English Grammar PDF

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English Grammar
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John M. Holmes
Todd S. Avera
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR
A practical grammar of the English language written in Uighur Language
A useful hand book for the Uighur students studying English Language
A Comprehensive Handbook For Teachers
Mohammed. A. Abdukadir
Buvinur Bakery
Published by Xinjiang peoples sanitary press

Add: 66 Longquan Street, Urumqi 830004, Xinjiang, China
Tel:
(86) (0991) 2835907
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
the prior written permission of the author and the publishers.
First Edition , Printed in Urumqi, China, May, 2004

ISBN: 7 5372 3760 3, Chinese Libray CIP data : 047345
XINJIANG PEOPLES SANITARY PRESS
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Special acknowledgements to our parents and to our relatives, for helping us in
doing this work and living happily, in more ways than one Also special thanks to
our teacher and our old friend John M. Holmes, who helped us as well as many
other Uighur students in studying English and provided us with good materials and
valuable advice. Thanks to our old friends Todd Avera, Alim Kasim, Kahar Turdi
and Abdumijit Mohammed, who gave us some valuable advice and spent countless
hours in examining and revising this book and checking for mistakes. Thanks also to
our linguist, the late Professor Halik Niyaz, and to his wife Professor Muhabbat
Kasim, who provided special advice in consolidating the grammatical terms and the
definitions. We also want to acknowledge the help of Halide, Aliye, Risalet, Gulshan,
and Gulnar in the libraries of both Xinjiang Normal University and Xinjiang
University, who provided us with many good books and better environment
whenever we needed, and to the help of Mr. Alim Ahed, the founder and manager of
Uighursoft, who provided us with updated software. Finally, many thanks to our
editor, Mr. Yalkun Abdusalam, who, because he was on the ball, made our work a
piece of cake, and to all of our classmates and friends who have encouraged and
supported us through this project.
( - 81 V WZ[#\ +] ^%0 :Q'#

Add: 81 Sheng Li Road, Urumqi, 830047, XinJiang, China
Tel: (86) 13999933780, 0991) 8562198, (0903) 6482135
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Reference books
*)#, #*V#
Advanced Grammar
Harvard University Press 2003
Grammar for English Language teachers Cambridge University press 2000
How English Works
Oxford University Press 1997
Essential Grammar of the English Language Cambridge University 1997
Advanced Grammar in Use
Cambridge University Press 1999
Teaching Grammar
Oxford University press 2003
English Grammar In Use
Practical English Grammar
English Skills Programme
Endall / Hunt Publishing company
Modern English
Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood 1976
Introducing English Grammar
Century Hutchinson Publishing Group. Ltd 186
University students English grammar
Cassell English Usage
Cassell Publishers Ltd 1991
Grammar Practice Activities
Grammar Game
BOBBS MERRILL Educational Publishing House 1983
A course book in English Grammar
Macmillian Education 1987
Grammar for Use
Voluntad Publishing, Inc. 1986
Students English Grammar
Harvard University Press, 2002
A Practical English grammar
Oxford University Press, 1985
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Longman Inc, 1985
Practical English Usage
Cambridge University 1997
TOEFL Grammar
Golden Peach Publishing, 2001
Cambridge IELTS
Basic English, book 1,2,3,4
Kashgar Uighur Publishing House 1988
A Uighur English Dictionary
Xinjiang Peoples Publishing House 1993
Introductory Mathematics
Wadsworth, Inc.
Linguistics
Xinjiang University Press 1999
Modern Uighur Language
Xinjiang Educational Publishing House 1982
Modern Uighur Language
Xinjiang Peoples Publishing House 2000
Concise HandBook Of the English Language Xinjiang Peoples Publishing House 1995
New Concept English, book 1,2,3,4
Longman Inc 1965
Teach English (A training Course For teachers) Cambridge University Press 1988
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Contents .
1. A survey of English Grammar

.1
2. Nouns
23
! .2
3. Determiners
49
"#$% & .3
4. Pronouns
79
!" .4
5. Verbs
113
!'() .5
6. Verb tenses
157
*
# +'() .6
7. Adjectives
205
) % .7
8. Adverbs
245
,- .8
9. Prepositions
263
! /" 0 *" .9
10. Simple sentence
297

1 *22 .10
11. Sentence types
319
*"
1 .11
12. Multiple sentences
327

1 0 .12
13. Subordinate clauses
339

1 *3(4 .13
14. Conditional sentences
347

1 5 .14
15. Idioms
353
!
6 .15
Appendix

0
.
1. How to apply for a college in abroad?
2. TOEFL / GRE / GMAT / TOEIC
3. IELTS
243
346
326
<=(& 70 89 :0 0 )9&

" ;' .1
TOEFL / GRE / GMAT / TOEIC .2
IELTS .3
* "9B2 :,

A >& ; ?@% /A
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The English Alphabet )D

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z
:G#% .G4(D *)D HG- :G#% ID H4 J"0 u - o F i F e F a 2E 4
*)D HG- =L# *34 9)D H4 4 .G3 )D HG- :G#%
K%% !G-
.G3 )D HG- =L# :
K%% !G- =L# FG4(D
Pronunciation Table M21 HG-

Consonants !G- =L#
Voiceless N1
Voiced JN1
/p/ pig, pen
/t/
tin, ten
/k/ cat, kite
/f/
fat, telephone
/-/ thank
/s/
soon
//
fish
/t/ cheap
/h/
hot
/b/
/d/
/g/
/v/
/*/
/z/
/,/
/d,/
/m/
/n/
/$/
/l/
/r/
/j/
/w/
big
den
got
very
then
zoo
pleasure
job
map
name
song
leg
rat
yes
wet
Vowels
/i:/
sheep
/i/
ship
/e/
pen
//
map
/a:/
car, calm
//
hot
/:/
caught
/u/
put
/u:/
boot
/'/
cup
/:(r)/ bird
//
above
!G- :G#%
/ei/
day
/u/
coal
/ai/
lie
/au/
now
/i/
boy
/i(r)/
here
/e(r)/
there
/u(r)/
poor
/ei(r)/ player
/u(r)/ lower
/ai(r)/ tire
/au(r)/ tower
/i (r)/ employer
Abbreviations and symbols "4 - !30

S Subject ()
V Verb (-O) O Object ( PG") A - adverbial (Q"D)
Od Direct Object ( PG" 9%M4)
Oi Indirect Object ( PG" 59%-)
Ao object related adverbial (Q"D 5M%
/ PG") C Complement ( /0 ")
As Subject related Adverbial (Q"D 5M%
) Cs Subject Complement
Co Object Complement adj adjective (Q) %) v verb (+'()) n noun (R)
adv adverb (7-) prep preposition ( /" 0 *") vt transitive verb (+'() =
$)
vt intransitive verb (+'()
$)
AmE American English ( (
) BrE British English ( 6)
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T

.
A survey of English Grammar
Parts of the sentence
*&"$4 X
1
1. The grammatical units

2. The grammatical hierarchy of the sentence
2
4
"4 J
.1
*
!0 J
X
1 .2
Sentence

1
3. Form and function
"Y - "L# .3
Clause structure
"G 0 X
1 :

4. Central and peripheral elements of the clause

5. Adverbials
6. Clause types
7. Objects and complements
8. Obligatory adverbials
9. Use of different types of verbs
10. Active and passive structures
8
9
10
12
12
13
14
*&"$4 - H4 X

1 :
.4
"D .5
*Z X
1 :
.6
! /0 " - PG" .7
"D & A .8
,9, X& +'() +OD .9
*&
1 ; [1
-
1 % .10
Phrases
15
*4 #$%
11. Phrases as clause elements

12. Verb phrases and noun phrases
13. Summary of phrase structures
15
16
17
*4 #$% K/"4 & "$4

1 .11
*4 #$% +'() - R .12
) X"G 0 4 #$% .13
Word classes
19
*
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14. Introduction on word classes
19
30 P *

& #$% .14
Variations on the basic sentence patterns
20
,#$ &
1 J%%
15. Subject and predicate

16. Operator and predication
20
21
-O - .15

A4 -O - +'() 56 @ .16
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.1
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Parts of the Sentence *&"$4 X

1
The grammatical Units "4 J
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X
1 K4 *" FK H A0 / 9 0

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1
(WORD) #$% F( PHRASE ) 4 #$% F(CLAUSE)
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.G"4 9M%
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D !3"0 just recently - very cold Fhave turned F the evenings
:G"4 (CONSTITUENTS) ( * P 0) *& X
1 K )
D E FI "4
[The evenings] [have turned] [very cold] [just recently]
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4 A F"4 H2Z >A K4 : =00 A " % +O 4 X2Z 9M%
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[[The] [evenings] [have] [turned] [very] [cold] [just] [recently]]
=& K/"4 : &A #$ X"#$% 2!"MD *#4 F (
: recent + ly Fturn + ed Fevening + s :G) >& 2"4
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.2.
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1. A survey of English grammar
BILGKUT
+
1 4 FI "4 5, 9AD H2Z "4 M&
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(1) The evenings have turned very cold just recently.
(2) Some students will be working late in their rooms.
#$% Q) % F(have turned)4#$% +'() F(the evenings) 4 #$% R F
1 4
R F
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.1
The Grammatical Hierarchy of the Sentence *

!0 J
X
1 . 2
( length ) : G# - ( size) 5&- K/"4 H,O 0 1-
X& 5"4 +O- O
4 K/"4 H,O &A 4 5"4 _ "
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HIGHEST UNIT:
LOWEST UNIT:
SENTENCES, which consist of one or more CLAUSES

CLAUSES, which consist of one or more PHRASES
PHRASES, which consist of one or more WORDS
WORDS, which consist of one or more MORPHEMES
MORPHEMES.
FG"L# 2
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: 24 &A 4 F
1 :5"4 *0 A
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FG"L# & #$% : 2 4 &A 4 F"#$%
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4 #$% J /" 0 *" F ( Noun Phrase ) 4 #$% R F (
:G"4 9A(& 9,- 3( +O4 ( Prepositional Phrase)
NOUN PHRASE: some students [at [the college [on [the other side [of [the park [at [the
north end [of ]]]]]]]]]
(! P 0 R0 4 9)9&
" K3!A1 Z 0 XP4 - " X ...)
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: on [the top floor [of [a house [in [the corner [of [the old
square [behind [the church ]]]]]]]]]
(9-0 9% XG0 4 K3!A1 1 4 XA
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I have been talking to some students at the college on the other side of the park at the north
end of
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They live on the top floor of a house in the corner of the old square behind the church
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(1) The weather has been remarkably warm.
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(2) We returned from Italy last week.
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(3) The weather has been remarkably warm since we returned from Italy last week.
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.1

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(1) [[It was Christmas Day,] and [the snow lay thick on the ground]].
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(2) You can go [[by air] or [by rail]].
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(3) His [[son] and [daughter]] live in Qoqak City.
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Sentence
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(1) The weather has been very cold just recently.
(2) Just recently, the weather has been very cold.
(3) The weather has been very cold.
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The whether has been very cold
this month.
during the past week.
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(4) This month has been very cold. ( .*"4 : P% =4 4)
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(5) Just recently has been very cold. (O)

(6) During the week has been very cold. (O)
:7%
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SUBJECT (S)
VERB (V)
OBJECT (O)
COMPLEMENT (C) ADVERBIAL (A)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
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Someone [S] was laughing [V] loudly [A] in the next room [A].
(.9- " & I!000 A$ 0 %4)
My mother [S] usually [A] enjoys [V] parties [O] very much [A].
(.G"G#D =4 2)6# 92 _) X(
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In 1945 [A] the country [S] became [V] totally independent [C].
(.K/"4 I "4 +09%
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I [S] have been [V] in the garden [A] all the time [A] since lunch [A].
(.P4 K
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Mary [S] gave [V] the visitor [O] a glass of milk [O].
(.*24 Q % K&9 4 /[
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Most people [S] consider [V] these books [O] rather expensive [C], actually [A].
(.GA0 I2 K&0 ;% !49& 4 ,& )$& 96"
)
You [S] must put [V] all the toys [O] upstairs [A] immediately [A].
(.=(& X,9BM3 >( -0 9% ;D2 !0 A G- K%)
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-(2) FK%
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My mother usually enjoys parties very much. [S A V O A]

Usually my mother enjoys parties very much. [A S V O A]
My mother enjoys parties very much, usually. [S V O A A]
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Usually enjoys parties my mother very much. [A V O S A]
Enjoys usually my mother parties very much. [V A S O A]
My mother parties usually enjoys very much. [S O A V A]
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(O)
(O)
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I!" F ,9, I$A "D R0 I$& 2

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My mother enjoys parties very ) 3! >3 usually
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You must put all those toys upstairs immediately. (Ao)
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I have all the time since lunch.
You must put all the toys immediately.
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To my regret (Regrettably), he refused the offer for help.
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He was, however, very interested in my other proposals.
(.930 9AD ") 34 X(
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S( )
V(-O)
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SV
Someone
was laughing
SVO
My mother
enjoys
SVC
The country
became
SVA
have been
SVOO
Mary
gave
C( /0 ")
A(Q"D)
(1a)
parties
(2a)
totally independent
(3a)
in the garden (4a)
the visitor
a glass of milk
SVOC
Most people
consider
these books
SVOA
you
must put
all the toys
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(5a)
rather expensive
(6a)
upstairs
(7a)
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BILGKUT
:G"4 L 9"& & +O J%% -$ & +O 9A 00 A
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(MONOTRANSITIVE VERBS)

S V O
(DITRANSITIVE VERBS)

S V O O

S V O A S V O C
(COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERBS)

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& "$4 -O _ 0 X"D &A PG" 4 _ "

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1-(5a)

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1 -(2a) K4
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e.g. Mary gave a glass of milk to the visitor. (= Mary gave the visitor a glass of milk.)
K4 ( totally independent ) /0 "
1 -(3a) K"& & S V C !,O
S V C F:% 9,% (rather expensive) /0 "
1-(6a) K"& &S V O C

1 & S V O C F0 3( &A /3( /0 "
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34 :4 .G"4 4 #$% Q) % 4 /0 " 2!"MD :
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S V C : The country became a separated nation. (*!A "2 +09%
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S V O C: Most people considered Picasso a genius.
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I2 3( K(4 ( The country) a separated nation F
1 & S V C
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Obligatory adverbials "D & A .8

K%% "D & A (" "4 J") +O 4 9 !" & A K4 /0 "
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A .G"4 3,A " : "D & A F= "$4 I2 (Co) /0 "
& SVA .Q 2"D & A 5M%
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He [S] stayed [V] very quiet [Cs]. ( .9A 9AD )
( .9A 9-& )
He [S] stayed [V] in bed [As].
[1]
[2]
They [S] kept [V] him [O] very quiet [Co]. ( .*2G! 9AD E )
They [S] kept [V] him [O] in bed [Ao]. ( .*0 IG# 3A 9-& E )
[3]
[4]
#$% K/ 9 & G Q0) 9 & &
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30 F "#$% (up F down ) K/ 9 & ,$A A "4 9%"0 !Z( #$
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?0She put the glass down. ( .*A0 %) &9 )
The next meeting will be on the fifth of February. ( ."M(@ 4 /A &(&)
#$ "D :

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The road [S] is [V] under construction [As]. ( .GM%A ;A 4)
We [S] kept [V] him [O] off cigarettes [Ao]. ( .:G
# & &
4)
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They [S] treated [V] her [O] kindly [A] . ( .*0

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He [S] is [V] without a job [A]. ( ., )
Use of different types of verbs ,9, X& +'() +OD .9

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+'() =
$ :transitive
& & X!'() :Infinitive
!'() /P4 : Copular
. 13 .
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.1

: 7A !'() K%% &$

1
SV
SVO
SVC
SVA
SVOO
SVOC
SVOA
V (Infinitive)
Prices
rose
V (transitive)
Od
Buvinur
enjoys
Uighur classical music
V (copular)
Cs
Your face
seems
familiar
V (copular)
As
My sister
lives
next door
V (transitive)
Oi
We all
wish
you
V (transitive)
Od
He
has found
this problem
V (transitive)
Od
The doorman
showed
the guests
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Od
a happy birthday (5)
Co
rather difficult.
(6)
Ao
into the
drawingroom
(7)
:1 X
1 "-21 00 A
.*"$ D4 (1)
.G$& ,OA #
5%!& /A - 4 (2)
.GL$& =9 A (3)
.G 9" A$ 0 R% (4)
.0
$ "4 : 0 X & K/" P KA
D 4 (5)
.*0 (D 6(0 !(O %
4 (6)
.*4 /[(
![
R#E
(7)
Active and passive structures *"G 0

1 ; [1
-
1 % .10
% A K%% /"MD 7G XD 7 92
1
.G"4 3,A I2 (passive sentence)
1 ; [1
- (active sentence)
1
QD-7 2
1 : 4 .
1 K/"4 94 % XD -7 X
1 -
1 %
.G"4 K/!G Z X
1

1 : 4 .
1 K/"4 94 XD -7 X
1 -
1 ; [1
XD-7 X

1 F"4 9%"4 K/!G Z X
1 QD-7
.GA"4 RD
//"G Z R& XD 7 &A G"0 I "4 /"G
&2Z D-7
1
IG >0 PG" X
1 % 4 _ "
K4 by 2
1 ; [1
J"4 34 .G3 I "4
1 ; [1
"D 0

1 K# I "4
K4 by 2
1 *#4 .G(& I "4 X
1 %
8
*4 #$% K"&
J"4 A FG"4 =%M9, 9"D Q 1-
96"
:4 F 9M30 *4 #$% K/&
.G"4 4#$% K"L# K4 by 2
1 ; [1
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BILGKUT
:*(4 "-21 -$ " % H "L# -

9,(% X
1 +O 4

1 & S V O
S V Od
S V (A)
A number of people saw the accident. .K$& 0- 4 ,& K P
& %
The accident was seen (by a number of people).
K P 0- "& P 70 1 .GA& >0) J1
X& ; [1
& ; [1
.GBM"4 00 =1 X& % &A 00 1 I2 *"L$& Z ,&
G2Z 3/"G Z R& XD 7 0) X
1 :4

1 & S V O O
S V Oi Od
My father gave me the watch.
S V Od (A)
(1) I was given this watch (by my father).
.*24 % 4 N

_22
.*(4 Q% 4 (Z _22) N
S V Oi (A)
& %
& ; [1
(2) This watch was given to me (by my father).

