTD + e+& edT+ <q
ns+ >\ y |T= sT\T sT H\\T |>\
T sT H\\T
s nsTTq s <e+ qT+& e#s \ #dq ssD @
se TsTTq Xdj
T $Xw D
|< nqTd]+# <T f X+_
< n<Te TsTTq }V>q+ nH&T. Urvasi and Pururavas
.
MR. Page 67, b<d

49

4. eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed


||+ # #] sT\ bqT eTs=k] >TsT#
d T y*. $&$&>
eq $ deC\L +#T jTT>| eekjT H>]\
L d+|s +
@ss+~ sT\T. | y V+k+> #ksT. nsTT y
eT<+ KsTTq H>] |X bw \T e&+ e\ eTT
z&+q qBjT H>]\ d+d # \D\qT d++
#dTHsT. eekjT+, qTeTT y&+, HsTHsT. y{ d++
#dT = $X\ u u>+ $d] +|CX sT. n|{ esL H>]\
uw
*| # _q+ e&yT j deC\ |sV esZ\ # >|+>,
s +& n+s>e TsTTq sV d+>, eq~. sV k < +d+ #d
b++ ds e TsTTq uwqT ( uc T+u) sT\T
n+~#sT. n{+ f eTTK+> qTeTT jTT> de+ es&
nedsyTq ke sD sb+~+#sT. sD y
d++> sb+~+#< T . VQX n+<T eTTK $wj \qT eT
|PsT\ qT+& nsTe rdTHsy, qTeTT y&+ >, yqT
\|j >+ nD#d y qT+& HsT + y u J$+
( X\) se& d<+> eq esT nqTesTTq ke
eedq T ( d++<\qT) y #s eeVs\ qT+& sb+~+

]+#sT. skjTq Xg+ *dt (catalyst) n+{sT. X+_ $Xw D
sT\T (<D
jTs|t qT+& <D
dj <) +#TjTT>+ qT+& =
sjTT>+ qT+& qTeTT jTT> ]q esT *dt > |#XsT.
nsTT skjT *dt
> , eT+ eT |PsT\qT m+>
ess eTT >& n+> essT.
<D
jTs|t >T]+N, |eT dj >T]+N eTsbsTT eTq
<X >T]+ #| +<+. .|P. 2000`1000 eT< s +&T $&\
T>
e\d eq sT\T |X bw \T. jTT<+ |DT\T. >Ts| +& (s< \)

50

bNq us< X #]

MT< +#T s jTT<\qT |j + deTse ++> jTT<+ #dysT.


|X e\ yT d+ yT d+#]d J$+#ysT.
M ke eed >Deed, nsTT Vs dsD
#d $\
> n~ e|< q+ <T. | k$T+. B ||\
q+> y <e
n~+ > eT><e .1 |X e\T eT |< q d+|< e&+ e\ sT\T
eT <TsT\qT >\T nHysT. >+ q |X d+|<q T eT&>
* e+T+~.
>+ nH e |X e\ =+ n ns+ .2 eTq <X+ sT\T
|sedT neXc\T e~* y <T > sH |sedT neXc\ =
dseTsTTq $wj\T jT|&sTT. sH sT\ <e
sTTeTsE &T (jTeTsE <T, sTTeTsE) sTTeT+ dTK+,
<T'K+, eTsD+, qq+ nH$ +&e u$+#sT. sTTeTsE yd+
(ysY) =\\T bNq eT kV+ K+> #sT. |sedT
e\ d]>Z y =\\T >\ s={\T jT|&sTT. = =+
<TsT. (>+) q |X e\qT fd q =+, =+ #T eq s
>&\ q q ><T \THsTT. >\+ ><T \ (eT |X e\
|>) ed+#ysT. y JeH n |< q+ nsTTq |X e\ =+
n<T ||\
q+ <s dTK <T'U\L JeqeTsD\L nreTsTTq
sTTeT+> e]+~.3
>\T`>D\ eedq T e~*|{ es eedq T sb+~+#Te&+
eTq<X=q sTy sT\T k~+q yTTyTT<{ |eTTKyTq
|]DeT+. ~eT |X bw deC e~* qTeTT y&+ *dq eekjT
esZ deC ]q |]DeT+ sTT~. n& >\T`>D\T ke+>
nssV+ nsTTbjsTT. nsTT n $wj\q b #q+
$T>T\Tq eTq<X+ y{ |P]> e~*|<T. >\T |{
uVDT\ $T*bjsTT. $yV $wj \ d> $yV w<+
(Clan exogamy) ke sD+ >\T bsTT \T e#sTT >
#s\ |{ \>\T s +& eTTKyT.
<+ sT y d+>.

y<\T
.|P. 2000`1000 eT< \+ us |K+& s +&T $&\
T>
e\d eq sT\ >T]+ \TdTe& |sedT <s\T e.

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

51

{ |< q <s+ sT\ kV+. +<T |< qeTsTTq~, bNq


eTsTTq~, sT> <+. sT> <+ \+ .|P. 1500 n X+_ u$k&T . d+<
H>]q T .|P. 1750 b++ sT V+k+> (q<T\ n&T \
qT
<+d+ #d |D\qT eTT&+#&+ <s) HXq+ #ksq X+_
n_bj #k+. { sT>< \+ H{ sT\ #T eq~
me> $ >D\T, VQX = |X bw >D\T, d+< jT\
* s+ eekjT+ #d s deC\T (Vsb, yTTV+C<s\
neXc\T). sT\T |X bwD uT =+ Vs dsD
>& #dysT.
|X e\ d+#]d ]> s +<\qT (<TsT\T > n++ f q
dC +<\T >) >e\T nHysT.4 ds eekjT+ n\ysTTq
sTy < |sT eekjT yk\ e+~. d+#s >eT+
|<q T >eTD >|&T n, >D+ |<\
qT sE\T n nHysT.
e\ #] eT+ ns+ esTT+<q $wjT + eTsb sT> <
\+q eekjT >e\ sE\ sC\ +&e |>
u$+#&+ sT>TT+~. |X d+|< sT\ |< q d+|< e&+ e\
# y{ |sT >e d++<e TsTTq Xu\qT * e+{sTT.5
sT\ |X e\T eekjT deC\ b& e\, &<T \
e.
$ b\d+ b\+ |qT\d+ e+d+ d+ bw+q |X e\T. >e
e+d+ sT\ |<q Vs+. eT |X d+|<q { eqsT\q
|+b+~+| CjT & <e yTTysT. <eqT k+ #jT &+
<s, eT+\ <s, eT neds\T rsjT qyTysT. <+
s +&L eT+ kV <]rd+~. n~, d+|<
q d]+q
Vs+q eq V#T>T \
Z qT <TsT >D #+~qysT
|+|+ <s de]+#Ty*. | n<jT+ #| qT |+|+ s +&
jTT+> sT>TT+~. s+&T \\T >\ s+& >D J$+
dV +>H |eTTK b eVdT+ ~. s +& sT\ jT+. jT+
me> |X e\qT * sTT#ysT. qs* >& e+&~.
sT> < d\T jT+& |]+ # eT+\T. sT> < >q+#d
|< keTy<+ . sT> <+ nq+s \+ sb+~q s +& d++<
eTsTTq eT+\T jTTEs<+, n<s y<+ . | e TsTTq d\ s|+

52

bNq us< X #]

eq y< eT+\qT yU+# >+<\T uVD\T. M{ nsD\T,


|wT \
T *| yTT y<k V+ n+{sT. .|P. 1500 qT+& .|P.
600 < sT\ J$ $e]+#& |< q kV <s+ s +&
d++<y T q eT+ +\ y{ yU+# >+<\T. \+
sT\T |X bw >D eed qT+& Vs #d eseZ ed essT.
|+CT b+| d+< jT\ qT+& sTq >+> jTeTTH jT\
$d] +#sT. d\yTq |sedT <s\q eT+ + kV+q
#]qT ns+ #dT H kVd+ #d|&T X+_ nqTd]+# d<+
<< |< C>> >TsT+ #Ty*.
|X bw >D eed qT+& eekjT esZ eed es&+ n+f
X \
q d++<\q esT\T sy*. qTeTT y&+
HsT y*. >=& j sT #dT = u $T eekjT j>+ #dT y*.
H>* dVjT+, |Xe\ dVjT+, s |eTTT dVjT+,
eekjT+ #jT &+ n\esTy*. $ X \
esT\T.
$wjT + sT\T d++> k~++~ @MT<T . @< se TsTTq
H>* y& eekjT+ d+< H>] \+ qT+& n\yT e+~.
qTeTT e =d, sT\ s +&e e\d (.|P. 1200`1000 \+) H{
yTT+ |eT` <D
dj b+eT+{ qTeTT V+ |]#jT +
e+~. nsTT s+&+{ C&+ q ksTT eekjT
deC ]+#>\ ke eed ( d++<\T) b+|
|\ <T . y >D eed, bsV ~| +, X \

n_e~ +eTjsTT. n_e~ nedse TsTTq qq ke
eedq T sb+~++~ sT\T. sb+~+#sT n+f r]LsT j sT
#ks <T.6 eT #T eq deC\ s+s+ ]q | #s
u>+> sT\ ~| + eed sb+~+~.
= ke eedq T ]+q eT+ H\T>T <X\
qT >T]+#
e#TqT.
(n) $&$&> e+& |X e\ >T]+, { eqsT\ >T]+N, + \V+#Tq 7
s ss >D\qT + #d $d s de+> eT\#&+ .
() >D+, eekjT #d es+Z , n<q| #+#TH
b\es+Z nH esZ $u qqT k~+#&+ .

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

53

() s, ss >D\ \VqeTsTTq y{ s#T = X$T es+Z


> n++ f esTTq kq+ > \T|e&+.
() ss >D\ \eTsTTq y{ ` n+f |P]> s#T e&+
we TsTTq y{ ` Vs qTeTT y& n\yT #d >D\
>& esZ $u qqT |yX |{ $d s de+ y] \T|e&+.
H\T>T <X\
$u q e\+ dbjTeTsTTq<. $ eT+
< sT y { ]>jT u$+#> &<T . d+w e TsTTq #s
|#s\ \sTT> = Xu\ s& esT k+~. B
k<VsD+> X+_ $e]+q rsTqT n<jT+q sTy
n<jT+q #<+.
$$< s>D\ @s D
eTsTTH >D+ esZ nD> <=&
eTsTTH XT>D\qT s#T e&eTsTTH n >& \|j >+ <s
s>> \
|qT. ]>sTT >&. nsTT sT\T n\ d+U\T e&+e\
V+d +f dsT u TqT, ke k+d dyT H |< q k<H \>
|j +#sT. \|j >+ +f ke k+d nDy |< q
k<q +> |j +#sT. eT+ +bsTTq y n\y, #s\,
|PC $<q+, ke sD+ @< s|+ s de+ e
#], #]sT& eTTK #] <seTjsTT. eT+H s
d+d |< q \D
\sTTq es eed, uVD ~ +, nyd$ ,
bsD nd+< , nVTeTsTTq s +&, s|+ rdTHsTT. nsTT
sT y \+ de |s>eTH |< |+< + > j ssTTq
\D
\ bNq \+ $|y eTsTTq esTqT k~+q |]DeTeT+
jTT |* .
|q $e]+q H\T>T <X\
yTT<{ <Xq T ||* +# kV
<s+ sT> <+. yTT<{ $& e\d eq sT\T sH, bkH\

MT<T> |+CT b+ #sT HsT. |&T nsTT<T q<T\Tq |+CT


@&T q<T\T+&$. $T*q s +&T <w< (|T >sZ Y nH~ sT y \|
|sT), dsd (ds ). $ s +& sT y m+&bjsTT. M{
dsd sT> < sT\T # |$yT q q~> u$+#sT. nd\T dsd
bkH
V\+& q~ n bkH e~* |+CT eq sT y
|s & d| q<T\ < |T Hs X+_ n+{&T.8

54

bNq us< X #]

sT> < \+ sT\ es eed <T . $$< s>D\T,


>D\ >\T e+ e+&$. y~ jTC\ d++~+q s +&qT
sV+# | |r <TsT T++q =+<sT #dysT.9 n+f
| eTsTTq uVD es+ es+Z n|{ <T . nsTT y<e T+\qT
*| <+ #jT +& sV d+> e+, HsT <\Tq y yTT+ y<
eTT b\Tb+& +sd + #j \q jTeT+ |&+ H |sV
(uVD) es+Z $sy eT\+ e+~.10 y< eT+\T HsT <\Tq
e n&e yd+ @ss#Tq >TsTe>] <>Zs ed+#*. n
|X e\qT bw+#*. n d+ Vs d]+ |{*. n+f n
s| q |X bwD, Vs dsD
#j *. $<+ > = d+es\ bT
sT> < eT+\qT +sd + #dq |<| > w&T bsV nsT&T
&T. $<+> jT s+& d++~+q eT+\qT *|<+
jT+& =+<] >T~| + +#Te&+e\ |sVT\ de+
ndeqeTsTTq kq+ \_++~. sTy \+ \+> #]qT
|u $+ #dq Xe T+eTsTTq es+Z > e]+~.
sT><+ sT\+<]B <T. C |q q H\T>T <X\
$esDqT { sT\T nH~ # ndwy T q e n ns+ neT+~.
sT><+ = >D\, = >\ kV+. < >q+ #dq y
uVDT\ >\ eT\ |sTw\T> #| H @&T>TsT sTw\T (d|s T \
T).
>D\T eT eTT \V+#THsTT. s s ss >D\
\V+#sTT. \V+#TH eT+ de+> @eTjsTT. $<+ >
s>D\q = ss >D\q + #jT &+ |sVT\T |eTTK
b eV+#sT. me&T ||\
+ e>\& y& sT&> b>&& ,
y& s| q jT+& sV+#& |sVT\T m\| & d<y T .
$<+ > s deC $d] +|Cd eT+ |sVT\T uVD
es+Z > sb+<sT.
sT> < \+ sT\ |eTTK <e&T n. jTC\ | + >
n \T\T n]+#ysT. n s <esTTq esTDT&T, $TT&T,
dsT&T, yjTTe, nqT\T, esq T&T yTT<\sTTq y # es
$$< b $wj\ eqM sb\T. <e HjT&sTTq

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

55

+<T&T jTT<+ |DT&T. n \T\T n]+ eT+ #dT q s


>D\ s (s ss) >D\ jTT<+ #jT &+ dV ]k&T .
jTT<\T |< q+> |X d+|< >T]+, { eqsT\ >T]+ ]>sTT.
X+_ s#
T > |k$+# s +&T <VsD\T & #<+.
sT> <+ sT\ XTe\T> |\e& y (1) |DT\T (2) <dT\T
( <dT\T).11 |DT\T <qe+T\, uT\, X|sT\ y<+
e]+#sT. sT y \+ b#Ts+ b+~q |D (ybsdT & T ), |D+
(HDeTT), |D+ (dsT\T) nH e\qT { |DT\T VQX
d+<TH>] ybsdT\ neXw+ nsTTe+{s X+_ u$k&T.12
+<T&T M d+|<q T =\>=&&T. MqT sd T \, sT\ XTe\
|{
k &T . d+<s + Xq s|+ dse nH neT<eqT +<T&T
|DT\ <>sZ sjTu]> |+| q |X e\qT | +> j\ b
ny+# jT |]De\T+&>\
e u~]k&T .
<dT&T n+f sT y \+ de&T, u T&T n ns+ . nsTT
sT> < \+ <dT\T e\+ ss |\T. sT\ |< q XTe\T>
q&sT.13 MqT>& sd T \T> e]+#sT. nsT<T&T nH <dT&
+<T&T q +< yd = #+b&T. q~ n&+ |&T q
eT&T nH <dT& eCjTT<+ e~+ { |yV |qsT<
]+#&T. s +&T q<T\ n~| nsTTq qeT nH <dT& >& +<T&T
;s jTT<+ #d sTT+#&T. qeT dq+ n+<s d
q <
{ <dT\T ekeT <X #+~q $\ ns+ neT+~. nsTT
<dT\ =+<sT qBjT\ q q |D
\qT (|seTT\qT)
* +&e#TqT.14 m+<T+f +<T&T |seTT\qT sTT+q |s+<sT &T.
Xw, ||, X+s nH <dT\ |s\qT +<T&T HXq+ #X&T. VQX
<dT\T nH~ >D+ |sT sT\ |+CT sd* q ss
>D\+{ keq |j >+ e#TqT. M =+<sT Vs d]+#
$\T, =+<sT |Xbw\T, =+<sT d+< jT\ q q
|D\T *q +#T jTT>| H>]\T (Vsb, yTTV+C<s\
ysdT \T) e#TqT.15
<dT\T ud\T> de\T > s eTs=k] >TsT#
j
*.
sT\T eekjT esZ deC k~+ <dT\ =+<] XS<T\T>

56

bNq us< X #]

eT sT#Tq sT y M |s ud u de duy
d+# e nsTT+~. sT> < nTe+{<M T <T . <dT\T e\+
ss q+. y q\{ y (y |seTT\qT w >s n+f &T |
q\{ H *q$ ` n e]+#sT).16 #|& eTT\T >\ y
(nHdT\T, n+f eTT y).17
<dT\T u T\>q de\>q +beTT+< (n+f sT> <
\+H) s<d eTTKT\ dyT q+ bs+ue TsTT+~. dyT q+
|sVT\T eTTKb eV+#sT. eT+ <q |sVT\ s
|sVT\ sTT, <s *d \eTsTTq uVD es+ > @s&sT .
d+< H>]
|sV b >TsT+ #T+f, VQX uVD
es+ s n+X +f <d n+X me e#T. |< qeTsTTq uVD
>\ sTw\ # es <dT\ qT+& e #]qyq X+_
n_bjT+.18
# eTTKyTq ssD
qT $es+> |]o*<+.
sT><+ e] u>+ <Xs jTT<+ < e+~. dT<' (
dT<dT&T) nHy&T us >D #+~q H= sE. sT> < \+
Vs > ds eekjT+> e { sE\ sC\ e.
& sE n+f >DeTTKT&T n ns+ . dT<dT& +& ~y<dT&T.
<dT&T n+f de&T nH ns+ n|{ <T {, dT<dT&T n+f
eT+ <dT&T n ~y<dT&T n+f <e\ <dT&T n ns+ #| e&
M\T<T . { us sE\T sT\T <dT\T nsTTe+&*.
dT<dT&T eTs= 10 eT+~ sE\ jTT<+ #k&T. |~eT+~ #dq
|$T+f |sTw nH q~ <] eT[+#&+.19 { ><qT
|]w]+#&+ d+ dT<dT&T y jTT<+ #jT > +<T&T n |+
eV+ > *|+#&T. z&bsTTq 10 >\
|sT eTT, TsX, jT , eT,
u >T, <w, | , #q, n*q, $cD. +<T eT (#|) n*q (TyT<)
<TsT |sT > q y{ u >T e+{$ K+> s>D.
$<+ > <dT&sTTq us s E +<T& dV jT+ =+<sT s, =+<sT
ss >D\qT z&+ us >D+ ~| H\=&T. sT y \+
eTT usT \eT (us T \ d+ n) #| e& ses @*q

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

57

sE\+ >s |&sT . |> sT> <+ <Xs jTT<+ dT<dT&


$j >q+ #dq y&T |eTTK uVD sTw nsTTq ew& T . B{
#d, ese ed @s& |Ps+ (n+f sT> < \+) s <d dyT H
es k+s + nH nu +s+ <T . n+<s +<T& dV j n]+#sT.
+<T&T n+<] dV jT+ #X&T.
|jT + |sVT\ b (|{ M + uVDT\T
nq& M\T<T ) #| <>~Z . y| sT> <+ +& <dT\q |DT\q,
<wd eTs=y| |sVT\T n< <d sE\ qT+& <D
\T b+~ y
d+ jTC\T sV+#sT. |DT\ n>>D
T&sTTq Te # <s
due& sT&sTTq us < E&T b&sT. sT y \+ B d]
#| & uVDT\T HH +{\T |&sT . eX nX&H |sVT\T
\ sT \H <dT\ qT+& 100 +f\T <D
b+~ yqT b&&T.20
sT> <+ yTTyT T<{ >D\T> nsTT~+{ (|+# qT\T) |s=HsT.
y j<e\T sT . nsTT j<e\ <e&sTTq w& T q\{y &T.
+<T& XTe.21
eT+ s +&T esT\T ]>sTT. {, <dT\ |sVT\
sT\ |sVT\ f uVD es+ > @s&sT . s +&T, <T |] \+
eekjT esZ de+ X$T es+Z > s <dT\qT +>BdT=
XS<T\T> |{+ L* #sTT+#Te& nqTesTTq eseedqT
sb+~+#&+ |sVT\T eTTKb eV+#sT.
B s|+#&+ d+ X+_ sT> <+ s \| neXc\
d+ yT &T. sT\T | k$T\T { y eTTK <e\T
n+ |sTw. nsTT sT> <+ =+<sT d <e\T >& eHsT. MqT
X+_ ssT \ neT<e\T> >T]k&T . M <\
|q $e]+q
|]DeT eT+ V\qT >T]k&T .22
sT><+ eTTKyTq d <e w (wdT) sT><+ yT
kq+ s+ > <T . s y~ <euT yT >& \T\T n+<T
+T+~. yTqT 21 X\ dT +#sT. n< deTjT+ yT s+u
}s yTT<\sTTq n|sd\
> eT>yqT ]+ #& q k+<s
nsq >+> |<] dT+ ~. eTs=# +<T&T yT ;s + > jTT<+ #d

58

bNq us< X #]

yT +& $]#d yTqT bs<*qT +<T& b>&T sT. nsTT


yT XX+> b]b<T . yT |keq y<+ eT eT edH e+T+~.
wdT nd\T s<e <, |+CT b++ sT\T s|P s+
eq $\ neT<e n X+_ n_bjT+. }s, yTq, s+u
yTT<\sTTq n|sd\
T >& s|PsT\ {<e \T (ny nH <Te
sT n ns+ ). s +&e n<jT+ #| qT { <e\ e\ eT>y
# |e<+. eT *dq eT>y& bD y * sT+{sT.
|sTc~ |X bw eekjT deC $\T &q
sT y {<e \T |sTw\ q+< # <eyX \T> (n|sd\
>)
e]bsT. nsTTq|{ (> \| neXw+ >) eT>y y e\ |e<+
|P]> b<T. y |sTc~ de| >VDT\> + |&e +&sT .
\> |e]ksT . yqT sTe&eTsTTH |+& #dT e&eTsTTH
|e<+. X+qT&T`>+>, ;w &T`n+, |sse&T`}s yTT<\sTTq
<\
~ dw+ > q&TT+~. b+&TsE e~ \eL&< X|+.
\e>H #b&T. e], #\+ sT y sdq eTqT<s Xg+
L&, (>+>, ><e] yTT<\sTTq) q<T\ |sTq nesTT $yV+
#dT e&+ |e<+ nH&+.23
|+CT b++ ssT \ n& => eq sT\T
\|&sT . sT> <+ +<T&T wdT m& +& $] yTqT ]yTX&q
< +<T ||\
q+. nsTT $<+ > z&+q yqT |P]> HXq+
#jT +&, XX+> XT+ |T+& eT ~| + +< eT
\T|H |jT + #ksT. yT +& +<T&T $]#dH yT ]
e+~. sT y d\ yT m& +& MT< s<+ MT< |j D+
#dq T #bsT . neT<e\ |P\ $>V m& +& MT< }s+#&+
|{ n\yf. uVDT\ <e e+ s< \T+{sTT. (<D
<X+
|r >T& sT e+T+~.) B { wdT bNq k <e n
ns+ neT+~.
n< sT> <+ wdT qT <e\ * (e <yH+) n n~
(dsT& *) n nHsT. nsTT yT kq+ ~>C]+<q{ <s q+>
<e\ * nsq >+> <s q$TdT+ ~.

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

59

$<+ > ssT \qT \T|=H eT+ u>+>H s +&T deC\


|sVT\T jsT. sT> < d|s T \
T eTT ce >s + qT+&
|{q T #| HsT. $<+ > |{q eTT n+^sdT \eTHsT. n< y<+
w n+^sdT &T nH sTw eH&T. w n+f q\ n ns+ e&+e\
sTw nHsT& ns+ neT+~.24
eT]= sTEe\T sTw\ q <\
<=sTsTT. sT> < \+
H{ sTw\ $X$TT&T eyT +> sT& X+_
n_bjT+. & uVDT&T &T, jTT&T. n+f =*H&T
uVDT&T nH |sVT\ es+Z < X+_ ns+ #dT +{&T. n
>\q T++q =+<sT bsV+ #dysT. nTe+{
$X$TT& =\+ us >D |sVT&sTTq ew& ~ $eTsTTq
q<. qT }s eTqdT qT+& |{& <. $TT&T, esTDT&T
nH sTT<s T s <e Ms+ +& |&> n+<T+ |{&H ~
eTs= <. |w]D <=]& eT&e <. 25 ew& eT eT\ |sTw&>
|]>D+ # uVD >\ bwsk~, +&q, nH$ s +&T. |ws+
+&ysT, +& |{q ysT n M{ ns+ . (+& nH~ bNq d+d
|<+ ).26 }s {<e , +& { <e |s|+, n> |ws+ >&
n >T]d ew& T nd\T sT&T & ssT \ neT<e\ |P\T
sV+q |sVT& ns+ neT+~. ekeT+ +& >T]+|
+&<T . nTe+{ ekeT+ | ke &q|&T ~ nue+
#+~ * >T]+| bT+~. eT>y& Ms+ +&H, q~H, #sT e
H (n >& neT<e\L, e >s |sb\T) |&> Xe
+qT < |&TT+~. Te+{ <\
T eTq |sD\ =\\T. ew&
> +& |{q eTs= sTw n>dT &T.
ew $X$TT\ \V |&T ns+ #dT e#TqT. $X$TT&T
sT&T. jTT&T nHsT { >D eTTKT\ T+u #+~qy&T
e#TqT. =*sE\ qT us >D+ |sVT&T. (nd\T us
>DyT d#y T q s+ >D+ be#Tq dT<dT& <
|q
#XeTT !). jTT&T |sVT&j &+fH H{ bsV+ #d
uVD es+ < ns+ . Te+{ $X$TT& =\+ n kq+

60

bNq us< X #]

us T \ |sVT&sTTq y&T ew& H nHs |sVT&T. $<+ >


s`nHs dyT q+ ]q eT+H uVD es+ @s&+~.
uVD es eT\|sTw\T> u$+# d|s T \
( ew& H <T)
@ s sT\T s X+_ n_bjT+. $<+ > nHs |sVT\T
eT kH CdT + f sT\ bsV+ #dy |+ eTL
uVDT\T> >T]+| y\ +{\T |&sT . $X$TT&T n+<Td+
|& |j d *dq <.
uVDT\ nHs eT X+_ + # <VsD*k&T .27
uVDT\ D (DjTq) >+ e+~. nsTT n<s y<+ DT&H
y&T q\{ sd T &T. sT> <+ ew \w&H sTw s sTw\T
<d |T&T n <w+ ]yTksT . nqT q eTVeTe\ dsd r q~
q m&] rdTb&T. DT& esT&T eT& n k<sT &T
yT<~ <d |T&T n <wk&T . uVDT\ >He\ qT+& >&
$wj ns+ #dT e#TqT. <T+s e <TsT V+> >\
> { bNq \+ e+&+~. #T |{ |$yTq~>
u$+#&T +~. >TsY <T+s \+ nH yqT& \+ e+~.
nsTT uVDT X| >\ <T+s >+ e+~.28 n+f
sT> < \+ <T+s e <TsT V+> *eq >D+ qT+&
=+<sT |sVT\T uVDT\T> e #s> , sT y \+ n< >D+
sT\ +bsTT XS<es+ *d+< ns+ #dT e#TqT.
$ deC\ |sVT\T eT $ <TsT\qT e<* uVD
>\qT d]+q e yTT+> ||*+# < { X+_
<V]k&T.29 XqX|&T nH uVDT& n +& nyTk&T.
XqX|eTT n+f n ns+ . n~ <TsT V+. +Te Xs+
n+>+ <TsT V+ nsTT+<+f (split-totem) <TsT s +&T> N*
s +&T <Tss TT+< ns+ . $ <TsT #+~q XqX|& *
euTq y qT+& $X$TT&T s+ n <esT&T n |sT
|&&T. nsTT |{ <es >r\sTTq uVDT\ $X$T
>r\ $yV+ w<+ e&+e\, < ns+ XqX|&H nHs
|sVT&T $X$T > d]+ sT &j &.

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

61

eTs= <VsD +<T&T w&T nH eT&T \\ sd


|sVT& #+|&T. w& T eTses <T, +<T& jTT<\qT
s< j sT#d sT> < <e&sTTq | =&T. B { wdT >
| >& ssT \ qT+& e #]q <e& ns+ neT+~.30 nsTT
+<T&T #+|q w& T #b<T . q eTsD sT> <+ H >q+
#k&T. |> |w\+ w&T |eTTK sTw. eTs= $Xw+
@$T+f +<T&T #+|> eT&T \\T eT&T | \T>
e] m]bjsTT. y{ { s |. | sT y \+
uVD >HeT+ nsTT+~. ( jT). jT >r\T sb+~+q
jTEs< d+|<jTyT ( jT d+V+) |{ $T*e+~.31 <q T
C>> |]o*d X+_ #| q d+|T sD
`dyT q+ nH eT+ dw+ >
q&TT+~. | +<T& s< \q jTT<\q j sT #d <e&T.
nsTT =&T (|sVT&sTTq|{) sd T &T, n+f ssT &T.
{ w >& ss s sT\ <e& sd |sVT& +<T&T
#+|k&T . nsTT (wdT >) nqT #e&T, sTw> >T]+| b+<T&T.
bsTTq \ qT+& uVD >+ |&TT+~. sT> <+ sT y
|eTTK y<e TsTTq jTEs< >+ y sT y n+~+#sT.
uVD >\qT $Xw + #&+ <s sT> < \+ ]q s
nHs dyT H eT+ (|< q+> ss |sVT\ qT+&) uVD
es+ $sy X+_ $e]+q rsTqT $<+ > #| +b m|{
>< T . X+_ #dq ssD
m+ eTTKy jTq nqTd]+q |<
d<+ \TdTe&+ n+ eTTKeTq n_bjT+ | $es\T e&+
]+~.32
e] y< e+ \TdTy*.33
uVDT\+ sT nsTT y >D+ n+<] deT+>
d+|< MT< V +&~. nsTT sT> <+ |sVT\T # eT+~
eT |<] >T]+ ybsTTqT q&TT+~. yeT <e&T ys +&
<=s , us <Tsedq T #& , |>T\T e+&T Hq <T'+#&T.
eTs= |sVT&T q <>sZ |X e\T e { |sT>T\T <=*#dq sH
n n]dTH q <jT #d n+<Te\d+< y&T +{&T. ssT \
qT+& $&bsTT s>D\ |P]> *db s +{ #& |sVT\sTTH

62

bNq us< X #]

<]<+ k< +. Be\H |sVT\T me&T ||\


+ d y&
bsV+ #jT& d<|&sT. <s s`ss dyTH
k~+#sT.
~ sT> < \+ H{ $wjT +. |+CT b++ s`ss
d+|T sD
`dyT q+ nH eT+ $d +> ]+~. dyT q+ eTTK b
eV+q |sVT\+ sTT, nHs n+X|< q+>>\ uVD
es+ @s&+~. <+ k] s>
< T . VQX .|P. 1500 qT+& 1000
< ]+~. n+<TH sTy \+ uVDT\ |eTTK+>
u$+#& >\L, >\ eT\|sTw\sTTq sTw\L sT> <+
deq || <T . = n|{+ uVD > <T. =+<sT sTw\T
sTw sT. DT& d+> ~es #beTT. X|\T >& sT y
\+H |eTTKT\jsT. u >Te e=d eTVus+ <s #
|eTTK kH b+~q sTw>+ sT> <+, <Xs jTT<+ +<T&
# z&+#& >D+> e+ q&TT+~.

es eed
.|P. 1200`1000 b++ (n+f sT> <+ nq+s \+) sT\
s +&e e\d us |K+& e+~. e\d |u e+e\ =+, n|{
ssT \ eTq (d+|T sD
`dyT q+ nH ~$<y T q ) d+|s +e\
=+, .|P. 1000 H{ sT\ u J$+ esT yTT<\sTT+~.
qTeTT y&+ $d] + Vs |X bwD +f |eTTK JeH<s+
e&+ yTT<\sTT+~. X \
eq esT |* +> <
|] n<q| sT\ J$+ yTTyT T<{ k]> k< + nsTT+~.
n<q| #+#TH b\es+Z , n<q| b\
es+Z # #sy d ke eed ( d++<\T) @s&sTT.
ke eed |sT ese ed. b\esZ\T, uVDT\T jTT\T,
= eed @sT, qTeT H>* e+{ = X \
y&+ , Vs
nH = Jeq <s+, n >& .|P. 1000 H{ HeT~>
yTT<\sTTH n$ .|P. 600 < >D eed sb |P]> e<T\T<T .
>D eed >s + H eT+> qq Vs de+ ` eekjT
esZ de+ sb+~+~. sb+~ +es |+CT b++ d+<

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

63

< |q<T\ jT\ |]$TeTsTT e+&q s de+ HeT~>


H\T>T e+<\ d+es\ sT $d] + >+>, jTeTTH jT\
|&e T{ =q nsTTq |dT & b+ #sT +~.
Hd ] Z d eT <w
+#Ty*. d+< H>] ydT\>
sT\T >& yTTyT T<{ m&] d< XeTsTTq d+< < |q<T\
jT\ (|dT |+CT b++) eT d+#s |X bw deC
@ss#T HsT. & esb + e e&+e\ n&e\T <+ >e.
d+#s JeH Vs dsD
L ~ nqTL\eTsTTq b++. qTeTT
y&+ HsT q sT y, .|P. 1000 qT+&, sT\T d+< yT< H
sT ~X> >+>, jTeTTH jT\ y| $d] +#sT. sT\T nHy
d#+ > e+&b< ssT \qT \T|+H eHs |q q
$esDqT >TsT+ #T+f $ds D
u $ds D
(n+f s >D\ e\d
|* e) ke k+d $ds D
(+^w
t diffusion n+{sT)
nH~ =+ es nss V eTsTTq |X n ns+ neT+~. s +& ]>sTT.
|r <X
q =+<sT sT\T e\d ysT, = de+ s`ss
dyT q+ <s @s& sT y s de+> >T]+| b+~+<
X+_ u$k&T .
$ds D
eT+ s de+ d+< jT\L >+>, jTeTTH
jT\L eT< qTq b+, >+> jTeTTH jT\| u> #sT +~.
~ |{ VsH, & , |eT s |<X , =+yT s skH sc\
u u>+. & >& |+CT >H esb + e. { n&e\T
|\>H e+{sTT. => n\ysTTq qTeTT dV jT+ >=&* ~s
|eTTqT j sT #dT =, n&e\qT eekjT j>+ #d, sTesTTq
H> qT j sT #dT = eekjT deC b++q =*H{
ydd\
eTsTTq |+CTq sT\T k|+ #>* >sT. eT+ yTT+
k+~ .|P. 1000`600 <. |sedT e\ Hyk\ V+>
&<s + >T +& |+\T (Painted Grey Ware) <=]sTT. y{uT
qT| edTe \T >& <=]sTT. kV <s\T jTEs<+, n<s D
y<+ , jTEs< yU+# X| < uVD+, =+ yTs eTVus+ ,
yTT<\sTTq$.

