‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺩ‪ /‬ﺩﻋﺎء ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪،‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺨﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،raw facts‬ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ‬

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 ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ‪ Data‬ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻟﻪ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬

‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺩﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ‪ Knowledge‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﺒﺘﻜﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﻴﺌ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻴﻭﺴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻌﺩل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺠﺭﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻤﺞ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺩﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻭﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -4‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺨﺘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ‬

‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻤﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻓﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ‪:‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺫ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﻻﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺂﻻﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪operational level :‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ‪knowledge level‬‬

‫ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪management level‬‬

‫ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ ‪strategic level‬‬

‫ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ)ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬

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