.K(4 (Z _22) N
Q% 4

1 & S V O C
S V Od Co
Edison considered him a genius. .*A I2 ?E K(
S V Cs (A)
He was considered a genius (by Edison).

.*"0 I2 ?E Z K
& %
& ; [1

1 & S V O A
S V Od Ao
An intruder must have placed the ladder there.

.K/A0 A
_ 0 *P
& %
S V As (A)
The ladder must have been placed there (by an intruder).
& ; [1
.K/" A0 A

(Z *P) _ 0
:7%
Fcost Fhave /A I$& .GA"& 8
& S V O E FI "4 !'() R0 4 A
:K%
.4 !3"0 resemble
John had the book.
( .* 4 I9& 1)
The book was had by John. (O)
X PG" 9%M4 , 4#$% J /"0 *" / X PG" 59%:K%
.G"4 3GG!A & S V O A & S V O O P .G"4 =, A&
She sent Jim a card ~ She sent a card to Jim.
(.9- 9 4 /1 )
She left Jim a card ~ She left a card for Jim.
(.*A0 IGG"0 9 4 /1 )
Phrases *4 #$%

Phrases as clause elements *4 #$% K/"4 & "$4
1 .11
Q 2
1 :
(_!0 ) *3(4 &A *4 #$% "4 "G 0
1
%$& -$ .9O P *4#$% *
.:G"9O P
1 :
0 A .G"4
. 15 .
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.1
#$% Q) % F4 #$% +'() F4 #$% R K/AA ;Y RD
9L#
1
!"Y :0
1 X!3"0 4 #$% J /" 0 *" - 4 #$% 7- F4
:K9%$& 3/A$
="$4 : ;2 X4 #$% F"4 K/"G 9 K4 *&"$4

1 A0 *4#$%
2!"MD K0 X4 #$% */"G 9 K4 J% =L# .G(4 ILL 3"4 "Y H "4
#$% 7- K/"G 9 K4 J% =L# FK%
.GA2Z 3/"4 ="$4 +O K9%$&
#$% J /" 0 *" FG(& I "4 2!"MD K0 4 #$% J /" 0 *" K4 4
.G(& I "4 /0 " 2!"MD K0 4

& #$% K/AA ;Y J%% _D FK/"4 L# 4 #$% 4 #$% 4D
"Y : 4 X"#$% FGA"4 H,O 4#$% K/"4 H,O ;Y +O 4 .G >0 8%
.

HL ,& 90 :) 9 *&"$4 K/"4 &A K/"4L# X
1
(NONHEADED) :A ,(4 - 4 #$% (HEADED) 4 ,(4 "D RA-RA *4 #$%
& 2"4 04 K/"4 ,9M30 34 - 5"4 L# 4 .G"$4 I2 4 #$%
5"4 K/"4 L# 2 .G"4 4 #$% 4 ,(4 4 #$% H,O 4 #$% Q) % K3)
4 #$% J /" 0 *" K3) >& ( /0 " /" 0 *" - /" 0 *")
:K%
.G4(D 4 #$% : A ,(4 *4 #$% H,O
to &A F London

1 K2 I went to London F /!%% P!"G 0 0 A
:4 .O
1 !D K2 I went London &A I went to .GA"4 ,9M30
,9M30 "#$% /0 " J"0 indeed FVery
1 K2 This is very important indeed
This is very indeed A .GA"4 ,9M30 3/"4 5"4 K/"4 LL# important :4 .G"4
.G"4 O =B2
X"G 0 5"4 K/"4 LL# "G 0 (HEADED PHRASES) *4 #$% 4 ,(4
:4 .G9(& >,,O 4 #$% Q) % 9D1 4 4 #$% 7- .G6B2 ( HEAD) ,(4
.GA& >,,O =2 B2 PE 4 *4 #$% +'() K4 *4 #$% R 4 #$% J%%
.8
5"9(A :) =9 "4 :A &A 4 ,(4 K PE
Verb phrases and noun Phrases *4#$% +'() - *4 #$% R .12
*"6& *4#$% RD
4 #$% +'() - R F/0 "Y X4 #$%
#$% R .GA$ "Y -O
1 *4 #$% +'() F:0 Q332 P!"
00 A .G4(D
.G G RD
K4 DE I$& ( "4 *4
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. 16 .
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BILGKUT
KA4 4 96"

.GA"(& I "4 & "$4 4 :0D X
1 34 2-O *4 #$% R
.G"4 K"L# 4 #$% R 4 /"4 # - 4 #$% +'() 4 92
1
FK/A"4 330 !0 .G"L# '()
2A - +'() J%% 92 4 #$% +'()
'()
2A /"4 LL#
D FG" #$ '() J%% 4 4 #$% +'() 30 A

2A 92 +'() & K/"4 +'() J%% 2
1 :
+09%
.GBM"4 " #$
.GA"4 ,9BM30 !'()
2A .G(& K4 !'()
Kahar can play the tambur.
(.GAEE
D0)
34 FG"4 ,(4 &A 5"4 *&

4 4 #$% R 4 F="& 4 #$% R
4 #$% R & = )$& 4 F=9%$& "
-$ .G" 0 >" "4
I$& .GA"(& # /"A 92 ,(4 &A 5"4 *&
4 =MG!A 4 #$% & 5"4
.G"4 LL# 79, (944-5) "#$% & H,O P a(n) P! R0
The room contains
(some) (beautiful) (French) vases.

( .4 3N" 6@ ) 04 A$ 4)
a (beautiful) (French) vase.
(4 3N" 6@ ) 2 4 A$ 4)
#$% R *#4 FGA"& =2!"G 0 4 ,(4 34 *4 #$% R F396( 9) 4 A
.G"4 L# 79, _ 0 "4 *#4 .GA"4 #4 "4 "4 K/"4 3!" 4
F=(& ,(& 4 3D
D X"4 34 _ 0 (,(4) 5"4 K/"4 RD
4 #$% R *#4
.GA"(& 3D
D X"4 34 5"4 K/"4 RD
#4
Summary of Phrase Structures ) X"G 0 4 #$% .13

: *(4 "G 0 X4 #$% +O 4D -$
4 K/AEE4 4 #$% E# /"A *#$ (VERB PHRASE) 4 #$% (5"(9&O) +'() (1
K4 ," 0 X!'() K/A$ "Y 5
2A K/"4 $ /"4 I$& &A +'() J%%
K/A$ "Y -O K%%
1 4 #$% +'() .G) >& '() J%% 4 K"&
.G"4 3!342 "G 0 *4 #$%
;2 /
!0 X& "$4 -O X
1 F3/"4
Auxiliary(ies) (")#$%
2A
Main verb +'() *&
(1) Sank
The ship
has
was
(2) sinking
been
(3) sunk
must have been

may have been being
(4) sinking
(5)sunk
:*1 X
1 00 A
& 4 (4) .*9M"L 9&$ & 4 (3) .9M9(& I &$ & 4 (2) .9& I &$ & 4 (1)
.GM9(& I "L 9&$ ;9[( & 4 (5) .GM9(& I &$ _ 0
. 17 .
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.1

K/"4 ,(4 - (,(4) R J%% 4 92 (NOUN PHRASE) 4 #$% (5"(9&O) R (2
"4 34 4 #$% &A K/ 9!%
$ - K/A"4 % A H!" &A * 1
"4
:G"L# 2"4 K/& I!0 "
4 #$% (5"(9&O) R
#$% &
determinative
,(4
head
/3( *"
Premodification
Post modification /3( 0
(1)him
/0 "
Complementation
(2)Peter
Alices
(3)wedding
remember
that
(4)girl
with the red hair
all those
fine warm
(5)days
in the country
last year
a
better
(6)story
than that
the
best
(7)trip
that I ever had
good
(8)trip
that I once had
:*1 X
1 00 A
K
(4) .KA% %
X" K
(3) .KA% 9) K
(2) .KA% K
(1)
& ;# J K# $ (A A K$ K
(5) .KA% 00 J +0
J9(0 K/"4 = " N$& K
(7) . A(D 4 :,OA (6) .KA%
.KA
3 ( 9DA% ,OA J9(0 4 K/0 KG 4 K
(8) .K I% )%
- Q) % (,(4) K/"4 J%% 4 ( ADJECTIVE PHRAS) *4 #$% (5"(9&O) Q) % (3
.G) >& 2"4 P 9!%
34 K/(& >, /
The weather was
/3( *"
,4
Post modification /3( 0
premodification
Head
..........................
(1)pleasant
........................
.........................
too
(2)hot
........................
to be enjoyable
incredibly
(3)cold
........................
.........................
.........................
(4)pleasant
enough
.........................
/0 "
:*1 X
1 00 A
: P% 2 % , -D (3) .* K& > % / -D (2) .* ,OA 9AD -D (1)
.* J,3(A 9AD -D (4) .*
Q) % 9D1 "G 0 4 #$% 7- (VERB PHRASE) 4 #$% (5"(9&O) 7- (4
#$% Q) % F9,- (,(4) "4 %% X4 #$% 7- 0) E4 .G9& >,,O 4#$%
.G) >& 9) % (,(4) "4 J%% X4
predmodification
Head
Postmodification
complementation
yesterday
I spoke to him
quite
often
very
severely
as
clearly
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indeed
as I could
. 18 .
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BILGKUT
:*1 X
1 00 A
K
96"
(3) .R9"#$% =2 B2 R2 K4 X K
(2) .R9"#$% K K4 X K
(1)
.R9"#$% J( (4 X6 K4 X K
(4) .R9"#$% %& 9AD K4 X
/ - /" 0 *" 4 ( PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE) 4#$% J /" 0 *" (5
A0D FGA"4 ,4 X4 #$% 4 .G) >& /0 " /" 0 *" K"& >,
.GA" I "4 Q 1
4 #$% : 4 "0 I %4 FG G RD
!,O "4
Preposition /" 0 *"
Prepositional complement
/0 " /" 0 *"
I met her
for
lunch
at
the corner of the square
on
Saturday morning
by
a strange coincidence
:*1 X
1 00 A
N " 4 4 XA
K4 X K
(2) ._ 9L$& K4 X K H "4 4 90
= K
(1)
I L$& Z22% K4 X K
(4) .KL$& & K4 X K
(3) ._ 9L$&
.R"0
Word classes *

& #$%
Introduction on word classes 30 P *
& #$% .14
#$ 4 #$% +O - O X
& # % +OD 2!A4 P *4 #$%

"#$% =B2 F: 9$ IL$& 3/0 33%O 4 #$% K4 DE
X"#$% .G"4 " - 5DE 8O #$ K4 9) % H "4 5"4 5& K/A"62Z
"4 9%"0 !) "4 JA) 3G 9!G A1 & *4 #$% 74 - A0
9G "
3- H2Z
IG 9!G J)-
"4 A0D &
1 A
6% % O J
8O "#$ - *

& #$% K/( / 2A 4 .GAA ;Y J3"D
J
X"#$ "#$% .G9%$& ) "#$% K/!) >A K%%
.G "$4
& -$ K%% DE
- 2
F*6% % O
CLOSED CLASSES

& "#$% JZ(A (a)
FK/"4

7(& 3 1G- X"#$% (A 9D1 "39 Q630 "#$%
& 4

J0 7P4 J
_ "
K4 "#$% 34 FK/"4 3309%
9D1
J
-
X#$ /A
& #$% KP I "4 I
*#$ FK/AEE4 %

& #$% 34 2!" XE 4 .G9%$&
& "#$% K/"4 _GD
6% % O
.GA"!0 + 4 #$% "D +09%
*#$
D FG4(D *
& "#$%
2A
Preposition
of, at, in, without, in spite of
- /" 0 *"
Pronoun
he, they, anybody, one, which
- H"
Determiner
the, a, that, every, some
- #$% &
Conjunction
and, that, when, although
- #$% /P4
Modal verb
can, must, will, could
- +'() 8
Primary verb be, have, do
-+'() I
. 19 .
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.1
OPEN CLASSES

& "#$% : (b)
Q6'
1 F: "A Q630 & X"#$%
& "#$% JZ(A "#$% 2 4
6% % O J
-
FK/"4

7(& 3 1G- "#$% (A >, /60
.G9%$&
& "#$% K/"4 3309%
9D1
Noun John, room, answer, play
R
Adjective happy, steady, new, large, round
Q) %
Full verb search, grow, play
+'() ;
&
Adverb steadily, completely, really

7-
:4 -$ 2"6 & =& A 34 2 4
Numerals one, two, three, first, second, third
!% (c)
"#$% H (d)
Interjections oh, ah, ugh, phew
"#$% 56@ RA %# R04 A K/A"& 8
7A " : 4 34 2E 4
.4 (!3"0 to "4 X& 3( - not "4 X& :K%
)
.G"#$% >0 8% *
& #$% 2!44 6(& "#$% 5"4 J%%
!0 J

,#$ &
1 J%%
Variations on the basic sentence patterns
Subject and Predicate -O - .15
J0 HL# A DE
9% !
!0 J
K/"4 "#$%
1 :
0 A
"G 0 X
1 *22 K ) 4 *
.: 9$ IL$& 0 4 Z& X
1 :

.# A DE
9A0 P
1 IG >0 73
/0 J%% Q 2-O - 92
1 *22 F/0 90 TM'
34 - -O A ) &"$4 K/(& >, 34 X 2
1 :
4 4 .G "$4
:AEE-L$& 3/ >0) 2 () "D F /0 " F PG"
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Habibe
buys her vegetables in the market. ( .G"M9(% 2#4 9&$& 4D)
The bus
arrived late today.
( .*"& >9(A >(& +4
9) K 4)
Tigers
are carnivorous.
( .KMAD $ 8M"A)
8
=&4 /A4 9) % 6 & J" $& "4 "G 0 J
H "$4 +O 4
/ 9 K -O F"M% 9) % 5"4 K/(4 I!3( ( X
1 3!N .G(&
=9,A "4 "G 0 5& -O 4 M%
92 .G"4 K/" A0
F3/"L# :0 X
1 -
1 :% X $ H "$4 +O 4 .A I$& 6L#
// 9"& /"0 X,9A & & +O A0 F3/"G 9!G :0 X#$%
2A _ "
.G(4 _2A P,BM
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BILGKUT
Operator and predication A4 -O - +'() 56@ .16