64

bNq us< X #]

sT><+> jTEs<+, n<sy<+ >& (|<q+>) s+&


d++<e TsTTq eT+\ d+\H. => eT+\T nedse Tj
jT+fH de+ e]+< ns+. de+ esT sb sT><yT
d]bjT~. { sT> <+ $wj \qT jTEs<+ b*d .|P. 1000
eTT+<T sT y eq esT ns+ neT+~. |X d+|<q
H\ |\
kj |+b+~+#eT, jTT<+ $jT+ deTLseT, {
eqsT\T m+&b+& b&eT y<\ <eqT b]+#sT. eT u
J$ yTsT>T|s#
e T <eqT y&T q eT+ u J$
>T]+ # $wj \T *jTCksT.
jTEs< jT s+& # mesTT+~. \T\T
nqV+> |]bjsTT. *sTTe +Te>, |> <T .34 =
jT+ = sE\T s & k>~. jT+ sV+q |sVT\ q
<D\qT { s+& m+ |< mTq k+< }V+#e#TqT.
n+>sE <eTjT jT T&H uVDT& |~y\ d ud\T, |~y\
@qT>T\T #& sjT uVD+ #|&+~. n< uVD+
|{_ w+ #dq uVDT& +>s+, |X e\T, u eTT\T, y\ d+K
qsE je\T& |~y\ >e\T
y\ e+~.35 |wT \
VQeq+> k&T . kV j sT #d+ ~ uVDT {
+<T nXj e+<qTH |< mTq <D
\T sTTqT e+
\TdT+ ~. >DjT+> n<q| e+f | sTT~ k< +<T. n+f
jTEs< s +&qT u] +q de+ |X bw \ de+ e&
M\T<T . Vs #dq eekjT de+ nsTT e+&*.
ke d+|<
q esT e+~. sT> < \+ |X e\T |< q
d+|<. y eT ||+ #+ # $wj \ >e d++<y T q |sT
|T Hs #keTT. sT> <+ jTe nH <q+ |keq e+
e+~. n~ u nsTTe+T+< X+_ u$k&T . e] (MV), ><T eT
(>< eT)\ |keq sT> <+ <T .36 d+d+ H>* y&q e
V\+ nH~ sT> <+ <T .36 |X e\qT #+| Hs> eekj
|j +# <T . >eT+ n+f ds yd+ <T. >eT+ n+f |X e\qT
yT|+ d+#]+# >T+|. nTe+{ s+&T >T+|\T \|&q|&T

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

65

\V+#Te&+ ]>~. B qT+& jTT< d+>eT+ nH e


e+~.37
.|P. 1000 H{ qT+& <+ HeT~> e]+~. jTTEs<
{ e], u, &T, qTe\T, ><T eT, || , jTe <H\T (Cq,
d yTT<q $) |+&+#sT. +& s d+|< +>s+, s, +#T,
>s+, dd+, qTeTT. M{ #\ es b++ <=se {
<s+ qT+& es + <s eq$ nsTTe+&*.38 B { >& Vs+
n<q| e+< ns+ neT+~. <T \T, q \ |keq +&&
{ sTT|eH\ MT< <s|& eekjT+ bs+ueTsTT+< ns+
neT+~. n<s y<+ q~ { \e\ eT[+#|&T #]+#
s +& e+~. n+, sT m$T~ m&q T H>* { eekjT+
#jT& n<s y<+ e]+#sT. B { |Xe\qT q&
eekj y&&+ >& yTT<\sTT+<, sTesTTq H> y&s
ns+ neT+~.38
<X
sT\T => $d] +q b++ n&e\qT eekjT
j>+ #dq |< >& jTEs< d++<y T q kV+ qT+& ns+
#dTe#TqT. |< @$T+f n&e\qT <Vq+ #jT&+. (b&T
eekjT+ #d ]qT\T |{ < #ksT ). eT+ kV+ ~
n&e\qT n n]+#&+ >H n n&e\qT uT +#&+ >H e]+#&T
T+~. esb + me> eq <e TsTTq n&e\ ~ k< + <T.
yT b+\ |\{ n&e\H ~ k< + neT+~. n+<TH
.|P. 1000`600 \+ sT\ $ds D
d+< , >+>, jT\ eT<
u> (VsH, & ) >+>, jTeTTH jT\ m>Te u> (|eT
s |<X ) |]$TeTsTT e+&+~. + sT`>+> jTeTTH jT\
~>Te u> $d]+#\+f |< d]b<T. <eTsTTq n&e\qT
eekjT j>+ #jT & \eTsTTq qT| |eTTT $ks+ > y*.
jTEs< qTeTT y&+ \TdTqT >, qTeTT $]$> <=]
>qT\T s us< X + e. ;VsYH eHsTT. { ;VsY >qT\
qTeTT # < sT\ $ds D
sT y <X bs+u+ <T. n~
.|P. 600 sT y ]+~. n+<T qTeTT >qT\T $ks+ > eq eT><
yTTyT T<{ s+ nsTT+~.

66

bNq us< X #]

<+ sT y $wjT +. jTEs< ] ed, n&e\qT


>\u&+ <s eekjT j>+ #dq eT+ X|< uVD+
# $es+> e]+#&+~. e<e &H $<V sE, s|T T >DT&H >eT
>r&sTTq uVDT&T, q y+s> n <e&T dsd r q~ sT
~> eq n&$ \T+ bj&+~. d<s+ nH q~ sTq
eq u>+ | &T # eT> Ts<> eq n&$ +&e+&<+ ,
m+<T+f n|{ n < sT #&<T {. nsTT |&T
uVDT\T T e\ <s n&$ n sT #|+#sT {
b++ eekjT j>eTsTT+<+.39 ++f dweTsTTq $esD
nqeds+ . eTVus+ b+&e\T w& dV jT+ jTeTTH qB rs+
eq U+&e eH n n]+ eT s< nsTTq +<|k ]+q
< L& #] |]De ddT+ < X+_ n_bjT+.40 sT> <+
H n n&e\qT $T+>y&T n >=&* n He+s\T.
{ n&e\qT <V q+ #jT &+ <s eekjT j>+ #d,
qTeTT dV jT+ sTesTTq H> qT j sT #dT = m&q T H>*
{ eekjT+ #d |\Ts\ |+\T |+&+# de+ yTT<\sTT+~.
n+f Vs dsD
|X bwD Vs #d de+ jTEs<
bs+ue TsTT+~. X \
eq esTsTT~. nsTT |&T
n<q| k< + neT+~. n+f =+<sT XeT#d n+<s qe#TqT.
X$T\ qT+& n<q| #+#T= b\esZ\T eT neds\
y&Te#TqT. ~ s>\+f n+<T nqTesTTq ke sD+
( d++<\T) neds+ . =+<sT XeT #j *. k~+#*,
y] eTqT>& b> $T*+~ ys =+<sT #+#Ty*.
eTq <X+ sD+ es eed. s >D\ eT&T es\T
@s&sTT. M jTT\T, uVDT\T, yX \T. yX \T sT y \+
ybsdT \
jsT> .|P. 1000 b++ qT+& .X. =* Xu\ <
M |< q e eekjT+. eekjT #jT &+, n<q|
s +&T n>es\ n+<Cj
T &+, M <s +. eT&T es\T , sT\
+bsTTq ssT \T (<dT\T, s $\T) XS< es+ njsT.
<dT&T nq |s |&T de d d+# |<+ nsTT+~. XS<T\

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

67

d+ eekjT+ #d ns >& <T . | eT&T es\ de #jT &+


M <s +. y |X e\qT bw+#*, q b\+q # #j *.
sT> <+ |<e (e]) eT+&\+ |sTw d+ nH d+ e+~.
+<T yTTyT T<{k ] es eed |keq e+~. ~|sTw&T eTTK+
qT+& uVDT\T, uT C\ qT+& jTT\T, =&\ qT+& yX \T, b<\
qT+& XS<T\T |{s d+ n+T+~. nsTT ~ C sT> <
#+~+~ <, sT y #s &+< (|| + n) # eT+~ #]sT\
> X+_ >& u$k&T 41.
jTEs< kV+ e+ mTe+{ d+<V \L ks+ +&
es eed sD+, < +, $e]+#& eHsTT. sT> <+ >D+
keq H $X |\T nHsT. |&T eqT s \T nq ns+
|j +#&+ yTT<\sTT+~. < qT+& yX \T nq es+ |sT e+~.
$X H d++~+q <e eTsTT\
T. +<T& eTsTT\
L
XT+ sT><+H e+~. sE $X H uT+qT> +<T&T
eTsTT\
qT uq+ #k& sT> <+ nHsT. sT> < \+H eeT\T
>D duT \qT >D eTTKT\T |&q >T]#d e+&*. eekjT de+
e#d] |&q # me nsTT+~. X| < uVD+ eTsTT\
qT
keq s \T nHsT.42 s jT uVD+ yX &T sT \ &
e+{& sT \ # uT +# &&, cqTks+ |&+ #&&,
nHsT. XS<T\T de\, cqTks+ =\+#&s, cqTks+
#+|&s nHsT. jT s +& jTT \ + >& |&T =~>
e]+~. X| < uVD+, yX XS< H |sVT\ dV jT+
s#T e& sqT\T jTC\T #ksq $wjT + nse TeT+<+{&T
X+_. jT+ u>+> n |< D
+ #d|&T |sVT\T es,
sqT\T es e+& XS< yX H s#T e&+ d+ ysT
eT< e+&> #&\ uVD+ nHsT.43
yX XS< q+ qT+& b\esZ\T n<q| @ $<+>
#+#THs \TdTy*. >Deed
>D duT \T eTT d]+q
Vs+ $T>T\TqT s +&jT T+> |+#T+{s > n<j\
#k+. >D duT \T eTT d]+q Vs+ yTT+ > =+u >+ >

68

bNq us< X #]

>D+ |< n+<Ck sT . nqT < s +&jT T+> <e n]+


n+<] |+#T&T. jTT<\ > \T#T=q d+|<q T >& < $<+ >
<e n]+ |+#T+{sT. (s+> $+<T\ ]> |+||
se |seqe Xg+ potlach n+{sT). $<+ > >DeTTKT\
<s <e n]+# es * nHsT. ~eT >D eed

\T\T n]+# #s+H esZ $u qL <|& eT\+ e+~. \T\T
n+<T = |+|+ #d~ >D+ |<\
T { y sT \ +f me
$T>T\Te#T. Vs dsD
<X qT+& Vs <X e#d] ke
d+|< |] * s|+ >D eTTK\T $T>T\T=H d+|< eT]+ me
+T+~. <+ s +& u>+> sT>T+< q$T+#* {
|sVT\ n+&y*. $<+ > >D+ eTTKT\T sq ( jT)
es+ > @s&, |sVT\ (uVDT\) dV jT+ yX XS< |C+
qT+& \T\ s|+ n<q| d]+ #+#THsT.
s \T, L\T, sE\T n+THeT+f n|{ ds yd eekjT
>e\ sC\ @s&jT nqTL&<T . 400 d+es\ (.|P.
1000`600) >Deed sD+ =~ esT\ =qk+~. jT uVD
yX es\T >D eed
n+s>+ >H @s&sTT. sE\T sqT\T
n+f n|{ >D eTTKT. nsTT M b\+ =~ =~> |s>& +
yTT<\sTT+~. sT> < \+ sE\T ds d+T\T sT. >D eTTKT\
du yqT mqTH~. du < s+ y q&T#T=HysT. jTEs<
\+ e#d] sE\T du jT+D qT+& | +#TH |jT + #dT q T
q&TT+~. < <s q+, sE\ => eq n_w+&. sE>
mqT&&+ n_w & T e&+ n+f n n~s eT+ d++<
eTsTTq \D
+ b~+#&+ neT+~. B |sVT\ n+&y*. {
n_w s \T sV+q uVDT\ |< mTq <D
\T e&+ ]+~.
$<+ > jTT\, uVDT\ eT b |sd s dV s+
|+b+~+#THsT.
<+ eT+> 400 @bT ]+~. \+ Vs
yTT<\sTT+~ > ds yd >e\T @s&< T . n+f yTT<{ n<jT+
#| q s +&e |]DeT+ bs+u+ <T . >eT+ n+f |{ +

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

69

d+#s dCT\ (s +<T e\) +<+ ns+ . >e\T es\+ yT


b+\ Vs #d m+&\+ s>H eT |X e\qT qB
jT\ \TbsTT yT|= J$+#$. & @$T+f sT> < \+
> |&T >e\ |X d+|< XS<T\T nH eT& de\
d+|< >& e+~. M d+#s jT\T<]q|& |X e\H XS<T\qT
>& \TbjTysT. bNq \+ qT+& >& (sT> <+ qT+&) eTq
<X+ H\T>T |X e\T s+&T |X e\T nH eeVs+ e+~.
nsTT XS<T\T ud\T sT. eTq<X+ esZ de+ ud
eed s|+ s< , es eed s|+ e+< X+_ KeTsTTq
n_bjT+. ~eT >D eed sT y ud eed e rs\ $wjT
s|D |yTjT+ +& y~+q+<T X+_ &+>qT re+>
$eT]+#&T.44 ^dT, s+ ~s bX sC\ < <X ud
eed e+~. |< |< eT+<T\T ud\ <s eekjT+ ~s
s+>\ k+#sT. ud\qT =qTHsT, neTTHsT. u $T
~s k<H \ d+ d e+&&+ se TsTTq <|& b|~.
nsTT us< X + Vs k~+q sT\~ d+ d de+
, u $T |X e\q deTw d> *q >D de+ e&+e\ y
&q <d ~s ssT \T ud\T <T . yTT+ s >D\
deTw u T\T (+^w Helots) njsT. XS<T\jsT. <dT\qT
ud\T> XS<T\T> s#T e&+ e\ us< X + eTsTTq
ud eed @s&< T .45 XS<T\T @ ] d+ ud\T sT,
yTT+ s deC deTw de\T Vs k~+q|& sT\T
>D eedq deTw d e~*+#T= e+f, d+ d eedqT
sb+~+#T= n|&T eT &q ssT \qT >& eT eTT
ud\T> |+#T= e+&ysT. us<X+ >& ud eed e
+&~. <<| 4 Xu\bT sT\T deTw d sb e<T\T
<T { ssT \T deTw u T njsT. us< X + esZ deC
ud eed + f es eed q ke sD+ nsTT+~. sT\T eT
deTw d nsTTq u $T MT<> |X e\ MT<> <dT\ V +&
#XsT. y u $T * e+& V<T . njTT<\, |eTT *

70

bNq us< X #]

e+& V<T . y sT\ q b\q # #j *. n~


y <s +. k<H \ qT+& y*yjT & y sT \ d+ L*
#jT | <T. { <s + |* +> ud eed neds+ +&
L* #d es+Z { sT\ \u + nsTT+~.45
~ d\
+> .|P. 1000`600 H{ ke |]DeT+ #].
\+ q& eTs= $Xw+ @$T+f => b\es+Z > @s&q uVD`
jTT\ eT< n+'\V+ yX \ qT+&, XS<T\ qT+& <#Tq
n<q| |+#Te&+ >< e+~. eTq bNq kV+
jT uVD \V\ ns+ sTT<q X+_ n+{&T. |eTTKyTq
<VsD> |sX seTT& <q T #|&T. |sX seTT&T ||+ #+
rjTT\+<] { s +&TksT <T, 21 ksT HXq+ #k&T. |sD\T
sd+~ uVDT { C uVDT\T jTT\ <{ T
eT nX q T | |#T e& MseTsTTq >< dw+ #T=Hs
X+_ nqTek&T .47
& >eT+#e\dq $wjT + @$T+f <X+ ~eT de+
qT+& eekjT esZ deC ]q |]DeT+ nd+|P]> e+&bsTT+~.
Vs yTT<\sTT+~, , n~ yH\+ eekjT+, yd$
+ |X bw d+#s J$+ b<T . ds yd eekjT >e\T @s&
<T. n<q| <|& #jT&+ nH b<$T H>] \D+
yTT<\sTT+~. <|& ]q s|+ e+ ~eT >D deC\ jT
\T. ndeT>yT q esT| sdq H{ $q&T+~. nsTT
n~ <|& | sdq > <|& k<q yTq jT s +& |, \T\
| sdq ee TeT+~. |X e\qT * e&+, |X e+d+ q&+,
=> @s&q s esZ (yX \) # Vse TsTTq >+ >
|X e\qT e+d+ d+ b&d+, b\+ |qT\ d+ MT< bw+#*.
nsTT b n\yT uVDT\ JeH<s+, #s+. d+|T sD
#jT\T
X| < uVD+ # q&sTT.48 >e+d+ q&+ b|+ n
y~+#> n+ $ jTe\T&H uVD sTw (y<+T\ jTq
eT\|sTw\ &T ) n+ yT e#T>, |w> e+f HqT |
+{qT n de<q+ k&T . $eTsTTq $wjT + @$T+f sT y
\+ uVDT\T e+kVsT\sTTq eekjT <sT\qT e>

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

71

#ksT>, =*H&T uVDT\ >e+d u D


es+> eekjT
<sT\T s> &* e+~. ~ <X
+f sT y <X
u< eT+
s|+ |\yTq d+|TsD> eTT+<T=+~. < T
uVDT\T >e+kH n s\ e+k $d]+ q sT y
] \<=>*>sT.
Vs de+ yTT+ sT\+<s] q k] s<T .
= >D\ eTT+<T e+~. eTV us+ q u< d+|<jT+q
yTTyT T<{ sC\T> |s=q y{{ esT sT, b+#\, eT<,
eT, yTT<\sTTq >D\ e+< u$+#e#TqT. e |+CT
& ` VsH b+ #+~q$. >D\ sqT\T =+<sT >D
+<H \qT =+yT s +#T= ksueT |{
+ #T>*>sT. n+f
yTq sE\T >*>sT. nsTT + |X bw <X
+&bsTTq
s>D\T ys eHsTT. >D\ >& es eedq T |yX |{ y
Vs n\yT #d $d eTsTTq eekjT esdZ e + \T|
e\dq se + eTT+<T+~. s>D\T nd+UeTsTTq ss
>D\THsTT. >D\qT yTT+ XS<T\T> s#T e&y M{
|sVT\qT uVDT\T> d]+ >+ dw+ , y dV jT+
sT \qT XS<T\T> s#T e&y #j *. s#T H eT+
nDy uT dyT q+ >& e+~. = <e, = |sD\T, =
#s\T, \> |\>+> e uVD eT+ #s sTT.
n+, sde+ |+CT`VsH`& ` |eT s |<X \

* n&e\qT e~*|{ <e TsTTq n&e\Tq ~>Te >+>`jTeTTH
jT\ (sT s |<X , ;VsY) $d] +# <X> & eTT+<T+~.
.|P. 600`300 eT< ]q |]De\qT sT y n<jT+ #<+.

$esD\T
1.

Vs dsD
MT< <s|& q >D\T eeT\T> ekeT
e |< q eedq T * +{sTT. |X bwD | keT+
(<bT eT> <e) bs+ue TeT+~. nsTT #] |]DeT
eT+ n|&| &T neT<e\qT |P+# |X bw \T q&sT.
|&eT{ <H #+~q nTe+{ <VsD { d |X

bNq us< X #]

72

bw \ eT> <e +& rs\q&+ |&y <+ neT+~ n+{&T


X+_. Pilgrim's Progress: A Contribution to the pre-history of the
Western Deccan Plateau, MR, Page 138.

2.
3.

CCAI, Page 86
ISIH, Page 83.

+ b|+ nH~ q+es jTeT+ M{


+{ nr+> e+T+~. b|| s\T + yTT<\T>H
Je\T eTsD+ #&+ yTT<\sTT+~. jTeTsE q |\MT< |eT
=B bb\qT q MT< ydT = H yTT<{ eTT&T nj&T.
(dT # \+ sT y |H #X&T). sT\T sH e~* us
|K+& e#d] yTTyTT<{ eTT&sTTq jTeTsE
eTT\ n~| nsTTq jTeT<ssE nj&T. CCAI
Page 77

4.

CCAI, Pages 87-88


Indian Feudal Trade Charters, HS, Page 103.

5.

<VsD >DeTTKT& >|&T >| n, jTT< >$w


>w n, <s >e n nHsT. sY.mdt. Xs |d+
Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India, page 25.

6.

7.
8.

sTw\ sE\ XgsT\ <X |Ps+> #]qT ]ksH


n_bjT+ uey< #] s#H |< |< q b\ {.
+<C |Xs\ o] sV+# nsTDydt>]
bs&T HX\+ nH #s+ m{ e+< n&T>> yT
nXjTqT&T |yX |{q m$T~ $<\ $yV |< T \ s
$yV |< { n+ q de<q+ bs+_+#sT. Te+{
y\T eTq #] |d =\\T. eTq<X+ eT>y ET
| #sTT+#TH |< $]j sD |yX |{+ ~ n mes
nqsT > bNq #]qT >T]+ e+ $TqVsTT+| +&
{> sksT .
s >D\T |X e\ >T]+, { eqsT\ >T]+ s#
T \V+#T
H$ nq& sT> <+ <s+ e+~ ISIH, Page 88.
CCAI, Page 78, sT\T |+CT e~* >+>`jTeTTH rs b+
eq sT y, n< dsd u >s + >|+> |eV+ |j >

eekjT esZ de+ ` es eed

73

<>sZ >+>`jTeTTq\qT \TdT+ < = |sD+ dw+ #THsT.


> m+e+ e~*|& w+ uVD d+d ~
# { <s q+.
9.
10.
11.

CCAI, page 82
ISIH, Pages 86-88

<dT\, <dT \ s q X+_ n_bjT+. ysT ys u$+#


#]sT\ sY.mdt. Xs sT .

12.

CCAI, Page 80

13.

ISIH, Page 93

14.

|seTT\T n+f |D
\T nH +f #T sD
s+ \T (fortification)
{q yk\T nqe#T (X+_ strongholds nH e y&&T)
sT y \+ sT\T < $<+ > H>, c< yTT<\sTTq
|sq T eT XTe\sTTq $ >\
keq eeVs+>
|j +#sT.

15.

16.
17.
18.

ISIH, Page 99
CCAI, Page 79
On a Marxist approach to Indian Chronology, HS, Page 82 Urvasi
and Pururavas, MR. Page 77
CCAI, Pages 82-83
ISIH, Pages 102-103

19. ISIH, page 96


20. ISIH, Pages 92-93
21. CCAI, Page 115
22. $Xw D
$es+> sdq yd+
Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Pages 42-81,

23.
24.

The Autochtonous element in the Mahabharata, HS. Page 159


Social and economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita, MR,
Page 24

25.

Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 70


CCAI, Page 83

26.

eTTK+> |J\T 61`81

Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 72

bNq us< X #]

74
27.
28.

ISIH, Pages 102-106


Combined Methods in Indology, HS, Pages 15-16
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Pages 33,

b<d

29. ISIH, Page 105


30. CCAI, Page 84
31. ISIH, Page 119
32. X+_ $Xw D
qT $es+> \TdT<\T+f +~ yd+ #<e
e#TqT. The origin of the Brahmin gotras Journal of Bombay branch
of Royal Asiatic Sociery, 1950, |J\T 21`80. X+_ yk\
d+\H\> |{ y\Te&q y{ m+<Tq yk #]
qT< T .
33. ISIH, Page 106
34. CCAI, Page 87
35. ISIH, Page 133
36. ISIH, 88
37. CCAI, Page 88
38. H>* qT| eTT y&s < nH~ |Xs + > e+&bT+~.
|sedT e\ nTe+{~ # eyT <=]+< sY.mdt.
Xs n+{&T.
39. ISIH, Page 123
40. The Autochtonous element in the Mahabharata, HS, Page 155
41. ISIH, Page 108, b< d 7
42. On a Marxist approach to Indian Chronology, HS, Page 83
43. CCAI, Page 87
44. Marxism and Ancient Indian culture, HS, Pages 73-78. &+> ydq
|d+ 'India from primitive communism to slavery' yd+
dMT.
45. Marxism and Ancient Indian culture, HS Page 77
46. On a Marxist approach to Indian Chronology, HS, Pages 82-84
47. ISIH, Page 120
48. ISIH, Page 136

5. eTVus+ ` T<T&T
|q #| qT .|P. 600`300 eT< \+ eq esT\ s +&T
n+X\THsTT. { ` Vs #d eekjT esZ de+ q
>D eed \D
\qT |P]> e~*+#T= H>] sC\ @sT <]
rjT&+. s +&T ` de+ $ deC\qT sT#T= Vs
<uT es eedq <eTsTTq n&e\ +&q >+>jTeTTH
jT\ ~>Te u> (s |<X , ;VsY sc\) y|+|Cj
T &+.
X+_ +<T yTT<{ esTqT u< ~s uVDs eT\ <s+>,
s +&e esTqT eTVus+ <s+>, $e]k&T . m& & eT
kV d+|<j\qT |sedT neXc\q Hd]Z |]dT\q
deTqjT|s
n< jTq+ #k&T .
#] eT+ dyT q+ sT>TH e+~. |X bw s
>D\q ssT \q +>BdT+H eHsT. eT de+ n&T >T
u>+ \T|+H eHsT. nsTT |&T = #] <X e+~.
< <s q+> b uVDT\ kq+ =y b<q e+~.
eTVus T~s|+ +~ u >T (useZ ) >r\T, u< d+|<j
sd+~ |< q+> X | (X|) >r\T.1 sT> <+ u >Te\T e\+
+<T&# z&+#& >D+> q&s #k+.2 X |\ e=d
DT\> M>& y< \+ jT s +& sV+#& nqsT\T>
u$+#&sT .3 sT y \+ ys @ >+ uVDT\ X|>+
# n\yTqT { #d4 ~ ssT\ qT+& $\ qT+&
|sVT\qT d]+q dyT q eT+ @s& >+ n ns+ neT+~.

eTVus+
eTq bsD kV+ #] m+ e+<H~ M& |X . B
de<q+ #] eTq+ #TH s#H { e+T+~. #]qT
= d+|Tq\ \sTT> ns+ #dT= bsD kV+ #]

76

bNq us< X #]

d+|T q\ qy\T d+ y n~ e<|j d neT+< X+_


n_bjT+. yTT+ bsD kVq+ e&ud e++> & #]
<=s< T . nsTT #]qT = d+|T q\ \sTT> ke d++<\
|]DeT eT+> ns+ #dT +f |]d =+ yTsT>T> e+T+~. |{
|sDyT nsTTH, n~ sjT&+<+f, |\T $d +> $Xd+#s+f,
n~ @< ke |]DeTe ||* + e+&*. ||\
q+
q<TqT> be#T. d++> e#T. n<T+> e#T.
nue+> L& e#T. B Xdj
T +> n< jTq+#d < yqq
|]De\qT >T]+#&+ neds+ . n~ #jT & s]d $\Tyq
#] <s + n X+_ n+{&T. w& T nHy&T +>
b e#T. w& s<q e+~. n<= ke yde +. s<q
n \q <T . <X
eTT+<T=+~. n+es |eTTK+>
eq +<T& |P eT+> D
+ bsTT+~. <+ |{ |sD+> ={
bsjT+& sD\qT n< jTq+ #d eTq #]qT =+sTTH ns+
#dT >\T>T+.
X+_ eTVus <q T # $es+> $Xw + , <> q&
< eT[+> eT&T d+|<j\ \sTT> $&>=&&T . eT&T d+|
<j\ yqTqTq #] |]De\qT C>> n< jTq+ #k&T .5
yTT<{~ sTb+&e\ jTT<+ .|P. 600 H{ sde+ Vs
n\yT #dT = ese edq T sb+~+#T= d+< , >+>jT\
eT< u> eekjT j>+#d $T+#T+~. >D eedq T #~ +
HeT~> s#]\T @s&&+ yTT<\sTT+~. yTTyTT< s#]+
@ss#T q >D\ sT>D+ {. MT< sT>D+ jTT s#
e+X sT e+X+ nq&+ yTT<\T|{sT . us T & d+ nsTTq sT
eTVsE q |d T |* +> sT +> sT +> es& ~
|s+ e+~. n&e\qT (+>\+) eekjT \> es&
nedse TjT u XeTjTT n<T uVD s|+ |d T
nqT+f n~ #] |]DeTyT. $<+ > @s&q sTs+ s<
nsTTq VdH |s+ (& ) jTeTTH q~| u>q e+~. sT\ de+ >D
eed s|+ eq+\+ sE\, s#]\ e. >D #+~q
dCT\ (s +<T e\) >T+| (<TsT) > < n++ f q >T+|

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

77

> b+| d+|<q T eT&> nqTu$ +#~. nsTT d+|T q\


\sTT> ns+ #dT = bsD kV+ #] d+|T q\ sT\T
<dT\qT XS<T\T> +>BdT Vs n\esT n<q|
|+#Tq s |]d e]+~. n+es >Ddu #
mqT&q sE\T |&T => <=]q d+|<q T ds #dT |sVT\
n+& n_w \
sTT ksueT |{
+ #THsT. ~ y dCT\
(<j<T\T) =+<] ++|sTT+~. y eT >& sC~s+
y{ y\ s&+, \V+#Te&+, n&e\ Vw]+#&&+,
jTT<+ #jT&+, n >& dVeTsTTq $wj. +<T se\T
z&bsTT b+&e\T > *#sT. eTVus+ se\ $|+> bs+ue TsTT
b+&e\ $jT^+> e]+< X+_ n_bjT+.6
nsTT sT jTT<+ eTVus+ e]+q+{ eTVd+>eT+
e& M\T<T . 18 sE\ bT kq jTT<+ 50 \\
eT+~
VT\js, 1,30,000 s< \, @qT>T\ n+ eT&T s T >Ts\
|j +#&jT Vd+ #TT+~. + |< mTq jTT<+
s>\+f <X Hu d+ 20 T +&\ n+#H yd , _{wt \+
< us< X Hu 20 T < X+_ >TsT #k&T .7 .|P. 600
H{ < >+> jTeTTH ~>Te jT\, sT |&e Ts k\, < H
|su $T MT<, Vs dsD
| Vs <T . jTT<\T #jT &
sE\ se+X\ e. $ks+ > qTeTT y&+ k< |& <
b+\ esT s<T. eTVus < yTT+ & ` MTs{ ` eT<T s
b+ |]$TeTsTT+< X+_ n_bjT+.8 sTy \+
uVDT\T eT beTTU |+#Te&+ d+ eT q sE\q
se+X\q n+{ eTVus+ #ssT.
eTVus+ sT b+&e\ jTT<+ < eyT nsTT n+<T
w& b ns+ <T. jTT<+ #dq s +&T | \ | kjT+
#dq j<e |eTTKT&> e+&y& | , <e&T e\dq n> + <T .
{ & ys d+|<jT+ e #]+< X+_ u$k&T . sT>D+
yd d\
+ & ` MTs{ b++ >, y <D
+> eT<T s b++
jT<T>D+ (j<e\T) ed+#ysT. sT> <+ |+#>D
\ j<e\T
sT . M sT\T be#TqT > y< \| sT\> M |X
bw \T. M <e&sTTq w& sT\ <e&sTTq +<T& eTT+<T

78

bNq us< X #]

qT+& XTyT. e], |X bw de+ |P]> HXqeTsTT eekjT


de+ ds | & d ] +<T&T q kH d+|Ps+ > j&T. w& T
|eTTK <e&j &T. |]De ||* +#~ eTVus+ w
b.
~ s +&e d+|<jT+>, eTVus+ eT&e d+|<jT+
$\~. X+qT& |+& #dTq >+>, n+, \|, w&T
dsd e &q nd+UyT q d\
T neT<e\ |sb\T. eTVus <

M =+<] # \eTsTTq b e+~. neT<e\T , eTV
us <
# |eTTK+> <s q$T# $ V+ H>TbeTT. H>C
HXq+ #jT & qyTjTT&T jT+ #dT + &> jT s +& u>+>
yX + bjTqT&T #| q < eTVus+ . n< H>TbeTT $we |& nsTT+~.
\seTT& n+X nsTT+~. e& yT&qT n\+]++~.
eTVus <qT eT&T d+|<j\ \sTT> $&>=&
n+<T ||* +q #] |]DeT+ ns+ neT+~. sT >D #+~q
y & ` MTs{ b+| H>] sT\T. Vs ese ed, y
ke J$ b|~. y <D
+> eT<T s b++ jT<T
>D #+~q |Xbw\THsT. #T (eTTK+> >+> jTeTTH
jT\) <e TsTTq n&e\THsTT. n&e\ $\THsT.
$\+<s H>C nsTT e+&&+ nd+ue +. e $& $&>
e+&q $ >\sTT e+&*.9 H>T\T H>C nH~ sT\T
M+<] keq |j >+> |j +q e. VQX M me
>\
T beTTqT <TsT V+> * eHj beTT |P #dy.
eT&T deC\ eT< s+s+ d+|TsD k e+&*. +<T&
w& |&<T. j<e\qT n++ #j\ +<T&T |jTd w&T
>esq |s n&+ |{ sk &T . j<e\L H>C |&< T . jTeTTH
q~ bjT e n&+ |&T q jTT& u\ w& T q * +<
= nD#k &T . ( #+|& X+_ >TsT#
k &T ). H>sE nsTTq &T
+<T& dVT&T. nsTT +<T& |P+q sT\ ssTTq qyT
jTT&T & dV H>Cq+ n++ #j \ jT+ #k&T .
D+> kq d+|T sD
re+>H ] e+&*. +<T n+eT
$jT+ sT\~ | <T . |X bw \sTTq j<e\T, $\sTTq

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

79

H>T\T, eekjT\sTTq sT\ & | <T . nsTT +>TuT


|* +> j<e\ $\ |P]> HXq+ <T . y >& eekjT+
HsTHsT. es eedqT y~+#sT. y \VqT\sTTq y
yTT+ > XS< s es+Z > e]bsTT sT\ <|& &sT . =+
\e+T\sTTq y |sVT\T uVDT\ #ssT. >DeTTKT\T
sE\jsT. y <eS #s\ y~ #s\ \>*d bjsTT.
sT\ +<T&T , j<e\ w& sujT u> e +T&j &T.
$\ H>TbeTT w& nq (\seTT&T) nsTT+~. $we |&
nsTT+~. u$T q |&> MT< yd ~Xw&sTT+~. sTy bqT
bqT e& yT&qT n\+]++~ d++> |{ |P\T n+<T
+{+~.10
w& sT\T n+> \ T e\dq neds+ @$T e+<q
|X edT+ ~. w& T e\+ jT<T>D+ <e& nsTT n+{ |eTTK
kH n+<TH y&T &T. w& T n|{ m+<s <e dyT q+
n X+_ u$k&T . jT<T>D+ sd+<T & uj
eT<T sqT e~*
|&e T{ (<s ) e\d y[+<q |sD >< X+_ # beTTK+
k&T .11 s nH sd # d+~+#& sd+<T &T $&T. |sD\
|s+ eT>< b\&T. eT>< L eT<T sL eT< eq <s { #d,
>+>, jTeTTH jT\T <+ > n&e\ +& eq H&T eT>< L
eT<T sL jTT<+ ] e+& neX+ <T >, sd+<` w\
ys +
yTq $`j<e d+|TsDqT ddT+< X+_ n_bjT+.
d+|T sD
j<e\T <HsT. eT<T sqT e<* |&e T{ e\d ysT.
$ds D
eT+ y <e&sTTq w& |P\T >& $d] +#sTT. w&
\\qT C>> $Xw d n+<T nH d+|<j\ \sTT |dT + ~.
w& T neT<e\ XTe. |PqqT # neqTw+> #+b&T.
eTs= w& T neT <e\ # |jT yTq y&T. nd+UeTsTTq
neT <e\ dsk &&T. w& T H>C XTeq $wjT + jT
eTsq + <
q U+&e <V q+ <
q q&TT+~. += w& T
sT\ dVT&sTT e+&*. n #\T dTu<qT sT s
esT&sTTq nsTqT&T n|V]+#&T. >\+ n+<] n\]+q
u\w& sT jTT<+ XTe\+<] |
|j >+ <s V
e]q w& nd\T b*< T .