-O - +'() 56@ -O K%% M%
9 *&
1 K/"4 H,O
:% !'()
2A +'() 56@ .G"4 ,9MA &"$4 :
Q A4
& -O A4 -O .G9%$& !'() K/"4 /"Y H%A
1 &A
1
*22
D .G9%$& &"$4 K/(& I2Z
J%%
1 34 2!'() 56@
+'()
2A 24 &A 4 92 +'() 4 "0 I "4 FGA
M"4 !'() 56@ 2
1
;Y RD
9AD 9L#
1 :% 92 FG(& !Z, FI "4 Q 2 (Auxiliary)
(Auxiliary +'()
2A Findependent Clause -
1 :
+09%
) .GAA
[ < 24 " ; 4 300 (2) .*24 " ;4 300 (1) ]
&A Yes
1 KA4 J0 79BM 9" '() 56@ K4 " % H,O /00 A
R0 I$& A X!'() 56@ .G"4 ,9BMG!A
1 :% K/"4 ,(4 I-1 K4 No
.4 "Y RD
9L#
1 :% K/4 K4 Wh-
<GM0 >& 30

& K1 (2) .GM0 >& 30
%4 K1 (1)
<*" A0 IG A A0 K 9" (4) .*" A0 I "G A /G 4 _ "
K 9" (3)

1
1 J9% 4 :G"4 LL# 79, !'() 56@ !,O 2&
X'() 56@ nt 30 &A FG(& Not A& X'() 56@ F:"4 0
G!A
.G(& I " 0 A&
.:G
4 " 300 4 4 (6) .KA, 6(& 9 K 4 K
(5)
K9, +'()
2A 4 ) +'()
2A 4 &A +'() 56@ =2!"
00 A
. 21 .
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.1
had Fshall 2

1 -(6) F-(5) 00 A .G"4 6@ HL# A QE /
+O 4 ("MD
% "4 be Fbeen 2!'()
2A FK$ "Y HL# A QE /
!3"0
.8EO K/"4 !"$4 4 XA4 -O A FK"9%$&
KA4 XE FI "4 DE +'() 56@ !3"0 have - be Fdo
:*"L 9 & 2!"
-$ "Y HGG!A
1 F
1 :%
1
DECLARATIVE
INTERROGATIVE OR NEGATIVE
& KA4 J9%
*& &A :%
They often go Abroad. ( .G >3 "' ,
D E ) Do they often go to abroad?
Her father works in a factory. ( .GA, 9G-# 22 X ) Where does her father work?
We received your letter. ( .:G" IG ,) 9(O 4)
We did not received your letter.
Everything is ready. (*"4 6A %
D)
Is everything ready?
Dilnur was a painter. ( ._% 4 "4 2)
Was Dilnur a painter?
These houses are for sale. ( .G9(% A$ 4)
Are these houses for sale?
IL$& K4 !"
"
0 XL#
1 -
1 :% *

:A04 IL#
1 :% IG I0 I2 A"#
1 J9% *22 .$
: (YES-NO QUESTIONS)
1 K/(4 I-1 K4 ( :A) NO &A (: FD) YES
:G(& " X +'() 56@ 2
1 : 4
Have you taken my pencil? ( <P >( "0 H(0)
Yes, I have. (or No I have not)
(a)
WH- K4 *" 2

1 : 4 :(WH- QUESTIONS)
1 K/(& >4 K4 WHF"M3( 3/" &A K/" #$ #$% K"L# K4 WH- X"4 K/!4 K4
:
:K%
.GA"4 7#$ :3(D M
1F"4 5"4 K/!4 K4 WH- (1)
Who has taken my pencil?
( <*" "0 H(0 X(
R&)
/0 " F PG" F-O A *&"$4 34 X
1 5"4 K/!4 K4 WH- (2)
56@ FI A0 /" X "D "4 K"& I "4 %4 X!3"0 Q"D &A
.A0 / X K4 K4 #$% J" WH- '()
Why have you taken my pencil?
(<X" "0 H(0 3,()
(b)
:A0 nt &A not A& X!'() 56@ : (NEGATION) 2

1 (c)
I havent take your pencil.
( .R" "0 X(% K
)
F"4 K9, +'() 56@ 2
1 KA4 :0D 34 !0 F2E (c) F(b) F(a) (d)
:G"4 3%A & KA4 - :% >9, DO "D
Did you take my pencil?
(</" "0 H(0 % )
Why did you take my pencil?
(<" "0 H(0 X(
3,()
I didnt take your pencil.
( .R" "0 H(0 X% K
)

1 5"4 *0 A
!0 J
%
5"(
944 4
96"
4 4 .*" A0 / 9 30 >0 3 KA1 K/"4 "#$%
!0 K-$
!
#
K/( / 0 A *
.G)(D 20 )%2 K/" A0 /P%4

. G0 +D ) I0 /0 A -$ !
!0 A0D
"D K$
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Nouns !
.2
1. Introduction
24
30 .1
Structures of noun phrase
24
"G 0 X4 #$% R
Noun classes
26
*" X!
2. Count, noncount, common and proper noun

3. Concrete and abstract nouns
4. Nouns with dual class membership
5. Reclassification of nouns
26
27
28
29
! H2 - 8O FK/A"% FK/% .2

! ?&94 - ?B& .3
! I
H0 .4
, "$4 9A0 X! .5
Count nouns
29
! K/%
6. Regular and irregular plural nouns
29
! = )$& 0 - 50 .6
Regular plurals
30
! = )$& 50
7. Formation of regular plurals

8. Pronunciation of plurals
9. Plural of compound nouns
30
30
31
,%A X! = )$& 50 .7

,0 # Z)" X! = )$& 50 .8
& = )$& X! 4 .9
Other plurals
32
! = )$& 34
10. Irregular plurals

11. Words of foreign origin
12. Nouns which dont change in the plural
13.Nouns which look singular but are in fact plural
14.Singular nouns ending in s
15. Nouns which occur only in the plural
16. Nouns can be either singular or plural
32
32
33
34
34
34
35
! = )$& 0 .10

! K& 2! 34 .11
! K/A"4 7#$ & = )$& .12
! = )$& K/"L$& & 5"4 .13
! 5"4 K3EO K4 -s .14
! K/"L$& !& = )$& .15
! K/"4 & )$& F "4 .16
Noncount nouns
35
! K/A"%
Formation of nouns
37
,%A X!
17. Gender nouns

18. Ending to describe size
19. Nouns describing professions
20. Abstract nouns
21. Gerund (verbal nouns)
22. Distinguish nouns from verbs
23. Formation of compound nouns
24. The possessive form of nouns
37
37
38
39
40
41
41
44
46
48
! 1 .17

!
0 0 K/A2Z &-.18
! K/A2Z Z%& .19
! ?&94 .20
!
D .21
HLL0) 2!'() ! .22
,%A X! 4 .23
& 7(& 5 X! .24
! 4 K"L# 2!'() 4 :_!)
!4 K/9, I$& :_!)
Index: Common nouns formed from phrasal verbs
Index: Common compound nouns
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.2

Instruction 30 .1
.Q 2"#$% K/9, 9 2D Q'4 F% &A _2 !
X"#$% 34 "D K/0 #&
04 &A 4 _ "
4 #$% (5"(9&O) R
Z)G "#$% 5"(9&O R K/"4 /"Y H2Z
J( ( FK/"%A 0 " 0
" &A "<R& " 92 4 #$% R 4 _ "
.5"4 J%% 4 #$% R ! .Q
:K%
.G(& I "4 -1 P!"% =B2 "<(
Who is that boy? (<R& ?A G-) He is Mr. Aziz. ( .*) # )
What are those? (< EG-)
They are my books. ( .R49& X(
E )
3%% 2
1 K4 9) % H "4 "4 RD
X
1 9-$ #$ 4 #$% R
-O R(& F(Object) PG" X
1 A E 34 FG(& I "4 (Subject) X
1
/0 " X4 #$% J /" 0 *" F(Predicative Complement) /0 "
.G(& ) "4 (Complement of Prepositional Phrases)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
:A$ IL$& "Y 34 XE J0

1 -$ *

He is a foreign student. ( . P0 5" Q 4 )
Can you see the student at the back of the class?
(< "$& P 0 KP 9" Z A& XZ% K%)
I am at home. ( .A$ K
)
The boy in the water is my classmate. ( .R,0-% X(
E4 2 %)

1 my classmate
1-(4) Fa foreign student
1 -(1)
1 0 A
Z A& XZ%) the student at the back of the class
1-(2) F /0 " -O R(&
X4 #$% J /" 0 *" ($ F) home
1-(3) F PG" X
1 ( P0
3,( / A 34 .K"& I "4 the boy in the water
1-(4) F /0 "
.4 -$ "Y K/6#
:K%
.G(& I!0 " !G K/"L$& ) % R2 A FGAEE4 /3( .1
a town house ( /" D)
a book store (&G2 9&)
= & P! K"& I "4 /3( A FG"4 LL0) J0 "4 P E 4
0 house F P = & P town 2 a town house:K%
G P 5(A A& FG P
G P = & / /!3( / /3( "D "4 /3( ) % G P 5(A
.G P = & 0 house P old 2 an old house :K%
:

,9, X,- ( "& I " 0 K4 "#$% ) % ) "4 ) E .2
e.g. He is miles better than his brother. ( .,OA I$& /0 /& )
Structures of noun phrase "G 0 X4 #$% R

:A04 >,A 4 #$% R K/"4 H,O K/"4 2!"
-$
The girl
The blonde girl
The blonde girl in blue jeans
The blonde girl wearing blue jeans
The blonde girl who is wearing blue jeans
She
Amina
( .R% X(
:0 4) [1]
(.R% X(
:0 J K 9" 4) [2]
(.R% X(
:0 K/"M6& 9, !2) =$&) [3]
is my sister. ( .H,O 0 A) [4]
( .H,O 0 A) [5]
( .R% X(
) [6]
( .R% X(

) [7]
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
#&
(girl) R 4 H,O X
1 K/"4 -5 2-1
1 0 A
+D K%% /3%,O X"#$% M& X4 #$% R 4 FI "4 4 #$% R K/0
"#$% & Q0) FI "4 /"G 0 T22 A9 4 #$% R
1 -(1) F:0
#$% R
1 -(2) K3) & !2 (girl) #$% T&
- (the) + J( K/"4 -
&
#$% R 2
1 -(5) F-(4) F-(3) K3) & 2#$% T&
- (blonde) Q) % F+ J( 4
#$% R
1 -(3) FA FK3) & 2! /3( 0 A FQ% 20 A *4
#$% R
1 -(4) F(in blue jeans) 4 #$% J /" 0 *" 24 & 4
F%4 2 (wearing blue jeans)
1 :
K3) & & 3( X!'() & 4
%4 2 (who is wearing blue jeans)
1 *3(4 QM%
& 4 #$% R
1-(5)
#$% R
1 -(7) .K3) & (she) H" E4 Q0) 4 #$% R
1-(6) .4
.K3) & !2 (Amina) R 8O 4 Q0) 4
:A0 P!"
-$ A
My father is a teacher. ( . 3 0 4 _22 X(
)
[8]
My white shirt is in my suitcase. ( .
RN$& : X(
)
[9]
R T&
- (my) & 7(& 5 X" 5O 4 #$% R
1 -[8]
& 7(& 5 X" 5O 4 #$% R
1 -[9] .K3) & 2 (father)
.K3) & 2 (shirt) R T&
- (white) Q) % F(my)
#$% & "D K/0 #&
*4 #$% R F:0/A 20 A
F(Prepositional phrase) 4 #$% J /" 0 *" F(Adjective) Q) % F(Determinative)
8O F(Relative clause)
1 *3(4 QM%
F(Nonfinite Clause)
1 *3(4 J'() &
(possessive pronoun) H" 5 - (Personal pronoun) H" 5,& F(Proper noun) R
:G"4 P!"G 0 =-$ ,,G A4 > _ "
X!3"0
Determinative (the/a/an/this/that/these/those/every/each/some) + Noun
e.g. The girl is my younger sister.
Determinative + Adjective + Noun
e.g. The blonde girl is my younger sister.
Determinative + Adjective + Noun + Prepositional Phrase
e.g. The blonde girl in blue jeans is my younger sister.
Determinative + Adjective + Noun + Nonfinite Clause
e.g. The blonde girl wearing blue jeans is my younger sister.
Determinative + Adjective + Noun + Relative Clause
The blonde girl who is wearing blue jeans is my younger sister.
Pronoun +
She is my younger sister.
Proper noun +
Amina is my sister
Possessive Pronoun + Noun
My father is a teacher.
Possessive Pronoun (my/your/his/her/its)+ Adjective(s) + Noun
My white shirt is in my suitcase.
4 #$% R K/(& I "4 PG" &A K%%
1 F=2$ IL$& 0 A
QM%
F(!3"0 #$% 3
F+) "#$% & FQ) % FH" "4 F9%) & ! Q0)
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#$ 4 #$% R F3/"4 K/) & 2"4 J"0

1 *3(4 & F
1 *3(4
#$% R 944 4 4 .G(& P ,4 DE T

X"4 J"4 K/AEE
2!44 6(& "4 34 .3 I T) K4 ! 5"4 J%% & 4
.G"G 9
Noun classes *" X!

Count, noncount, common and proper nouns ! H2 - 8O FK/A"% FK/% .2
( E 74 " K/A,O X! FA) 4-% 9D1
_D J

R T&
4 #$% R Q$ -$ " XE .G2L# K 7 J)
(b) F%#$% & :3(D (a) 9) % PG" X
1 K2 I saw ; E FIG I0 I2
& = )$&(e) FK4 some /sm/ (d) FK4 a // (c) FK4 the // + J( K P 5(A
:(O = *)G"4 =%$& -$ F:A0 / 9 J0 HL 9"& ;
>9,
Todd
book(s)
Test table for noun classes
(1)
(2)
(a)
Todd
*book
(b)
*the Todd
the book
(c)
*a Todd
a book
(d)
* some Todd
*some book
( e) * (some) Todds (some)books
furniture
brick(s)
:M21 79%$& " X!
(3)
(2 + 3)
furniture
brick
the furniture
the brick
*a furniture
a brick
some furniture
some brick
*(some)furnitures (some) bricks
9 (

J"4) K9%-(2+3) K4 (

!O 4 Q0)) K9% -(1)
H,O 0 Todd 9%-(1) .G(4 IL 9 & 2 X3O O 9 *" R :)
.G"4 ( Proper Nouns) R 8O (!3"0 Urumqi FHotan FTokyo FParisA) ! K/"0
! H2
D :4 F "4 P!,"0 - & +O O ! 9% 34
0 book 9% -(2) .4 0) RD
9AD 9 XE :4 .Q 2 ( Common Nouns)
K/ 9 & 'A RA K/% _ 0 ! (J"0 idea Fforest Fchair Fbottle) H,O
A) ! H,O P furniture 9%-(3) .G"4 (Count Nouns) ! K/% E F3/"4
K/,
-2 & "# FK/(& 9"D I F0) _ 0 (! J"0 music Fwarmth Fgrass Fbread
F3/"4 K/9, 9L 9 & 'A K/A"4 2Z 9%M4 % K4 !% :% &A
.G6B2 ! (Noncount or Uncountable) K/A"% ! : 4
(J"0 stone Fpaper Fcake A) H,O 0 brick 9%-(2+3) F34
K/A"4

H% 4 ! : 4 .GAEE4 R K/A"% _D K/% _D !
- H0 ! : 4 .G"4 &, 90 P!9(64 K/% &A &, 90 P!"6(
.G6B2 !
e.g. The house is built of brick. ( .K/"G )0 9&(& $ 4)
He used bricks to build the house. ( .9, =(& 9,(% A$ 4 )
R 8O I0 /9(64 H2Z XE K4 *" ! F:0/A 0 A
.G"4 "$4 I2 (Common Noun) R H2 - (Proper Noun)
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
K/" A0 K HLL0) 936

2D Q'4 _D 0- F% - _2 -R 8O
.G2!
th
e.g. Norahmed London September 11 Terrorist Attack Turkey
0 P ! 8O 944 4 F3/"4 K% 7 _D J0 K ! 8O
*DE 79, =2! H2 - ,9, 9"4 K4 "#$% & X! 8O .GA(4
.G0 KA4 (944-3) 44 "#$% &
- 2D F'A K/"4 336

+O 4 &A K/"4 - 4 _ "
-R H2
.G K/"4 :
D X
e.g. book
teacher diamonds happiness
A E K%% DE =93%"4 &A H "4 /% X'A K/9%$& !
.G"4 3,A I2 ! K/A"% - ! K/%
K%% /"Y J
-
X! H2 K%% , "$4 9D1 K% X!
.:A 96L# X,0 J3 9D1 K% ! 8O 92 FI "4 K/9%$& , "$4
9%M4 % K4 !% :% FJAE 0 3% FK/"4 & J0 92 ! K/%
A& X! K/% .Q 2! K/9, 9 'A K/"4 2Z J( _D
:K%
.G"4 3%A & = )$& I 0 -(e)s
a ship five ships a car six cars
FK/A"4

H2Z 9%M4 % K4 !% :% _D H% 92 ! K/A"%
3
!4 2A X"#$% 3
Q0) FK/,
-2 & "#$ FK/(& 9"D I F0)
E .G0 I2 R K/A"% F3/"4 ! K/9, 9 'A K/"4 2Z
.GA"4 ,9, & = )$& I 0 s A& !0 FG9, !& 5"4 Q0)
X! K/A"% !0 F*& = )$& - 5"4 X! K/% "-21 -$
:*9%$& *& 7(& K4 "#$%
2A 34
Singular R 5"4
Plural R = )$&
Count Noun
a snow ball
(thirty / many) snow balls
R K/%
a cell one cell
cells two cells
some cells many cells
snow some snow
Information some information
Uncountable Noun
a lot of information much information
R K/A"%
"#$% 3
_ "
"D 8
=2 B2 R2 ! K/A"% =9%$& "-21 0 A
! K/A"% .G(& 9"4 K4 (G) & 2! K/% )$& "#$% 3
4)
>A) 2"#$% 3
K%% :"4 &2Z =)$& X3
X% K/9%$&
:K%
.A2Z
water a glass of water , two glasses of water
Concrete and abstract nouns ! ?&94 - Q& .3

Concrete ) R Q& K%% 9"D X'A K2Z -
XE A !
.G"4 3,A I2 (Abstract Noun) R ?&94 - (Noun
:K%
.Q
X'A & ?& -R Q&
Ship (Q O)) car (
) toy (: A)
K/L4 !
0 ?&94 34 - Q6(D FJ" O-#
FQAD FQD -R ?&94
:K%
.G2!
difficulty shame music homework
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:G"4 3!0/A =%$& -$ " X! F/0/A 0 A
Nouns with dual class membership ! I

H0 .4
I2 R K/A"% - R K/% A) 96 J%"4-H "4 /% X!
F=9%$& "
-$ P!9(64 *#4 + 4 !0 .G G %% ,A
.G9A

H0 9) ! =93%"4 _D H "4 /%
A: would you like to buy a cake?
B: No, I am sorry, I dont like cake.
(<
EM9(% Q ;4 %)
( .KA
$& ,OA K
FL & F:A)
! K/"4 I

H0 ! K/A"% _D FK/% _D H,O /

9 R -$ K9, #$% 4 F:" /"
paper F34 .G)D
.Q 1-
J%,O K/"4 LL0) 9D1
I want an evening paper.
( .=(& %4 9( 5& N
)
Wrap the parcel up in brown paper. ( .X(4 I #P0 5N 1 9"O 4 N
)
X"#$% 3
#4 X! K/A"% K4 ! K/% -$ A
:X0 Q332 /3%,O
(1) She was a beauty in her youth.
[COUNT] ( .* 0 ;# 4 90- HA )
(2) She had great beauty in her youth.
[NONCOUNT]
( .* 4 9)E >A1 90- HA X )
(3) Shes had many difficulties.
[COUNT]
( .4 *360 K P X )
(4) Shes not much difficulty.
[NONCOUNT]
( .:A 360 J1 X )
(5) Hes had several odd experiences.
[COUNT] (.4 *9# % DE 04 X )
(6) He hasnt had much experience.
[NONCOUNT]
( .:A 1 J1 X )
(7) There were bright lights and harsh sounds there. [COUNT]
( .* 4 E#- ;)0 - !0 : " 2A )
(8) Light travels faster than sound.
[NONCOUNT]
( .G0 ( 2#- )
(9) She will give a talk on Chinese art. [COUNT] (.GA"#$% : P 9'% N 1 )
(10) Thats foolish talk.
[NONCOUNT]
( . 9)4 ) 0O )
(11) The lambs were eating quietly.
[COUNT]
( .G-! 9Z !!0))
(12) Do you want any lamb?
[NONCOUNT](< &(& $ K!0) :# %)
-(12) - (G9%$& MAD) lamb R K/% K9%$& "
-(11) F2!"D I$& 34 2E 4
9 ! H,O (G9%$& $ XMAD ) lamb R K/A"% K9%$& "
:G"4 3,3 >Z( J0 *" #$% RA =9%$& 2!"

-$ A 0)
They raise a great many calves and sheep.
( .G04 !A0 - #

K P 9AD E )
We eat a great deal of veal and mutton.( .AA $ 0 - $ #

23
I$& 9AD 4)
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
! K/A"% _D K/% _D K/"4 3 J0 *" #$% K/A,O 34
:Q 2-$ *) 1
a garment ~ clothing
a job, a task ~ work
a laugh ~ laughter
a suitcase ~ luggage
a 'permit
~ permission
a poem ~ poetry
a weapon ~ arms
a machine ~ machinery
3!N .

,,-$ 4 A 2 4 FA) *
K#$ !
9D1 +& - > F H,O P!3"0 form Ftype Fkind 9D1
tea R K/A"%
.G"4 I
! K/% F-$
K/ 9 & 0)
e.g. A: What teas have you got today?
(<4 !A :0 2% K 4)
B: Well, we have Blue tea, Zarapshan black tea, and Oguz.
( .4 6( # P - 6 +0 K,)# F =$& 24)
Reclassification of nouns , "$4 9A0 X! .5

(R H,O P coffee
1-(1) -$ A) R 4 _ "
K/A"% 92 !,O
&
- % F* &A (H,O 2
1 -(3) F-(2) -$ A) "4 J)-
X% _ "
.GAEE4 R K/% 9, K H2Z (H,O 2

1 -(5) F-(4) -$ A)
Do you want tea or coffee.
(<
MD0 &A &(& %)
Can I have a coffee, please. [a cup of coffee]
(<
(4 MD0 "6) 4 N
)
Two coffees, please. [two cups of coffee]
( .%4 MD0 "6) )
This is a nice coffee.
( .K MD0 ,OA 9AD 4)
I like Brazilian coffees best.
( .K$& ,OA "MD0 X6#4 K
)
Count nouns ! K/%

Regular and irregular plural nouns ! = )$& 0 - 50 .6
X! K/% R0 I$& :
.G(& & 5"4 (2P ") 92 !
: 4 .G%A J0 H 0
0 (e)s A& X! & 5"4 K%% & = )$&
8O #$ X! R0 4 # .G6B2 (Regular Count Nouns) R K/% 50 !
: 4 .GA"4 /%A & = )$& I 0
0 (e)s P! : 4 3/"4 *& = )$&
.G"4 : I2 (Irregular Count Nouns) R K/% 0 ! K/%
:DE X! K/%
a watch
watches
:K%
.G(& I " 0 a/ an /" X! & 5"4 (1
an apple an orange
(.G"#$% 944-3 ,9, X a / an + 3()
apples
oranges
:K%
.G(& I " 0 -(e)s A& & = )$& (2
X#$% 3
.G"4 2Z J( % I 0 9%M4 !% :% /" & = )$& (3
:K%
.GA0 I" "4
Five watches
six apples
ten oranges
J"4 X! K/% K/" A0 / 9 0 A ! K/% 50
.G"4 DE
a student ~ five students
a map ~ six maps
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4 Q 9%A & = )$& I 0 (e)s A& X& 5"4 ! K/% 0
X! *#4 .G"4 & = )$& - 5"4 8O #$ R 4 D A FGA A4 0
:K%
.G"4 H,O *& = )$& - 5"4
a man-two men
one tooth- thirty two teeth
sheep sheep
a woman- many women

a fish- some fish
offspring offspring
a child- six children

a foot- two feet
E 4 4 -$ F3/"4 K/2- & = )$& X! K%% 7A : 4 !
I2 (Irregular Plurals) ! = )$& 0 - (Regular Plurals) ! = )$& 50 >30
.A
Regular plurals ! = )$& 50

Formation of regular plurals ,%A X! = )$& 50 .7
= )$& HGG!A & = )$& I 0 -es &A -s 92 A& X! & 5"4
3,BM4 !A1 =-$ A 9 0 E :4 F "4 " % T22 X%A !
: *9%$& *" % 7%A XE - ! = )$& 50 K/A I$& -$ .G(& P
:G" 0 -es P! =-$
:G" 0 -s P! =-$
:! K3EO K4 E -z ,-x ,-ch ,-ss ,-s
:! R0 I$& :

e.g. match - matches
box - boxes
e.g. rope - ropes
bed - beds
buzz - buzzes
bus - buses
car - cars
book - books
fuss - fusses
wish - wishes
seat - seats
lip - lips
K3EO K4 ZD HG- =L# + y
:! K3EO K4 E -ayF -ey F -oyFuy
:
0 -es >#$ P i -y 2! e.g. boy - boys
guy- guys
e.g. baby - babies
fly - flies
day - days key - keys
country - countries
party - parties
:! -$ K3EO K4 o
e.g. hero - heroes
potato -potatoes
tomato - tomatoes cargo - cargoes
domino dominoes echo - echoes
34 )$&) ! K3EO K4 o R0 I$&

:(! 30 - ! K& 2!
e.g. piano - pianos dynamo - dynamos
solo - solos
soprano - sopranos
studio - studios memo memos
photo - photos video videos
kilo - kilos
P -v -f ;--)! K3EO K4 f
:G" 0 s P! -$ K3EO K4 -f
:(#$ e.g. belief - beliefs chief - chiefs
e.g. calf - calves
self - selves
cliff cliffs
scarf scarfs
half - halves
shelf - shelves
handkerchief - handkerchiefs
knife - knives
thief - thieves
(handkerchieves, scarves &A )
life - lives
wife - wives
loaf - loaves
wolf - wolves
Pronunciation of plurals ,0 # Z)" X! = )$& 50 .8

: G0 # Z)" +O =-$ ! & = )$& K3EO K4 -es F-s
# Z)" [iz] /" 0 e(s) P! K3EO K4 E -dge,-ge,-se,-z,-x,-ch,-sh,-ss,-s (1)
.G0
# Z)" [z ] /" 0 e(s) P! K3EO K4 !G- =L# JN1 - !G- :G#% (2)
.G0
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
.G0 # Z)" [s] /" 0 e(s) P! K3EO K4 !G- =L# N1 34 (3)
e.g.
[s ]
books seats
ropes
cliffs
(cake) cakes
lips
[z]
days cars
beds
dogs
(home) homes
(line) lines (hill) hills
halves
[iz]
buses (horse) horses
kisses (wage) wages
wishes (bridge) bridges
matches boxes buzzes
7(& O X"#$% XE - X!G- =L# N1 _D JN1 "-21 -$
: *9%$& *&
HG-
[b]
[d]
[g]
[v]
[r]
[]
[d, ]
,(A
-b(e)
-d(e)
-g , -gg
-ve
-r(e)
-th(e)
!G-
[p]
[k]
[]
[]
,(A
-p(e)
-c, -k, -ck
-th
-sh
Voiced Consonants !G- =L# JN1

!"
HG-
,(A
pub ,tube
[z]
-ze , -zz
lid , side
[h]
-dog , egg
[m]
-m(e) , mb
cave
[n]
-n(e) ,-gn
ware, share
[l]
-l ,-ll
lathe
[]
-ng
[,]
--Unvoiced Consonants !G- =L# N1
!"
size , buzz
--home, comb
pain, sign
fool
song, sing
---
!"
cup, hope
disk,look,back
tooth
wish
!"
lift , night
beach, match
-wife, belief
bus, kiss, dance
!G-
[t]
[t]
[f]
[s]
,(A
-t(e) , -ght
-ch, -tch
-f(e)
-s, -ss, -ce
:7%
: G"L$& 9"D HG- =L# G- 0O X! *#4 K& 2! Q
mirage[mira: ],
garage [gra: ]
# Z)" I2 [hauziz] houses & =)$& X ([haus]) house FA Q% 20 A
[s] [] . G0 # Z)" N1 )$& -ths & = )$& --th A !0 . G0
depth -depths,
month-months , fifth- fifths
0 [z] ths & = )$& [] th O X& 5"4 X! *#4 2!"MD K0
.G0 # Z)" JN1 F>#$
bath-baths, mouth- mouths, path-paths, youth-youths
Plural of compound nouns & = )$& X! 4 .9

R K"L# ,(& >4 X"#$% 34 &A R : &A R 4
:G"4 DE =-$ & = )$& X! 4 FI "4
H 0 -e(s) /0 X"$4 X#$% & = )$& X! 4 )$& .1
.G%A J0
e.g. office-block - office-blocks boyfriend - boyfriends grown-up - grown-ups
lay-by - lay-bys
sergeant-major - sergeant-majors
.0 A& X! 30 -e(s) P! K3EO K4 -in-law .2
e.g. father-in-law-fathers-in-law, sister-in-law-sisters-in-law etc.
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.2

his-in-laws
her-in-laws
.GA,O :"4 &2Z X"A &A 4 :4
.G" 0 -s #$% 0O M& X! 4 K"L# 2!'() 2(9&O 4 #$% .3
flyover-flyovers lookout-lookouts
Passer-by-passers-by
hanger-on-hangers-on
:K%
.GA,O -$ :4
.:K%
.G" 0 -s /O X! K3EO K4 - ful .4
Basinful -basinfuls cupful -cupfuls handful -handfuls spoonful spoonfuls
.G!A & = )$& &"$4 D4 "4 woman&A man*#$% 4 .5
Woman driver - women drivers manservant menservants
:K%
Other Plurals ! = )$& 34

Irregular plurals ! = )$& 0 .10
*& = )$& _D 5"4 K%% 2!49& 5%2 &A 2P " X! 0
# 9AD ! : 4 .GA%A 7#$ A4 Q6 0 8O #$ R 4D
D FG"4 K(4 : "
3!N .:A 96L# _D 96 _D X,(4 IL 0 K6A
E .GA" %
.G(& P ," I0 K4

RA / K/% 0 4D
:*(4 *& = )$& _D 5"4 X! K/% 0 K/A I$& -$
man - men foot - feet louse - lice
woman - women
tooth - teeth
mouse - mice child - children goose - geese penny - pence ox -oxen
:!D
woman [
:4 :) # Z)" X& = )$& K4 & 5"4 X! = )$& 0 -$ .1
wumn] -women [ wimin]
child [ taild]- children [ tildrn]
)$&) ; ) pennies FI "4 4 pence & = )$& 0 - pennies & = )$& 50 X penny .2
:G9, 92Z % (; ) N
e.g. There are five pennies on the table. ( .4 () H4 9% ;9% )
.G9, 92Z 90 X% Pence
e.g. The small apples are five pence each. ( .() H4 *4D X!" 5& 4)
) J0) XE (Noncount noun) R K/A"% K4 (count noun ) R K/% 4
.G"4 3G 9,(%
Words of foreign origin ! K& 2! 34 .11

/A
& = )$& X"#$ A4 0 K6A
! K P K& K 5B FE
5B FE X"#$ *% # FK/%A & = )$& J0 H 0 -s *#4 A .K 9"&
: *(4 & 7,"O X! : 4 "-21 -$ . K/"0 I!0% & = )$&
& 7,"O X! 5"4 & = )$& 50 & = )$& 5BFE
-us
-uses
-i
-a
-as
-ae
-um
-ums
-a
-ex
-exes
-ices
-ix
-ixes
-ices
-is
-ises
-es
-on
-ons
-a
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. 32 .
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
:! = )$& K/"0 I!0% & % FK& 5B FE
1. cactus, fungus, radius, stimulus, (genus -genera)
2. alga, formula, larva, verterbra
3. addendum, bacterium, curriculum, datum, erratum, medium, memorandum, stratum
(.G9, I2 media - strata Fdata & 5"4 !0 FG9, & = )$& =2 B2 R2 "#$% 4)
4. index
(.G9, 2!49& "4 indexes & = )$& 50 F

"4 indices & = )$& X#$% 4)
5. appendix( .G9, 2!49& appendices F T appendixes), matrix

6. analysis, axis, basis, crisis, diagnosis, hypothesis, oasis, parenthesis
synopsis, thesis criterion, phenomenon
Nouns which don not change in the plural! K/A"4 7#$ & = )$& .12
"& & = )$& FI "4 H,O *& = )$& - 5"4 FI "4 ! R0 4
"L$& & R 5"4 *#4 A F & R = )$& *#4 2! : 4 .GA"4 7#$
.GM(& I2Z
& = )$& _D 5"4 !A :4 F

:!"
.species K4 .series .1
He gave a series of lectures about English writing.