80

bNq us< X #]

mH |P\ dyT q+> @s&q w& T s +&T #] |]De\


||\
q+. { ` sT <X <D
q eq jT<T>D+ |&e T{ $d] +q
eT+ b++ |X bw \ |P\ w |P> dyT q+ #+<&+ ,
Be\, sT\T w& eT <e&> d]d #eT+~ |X bw \qT
+>BdT>\T>TsT.12 s+&e~, n+ eTTKyTq~, $\
neT <e\qT w& us\T> d]+#&+ <s $\ H>sD

<V<+ #jT &+. w& 16, 108 us\ ns+ sTT<. eT<T dMT|+
+<eq+ |{ +< (>T+|<e)13 nH <e |r d+es+
w& $yV+ #ksT . +< d+ + T\d #T. y~ d+|<jT+
=*H&T mTe+{ beTTK+ T\d #T |&T uVD d\

|P\ |eTTK kH * e+~. eT>y sV+# s +& T\d


n+> beTTK+ +&<T. nd\T w&T +<eq+ |y+#
>*>&+fH neT<e\ |P |X bw\ +bsTT+< ns+.
=*H&T eq+ eT>y |yX + w<+ . bsuT> |y +q yqT
neT<e *sT+T+~. neT <e\ |sTw\ $yV+ #d
y+H * ksT . n+<T d+ +> +<qT w& T |r d+es+
=> |[#dT +{&T.14
+< w& us\sTTq s $ d\
T sTD (usE
es` uE\T n|{+ $), C+e (m\T>T+{ <TsT
V+> >\ $ >D eTTKT es) , yTT<\sTTq y. +eT+~
$ neT<e\qT w& T |[ #dT H&+f < yqT s +&T _q
deC\ dyT q+ e+~. $\T |X bw \ ~| + y
dyTq+ #+~ Vs dsD e Vs #|{ d<+
neTHsT. sTT<] Vs , eekjT esZ deC,
de+ sD dyT q ese edq s + qT+& sT\T n+~
eT deC sT#T+{sT. nsTT |]DeT+ $jTe++>
k>\+f sT\T w& eT <e&> n+^]+#& d<+ y*. =>
sb+<TTq eekjT deC +<T& +f w& dss TTq <e&T.
w& T +<T&> |X \T\T s&T . w& <\
|X e\T b&
|Xe > * |Xe\T e. |> neT<e\ n+ |

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

81

bT&sTTq w&T $\qT +>BdT \T|e& #


nqTL\eTsTTq <e&T. +<T& ks + <T . $<+ > = <eq
= |P\q d]+#{ = |sD\ sjT& uVDT\T
m\| & d<y T . |PC+& m+> $d] d y n+ <jT+. y
b uVDT\T d<+ b = uVDT\T ($\ qT+&)
|T=#sT. = |sD\ uT = uVD >\ |T=#sTT.
uVD >\T d|s T \
qT <{ nd+U+> $d] +#sTT.
.|P. 300 H{ |]DeT+ # es $jTe++
nsTT+<q& n>+&sY \+ eq ^\ n_bj\T <s q+.
^\T +<T& eT &jkdt (Dionysos) q w& Vsdt
(Herakles) q b\THsT. ^\ VsH
w&
> q\{y &T.
jTT e+{ V& nH beTTqT #+b&T. eTT e# |+CT
|\| b+\ n+<s VsdtH s~dTHs, &jkdt |P
=+&\ |]$TeTsTT+< ^\T nHsT. n+f eekjT de+ \|&
|\| b+\ +<T& kH w& T $T+#TH&, + |P]>
Vs #|
|X bwD |< q+> e+&bsTTq =+& #]jT
eyT +<T& |< q <e&> >T]+| +< ns+ neT+~. #
eTTKyTq ^\ n_bj #]sT\+ $d]+#s X+_
$eT]k&T.15
nsTT sTb+&e jTT<+ < j<e\ w& <\
T #s &+
eTVus+ nsTTb<T . H>C nsTTq TsT $\ ]q d+|T sD
,
< n+eT |]cseTsTTq dyT q+, eTVus+ MT< \+> eTT<
yksTT. +<T w& $yVe&q nd+UeTsTTq neT <e\T
d]b<T . y+ VQX jTeTTq |&e T{ ~q eq $\
<e\sTT e+{sT. sT\ eekjT de+ <X
$d] +#
e\d+~ sTq eq <e TsTTq >+> jTeTTH n&e\. n&
$\T H>C. M eekjT+ n\yT #jT&+, =+<]
XS<T\T> s#Te&+, =+<] es$uqqT |yX|&+
eTTKyTq #] |]DeT+. +<T ||\
q+> H> V+ eTVus+
\+> e #]+~. X+_ +f |PsyT dT+sY V|H e+{

82

bNq us< X #]

ysT eTVus+ H&T sb+~q < <, .|P. 400 qT+& d+


.X. 200 (VQX .X. 400) < esT\ #sT \ sT>T e#jT
s|+#sT.16 yTT<{ # q~> eq y jT+ nHsT. |sTqT
f n~ sT jTT<+ < n ns+ neT+~. nsTT X+_ $Xw D

|s+ n~ se\ $|+> bs+ue TsTT b+&e\ $jT^+> e]+~.


sT y |]q eT+ 25,000 |<\ us+ nsTT e] \ |<\
eTVus+ nsTT+~. dT+sY e\+ e $Xw D
<s #dq ssD

X+_ #] $esD k&T . sT jTT<+ < j<e\ w&
<\
T e #ssTT. \eT+ w& <\
T eT] nsTT e] w&
eTV us+ eTTKT& nq+> m~>&T. nsTT s`j<e dyT q+
+f eTTKyTq |]DeT+ >+>`jTeTTH n&e\ eeksTsD
e&+
# n& $\ V+ nsTTq H>TbeTT # |eTTK+> us
< |y++~. |dT s|+ eTVus < +<+ sT
jTT<+ <, H>C n++ #kq | #d qyTjTT&T #dq
jT+ n X+_ n+{&T. jT+ d+<s + yX + bjTqT&T #| q
< eTVus+ . s+ > #&&y T eTVus+ n+eT+> rdTq
sb nqT>TDyTq #+ n X+_ |< |< n+{&T.17
dyTq+ # $jTe++> ], eTVus < VQ
b#Ts+ b+~+~. sD+# sT y \+ uVDT\T n|{
b\ esZ\ nedse TsTTq uy\qT bUH\ s|+q |<X \
s|+q eTVus+ |yX |&T e#sT. $<+ > dT X +
=* Xu\ (u keTjTT>+ $s$ kq \+) eTV us+
|y +q |eTTK $wj \T, u keT de <s u~+# u> B Z ,
u keT s u~+# X+ |s +, yTT<{< w& #
, s +&e
< ;w # #| +#sT.
eTVus+ H> ~s $ V\qT X+_ $Xw + # rsT
# d s + > e+T+~. C The Autochtonous element in the
Mahabharata nH~ X+_ $Xw
D
|< |{e T nqqyTq <s q+.
& = <VsD\T eyT kqT.
VdH |s+ <>sZ ]q |sedT e\ s +&T bs\ +&
|+\T <=]sTT.18 +~ bs # yTTsT> *q +& |+\THsTT.

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

83

$ b+| $\ yk\qT dkjT X+_ u$k&T . |bs


# { &< s+>T +& |+\THsTT, y{uT qTeTT eTT& KC
]+q >TsT\
THsTT. $ b+ #sT = n& qTeTT y&+
Vs bs+_+q sT>D+ >TsT\
X+_ n+{&T. y eT
s< VdH |s+ (Vd n+f beTT n ns+ ) n |sT |Te&
f n~ H>C n$\ yd d\
eT yqT sT\T sT#THs
ns+ neT+~. Te+{ $ V\T eTVus+ <
<++
eHsTT.
sTe+X+ usT& q eT\ |sTw&> #|+~. usT&T
<Tw+T& X +\L |{q y&T. X +\ yTq es. yTq n|sd,
X +\ L& X| < uVD+ n|sd> #| &+~. |> X +\qT
|+q DT& y<\ sd T &HsT.
sT b+&e*<] >sT ;w &T. eTVus+ w& sT y
eTTKT&T ;w &. nsTT ;w & * nsTTq >+> dw+ > { <e. yT
X+qT& $yV+ &TT+~ > H>] de| >VD +f neT
<e> |e]dT + ~. |{q |\\
+<] H djT+> #+|T+~. ;w &
bD++ > |]D$T+q n+ (neT) >& neT<e.
eTs= sT eTTKT&T <DT&T. $\T $< eq Hs ]q+
s \D
+ <T. $ \D
+. &T q\{y &T >&. |> <DT&T
d |{q y&T &T. sTw Ms+ +& |&> n+<T+ |{&T .
+& neT<e V+. Te+{ <\
$ eT dkjT
> n<jT+ #X+. se\T >& dV +> |{q ysT sT. >+<]
&T | |+& e+< eTT\T #d e+< b\ |> y{+
se\T |{sT . b+&e\T >& b+&TsE |< T , <e |{sT .
b+&TsE e~ nd\T \eL&< X|+.19
eTVus+ H>TbeTT V+ >& # T> e+~. H>C
XTe> q& w& nq \seTT&T djT+> H>TbeTT (~Xw &)
n+X. n jTT<+ H>*. H>* jTT<+ nq&+ ns+ <T {
\seTT&T $`eekjT dyT H dk& ns+ #dT y*.
<DT& esT&sTTq nXeT H>TbeTT> \ eTD e+T+~.
< nqT rd ;eTT& n|C| &+ se\ z$T n+eT |T +.

84

bNq us< X #]

n|&T> b+&e\ s+ d+$T+#<T . nsTq T& us\ nsTTq


}\| H>q. nsTqT& yT d+<s+ H>eTD dVjT+
dT + ~.
q +& eTsD |rs+> H>C n++ #j \q |P
qyTjTT&T jT+ #k&T . mH beTT\T #bsTT. nsTT H>C
ds HXq+ nsTTbjT |\ d &H uVDT& #=se e\ jT+
bT+~. nsTT uVDT&T uVD +& H>d |{qy&T.
n+<T. qyTjTT& |sVT&sTTq keTXe&T >& H>d
|{q y&.20 H>C ds HXq+ +& jT+ $s$T+#&+<+f
eekjT deC $\L keTsd + ~]+< ns+ . $\T
eekj ese edq n+^]+#sT. =+<sT uVDT\, jTT\
njsT. n~ \T XS<T\sTT s deC +bjsT. nsTT
y <e sT\ <e *dbjsT. sT y \| V+<eT+
H>TbeTT |P # sb\ q&TT+~.

q|<\T
.|P. 600 H{ >+> jTeTTH jT\ |u >q Vs
bs+_+q sT\ eekjT de+ sT ~> |j D+#\+f
<e TsTTq >+> jTeTTH jT\ ~>Te n&e\qT eekjT j>+
#j *. n& $\qT +>BdTy*, y eekjT+ n\yT
#j *.
<e TsTTq n&e\qT eekjT j>+ #j \+f qTeTT $ks+ >
\u +y*. sT<X+ nsTTq & ` MTs{ b++ qTeTT n+ $ks+ >
<=s< T . eTq <X+ H{ H{ qTeTT $ks+ > <=] b++
;VsY sh+. n+f >+> jTeTTH jT\ ~>Te u>+. n& qT|
>qT\qT #sT H < >+> jTeTTH jT\T yTT+ > eekjT j>+
e. n+<, => @s& sT\ eekjT de+ >{> \<=
<T.21 esZ de+ @s& >& |{ + sT\ de+ >Deed
sb e<T\T< #k+. +<T |eTTK V+, jT \T\ s|+
n<q| d]+#&+ . qTeTT y&+ $d] + eekjT+ \yTq
|H~ MT< \&< >Deed HXqeTsTT s#]\T @s&e. {
qT| >qT\ nHwD, qT| |eTT $ds D
, eekjT esZ de y|,

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

85

s#]\ $se+, <H={ sTdT= k>sTT. yTTyT T<{ s+>


|\e <>~Z qT| >qT\Tq <D
;VsY b+| eT><.
VQ $<e TeTsTTq |]DeT+ y~ #s\ eseTsTTq
ke k+d d+|T sD
\ s|+ k+~ { B $e]+#&
uVD >+<\ +f u< ~s uVD es d+|<j\T u>
|j >|& sTT. esT\ ` eTTK+> >D eed $q+ nsTT
s#]\T @s&q |]De ` T<T& T #] |~. w& >
e\+ |sD |sTw&T T<T& T #] |sTw&T e&+ e\, uVD
d+|<jT+ +f =*H{ u< d+|<j yd$ <<+ # n~+ >
+&&+ e\, u< d+|<j #]+ > ns+ #dT e&+ |sD\
$Xw D
n+ w+ > ss + > <T.
sT\T ;VsY qT| >qT\qT m{ #sTHsT, qTeTT
dV jT+ eekjT deC <e TsTTq qBjT n&e\ m{
|yX |{sT , >D eedq T |P]> e~*|{ H>] sC\qT m{ @ss#T
HsT, nH$ #&*.
sT\T .|P. 1000 qT+& >& & ` MTs{ b++ qT+& sT
|j D+ #d H eHsT. nsTT ~ >+> jTeTTH jT\ eT< u>+
>T+& <T, ys s +&T esZ\ >T+& { s q eq Ve\jT`Hb
d]V<T MT<T> ;VsY sh+ s =q< e n& qT+& {sT>
<D se&+. esZeT+{ >& sT\ eekjT yk\T
@s&sTT.22 s +&e es+Z > >+> jTeTTH q<T\ MT< |&e |j D+.
ysDd <>sZ |sedT e\ .|P. 800 #+~q yk\T jT
|&sTT. n|{ qB jT\qT eekjT j>+ #d yk\T
@ss#T e& e\dq qTeTT |]Cq+ >, qTeTT y&+ > e
{, q~ MT< & b++ qT+& ;VsY b++ < |j D+ #ks
nqTy*. $<+ > |j D+ #dq y es \T. q~ &Tq , ;VsY
b++q, .|P. 800 #+~q s neXc\T <=]sTT. $ |eTTT
e, ybsdT \
~ b \T. es \T k\T sH+ <T sTEe>
b \uT <=]q +& |+\T # yTTssTTq$. n|{
sT\T n\esTq &< s+>T |+\Te. n+ yTTssTTq +&
|+\T j sT #dT q $\ # { s edTe \ j >

86

bNq us< X #]

es + > *d e+& neX+<T . { $ k $\ b \T


, ses \y nsTT e+&*. n+f, qB jTqT eekjT j>+
#jT & nedse TsTTq qTeTT |]Cq+ e TT+<, sT\T es
>+> jTeTTH q<T\ ~>Te u> |&e \ MT< $]$> |j D+#ysT.
eT+ +<|d+ qT+& X+_ <, X+_ qT+& ysDd <
qBrs yk\T @s&sTT. eT+H ysDd <>sZ >+>q~ e~*
<D
y[ s>V+ (sCsY) b+| qT| >qT\qT #sT e#Tq
>& qTHsT. ;VsY b+| qT| >qT\T $<+> sT\
\u + njsTT.23 >qT\qT #+#Te& sT\T ;VsY b+|
$\ d+|T ]+q V\T |sedT eT\ eHsTT. >+>
<D
q eq $Ts|P sY =+& >TV\ =s jTT>| $\T ydq
>TV \T eHsTT. y{ H\T>T >Ts\ s<+ MT< eq j<T &T
$w #+ e+{ jTT<+ H\MT< eq $\ jTT<+ #dT H &T.
s< \T, $w#
+, sT\$ { j<T &T sT&T nsTT e+&*.24
|&T s +&T |]De\T bs+ue TjsTT. {, Ve\jT`Hb
d]V<T\
eq eekjT yk\qT sCsY qT| >qT\ \T|,
\Te> ;VsY sh+ q&u&T> T +& |j D+# es+Z @s&+~.
es+Z MT<T> sCsY qTeTT s syD nsTT Hb d]V<T #]
n& qT+& Ve\j\ n+#T MT<T> sT s< nsTTq VdH |s+
#], n& qT+& |+CT MT<T> yjTe d]V<TM T< eq \qT
#]+~. \ qT+& s <X\ m>TeT ~>TeTT\T k>sTT. sCsY
qT+& \ < y[q bNq es sV <] s |<+ nHsT.
bNq \| yTTyTT<{ |D\sTTq sCsY, b|+, yX*,
|\
edT, Xed s |<+ MT<H eHsTT.25 yTTyT T<{ sC\sTTq
eT><, d\ >& es+Z MT<H sb+<sTT.
|]DeT+ >, sCsY qT+& \u eTsTTq qTeTT >+>
jTeTTH jT\T eT+> Vs + se&+ s +&e |]DeT+.
$$< >\
T`=+<sT sT\T, =+<sT ssT \T, =+<sT nsTT+B B
#| ysT`|{ s |<X , ;VsY b+ HeT~> eekjTj>+
#jT k>sT. nsTT yqTy+H ds yd >e\T @s&< T . eekj
Vs dsD
q *|q d+#s eekjT deC\T @s&sTT. =

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

87

>D+ d+#]+q b+ ( d+#s >D) q|<+ nHsT.26


jTEs< \| sT\>, $ >& ds yd >e\ deC\T e.
qTeTT y&, Vs HsT q|{ + >Deedq d+#s
J$ e~*|{ ds yd >e\qT > s#] eedq T > k~+#
<X sTT~.
$<+ > .X. 600 sT y yTT+ s us< X + >D eed L
esZ deC eT< d+ > eq deC\T # @s&sTT. d\
+> n
>& eekjT n\esTq deC. @M >& d+|Ps+ >
eekjT esZ deC\T e. ={ ese ed dw+ > |y ++~.
y~ s +&qT s+> #]dTH sTT. y~ s +& n]+# \T\
s|+ n<q| b\ esZ\T d]+#&+ sT>T+~. ={
s \D
\T n+ dw+ > e. Vs # d s es+Z , n<q|
d]+# >D eTTKT\ b\es+Z , nH $u q eyT e+~.
={ >D du b #es D
+ s#]\T @s&TTHsTT. =
+ >D+ |< >Ddu # mqT& sE\ b\q eHsTT.
>D eed \D
\qT |P]> < +d+ #d ds yd >e\q eekjT
esZ deC s#] eedq @ss#& + eTT+<Tq se +. .|P.
600`300 \+ |]DeT+ k+~. B |eTTK #] V+ eT><
nTq s|+ eTs ke+. #se T<X nX& |]b\q. y~ eT+
>Deedq T ds #dT +~ { esT y~ eseTsTTq sT>T
u ||* ++~. sT>TuT<s
T<T& T eTTKT&T.
.|P. 600 H{ us |K+&+ yjTTe+ qT+& sT< `
|+CT qT+& ;VsY < ` s|+ rdTq q|<\ d+K 16 n
d+|<jT+. $ eTV q|<\T. $ ys q|<\T #H e+&
e+&*. M{ |< q+> eT&T> $u +#e#TqT. {, jTEs< \|
eeksTsD
|* +> |+CT`& b++ @s&q q|<\T. s +&T,
sT\ sT $ds D
|* +> Ve\jT ` Hb d]V<TM T< (s
|<+ MT<) @s& q|<\T. eT&T, sCsY b+| qTeTT |* +>
>+> jTeTTH jT\ @s&q q|<\T. |sD\q u<
d+|<jT+q |s=q q|<\ |sT +u, >+<s, sT, b+#\,

88

bNq us< X #]

eT<, eT, XSs dq, (|+CT`& ` eT<T s b+ #+~qe$), ,


Hs, ne+, e, yTT<\sTTq$ (>+> jTeTTH jT\$).27
|sD kV+q WV #]sT\ <Xu j
T TyT q }V
>H\q eTV q|<\T ={ = d+|q s+>q,
y{ s<qT\sTTq Xed, |\edT, s>V+, nj<, ysDd,
sTT, X+_, VdH |s+, \ yTT<\sTTq$ d
X s\ $\d
eTVq>s\>q e]+#&sTT.28 ~ nXj n >T]+#*. q
|<\T |{+ sC\T e, =+ H>] k~+q >D\T, n$
d+#]+q b+\T. n$ >D\T nq& <s q+ d\T\T, e><T \T
n VQe#q+ y&&y T q X+_ dk&T .29 q|<\qT rdd
$T*q b+eT+ <e TsTTq n&e\q, $\q +&e+~.
s us<X+ |s++ $d]+q q|<\T #T eq
$\H > eTeTT >& \V+#THsTT. qTeTT >+
+f me \u+ ne+~ { >+ +f jTT<\T me>
#jT >*>sT. me] qTeTT me> n+<Tu{ e+f y > *#sT.
eT+ >D\ sE\T \|& yTq sE\T >*>sT. jT
> * + > *#sT. >D eed
|+< \qT +#T=HsT, ksueTT
\jsT. |sD ><\T e~* #] sTEe\T \ueTjT
s |<+ MT< (qT| >qT\ n+<Tu{) eq d\, eT><, *#$,
eT\ yTT<\sTTq >D\T $TsTT. y{ d\, eT><\
~ |#s TT nsTT+~.
e] eT>< d\qT >& sT#T+~. us< X #] yTTyT T<{
ds d s+ nsTTq eT>< .|P. 530`470 eT< \+ sb+~+~.30
$T*q q|<\ @eTjsTT? = HeTsb\T +&
bjsTT. |sD\H | @ #] eT\q y{ |keq <T .
nsTT = e+ \ |sT> XDT\ |sT> e He\T> $T*
bjsTT. $ >D\qT es eed \> (n~+> XS<
\>) d+q+ #dTq eT*eTsTTq #] e $
<VsD\> q&sTT. $<V q|<+ bsTT+~> y< V \T nH
ybsdT \
XDT\T $TsTT. eT\ >D+bsTT eT\T\T n+f d >
yjeT+> |<] +# e nqTd]+#y nH ns+ $T*+~. eT><

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

89

>D #+~q e><T \T sE\ ] >q+ #dyjsT.31 <s Xk\


M+<] es k+s +e\ @s& d+s \> |s=HsT.32 nsTT
>D+ y+<s > e > d]+#s u$+#qs< T .
q|<\ d+|T sD
jTT sjT ks+X X+_ $es+>H
s|+#>\
T>T&T. d+|T sD
eTTKb eV+q$ s |<+
MT< eq eT><, d\, *#$, eT\, q|<\T. e><T \T s |<+
yTT<\jT # qT| >qT\ \jTeTsTTq sCsYqT s<> *
eHsT. d\T\ s< Xed Hb d]V<TM T< e+~. s +&T q|<\
eT< qTq$ eT\, *#$ >D\T. M{ eT< ]q d+|T sD
n+eT+>
$j ssTT+#~ qT| >qT\ MT~ ~|yT. nsTT ke
sD ( d++<\) d++~+q n+X+>& # eTTKyTq ~.
>Deed sD +|= s#] @ss#T>*q q|<
d+|TsD \Te>\T>TsTT. dH\T (Standing army) >\
ksueTT\T > \TksT >, >D|eTTKT\+ jTT< <sT\sTTq >D\T
> \ee. |&T $d +> \u + neq qTeTTqT jTT<\T> >
|eTTT> > deTse ++> $j+#Ty\+f ke sD+
( d++<\) esT sy*. >D de sD+ esT
|+< + > e+~. *#$, eT\ >D\T esTqT k~+# b jsTT.
n$ n|{ u> ~>C]bjsTT. => \u + nsTTq qTeTT <s+
>D |eTTKT\T >D+ keqT\# Vs #sTT+ |< mTq
n<q| d]+ eT d> d++ #dT +THsT. M <|&
>D d++< b|~> eHsTT. > n<j\ $e]+qT,
Vs |+|+ d+ ( jT \T\ d+) >D |eTTKT\ n]+#&+
nH >D #s+ s|+ n<q| dsD
k+~. B +|=
H>] esZ deC @ss#& + >D |eTTKT\ |j H essTT+~.
n+<T >D\T eT>< # z&bjsTT.
ke sD+ esTqT k~+q e><T \T d\T\ >&
yTTyT T<{ sE\T $\T e&+ >eT+#<> Z $wjT + n X+_
uk&T . M >D |eTTKT\ d+ be&+ e\H >D sD #~ +
H>] sC\q dH @ss# >*>sT. eT\, *#$, X >D\qT

90

bNq us< X #]

+>BdT>*>sT. eT>< sE _+_ksT&T XH> se+X #+~q


y& |sD d+|<jT+. XH> e+X uVD |sD\ #
Vq+> #ksT. |> H> nH~ y~ sT\T $\ y&q |sT
{ XH>T\T $\sTT e+&*. d\ sE |dqT $wjT +
>& n+. nqT qT qT e+ojTT&T> #|H&T>
>=|\T H&T mes n+^]+#< T . q+f # \VqT\ q
$<j
T T\ nsTTq X\qT+& nqT $jT+ ] y eT >D+ d
e& w| & H>eTT+& nH $ d es #sT. H> nH~
$ HeT+ e&yT , eTT+& nH~ |{ ;VsY b++ eq
$ > |sT.33 $<+ > us< X + yTTyT T<{ ds d
sC\qT @ssq ksueTT*<s $.
>D eed
>D |eTTKT\ du e+T+~. du q &
*+> sE> jT$TdT+~. y<kV+ |s=q sE\+
Te+{ >D |eTTKT > H>] deC\ sE\TsT. sE >Ddu
n_eT nqTd]+ q&T#Ty*. n+f nqT ksueTT&T &T, n
|]b\q ds d s+<T. >D d+|<j #~ + s#]\T
@s&&+ sE # \e+T&e&T. |&q T >D eTTKT\ du#

jT$TT&T |sVT\# n_w & e &T. n n~s $<+ >
n<T \D
+ b~+#&TT+~. n~ e+X bs+|s +> n | b
<q +sT \ d+$TdT+ ~. >+ > n|&T >D |eTTKT\+<]
deT+> n<q| |+#qs< T . n<q| |&T | + >
q #+<TT+~. q qT+& s |eTTKT\ d+$TdT+ ~. >+ >
jT\T\ s|+ |&T |qT\ s|+ d]k&T . |qT\ dsD

d+ n~s jT++> sb+~k&T . dH @ssTk&T .


|]b\q $<+ > ds d ksueT b+~ H>] s+ @s&T
T+~. eekjT esdZ e C nqT>TDyTq sjT s|+ sTT~.
esT\qT k~+#&+ sE\ |sVT\ n+& y*.
n+<Tq (_+_ksT&T, |dqT\
>) esTqT k~+q yTT
yTT<{ sE\T >D |eTTKT\ d+ $\sTT eT]+ neds+ .
y |cs e TsTTq se+X\T y*. y |P\T \

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

91

us T \ |sD\T *+#*. eTq<X+ n eT\\q q&


se+X\qT { #d uVDT\T \q\T #jT & m\| &
d+d<T ns+ neT+~.34 n+<T ||\+> dT\T d+b~+#T
HsT. _+_ksT&, |dq <s >& jTT<\ $jT+ sT
|< |Tq jTC\T #jT &yT uVDT\ <D
> yTT+ >e
sTT#sT.35
=> eq s#] eed sVD <V<+#d = uy\
$\Te\ |T=#sTT. >Deed
, s >D\ #+~q y] jTT<+
#jT &+, yqT Ves&+, <#Te&+, y d+|<q T HXq+ #jT &+,
n L& e+eTsTTq |qT. >D+ |\ e+ |sd s+ V
*+#T>&<T . <TsT #+~q ys+ dCT\ +< . y
@ $<+ >q V *+#L &<T . esZ de+ d\T ys . d
d+, s+ d+ TTe\qT >& #+|e#TqT. mTe+{ {\
qsTTH |j +#e#TqT. n~ s, jT <s +.36 dV qT\qT d
|sT \T (<s >+ <TsT #+~q yssTTq|{) <#Te#TqT.
<#T&&+ dV qT\ <s +, <#Te&+ d| s T \ <s +.
=> deC nedse TsTTq $e]+# XgsT\T |T
=#sT. >+<+ > eTq <=]q yTTyT T<{ s >+<+ {\T&
nsX g+ {\T&T e] eT>< seXeTsTTq eTsT\ #+~q
y&T. nsTT nsXk {, {\T&T & .|P. 600`300
\+ nsX g d\
qT b*q d\T #| q XgsT\T #eT+~
eHs ns+ neT+~. {\T& > M #eT+~ uVDT\T.
$wjT+ M |sqT { \TdT+~: us<E&T, jTqT&T,
|sXsT&T, Vd e>s. M BsZ#sjTDT&T, +\T&T,
$X &T, yTT<\sTTq XgsT\THsT. M jTT\sTT e+{s
X+_ u$k&T .37 n+f, qq b\esZ #+~q s +&T esZ\ qT+&
qq ke u~+# XgsT\T |T=#sT. nsTT
{\T&T | ys me] s#q \ d++> \u + <T . {\T&T
q d\qT |b~d M+<] n_bj\q |sT|sTH e++
yUk&T . B { => sb+<TTq ds d s#] n~s

92

bNq us< X #]

esZ deC nqT>TDyTq uy\T $d+> |T=#jT ns+


neT+~. uy\T mTe+{ d++<y T q #<q > |s|s+
nH eTTdT>T > +& s=>e+> n~s <V deT]+, <
rsTe& nedse TsTTq esZ\+{ X+> $e]+#sTT. nsX g+
# {\T&T, sE\T sesT\ \ | n|eT+ > e+&&+
m+ nedsy #| , yqTy+H sesT\T eT *< + &T\
m b #b&T .38 <+ | sj \ qT+& HsT q<qq&
<s q+> eT>< ssTTq _+_ksT& n =&T nC XTe U< T #d
+& e& #+|&T. nsX g+ jTT< + + $Tu< + |j >
$es+> #|+~. eT><sE C XTe *#$ >D ++
| j > + H z& k & T . eX s T & H uV DT& T eT> < qT+&
Vw]+#&qT q{d *#$ >D+ #] y y u< \T
*+ yH z&+#&+ nC XTe &&T&T.39
s#]\ $se+ eT>< #] q& ke s+>+ eq
esT\qT u< ~s y~ es <e\T # > |_+_ksTT.
qTeTT dV jT+ n|PseTsTTq |]eD+ Vs #d X
de+ d+b~+#T+~. nsTT # u>+ jTs +&
n]+# \T\ s|+ n>es\ #T \ b+~. eTTK+>, |X \T\T
eekjT deC # Vse TsTTq$. n+ , n<q|
$<+ > jT +& e< +& ybs $j> eTsTT ke
d+|< qTeT&dT + ~. <w uVDT\ y~ +T\qT es+#
eekjT`ybs esZ\T |&T eTT+<T=#sTT.
= de+ => eTT+<T= b >D eed #s\qT
es+q esZ\ sD ns+ #dT y*. eekjT\
ybsdT \
n+<s qysT sT. H>* |T= b\+ <Tq s
eekjT\ # d+|qT\T =+<sTHsT. eekjT<sT\T
|< q+> yX \T > XS<T\T M L*#ks >TsT+ #Ty*. n{> ,
MqT u keTT\T> >T]+#&+ k< +<T. n|{+ u $T deTw
jeqyT | e jeq+ <T . eekjT dC +<\T
(+^w
t Kinship groups - sT y \| b*qT { eT& T+u\T

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

93

n #|e#TqT.) |<mTH u$T |Xd+|<q XS< d+|<q


eT&> *eHsTT. dC +<\ |<\
qT >V|T \T (b
>V |T \T) nHsT. y< \+ >V| nH~ e\+ s +& d++<y T q
e. >V s \qT #]+# e >V| nHsT. |&T >V| n+f
d+|q dCT\ +< |< nH ns+ e+~. (u< d+|<j
sdq b uw >V | nHsT). qq+> $s$ dq esZ eed

>V|T \T eTTKT\T. M >D eedj
T T #s\ & & +
<T . dC +<\ |<\
T> eTMT< eq u< HH d++> eT
d+|<qT nqTu$+# pdTHsT.40 T<T& <]+q esZ\ M
|eTTKT\T.
Vs+ n<q| |< mTq k< + neTq<+f <
uT ke XeT $u q |sT>TT+~. VsyT ys neds\T
|sT>TsTT. eTTK+>, b\ esZ\T eekjT\ qT+& #+#Tq
n<q| q+ Vs+> uT +#sT . < ]\qT bw+ $d
edTe \qT j sT #sTT+#T+{sT. s b+\ es + <s &
\u + edTe \T | +#T+{sT. Bq+{ ds> es es+Z
$s$ ++~. es es+Z beTTK m+{< + f |< es \qT Xw
(|eTTKT&T) nHsT. b uw X{ nHsT. >V |T \ > Xw \
T
>& n<q| jT \T\ s|+ e< e& sd+ q y.
qq esZ eed
eTTKT\T. T<T& nqT#sT \ |eTTKT\T.
b uw u< d+|<jT+ => $s$ +q eekjT
esZ de| |eTTKT\T> X{` >V |T \T q&sT. uVDT\ d+d
kV+q nsX g+q bs`Cq|<T \T nH esZ\qT |eTTK+>
\ eTTKT\T
|k$+#sT.41 bsT\T n+f n|{ => |T=dTq |D
` n+f es \T, sdT\T, |sVT\T. Cq|<T \T n+f >MTD eTTKT\T.
b k+|<jT+ X{ ` >V | esZ\qT #dH d+d kV+
bs`Cq|< esZ\qT #dH $wjT + dwe TeT+~. >D eed $qyT
esZ eed @s&T+~. < esZ\T @s&TTHsTT. >D #s\ d+ \\T
+#T= eT cqTks+ d+|<q T $j+#Ty\ = esZ\T
$SsTTHsTT. d+|qT keq s \T >& >D #s\

94

bNq us< X #]

qT+& $eTT sTHsT. jTC\ |X \T\T n]+# #s+ y


Vs+ n #X+.
<+ y~ s +& esyT q <e\ <]rd+~.
T<T& , .|P. sT, nsTT<T Xu\ #eT+~ +<T bZHsT.
eTVMsT&T *dqy&. qT nX+*, eTK* >X\T&T,
|PsDT&T, jTqT&T, #s&T, yTT<\sTTq yHsT. M+<]
T<T& #] *be& >\ sD\ { T<T& T @ $wjT +
q n b+& $T+ b{+#&+ n X+_ n+{&T.42 u<
e< $T es+Z (The Middle way) n >& n+{sT. nsTT n++ f
eTTKyTq sD+, T<T& T y~ s +&qT es+#&+ uT qq
eekjTesZ deC nqT>TDyTq $\Te\q b|+ <<
|b~+#&T. qq eekjTesZ deC u<+ deT>yT q <s
d<++.
T<T& T , eTVMsT&T $TqV sT \T sdq >+<M eTq \u +
<T . M es\sTTq u<, Cq , uVD <s >+<\ M
n_bj\T> #| q$ eyT eTq \TdTqT. y n_bj\qT
|Ps|+ #jT &+ d+ e++#sT. { n$ m+es $XdjTy
eTq <T. nsTT *dq+es \+<]q ue
yesD+ |dT + ~. MqT y~ d+|<j #+~q |wsT\
b*d $wjT + dwe TeT+~. |wT \
T me \eT+ =+
eTT+<T (.|P. 800`600) #+~qesTTH #]+> < <X
#+~q$. qq eekjT esZ de+ $s$ dq <X #+~q$.
nsTT |wT \
T y~ eT+ u>eTsTTq$.
|wT \
eBdq |X \ eBksT. J$+ n+f
ns+ @$T{? #e ns+ @$T{? nH~ e+f < due+ @$T{?
yTT<\sTTq$.43 |X d+|< eT jTT<\ $jT+ deTLseT
| &T J$ u neds\T rs&+ d+ jTC\T #dq y |&T
J$+ d++<+ |X \T ydT H s+fH n<q|
esZ de+, e#jT +q #d rsT& =+ eT+~ +<
ns+ neT+~. nsTT esT d+|T sD
L&T= q<H+ <T

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

95

<sq+> |X\ s+&T s\ de<H\T e#sTT. y~ d+|


<jT+ |wT \
`|se \ #s eTTK $wjT + >
= \T # es yd$ (u) <<+ >\ysT. |wsT\T
y~ s+& e\ |\+ <T+< < n #]+#+& <
<+> yU+# |jT + #ksT. = \T y~ s +&
e\ |\
+ < T+< |<T . s +&qT <+> yU+#
<T . jTC\qT es+#sT. jTC\ d+<s + ]q nbseTsTTq
+T\T\ | M sdq # reeTsTT+~. n~ nV+k d<+
<]rd+~. Cq T\T m&< ys+f d Je\qT #+|&+ >& b|+>
u$+#sT. u<+ n+{ n b<T > nV+dqT s es+Z >
|b~++~. #] <Xq T+& eTq $T*bsTTq \yTq
<s + nV+d.
jTC\T wjqse T Vse T sd ]+#&+ n+f e\+
uVDT\qT es+#&+ <T. sd yTT+ >D de b|+
<<y T |L*bT+~. +<~ <e jT \T\qT n+<T+{s,
n+<T ||\+> d+|<q, |Xe\q { eqsT\q |w\+>
n+~ks n+es $Xd+#sT. |&T < kq+ = b|+
<<+ y*. .|P. 6e X| \ =+<sT nd\T jT|\
yT
<T, <e s , eT+#&\
T e, nH~ < , eTw #bsTTq
sT y (b|| D\ |yT jT+ +&) |+#u \ (>*, sT,
u $T, n, X+) *db& nHsT. nsTT ~eT (Primitive)
u y<+ +f |\+> e+~ s d<++. y<\> |wT \

> s d<++ <T .44 y<\ s \T n+f jTC\ d+<s + #]+#
seT+ n ns+. |&T => ys ns+ e+~. s\T n+f
>+ (VQX > q) #dq |qT\T n n$ u$ wY eT+ #&T \qT
ss TTk jT = d<++ e+~. d<++ eekjT de+H
k< + n X+_ u$k&T . eTq+ H\ Hf $q + yTT\ |

sTTdT+~. nqTue+ qT+& #dq |qT\T |]|+ nsTT |*
<]rkjT q d<++ |&TT+~.45 (nd\T s |]| + e&+, |\
+
e&+, nH e\H eekjT d++<yTq < e+~.) Vs
#jT @sT H y s d<++ dT]+# neX+ <T .

96

bNq us< X #]

.|P. 6e X+ eTT+<T=q = #q\+{ \+>


*bsTTq$ nV+k s d<+\T. sT y \+ uVD eT
\eTsTTq s +&T uy\ uVD es <e\ |{sTT.
u<+ s+& # eTTUyTq$. |XbwD kq+ eekjT esZ
de+, Vs dsD
kq+ Vs , >D eed kq+ esZ
eed, @s&jT s +&T uy\ dksTT. u u> |X e\qT
yT|&+ d+ $j+ |X e+d+ & + +f, ny |X e\
kjT+ H> q qT| |eTTq |j + eekjT+ #d |~
sT HuqT bw+#e#Tqq u ydy nV+k d<++
||* ++~.46 s d<++ >D eed b|+ <<+ q esT
>& >DjT eTsTTq<. >D eed
>& |qsq ueq e+T+~.
e #bsTTq sT y q <TsT VeTsTTq +Te> |&&T.
<TsT V+ beTT nsTT beTT> |&&T. +<T eT+ #&\
|d
< T , b| |D\ $T+ <T . <TsT qT+& += <TsT
J$+H<T, eTsDq+s+ >& es&+ k< +<T. s d<++
+<T _q+>, sujT q b+<ujT J$+ q #dq |qT\qT
{ e+T+< #| +~. eT+|qT\T #d q q < T+~. #&| q T\T
#d # q < T+~. ybsdT & T m+ me eT\<q + L&u&
n+ me u+ b+~qT, s &T m+ C>> eekjT+ #d
n+ me |\
+ b+~qT, sujT q eT+ #&T \T eTq+ |&T
#dT H |qT\qT { e+{sTT.47
s+&T uy\ = deC m+> njT+f y{
uVDT\T >& <qb jsT. eT eTqT>& d+ M{ y~+#sT.
$\qT +>BdT+ y H>T beTTqT e& yT& ydq T,
u< <X+ qT+& bs<\T u<T\
nV+k s d<+\qT eTT
d++ #dT HsT. $ks+ > b#Ts+ b+~q w |se # s +&T
d<+\ #| + (n$ eT d++ e nsTe #T qe nqTeq+
>& sjT+&) |<X u> e BZ> eTVus+ |yX |{sT .
T<T& T b u> e BZ k< + njT~ <T. jT+& es+>
|{q nV+k d<++ $<+ > qyTjTT&T H>C V+k+>
HXq+ #jT & sT|Tq jT+ d+<s + yX + bjTqT&T #| q

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

97

<
, V+k+& ysd T q nsTq T& V+d #jT &+ <s + n
w&T #d |<X+ u>+>, |yX|&+~.48
nV+k s d<+\qT |b~+#&+ eyT T<T& b nsTT
eH eTq<X #] T<T& T n+ |eTTKT&T nsTT e+&y&T. nsTT
T<T& T n& b<T . |X bwD qT+& eekj sT>TTq
H{ #] |]De T<T& T n D\ qT+& ||* +#&T.
T<T&T X>D #+~qy&T. X>D+ s|<+ MT<eq
>D\ {. T<T& sesT&Tnq&+ ns+ <T . X\ n|{
s#]+<T . >D eTTKT\ du eT & *+> sE> mqT
e#TqT. { T<T& T X eTTKT& =&T. T<T&
>, Cq eT
bs+u &sTTq eTVMsT&T *#$ >D #+~qy&T. >D deC\
|{q sTT<s eT >D\qT e~*, >D +<* +#T _ e\sTT,
qq eekjT esZ deC nqTL\eTsTTq d<+\T #jT &+
>eT+#<> Z $wjT + n X+_ u$k&T . n+f deTse +T\sTTq e\

e+~.
kq+ *+#>\
X >D eed sTT+~.49 n~ nekq <X
#] $|y |]De|& u<q d+~>+q
L&T= e+{sTT. |> => edq de+ esZ de+ (n+f <|&
MT<, nDy MT<, <s|& eed) e&+ u< L <T'U e
me e+T+~. T<T& T u< L c\L d+~+#&T. y{ y]+#
es+Z d+ y~&T. nsTT qq deC sd ]+ yq by\
nqT<T . de+ |]~H u<\
ysD esZ qTy\
|jT +#&T. n+<Te\H qq eekjT esZ de sD <V<+
#jT >\ = #q\q, uy\q, |yX |>* >&T. qq
deC |P]> H T = e+f T<T eqe+ |+ e+&~.
s>$T <<+ sd ]+ e+f #] @ beTTKeT +&bsTT
e+&y&T. |s>$T <<+ sd ]+#&+ n|{ T<T& #]+ >
k<+<T.50 = deC nysyTq $wjT+> y~d
de+q de+ @s& |]DeT eT+q eq u<q <T'U
|X$ T+|Cd , H>] deC +>H M\sTTq+ H>]+ #d+<T
T<T& T nHw+#&T.
nHw+q |< (H{ ksTT) # XdjTeTsTTq~. n
deTd\L sD y&+, sD* nue+ #d esZ ns+

98

bNq us< X #]

#dTe&+, T<T& |<.51 d+|<q dTU\q sTe&+ <T'U


u<\
L eT\+. <T'U sTT+#& m$T~ $<\ jTeT<e TsTTq
J$ >&b *. d\qT f de+ eq esT \TdT+ ~.
<=+>q+ #jTL&<T, sT\ d ++#L&<T, neT +
d++<\T |TL&<T . d+|<
d+ d, jTeT<y T q +
#s\T (T+ eed) +f jTe\ ns+ <T . >D eed

>D #+~q d+|< n+<] eT& d. s >D\ d+|<qT
sTe&+, <=+*+#&+ |T qs\T. s jTe\T >& eekjT
esZ de+ neds\qT |_+_ksTT. n<\T &L &<T , V+d L&<T ,
d#y T q esZ nqTd]+#*, deC V *+# <jT+
d+b~+#L &<T , e>s . $<+ > jTeT<+ > J$d ns\+
s |\
+ |Pss TT d+ks #+ qT+& $eTT \_dT + ~. n~ sD+. sD+
n+f @$T{ n T<T& T dw+ > #| <T . sT y \+ sD
y<+T\T y+ b{|& XSqd > ns+ #dT HsT>, T<T& T
<e& >T]+N qT >T]+N @ se TsTTq < $wj \qT >T]+N
nd\T e{&
< >eT+#*. T<T& T ke deTd\ ke
#sD
|]cs+ #b&T`nsTT |]cs+ s d<++ #{
&e+~. X+_ T<T& sD ueq ys s+ > ns+ #T&T.
Vs d]+#&+ eHd, eekjT # d esZ deC |]DeT+
#+~q eqe\T eT b >D eedq T n+<eTsTTq C| + > $T>T\T
HsT. s us< X + yTTyT T< s#] k|+ q >D\ {
sT >D+ >, sT |\ XK (s sT>D+) >T]+
n+<eTsTTq |sD+ $T*bsTT+~. M eekjT yT<H\ ~
s+& yTsT |s +MT< <s e+eTsTTq J$+ >&T |THs, n&
d<+ #j *q neds+ +& u $T q+ H |w\+> |\
+
dT+ < (Vs @sT H y] < dsZ T \+), eT< es\
nHs>+ e+&e |sD+ #TT+~.52 esZ\T> $u+#& w
k< +> Vs #d J$+# eekjT\T, >D eed

s e T u< sV nHjdeTsTTq Vs dsD
q n+<eTsTTq
\> >TsT+ #THsT. d ] by\q ]`n <X\q n

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

99

d+dT\q`$$< sb\ |< |< e+ neT+~. >D eed


$H <T'+q T<T& sD+ nu< d (undifferentiated state)
] eT\yTyq X+_ n+{&T.53
eekjT esZ deC T<T& T yde +> n+^]+#&T. nsTT
ese edq T es+#&T. de+ esZ $u q | T<T& T nu +s+
\|< T >, mesT @ esZ #+<TsH~ q ss TT+# ese ed
T > k&T . <X
| nu +s+ *b&T.54 X+_ <VsD s#
yjTTe b+ |k$d, n& sT\T, <dT\T n s +& CT\TH
jT+. sT&sTTqy&T <dT&T e#Tq+. <dT&sTTqy&T sT&T
e#Tq+, n T<T& T nXjTqT&H uVDT y~+qT eT< eT
jT+ nH u< >+<+ dyX+ e]+#&+~.55
T<T& T y~ s +&qT es+#&+ , ese edq T es+#&+ ,
>q > \
$ e. T<T& uVD es> ns+ #dT+f
& q&<T . y~ s +& |X bw >D eed #+~+~. T<T&
n~ eekjT de+ $sy |< |+< e TsTT+~. <
T<T& T $jTe++> $eT]+#&T. es eed nTe+{~<T.
T<T& ke +q @ eekjT esZ de+ b|~> e+&+<
n< eekjT esZ deC sD d+> eTT+<T=+~ es
eed. < sTT+#&+ T<T& n+ dT\u+ <T. T<T& es
eed qq eekjT deC, + @ sD d+ <T.
deT* keT+ |eTTKT\q u< kV+ X{` >V | esZ\>q
d+d kV+ bs`Cq|< esZ\>q e]+#s | \ $u q
|s+ > |\e<T . <X qT+& #\+ < u<T\
ke +q,
uVDT\ es eed eekjT esZ de sD d\T> b{|& sTT.
eekjT esZ deC $\ |yX |&+ b{|& sTT. s +&
eT+H \|&sTT. e] djT+bw >e\T @s&&+ es
eed u< z&+#>* +~. e sT y n<j\ #<+.
jT s +&qT e<*| +& qq deC nqTL\ sD+>
es eedq T sb+~+q uVD eT+, u<+ <{ T jT
\T\qT e~*|{, u<+ qT+& qq deC nqTL\eTsTTq

100

bNq us< X #]

\D
\qT d]+, n+eT+> u< z&+ \ $u H eekjT
esZ deC @ sD d+> \u{+ ~.
T<T& <>Zs d\e BdT=HeTT+<T eT]= $wj\T #&*.
u< <s + qq eekjT esZ deC nqTL\eTsTTq ke
n |q #X+. nsTT T<T&T nedseTsTTq
|b~+#&+ }sT, H>] de+ + #> k~+#
= $\Te\qT |b~+#&T. $\Te\T n|{ + dT<s
u$ wT
|* +#ujT ;C\T> qq H>] de+ >s + eHsTT.
y{ <s d\T> H d+ <s\T> #] eTT+<T+#&+
>=| $wjT yT. BsjT+ nH u< >+<+ s +&T <\
qT X+_
|sVT&T sE
+<T <VsD\T> #T&T.56 <
|\T d+|qT\T y\H, <=+>H \, <|&\
T s> +&\H jTC\T
#d m+e+ |j >+ < , s T \ $H \T, es \ |T&,
| #jT >\ y+<] | *d me] |qT y eT>T\sTT e+{s,
sT>TuT n\] e+&e, n+<s |qT\T #*k s KCH +&T>
e+T+< n+{&T. eTs= <
Hs\q <=+>H \q n]&
\|j >+ m+ ss y <q<s \T L& n+ ss e T, Hs
eT\+ |<]eT T<T&T n+{&T. <>T\ deT+> J*d
y \+#>=+&s TT q|<\qT |&+ # +& +{s <~k&T .57 jT
\T\T + deTdb \+ + H>]+> +#>\>&+
nk<sDyTqq X+_ n_bjT+ @u$ +# | <T. => $s$ +q
esZ deC nqTL\yTq ke |b~d, n< deTjT+
de+ + # \+ < >T]+#u <s\qT T<T&T
|yX |{&T . uVDeT+ +<T _q+> esdZ e C m|{| &T
nedse TsTTq sD |s e TsTTq esT\qT deTLsTdH e+~.
> \ neds\qT $T+q <s\qT mq& |b~+#< T . u<+ ,
k+, de+ |#ksTT. V+<e+ \ ke eek|syTq
neds\qT $T+ e{& n~ e >T]+# | ke <s\qT
mq& |b~+#< T . u<+ , k+, d e +, |#XsTT. V+<e+
\ ke eek|s y T q neds\qT $T+ e{& n~ e
>T]+# | ke <s\ >T]+ <T.

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

101

$esD\T
1.
2.

ISIH, Page 127

n+<T Hy u >Te\T eT beTTU mes |+# +&


+&&+ d+ u> e BZ
w& # eTVsT\
HqT u >TeqT
n #| +#sT.
Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavad-Gita, MR, Page 41,

b<d 7
3.
4.
5.

ISIH, Page 104


The Autochthonous element in the Mahabharata, HS, Page 160
The

Autochthonous element in the Mahabharata, HS,

Pages 142-166.
Social And Economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita, MR, Pages
12-41, CCAI, Pages 91-95, 114-120. ISIH, Pages 125-132. X+_

eTVus + beTTK+ #&T > jTq s#q\


sejTD+ |keq m& q&<T .
6.
7.
8.

The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 165


Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavad-Gita, MR. Page 12-13
CCAI, Page 95
The Autochthonous element...,HS Page 163

9.
10.
11.

The Autochthonous element...HS, Page 156


The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 156-157
The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 153-154
ISIH, Page 126

12.

The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 154

13.
14.

CCAI, Page 116


Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 57, Social and Economic aspects
of the Bhagavad-Gita. MR, Page 25

15.
16.

CCAI, Page 117


ISIH, Page 142,

b<d 8

The Autochthonous element...HS, Page 143

bNq us< X #]

102
17.

The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 144


CCAI, Page 92-93

18.
19.

The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 165

eTq <>Zs VTy< <eT+ |*+> Te+{ q><\qT


n|V d+ #jT &+ n\yT nsTT+~. n+<T | <T >, nu
\q\T s|+H m+<T+& $e]+#>\>*. ndV
q\Tq y+ +&\q #sT eq q<T\q m+<T
|&sT? M qs \T m|&>& <e> sTw\T >
m+<TesT? +& {eqsT\T |{ >& neT<e\
|P\ |eTTK+> m+<THsTT? |P\T uVDT\ y~
+T d++<+ \D\qT m+<T *eHsTT? $
|< q+> XS< \ |P\T> m+<THsTT? eT& eT& +>
>T]d #\<T. n~ eT& yT nsTTq|{ m+<T *bsTT+<
$e]+#>\
>*. eekjT esZ de+ $\qT sT#T=
n&e\qT eekjT j>+ #d $\qT XS<T\T>q
|+#eTT\T>q \T|q eT+ \> |\>+> e #]q $
d+|<j\T> | nu \q\qT ns+ #dT eTT.
$<+ > $e]+#>* q|& e eT qyT yqT < |+#
>\T>T+. n|V d+ #jT &+ e\ me] |+#+ .

20. CCAI, Page 93


21. .|P. 1000`600 #+~q |sedT neXc\ &< s+>T
+& |+\ uT qT| edTe \T >& <=]jT #beTT.
nsTT M{ |eTT +f jTT<\T me. Material culture
and Social formation in Ancient India, R.S. Sharma, Page 60.

22. CCAI, Page 90


23. CCAI. Page 89
24. ISIH, Page 263
25. ICAI, Pages 136-137 |
+.
26. |<+ n+f b<+. q nH~ bNq d+d+ >D
> y&q e. { q|<+ n+f d+#s >D+ >D+
d+#]+q b++ nq ns+ dw+ >H e+~. CCAI, | 122.

eTVus+ ` T<T& T

103

27. ISIH, Page 149-153


28. $XH< d HsjTD sdq |sD ys >+<e \ qT+& \T>T
|{< edTq #] qe\\T #<e +& (z| e+f)
29. CCAI, Page 122
30. CCAI, Page 131
31. ISIH, Page 154, CCAI, Page 130
32. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 32
33. ISIH, Page 160
34. The Basis of Ancient Indian History Page 37
35. CCAI, Page 128
36. sT jTT<e T|&T nsTq T& d+<V \ w |se de<H\
d+~> # > #|ksTT.
37. CCAI, Page 121
38. ISIH, Page 158
39. ISIH, Pages 161-162
40. CCAI, Page 101
41. ISIH, Page 153
42. CCAI, Page 105
43. CCAI, Pages 102-103
44. CCAI, Page 107
45. ISIH, Page 168
46. ISIH, Page 167
47. CCAI, Pages 107-108, ISIH Page 167
48. Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavad Gitas,
MR. Pages 16-17. ISIH, Page 167

49.
50.
51.
52.

ISIH, Page 160


ISIH, Pages 170-171
ISIH, Page 171
ISIH, Pages 125
The Autochthonous element...,HS Page 156

104

bNq us< X #]

53. ISIH, Page 171


54. n+<T eTq n+u< sYqT u<e T+ ]+ +~.
55. & T<T& T ^dt <X| ud eed >T]+ #| H & X+_
u$+#&T. ISIH, |J 169, On a Marxist approach to Indian
chronology, HS |J 85 nsTT sT y sdq yd+, VQX
us |K+&+ yjTTe b++ ^dTqT b*q ud eed
@s&+<y n+{&T. Combined Methods in Indology, HS, Page 21.
56. ISIH, Page 170
57. CCAI, Page 113

105

6. s|<+ ` <D|<+
.|P. sT`eT&T Xu\ eT< \+ #]qT +=+#+ $es+>
\TdTe#TqT.
qTeTT y&+ n\esTq eekjT esZ de+ >+> jTeTTH
jT\ @ $<+> $s$+ ds|&+B | n<jT+ #XeTT.
~+ > |&T k< eTsTTq Vs #| <>Z u>+ =~eT+~
< \ # #] es | edTe sTT+~. es + me> b\ esZ\
$d edTe\ es+. s|<+ MT<T> es+ ;VsY b+
\L <s |&e T{ <X\L *|+~. ybs+ eT>< sE\
\+ q <Xq T #], e] eT>< se+X+ nsTTq eTsT\ \+
qT+& eT+> D
+ +~.
s |<+ es y T , ;VsY qT+& <D
|<+ MT<T> < H
es| sb\T k>sTT. n|{ es $ b++> eq <H
|su $T es + |* +> qTeTT y& Vs n\esT+~.
n& $\ esZ $u q @s& eekjT H>] bs+ue TsTT+~.
.|P. 600 b++ ><e] jT bs+ueTsTTq |]DeT+
jT y+& |&e T eTVshL sTq +< b+ $d] ++~.
>+ > H>] de+ n& $\ eekjT+ n\yT#d
yqT q sT#T=, y #s\q |P\q q d+q+
#dT + eTT+<T k+~. = <eS |P\ uVD eT+
e #ssTT.

s|<+
eT><sE nC XTe d\qT sTT+q sTy eT><
keyT yjTTyq |+CT qT+& sTq ;VsY < eq H>]
deC\qT # es +> BdT+~. yjTTe d]V<T MT< eq
>D\T eyT yTT<{ eT>< +>< T . n>+&sY <+&j |* +>
>D\T \VqeTsTTq sT y y{ +>BdTe&+ k< + nsTT+~.
n~ e] eT>< sE\sTTq eTsT\ \+ ]+~.

106

bNq us< X #]

|< mTq $d]+q eT>< ke+ es+ |eTTK b


sV++~. b\ esZ\T d]+q n<q| ybs edTe sTTq
y $k\ |j >|& + ~. eT>< qT+& s |<+ MT<T> yjTTe
~X eq >+<s s< nsTTq \ edTe \T m>TeT njsTT.
n& qT+& |&eT{ dj, jTs|t, b+\ edTe\T ~>TeT
njsTT. ybs +<eTsTTq \ yTT<{ eT>< ke+
u>+ <T. >+<sL eT>< L eT< |+CT b+| >D\THsTT.
y{ z&+ eT><
\T|q y&T #+<>T | eTsT&T. eTsT\ \+
< \ eT>< qT+& d++>H e+~. =+\+ |]j
s+
u>+>q =+ \+ d++>q e+~. k+yT \
ybs+ |eTTK kH *++~. kH $Xw + #&+ <s X+_
eT>< \| sjT ] #]qT eTTK+> eTsT\ (.|P. 3e X+
=* d+es\) eq esT\qT, # > $e]k&T .
$Xw D
<s+ \ <=]q s +&T bNq \| HD\
b \T. b \T 1924 e\ jT|&sTT. +<T n&T>Tq
eq | + .|P. 317 #+~+<, s +&e | + .|P 250 #+~+<,
X+_ ssD
.1 eTs se+X+ .|P. 312 n~s e+~ {,
yTT<{ | + HD\T eTsT\ |Ps| eT>< #+~q$.
s +&e | + eTsT\ #+~q~. { s +&T b \qT Xdj
T +>
n< jTq+ #d eT>< sj ] #]qT ns+ #dT e#TqT. \H
= s b+\ \u eTsTTq HD\ b \qT>& (eTq sh+
neTse, s |<X U] |, s u& HjTqsY\
<=]q$) X+_ n< jTq+#d eT>< \| #]qT $e]k&T .
bNq \| HD\qT n< jTq+ #d Xk +^w
t q$Tk{
n+{sT. \T>T |DXg+ nqe#TqT. HD\qT >D+ Xg+ dV jT+
n< jTq+ #d =| < (>D+ |DXg+ k{d
q$Tk{ )
X+_ |yX |{&T . \ ~s b \qT >D+ |DXg+ dV jT+
$Xw+ # deTs+> #] |b~+#&T. q $XwDqT
beD+ > $e]+# yd+ The study and Metrology of silver punchmarked coins n X+_ u$+#&T.2 nsTT yd+ sdq |<

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

107

dT\u+ > nse TjT~ <T. >D+ Xg+ qT+& d+d |<\ $Xw D

< n \> |\>+> *dbsTTq yd+ sTT~. |> keq bs &


dT\u+ > n+<Tu{ s |DXgy\
n_bj\qT $y<+>
(polemical >) |Ps|+
#jT &+ yd+ jTT |eTTK <X + e&+
e\ ns+ e&+ eT]+ w+ . X+_ ne\+_+q |DXg n< jTq
|< dT\u >V+> $e]+# yk\T The chronological order of punch
marked coins - I, II, III |DXg+ MT< X+_ sdq n yk\T Indian
Numismatics nq |sT d+\q+ #jT &sTT. n+<T eT&T
yk\ 8, 9, 10 n<j\T> eHsTT.
eTq <X+ qTeTT y&+ , qTeTT dV jT+ #d Vs
sT\ e#sTT > ybs d+|<jT+ e+ d+< H>] \+
qT+& n$q+> e+< X+_ n_bjT+. d+< H>] |< q+>
es H>]. d+< H>]
sE\T sT , seTsTTq <y\j\T
e, ybsdT \
b \T e+ |sedT e\ n~ |]eD+
jT|&sTT. jTT<\T m+ yTTssTTqy HD\ \ |eD\T
n+ dTeTsTTq$. d+< H>] HXqeTsTTq sT y >& es
d+|<jT+ *+~, =qk+~.3 sT\T sT> <+ eT XTe\T>
#| q d+|qT\sTTq |DT\T es qq X+_ n_bj s +&e
n<jT+ #k+. |D nq |sT qT+& d+|< |D+ n HD\
|DeTT\T n ybsdT \
|D n |sT e#sTT. yTTV+C<s
HD , HD\ beD q T =*# | s >& <=]sTT. \
<=]q (eT>< #+~q) HD\ b \T d>
Tq d]>Z <
eHsTT. ybs d+|<jT+ q | |eD\qT >& e~* | +&
n$q+> =qk+< B { X+_ ns+ #dT +{&T. yTT<{
eekjT+> nqT+<e TsTTq ybs+> *jT sT\T qTeTT
dV jT+ eekjT+ #jT &+ n\esT= ybs #|{
q |&T b
(d+< ) d+|<jH =qk+#sT. sT\T d#+ > mq& +&<
ssT \qT \T|+ bjs >TsT+ #T+f +<T Xs+ m+
e+ e+&<T .
es d+|<jT+ n< nsTTH, es + _qeTsTTq ke eed

k>T+~. yTTV+C<s sE\ s#]\ de+ >, eT><

108

bNq us< X #]

es + s#] eed
u>+> k>T+~. eTs se+X+ e#d]
s#] eed u> \|& <X+ # uu>H de
eeV\+{ q sT#T+~. eT&T <X\
>\ & |DXg
n<jTq+ jT |&TT+~. yTTV+C<s HD\ MT< sE\T
se+X\ eTT<\T > V\T > e. ybsdT jT$T
|eD nqTd]+ HD\qT j sT#XsT. eT>< |]d e]+~.
us< X #] yTTyT T<{> sE\ se+X\ e#sTT. |&T
es \T sE HD\T eTT< ysTT+#sT. \ <=]q yTT<{
| + n HD\L s +&T y| eTT<\T HsTT. eTT+<T u>+
eq eTT<\T HD\qT eTT~+q sEq n e+X dksTT.
\ HD\T es + u>+> #ssTT. n& ybsdT \
T HD\qT
= d+es\ k] + yd + d]>Z eq |+ $wj
dd yqT u>+ eTT<yk sT. $<+ > eT>< #+<
yTT<{ \ | + n HD\L eTT+<T y| q eTT~+q se+X+
V+ +&>, yqT y| q beD q T dd { > n++ f
me > eTT<\THsTT. \ <=]q s +&e b e#d] (n+f
eTsT\ ) eTT+<T u>+ se+X+ V+ e+~> yqT u>+
eTT<\T e. |&T \ d+ b++ <T. n& #]q eT><
HD\T $<o HD\T e. y{ beD k es\T >
|]b\\T > VMT jTqeds+ <T . |&T \ (yTT+ |+CT
b++uT) eTs ke+ u>yT . sX+e+ eTT<eq HD\
(+ beD eH H) n& #eTD nesTT.
\ b \T s +&+{ $es+> n< jTq+ #d, eTT+<T u>q
eq se+X+ eTT<\q yqT y|q eq |PN eTT<\q $Xw+,
<s X+_ eT>< se+X\ #]qT s|+#>\
T>T&T. uVD
|sD\q u<, Cq ~s uVDs kV+q se+X\
|{ \
THsTT. n$ |sd s+ n $wj \q mu$ +#e. sE
= d+|<jT+ |sT+T+~. d+|<jT+ |s=q sE\T
=+<sT eTs= d+|<jT+ e+&sT4. =+<sT uVD |sD\
sE\sTT u< d+|<jT+ sd T \T5. { se+X\ nqTeTDq T

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

109

sTw + > \TdTe&+ wk < yT. nqTeTDq T ss TT+#&+ d+


X+_ HD\ MT~ eTT<\ $Xw D
qT # dH+> |j k&T 6.
& eTTKyTq $wjT + @$T+f HD\ | |eD
ydH n$ \ eT+ HeT~> n]bsTT. | + HD\
me> n]bsTTq y{ b HD\T> >T]+#e#TqT. HD\ MT~
eTT<\qT { n$ @ sE eTT~+qy \TdT+f <s sE\, s
e+X\, nqTeTDq T \TdTe#TqT. me> n]bsTTq HD\qT
eTT~+q sE\T |PsT\T, e> n]q y{ eTT~+q y
<q+sT\T.
|< |j +#&+ s +&T +<T\THsTT. {, m+
KeTsTTq | |eD\qT { eTT~+H, HD\ sTe
* e+&e. <T +X\ eTT~+q HD\T dV + +>
sTe *e+&e. =~ V#T >TZ\T+{sTT. nsTT HD\qT n~
d+K rdT= d>
T sTe + yd n~ |eD # dV+>
e+T+~. {, yTT<{ +~ n~>$ T+#\+f sE ydq
HD $&> # +&, sEydq HD\T (<=]q) yTT+ >
d>
T sTeqT $yw D
|j +#*. se TsTTq d>
T sTe\
$XwD #jT& >D+ Xg+ dVjT+ y*. n+<TdyT X+_
|DXg n< jTq+ >D+ Xk |j +#&T.
s+&e~, eT<jTT>\ sE\ > bNq \| sE\T eTT
eTT~+q HD\ MT< eT ueT\T> |sT> ysTT+#< T . \
b\ HD\ eTT+<T u>+ #T, +Te\T, ~s V\
eTT<\THsTT. M{ qT+& HD\qT eTT~+q se+X+ @~ nsTT+B
sE mesT nsTT+B s]+#*. B >D+ Xg+ |s<T. +T
~s V\ <TsT d+\qT >T]+#&+, d+d b uw\
|<\ eT\qT $Xw+#&+ neds+. n+<T X+_ sdq |DXg
d++<e TsTTq yk\T n+ \> |\>+>`=+ >D+ Xg+, =+
|sD #s , =+ b d+|<jT $Xw D
`e+& #<e & w + > e+{sTT.
& X+_ $Xw D
ks+X | + > kqT.
$Xw D
y+& HD\T eyT |eksTT. +>sT HD\T
es+ d+ d+|<q T <#Te& me> |j ksT . {

110

bNq us< X #]

y{ nsT>T<\ n+> e+&<T . n+f n$ #] e d+#e.


s ~s #e HD\ eTT<D beD e+&<T .7 y+& HD\T
eyT uj
T j>yTq $. yTTV+C<s \+ qT+& eTsT\ \+
< y+& HD\T |eD eTT~+#sT. M{ s|D
eTT\T nHsT.
M{ beD eTsTTq + 3.42 >eTT\T nsTTe+T+< X+_
n+#H.8
b\ <=]q | y+& HD eTT+<T u>q nsTT<T
eTT<\T+{sTT. M{ yTT<{~ (n+{q) dsT ueT. ~ n{
keq+ { B qT+& eTq+ \TdTH~ @MT e+&<T . s +&e~
sT }#\T (Spokes) eq #+. X+_ B w&s #+ n+{&T.
w&s #+ }#\ es ss \ d+ \T+{sTT. n$ HD eTT<
ydq se+X dksTT <VsD, s +&e \ HD\ | +
n HD\ w&s # *eHsTT. n~ eTs se+X+ w&s
#+. | + n HD\ se+X+ (eTs se+X+) #
eTT~+#&q$. eT&e eTT< >& se+X ddT+ ~. eTT<
k<sD+> eT&T nsTT<T sD\T (arches) +{sTT. y{ MT<
ueT +T+~. sD\T dsZ neX dksTT. {
sD\T MT~ ueT se+X+ < qT+& ~e+< ddT+ ~.9
<VsD |sD\ eTsT\~ #+<e+X+ nHsT. n+<T >
Z T>
s +&e \ | + n HD\q eT&e eTT< eT&T sD\
sD\ MT< ns #+<s+ eHsTT. { eT&e eTT< >& s +&e
eTT<> se+X ddT+ ~.
H\T>e eTT< sE jTT d+ eTT< < n |sT @eTsTTH
d++<+ e+<y *jT<T. nsTT<e eTT< esT e+T+~. n~
+X\ n~|~ e#Tq b jTTesE~ e#Tq X+_
u$k&T . =k] >T+| HD\ nsTT<e eTT<> eq~ sT y
>T+| HD\ H\Ze eTT<> q&TT+~. n+f =\T jTTesE>
eq e sT y sj& ns+ . <VsD eTs #e] nX&
d+ eTT< nsTTq H\T>e eTT< n +& _+<TksT& HD\
nsTT<e eTT<> q&TT+~10.