(.*"#$% !0 04 2 /33(A )
There have been several series of programmes on television about microchip

technology.
(.GM(4 !
Y) HL A 04 P ( 0)A Y
2YM( KA 4 3(A)
The white rhinoceros is an endangered species.
(.I
!MAD 3A +O 4 # N :)
There are less than sixty species of butterfly in the British Isles.
(.4 * :# 9, XD ;%D 694)
:*
Q
K3EO K4 -ese (1) .2
e.g. He is a Portuguese and his name is Richard. ( .2 F56") )
The Japanese are very industrious people. ( .J"O K, 9AD !0 )A)
: 4 -$ A 2 ! H,O PE 4
Lebanese, Maltese, Sudanese, Vietnamese, Chinese
:9, R = )$& ) % Q
F Q"2 K3EO K4 -ish (2)
e.g. The Spanish are very proud of their country.
:4 -$ A /9, R = )$& H,O / 4
English, Swedish, Turkish, Irish, Polish
:H,O *& = )$& F5"4 X ( */"4 ,6A I ) "4) ! 0 -!MAD *#4 .3
e.g. Birds(! 0): duck, grouse, partridge, pheasant, snipe
Fish (!34): carp, fish, herring, pike, plaice, salmon, trout
Mammals(!MAD %) : deer, reindeer, sheep
. 4 *& = )$& 50 X X!MAD R0 I$& 34
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Nouns which look singular but are in fact plural ! = )$& K/"L$& & 5"4 .13
! :4 F & >,,O P! & 5"4 ! = )$& *#4
:*/"0 I$& ! : 4 .G9,
= )$& 96"

Cattle, clergy, people, police
e.g. His cattle are considered the finest in this part of the Tangry Mountains.
(.G4(D ,OA 0
XP *N *2) X )
The Roman Catholic clergy are looking forward to the peoples help.
(.G-G I & 2A X3"O *O
5"& R)
I only want to see those people who have done all their work.
(.004 I L$& K4 ,& K/"4 IG 9
O Q0) K
)
The police have admitted that they are being baffled by the crime.
(.*0 I9( 33- 30 3% Z 70 A1 X"#$ !0%)
Singular nouns ending in -s ! 5"4 K3EO K4 -s .14

2E FI "4 R 5"4 96"
:4 FGL$& =2! & = )$& 300 ! *#4
:*/"0 I$&
: news R K/"0 >& '4 .a
e.g. No news is good news. ( .(-O) ,OA *#$ X/"4 X-O :3(D)
Bad news travels faster.( .G0 ( -O K
A)
:! K/"0 : K "(& K/A I$& *#4 . b
measles, mumps, rickets, shingles
billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes, droughts
:* X34%
*#4 . c
:* X0
Q33 - Q6") *#4 . d
athletics, ceramics, classics, economics, ethics, gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics,
phonetics, physics, politics
:
,9, +O X statistics
.G9, K4 !'() & 5"4 .G9%$& 99% . a
e.g. I have studied Statistics in college. ( .K$ 99% 949&
" K
)
.G9, K4 !'() & = )$& .GL4
KB2 Q
"
J% . b
e.g. These statistics describe college freshmen in 1972.
(.GA2Z P 0 (A I9&
T" A-1971 !
"
J% 4)
Nouns which occur only in the plural ! K/"L$& !& = )$& Q0) .15
* X'A K ) 4 K3) & 9&"$4 .1
Tools ( !A%-;0):
bnoculars, glasses, pliers, scales, scissors, shears, spectacles, tweezers
Clothing ( &(&-R6&):
races, knickers, pants, pajamas, Shorts, tights, trousers, underpants
:!D
.G"4 2Z & 5"4 I 0 a pair of P!9(64 4 .1

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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
e.g. a pair of glasses (=A#$& 4) a pair of trousers (K9, 4)

=(&-R6& H,O P a pair of stockings K"L# 2&"$4 RA ) E 4)
(.G >0)
:=(& 79, & x pairs of _ 0 K H2Z & = )$& X! +O 4 .2
e.g. I need two shirts, three pairs of trousers and two pairs of pajamas.
(.=(& 6& H!O - K9, F=N$& N
)
! 34 K/"L$& !& = )$& .2

:*/"0 I$& FI "4 #$% 3(A & 50 2"#$% +O 4
arms (= weapons), clothes, contents, customs, earnings, goods, lodgings, means,
minutes, odds, outskirts, premises, headquarters , regards, stairs, surroundings, thanks
Nouns can be either singular or plural ! K/AEE4 & )$& F "4 .16
3,,A & = )$& &A & 5"4 K/9%$& ,& Z)G 4
QD =
2 4 KA4 D Z)G A F:0 I2 T'A E4 Z)G K ) .GBM"4
.G"4 R 5"4 R K/9%$& Z)G 4 F"4 K3M0
e.g. The new Labour party has announced its programme.
(.*0 K!(
Y) X#$ 6) =
)
The UN Security council has produced its final report.
(.*A0 / 9 !&Y2 0O X#$ ,(& 5")-O ! "2 K"4)
. G0 I2 R = )$& 4 "D F!A 'A &A K/0 + Z)G 4 %
e.g. The team are celebrating their victory tonight.
(.G-4 "P X"#$ & K 4 *"# X
& 4)
The staff are going to buy a leaving present for their supervisor.
(.G- "4 0"M9(% P-% 7A / P 34
O-,)
:*/"0 I$& "#$% 2 4
Association, crew, class, crowd, majority, minority, club, committee, family, gang, the public,
staff, company, council, government, group, team, union
.G"4 ! & = )$& R2 ! J"0 Cattle, clergy, people, police :7%
Noncount Nouns ! K/A"%

* X% K/A"% 3% &A K/A"% FQ% 2! 5"4 K/%
.G2Z & R 5"4 )$&
e.g. bread, coffee, cheese, milk, sugar, air, grass, soap, snow, water, fun, happiness
hope, laughter, sleep
How :4 .G"4 3 A0 !"% =B2 (<...50) How much? P! : 4
:K%
.GA"4 3 A0 !"% =B2 (<...0) many ?
How much milk do you want today. (<=(& Q % 50 % K 4)
How many milk do you want today? (O)
(.4 I$& (O ) There is more of it :G"4 ,(4 !4-1 =-$ P!"% : 4
(.4 :# ) There is less of it &A
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.2

K/A"% :4 FG"4 ,9, 9"4 !% &A many R2 K4 ! K/%
.9, 9"4 "#$% 3
34 &A much K4!
:DE X! K/A"%
.G"L$& & 5"4 R2 FGA"4 & = )$& 92 (1
.G9, 9"4 K4 "#$% 3
R2 (2
a bottle of water a glass of milk a breath of air
:K%
.GA"4 ,9, I 0 9%M4 !% :% .GA" 0 a/an P! & 5"4 (3
*a water (O)
*a milk (O) *an air (O)
:G" #$ ! =-$ ! K/A"%
:K%
.* X!"6(
9"D 6 _O & J0 - !22
J"4
milk water iron
rice
soil
oil
:K%
.! ?&94 K3EO K4 -ness J"4
happiness sadness goodness
.*
X"(&
mumps
flu, influenza cancer
:K%
.*
X" 649
football table tennis volleyball golf
:K%
.!
D K3EO K4 -ing
singing
running driving meeting
(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
K/"4 /% "#$% 3

4 F9, 9"4 K4 "#$% 3
92 ! K/A"%
/% .G"4 ,BM9, & +O = )$& _D 5"4 E F3/"4 K/) & 2!
>A) DE =9 "4 R K/% X"#$% 3
92 3
X% K/A"4
:K%
.G"4 =2Z
e.g. a slice /loaf (of bread )
a kilo (of sugar)
many kinds of cheese
a cup (of coffee)
plenty of sugar lumps
a lot of coffee-beans
a piece (of cheese)
three slices / loaves (of bread)
a pint ( of milk)
several bottles of milk
!)-1 :

D .G"4 3 A0 !"% =B2 (<4 0) How many are there? PE 4
.(.4 ($ F ) 2E ) There are two (three ,four )of them :G"4 ,(4
:!D
-$ F

"4 R K/% 2! 34 ! *#4 K/A"% .1
:GA"4 , R = )$& E FI "4 ! K/A"%
advice baggage furniture hair homework information luggage
news progress rubbish work money
a piece of advice
.9, =-$ 9% *"

?& XE 4
an article of luggage a piece of furniture
a strand of hair
.G"4 ,9, 3

K P J"0 plenty of F a lot of A 34 2E 4
hairs & = )$& % . G9%$& ) X! 0% 24 &A H 4 hair .2
.G"4 , K H2Z " RA X!
e.g. He has got a good head of hair.
( .,OA 9AD ( X )
You have got several blond hairs on your jacket. Tell me! Whose are they?
( <X& E F96( FG ! 5N K 9" ; 0 4 ))
K/"4 - H0 K/AEE4 R = )$& _D F5"4 _D K%%
K2Z .3
.=(& 70 Q332 P!
e.g. A window made of glass.(B2 4 K/"%A 9&A )
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
Two glasses of wine.(:D K&9 )

Would you like some cake? (<
A Q :#)
How many cakes have you made?(<2 ,) 0 9 %)
I havent got much time.( .:A R90- I$& X(
)
We had a good time at the meeting.( .:G2 9" = " N$& 9AD 9,/A 4)
What beautiful hair!( ! 4 JA KB2 ()
Waiter, theres a hair in my soup. ( .G
) X(
F &)
Formation of Nouns ,%A X!

Gender nouns ! 1 .17
34 2!" 9"4 O F*(A K/A,O P! 4 33(A 34
20 4 */L2-
0 1 2! !,O .GA2- J( K%% 1 2"#$%
:4 ,%A - *& =-$ X! K/"4 /
0 1 FI "4 #
bachelor-spinster
boy-girl
brother-sister
cock-hen
father-mother
:G2Z J0 "#$% K/" 4 H,O )$& X ! : 4. a
gentleman-lady
king-queen
son-daughter
grandfather-grandmother
lad-lass
nephew-niece
grandson-granddaughter
landlord-landlady
husband-wife
man-woman uncle-aunt
Mr-Mrs(Miss,Ms)
2)D &A _ P4 0O Q0) FI "4 H,O 2- %% X#4 X! : 4. b
:GA"(4 I2Z 1 +O K/"4 H,O !30 H%A 7#$
actor-actress
god-goddess manager-manageress
waiter-waitress
duke-duchess
hero-heroine
prince-princess
widow-widower
emperor-empress usher-usherette
K"& >," / X! : 4 FI "4 I$& 20 4 ! :A
0 1
R / & J"0 ( her/his ) 7(& 5 &A ( he/she) 7(& H4 X!"
:*/A I$& 2! : 4 .GA"4 4 3"A &A X
2 K%$&
cousin friend foreigner guest neighbour parent
person
stranger
cook
doctor journalist
judge lawyer
scientist student teacher
. G" 4 =, I 0 female&A maleK HGG!A P! 1 ! 0 A
e.g. a male cousin a male nurse a female student
:9, I 0 woman &A lady :"4 0%A ! 1 K/A2Z Z%&
e.g. a lady doctor a woman driver a woman journalist
"#$% K/A2Z 1 J"A J0 H 0 -woman "#$% K3EO K4 -man
.G"4 3GG!A
businessman-businesswoman
policeman-policewoman
salesman-saleswoman
spokesman-spokeswoman
Endings to describe size !

0 0 K/A2Z & - .18
2-$ K%% E 4 FI "4 # 9AD !
0 0 K/A2Z &-
:Q
-let ( .GA2Z 5& X% ) e.g. booklet
leaflet
-ling ( GA2Z 5& X% 4 _ "
) e.g. duckling
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-ling ( 9, 92Z 'A K/"4 3N ,0 #$&) e.g. weakling hireling
:K%
.G9, ) % K H2Z
: 4 92

nice little F littleK H2Z & X% .1
.9,
.9, !3"0 big, great big, largeK H2Z 0 N X% .2
) % J"0 tiny little&A

0 *" K H2Z 5& X% *#4 2!!( ) "4 KA 4 2!A 33(A
!3"0 macro - micro
0 *" ( . 90" - 79, -ett
0 0 K4 mini:K%
.G9, =)$&
e.g. microchip technology (( 0)A Y
) macro-economics (J% 293 G&
).
:!
0 0 K/A2Z 2D & _D - 5&
J"0 -inkle ,-ingle, -iggle, -tter, -mble, -bble, -ddle, -ttle 0 X"#$% #4
:K%
.G"4 /"M0 (D
X"#$% 30 !
0
e.g. inkle: twinkle winkle
-ingle: jingle tangle tingle
-ggle: giggle wriggle
-tter: chatter flutter mutter pitter-patter stutter
-mble: mumble ramble rumble stumble thimble (thumb)
-bble: bubble pebble quibble rabble rubble stubble
-ddle: cuddle muddle paddle puddle
-ttle: little tittle-tattle
3"& &A 5& =0 A 2! /" 0 0 2"#$% 4 I "4 ! *#4 A
ankle letter single middle :K%
.GA3
K/L4
Nouns describing professions ! K/A2Z Z%& .19

1. - (e)r
:G9, !
0 0 K/"4 H,O K H2Z
2 K/0 , 4 _ "
I " 0 "#$% K/A" I "4 Q 1-

RA 30# - / F /'() /" 0 0 4
.

,(&
VER+(E)R:
bake-baker, build-builder, design-designer, manage-manager
speak-speaker, teach-teacher
NOUN+( E)R: engine- engineer, football-footballer, garden-gardener, law-lawyer,

photograph-photographer, trumpet-trumpeter
Others:
2. -or :
e.g.
butcher, carpenter, grocer, plumber, usher
actor, author, director, doctor, editor, professor, solicitor, surveyor, tailor.
3. -ist, -ian, -ant, -ent ( G$A /

P4 4 A
P4 4 P /" 0 E 4 )
-ist:
a ( . GA2Z ! /" !4M% /" *#4 )
e.g. 'cello 'cellist, pi'ano -'pianist, 'violin -vio'linist, trom'bone - trom'bonist ,
b . ology -ologist ( G9%$& !2O %D% K) ) :
e.g. ge'ology -ge'ologist, orni'thology -orni'thologist, biology, ecology, zoology
c . ics
-icist ( G9%$& !2O %D% K) ) :
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
e.g. 'physics - 'physicist, eco'nomics - e'conomist

d . -ist
e.g. 'science - 'scientist, 'telephone - te'lephonist , 'chemistry - 'chemist, 'art - 'artist
-ian:
a . ic(s) -icican:
e.g. mathe'matics - mathema'tician, 'music - mu'sician
'politics - poli'tician, sta'tistics - statis'tician
b . ian
e.g. 'history - his'torian, 'library - li'brarian
-ant:
e.g.
a'ccount -a'ccountant, a'ssist -a'ssistant, a'ttend - a'ttendant, con'sul-con'sultant,

de'pend-de'pendant, in'form - in'formant, in'habit - in'habitant
-ent:
e.g. 'resident, superin'tendent
Abstract nouns ! ?&94 .20

?B& F& 0) 2! ?B& .GA2Z( - _ 0 ?&94 ! ?&94
a girl &A a house Fan egg A 'A KP I "4 Q 1-
26G2 ;' (concrete nouns) !
.Q 2! K/A2Z 'A H,O P!3"0
4 3/"4 =DE /0 P! ?B& 9(64 H2Z - ,"L# X! ?&94
.$ >9O =6) P ! ?&94 9&"$4
K4 ," X!
0 =- A& X) % - +'() F R ! ?&94
-tion ( .G" /0 X! R0 I$&)
e.g. inform - information, situate - situation, solve - solution, nation, station
.G%A
-sion . ( .GA%A R ?&94 2 !'() K3EO K4 -de )
e.g. explode - explosion, persuade - persuasion, invade - invasion
conclude - conclusion, decide decision
-sion, -ssion : ( . GA%A ! ?&94 2! K3EO K4 vert )
e.g. convert - conversion, pervert - perversion
-ssion: ( .GA%A ! &

! K3EO K4 -de,-d )
e.g. succeed - succession, proceed - procession, recede - recession
-ment: ( .G%A 2!'() )$& )
e.g. amuse - amusement, judge - judgement, excite -excitement
argue - argument, state - statement, arrange arrangement
-ness: ( .G%A 2) % )$&)
e.g. sad - sadness, ready - readiness, useful - usefulness, red - redness,
busy - business [biznis]
-ance, -ence, --ancy, -ency:
e.g. independent - independence, attend -attendance, account - accountancy
efficient - efficiency , nuisance, conscience, emergency
-y, -ty, -ity, -iety : ( .G"4 & Q) % 8
X)$& X! K3EO : 4 )
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-y:
comic(al) - comedy, harmonious - harmony, jealous - jealousy, rival rivalry
tragic - tragedy, autocracy, democracy, plutocracy, monarchy, oligarchy, anarchy

-ty: pity(adj: pitiful) beauty (beautiful), loyalty(loyal)
-ity: dense - density, equal - equality, hilarious - hilarity, scarce scarcity
-iety: anxious - anxiety, notorious - notoriety, proper - propriety,
social - society, various variety
-ability, -ibility: ( .G%A 2) % K3EO K4-able,-ible )
e.g. probable - probability, respectable - respectability,
possible - possibility, responsible- responsibility
-t:
high- height, weigh weight
-th: ( G"4 7#$ 2)D &A HG- :G#% FG"L# 2) % )

e.g. broad - breadth, deep - depth, long - length, wide width
-ship: relation - relationship, scholar - scholarship, workman workmanship
-ism:
239( - 9(% *M)") J"4 F G"4 7#$ 2)D &A HG- :G#% F G"L# 2) %)
( .G9, 92Z !3"0
) %
_2 /!" P
E239( &A R3(
Classical
communist
conservative
defeatist
liberal
optimistic
pessimistic
realistic
romantic
socialist
-al:
Classicist
communist
conservative
defeatist
liberal
optimist
pessimist
realist
romantic
socialist
classicism
communism
conservatism
defeatism
liberalism
optimism
pessimism
realism
romanticism
socialism
arrival ( vb arrive), committal ( vb commit), denial ( vb deny), dismissal ( vb dismiss)

proposal ( vb propose), refusal ( vb refuse), withdrawal (vb withdraw)
-dom:
kingdom ( n king), wisdom ( adj wise)
-hood: likelihood ( adj likely), neighbourhood ( n neighbour)

-our:
behaviour ( vb behave), candour ( adj candid), demeanour, endeavour

humour ( adj humorous), favour, flavour, rancour, valour.
-or:
horror ( adj horrible), terror ( adj terrible)
-ure:
departure ( vb depart)
.GA2Z R n=noun FQ) % adj=adjective F+'() vb=verb
Gerund (verbal nouns) !

D .21

1 E .G2"#$% K/"4 (9&O J'() FK/L4
XD-7 -_D
X!'() A 2
1 3/"4 (9&O +'() A 4 K4 HA ;Y H,O P! K%%
R !A :4 FG(& >( "D - PG" 8O #$ )$& H,O & %-O 34
.G"4 DE X4 #$% R FI "4 - 4 #$%
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. 40 .
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
:K%
.G%A J0 H 0 -ing A& X& % X!'() K%% !
D
Verb + ing
:[ +OD K/"4 JA)

E% .1
sporting, climbing, dancing, fishing, horse-riding, gliding, jogging, potholing,
skiing, skating, shooting, surfing, swimming, walking
e.g. Fishing is my favorite sport. ( .* Q[ K/$& ,OA K
J3(4)
I am very interested in fishing. ( .K30 =4 3 J(4 K
)
:2 - D-7 34 .2
bird-watching, drawing, drinking, eating, hitch-hiking, painting, sketching,
smoking, stamp-collecting, touring, typing, listening, speaking, reading, writing.
e.g. Smoking in the public places is the worst behavior in the world.
(.Q2 26G2 7( &
2!G% *M
)
I dont like smoking.
( .KA
90A ,( &
K
)
Distinguish nouns from verbs HLL0) 2!'() ! .22

.GAEE4 R _D +'() _D 9%"4 7#$ :3D "G 0 I "4 "#$% K/ P
.L0) I0 /"MD 79, Q0) "#$% : 4
e.g. I have got a lot of work to do.( noun) ( .4 R, K P 5,( 3,0 X(
)
I work in a factory.( verb) ( .KA, 9G-# 4 K
)
:*/9, I$& 34
charge, comment, copy, cut, dance, design, diet, drink, hope, hurry, lift,
look, love, offer, notice, paint, plan, post, promise, queue, reply, shout, sleep,
smell, stay, stock, stop, study, swim, taste, travel, visit, walk, welcome, worry.
:

P4 F G9, R "&
P4 4 P I "4 #$% )50 .1
:G9, +'() "&
e.g. Noun: I have a present for you. [ 'present ]
( .4 P-% 4 K/(4 %
)
Verb: May I present Mrs Kennedy? [pre'sent](<G
E4 _% 9 )$& O T& )
:*/"0 I$& 2"#$% : 4
export, extract, import, increase, permit, present, protest, record, survey,
suspect, abstract, conduct, conflict, digest, discount, escort, insult, perfume,
produce, progress, rebel, refill, refund.
X& +'() - R X"#$% K/9, +'() _D FR _D *#4 H,O P use .2
.G0 # Z)" I2 [juz] /"4 +'() F[jus] /"4 R FI "4 7#$ # Z)"
.G(A I "LL0) 4-4 (+'() ) practise K4 (R) practice F 6 .3
advice (noun)
advise (Verb)
:G"4 7#$ !D X# Z)" _D 7(A X"#$% -$.4

[d'vais]
device (noun) [di'vais]
[d'vaiz]
devise (verb) [di'vaiz]
Formation of compound nouns ,%A X! 4 .23

.Q 2! K& ,4 X! : &A ! 4
! 4 ! J"0 policemen F bedroom F swimming-pool Fsteam-engine FK%
.K3) &

D K"& I " 0 / - R 4 &A R
D E FI "4
. 41 .
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.2

>& /A
& "#$ ?0- D ! 4 (A !0 FG9, I$& 9AD ! 4
.G

X&"$4 # 4 .a
F room F pool F engine 2!"

-$ A ) "#$% "$4 X! 4
bed Fpolice A ) "#$% "$4 4 .G9%$&
2 &A ?(64 K3M96( 4 ( !3"0 man
2 &A 9Z A0 X% &A _2 "$4 4( !3"0 steam F swimming F
.G(4 I2Z 90
X9(64 &A G(4 >96( ?(64 &A _2
e.g. A policeman is a man who works in the police force.
( ._2 K/A, 0
0% -0%)
A bedroom is a room with a bed.(a room for sleeping in.)
(.$ K/A!O FK/" A0 QM& -$ :A)
A swimming pool is a pool for swimming in .
(.="$& K/9, L# % -"$& HL# %)
A steam engine is a type of engine which is driven by steam.
(. % +O 4 K/9P#0 J0 D -
D)
Man
Room
Pool
Engine
Police
Bed
Swimming
Steam
G(4 >96( &A R& E 4
G(4 >966( Q0

&A > :0 E 4
a F:% 9,(% a boathouse K4 a houseboat K%% DE H2Z

=0 A
.G9%$& 4 +O4 "4 a boathouse F%$& 36(0 +O4 "4 houseboat
For example: A houseboat is a kind of boat, but a boathouse is a kind of building.
tea cups
e.g. a teacup, i.e. a cup designed to contain tea .
cups of tea e.g.
a cup of tea, i.e. a cup filled with tea.
a milk bottle (" 4 Q % 2 4) and a bottle of milk (Q % " 4 4)
a matchbox (Z(0 N% 4) and a box of match (N% I04)
a cigarette packet (Z(0 &

4) and a packet of cigarettes (&
I0 4)
a flower vase (9 ; 4) and a vase of flowers (; =9 4)
,0 # Z)" X! 4 . b
e.g. po'liceman
'swimming-pool
: G #$% 4 P 2! 4

'bedroom
'steam engine
:

#$% D P 2!"MD K0
e.g. 'headmaster or 'head'master

'passer-'by FI "4 ! 50 ! 4 K"L# 2!'() & 4 #$% R0 I$&
.G "$4 4 P
D X34 2!3"0 'hanger-'on tazgun@yahoo.com
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. 42 .
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
J3(A +O4 ) 'blackbird F ( 5) F$ K/ 9%$ =

%$) 'greenhouse K%% P P
F ( $ K/E% +,(A) green 'house K"& K4 ) % ! 4 H,O P ( H 0 K/AA%
.G0) 2"#$% T22 H,O P ( H 0 5N 0) black 'bird
COMPOUND (R 4)
ADJECTIVE + NOUN ( Q) %+R)
a 'greenhouse
a green 'house
a 'blackbird
a black 'bird
) % 24 K9, ) % K4 R K9, 0 3" X! 4
: RD
A9 HLL0)
COMPOUND NOUN a 'woman-hater = someone who hates woman (_2 $ P!"A)
ADJECTIVE + NOUN a woman 'driver = a female driver
( ) ;A 4)
COMPOUND NOUN a 'ladybird (ladybird) = a species of beetle
( 0 ?O4)
ADJECTIVE + NOUN a lady 'doctor = a female doctor
( 9OY2 ;A)
COMPOUN NOUN
a 'schoolboy = a male pupil
( P 0)
ADJECTIVE + NOUN school 'premises = the buildings and grounds of the school
(9 I9&
)
:G"L$& I 1 4 -$ 0) =0 A
an 'English teacher = someone who teaches English ( 3 0 )
an English 'teacher = a teacher who is English ( 3 0 )
:,(A .c
:G"4 3,(A K4 !" % =-$ "$4 X! 4
armchair bedroom :K%
.G(A 3(A !&2#$% 4 .1
swimming-pool air-brake :K%
.G(A >A K4 3% .2
steam engine :K%
.G(A >A =2#$% .3
.G(A =2#$% E4 ! 4 K"L# 9&"$4 30 FK3M(& >9, KA 4 G#
e.g. homework breakfast cupboard
J( 9"O "#$% : 4 P#D :4 FG(A A4 0 0 A "#$% R0 I$& 34
4 ! 4 2!"MD )$& .

,0 Q #4 !"G 0 : 4 2P " 9D F:A 0
(A >A A4 #$% 9% ;MD K" 9
#1 .G"4 (A I 0 =2#$%
.GA
4 # A 7#$
*& .d
H,O 9%A ! 4 2"#$% 5"(9&O 7- - Q) % F+'() FR "-21 -$
.*(4 *" % 7P4 K/"4
Noun
Verb
Adverbial
history teacher
daylight
rainfall
'passer-'by
motorcycle
goldfish
haircut
'hanger-'on
Noun +
oil well
fire engine
book-keeping
bedclothes
snowball
horse-riding
girlfriend
babysitter
Verb +
turntable
washing machine
throwaway
punchcard
chewing gum
cutout
swimming-pool
lookout
Adjective+ greenhouse blackboard
shorthand
heavyweight
'dry-'cleaning
highbrow
blueprint
Adverbial+ onlooker
offset
bystander
income
outlook
. 43 .
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.2

The possessive form of nouns & 7(& 5 X! .24

KY 20 4 !,(& 5 K4 7(& H4 Q0) & 7(& X!
% & 7(& 5 FQ !& % X! & 7(& H4 FI "4 &
& % Q0) K ,(& 34 .G%A J0 " 0 X"4
2A _ "
&
.A) & !,9,
34 - !MAD F(G" #$ "2) )
2 F_2 & 7(& 5 X!
QM%
5 .G9%$& 9M%
K/"4 K4 'A 34 XE F>9, K4 * X%
. 9M%
24 K/(& I"M% & 7(& 5 :
;2

X,(& 5

Possessor
form
Yusup
?(64 5M%
K4
Object
,2Z K4 7(& 5

Expressed in possessive
some books which

belong to him
B(!49& : " ) % A)
= They are Yusups books

= (*49& X) % A E )
she studies at
= This is Amine's school.
this school.
( .GA 0 9)9&
4 )
= ( .Z9&
X
4)
an idea which
= It is the teachers idea.
he has had
() K/"4 A) )
= (.*) X"
)
Amine +
the teacher +
this is the car

which they use.
the boys +
(
K/9, E )
space shuttle
((& _")
= This is the boys car.

= ( .
X!"4 4)
= USAs space shuttle
= ((& _" X(
)
,%A X& 7(& 5

79, & of &A J0 H 0 s A& X! & 7(& 5 X!
.G%A J0
.G%A J0 H 0 s K%% A& X! "4 * X'A J1 !
34 .G" 0 E () H) Q0) A& X! F"4 ! = )$& K3EO K4 -s !
:K%
.G%A >A) & of )$& "4 * X%
+ s: Michael - Michaels
+ : the boss - the bosss
of : Bank of China
woman - womans Anna - Annas children - childrens

the boys - the boys ladies - ladies the Smiths - the Smiths
the screen of the television
the top speed of the car
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2. Nouns
BILGKUT
"G 0 X4 #$% 5

34 K4 7(& 5 3/"4 6 @ #$% & & 7(& 5 X!
&A "#$% & K4 ) % :4 FGA"4 ,9, 4 #$% 4 "#$% &
.G"4 ,9, 9"4 & 7(& 5 X!
& ) % F"& P ,9, 9"4 ) % K4 #$% & 4 #$% 4
.G9, 6(& & 7(& 5 X! &A 2"#$%
Yusup + some books - [Yusup + s ] + [ some books ]
= Yusups books
Amine + this school - [Amine+ s ]
= Amines school
the boss + an idea

the boys + the car
+ [ this school ]
- [ the boss + s ] + [ an idea ]

- [ the boys + ]
USA + space shuttle - [ USA + s ]
= the bosss idea
+ [the bedroom ] = the boys bedroom

+ [space shuttle]
= USAs space shuttle

:
A& XE 4 F/"4 0%A & 7(& 5 4 #$% R 30 K4 ! 4 .1
: K%
:G(& I " 0 s )$&
mother-in-law - his mother-in-laws opinion, sergeant major - a sergeant majors duties
the Duke of Edinburgh - the Duke of Edinburghs latest speech
:! K3EO K4 -s . 2

1-:G F:#( e.g. Thomas) ! 4 K3EO K4 -s * ,&
7(& 5 X! : 4 /( FI "4 =)$& ( e.g. Davies, Jones ) ! K/G4
@ _D
.A2Z J0 H 0 G- [iz]A& X! &
e.g. Thomas [tms ]
[tm1siz ]
e.g. Thomas = Thomass
Jones
[ d,ounz ]
[ d,ounziz ]
:G9, s )$& F GBM"4 "4 &A s & J(A

Jones = Joness
,0 # Z)" X! /" 0 0 K/A%A & 5

# Z)" A4 %0 70 # Z)" X -s 2! = )$& 30 s A& X!
.G0
Voiced ( JN1 ) [z] :
e.g. the dogs , Alans , Annas , the councils
Voiced (JN1) [iz]:
e.g. the horses , Georges , the bosss , Selfridgess
Unvoiced (N1) [s] :
e.g. cats , Philips , the staffs
*,9, 34 X& 7(& 5

:G9, 4 K4 J0 R0 4 # A - * ?0- R0 4 & 7(& 5 .a
a days work
a months salary
a fortnights holiday
. 45 .
For heavens sake ( K /(& 4 K4 sake 34

D )
at the waters edge
a stones throw from her (not far from here )
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.2

yesterdays newspaper
tomorrows program
a pounds worth of stamps

in two years time
G9, 9"4 K4 *9%- H0 34 - (& FQO) A & 7(& 5
e.g. the ships crew , a cars top speed
( , & - OF - K H2Z M%
9 (8
_2) % :4
the crew of the ship
the top speed of a car:K%
.G"4 :,OA
NOUN + NOUN & 7(& 5 9 % K4 % R0 4 A : 7%
:G"L 9 & J0 ! 4 &
e.g. bedclothes ( = the clothes of the bed ), doorbell ( = the bell of the door )
television screen ( = the screen of the television )
:
>(4 # A *"MD 7 O #4 K4
2 ( THE X OF THE Y ) "G 0 - OF : K%
.G"4 ,9, 2"A K/"4 4 3"9[ 7(0
This is the photograph of the woman I love.( % X"A K/$& ,OA K
4 )
.G"4 :% 9,
1 -$ 7
1 4
This is the womans photograph I love. ( % K/$& ,OA K
X"A 4 "4 4 )
.