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

111

$<+ > HD\ | + $$< HD\ @y$ sE


\+ eTT~+#&j eTT+<T u>+ nsTT<T eTT<\qT { >T]+#
e#TqT. sE # eTT~+#&q HD\ # #], m+eT+~
sE\T |]b*+#s n HD\ |\T #jT e#TqT. |&T |\qT
\eqTks+> neTs*. < |< , y{ d>
T sTe +
yjT &+. d>
T sTe e> eq |\T |Ps|$, me> eq$
<q +s $.
\e >T]+#& ys= |< >& e+~. yTT<{ \
| + HD\ eTT+<T u>+ nsTT<T eTT< yqT u>+
{ qT+& 20 < eTT<\THsTT. eTT<\T ueT\T e, e\+
# #dq T d+# >TsT\
T eyT . B nsy T $T{ |q #beTT. =*
H&T \ d++> e+~. eT>< qT+& ybs \qT #]q
HD\qT s#T> +yd eT me> n]b y{ eyT
#eTD |HsT. V+> yqT u>+ eTT<\T yksT.
$<+ > 12 d+es\ =k] + yXs X+_ }Vk&T .11
HD+ MT< yqT u>q m eTT<\T+f n~ n+ b< ns+.
$<+ >, yqT u>qeq |PN eTT<\ d+KqT { >& @ |
b< @~ sT y< \TdT+ ~. s +&T |< T \ <s #d \eT
sj
T + ssD
<]rdT+ < X+_ >D+ Xg|< T \ <s
s +<+> s|k&T 12.
s+ > | + <=]q HD\qT \eqT ks+> neTs
e#TqT. |&T y{ dV jT+ \| sjT , ] #] \TdT
e#TqT. eTT+<T u>+ H\T>e eTT< e] sE e]qT. eT&e
eTT< e] se+X+ e]qT. esT X+jTT+> V+k+>
] n|&T b eTT<\ MT<H \e++> = eTT<\T ydqT
q&TT+~.
|< X+_ \ <=]q s+&T HD\ b\L
nqsTTk&T . eT>< se+X\ >T]+ uVD u< Cq d+|<j\T
$u~ ksTT. uVD d+|<jT+ |s+ eT><q T |]b*+q =* s
e+X+ XH>e+X+. +<T #] *dq yTT<{ sE _+_ksT&T,

112

bNq us< X #]

n =&T nC XTe. u< d+|<jT+ B $u~dT+~. u<


d+|<jT+ |s+ _+_ksT&T nC XTe\ sT y nsTT<e sEqT
XH>T&T nH neT&T sT>TuT <s n~s+ qT+& =\+
qT se&T. XH>e+X+ n|{ qT+& bs+u+ neT+~,
_+_ksT& <T.13 \ <=]q yTT<{ | + u< d+|<jH
deT]dT + ~. | + n+ bNqeTsTTq HD\ eT&e eTT<
(se+X+ <TsTqT |P\qT d+#~) =eTT>\ +Te.
Cq d+|<jT+ nC XTeqT D &T nHsT. LDe TT n+f
d+d+ +Te =eT ns+ .14 sT y HD\ +<T _q+>
eHsTT. M{ kq+ nsTT<T sD\ MT< +Te |\ (Xe)
V+ e+~. V+ XH> e+X ddT+ <qT+f, _+_ksT&
bs+ue TsTT+~. ys se+XeT, XH> se+X+ eT< e+<
ns+ neT+~. |> Xe V+ eq HD\T s| HD\
MT< \e++> eTT~+#& e+&&+ >&15 u<+ d+|<jT+ #| qT
sT>TuT <s (V+k+>) se+X+ e]+< ddT+ ~.
uVD d+|<jT+ |s+ XH> s e+X+ e]y&sTTq q+~
( eTVq+~) eTV|< q+<T&H e #+~q e L\<d
q+<s e+X k|k &T . n *| yTT+ =$T~ eT+~ q+<T\T
(qe q+<T\T) |]b*ksT . \ yTT<{ b { #d Xe V
eT&e eTT<> >\ HD\ sT y, mTe+{ \|j > V\ +&,
nsTT<T sD\ MT< m<T (q+~) V+ >\ HD\T eksTT. n+f X
H>e+X+ e] <X
=+<sT sE\T (se+X+ esT +&) q+~
eT e+X+s+> |{
+ #THs ns+ . nsTT q+~ e+X sE\qT
z&+q qeq+<T\T =$T~ eT+~ e& ks+ <T . q+~ sE
sTy sE eyT eH&T. n sTy eTs#+<>T|&
HD\THsTT. { qeq+~ n+f =$T~ eT+~ q+<T\T n
= q+<T&T n ns+ #dT y*. XH>e+X+ e] sE\T eTTeTT
q+~ e+X+ sE\> |{
+ #T>, yqT z&+q eTV|< q+<T&T
qeq+<T&T (= q+<T&T) nj&T. d s e TsTTq $wjT + @$T+f
Cq d+|<jT+q qeq+<T&T n+f = q+<T&H ns+ .16 ks+X+,

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

113

eT>< se+X\ #] >T]+ uVD |sD\+f u< Cq d+|<j\T


$XdjTeTsTTq$. eT>< sE\sTTq XH>T\T y~s eT\qT
<]+#s |sD\T yqT Vq+> #XsTT.17 { se+X+ >T]+
|sD\ #| q $wj \T $XdjT+ be&+ $+< T .
se+X\ #] ] #] >& |DXg n< jTq+ <s
\TdTe#TqT. \ yTT<{ | + <=]q 1175 HD\ 1059 eT><
HD. \ #+~q HD\T # e. \ \+ s#
T >
|]j
s+ u>+> eq|{ |]j
HD\T >& # e>H
eHsTT. n+f \ sjT +> |]j
u>eTsTTH >& ]+ >
eT>< |u e+H e+< nse TeT+~.18 \ <=]q HD\ eT><
#+~q$ + me> eHjT+f < ns+ , \ eT><\
ybs+
es| $T>T\T \ y| e+<. eT>< m>TeT neTq dsT\
esT> dsT \T \ HD\T ~>TeT neTHsTT. >D+Xg
|< T \ <s |]d 200 d+es\T n$q+> k+< X+_
s|k&T .19 ~ \ #] nTq <X.
\ <=]q s +&e | + (eTsT\ #+~q~) yTT<{
| + +f s +&T s\T> _q+> e+~. M{ se+X+ eTT<\
esT<T . n HD\ eTT+<T y| q eTT<\q w&s #+
e+~. eT&e kq+ eT&T sD\ MT< ns #+<s V+ (#+<
e+X d+#~) e+~. nsTT yqT y| q yTT<{ | + HD\>
|PN eTT<\T e. eTT< e+~. B ue+ ~es $e]+#eTT.
|&T \ eTs ke+ u>+ {, \ #]q HD\
beD |PN eTT<\T yd |d
< T . e\+ k n~] q eTT<yd
#eTD $&T<\ #k&T .
s +&e & @$T+f eTs | + HD\T =* | e T+ d#y T q M
e, n+ beD+ > n#Tydq M e. yTT<{ | + +f M{ s
me. |> HD\ + & me. nC>> ndeTs+>
ydq THsTT.20 B{, eTsT\ eq s +&T ] |]De\qT
X+_ >V k&T . {, ke $ds D
uT es + > u> $d] ++~.
n+ eTT+<T s |< |]$TeTsTTq es + |&T <D
>&

114

bNq us< X #]

y|++~. <VsD, s us< X + <=]q n HD\ b \


q eTsT\ \| HD\ eTsT\ |Ps HD\ *d e+&>, <D

us< X + <=]q b \ e\+ eTsT\\| HD\T e+ eHsTT.


n+f s+ yks d++<\T = b+\ ybs d++<\T
@s&jT ns+ neT+~. +> $d] +q ybs HD\T |<
d+K nedse TesTT. { y+& s ~s V\T *| d#
Z+# |<T.21
b, HD\ + beD Z+<+f n~ es esZ\T
\VqeTjjT ddT+ ~. eTsT\ |Ps+ es XDT\T # \+>
e+&$. s |<+ MT~ ybs d#> sV+#$. B d#q>
HD\ eTT<D beD V#T> e+&~. eTsT\ es +
# $d] +q~> es XDT\T <HsTT. |uT + es + C+
#dT e&+ mesTT+~. {\T& nsX k { #d sE\T es \
MT< ss\ +\T |{ eT nBqT\T> e+#THsT. es XDT\
djT+ || D
+ +~. q\T~X ybs+ |]>=B s |<+ MT<
>T~| + d+b~+#Tq es XDT\T <q&+ dV yT. BuT
HD\ eTT<D beD >& <+~22.
es XDT <T, eT+> \ >& q |eTTK kH sTT+~.
| &T s +&T sC\ (|]j
, eT><) eT< es| +<+> e+&q
\ |&T eTs ke+ esTeT\ |D+ nsTT+~.
*+> \ ]+> <+~. q +& nsTTq _+_ksT&T
s+ #dTq \+ \ n~]> eq jTTesE nX&T
sT>TuTqT nDydq T> u< d+|<jT+ < e+~. D
+ q
\ d ~ ddT+ < X+_ u$k&T 23.

uVD+ ` u<+
. |P. 6e X+ qT+& <D
us< X + (yTTyT T<{ < H
|su $T MT<) >& qTeTT y&+ , Vs , bs+ue TjjT
X+_ n_bjT+. $ s +& s + qT+& e#sTT. y{uT uVD
u< eT\T >& <D
e#sTT.

s|<+ ` <D
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115

<D
us< X Hd ] Z + > s +&T> $u +#e#TqT. {, ms TTq
<H |su$T, s+&T deTT<rs b++. deTT<rs b++ s+&T
sTT|eH\ & u es b+<TT+~. bNq \+ ~ yTT+
<eTsTTq n&$ nsTT e+&*. dTX+ < & Vs>
H>] de+ > e X+_ n_bjT+. sT <X\ qT+& (VQX
eT\j qT+&) =] |+qT |yX |&+ k b++ (eTTK+>
|&eT{ k) Vs bs+ueTsTT+< X+_ u$k&T24.
|&e T{ k y =]\T # |eTTKeTsTTq$ >, dT | P s+
eTq<X ybs e & $wj \qT >T]+ sdq ^ ~s
s#s TT es =]# >T]+ sjT<T .25 nsTT $Xw D
qT X+_
eTT+<T rdTb<T . jTq me> n< jTq+ #d+ ~ < H |su $T
b+H.
< H |su $T MT< n&$ k| + > |\> e+T+~ > H\
# >{~ . < eekjTj>+ #jT & $ks+ > qTeTT y&+
neds+ . sTesTTq H> neds+ (|{ eTq sh+ ~u<
y&q+ sTesTTq H> c y&sT ). .|P. 6e X+ s +&e
u>+ qTeTT y&+ , eekjT+, s +& s us< X + qT+& < H
|su $T #sT HjT X+_ n_bjT+26.
X \
esT sy\+f d++<\ (ke
sD+) esT nedse TsTT+~. >D eed kq+ eseZ ed sy*.
= ke sD+, <s d\
, d\ y*. B u<+
uVD+ s +&T w#k sTT. ~ s +& e\+ eT\T (n_bj\T)
e, ke sD d\q jTe\q eT | + #dT q
b|+ <<\ >TsT+ #Ty*. eekjT de y| s +&T eT\
y|> n+<T q&TT+~. y| |* +> s us< X | eekjT
esZ de+ & $\qT q s#T = yqT eekjT\qT
#d+~. esZ $uq, eseed, uVD u< eT\T, s+&,
jTe\T, & |yX |&sTT. n< deTjT+ ke dyT q+
|* +> & $\ |P\, <TsT V\, <e\, #s\
uVD eT+ |y +#sTT.
eT>< b+| qTeTT \u+ e&+ yTT<q H{ qT+&
s |<+ MT< |<m Tq ybs+ k+< #X+. s |<+ sCsY

116

bNq us< X #]

qT+& jT\T<] s~X> |\edT, Xed |D\ MT<T> \


#sT +~. n< \+ Xed qT+& <D
es+Z @s&+~.
<D
|<+ Xed qT+& \Te> <D
y[ >+> jTeTTH jT\
nj< , X+_ |D
\qT#], n& qT+& |&e T{ ~> |j D+
$+< |s \qT qT=eq sTT #sT =, sTT qT+& <D

|j D+ qs<, |r q<T\qT <{ ><e rsq (|dT eTVsh)
|< +H > eq Xed
eq |s H #]+~.27 s |< <D
d\T\ yTTyT T<{ s<. n~ Hb d]V<TM T< e+~. >+>, jTeTTH
jT\qT qTeTT dV jT+ eekjT j>+ #dq sT y d\T\T
eT s< Xed qT+& <D
, qBrsq eq nj< essT.
eT>< s< >& n<$<+> sCsY qT+& qBrs |DeTsTTq
b| (b{) s* +~.
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uVD u< eT\T |sd s $s< ue+ dV Jeq+ #dT H sTT. u<+
duy >T]+ > n<jT+ =+ #keTT. uVD+ d+> #&*.
uVD+ y< \| y~ eT+<T. jTC\T + sVdH eHsT
> de+ y{ y<+ bZ +~. nsTT qq eekjT esZ
deC sD d+> uVD eT+ eTT+<T q es eed
|&T \|&T +~. <uT s $\Te\q, n\yq qq
deC nqTL\eTjTq #q\T |T=dTH sTT. eT<bq+ |
e+kVs+|, esu e+ n+]k+~. T+ eed >& \|&
d d#jTT |esq| es |&T+~. esT\T me>
sTq >+>, jTeTTH jT\ s>, |&e T{ (|+CT) sT\T +
y< \+H{ n\yqT |P]> e<T\T<T . m&] d< XyT q |+CT,
jTTEs< \| |]De\qT <{ |<> eTT+<T b<T . qTeTT
y&+ *j>, >+> jTeTTH jT eekj +> j>yTq
b++. eekjT de+ deT>+> n& n_e~ #+~+~. &
uVDT\T y<e T+\q d#y T q d+d HsT =q& |&e T{
bsTT edH eHsT. nsTT |+CT b+| sT\ J$+ M
nHs+> q&&+ yTT<\sTT+~. $eTs eTVus+ sT & #

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

117

#| +#sT.28 eT<`>+<s`+u sC\ ese edq T b{+#&+ <T .


&T bsV+ #d y& eTT&T eekjT+ #k&T . eTs=&T d&T
e#T. eT+>* e#T. <+ = uVDT\ $&s + >q <s +
jTT neTD >q q&+~.29 |> |&e T{ d\
T # $#\$&>
|e]ks, eT>y deT+> eT<+ >TsT, e+d+ +{sT,
Vs+>+> H+ #ksT . y + d++<\ >& $ \D
\T
# HsTT. eTVus+ nsTq T&T dTu <qT n|V ]+ |[#dT
H&T. b+&TsE d+ ;w &T =qT=#&T. = uVDT\T M{
nHseTsTTq >+<s ndTs $yV |< T \T> u$+#sT.30
M jTj>\+f eseed eTTK+. Vs
n\esT+Tq =*<X
(n+f jTEs< \+) n<q|
b\ esZ\T #+#T=q& jT\T\T k<q +> |j >|& sTT.
nsTT \T\ | eekjT`ybs esZ\ re sdq se&+
k<q+ ke y< sTT+~. qq eekjT de+
n<q| #+#T=q& eseed n++f deTseTsTTq
k<q +> | #d+ ~. yX \ XS<T\ XeT#d uVD jT es\
de #j \, n~ y <s + n es< s + |b~++~. B ke
y<+ b+<&+ eTT+<Tq se +. nsTT < deTjT+ u<+ >&
= deC nqT>TDyTq |b~d eTT+<T=+~. jT
\T\qT sd++~ { yTT<{ eekjT`yD esZ\ eT<T
u< u>H \_++~. nsTT n< @ ke eT+ <T . eT><
\+ s +&T eT\L yTT+ MT< deqeTsTTq <sD
\_++~.
nC XTeqT u< Cq >+< |wT\T >& >=|y&
b&sTT.31 nX& XdH\ u< XeTDT\L uVDT\L deq
>se+ #b&T.32
eTT+<T s +&T eT\ @~ \TdT+ <H~ n$ sV+#>\

eT&T sy \ MT< <s|& e+T+~. {, se+X\ eT< T b+<&+ .


s +&T, + n~ d+K $T* eq $\qT H>] deC
s yqT eekjT\qT #d e <V<+ #jT &+. eT&T,
Vs n\esTq = deC eTs= n&T>T eTT+<T

118

bNq us< X #]

rdTbsTT djT+ bw >MTD eedq n+eT+> u keT eedq


|yX |&+ . +<T yTT<{ s +&T $wj \ uVD+ u<+ deT+>H
b{|& sTT. eT&e se + uVDT\T ese ed (< |]D s|+
nsTTq \ eed) n+eT+> u<+ MT< $j k~++~.
$\qT H>]+#&+ s +&T eT\ <V<+ #dq rsTqT
n<jT+ #<+.
uVDT\T >+ > eTT HsT q eT+ +\ $\
<>]Z #ssT. <s Xk\T m+ e<+ TH $q+& $\ |P\T
sV+#ysT. =# y |sVT\ >+ eT eT+\T
H] eT \T|HsT. uVD >\T $<+ > n|]$T+> |]
bjsTT. y< \+ q\{ e sT&sTT e+&& M\T< u$+#>,
|wT \
uVDT\sTTq us us \
T q\{ =&T y\+f @
s\T #]+#*, \{ =&T y\+f @ s\T #]+#*. n
$e]+#sT.33
$ |sVT\qT uVDT\T> d]+#&y T , $ >D
eTTKT\T >qT \e+T\sTT yqT jTT\T> d]+ dse+Xy
#+<e+Xy *+ nedse TsTT n+<Td+ |sD+ >& sXsT.
y qT+& jT<+> ||\+ b+<sT.34 $ >DeTTKT\T
\e+T\T b yqT yTT+ XS< |+#eT \+>
s#T = eT eekjT de+ \T|HsT. $<+ > $
deC\ eekjT esZ de sD deTsTTq es eedq T
|yX|{sT. n+f qq deC nedsyTq d++<\qT
*+#sT. y qTeTT y&+ , eekjT+, HsT = eekjT\jsT.
y |PC edTe\T (#T>, |\T>, +Te\T>) uVD
eT+ |$ V\T> e #ssTT.
<+ uVDT\T <X |Ps+> (H>] y| d+) #Xs
u$+#qs< T . =~> m+sY|C eq jTTe&e&sTTH eT< <X,
>+<s bsTT H\T>T y< eT+\T HsT= e b+&+
$\qT eTu |{ q Jeq+ Hjd+> k+#Te#TqT. y~
#s\T m+> $d]d uVDT\ Jeq+ n+> <=sTT+~.
eT+H y eT *jT+& H>] y| &&sT 35.

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

119

eekjT de $ds D
d+ es eedq T y|+|Cj
T &yT ,
< deT+> eTTKyTq eTs= | >& uVDT\T #ksT. n~ $\
\eH n+<CjT&+,36 sTT|eH\ MT< <s|& eekj
\eq+ neds+ . Vs @sT= H y neds+ <T . uVDT\
|+#+>+ neds r]+~. & |+#>+ n+f X H\ sVQ\+
#dTH |d + n , +&sY n ns+ #dT y*. +&s>Y
<+ beTTK+ +&f eT <s bwD |j>|& eT&
qeT\qT uVDT\T |+#+>+ |yX |{sT . b |* X H\
* X H\ |+#+>+ sj*q n> + m+ e+ <T .
sE\qT (<T \qT) #+<T& { |&+ dT\u+ . #+<_++
|q$T qT+& neydL neyd qT+& |q$T eT |<
>T Z V#T e+T+~. \eH #+<eq+ n+{sT. Vs
@sT J$+# $\ \eq+ d]bT+~. nsTT #+<eq+
sTTe\qT d]>Z d+#<T , { n~ eekjT deC d]b<T.
sTTe\T dseH nqTd]ksTT. dsT& #+<T& > \T
+&e. { dseq+ |s+ +#&+ w+ . B =+ |D
y*. dsT&T u $T #T sT qT+& |&e Ts ]> (]qT
|+#) |<+ m\| & d]> q&H q e+&<T . qe] 14 H&T q&H
<D
+> n+ <s+ e+T+~. n& qT+& eT+> s ]
sT H\\ sT y q& H s + > n+ <s+ e+T+~. sT
H\\qT s jTD+ n+{sT. n& qT+& eTs= sT H\\T (<D
jTq+)
yq |j D+ yTT<{ kH #sT +T+~. |j D+ eT<+ >
sT>TT+~ { dsT& |<+ d]>Z m&T+< \TdT+f @ sTTe
nsTT+B #| e#TqT. +<Td+ dsT& |<+ |j D+# yTT+ &$
(<D
+ e] qT+& s + e] <) = u>\T> $u +, dsT&
|<+ @ $u>+ m+ \+ e+&B >&sT. dsT& |<+ @
$u>+ e+<q < { @ sTTesTT+B \TdT+ ~. $u q eTq
<X+ s +&T d+|<j\THsTT. 12 u>\T> (sX\T) $u +#&+
|< nsTT 27 u>\T> (q \T) $u +#&+ s +&e |< . +<T
s +&e~ eTq <X+ |{+ <, yTT<{~ ^\ |u e+e\ n\e&+<

120

bNq us< X #]

# eT+~> X+_ >& u$k&T.37 m{>sTTH+. <T\


sX\ q \ |]Cq+ eekjT $ds D
# neds+ . |]CH
$\ n+<Cj
T &+ >& uVDT\T #dq eTTKeTsTTq |qT\
{.38

<D|<+
u<T\
d+>. C < H |su $T b++ eekjT
de+ $d] +#&+ uVDT\ +f u<T\
T me b eV+#s
X+_ u$k&T .39 u<+ |#seTsTTq eT+ (missionery religion)
+T \T\qT nqTd]+# {$\ nV+dqT, e< $T esZ,
u~+#&+ u<T\
|< q se +. Bd+, +T \T*# $\T
J$+# b+\qT u< _ e\T yT = eT y ysT. u< es \T
<]+#sT. { _ e\T es esZ\qT nqTd]+, es +<\
&T>, $ b+\ ysT. es \T u< se\T {+ #sT.
_e\T |#s+ #dTe& nqTe> y J$+ >&|&
nedse TsTTq eT\<H *+#sT. $<+ > < H |su $T MT~
n&$ b+\ d+|qeTsTTq u< se\T, es L&\T\ @s&sTT.
es+ |ue+> & $ >\ esZ $uq @s&+~. >D
eTTKT\T d+|qT\jsT. eekj qTeTT y& _ e\ qT+&
es \ qT+& HsT HsT. = deC nedse TsTTq ke
>& _ e\ qT+& HsT HsT.
e +> $Xw + q yk\qT |]o*<+.40 Xed qT+&
<D
q |s H < kq <D
|< |q e]+#eTT. <D
|<+ MT<
.|P. 600 qT+& es + q&+~. d\, eT>< b+| es \T dsT \qT
><e] jT rdT= & $\ $sTT+ y] qT+& (y
d]+q) edTe \qT =qT= ysT. eT+ $\ =+<sT
<q e+T\sTT, y esZ $u q @s&, y >& eekjT+, es +
HsT HsT. qTeTT < H |su $T MT< u>H <=sTT+~ >, qTeTT
y&+ s ~ qT+& HsT Hs X+_ n_bjT+.
d+<s + C <\
qT+& <+ X+_ s#
T >
|<+ MT<T> nX >D+
|k$k&T.41 ue] nH d\ uVDT&T <D

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

121

ed+# b++ nsTTq |s H e#&. n& nq n w\


+<eT\T d]+ + J$+#sT. eT+> n& eekjT+
yTT<\sTT |< >eT+ @s&+~. >eT+ qT+& d]+q d+|<
ue] eTVjT+ >& sV+#&+. nsTT y< eT+\ |]Cq+
d+| #+< q w\qT T<T& <>Z] |+| = |X\T
n&T>eTH&T. T<T& T q de<q+ ue] m+> d+| #+<&+f
nqT u<e T d]+ _ e nj&T. XyVqT\ <TsT V+
>Ts+ e&+e\42 nX\T XyVqT\T |P\sTTq >D Je\,
C <
#| q $<+ > .|P. 6e X+ e] u>+ s ~
qT+& eq uVDT\ qT+& u<T\ qT+& eekj HsT=
H>]\js, eT+> M < H |su $T MT~ yTTyT T<{ s#]
k|+ #s X+_ yUk&T .
eTVsh u< $Vs\qT n< jTq+ #jT &+ <s X+_
$wj # > sTEe #k&T . |&e T{ qTeT\ >TV\ u<
$Vs\T # eHsTT. EHsY, s, Hd, n+ yTT<\sTTq$
|UeTsTTq$. $ eT]= uC, u&, s&, =+&D, sD
, skY +u,
H ], yTT<\sTTq$.43 >TV\Tq b+\ bNq \| *u\T,
*u\ <>Zs q s |eTTT neXc\T (microlith deposits)
eHsTT. |eTTqT { n$ $\e \TdT+~. |Xe\ \T
rjT{, \T ek\T &, nedse TsTTq s |eTTTHsTT.
|{ b++ ed+# <H > sY nH >=s\ |sT nTe+{ |eTTH
y&sT. B{, u< $Vs\T s|P s+ n& |]d }V+#e#TqT.
=+& ~>Te b++ <e TsTTq n&$ nsTTe+T+~. =+& #]jT\ MT<
>=s\T ~s +Te\ eT+<\qT d |Xbw\T +&*.
Te+{ >\
T d+#s J$+ >&T | n|&| & |sd s+ Vs+
e]& #dT e&+ d+ \TdT=HysT. \TdTH |<X + s +&T
*u\ L&*> q&TT+~. Vs e]& ybs+> s +&
jTT+> k>TT+~. { L&\T\ <>sZ L&* <e\sTTq neT
<e\ |PC d
\T+{sTT. Vs e]& ]> d+<s + neT
<e\ |<m Tq \T*e&+, * |X e\ s |PssTT |PjT&+,

122

bNq us< X #]

sT>TT+~. |&e T{ < H |eTTK neT<e\ |PCd


\T Te+{
*u\ L&\T\ <>sZ eqT X+_ >eTk&T . >eTHseTsTTq $wjT +
@$T+f u< $Vs\T >& me> Te+{ L&\T\ <>sZ eHsTT.
B >\ sD u<e T+ due+ qT+& ns+ #dT e#TqT.
V+keTsTTq +T \T\T # $\qT d+d]+ y
H>]eTsTTq e< $T esZ H]+#&+ u< _ e\ |< q se +.
n+ bNq u< >+<eTsTTq dTb+ T<T&T, _e\T
s|P >e\> |D\> ed+#L&< =+&MT<,
XXq+ e<, >TV\, sj
T +> ed+#\ nH&T. d]>Z y $\
|PCd\ X+_ >TsT#k&T. |> $yTq |P\qT >
uj
T +se TsTTq s +&qT > #d _ e uj
T |& L &<T nH&T
T<T& T . $eTsTTq |P\T nqTd]+# yqT d+d]+#&+ _ e\
se +. T<T& T djT+> | #X&T.44
de#sq+ dMTd eekjT $dsD u<eT+ b
ns+ neT+~. .|P. 600 H{ |&eT{ <H =+& #]jT\ MT<
$\T eddT H sT. >D\T d]+q Vs s +& jTT+>
es+ #dT =q L&\T\T |eTTKyTq neT<e\ |PC d
\jsTT.
s\T\L $ s+&L +<\jsTT. eT><, d\ ~s
b+\ qT+& <D
|<+ MT<T> eq es \T >& eT dsT \qT
neT&+ d+ $\ * u\qT nqTd]+ L&\T\ <>]Z
e e+&*. *u sT y \+ es esZ\jsTT. L&\T\T
n+>jsTT. es \ uT eq _ e\ dV + eT <s |#s
Te+{ s \T\ +<\H #j \ T<T <X+ . sD+>
u< $Vs\T >& neT<e\ |PCd
\> *u\ L&\T\
<>Zs @s&sTT.
<+ = $eTsTTq |]De\ s|+ *bsTT+~. u<+
eT+> eTq <X+ q+bsTT+~. eTVsh u< >TV\T
$TsTT. @ neT<e\ |P\qsTT e+#\ u<+ |jT ++<
djT+> u<> T V\H n$ =qk>TTHsTT. neT<e\qT u< >TV\
s~+# H $ u< $Vs\q dV >& b e#TqT. EHsY

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

123

>TV TC<$ eTs= >TV eqy& s~ksT 45 HH*


>TV |s + > usTT s~ksT .46 nsTT | { u< |#s C| + >
EHsY <e*<s s \T\qT \sT . * e<\T+f <s+>
y*, > >TV eL&<T . n< $<+ > jTesTT nH <eqT u&
$Vs+q s >TVq s~ksT . s
yT |PssTT @B <T
{, u< db H jTesTT $>V +> u$+ < yTT+{sT.
<#T |< D
\T #ksT !47
s us< X + qT+& eq es + < H $ b+\
eekjT esZ deC @ $<+ > |yX |{+ B d+#sTT. es \T
eT dsT \qT & $\T d]+q V\T yTT<\sTTq edTe \
es+ #ksT. B |* +> $ >D eTTKT\T d+|qT >Deed

esZ $u q @s&+~. n< es \ qT+& qTeTT y& eekj
HsT e&yT sT ysTT.
es XDT\ uT <s |#s & eq _e\T
qq eekjT esZ deC nedsy T q ke u~+#sT.
n+, u< $Vs\T $\ H>sD
+ | y T q ]
b sV+#sTT. es \T |D+ d+b~+#Te&+ d+ _ e\
$Vs\T {+ , y dTK+> <s |#s+ #dT >\+<T eT\<H
*+#sT. * +> $Vs\T # d+|qeTsTTq ybs +<\jsTT.
es +<\ dsT \T ds| s #dq ><eTT\jsTT. u+\T>
|#ksTT. u< $Vs\T sV+q ] bqT #H #] qT+&
ns+ #dT e#TqT. #H $Vs\T u<+ eTV k+|T XK #+~q$
(~ eTVjq u< |Pss|+). |&eT{ eTVk+|T\T eTT
usrjT d+|<j nqTd]dTq T #| HsT. < { #H #]
$Vs\T @ ] b sV+#j |&e T{ < H $Vs\T >&
n< bqT sV+#jT u$+#e#TqT.48
$Vs\ d+|< #Teq $\ esZ deC eekjT
es \q |yX |{+ ~.49 $Vs\ dsT \T ds| s #dq $ >D
eTTKT\T d+|qT\sTT sE\T> essT.50 = deC nedse TsTTq
ke >& u< _ e\T u~+#sT. qTeTT y& eekj
n$\ n\yT #ksT.