A0 >(4
KB2 K$& ,OA =&4 "A 4 % 4 K
F
1 4
This is the woman I loves photograph. ( . _D 8
K /A /

1 4)
P 0 F &A XE !3"0
: H,O at the grocers .b

shops F restaurants F colleges F churches 92
:G K4
X!3"0
Shop
Surgery /office
the butchers
the florists
the greengrocers
the grocers
the jewellers
the dentists
Harrods
the doctors
Macys
the opticians
Marks and Spencers the vets
Church
Saint Josephs
College
Saint Johns
Restaurant
Luigis
Tiddy Dols
Wheelers
Examples:
I bought it at Woolworths.
( .K/"M9(% 9%Y- ;G- K
)
Ive got to go to the doctors at four oclock. (.=(& _ "4 >(4 9$ Q% 9OY2 K
)
He was at Saint Johns.
( .* 9(%BM K1 ?A% * )
Is Saint Josephs a Catholic church ?
(< -& 5"& %1 ?A%)
We had dinner at Yasin Satangs last night. ( .:GEP % %A & _,O 4)
.G"#$% 2!44 6(& "4 34 4 #$% R
) % - ! 4 K"L# 2!'() 4 :_!) I

Common nouns and adjectives formed from phrasal verbs
a breakdown (of a machine or a system )
a breakdown (= an analysis of accounts or statistics )
a break-in (a burglary )
a breakthrough (e.g. a scientific advance )
the break-up of a relationship
an outbreak (= an epidemic )
a build-up
an outburst ( =a violent explosion of emotion)
cast-off clothing
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. 46 .
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BILGKUT
2. Nouns
to make a comeback
the outcome ( = the result )
a comedown ( =reduction of status or standard of living )
an outcry ( =a strong protest )
the cut-off point
a cutback (e.g. in costs or expenses )
a drawback ( =a disadvantage )
a drive-in cinema or bank
a drop out ( someone who rejects the social system by e.g. , not completing his / her education )
a drop-off ( e.g. in interest or attendance )
a fall-out shelter ( fall-out is the radioactive dust from a nuclear explosion )
feedback ( the information you get back from a computer; response to something you have done )
a flyover ( a broad over another road for fast moving traffic )
the getaway car ( used by thieves )
a give away remark ( = a remark which reveals to much )
a go-between ( = an intermediary )
an ongoing process (= continuing )
a hand out ( something given as an act of charity )
or ( an information or publicity leaflet)
a hold-up ( a delay, or an armed robbery )
a hangover (something ,often unwanted, which has survived from an earlier times )
the layout ( e.g. of a page )
the outlay ( the money you need to spend to start a project )
an overlay (used with an overhead project )
a letdown ( a disappointment )
an outlet (e.g. a market for your goods )
an inlet ( e.g. the place where something is drawn into a machine )
the outlook (= the prospects for the future )
a lookout ( = a man on guard )
It is your own lookout. = it is your fault or your responsibility .
makeup (=lipstick, powder, etc., to beautify the face)
the payoff ( = the benefit or profit from an enterprise)
an underpass (a road for through traffic under another road Compare flyover)
a pull-in (e. g. a roadside shop or caf)
a pullover (a sort of sweater which you pull over your head )
output ( =production )
input (= e.g. the effort put into a project ,or the information initially fed into a computer )
a put-up job ( = an action intended to deceive )
offputting ( discouraging , unattractive )
a runabout ( e.g. a small town car )
the run-up ( e.g. the time just before an important event such as an election )
a runaway success ( outstanding , greater than anyone expected )
a rundown ( usually a verbal analysis of a situation to inform another person )
a see-through blouse (= transparent )
a send-up ( = a satirical representation of someone or something official )
a wonderful send-off ( = a farewell ceremony for, e.g. newly-weds )
a set-back ( = an interruption to the progress of a project )
the set-up ( = the way things are organized , the situation )
at the outset ( = at the very beginning of a project )
the shutdown ( = the time a plant or a factory is closed for maintenance )
a sit-in ( = the illegal occupation of a building as a form of protest )
a slip-up ( = a mistake or an accident which interrupts a plan )
a stand-in ( = a substitute )
on stand by (= a method of getting a cheap flight by arriving at the airport without a booking in the
hope that there will be an empty seat )
( or = being ready to do something if necessary , e.g. replace a sick colleague
outstanding ( = excellent, remarkable )
a takeaway ( a place where you can buy and take away ready cooked food )
the intake ( = the new students at the beginning of a course )
the takeoff ( = the departure of an air-plane ,the moment of leaving the ground )
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.2

a takeoff ( = a send-up , i.e. a satirical impersonation )

a takeover ( = in business , the method by which one company gains control of another )
a throwaway razor
a downturn ( in business , a decline )
an upturn ( in business , an improvement )
a good turnout ( = a good attendance at a meeting or other event )
a walkover (= an easy victory )
a washout ( slang = a total failure )
A list of common compound nouns ) ! 4 K/9, I$&

adding machine
air-conditioning
aircraft
airport
armchair
armpit
ashtray
baby clothes
baby-sitter
backache
bank clerk
bathing costume
bathroom
bath towel
beach bag
bedroom
blackbird
blackboard
bloodstain
blood test
blueprint
boardroom
boiling point
bookcase
book-keeping
booklist
bookshop
boyfriend
bricklayer
briefcase
building site
building society
bus stop
campsite
carving knife
cassette recorder
chairman
chessboard
chess set
cigarette lighter
cleaning lady
coalmine
coat-hanger
coffee cup
coffee pot
credit card
crossword puzzle
dance hall
daybreak
daylight
deckchair
dining room
dinner jacket
diving board
doorbell
drawing board
dressing gown
dressmaking
drinking water
dustbin
earache
earrings
earthquake
exit visa
eyebrows
eyelashes
eyelids
filing cabinet
film star
fingernail
fingerprints
fingertips
fire engine
fireplace
fireworks
flashlight
flower bed
football
freezing point
frying pan
girlfriend
goldfish
golf ball
golf club
graveyard
gravestone
greenhouse
hairbrush
haircut
hairdo
hairdresser
hairstyle
handbag
handshake
handwriting
headache
headlamp
headline
headquarters
hold-all
homework
horse riding
houseboat
housekeeping
housemaid
housewife
housework
ice-berg
ice-cream
ice-cube
lampshade
lamppost
landlady
landlord
landslide
letter-box
letter-head
letter-writing
lipstick
living-room
machine gun
man-eater
mantelpiece
mincemeat
motorbike
motorcycle
motorway
mudguard
nail file
nightdress
nightmare
nightgown
notepaper
newspaper
notice board
office worker
oil well
orange juice
pain-killer
pain brush
paperback
parking meter
payday
penknife
photocopy
pipeline
playboy
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policeman
policewoman
pocket book
postcard
post office
power station
railway
rainbow
raindrop
rainfall
record-player
rush-hour
safety belt
salt cellar
saucepan
scrapbook
screwdriver
self-control
sewing machine
shoelace
shopkeeper
shoplifting
shopping bag
shopping list
sideboard
side road
sightseeing
signet ring
sitting room
sleeping bag
snowball
snowflake
space ship
sports car
sports jacket
staff meeting
step ladder
stepfather
stomach ache
stop watch
sunbathing
sunglasses
sunrise
sunset
sunshine
sweetheart
swimming pool
swimsuit
tablecloth
talcum powder
tape measure
tape recorder
teacup
teapot
teaspoon
telephone call
television set
tennis ball
tennis player
toenails
toilet paper
tongue-twister
toolbox
toothache
toothbrush
toothpaste
toothpick
traffic lights
traffic warden
travel agent
turntable
typewriter
waiting room
washbasin
walking stick
wallpaper
washing machine
weightlifter
wet suit
windfall
windowpane
window-shopping
windscreen-wiper
word processor
workbench
workbook
workroom
working hours
wrapping paper
writing paper
yearbook
yes man
zip code
zip fastener
zero hour
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Determinatives "#$% &

A survey of determinatives
50
1. Meaning and classes of determiners

2. Central determiners
3. Predeterminers
4. Postdeterminers
50
50
53
56
Articles
58
5. Form and pronunciation of articles

6. Use of articles
7. Use of indefinite articles
8. Use of definite articles
58
59
60
61
Numerals
69
9. Cardinal and ordinal numerals

10. Hundred, thousand, million and billion
11. Dates
12. Fractions
13. Mathematical symbols
14. Currency symbols
69
71
72
72
73
74
Quantifiers
74
15.Quantifiers with count and noncount nouns

16.some / any / no
17. much / many
74
76
78
.3
T

P "#$% &
* -
X"#$% & .1
"#$% & T&
.2
"#$% & *" .3
"#$% & 0 .4
!
,0 # Z)" - & X .5
,9, X .6
,9, X 3( .7
,9, X J( .8
!%
!% 2 - K% :% .9
26
- K6
FX
F# A .10
E!( .11
!% %& .12
"4 J(
.13
*"4 ; ) .14
"#$% 3
"#$% 3
2! K/A"% - K/% .15
some / any /no .16
much / many .17
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!" # .3

P "#$% &
A survey of determinatives
Meaning and classes of determiners * -
X"#$% & .1
I& #$ K H2Z IL# A /A-
K6A
90 4 #$% R &A R
K/"4 /"Y H& : 4 .GA "4 K/"4 /"Y H& K/(& I!3( &A
"#$%
2A R0 4 K/(& A&-*" X (R) #$% T6&
4 #$% R "4
/ 9 +"2 J( F2 -[2] F+"2 3( F2 -[1] F:0 /"
-$ .G"4 3 J( J0
.K/" A0
Have you seen a bicycle? (< NL2$& ?ZB- 4 K%)
the bicycle? (< NL2$& 9ZB- K%)
&A H& 9D1 2 - J3( FKG FK% ! 4 #$% R - #$% &
.G9%$& "#$% K/"4 /"Y HL 9
#1
&A +"2 J( FJ0 (a / an) + 3( K%% &A +"2 3(
& 34 K/"4 6@ H,O A !0 .G2Z J0 (the) + J( K%%
.4
"#$%
:E FG"4 LL0) +O X"#$% &
double Fall Fhalf:K%
F(Predeterminers) "#$% & "
(I)
a / an Fthe ! :K%
F(Central predeterminers) "#$% & T6&
(II)
few Fmany F!% 2 F!% I :K%
F(Postdeterminers) "#$% & 0 (III)
K%% 9M%
#$ - 4 #$% R XE * +O 4 X"#$% &
(
KB2 O "4 *) .GA"4 3 A0 IG 9" Z 0 A XE F3/"4 K/A
* II + I (central determiner + predeterminer <*their all trouble>)
* III + II + I (postdeterminer + central determiner + predeterminer <five the all boys>)
I + II + III (predetrminer + central determiner + postdeterminer ):
all their trouble (
D X360 XE )
all the five boys (
D X" P H4)
Central determiners "#$% & T&

.2
7& (A FI "4 :# 20 4 9D1 K% "#$% & T6&

:-$ */9, I$& .5"62 :A

! .1
a / + 3( - the + J( "#$% & T6&
K/"4 5Z - K/9, I$&
H2 ! .G0 I" K/"4 H,O ! 2 K/"4 H,O FI "4 an
- (= )$& &A 5"4) K% K Q K/A"% - R K/% X!
:G"4 ,9%$& =-$ ,9, ILL0) 9D1 (J"3( &A) J3(
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. 50 .
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
:,9, K4 ! K/A"% - K/% X!

COUNT (K/%)
NONCOUN (K/A"%)
the book
definite (J()
the furniture
SINGULAR (5"4)
PLURAL (= )$&)
indefinite (3()
definite
a book
the books
furniture
*the milks
indefinite
books
*milks
.G"#$% 0 ,9, X! X44

,9, X!
"#$% & T&
34 .2
Fthat Fthis 2!" 79%$& A 2"#$% K/A"(& I& ! 34 2!

D XE 4 FI "4 4
!3"0 neither Feither Fany Fsome Fno Feach Fevery 2!" 3(
#$% R FG9, RA -RA FI "4 -
& "#$%
2A E 4 .G4(D "#$% & T&
a some Fa the boy :K%

.G"4 ,9, !4 Q0) 9(0 D " X T&
4
7" #$ "#$% & T&
F9)G I L$& 4 .GA"4 ,9, =B2 boy(s)
4 .GA9, 9"4 &A :4 FG"4 3G 9" / X4-4 FG"4 9M%
>, A& X4-4 E A) E white Fmany Fall K/"4 9M%
7P4 E 9D1
:K%
.GA,O P (.GBM"4 "&
all the many white houses (
D X!A% : K P )
=2 B2 X
D X"#$% & 34 .GA"4 "Y :3D "& >A 2! !
:G"4 6 @ X!" A 34 9 "4 6 @ _D 5DE X#$% &
Determiner function 6 @ 5&
Pronoun function 6 @ J"
A: I want some ice. (.=(& #

:# N
) B: Here is some for you. (.K 4 :# % 2A 4)
A: What is that thing over there?
B: That is our computer.
(<% ( 2A G-)
(.( 6Z
& X4 )
Either book belongs to you.
You can have either.
(.I
% 9& 4 K/"O)
(.GBM"4 " A0)
.GA"4 "Y +09%
=2!" 34 FA 2! H,O P! *22 O every K4 no
:GAE6%A !" 4 "& >, E -thing &A F-body F (-)one E
no one
nobody
nothing
everyone
everybody
everything
! K4 "#$% & T&

.3
- *& (plural count) = )$& F(Singular Count) 5"4 X! K/% the + J(
34 .GA"!0 : ! 3( :4 .GBM(& K4
D X (noncount) ! K/A"%
*#4 FG(& 8
E4 Q0) *#4 F"0 " A0D X! *#4 X"#$% &
:GA!"0
no pen <singular count>
no pens <plural count>
no music <noncount>
this pen
. 51 .
*this pens
this music
:GA"!0 : 4 E enough - either Fthis :4

either pen
*either pens
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!" # .3

*either music
*enough pen
enough pens
enough music
3Z H4 K%% DE 7(& 9"4 K4 * A0D X! "#$% & T&
:E .G "$4

Type (>)
SINGULAR
PLURAL
NONCOUNT
COUNT
COUNT
(a)
+
+
+
(b)
+
+
(c)
+
+
(d)
(e)
+
K/(& 8
P! K/A"% - *& = )$& F 5"4 X! K/% :> (a)
:"#$% & T&
: the + J( (i)

Where do you want me to put the chair / the chairs / the furniture?
(<0

A0 2A0 0G41 $ / !0GG / 0GG
%)
their F its Fher Fhis Fyour Four F my :!" 5 K/(& "#$% & (ii)
Have you seen my suitcase / my suitcases / my luggage?
(<
2$& 0-= A X(
/
X(
/
X(
%)
: which K4 whose #$% & QM%
(iii)
The lady whose car you hit was furious.
(.*)#P =4 ;A 3(D K- 0%
K%)
Call again at 11, by which time the meeting should be over.
( .G,"O _ 0 /A 390- F+0 K(( 9A0 2 11 Q% )
:"#$% & J" wh- K3EO K4 ever (iv)
whatever, wherever, whoever, whosever, whichever, whomever, however
Vote for whichever proposal you think most favorable.
(.! Q(4 / 0 I2 JA) =&4
D Z& A0)
For whatever reason, dont be late again. (.(& FK "4 I-% )
Whosever idea this may be, I dont like it. (.KA
90A K
FK "4 *) X& 4)
:whose Fwhich Fwhat *"#$% & :% (v)
What colour is your new car?
Which information do you want?
Whose ideas are these?
(<5N :0

(A)
(<=(& A0 %)
(<*) X& E 4)
: no #$% & "4 (vi)
We have no problem / problems.

(.:A %
:3D 24)
The sign said No parking. (.K6B2 GA"4 3,99O
%$&)
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
T&
K/(& J)-
P! K/A"% K4 & = )$& X! K/% :> (b)
:"#$% &
:& () + ;$ (i)
There were people everywhere.
Do you want to play chess.
(.* 4 _2 2A

D)
(<
A QD)
: any K4 some H" 3( K/9, #$% & (ii)
I want some books / ink, please.
(.=(& 6% :# 9& 0 4 N
)
Have we got any eggs / bread for breakfast tomorrow?
(<K
4 "4 /_ O :# 24 K J9 )
: enough #$% & 3
(iii)
I havent enough equipment / tools to do the job?
(.:A !A% / ;6(
5"9(A
9,0 4)
:"#$% 5& K/(& 8
P! K/A"% - & 5"4 X! K/% :> (c)
: that K4 this H" 79%$&
Have you read this / that book? (< NG2 0 49& G- \ G-
K%)
You cannot eat this / that bread. (.KA"6A G- \ G-
K%)
:"#$% & K/(& 8
!& = )$& X! K/% :> (d)
: those K4 these & = )$& X !" 79%$&
Have you seen these / those thieves. (< NL2$& !P \ 4 K%)
:"#$% & T&
K/(& 8
!& 5"4 X! K/% Q0) (e)
: a/an + 3( (i)
Do you have a pen? (<
4 _"0 4 %)
:each K4 every 2) % K/AEE4 #$% & T&
(ii)
I want to interview every / each student individually.