124

bNq us< X #]

<sb+ es + u< q n$Hue d++<y T $HX


VTesTT+~. eekjT de+ @s&Tq =
eekjT $ds D

(|q $e]+q $<+ >) <sb+ es + # &&+~. nsTT <X
<{ sT y <X
djT+bw >MTD eed @s&&+ yTT<\T >H
<sb+ es + <+~. djT+bw >e\T eT neds\qT yT
rsTe&+ yTT<\T|{sTT. < es y T , es + eTT&|& e q u<
$Vs\T >& D+#sTT. u<eT >\ ke |H~ bsTT+~.
n+<T _q+> uVDT\ \ eed djT+bw >e\ d]>Z
n+~ { n~ \+ |+E+~. ysTT d+es\ |T sD
nq+s+
u<+ bsTT uVDyT *+~. ~ sT y n<j\ <.
< H |su $T MT< eekjT de+ $sy u<+ >H
uVDeT+ >& <V<+ #d+ ~. <V<+ #dq |< yTT<{ #XeTT.
<s\T |&T #&*. |< qeTsTTq <s\T |&e T{ < H b++
neT<e\ |P\ eq |]De\T. neT<e\ uVDs D
, y
|PCd
\ kqu+ X+, eekjT de+ $s$ +q rsTqT # >
#|ksTT. $Xw D
#dq s +&T yk\T51 X+_ nqTd]+# n< jTq
|< # { <s H\T.
< H |su $T MT<, |&e T{ qTeT\ |{ sT |eV+#
q<T\THsTT ` ><e], ;eT yTT<\sTTq$. qBjT\T bNq \+
<e TsTTq n&$ +&e+&*. n& Vs dsD
| ys H{
k< + <T. & $ >D\T ed+ e+&*. =+&#] jT\ MT<
e+ n&$ |\> e+& | jT+&{ >=s\T ~s +Te\
bwD k< + neT+~. .|P. 600 H{ ms TTq =+&#] jT\ MT<
|X bw \THsT.
Vs d]+# n$\ <e\T neT<e\T. M+<] |sT
nsTT n X+ n+eTesTT. : TsTT, jTesTT, |s + >sTT,
usTT, dysTT, e>s . =+& #]jT\ >=s\q, |X e\q bw+q
|]bw\ <e eT>y ` y |sT $su, K+&u, eTVku,
Msu, u|PJuu, y yTT<\sTTq$. |{ MqT s~+# y
<H > sY\T nH >=s\ |sT \T M \j\T m&TH n$<H > sY\

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

125

e#sTT n k+> n+{sT. neT<e\T |sTw <w\sTT M d


<w\T. neT<e\ |PCd
\ <>sZ |sTw\T b bDbjT+. n>
y&T ~s <e V#sT\T e&yT , yqT bd+#
u\T d\qT #&L&<T, bd+#|&T >E\ X+ dV+
$qL&<T.
|X bw \L jT\ n$\L d+|s + @s&&+
yTT< d+|T sD
n+eT+> dyT q+ sT>TsTT. eT><e S neT
< q &
<e\ +\esT.52 nsTT keTsd + dT\u+ > <s
>TsT> +\ <\
T # $+> e+{sTT. e] .|P. 6e X+
sT y s ~ qT+& qTeTT y&+ , eekjT+ se&+ uVD
eT+ >& |y +, +\T uVDs D
#+<TsT. sTT\+
n~+> <TsZ \ n+X\T> >T]+| b+<TsT. eT><e
$su $s\T&sTT $we |s|+ nsTT Msu Msu<T&e&T.
nsTT eekjT de+ y| ]q |]DeT+ $\sTTH
|X bw \sTTH |P]> T&|T b<T . qq de+ XS<
\+> #ssT. n+<T V+> uVDs D
#+~q nq+s+ >&
y <e |sT> b sb\T> b |P\T > b<T. eT
nH>]eTsTTq \D\qT e<T\T= $T*q y{ ` @syTq H
beD H ` uVD eT+ eT rdT=#sT.53 *u\
L&\T\ <>sZ neT<e\ \T\T sTT# $ d+|<jT+ uVD
eT+ ny~ #s |yX |{+ ~. uVD eT+ | k$T+
{ y~ #s+ |s T \ eyT |+&+ |&sT. nsTT bNq
kV+ = d+<s + e\ >& |+&+ |&+ nH #s+
|keq e+~. |> B * nHsT. |s T \ |+&+ +{ <>sZ |>,
e\ e+ \T\T }] jT L&\T\ <>sZ |{sT . XS< &
eT#{ + qT+&, uDT& Vs#
] + qT+& e\T\ |keqqT
e++ $eTsTTq ny~ #s eT\+ @eTsTTe+T+<
nq MTe+dH X+_ q #s qT bs+_k&T .54
$wj +=+#+ $es+>, |sedT neb \ <s+>, |]o*<+.
eTVsh cq~ rs+ |+&s|Y P sY nH |$ d\
+ e+~. n& $s\
T&T
nH <e& $we |s|+> s~ksT. |dT+ |+&sY|PsY

126

bNq us< X #]

d+es+ s +&TksT rsj


\ ysT . k] p H\, s +&ek]
nsY H\ eekjT\ d]>Z p` nsY H\H | me
+T+~. { #s+ eekjT de+ |{+~ e&
M\T<T . s| $ d+|<jT+ nsTT e+&*. rsj

|&e T{ b++ysT nqTd]+# uqT C>> $Xw + X+_ B uy
$e]k&T.
$\ ds yd+ +&<T . d+#s Jeq+ #ksT . +&, sT,
|X e\ yT, yT + Hd ] Z |]d T \T nqTL\+> eq b+\
bsT. |&e T{ qTeT\ esb + # |< mTq e+T+~. sTq
|su $T MT< e> e+T+~. es\+ |&e T{ qTeT\ <>sZ
Vs dsD
w+ . yk\T @ss#T e&+ w+ . |X e\qT yT|e&+
w+ . n+<T# p H\ |&e T{ qTeT\qT e~* sTq eq qB
jT\ e\d ysT . e\d y[q u n+{ |&T |< |]DeT+
|sedT neXc\T HsTT. C neXc\qT f uqT >TsT|

e#TqT. neXc\T |< q+> q s|eTTT. neXc\ qTeTT
b e&yT +& |+\T >&e . n+f Vs \Te #dT e&
\T d+#T\T y&THs u$+#*.55 \T d+#T\T & e\dq
dTeTsTTq s |]s\T neXc\ eHsTT. u n+{
neT <e\ |PC d
\THsTT. |{ |+&s|Y P sY y j\T e
neT <e\ |P\T #db sT. |PC d
\ <>sZ s |eTT
neXc\T |< mTq e+&& { |PC d
\T d+e] e\d
(+^w B booly trans humance n+{sT.) eT\ ns+
neT+~.
|&e T{ qTeT\ |PH b++ qT+& sTq cq~ jT
|+&s|Y P sY < uqT X+_ $es+> |]o*+#&T. p H\
|+&s|Y P sY jT\T<]q e\d, es\+ nsTTb>H ] nsY
H\ |+&s|Y P sY qT+& |&e T{ qTeT\ y[+~. yTT+ 400 yT
e\d |< |s q $\ J$+ |< q |T +. e\d
e] eT nsTTq |+&s|Y P sY |$ d\
+ e&+ dV yT. sT y <X

n~ $su <y\jTeTsTT <q +s+ uVDs D
#+~ yw e rs+ nsTT+~.
| &T |+&s|Y P sY y &+, |+&s|Y P sY qT+& ] se&+ nH s +&T

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

127

|jD\T |&T |+&sY|PsY H\T>T H\ s+&TksT y rs


j\T> e]+~.56
=+&#]jT\ | u>+, n&$ |\> eq#, eT><eqT
|P+q |X bw \THs #keTT. |{ <H > sY >=s\ |sT \qT
X+_ y ysdT \T> ns+ #dT +{& >& #keTT. M <e
eT><e > $ due+ >\y. |X bw \L +~ b+|
$\L eT< ]q |T sD
|P\ eT< d+|T sD
> q&TT+~.
|TsD n+eT+> keTsd|P]eTsTTq > e]+< >&
|P\ |]De\qT { \TdT+~. <VsD, |Xbw\
eT><e&sTTq eTVku eTVcdTsT&sTT neT<e\sTTq C>TusTT
TsTT\ # #+|&&T. <e*<s <TsZ |sb\T. nsTT
eTVcdTs eTsH d+# s ueT\ dMT|+H eTVku n<
C>TusTT us > TsTT nqT#sT &> q&&T. eT dMT| >e\
eTVku nd\T us <+ {sT. eTVku $<+ > @ deTjT+
eTVcdTsT&T, e&T, nj&T ! C eTVku ( eTVu)~
# $+ <. qT y& nH >eT+ C>TusTT us . nsTT n&
s|P s+ #dte H nH #{ qT+& @&T>TsT q\qT n|V ]+ {
eTT+ #+|k&+. neT<e\ +& ys ~ ddT+ ~.
nsTT |P+q |X |sT \T neT<e\qT |P+q $\qT
|P]> T&|fj
T <T . { e] keTsd |P]+> y& <>sZ
C>TusTT |[ #ksT. |> $\ ||P ]yT q C| \
V+> n< C>TusTT <TsZ s|+, eTVcdTsT&> u$+#&q
eTVkuqT #+|T+~.57
d+|T sD
, keTsd +, s |PC d
\ >& q&sTT.
|+&s|Y P sY b+&Ts+> $s\
T&T $su n |\e& $we us,
sKTesTT n |\e& \ . yT ys |sT +&&y T , |+&s|Y P sY
$s\
T& <y\jT+ e+&, ys q d+ <y\jT+ e+& d++>
|P\T n+<T+T+~. (y+fX sT& |<e >). |+&s|Y P sY $s\
T&
<y\jTyT yTT<{~ nsTTe+f \ ys |sT> ys |P\T >
ys <y\jT+> +&*q neds+ <T . nd\T $\ neT<e
nsTTq sKTesTT & yTT<{ <e nsTTe+&*. $suqT |P+q

128

bNq us< X #]

|X bw \T $\qT +>BdTq sT y M[<] |[#ksT.58


nsTT $\T +bsTTH |P]> HXq+ <T {, sKTesTT
d++>H |P\T n+<T+~. sTy <X eekjT+, qTeTT
y&+ , eq sT y s +&T |P\ uVDs D
#+~ $su $we sTT
sKTesTT \ nsTT+~. nsTT eekjT deC rdT=q sT\T
& |\qT XS<T\T> +>BdTHs | HXq+ #jT <T {
<e b|s b|P\ $T*bjsTT.59 neT<e\+
$<+ > \ >H (n~+ >) eTVcdTs eT] nsTTq <Ts>Z H
e]b> eT><e y|Tu y|TXsT&e&T. |s H K+&u
e&e&T. eTVku @ deTjT+ eTVcdTsT& e& >&
ne&T.
eekjT de+ $se+ |P\ |]De\H , |PC d
\
kqu+ X+ >& q&TT+~. y >e\T me> {eqsT\
<>sZ , qB rs\ e+{sTT. =*H&T qBjT b+\T <e TsTTq
n&e\T> e+& d+#s $ J$ nj>+> e+& e+&*. =*
H{ $ yk\T yTb++H e+&>\
e qTeTT y&+ *dq
sTy +~ ~ qBrs b+\ eekjT >e\T @ss#T
>\T>TsT. B >TsT> , =*H{ |Ps |{ >e\, >e
=+ <s+> msTTq# q&jT X+_ >eTk&T. n<
neT<e >eT+|\ =+#+ H>]eTsTTq >T& +T+~. <Ts>Z H
\ >H >T]+# &TT+~. |> <e >eT+ jT{ qT+& >eT+
e+< (#] |]De >TsT>) #|+{sT >&. eT><e
$wjT + >& n+. X+_ # e<VsD*k&T . TsTT nH neT
<e |eTTK |PC d\
+ =+&H| P sY nH >eT+. nsTT TsTT =*H{
|PssTT =+&H| P sY nsTT<T yT <s+ ms TTq >TMT< eq
{+ <>sZ e+~. n& qT+& yTqT VsusTT nH d >eT+
rdT=+< #| +{sT. b\| #s neXw+ > TsTT
|P\T sVksT .60 #s+ # >\
e+~ ` n~ | k$T
de+ ekeT+ neXc ddT+ ~. $<+ > |PC d
\T
yT b+\ qT+& qB rs b+\ kqu+ X+ #+~q nH <VsD\T
X+_ k&T .61

s|<+ ` <D
|<+

129

<H |su$T eeksTsD #]qT eTT+# eTT+<T, eTq


(+<T\) #]qT >T]+ s+&T e\T #|y*. qTeTT y&+
eekjT+ .|P. 6e X+ qT+& <D
|<+ MT<T> ><e] rs
#]+<q X+_ n_bj #keTT. n& qT+& |&e T{ $d] +
eTVsh b++ $\ Vs n\e]q rsTqT >&
#keTT. n< deTjT+ = de+ sT L& $d] ++~.
T<T& deT*\sTTq |s H b+| nX\T (nX\T) nq& >Ts+
<TsT V+> >\ >DJe\T qTeTT y& eekj n\esT
HsT. y >D eTTKT\T XyVqT\sTT sT < H b+| =*
sC k|+ #sT. < H |su $T eekjT esZ de y|
u>+>
eq uVD, u< eT\qT s +&+{ deT+>H <]+#sT.62
{ eTq +<T \ #] \ XyVqT\ bs+u+ e&+
dV yT. nsTT Vs dsD
qT+& Vs ]q @ $|y yT q
|]DeTeTsTT XyVqT\ sC sD+ nsTT+< |]DeT+ jTT
n< jTH =qk+# +&, #] n+ >& XyVqT\T \T`
#&T\T`|\e \T`n+ se+X\ nqTeTD> eTq |d \ sksT .
X+_ d+q |< nqTd]+#sTT |P]> ys #] sj*
e+T+~. X+_ n< jTq+ #dq |&e T{ < H> sT < H
#+~q \+>D >& neT<e\ |P\ |eTTK +<+. \+>D
#sT e\ \
T rjTT\#> <q +s \+> ]+q$ e#T.
{ eqsT\T> n$ # bNqeTsTTq$. #sTe\ |{
|eTTKyTq neT<e |PC +<\T. \+>D ]> uH\ |+&>
b\<>Z neT<e\ |+&>\
T <X+ # =~ d+KH e+{sTT.
V<su< VQdHk>sY Te+{ neT<e\ |P\ |eTTK
+<\sTT e+&*. |{ VQdHk>sY #T neT<e\ |PCeT+~s\T
nd+U+> eHsTT. #sT e |&e T{ ~q, u+usTT s \
T es+Z
ne\, |s +>T &$ Us u< yTsTTHs& MT<H <e T, |<e T,
>&\eT, b#eT, }sb#eT yTT<\sTTq |sT>\ neT<e\
|PCeT+~s\T d+ &qT eHsTT. +eT+~ <e\
b++ s~+#& e+&& M <T . eekjT de+ $d] +q

bNq us< X #]

130

eT+ M |P\ uT |PCd


\T >& kqu+ X+ #+~ e+&*.
M |P\ esT\qT, |PC d
esT\q, uH\ |+&T>
eq |]De\q, |sedT neXc\q *u\ esZ\q
C&+ n< jTq+ #jT &+ neds+ . Vs dsD
qT+& Vs
]q esTqT $ dksTT. Vs d]+#&+ e #jT &+
yTT<\T |&+ #] |Ps<X (Pre-history) n+eTsTT #]
yTT<\eT+<qT+f +<T \ #] .|P. 6e X+ qT+& \+>D
yTT<\sTT+~. = Xu\ sT y > k \ & n&e\qT
eekjT j>+ #dksTT n~ m<>
< T . 19e X+ w ><e]
q<T\ MT< _{wt y us\T f< & b++ n&e\T $T
eHsTT. bNq \+ d+> #| qeds+ <T .
#]qT \TdTe& n<jTq+ bs+_+#*+~
XyVqT\ XdH\ <T, b#eT |P\q uH\ |+&T>q.
n& eTq #] eT\+ <=sTT+~. |{< sdq +<T \ #]
|d\ @TL] \seTeT] +u+b{ dHsjTD\ e+{
e]dT\
|d \ dV ` dV e++sTTH <T . X+_ qT+&
+ b+~qT |+# +u+ b{ d HsjTD >] nd\T X+_
n< jTq |< ns+ <T .

$esD\T
1.
2.
3.
4.

Scientific Numismatics, IN, Pages 152, 154


ISIH, Page 184,

b<d 4

The origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN Page 91


Scientific Numismatics, IN, Page 153
The study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN, Pages
69-70

5.
6.

The Study and metrology of Silver punch-marked coins, IN page 24

X+_ |< $esD+> *| yd+ :


The Chronological order of punch-marked coins-I : A re-examination
of the older Taxila hoard, IN, Pages 107-122

131
7.
8.
9.

Scientific Numismatics, IN, Page 150


The chronological order of punch-marked coins-I, IN. Page 121
The study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins-I IN,
Page 67

10.
11.
12.

The chronological order of punch-marked coins-I IN, Page 115


The study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN, Page 52
The study nd metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN,
Pages 46-47

13.
14.
15.

ISIH, Page 176


The chronological order of punch-marked coins-I, IN, Page 121
The study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN Page 71
ISIH, Page 176

16.
17.
18.

The chronological order of punch-marked coins-I, IN, Page 119

|sD\T #~y z| +f $XH< d HsjTD>] |sD ys


>+<e \ #~$ $wjT + ns+ neT+~.
The origin and development of silver coinage, in India, IN,
Pages 49-93

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

Scientific Numismatics, IN, Page 154


The origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN, Page 91
The origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN, Page 92
ISIH, Page 183
The origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN, Page 93
CCAI, Page 189
Pilgrim's progress : A contribution to the pre-history of the Western
Deccan Plateau, MR, Page 130

25. Dhenukakata, HS, Page 198


26. Pilgrim's progress......,MR, Page 114
27. CCAI, Pages 136-137 \ |
+ #&+&.
28. $eTs d |T&sTTq sT # #sTT+#&+ $+q X+_
n+{&T. Combined methods is indology, HS, Page 21

bNq us< X #]

132
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.

CCAI, Page 119


Combined methods in Indology, HS, Page 22
Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavad Gita, MR, Page 19
ISIH, Page 192
ISIH, Pages 134-135
What constitutes Indian History? HS, Page 70
ISIH, Page 134
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 29
The Study and metrology of silver Punch-Marked coins IN, Page 19

|{ sX\qT nqTd]+ #| Cc bX Cw+


n q \qT nqTd]+# < usrjT |< n n+{sT.
38. Cc >T]+ & s+&T e\T #|+f d]bT+~.
=*H{ eekjT de+ sTTe \TdTe&
sX\ q \ |]Cq+ nedeTsTT+~. nsTT beTTK+
sH \+<T\sTT sX\ q \ J$ Xd+# X \
T>
u$+#&sTT. ~eT \+ ssD d++<\ >T]+ dw
<X
d>H d+ +>H eq~. VTe>, sD+>
u$ T+#&TT+~. sTTe d+# q \T J$ Xd+#$
njsTT. qeT+ uVDT\ u< jT+ e&+e\ |+
bw+#&+~. Cw+ | |j >+> sTEe #j *q
neds+ <T . n~ #] m+<T |{+ < ns+ #dT >* #\T
< MT<Tq $Xk |H~ bT+~. ~ Cc <T
@ eT& $XksTTH e]dT + ~.
39. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 114.
40. Pilgrim's Progress : A contribution to the pre-history of the Western
Deccan Plateau, MR, Pages 110-152
At the cross-roads : A study of mother goddess cult sites, MR,
Pages 82-109.

41.

Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 111;


CCAI, Pages 111-112.

42.

Combined methods in Indology, HS, Pages 17-18

s|<+ ` <D
|<+
43.

133

The Buddhist Caves of Western India,


Times of India Annual numse, 1961

44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

At the cross-roads...MR, Page 100


At the cross-roads...MR, Page 98
Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 116
At the cross-roads...MR, Pages 96-97
CCAI, Pages 184-185
ISIH, Pages 268
The Buddhist Caves of Western India, Times of India Annual
number, 1986

51. ISIH, >& #&e#T.


52. At the cross-roads...MR, Page 86
53. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 141
54. At the cross-roads...MR, Pages 82-83
55. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 129
56. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 130
57. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Pages 122-123
58. At the cross-roads...MR, Page 86
59. d+ |+&s|Y P sY $s\
<y\j, \ <y\j *|
<y\jT+ #d e+&e#TqT. m >T+f uVDT\ n+
u+ { y | >& #jT <T .
60. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Pages 115
61. Pilgrim's Progress MR, Pages 114-125
62. ISIH, Page 244
63. +<T \ d+d`#] (s+&T d+|{\T)

134

bNq us< X #]

7. eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T
Vs dsD
qT+& Vs ]q |]DeT+ .|P. 300
H{ >+> jTeTTH jT\ =* e+~. Vs #d
eekjT esZ de+ s#]+ @s&sTT. n+ |&T jTEs<
\+ > yH\+ eekjT+`yd$ \+ d+#s+ nH |< bsTT,
# es ds eekjT+ @s&+~. n+f yTT<{ n<jT+ #| q
eT&T |]De\ s +&e~ >& s|+ rdT+~. >eT+ nH e
|&T d+#s dCT\ +<+ nH ns+ bsTT eekjT |< qeTsTTq
ds yd+ nH <T ns+ e+~. jT\T\ s|+ s \
qT+& n<q| |qT\ s|+ rdT+THsT. (nsTT b
#s neXw+ > |qT\ * nH~ { *bsTT+~). |D
\
d+|qTq sE\T, Xw\ |sVT\T eHsT. >e\ u$T
|X d+|<\
qT eT&> *q dC eekjT +<\THsTT.
<+ H>] $d] +q b+\ nsTT + # u u>+
$\THsT. n&e\THsTT. n&e\ qTeTT y& eekjT
esdZ e C |yX |f se + + $Te+~. ~, ds eekjT
>e\T eTs= n&T>T eTT+<TbsTT djT+bw+ e\de+~. ~
yTT<{ n<jT+ #| q eT&e |]DeT+. eekj nqT+<e TsTTq
eekjTs n|&T n~+ > >eT+H sT>TT+~. qTeTT,
| e+{$ = | $T*q J$ neds\ >eT+H
j sesTT. B e\dq ke sD+ sb+<* e+~.
eekjT $ds D
u<, uVD eT\T >+ > |#ksTT.
djT+bw >e\ $se+ e+ uVD eT |#s TT
nsTT+~. uVDT\ es eed eT]+ |]D+ #+~ \ eed nsTT
djT+ bw >MTD deC sD d+ nsTT+~. u<+ |
#jT b >, >MTD djT+bw + e\ <q <sb+ es +
uT qT >& < q |H~ sTT+~. u<T\
ke

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

135

>& eT>< deC q+>, djT+bw >MTD J$ <MT<


<s|& u keT eed L +~ <T. uVDT\T u keT eed
d]>Z n u uy *+, u> e BZ
w& #
#| + eTVus+
]+#sT. u<e T+ HXq+ e& X+s#sT& ] X
sD+ <T. djT+bw >MTD eed $se+ u< ke |H~
+&#d uVD eT b&+~. nsTT < H esTeT\\
eekjT esZ deC $d]+|#d |]DeTeT+ + #\+
k>TH e+~ { $ds D
q sy >+ > sVd
eq u<+ # \+ *+~.

{\T&T ` nX&T
eT>< s+, < e]<X nsTTq eTs keC\ >T]+ ~es
#ksT |k$+#eTT. .X. 312 k|+ #&q eTs ke+ us
|K+&+ # yTs $d] ++~. yjTe ~X >+<s qT+& sTq
[+> <, <D
q yTd sT < eTsT\ n~s+ #eTD nsTT+~.
bNq $T kV+ yTT]jsY dq+ eT<T s < e ] y[+<q

ndwy T q |keq1 eTsT\ >T]+# nsTT yTd sT qT+& + <D
>& eTs ke+ $d] ++< ns+ #dT y*.
nsTT |K+& y|e TsTTq ke+ n+THeT+f u u>
<T qeTH }V+#T>&<T . n~ ds eekjT >e\ +&
e+< u$+#L &<T . n|{ ke+ eT&T s\ u>\THsTT.
= ds yd >e\THsTT. = eekjT d+#s +<\THsTT.
# u>+ + qTeTT y&+ eekjT+ n&$ b+\ |X
bw >D\T eHsTT.2 eTsT\T < Hq sT us <X sTT+#sT
n+THeT+f & eekjT deC\ sC\ HjT sE\qT
eTsT\T z&+#s <T. eTsT\ deT*\ sT <D
us
<X #+~q sEes sT . sC\T e. $$< <X\
|]D #+~q
>D\T eyT HsTT. nX& nV+d y| T~ eT[+q [+>
jTT<+ d+> n+<] *d+<. jTT< >T]+ nX&T Xdq+
#b&T > qT z&+q sE mes #| <T . jTT<+ \e T+~
#+| \ juy \
eT+~ #s| {
#q #b&T > y sE |
q

136

bNq us< X #]

nq<T . { #| <>Z HuqT bw+#>\


d n|{ [+> b+|
>D\T m~>sTT > + sC\ s#]\ @s&< T .3 <D us
<X+ >& n+. Xdq+ nX&T q s+ |]ds\ eq <X\qT
|k$d #&T\T, b+&T\T, djT|T\T, s|T\T, jTeqsE
n+jT&T (Antiochus), n sT>T bsT>T sE\T n+{&T.
yjTTy >T]+ #||&T sE\ |keq , <D
us< X
e#|{ e+ #&T\T, b+&T\T n+TH&+f n$ sC\T e.
>D\ ns+ neT+~.4 yTT+ nX& XdH\ +{j d,t e>d,t
{$TjH, n>+&dt nH ^ sE\ |sTH sTT usrjT
sE |s <T .5
>D\T + n~ d+K +&&yT, eekjT+ n\e&q
b+\ dV + n|{+ ds eekjT+ ds <T . |X bwD
nqT+<e TsTTq eekjT+ $T* e+~. ds eekjT+ n_e~ #+~q
# >& >MTD XeT $u q + n|]D+> e+~. eTsT\ e]
sE\ < >e\ eekjTs neds\T (|eTTT, ek\T, e>s )
>e\H j sjT djT+bw eed $s$ +#< T . n|{ +
s \ eekjTse TsTTq neds\qT |D
b+ e XDT\T, es
XDT\T, rsTdTH sTT. XDT\ eT>< s+ $s$ +q H{ qT+&
|D
\ \yTq esZ\T> eHsTT. eTsT\ \+ eTq<X eq
yT>d dt eTq<X+ 7 esZ\qT >T]+#&T. y{ >MTD s \T {
>, e |yq ybsdT \
q *| |D
b+ es+Z > #b&T.6
n< djT+bw >e\ $se+ sT y nsTTef e | yq
s T \q {> ( >MTD es+Z >) #| , es \qT ys > #| e+&y&T.
Te+{ ke+ n<q| # d\+>, |\>,
e+T+~. < #| <>Z yTT+ d]+#\+f |]b\q +B+>
e+&*. dT dsD
s X+> e+&*. M\sTTq yTs eekjTs dsT \
es + >& +B+>H k>*. ||+ #+ n <X\q
<X
`n+f qTeTT jTT> #+~q eekjT esZ de+ ds | & q =*
sE\ ` |< |< keC\T e#sTT. seTH ke+ qT+& eTs
ke+ < e #+~qy. $ |sT eyT keC\T, M{

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

137

|H~ nsTTq n<q| # |\qsTTq~. nsTT < yTT+ +B


+>q Ls+>q d]+ $j+#&+ e\ # seTsTTq
s#]\, q\T~X $d] +# ybs\ k>TsTT. ke n_e~
+=+#+ |s>$T+#&+ keC\ L*bsTT. s \ neds\T
deTse ++> rs\+f XeT $u q |s>*. eTq<X+ qsTT eekjTs
>MTD neds\ > & >eT+H s>& + yTT<\eT+~. e&+,
eT], eT], X* >e\H ds | & sT. e XDT\ es | XDT\,
eT sTT. |> n|&T < |sT>TT+~ { n<q|
dsD (dT ed\) +B+> k>qs<T. $+BsD
#+<&+ n|&T k< +. >eT+ ksTT u keTT\T, |q keT+T\T,
|q sE\T, eTVsE\T, #esT\T, ` b\esZ+ <=+s>
@s&>\
<T. +B b\q |&T bsTT +~y&T | y& dT #*+ ,
y& nedse TsTTq|&T q dH |+|+# |+<+ MT< |y&T +~
y& |]b\H djT+|| >T]k&T . ~ (d\
+>) u keT eed
\D
+. >+>, jTeTTH jT\ eTsT\ |q + djT+bw >e\T
@s&, y{ b|~> ukeT eed sTy Xu\
sb+~+~. jTs|
t seTH ke+ |q + u keT eed bs+u
eTsTT+~. sC\ es yDC\ m+ s+> e+f n+ >=| n
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138

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d]+#&+ , n<q| sC+>jT ++ |s yD
+< eekjTs
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139

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u eTT\T, ;&T u eTT\qT mes $T+#T+& |uT yT XS<
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d#q\ {. XS<T m+<T+f, ysTTH n s\ <|& k< +
neT+~ { n+{&T {\T&T13 100 qT+& 500 < XS< s \qT
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nsTT XS< s \T ud\T sT, dT #*+ # s T \T. y d#
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140

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141

n {\T&T nH&T. q|<+ qT+& eTs= q|< dsT \T


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beTTKqT {\T&T >T]+#&T. KCH >qT\T eT\+, dH
KCH eT\+ { ||+#~|+ d+b~+#\+f >qT\ MT<
nesTTw y*.22 s <X\MT< jTT<+ #jT&+ >& ;&T
u eTT\qT #+#Te&+ eTTK b<\+ nsTT n& >qT\qT
#+#Te&+ s +&e bV+.
s |]XeT\qT >& = |uT yT q&|~. dTq T s T \ qT+&
edT s|+ (<q+, qH+\T, e>s ) ed\T #dysT. <H bT
rjT&+, |+& #jT &+, +\ qT+& qH rjT&+, yTT<\sTTq |]XeT
\ |uT yT sV+#~. nsX g+ M{ $es\T m+ D+> #]+#
&jT +f n~ s >+<+ <T. b eqTe n|dT + < X+_
n+{&T.23
$<+ > |uT s+>+ |qT\T ws> ed\T #jT &yT >
n eeVs, $d] +#\+f |]b\H jT++>+ # u>
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sT\T, yMT< >&#
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142

bNq us< X #]

]q +> e+&*. nsTTq< < EsH\T ed\T #j *.


s sE\q >D\q +>BdTe& csDeTsTTq \|j >+
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nH uy\ b\\ e<T . |\qT m+> yd+ #d nsTTH
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$s\T d]+#e#TqT. | nsX g+ ]yT +& #jT &yT <T, eTsT\T
+> #Xs bD ysD
uw+ sdq |+ * nH&T.24
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+< nH #s +f eTTK+, neqTweTsTTq d<+\ yqT
yTq ys T < + e+< >T]+#&+ .
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ys T < + eT]+ res+ nsTT+~. |]b\H jT++>+ MT< us+ #
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eekjTs dsT \qT ds| s #jT &+ eT] +<T\qT m<TsT+~.
q s yq neds\d+ nsX g |uT yT d >e\ <s n~
uu>+ eekjT $dsDqT bV++~ { q us H
y|&T #dT+~. eekjT+ $d]+#=B V\ ds|s\ eT><
b+| >qT\T d]b<T . < H b+| >qT\ qT+& >& V\T
#j* e+~. n+f >qT\ +B sVD weTsTTbsTT+~.25
|]eD eTsTTq esT >TDyT q esT> |]D$T+#&+ nH
>] d eT>< s| d+u+ <VsD n X+_
n+{&T.26 >MTD djT+bw yT (eT], e&+ e |y XDT\qT
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|]w]+#>\
<T.27

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

143

nX&T sjTH{ ysT<\ us+ s+MT< \+>


|&+ ~. ds eekjT+ $d] k+~. $ b+\T eekj n\esT
+THsTT. {\eTsTTq \|j >+ <s +B+> |]b*+#&+
nk< + ne+~. ys T < |P]> |]w]+#&+ nX& #T \
<T . n+eT+> eed djT+bw >e\ sD |]DeT+ #+~q|&
n~ |]cs+ neT+~. nsTT |P]> nd+>+ >q neqTw+>q
j ssTTq eTs sC+> jT+ |]b\H =+ eqMjT+>
es |jT + nX&T #k&T. |UeTsTTq nX& eTq'|]esq
e q eT+ esTe&+ <T. eTq<X+ m+eT+~ sE\T uVD
u< Cq eT\ < qT+& < essT. |]esq M |U+
~ nX&T u<e T+ d]+#&+ #] d+|T q nsTT+<+f
n+<T sD+ n~ e eT+ e]& , ke sD+
yTT+> eq esT e&yT.28 esT |<q \D+ @$T+f
|]b\q \|j >+ kq+ <s + nH ueqq eT |yX |&+ .
<s + uVDT\ es< s + <T. n<{> (#\TuT eq yTs ) esZ
deC \u& + q sy sVk+~. nX& <s + u<T\

<s b*q ke . n+<T VQX nX&T u< ] T &sTT


u<T& j
&T. nsTT & eT+ e]& b<q e&+ bsuT.
u<T&q sTy >& nX&T n eT\q deT+> <]+#&T.
& b<q ee\d+~ s eq esT, < b|~>
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e. \|j >+
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n+{&T.30
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144

bNq us< X #]

<H&T. nX&T n+<T _q+>, @ eT+ yssTTH s+


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s + d+
y&Ty\ d+#&T. nX&T n+<T _q+> uVDT\q
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<s \u{\ nX& |jT +.
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|{
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eekjT $dsD
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145

nX XdH\ eTTK $wj \T :


s+ +Te\qT #+|L&<T, JeV+d #jTL&<T. jT
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<+&T\q |<\q <]+#*. dVT\| <s+> e+&*.
d+b<qq KsTq $T b{+#*. n~sT\T eTqTw\L |X
e\L y< ks + *+#*. ue\T $+#*, &d+ #T H{+#*.
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y eT&T sE\T >&T e y*. eT&T sE\ y +<T $TT\T
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<s deT+> s]+#+<T nX&T <s eTVeT\qT
jT$T+#&T. uVDT\T, u<T\
T, Cq T\T, nJe\T = eT+
eeVs\qT # u& = <s eTVeT& jT$T+#&T.35
|uT \T #| T\ #]+#e. |>, s#]+ nH~ {
e+&> sE |\+ H _&\
T nq&+ nd+>e TsTTq $wjT + nsTT
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= <s+ #] e+< >T]+#&+ eTTK+. |]b\q
\|j >+ ke b|~ y\q~ qeTsTTq <s +.
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eT+ |ejTeTsTT+~.36 nsTT #sD
k< + <s\
sT|j>+ e. @ u |]dT\T <s\qT #sD k<+
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146

bNq us< X #]

@s&>\
s +&T dV ku\T eTT+< <s\qT |{
+ #>\
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nX& eTsDq+s+ 60 d+es\ yjTTe ~XqT+& <X+
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k|+ #sT. n+<s |< mTq d+|<q T =\>={sT . n+ |Ps+ eT><
se+X\ b\q <\ # b>sTTq n<q| M b\
|&+~.
n++ f eTTKyTq |]DeT+ |H~ k>T+~. +B s+
HXqeTsTT >+> jTeTTH jT\ djT+ bw >MTD eed $s
$k+~. B <s+ #dT = q q sC\ se+X\ # e#sTT.
djT+bwe TsTT d+|<q ~+ > |+q qq >MTD
eed |&T >+ > +B sC eyT #eT+~
\s sE\q sC\q bw+#>* +~. jTT<\q <&T\q u] +#
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.X. s +&e X| XdH\q |s=q eTs= se+X+ ;sT \T.39
M y[ nV< nH |Xbw \+ |P\T ` n+f |Xbw
>D Je\T> e+& eekjT H>]q T n\esT> M es$Z u q
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e+&*.40
ks+X+, eTsT\ nq+s+ ` .|P. 2e X+ qT+& ` s
us <X+ djT+bw >MTD eed @s&&+ bs+ue TsTT+~. #
|\> eq n<q| ]q eTsTTq |< T \ <s d]+ +B+>
es $j+q ke+ q n+sZ ys T <\ e\ HXqeTsTT,

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

147

$+BeTsTTq >MTD djT+bw eedq #|{


+ ~. me
d+K <|& esZ\q sC\q $<o <&T\q u] +#>* +~. >+>
jTeTTH jT\ uu>+ yTT<{ n<jT+ #|q eT&e <XqT
n+<T+~.

< H eekjT $dsD


:
>+ > |&T L& < H |su $T >+> jTeTTH jT\
+f s +&T eT&T Xu\T yqT& e+~. .|P. 600 qT+& yTT<\sTTq
Vs eTsT\ nq+s+ > <H ds eekjT >MTD
deC (n+f yTT<{ n<jT+ #| q eT&T <X\
s +&e <Xq T)
n+<T<T . >+> jTeTTH jT\T ds # kse+eTsTTq$ >
< H |su $T n& & eyT kse+eTsTTq~ e&+ #]
n\d eT\+. eTsT\ nq+s \+ =* #sT q qq
eekjT de+ b|~> XyVqT\ s+ @s&+~.
XyVqT\T +< >D #+~qys MqT b kV+ nX\T
(nX\T) nq& { M~ >Ts+ <TsT V+ nsTTe+T+< ~
es #| HeTT. b+ XyVq, d+d+ X| ] , >Ts+ qT+&
$s$ +q nH ns kjT X+_ yd+ $esDeTsTTq
|< $Xw D
<s s|k&T .41 sT\ <s eTq<X eq >Ts\
eT ><e] rs+ =+<] n\e& e+T+<, * +> y y
q jTT<+ q sT \ +f deTsT\
sTT, Vs bs+ue TsTTq
sT y s >D\qT +>BdT= yTT<{ sC @ss e+{s
X+_ u$k&T . XyVqT\ +f +=+#+ \d+> $T b++
>& Vs >DjTeTsTTq |]De n+<T= yTTyT T<{
$T sC\T (.X. 1e X+) b+&# #s >D\ @s&sTT.
nX& $ sC\T e. >D\ #k+.
djT+bw >e\T @s&Tq >+> jTeTTH jT\ u<
eT+ q #] beTTKqT eT+> T+~. < H +
$\ eeksTsD
k>TH e+~ { u< $Vs\T eT bqT
sVdH eHsTT. .|P. 6e X+ qT+& eekjT esZ de|
$se+ <sb+ es + sV+q \eTsTTq bqT ~es

148

bNq us< X #]

#keTT. >+> jTeTTH jT\ qT+& es \T dsT \qT < H


$ b+\ rdT=#sT. $\ dsT\$T y qT+&
y d]+q edTe\T =HsT. n+, $<X\ ]q deTT<
ybs+ |&e T{ rs+>T+& k+~. { m>TeT dsT \T >&
< H $ b+\qT <{ |&e T{ qTeT\ jT\ >T+& rs
#s*. e es \ <q +~q neds\ d+ >& $\ e]&
]+~. eT+ $\ esZ $u q @s& y eekjT+
n\e&+~. |]DeT+ u<+ sV+q bq, * +> u<
|sedT neb \ | e TsTT |+# #] |]DeT+ V\q
~es =+ #keTT. u< $Vs\ es XDT\T, e |y] XDT\T,
|< mTq $s\T #sTT. $s\ |D+ b<\+ nsTT
<=+>\ qT+& sE\ qT+& es \T eT |T& b&Te& n<=
es+Z .42 $s\T u+ &b> $Vs\ e+&$. y{ _ e\T
e& sTT u+ eT neds\T rsTHysT. es \ esZ eT< +
Te+{ u+\T neds+ . $Vs\T Vs+ ~s neds\ d+
#dq KsT #TT|\ eq $\ XeT$uqq esZ$uqq
|yX |{sTT. <q + =+ d+b~+#Tq $ >DeTTKT\T qTeTT
y&, eekj, bV+ yTT b\es+Z > ds | & sT . qq
eekjT deC nedse TsTTq ke u< _ e\T |#s+
#XsT. .|P. 600 qT+& k>TTq |]DeT+ |&T eT]+ q
ksTT k+~. XyVq s+ ] n_e~ u< $Vs\T
|eTTKyTq b eV+#jT X+_ u$k&T .43 |&e T{ < H
u<$ VsY >TV\>& < H |su $T qT+& |&e T{ rs <]rd
qTeT\ es esZ\ y+& eHjT X+_ $es+> s|k&T .44
^dT ~s <X\ ]q deTT< ybs+ esZ\MT<T>H k+~.
<q T+ nH |&e T{ rs+ ^ yd+ es \T |eTTKeTsTTq
s >TV # sD $s*#s >TV >&\MT~ s\qT
{ \TdT+ ~.
< H n|{ djT+bw >e\T eq& V+> e |
y XDT\T >& es \> u< $Vs\ |< mTq $s*#sTT.
djT+bw >e\ $se+ e XDT\T q+ \> e]

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

149

>e\ s
sTT. |q e| y $s*# |d
< T . <X

e+ sE\T, sC~sT\T, Xw\T, >V|T\ uT eTsT\T,
e&+>T\T, e\T, >+~ \T, y<T sT| #dy, K\T >& eT
XDT\ <s $s*#sT nq $wjT + Hd s y ] >TV\qT {
\TdT+~.45
XyVqT\ H{ HD\ bXd + n|{ ybs+ $d \T|
T+~. | + 20 y\ y+& HD\T <=]sTT.46 es
nqT+<+ > eq u< $Vs\T >& # d+|qeTjsTT. T<T
<X+ |s+ _ e _b , +{MT< >T& | ys d e+&L &<T .
uq+ n&T H | =qTL&<T . nsTT jTq nqT#sT \T
d] es \ $s\qT |T&> #dT = seTsTTq $Vs\
J$dTH sT. eT neds\ =qT+THsT. y $Vs\ >&\MT<
eq n+<eTsTTq X+>s \T u< XeTDT\ eT $s*q
es \ d+|<q d+d |_+_dTH sTT. nsTT <X
+ es
$ds D
<s eekjT H>] y| sT>T+~. { u<e T+ q
ke |H~ |P]> <T . eekjT $ds D
eT]=+ eTT+<T
bsTT djT+bw >e\T @s&d] u< $Vs\T eT ke bqT
e&yT deC ] us+> j sj sTT. < u<e T+
HXq+ | <T .47

djT+bw >e\T
eTsT\ |q + nq+s+ >+> jTeTTH jT\ djT+bw
>e\T @s&&+ yTT<\sTT+< nHeTT. $d] dTq eekjT H>]
+B eT>< keC d+u+ |&j
T >, djT+bw >e\T
d+u |]cseTjjT >& #keTT. eTq<X+ ukeT
eed djT+bw >e\T |H~s e+{$.
eT>< \| s us< X + q XyVqT\ < Hq es
XDT e XDT\T >& \+> eHjTHeTT. eekjTs
e XDT\# #jT &, es XDT\ <s <s b+\ >+>
jTeTTH jT\ >e\ >& #s ~. nsTT, syD |ks ks\T
# n|]D+> eq sE\ eed # |]$TT\T+{sTT.

150

bNq us< X #]

Vs |\> eq+es ~ k< +. ds eekjT >e\T $d] +#


=B sy T q $<q+ \Te<T. |>, XDT\ es y T eekjT
$ds D
<V<+ #d+ ~ { eed q HXH q >s + H *
e+~. es + d+|s + @s& $ >\
T =+{ esZ $u q @s&
n$ >& eekjT de+ #ssTT. eT]= >\
T eTT e
es XD> essTT. $\T >\ qT+& \T> e]q
eT*eTsTTq #] |]De |{ #ksT |k$+#eTT.
|]DeT+ eT< <X> XDT\T |ksTT. s e TsTTq edTe qT d]+#
$\T es + d+|s + edTe qT d]+ nyT XD> e]
sT y n< edTe qT #d \+> essT. <VsD n+dT\
T
eTVus+ >D+, eTqTd # y< T \ XD, eTs=#
uVDT& yX d |{q d+s \+. jTT<\ y&+ *dq
$\ esZ$uq @s& n$ eekjT deC\T> e]b>,
jTT<\ y&+ *jT >D\T XDT\T> essTT X+_
d+<s + dr]k&T .48
yTT+ MT<, XDT\ <s >MTDT\ eekjTs neds\qT r]q
de+ q H <rdT+~. ds eekjT >e\ k+<
|]>=B n~ \ebsTT+~. eT+> eT\T >e\ s\&+
yTT<\sTT+~. djT+bw >e\T @s& +B sC #]+ >
neds+ +& #ksTT. |&T ke d+|< >& $ds D
|* +>
|]+~ { q q sE\q, $<o <&T\q de+ u]+#
>*+~.
qq >MTD deC qq sD+ y*. |Ps<X
q ke sD n+~q u<eT+ B ><T. +
$ >D\ es+ <s eekjT+ $d]dq b+\
(<VsD < H |su $T MT<) eyT u< ke b +
$T*e+~. s us<X+ u< $Vs\T de+MT< us+>
j sj sTT. es \ $s\ n$ # d+|qeTsTTHsTT. sE\T
eT] $s* bwdT H sT. < H u< $Vs\ $s*q y
e |y >& #eT+~ +&> s us<X+ cqT\

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

151

s+ u< $Vs\ q $s\T n sE\M, < es \M


eyT . k+N db $s*q 407 eT+~ &qT eT+~ >&
e| y s X+_ >& &T.49 .X. 2e X+ < H
u<$ Vs\ eTsT\, ud\
$s*#sT> deT* s
us<X+ nTe+{~ }V+#&+ >& k<+< eTs=#
n+{&T.50
ke |H~ eq esT ||\
q+> u<e T+ N*
e+~. cqT\ \+ u<+ eTVjq`VqjH\T> N*bsTT+~.
eTVjq+ s us< X + d+|q $Vs\ eT+ nsTT+~. q
uwqT b qT+& d+d esT+~. seTsTTq |PC $<H,
+qq n\esT+~. < H + eekjT de+ $se+
q bqT u<e T+ Vqjq+ nsTT+~. n~ + =+yT s
T<T& T |#s+ #dq s&+s J$ nqTd]k+~. nsTT s `
<D
$u q me\+ \Te<T . XyVqT\ nq+s+ < H >&
djT+bw >e\T $s$+#&+ &>& u<+ q bqT
sTT+~. eTVjq+ <D >& $d]++~. |UT&sTTq
eTVjq &T H>sTq T&T .X. s +&e X+ cq~ &Tq
J$+#&T.51
u<+ $<+ > q |H~ sTT+~. >, uVDeT+ e+
qq >MTD deC nqT>TDyTq esT\qT k~+ qT \|&+ ~.
uVD eT+ n #] <X\
q < | #d+ ~. V+<Te\ #s\
q+{ nH~> edTqe u$+#&+ e\ uVD eT q
|eTTK \D
+ $d]+#&T+~. jT\T\qT +< n+X+> *eq
y~ eT+ < =*H{ s|+. n~ |X bw ~eT deC +~.
Vs r <|q <s|& XeT<|& eq sT y ese ed $s
$++~. jT\T\T eT beTTU jsTT. es< s <s+
#dT q XeT <|& +< kH b+~+~. jTT\T jTT<\T #ksT ,
|]b\q kksT , jTC\T #ksT . uVDT\T jT s +& sVksT .
yX \T eekj, ybs sVksT . \T\ s|+ |qT\ s|+
n<q| s +&T n>es\ n|C| sT. XS<T\T jTT<\T
<] +# V>, u $T *e+& V> +& | eT&T es\

152

bNq us< X #]

deTw u T\T> (helots) > |#ksT . =*H{ eekjT deC


sD+ d]bsTT+~. XeT $u q n|]D+> e+&&+ e\ H\T>T
es\T d]bjsTT. nsTT ds eekjT >e\ d+K |]>=B d+|<
|s>& + , me neds\T rs&+ ]+~. neds\T rs& es
XDT\ e XDT\ e#sTT. $ >\
H>sD
|* +> >D\T
e XDT\T> esjT #keTT. es \q e |y] yX \T
XS<T\T nqe#TqT> C XDT\T #Tss+ |]~ |P]>
eT&e. d+~ <X
#T ss eed ds y<+ <T . de+
# |\+> eq u<eT+ < es++~. eT>< #+~q
nsX g+ uVD >+<y T nsTTH n+<T ke sD+ es\ |s+ >
$e]+#&< T . b\ esZ\qT bs`Cq|<T \T nHsT.52 e\
ns+ ~es #XeTT. n< \+ us< X >T]+ sdq yT>ddt
>& H\T>T es\T @&T esZ\T |+#sTT. eTq #s\ nH~>
edTH jT u$+#&+ e\ yT>dHd t s#q qT nu \
q> ={y j
T &+
]+~> C n|{ H\T>T es\ eed ks y<+ b+<<
ns+ #dT y*.53 XyVqT\ < H L& < |]d |dT + ~. u<
C <\
><\
T T<T& \+ qT+& edTq d+|<jT+ e#T>
<\
yesD+ e+ XyVqT\ < H #+~+< X+_
n_bjT+.54 <\
q \| XdH\q >& ese ed ks
y| b+<< q $wjT + q|&T T+~. C <\
d+|q esZ X{`
>V |T \T nHsT. |< mTq neT| dsT \qT #dq e|
y XDT\THsTT. = >e\ >e XDT\ +&eHsTT.
>V |T \T es+ d+|qT\sTTq yX > y yD+ qT+&
eekjT+ e&+>+ < n sV+#sT. C <
* <+&T\T
eT =&T @ e #|{
n #]+q <+ |k$+, ese ed
+> e+& e+f #s ks+ < X+_ n+{&T.
>+> jTeTTH jT\ djT+ bw >e\T @s&&+
yTT<\jH uVD <s + ds y|+ e&+ yTT<\sTT+~. nsTT
H\T>T es\ es eed |&T d]b<T. =*H{ eekjT de+
|&T # |]D #+~ # s\ edTe\qT #k+~.

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

153

sT\+<] {q XS<T\T nH H\T>e es+ #s jT&+


d<+ k< yT ( | #XsT >&) #] eT+ n+<s
k] e djT+bw >e\ #s
< T { yde + n~ k< +
<T. ]+<$T+f = e XD q+ ]\T >e\ ds | & sT .
={ = \+ nsTT+~. MT< H>] de+ e #]q
>D\T >& XDT\T> HsT > \>H e#ssTT.
qq >MTD eed $se+ d+|qeTsTTq u< $Vs\T
mTe+{ bq sV+# b jjT #k+. uVDT\T n+<T
_q+> >e\H e ds | & sT . \ eedq T |+b+~+#sT. \T>
e]q $\ XDT\ <e\q <eq uVD]+ >T
{sT . >T |P\T sV+ eT bbdTe&yT , \eedq T
T ~+ #ksT. s +&q |P\q y~+# u<e T+ |qT\T
#jT b sTT+~. u<+ y|
<= eTTK sD+.
$ >D\qT djT+bw >eT de+ \T|=H eT+
\T @s&sTT {, \qT >D\ \D
\T n+THsTT. \
eed >\ s +&T |< q \D
\ >D eed qT+& eqyq X+_
n_bjT+.55 {, \ eT d+ #s\T d+ <e\ |P\
|$ ~H\T +&&+ . >D\ |Ps #s\T & \ #s\T>
essTT. nsTT n$ uVDs D
#+~ V+<eT+ u>+ njsTT.
y{ uVD] +#&+ <s $\qT \|j >+ neds+ +&
eekjT de+ \T| se&+ uVD eT+ sV+q
|eTTKyTq b nq X+_ n_bj #ksT |k$+#eTT.
eekjT de $dsD $<+> <V<+ #dq \DyT
nd+UyT q |P\L #s\L qeT\L $ u$ wT
]
|> <s k+d |s>eTH +eTsTT+~.56
\ eed +& s +&e |eTTK \D
+ |sd s+ d+|s + |q w<+ .
~ >& >Deed qT+& e+<. >D\ eT< dV |+ uq+> $yV
d++<+ > w<+ . uV w<+ >D de #s\ eTTKyTq ~.
n~ \eed >& d+$T++~. \+ y eTs= \+ *d
uq+ #jT sT. $yV d++<+ |TsT. nsTT >D\ eT< V#T

154

bNq us< X #]

>T <Z \
|d b >, \T esZ de+ u>+ e&+e\ y{ eT<
V#T >T \
Z $e (d\
+> ] ksTT {) @s&+~. n+f >D\
eT< uV w<+ sT| \L deTyTq ~ >, \ eT< d+|s
w<+ ndeqeTsTTq~. +~ \+ d+|s +| w<+ . +~
y w< |y MT~ >se+=B b{ks | y w<+
+&<T.
>D\T eekjT de+ s +&T s\T> #sjTq X+_
n_bj ~es #keTT. jTT<\ y&+ *dq \eTsTTq
>D\ es$Z u q @s& jTT<\T *q >DeTTKT\T b\es+Z >
@s&sT . sT \T X$T \+> essT. jTT<\ y&+ *jT
\VqeTsTTq >D\T XD> H XS< \+>H e] XeT<|& +
bjsTT. yTT<{s + >D\ esZ $u q @s&\+f >D\ eT& +
q+#*. eekjT $ds D
qT |_ ds Y |]XeT> u$+q {\T&T
$wj dw+> >T]+#&T. $\qT sE @ $<+> +>
BdTy #]d mT> & #b&T. >&#
sT\T >D+ |y +
>D+ $u< \q <c @ $<+ > |yX |{ \TdTy*. >D+
eTTKT\T keq >D duT \ dV |+ uq+ #jT L&< $yV
d++<+ |T>&< s #>={*. n+{&T.57 >D\ d$Tw J$
HXq+ #d yqT ke+> +>BdTy\+f n+sH |yX
|{\q jTT + dw+ > #b&T. e\ + s=>e+>
#| +~ {\T& nsTTH V+<eeT+ {\ H{ qT+&
H{ < #]dH e+~.
& >eT+#e\dq eTTKyTq $wjT + @$T+f \eed L
jTEs<\| ese ed L >\ ke |H<T\T |P]> _qeTsTTq$.
Vs => n\e& <X
, sT\ +bsTTq ssT \ #
XeT #sTT+ Vs+ #sTT+#Te& XS< es+ d]bsTT+~.
sT\ |* keq H b\esZ ysT #jT & yX \T, uVD
jTT\T nH $u q d]bsTT+~. djT+bw >e\ #Tss +
m+e+ #\<T. eekjT $ds D
eT+ qq >MTD de+
@s& eT+H ese ed |yT jT+ +& nH XS<\T @s&sTT.

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

155

#] XgsT\ nqTeT q&e<T. MT< eTsTTq eekjT<sT\T,


e| ysT XS<T. yX \T es |]$TeTesT. XS<T\ d+K
n|]$T+> |]b>, yX \T n\ d+U\esT.58
= |]DeT+ uVDT\qT # +~ |{+ ~. #T ss
eed #+ qq deC m{ ]+# y ns+ <T .
> m+e+ e<T\Te&+ w
y b <X
ese edq T
< = Xk\T sdysT. jT\T\qT e~*|{ 2500 d+es\T
<{H |{ y<e T+\ |sH e<\qf, ese ed \+ #*b sTT
\ eed @s&q|{ = eedq T b d\ #+H s+#
|jT + #ksT. H\T>T es\ $u qqT e~*| +& nd+UeTsTTq
\ ns+ #bsT.59 nk< + n|+# s ny|T eTsTTq
s + k~+qy&T eTqTe. H\T>T |< q es\ eT< esdZ + s+
]q |* +> \ @s&jT eTqTe \q #X&T. sT y
XgsT\T B =qk+#sT.
eTqT <s Xg+ qq >MTD deC $e]+# |< q kV
eT\+. eTqTd nsX g+ b*d = de+ \D
\T ns+
nesTT. nsXg+ deC +B+> |]b*+#\ u~++~.
|uT <>T\T n $wj \q C+ #dT = |]b\q sVksT .
eTqTe n+<T _q+>, sE j\ XDT\ #s\qT <w

e+#T= sj\T #j\+{&T. $$< \ XDT\ n+sZ
eeVs\qT y e~d s+&T \ eT< d++<\qT eyT

sE jT+k&T .60 = >D\qT \> \T|=H eT+ $+BsD


nyseTsTT+~. nsX g+ s+ ds d s+. eTqTd s+
djT+bw >e\qT b|~> >\ q s+. |uT sVD
d u eTT\ |keq> >qT\|q |uT >T~| +> e. ]
s+>+ nsX geT+ s+> <T . d+|qTq bs Cq|< esZ\ |keq
<T . y+& HD\T bsTT sHD\T e#sTT. y+& HD\qT |sD+
nHsT ` n+f n$ nd\T $j>+ e nse TeT+~.61 <X qT+&
s| D
eTT\T n+fH s HD\T nH ns+ e+~.62 |qT\T >& |&T
e>H eHsTT. nsX g+ |qT\T |+ H\>ee+T qT+& se

156

bNq us< X #]

e+T>, eTqTd se e+T qT+& |H +&e e+T eyT . |uT


<>T\# J+ >& y. C ~>Te ksTT #+~q <>T\
eyT q><T J*qT+~. |ksTT n~s = >e\ qT+&
d]+q |qT>, =+ u $T> J+> #sT.63 eTq <X+ u keT
eed ~ |< qeTsTTq \D
+. B ;C\T eTsT\ |q + nq+s+
@s&q djT+bw >MTD de| =*sE\H n+]+qT eTqT
<s Xg+ <s \TdT+ ~.
\ eed uT \ + n s+>\ $d] ++~. Hs
{ e+T+~. n| e& { e+T+~. uVDT\
qT+& 24 X+, jTT\ +& 36 X+, yX \ qT+& 48 X+, XS<T\
qT+& 60 X+ e& rdTe#TqT. sTD>dT & T n| rs |+ n~
e \+ nsTT #] #d rs*. me \+ nsTT #
#sTT+#Te& M\T<T . nqT d+b~+q|& n| rsTk&T . djT+
bw >MTD de+ $s$ +#< \eed < , s s|eTsTTq
es eed ksyT q y<+ < nH+. n+<T eTs= <s q+>
nsX g+ >& uVD >+<y T nsTTq|{ n+<T Te+{ \ $e
<T.64
eTsT\ \+ es >& eekjT s+> #+~q < \qT
u keTT\T nq& M\T< #k+. >V |T \T, Cq|<T \T, n
|\Te& y dC eekjT +<\ eTTKT\T. u $T +<\
eT& d >, |uT sVD +sT u eTT\qT eekjT j>+
#dq d >e\ XS< s \ eT J$++ eyT u $TMT<
V e+~. qq (djT+bw) >MTD de+ d+> @$T{?
eTq <X+ eekjT de+ $s$+q rsTe\ u$T
eT& jeq+ # \+ *bsTT+~. >D\T eTT eekjT
j>+ #d H>* +~ q u $T eT deTw d >H *eHsTT.
{ >e\ |< q eekjT \T deTw d >H =qk>sTT.
nsTT >eT ys
+sq T e+ me]ysT eT d+ XeT
H>* +~ #sT. u $T y d+ d e&+ <X
yTT<\sTT+~.
<T| me&T yTT<=& y&< nsTTqT u$T me&T eTT+<s

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

157

eekjT j>+ #d n~ y& neT+~ n eTqTe nH&T. deT*


u< kV+q n< n_bjT+ e+~. >eT+ |< q eekjT
>&, dC +<+ n+<s n+^]d $u +#e#Tq eTqTd
qT+& |s+ > s]+#e#THy q X+_ u$k&T .65
nsX k eTqT <s Xk m &\TH $wjT + e+
@u e+ e+~. s +& >& eT <s |H\ esZ duy sC+&
nDy duy s=>e+> #bsTT. sE \ |j >+ XS<T\
#, yX \# y $<T \T #sTT+#*. s +& es\T eT $<T \T
sV+#b ||+ #+ yTT+ nde d+ nsTTbT+~ n+{&T eTqTe.66
|uT eT |sVT& <sT&# q $~ sV+|#j
T &+
eTesT. n< s>+f y |+#Te& n<q|
+&<T n X+_ yUk&T .
eTq+ V+<eT+> y >T]+# #s\ <Xq T+& s|+
rdTHsTT. s\| uVD eT V+<eT+ n y[
ns+ |\eeTT. n~ e\+ neb \ s|+ = V+<eT+
$T*+~. V+<eT+ djT+bw >e\ |{+~. n& qT+&
u keT eed n_e~ #+< eT+ < nqTL\+> q esT
bsTT+~. eTq #s\ nH~> edTH jT u$ T+#&+ e\ V+<e+
#] |]De\T eTsT>Tq |&T THjT X+_ n_X+ dk&T . uVD
|P\q s+&q y =]jT\ q beTTU
|k$d $ dT X+ bs+ue TsTTq #syT | n+ |Ps+
<+ {&T. n+ |Ps+ uVDT\ <D
#|&T _|\
+ #
ysT. .X. yTT<{ Xu\ |&e T{ k b++ =] |+qT
|yX|&+ n& eekjT de+ bs+ueTsTT+~. n+
eTTK yTq |]De >TsT> =]jT V+< #s\ |eTTKkH
b+~+~.67
djT+bw >e\ $se+ sb+~q V+<eT
ke |H~ qT+& eq |]$TT\ eHsTT. >MTD J$ sTTe\
H | d+es\ |<T . >e\ ds | & uVD eT
>& < yK
] n\e&+~. seTT&T \+qT sTT+q sE (~) @<

158

bNq us< X #]

uVDT\T nq++> y~+#T+{sT > @ d+es+ sTT+#&


mq& #]+#< + {&T X+_. Cq T\T eyT (y es \T #\
eT+~ eHsT {) <T d+eseTT\T >& u{sT.68
uVDT\T yK] #] << HXq+ #d+~. djT+bw
>e\T eTq de+ MT< k~+q $jT+ $<o <&T\+f >&
|e<s e TsTTq< X+_ n+{&T.69 sTTe\ +#&+ e\
n~ \#+ nsTT+~. \# H\T>T jTT>\ b|~ MT<
$u +#sT. <|s *jTT>\ \+ q <Xq T+& Vq<X
esTT+~. ] |j
T + e eT jT T>+ bs+ue TeT+~.
\# sTT# X+_ b* #b&T . es\T s>H eekjT+
yTT<\eT+~. Vs+ |w\+> <=sTT+~. es\+ sT y H\
eT+> m+&be&+ yTT<\eT+~. yd$ e#d] J$+ <Tss e TeT+~.
eT k]> es\T se&+ >MTD |]ds\T |j
T + eqT {
+&bsTT. eT = #+ bs+u+ neT+~. J$ nqTue + qT+&
H\T>T jTT>\ \$u q e+< X+_ n+{&T.70
qq >MTD J$ d<+s nsTTq uVDT&T >eT
J$. uVDT\T |D\ ds yd+ @ss#Te& M\T<
u<jTq <s d+ nT+~.71 >eT+ ed+ \eedq T |{w +
#d <s djT+bw >e\qT \|s#
& + <X
uVDT\ se +.
eT+, \> \T|q >D\ <eS |P\ #s\ e
V+<eT+ *ksTT. <\
|sD\ *+#&sTT. + _qeTsTTq
d+|<j\qT \T|>\>\+f ]q , $y#q q, yd$ q
e~* |{*. V+<eT+ M{ e<T . @B nd+>+ <T, nd+<+
<T. qeTX + <B <T . s, <s +, Xg+, Xdq+, kV+,
n |sD\q eT&$ Xk\q \>\dbjsTT. d+eTsTTq
eT& + deC e]++~.
u ydy \| uVD eT q s +e\ #] <T,
eTq d+d >& # qw+ ]+~.72 djT+bw >e\T @s&
qeTH <Xq+ r]~<eTT+<T eTq de+ # y$<+
e+&+~. mH >D\ >\ eekjT deC\ +&$. y{

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T

159

_qeTsTTq d+|<j\T+&$. *#$, eT\ ~s eT>< \| >D\


|C+ d+|<jT+ ^ d+|<j m+e+ rdbsTT+~ <T.
nsTT >MTD de+ \T> <X |\q+ + #dq uVD
eT+ y$ < + qT+& e\+ |P\q #s\q e+ d]++~.
$T*q $wj \+{ $d]++~. n$ d+ ]sT >& +&
bjsTT. uVDT\ n]k{
> Vs=&dt |< T . $T
$T #jT >\ X+s#sT& s + eyT |{+ ~. +q >&
.|P. 6e X+ m+ y$ < + e+&+~. <q+ s +
|s q u> e BZ y$ < HXq+ #d+ ~. ] ys T <\qT su +s+ >
~>$T+>>\
H + V+<e de+ MT< H{ < *bsTTq eTT<
yd+ ~.
u $CH >& < > |{+ ~. | &T usrjT y< Xg+
(jTTs<+) mH eT+<T\q eT*\q \TdT>*+~. eT+>
$Cq+ >& eT& + y|& , y* jTTs< y< T \T @ eT* @<
>& #| d eHsT. bNq us< X #] d++~+q d
\
>T]+, $wj \ >Ts+ \TdTy\+f {MT e+{ ^ u > XgE\
MT<, nsT es\ MT<, #jT j\ MT< <s|&*.73 eTq
kV+ bsD ><\
T | ys @MT <=se . djT+bw >e\
uVD eT sTTeT+H | \ |yV+ |yT jT+ <T {
n~ eTq #] +& #d+ ~. \+ dV + \#+ nsTT+~. >T+&+>
]> #+ < yTT<\T <T . n nH~ nsTT bjsTT.74

$esD\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

ISIH, Page 187


CCAI, Page 143
ISIH, Page 205
ISIH, Page 199
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 31
ISIH, Page 193
ISIH, Pages 209-215
ISIH, Page 215

bNq us< X #]

160
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

ISIH, Page 215


ISIH, Page 226
ISIH, Page 223
ISIH, Page 223
ISIH, Page 232
ISIH, Pages 228-229
ISIH, Page 230
ISIH, Page 229
ISIH, Page 229
CCAI, Pages 150-151
Combined methods in Indology, HS, Page 10
CCAI, Page 149
ISIH/S/216-218
ISIH, Page 218
CCAI, Page 154
ISIH, Page 222
CCAI, Page 163
CCAI, Page 163
ISIH, Page 233
ISIH, Page 236
ISIH, Page 201
ISIH, Page 203
ISIH, Page 198
Combined methods in Indology, HS, Pages 3-4
ISIH, Pages 207-208

33. ISIH, Page 199


34. JeV+dqT w~+q eqeeT] s +&T |X e eTsD
q T e+ s<T #
j
T < X+_ $dTsT $ds +& +&& T .
ISIH, Page 207.

35.

ISIH, Pages 198-209

eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.

161

CCAI, Page 165


ISIH, Page 248
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 32
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 33
The Basis of Ancient Indian History HS, Page 35
Combined methods in Indology, HS, Pages, 16-19

+< nH Xu \T>T nH ns+ sTT XyVqT\qT +<


sE\T nq&+ nss V +. #]qT eT <<+ , \ <<+
#&&+ m+ b 20e X| \T>T CrjTy< yq
|d] +|Cd <w #]qT #&&+ n+ | . u Hd ] Z
dV #] ns+ #|+f XyVqT\T <H sE\T.
y <HqT n+ |]b*+#s nH~ eTTK+<T, <H
|su $T MT< Vs bs+ue TsTTq sT y * +>
@s& yTTyT T<{ s+ y~.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.

Dhenukakata, HS, Pages 208-209


Dhenukakata, HS, Page 201
Dhenukakata, HS, Pages 199-200
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 47
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 47
ISIH, Page 270
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 32
ISIH, Pages 271-272
CCAI, Page 190
ISIH, Page 261
ISIH, Page 223
ISIH, Page 193
ISIH, Pages 267-277
CCAI, Page 170
CCAI, Pages 172-173
ISIH, Page 213

bNq us< X #]

162
58.
59.
60.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, 50


The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 39
ISIH, Page 256
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 43

61.

On the study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN,


Page 36

62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.

CCAI, Page 154


ISIH, Page 255
ISIH, Page 254
ISIH, Page 257
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 50
ISIH, Pages 273-274
ISIH, Page 258
On a Marxist approach to Indian Chronology, HS, Page 80

69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.

ISIH, Page 258


CCAI, Page 22
ISIH, Page 258
CCAI, Pages 173-174
CCAI, Pages 174-175
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 28.

163

8. keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+


s us<X+ eTsT\ nq+s+, <H XyVqT\
nq+s+, djT+bw >e\T @s&jT #k+. M{ d+|<qT
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qT >T]k&T .
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164

bNq us< X #]

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165

<]+#sT. nX >D+ |{q >MT | X] m+{ uVD


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166

bNq us< X #]

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167

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se TsTTq u <H\T sT>TTHjT+fH qq >MTD eed

uVDT\ b\+ m+> |]+B ns+ neT+~. nsX g+ {\T&T
eekjT j>eTsTTq u $T me] <q+ eL&< + |{&T .

168

bNq us< X #]

< |uT yT XS<T\qT jT$T+ d u eTT\T> d<+ #sTT+#*.


eekj m+e+ > u $T e+ (B u $T<+ nH&T)
>TsT\T @sT uVDT\ jTe#Tq nH&T. djT+bw
>e\T, $+B b\q, uVD ~ , |]>=B |sT esT
+& n\yT e]+~. u $T`< HjT+ |syT eekj
nj>eTsTTq u$T eekjT j>eTsTTq ueTT\qT
uVDT\ e&+ yTT<\T |{sT . u keT eed eTT~]q=B
n\yT >& eTT~], >T|s E \+ qT+& +sq T eekjT
>e\H <q+ e&+ yTT<\T|{sT. nsTT |sT e+ B
u $T`< HjT+ nH n+THsT.22 ks+X+ e]bsTTH s|+ e+
|~\+> $T>T\TH uVD \D
+ & eT q&TT+~.
<X
]q u <H\T >eT du\
djT+ || <rjT
<T . >eT <H\T b+~q uVDT\ = |qT\T $~+# V>
jTT<\T <] +# V> <T . n+es sE #*+ q |qT
MT< <q+ >V #*k sT `n+eyT .23 uVDT\ u $T <H*#
n\yT u> eTT~] |uT <>T\L d n~s >& Te+{
<H\T e&+ yTT<\T |{q sT y >eTdu djT+ || q+
>MTD u keT es+Z @s&+~. < us< X u keT+ q
s +&e <Xq T #sT +~. n~ .X. 9e X+ ]+~. |dT <X

>eT+MT< |q + #d u keT es+Z <T . eT&> u $T *e+&
XS< q+# L* #sTT+#T =qk+q T+_qT\T eyT
eHsT.
>MTD djT+bw |* +> XeT $u q u> |] nH
eT\T |T=#sTT. d+d |T+TesTTq neTsX+ dVjT+
eT\
qT \TdTe#TqT. neTsX+ #] <X #+~+< X+_
n_bjT+. .X. 2`5 Xu\ eT< < u$k&T .24 eTqTe>
neTsd+VQ&T>& = \T #Tss\ k+s+ |*+>
T : esT&T
@s&qe d<+r]+#&T.25 neTsX+ #| q eT\
(|P\<+&\T #dy&T), eT], dT], X*, <, T \
T kqufy &T,
s+>T\T ydy&T, #|\T fy&T, eT], +k*, >E\T

keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+

169

j sT #d y&T, e+&+, s< sT&T, e>s e >e\ eq eT\


T.
$ |D
\ + e XDT\T eT beTTKqT sTTq|{ `
+&H eHsTT.
>eT+ ds|&q e |y {+_qT\ eekjTs
neds\qT rsTksT. < ||\+> M eekjT | =+
sTTe&yT , eekjT j>yTq >eT +s qT+& =+ u$T
sTTqT >& >T| sE\ \| XdH\qT { \TdT+ ~.26 B eTq
<>sZ jT>s eed n, eTVsh n\f<sY`\f<sY eed n
nHsT. djT+ bw >e\qT |{w + #dq @sT >T|s E\ \+
qT+& yTT< u keT eed >{ |H~ nsTT+~. >e uVDT\
<q+ q|&T >& e |y u eTT\T e+ $TqVsTT+#
&sTT.
eTs= eTTKeTsTTq |]De V+ >& neTsX+ e+~.
=*H{ eseed |s+ eekjT<sT\T yX\T. XS<T\T L*
e+ #j *. eekjT de+ $d] +# eT+ $ >D\T
eekjT\T> e] XS<T\T> e V+<e de+ #ssT. |>,
eT>< \+ |uT yT +sT u $T XS<T\qT $j+ y{
eekjTj>+ #d+ ~. n+f #] eT+ XS<T\T #\eT+~ ee
kjT<sT\jsT. >T|s E\ # >e\ {+_qT\T
XS<T\T nsTTe+&e#TqT. |&T XS<T\ +f eT kq+ eq
X$T\T e#sT. neTsX+ XS<T\ sT y M C_ e+~. MqT
u \T, s sT\T, beTsT\T, #T\T, C\T\T, yTT<\sTTq |s
|*#sT. b\+ H| & \|& M L\T> |#de +{s
X+_ n+{sT.27 M n+sy, |+#eTT\T. y[ V]qT\
|P\T. MT< eekjT deC +bsTTq $\ eT
\VqT\sTTq y XS<T\T> >& |+#eTT\T> e #ssT. M+f
+ VqeTsTTq ysT #+&\TsT. c<T\T e>s . neTs d+VQ& C_
M$ K] |sT.
>MTD sD <s+ #dT = sC\T @s&sTT. sE\T
n<q| |qT\ s|+ d]+#sT. sE\T s#
T > \V+#T
HsT. jTT<\ |s ekq+> .X. 4e X+ y ss TTq

170

bNq us< X #]

>T|\
T |< sC k|+ #sT. \+ H{ sE\+<]> >T|\
~
>& |< |cseTsTTq |T <T. |w d+ b&, mq&
nD>]bsTTq *#$ jTT\ ses es<$ yTT<{ #+<>T |& T
|[#dTH&T.28 HD\T <] |sTMT< yk&T. M=&T nsTTq
deTT<>T |& T q * |sT>& >=|> #| H&T. nsTTH deTT<
>T|& =&TsTTq s +&e #+<>T |& T usH > nH H> sesq T
|[ #dT H&T. y es |u e $ sE\sTTq yT\
|[ #XsT. uVD |sD\ >T|\
qT yT#
bjTT\T nHsT.29
{, |{ eTq CrjT #]sT\T eT |qsT<s D
y<+
u>+> >T|s E\qT C |qsT<] +q sE\T> b&H, >T|s E\
dsj
T T> dT +H. >T|\
T n+<sT deT* sE\> nHs
CT\ qT+& eqys ns+ neT+~. M >T]+ #]sT\T >=|>
#| $wj\ eT XdH\ y djT+> |{+#Tqy.30
>T|s E\ dsj
T T> #+~q d+d kV+ >T|\
>T]+
T T>+ e=d >T|\
#+~q +>sT HD\T
e{<T .31 dsj
# <=]q e yde yTq X+_ y+> n+{&T. nsTT ~
m+{ ds jTT>+ n+f >T| se+X+ |q + njTH{ y s<
nsTTq b |+ >eT+ nsTT+~.32 eTq<X #]< q _{wt
key<T\ Vq T eTq CrjT y<T\ deTT< >T|&
XdH\T <=s> H eTq >& #] e+< >=|\T #| H neX+
<=]+~. >T|\T C |qsT<]+#<T. Crj<eT+ >T|\qT
|qsT<] ++~ n+{&T X+_.
eT>< sC >T|\
sC eT*+> &e+~. eT>< =>
@s&q eekjT de+. neT| dsT \ r es + |< mTq
sV+q s+. eT>< #+~q y+& HD\ b \T $wj
sTEe #ksTT. >T|\
sC djT+bw >e\ b|~ XyVqT\
\+ < H b>sTTq d+|<q T \{#j
T &+ <s >T|s + @s&+<
> +f >MTD deC n+ |< syT neds+ <T . >T|\
T
ydq +>sT HD\T # |Xd e TsTTqy> y+& HD\T d+Kq
ydq # n\eTsTTq$. n+f es + e\+ K<sTTq edTe \
|]$T+ nsTT+< ns+ . >T|\
sy eq VsT& e=d n

keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+

171

\+
|sT MT< ydq HD+ >& |{< <=s
< T .34 >T|\
us< X eq bVjH <q + |s+ n|{ Xed, |\
edT,
s>V+, >jT |D
\T >e\T> e]bjsTT. b| s
n< > |{+ ~. uDT&T sdq Vs #] { #d VsT& ds e TsTTq
s< >& <T .35 <X qT+& sE\T |]ys dyT +> d+#]d,
m& eT#d n< s< nsTT+~. sXdH\T n~+ > eT\
qT+& |{
+ #sT.36
<X
eTTKyTq |]DeT+ keT+keT+ $se+. esT
.X. 4e X+ bs+ueTsTTq .X. 6e X+ >T|\ |q+
eed eTsTT+~. eed
>e\ djT+ || =qk+~. sE\T
<=+s> @s& |y& +~y&T | + #*+ # b|~ MT< q s+
q |]b\H djT+ || \T|=H @sT e+~. | + #*+ #
+~ sEqT keT+T&T nHsT. keT+T&T nH e >\ ns+
nkT> eq esT X+_ # beTTU k&T . .X. 5e
X+ n++< keT+T&T nf e\+ bsT>T sE n ns+ . nsX g+
qT+& eTqTd, neTs w+, C <\
T, >T|\
T =*H{ XdH\<
+ q $w dqT& Xdq+ keT+T&T
< ns+ .37 nsTT .X. 592 |{
n+f bsT>T sE n | + #*+ # $<j
T T&T n ns+ e+~.
sT y VsT& XdH\q VAjTH +> e+{ # jT j\
s#q \q nsy T =qk+~.
>T| ke+ m+<T |q eTsTT+~ nH |X edT+ ~. eTsT\
bs+ue TsTTq eekjT $ds D
>T|\
# es d+|Pse TsTT+~.
+ n&e\, $\ b <T . $\T sjTT<T q
~eT Je\T, =+ H>] eq >D\ >T|\
\+ eeksTsD

$ sE\q qT +>BdTqT deTT< >T|& T


#+<sTT.38 d\
#b&T.39 $T*+~ jTT<\T # ~eT Je\sTTq $\T
eyT.
nsTT eTsT\L >T|\
L >\ & @$T{ >& #XeTT. eTsT\
\+ d u eTT\ eekjT $ds D
|uT s+> |]XeT> k+~.
>T|\
\+ $ sE\qT +>BdTe&+ <s, u <H\ <s,

172

bNq us< X #]

eekjT $ds D
k+~. yTT<{ |< es + |\+> e+T+~. s +&e
< e+&<T . n+<T eTsT\ \| y+& s| D
\T |< d+K
<=sT>, >T|\
#+~q$ $d edTe \ es d+# +>sT
HD\T eyT. eeT\T edTe\T +& e]& |< es+
neTHjT #H qT+& eq j\ e\ \TdT+ ~.40
|< mTq <X+ q\TeT\\L $d] +q eekjT de+ >T|\

d+|< eT\+. nsTT $ds D


>T| ke+ |H~ =*#d+ ~.
$ds D
|* +> @s&q yk\T djT+bw >e\T. y{ qT+&
|qT ed\T #jT &yT |< deTd. |qT ed\T d+ >e\ >T\+
|{ nH kjTT< \> H\=*qT XdH\ <s \TdT+ ~.41
<s b+\ eekjT+ $d] +#=~ d]+q |qT kjTT< \>\
bwD d]bT+~.
n++ f eTTK+>, djT+bw >e\e\ |sT>TT+~,
n~ dsT \ <T. n+f n~ neT+ s>< T . >eT+H
es+ neT+~. \d] dsT\ (dsT\ k+<)
|&be&+ djT+bw >e\ |ue+. nsTT >Ts dsT\
< +B s+ q&e<T. sD+>, dsT \ k+<
|&b >H +B s+ HXqeTeT+~. eTsT\ e]sE\ >+>
jTeTTH jT\ ~ s>& + eTsT\ |H sD+. nsTT
nq+s+ XyVqT\ +< < H |< mTq dsT \ , es + ,
k>sTT. M{ <s+ #dT = >T|s + @s&+~. eT >T| sE\
b\q djT+bw >e\ eekjT de+ $d] + dsT \
k+< |&b e&+ >T|s + HXq+ | <T .42 < usrjT
u ke yTT<{< X nsTTq keT+ keT+ $s$ ++~.

kV+, eT+
djT+bw >e\T, <MT< <s|& u keT de+ $s
$dTq <X
d+d uw kV+ e+~. d+d kV
>T]+ X+_ #dq n< jTq+ yTT+ \TdTe\dq neds+ |d +
|]~ <T >, d\
+> = $wj \T ns+ #dT e&+ neds+ .
y< \| sT\T bNq d+d+ e{&sT. y<\T, uVD\T,
~ s j T d + +< e TsTTq kV + u w e+~. nsTT

keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+

173

eeksTsD eT+ n\d+U\sTTq sT\T ssT\qT


\T|+ bjsT { d+d uw @ uw> \e<T . |> esZ
de+ @s&q =
y~ eT+ | es |*+~ { y~
d+d+ >& b\esZ\ <sD
sTT+~. eT>< b |]b\H
e< eT+ nsTT+~. n~ eT>< b++ keq q+ e{&q uw.
s b+\ |\T $_q $ >\
qT+& eqysT { $_q
uw\qT e{& e+&*.
< H XyVqT\T |]b*+q \+ >& bjT |]b\H
e< eT+> e+&+~. eTq<X+ yTTyT T<{ kV+ XyVqT\
sE V\T&T d+\q+ #d ><d|X . n< #+~q >TD&T &T
|k uw sX&HsT. n+f b +f >& + |\ dV
eTsTTq uw e#T. nsTT s#q d+d+ nqTy<+ s|+ (<
d]>s+ ) eyT u + nsTT+~.43
djT+ bw >e\ u keT+ @s&&+ uVD eT+ \+
|+E+< #k+. <uT d+d uw |qsTJeq+ b+~+~.
d+d uc kV q <X >T| sE\ \+. n|{ d+d+
|\ y&T uw +& bsTT #\+ nsTT+~. sT> < \| sT\T
d+d+ e{& +&e#TqT. sT y eTq #] n+ >& s
sT \ eekjT+ $d] +q #] { d+d+ keq |\
uw> *# |d <T. y< s+& <sD >Z&+ n~ b\ uw
>& +&bsTT+~. |\ e=d, eeksTsD
eT+ y uw\T
sb+<TTHsTT. s>D\ u $ds D
|* +> eekjT esZ de+
@s&q b+\ (n+f s us<X+) uw\T d+d
dVeTsTTq s uw\jsTT. M{ yTT<{ b\T nHsT.
sT\ u $ds D
|* +> +&, >D+ =+<sT qTeTT y&+ ,
eekjT+ HsT = k+d+> uVDs D
#+~q |* +> eekjT+
n\e&q b+\ |\T uw\T eT k (<$&) eT \T|
HsTT.44
|\ uw be&yT , <X
d+d+ b\esZ\
J$ eeVs uw >& <T. m+<T+f <X
b\es+Z $\

174

bNq us< X #]

esZ $u q @s&q sD+> |T=q = jTT\T, = uVDT\T.


M |wd+, uVDT\qT eT+ #dTe&+ d+ d+d
<]+#sT. usrjTT\sTTq eT><, XyVq, sE\T eT XdH\qT
b |{
+ #>, yTTyT T<{ d+d Xdq+ .X. 2e Xu #+~q
$<ojTT&T sT<<eTT&~. qT es <s b&q d+d+
|{+#&T. d+duw |qsT<sD eT\+ & e+~. ~ =
sT\qT |s
q k<q + nsTT+~. >D +<\qT +#T= s >D
duT \qT XeT <|& sTH eT+ >D |eTTKT\+ { e&
d+d+ |j >|& + ~. = b\esZ n+ bNqeTsTTq uw
neds+ nsTT+~. $<+> d+d kV+ djT+bw >e\
u keT de+ $se+ eTT&|& e+~.45
d+d uwqT bw+ b&+~ uVDT\T e&+e\ uw
bsV \D
\THjT+{&T X+_. uVDT\ > es +
> d++<+ <T . { eT\
|j >|& > \
kV+ d+d
uw <T . ydTX g+ $wjT + >&, >T|s E\ sT y \+ sdq
ydT Xg >+<\ jTe\L deT* & \L b* <+ {&T.
Xg+ b{ XgyT, sD+ b{ sDyT.46 nd\T eT, |sD, s#q
| k+ s#q \T #jT & |s+& j ssTT+~. d+d+.
s#q \qT +sd + #jT & nqTL\+> # | e TsTTq d\ s|+
sjT&+, < eT uw+ <s yU+#&+ , s#H jTeT+ nsTT+~.
uw+ +& d+d s#q \T ns+ e. uc\ beD e+&<T .
<+<s\ dTBseTsTTq dek\ e nH |sjT|<\
y&&+ n\ysTT+~. >D K>Xk\MT< d+d+ #dq s#q \T
+sd + #jT &+ dT\uy T > ns+ #dT e&+ # w+ n+{&T X+_.
<+ L& uwqT $Cq Xk | s+& #d+ ~.47
d+d y\T >& eT esZ duy dw+ >H |<] ksTT.
~ |sTc~ esZ due+ nq& <s q+> H\ n>es\
#+~q |sTw\T eyT d+d+ e{& sT. d\
de\ b+
e{&sT. nsTT =*H{ sTy b+>& d+deT+
eT+ nsTTq< ` |\T e{&+ ~ <T.48

keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+

175

d+d kV+ X+>s+ b\T # me. X+>s+ n+


me> +<+fH uwqT ns+ #dT >\y n\d+U\ ns+ .
yjTqT& eT d+ \+ ns dT\+<s #~$+~ <T.
|]$TeTsTTq b\esZ eyT n~ n+<Tu{ e+~. &
X+_ ^ kV+ b* #b&T . ^dT <X+ ^ uw |\+<]
uw. kV+ n+<] ns+ neT+~. n+<T ^dT #+~q bNq
kV+ X+>s+ # $T+> e+T+~. nsTT, n>+&sY <+&
j\ |*+> | n>+&j |D+ +<+> @s& ^
s+ ^ e\+ b\esZ\ uw e&+ e\, n& ^ kV+
X+>s+ # n~+ > e+T+~.49
kVyT eT+>& = deC nqTL\+> e]+~. y
eTq+ V+<eT+ n |\T#TH~ <X
H s|~<T +~. .|P.
6e X+ bs+ue TsTTq us < <X
q e] s|+ (|{
eTVus+ ) rdT+~. eTVus <
e]> #s & |eTTK $wj \T
s +&T : {, X+ |s + ;w & # #| +# u keT jTT>| <s u<,
s+&e~ esXeT <s, u uy u~+# u>eBZ. u>eBZ
.X. 150`350 eT< \+ eTVus+ #s &+~ X+_ n_bjT+.50
<X
uVD eT+ eT \+ |+Ee& >\ sD
eTs=k] >TsT#
j
*. eTsT\ nq+s+ <X+ q\TeT\\L $d] +q
eekjT esdZ e C ke sD+ +~ rdT=+~ qq
uVD eT+, $$< CT\ >D\ XDT\ d+|<j |s
\eed es< s \ b|~ MT< V+< eT sb+~++~. u> e BZ
sy ksTT |P]#d + ~. es< s djT+> u> e +T&#
#| ++~. .|P. 6e X+ qT+& $_q <sDT\> eTT+<T=q
n_bj\+{ nk<sDeTsTTq s+ |s+~. n
n_ bj\ y $$< esZ\T eyTq d<+r]++~.
eT&e~, u uy |yX |{+ ~. u> e BZ >T]+ X+_ # $es+>
#dq $Xw D
eT&T $wj \qT | + > \TdT+<+.
|X bwD kq+ Vs bs+u+ >H y~ jT\T\
| eq es uVD eT+ =+ <+~. y~ d<+\

176

bNq us< X #]

<s H\ |T=#sTT. y<\qT sd ]+# y >& qq deC


d+~+ = |X \T eBd de<H\T #bsT. = uy\ u<+
e+{$ $d+> <sD b+<sTT. nsTT ] djT+bw >MTD
eed @s&q sT y uVD eT+ \+ |+E+~. es <s + \
eed\
+< eekjT de+ eTsTT+~. |&T eT d++<y T q
>& k~+#*. <uT es<s uVD ~ >&
|{w + #j *.
|qT\ $d +> H<sD
b+~q <e& <s #sTT+#*.
w&T +<T |=#&T. Vs bs+ueTsTTq H{ qT+&
+<T& kH w& T #+#Te&+ yTT<\T|{& #k+. eTsT\
|q + nq+s+ <+&e q $<ojTT\qT ese ed
\T|=# eT+
w& T ($we , HsjTDT&T) eT]+ \|&&T .51 $<o sE\T me>
eTqT eTT $w u \
T> #| HsT. T<T& |ssTTq |sTce TT&T,
u> e Y nH _sT<T, $we $<ojTT\T n+>{sT .52 .X. 4e X+
H{ w&T <e&> n~rjTT&j&T. |&T uVDT\T eTT
#| <\Tq eT&T eTTK $wj \qT w& # #| + u> e BZ s|+
< eTVus+ |yX |{sT .
s+d+ +<T e\qT #+|&+ = $wjT + <T { (w& T
djT+> q yTqeyT sE >& nsTTq +dT& #+b&T) nsTq T&
# jTT<+ #sTT+#& u> e BZ m+e+ neds+ <T . y nsTT
eH n+<Td+ n+ BseTsTTq < #s, <su<, #j*q
neds+ <T . |> sT b+&e\ >e n <X\
q {\
|<] +q w& <s u< #d ns< T . n< eTTKeTsTT w& H
;w &T qy&T.53 M{ f u> e BZ | |+#~ < ns+ neT+~.
nsTqT&T q +<Te\qT dV+ #+|& m+<T yqT&
L&<+f jTT<+ #jT&+ jTT&> <s+ { n w&T
de<q+ #b&T . me] es< s y #]+#*. #T ss eedq T
HH dw+ #qT n+{&T w& T . \ eedq T deT]+#&+ u> e BZ eTTK
<X \ {. nsTT n<=f nsTT n~ d+ nd+>+ > e+&~
<T. u> e BZ ys s +&T \\THjT #keTT. {, n|{

keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+

177

|#s+ eq d\
n_bj\q dyT |s
n f n
|{
+ #&+ . B w& T y<|y<\T > | ] n_bj\qT |Ps|+
#jT&+ > #jT&T. < sTy { n <sH\q @sTe
|&Tb&T. k+K, MTe+d, y<+, u< d+|<j\qT $ |
H
n #| +& n q n_bj\T> #b&T . y{ eT< ys T <\qT
|{+ #T&T. n >& d $_q sb\T.54 |* +> u> e BZ
n+{ nd+>y T q s#q ||+ # kV+H <T . # T<T qT+&
nsTe#T q nV+k d<+ u~d n< deTjT+ jTT<+ #jT &+
<s+ n+{&T. Xs+ neT f eT n+ n<
deTjT+ me] s \T y #]+#\+{&T. se TsTTq neXy<+
^ |eTTK \D+ n+, ^ n_eqT\ n< \D+ |eTTK+>
e+&&+ Xs+< X+_ n+{&T.55
nsTT nd+> + qT+& u> e BZ +& eTTK |j q+ >&
|{+ ~. u> e BZ
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+~ |+& b\esZ\ esZ es+> @<sTTH
#| <\T q y u> e BZq T XsTT+#sT.56 n|]$T+> yUH\
$# u> e BZq T eT nqTL\+> yU+#THsT. n+<T n<
u~+q X+sT &T, $c< u~+q seqTE&T, < u~+q
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nsTTq \, nV+ky~ nsTTq >+B, Crj<eH e<*|{q
ns$+<|Twt, n+<s u>eBZ qT+& + b+<sT. n~ m+
nd+>yTq >+<+ b ~ k<+ njT~ ! nsTT M+
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u> e BZq T XsTT+#< T . ;sY>, H+<y> , Ts+>, # q T&T
>57 (eTq yeTH >).
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deC d]>Z n ueC\+ u . H MT< u e+, ||
| +&
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w& T |< q+>
#| $wjT +. q MT< u e+f y m+{ b|| q mqyssTTH

178

bNq us< X #]

(d\
sTTH yX \sTTH XS<T\sTTH) y y+ <=sTT+<+{&T
w& T . |sTc~ esZ de+ nDy >TsjT esZ\ u> e +T&
|qT |Xe Tq+> #|&T. u keT ueC\+ u # |< q
eTsTTq~.

>MTD u keT+
.X. 9e X+ qT+& keT+ keT+ >s + qT+& >MTD
ukeT+ nH s+&e <X |T=+~. |&T |qTq sE\L
keT+T\L, +<qTq >MTD T+_qT\L eT< u keT es+Z
@s&+~. uVDT\ sTTq u <H\H >MTD u keT es+Z
$sy H+~e+~. nsTT uVDT\> = u keTT\T
jTT< <sT\T. sE #+< |qTqT eTT #+#Te&yT , X+
u <\
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eTT+#T=, sE nedseTsTTq|&T jTT< y d\qT
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$sy eTTd+ \T s \T sT.58
>MTD u keT+ m+<Td+ neds+ nsTT+~ nH |X X+_
$es+> #]k&T . +<T >\ $$< sD\ < |< q+>
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u keT es+Z neds+ .

keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+

179

n+, = |<qeTsTTq ybs |+\ >& <X


<Xy |+ > es+ ]+~. n$ =], |, +eT|e yTT<\sTTq$.
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>eT+#<> Z $wjT + @$T+f <X+ ud\
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\
{. => @s& u keT es+Z u $T L* #jT & eekjTs
T\
T sV+#& ud\qT y&T+~.61
>e\ qT+& ybs T\
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u keT es+Z $sy eT\+ n X+_ \+> dr]k&T .
u keTT\ # \|j > k<H \T+&&+ e\ s \ qT+& n<q|
neT| T\
s|+ d]+ es+ #jT &+ dT\TesTT+~.62
djT+ bw >e\ $se+ e XDT\T <HsTT.
es+ |P]> <q<T. eekjT $dsD |s>$T+ <XeT+{
eekjT >e\T @s&&+ dsT \ k+< (\d] dsT \
) e nsTTH yTT+ dsT \ |sT>TH e+~. es \T
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\
qT+& $<X\ ybs+ >& k+#sT. .X. 6e X+ qT+& es+Z
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M yk\qT eD >eTeTT\T (<H eTD>eTeTT\T) n,
q>se TT\T n nHsT. es es+Z # >MTD n<q|
#sy d q es+Z => |{q >MTD u keT es+Z . s +&T esZ\ |sd s
n\sTT n_e~ #+<sTT.64 sE\T dV + >MTD u keT es+Z
|j > >T]+ u <H\ <s < $d] +|Ck sT. esZ sh
LT\T, sD\T, sLsT\T, HjT\T, yTT<\sTTq |s |*#sT.
M =+<sT |sVT\T e#T. =+<sT |uT ~sT\T, d~sT\T
e#T. sTT<] J+ <T\T u <H\T # n\yT eTTd+ s
e+X\ (eTTK+> |s C T> ) |]+~. >MTD u ke +>

180

bNq us< X #]


T ~+ #dq y&T |s C T> n X+_ n_bjT+.65 \+ >&
eed eTT~s=B >MTD u keTT\T nd+U+> |]>sT. esZ
j b+\ ss \ |s |*#sT. yTT> b\q sT y $T+<
nH |sT n{ +f \+> *+~.
u keT jTT>+ yTT<{ <X d+d kV+ bs+ue TsTTqT,
>MTD u keT <X b+rjT uw\ kV+ bs+ue TsTT+~.
\T>T, q&+, eTs yTT<\sTTq uw\ * kV+ <X
yTT<\sTT+~. d+d kV+ >& =# s +&e q b+~+~.66
>MTD u keT eed $sy osT #] <s+> X+_
$e]k&T . uVD kV+ @ #] >+<+ osT #+~q \DT&
ss+ D osT >MTD u keT+ $s$ +q <X
ke
d+|T sD
qT e+ <s =+ \TdTe#TqT.67 osT eekjT
j>yTq u $T eT& d> e+&+~. jT{ qT+& ~>TeT #dT q
dsT \ esT> m>TeT #dq es | |+ e+ d+ u eTT\
k+~. |+ +eT|e (k|H ) .
+eT|e |+&+ es + #dq >MTD u keTT\T &eTsT\T.
osT <TsyZ T q =+& b++ e&+ e\ M q q dH\T |T=
sCqT ~]+#sT. sC ] d+u+ eq|& sE\L
keT+T\L &eTsT\L d+|T sD
]>~. d+|T sD
n+eT+>
&eTsT\< |#s TT nsTT >MTD u keT+ \|&+ ~.68
>MTD u keT+ $s$ +q <X
<Xy |+ > ]q eTs=
d+|TsD Xe`ywe \V+. X+s#sT& n< seqTE&
$c< >\ ndwe TsTTq & >T]+ q+ \\T |>\
>=T qs+f
qeT&+ wy T . ~ C keT+ke >MTD u ke eT<
|TsD n X+_ n_bjT+. keT+T\T Xy <]+#> >MTD
u keTT\T yw y <]+#s+{&T.69

eTT+|
.X. 1000 sTy >MTD ukeT+ $d]+#&+ s+&Ty\
d+es\ #] eTT+| =dT+ ~. .|P. 1000 b++ Vs dsD

|X bwD\ kq+ bs+ue TsTTq Vs , ds eekj djT+

keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+

181

bw >MTD deC sb+~+, u keT <Xq T #sT +~. 2000


d+es\ \+ d+d, eT+, kV+, #s\ eq
n esT\L |]DeT eT+ b|~. sT y #] n+
(_{wt y e#<) u keT+ \|&& + , <MT< <s|& sE\
se+X\ \V+#Te&+, d+V]+#Te&+. me&T b*+H +<qTq
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eT<+ > e+T+~. s+ X+ b n$ eT>+ nesTT. +
es sE\ sC\ >e\ |yT jT+.
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t > q n+sZ ys T <\
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+. B
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>*+~. us< X + k+ |s>eTq+ d+ _++~.70
e XDT\T q+#&+ es XDT\T >& \VqeTjsTT.71
$ s +& *dH \+> e+{sTT. <X+ eekjTs me>
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\ +BeTjsT.72
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t eXDT\ es XDT\
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es+ #d|&T >e\ n<q| #+#Tq u keTT\
<D
+ |q es \T <s|& | <T . sD\ e\ es \T
u keT eedq T L\<jT>\ \eTsTTq es+Z > sb+<< T .73
\eed >\ bqT >& X+_ dk&T . e| y+
ke+> eT \ #+~qy. yq y | \<s +

bNq us< X #]

182

# + > # d + ~. y k+ n_ e ~ k~ + # d s T .
$<e+T\sTTq uVDT\ d++<+ <T { y >&
k+ n_e~ k~+# d sT . es \ $wjT + >& n+. #H
~s <X\ es\ sCkH\ +<Te\T+&ysT. s#]
d++<\T+&$. usrjT \ eed
~ nsT<T. n+f es esZ
b\ es+Z $d eTsTTq |H~ <T .74 |T&<] eed n$sy
~ >& + eTsTT+~.

$esD\T
1.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 47

2.

ISIH, Page 295

3.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 44

4.

On the development of Feudalism in India, HS, Page 100

5.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 35

6.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 37

7.

What Constitutes Indian History, HS, Page 70

8.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 35

9.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 42

10.

ISIH, Page 285

11.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 42

12.

ISIH, Page 245

13.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 42

14.

ISIH, Page 243

15.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 36

16.

The village community in the 'Old conquests' of Goa: History vs


Skandapurana, MR, Pages 165-168
ISIH, Pages 324-328
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Pages 37-38

17.

ISIH, Page 313

18.

On the development of Feudalism in India, HS, Page 95

19.

k$jT{ s#s TT .@. +{Hy sdq yk re+> $eT]+

keT+keT+ ` >MTD u keT+

183

sdq dMT : On the Development of Feudalism in India, HS,


eTTK+> |J 98
20.

On the Development of feudalism in India, HS, Pages 99-100

21.

ISIH, Pages 323-324

22.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS 49.

23.

On the Development of Feudalism in India, HS, 96

24.

The Working class in Amarakosa HS, Pages 185-186

25.

The Working class in Amarakosa, HS, Page 188

26.

The Working class in Amarakosa, HS, Page 190

27.

The Working class in Amarakosa, HS, Page 192

28.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 31

29.

ISIH, Page 311

30.

ISIH, Page 299

31.

ISIH, Page 311

32.

ISIH, Page 304

33.

ISIH, Page 313

34.

ISIH, Page 310

35.

ISIH, Page 310

36.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Pages 61-62

37.

Combined methods in Indology, HS, Pages 8-10

38.

Combined methods in Indology, HS ,

39.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 35

40.

Combined methods in Indology, HS, Page 11

41.

ISIH, Pages 297-298

42.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS Pages 47-48

43.

ISIH, Page 280

44.

The Basis of Ancient Indian History HS, Page 40

45.

ISIH, Page 280.

46.

ISIH, Page 284

sT y \+ |]j
T H uw, <T \+
+^wt uw, < ke bqT sV+#jT X+_ n+{&T.

bNq us< X #]

184
47.

ISIH, Pages 283-284

48.

ISIH, Pages 287-288

49.

ISIH, Page 281

50.

Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita MR, Page 16

51.

ISIH, Page 259

52.

ISIH, Page 259-260

53.

Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita MR, Pages


18-19

54.

Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavadgira, MR, Page 16

55.

Social and Economic aspects of the Bhafavadgita, MR, Page 17

56.

Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita, MR. Page 15

57.

Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita MR, Pages


13-14

58.

On the Development of Feudalism in India, HS, Pages 99-102

59.

Indian Feudal Trade charters, HS, Page 106

60.

On the development of Feudalism in India, HS, Page 101

61.

On the Development of Feudalism in India, HS, Page 102

62.

On the Origin of Feudalism in Kashmir, HS, Page 126

63.

India Feudal Trade charters HS, Page 104

64.

Indian Feudal Trade charters, HS, 106

65.

On the development of Feudalism in India, HS, Page 102

66.

ISIH, Page 369

67.

On the Origin of Feudalism in Kashmir, HS, Pages 115-126

68.

ISIH, Page 365

69.

ISIH, Page 373

70.

ISIH, Page 355

71.

ISIH, Page 395

72.

Indian Feudal Trade Charters, HS, Page 113

73.

Indian Feudal Trade Charters, HS Page 113

74.

Indian Feudal Trade Charters, HS, Pages 112-113.

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