(.KL$& RA-RA K4 P0 4 D K
)
: neither & "4 K4 either #$% & 3( (iii)
You can park on either side. (.GBM"4 9O 9) A0)
I will buy neither car. (.KA"M9(%
A3(D K
)
Predeterminers "#$% & *" .3

T&
.G9%$& "#$% & K/(& " X"#$% & T&
"#$% & *"
:-$ "#$% & *" K/A"(& " X"#$% &
(i)
all, both, half
all (the) girls (E0 J"4) both those cars (
D G-) half an hour (Q% R(A)
. 53 .
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!" # .3

(ii)
double, twice, three time, (four times ):

double the sum (%D X/A) twice my salary (%D X
)
(iii)
one-third, one-fifth, one-tenth (!% %&):

one third the time(?0- 54 9 ) one fifth the money (*4 94 X" ))
(iv)
such, what :
such a surprise! (!J"E0 KAD : )
What a nice girl! (!0 JA KB2 ()
FG9, >" !4 Q0) 9(0D H,O "#$% & T&
"#$% & *"
:% X0 4 all such :4 FGA !"MD K/(& 9"4 : &A
all girls, both girls, *all both girls, half the sum, double the sum, *half double the sum
all such books
all such teachers
,9, X half - both Fall #$% & (i)

4 #$% R - "#$% & 34 !3"0 half - both Fall 2"#$% & *"
F(all the time) " X! E .GA & _ "
9, K4 "#$% T&
.G"4 ,9, (all this time) " X!" 79%$& F(all my time) " X!" 5
Fsome Feach Feither / neither Fevery *"#$% & 3
F3/"4 "#$% 3
*"#$ XE :4
.GA"& " XE enough - no Fany
all (the) day
all (the) days
all (the) furniture
half a day
half my days
half the furniture
both (the/my) eyes
#$% K"L# K4 of I$ "Y H" A #$% 4 F34 "Y = "#$% & *"
T 1
K4 !" :4 FG9, I!" K4 ! of "MD : 4 FG(& IL 9 4
:G9,
all (of) the students (! P 0
D)
all of them/whom (
D E )
both (of) his eyes (*#$& ! X )
both of them/which ( E )
half (of) the time/cost ((A XD4\?0-) half of it/this ((A X 4\ )
:G9& 79, *4#$% K"L# K4 of "& "#$% 3
=-$
all of the many boys (
D X"4 I$& )
:G"4 ,9, H,O P!" +09%

D X"#$% & *" 4
All / both/ half passed their exams. (.9$ [9 (A \ \
D)

2A A) 7- K/"L$& 9
1 &A !A& X T&
both - all
=-$ K/A"(& both K4 all .GA"4 6 @ : 4 half :4 FGA"(& (6(& '()
:G"4

All students were accepted. (.*0 ; 40 ! P0

D)
All the students were accepted. (.H,O /30 A)
All of the students were accepted. (.*0 ; 40
D X! P 0)
The students were all accepted. (.*0 ; 40
D ! P 0)
All were accepted. (.*0 ; 40 KA
D)
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[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
. 54 .
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
All of them were accepted. (.*0 ; 40

D XE )
They were all accepted. (.*0 ; 40
D E )
They all were accepted. (.*0 ; 40
D E )
[6]
[7]
[8]
.G0 I2 H" 2

1 34 F#$% & *" all
1-[2] --[1]

K9A$& both :4 FGA2Z
H,O K%% both K4 two 2
1 =-$
:GA2Z
Both (the)
students were excellent. (.* ,OA 9AD P0 !)
The two
(.* ,OA 9AD P 0 4)
,9, X whole K4 All (ii)
:G 9 & 92 +& K/"%A I " 0 all /" X K"&
All men are created equal. [ 92]
(.K/9A -4 _2
D)
All the men in the mine wore helmets. [HG 9 DE]
(.* K6& 3Z"0 5"4 KA
D &)
=B2 the whole of .G"L$& 2 +(") whole #$% 3
K4 all #$% & *"
.G9, T 1
+ J( 2
:K%
FG9, 9"4 K4 * ?0- E the whole &A all the Fall (1)
all (the)
day/morning/week
the whole
(9)D \K \K & K ))
.GA9, + 2 "4 =-$
I havent seen him all day. (.R K & K ) K
)
:G"4 ,9, ! whole Q0) K4 3(
I spent
a whole morning
the whole morning
studying the script.

(.R0 I% 3,0 J3
#6"0 4 K ) K
)
:G"4 ,9, K4 ! K/% 34 the whole &A all the (2)
all the
the whole
family/way/story (A(D\ ;A\ K ))
?B& K/% & 5"4 #4 +& K/(& I " 0 all /" X!
:G9, 4 X'A
I havent read all the book. (.R"E4 I 0
D X49& K
)
[1]
The monkey ate all the banana. (.*"4 IA
D X4 K A
4) [2]
:G"4 :
"G 0 K/0 I2 ;
92
all of the
the whole
book/banana (
D X4 \
D X49&)
:G9, the whole &A all (of) K4 ! 34 - R 8O (3)
. 55 .
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!" # .3

all (of)
the whole of
Finland/London (KG"\6!@ K ))
day / next month ( &(& K )\K & K ))
:G9, all (of) the K4 ! K/A"% (4)

Have you used up all (of) the coffee? (<
"4 >9
D XMD0)
All (of) the music on the programme was modern.(K 2
!#

D
Y) 4)
,9, X!3"0 twice Fdouble #$% &

(iii)
"#$% &
K/"L$& K4 ! K/9%$& 3
"#$% & 9Z
:G" #$
twice
his strength (%D X & X )

her age (%D X,(A X )
three times
double the amount (%D X/A)

their salaries (%D X
XE )
this amount
(%D X% 4)
the usual cost (%D XD4 92)
the sum
(%D X/A)
J"0 per (2!"D K0) - each Fevery Fa !3"0 four times Fthree times - twice Fonce
:GL& K/ 9 & 362 >(& " X ?0- K4 "#$% &
once
a
day (R9(0 ...Q$\ \\4 &)
twice
every
week (R9(0 .................... 9)DD)
three times
each
month (R9(0 .................... A D)
four times
per
year
(R9(0 ..................... A)
decade (R9(0 ...............A K)
:G9, 9"4 4 & every + * KG A "#$% & 4
We stopped once every kilometer . (.:G9O R9(0 4 29(
& 4 D 4)
once every three months
(R9(0 4 A )
twice every hundred miles (R9(0
# A)
The fractions !% %& (iv)

1 .G2Z J0 H 0 !% 2 A& X!% I !% %&
"#$% & 34 PE A F9%"0 !) "4 ,9, 0 "#$% & *" E &
:G"4 ,9, IG 9" K4 a/an + 3( one K% :%
D FGA"(& >,
He did it in one-third
a third
(of) the time it took me.

(.*0 !4 9 X90- K/0 I% K
, )
Postdeterminers "#$% & 0 .4

("4 K9, ) "#$% & T&
&A "#$% & *" "#$% & 0
0 .G(& " X"#$% /3( *" 34 &A X) % E :4 .G(& >,
:G" #$ -$ ! /3(
:!% I (a)
my three children (_E4 X(
) their fifty students ( P 0 5" XE )
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. 56 .
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
the first day ( & 4)

few people (,& J% #)
:"#$% K/A2Z 2 92 - !% 2 (b)

the last month ( 0O)
:"$% 3
(c)
a large number of people (,& K P )
Cardinal numerals !% I (a)

I 34 F(=B2 one book :K%
) G(& 4 K4 ! & 5"4 K/% one
K P .(=2 two sisters :K%
) G9, 4 K4 & = )$& X! K/% !%
:G(& >," / X #4 - G0 I2 & K9A & X a/an + 3( one 2!"MD
I want
a
photocopy of this article.
one (.=(& % K9A)$& ) 4 X"0
4 N
)
:GA"(& 9"4 K4 + J( :4 FGA"(& 9"4 K4 + 3( one 3!N
*a one book
(O)
the one [only] book I like best
(9& 4 K/$& ,OA K
)
the two books
(9& K/$& ,OA K
)
Ordinal numbers !% 2 (b)

(!3"0... next) "#$% K/ 9 & 2 92 - (!3"0 ....second Ffirst) !% 2
:G"4 M%
4 4 K4 !% :%
first / one, second / two, third / three, fourth / four, fifth / five, twentieth / twenty
"#$% J"0 further - additional F(an)other Fpast Flast Fnext K/ 9 & 2
.G"0 >,,O P!% 2 9D1
- Q6% % O J

:G,G /" X!% :%
D G(& 9"4 K4 ! K/% R2 !% 2
the first two days (K & 3") another three weeks (9)D 34)
next
last
past
:-$ "#$% K/9, I$& 9L 9 & 2 92

(an)other additional
further
Quantifiers "#$% 3

(c)
:-$ ,9, X"#$% 3
K/9, #$% & 0
There were
:G(& !4 ! = )$& Q0) E several - (a) few Fmany (i)
too many
(.K 4 !3"O I$& =4 2"0
)
only a few
(.K 4 !3"O 04 Q0) 2"0
)
very few
mistakes in your article. (.K 4 J"O # 9AD ...)
several
(.K 4 !3"O 04 2"0
)
:G(& !4 ! K/A"% Q0) (a)little K4 much (ii)
She hasnt got much money.

(.:A ; ) J1 )
She has only got a little money. (.4 ; ) !0# Q0) )
FGAE6A "Y #$% & 0
E FI "4 "#$% 3
4 K P A F34 2E 4
:GA"(& 4 4 ! & = )$& K/% _D FK4 ! K/A"% _D *#4
. 57 .
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!" # .3

The room contained
plenty of
a lot of
lots of
students. (4 P 0 K P \5"9(A A$ 4)

furniture.(.4 :G41 K P \ 5"9(A A$ 4)
K/% & = )$& &A !! K/A"% Q0) "#$% 3

4 34 2E 4
:GA"(& I& !!
The chest contained a
The hall contained a
great
good
(large)
(small)
(great)
(large)
(good)
deal
quantity
amount
of money. (.* 4 ; ) K P 90G% 4)

(.4 ; ) :# 90G% 4)
number of students. (.* 4 P 0 K P 9AD "#)
Articles !
Form and pronunciation ,0 # Z)" - & X .5
- 3
-K% ! " X"#$% K/(& I!3( ! - R !
.G
& "#$% K/A"(4
+09%
/" #$ FK/"4 /"Y H& 9D1 2 J3(
! &A X! ! .G"4 3,A I2 + 3( - + J( !
*Z "#$% & E 4 .G(& " X"#$% /3( 34 K"& I!3(
.G4D
K/!4 K4 ID K/3 HG- =L# &A HG- =L# FG2Z K4 a (n) + 3(
HG- :G#% .G0 # Z)" I2 [] FG9, a "& P ,9, + 3( " X"#$%
.G0 # Z)" I2 [n] FG9, an "#$% K/!4 K4 ID K/3 HG- :G#% &A
[] : a mouse a new school
a university
[n]: an elephant an old school an umbrella an hour an honest man
96"
!4 K4 ZD HG- :G#% (university FK%
) "#$% R04
ZD HG- =L# (hour FK%
) "#$% R04 # A .G9, a 3/"4 K/3 HG- =L#
F GA"4 & = )$& X 3( .G9, an 3/"4 K/3 HG- :G#% :4 F !4 K4
: K%
.GA9, + %#$ & = )$& % 4 K"& K4 +
a dog---dogs, a map---maps, a book books

HG- :G#% &A HG- :G#% . G0 # Z)" I2[i]&A [] FG2Z K4 the + J(
K/!4 K4 HG- =L# &A HG- =L# . G0# Z)" I2 [i ]"& /" X"#$% K/!4 K4
,9, !,O & = )$& _D 5"4 . G0 # Z)" I2 [] "& " X"#$%
: K%
. G"4
[i ]
: the eye
the eyes
the old school
the underground the hour
[]
: the town
the towns
the new school the union the house
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. 58 .
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
.GA0 # Z)" G- h 2"#$% R04 #

:
,9, - 0) X one K4 a

3G 9,(% K4 ( !3"0 four Fthree F two ) !% :% 34 "D F:0 I2 K% 4 one
.G"4 3,0
9,(% 4 others
- another 9) % H " A one 3 4 . G"4
e.g. There is more than one way to solve this problem. (4 " % K P X,0 ;D %
4)
There are three telephones in the office. Ive got one, and the boss has got the other two.
(.A1O K/"0 F
%4 F4 K(( ,)
Use of articles ,9, X .6

FGA9, 4 K4 ! 8O 92 "#$% & R0 I$& K/" #$ !
730 - Q6") X /, &A G% 4 2'A K/ K4 ! 8O H,O Q0)
! K/4(D "#$% & T&
!"MD KP I "4 Q 1-
04 2
.G" P 96L# 73( &A 7& Z !" 79%$& &A
A Mr Smith called to see you this morning, sir.

(.K9)& L$& K4 % %4 5 % K K 4 FR))
A F
2 /0 a Mr smith
1 4
.G9%$& 4 _ "

2 5 Smith
The Mr Smith called to see you this morning, sir.

( .K9)& L$& K4 % K 4 *) % 3(D FR))
*#$ E Mr Smith /,
1 4
.K/" A0 / 9 *4 K/A"4
K4 ?4 KD DE a(n) + 3(
KD DE FJ( the + J( FG9, 4
DE Z)Y 4 79%$& &A HD 2A 4) .G9, 4 K4 ?(64 ( K9%$&)
.( G9%$& ,9%$& &A HD 94
A
K9%$& J( - K/!
K9%$& J( :4 FK/!
K9%$& J( _D K/!
a(n)
a(n)
the
A: I always like to have a book by my bedside. (.KAEO "4 X49& 4 R2 (A R9-& K
)
. A"4 *4 A0 4 :4 F

"4 9& 4 :0D /96(
1 4
B: I received a book about gardening for my birthday. (.R"-G ,) 9&4 ? MP4 K _ & K/" P K
)
.K9%$& J( :4 F "4 9& 4 RA /96(
1 4
C: I have a book about carpentry and a book about gardening. Which do you want to see ?
(<&
$& A0 % .4 %4 949& ? MP4 F%4 949& ? 33PA
)
Could I see the book about gardening, please. (<:0 _04 IL$& 9 MP4)
. 59 .
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!" # .3

.*9, the + J( 3/"4 9& 4 K9%$& DE /96(
1 0O 4
A (*4 K/"O XE 4)
B (%4 _ "
XE 4)
C (%4 K9%$& DE)
Use of indefinite article ,9, X 3( .7

K9%$& DE FK/"4 J( K / /, _D "#$% + 3( K

:-$ *,9, ?B& .G9, 90 'A
:G9, 92Z 'A K9%$& J( - K/! (1

.G"4 ,9, 2
KB2 4 _ "
F4 a/an
e.g.
(a)
I saw a man behind the door. ( ._L2$&

2 4 A& X, K
)
She is a good teacher. ( . 3 0 ,OA 4 )
This article was written by a student in our school.
(.K/(A Z P 0 4 _ "
2Z9&
"0
4)
.G"4 ,9, H,O K4 (4 :0D F4) any #4 a/an (b)
e.g. Ive never seen an elephant .( = any elephant ) ( .K/04 IL$& +) "# K
)
Im looking for a man to help me with my work .( = any man)
(.K-" _2 4 K/,
2A /, K
)
,9, XE# K/"4 - &A /Z)G 4 _ "
K"& K4 a/an (c)
:G"4
e.g.
An elephant cannot marry a mouse.(.GA"!0 K4 K3 +))

.K/" A0 / 9 3/A"!0 K4 K3 4 :0D X) 4 :0 D
1 4
7(4 3( R2
(A/AN + NOUN = ANY MEMBER OF THE CLASS )

1 : 4
. G9, K
e.g. A ruler is an instrument for drawing straight lines.

(.M% K/9, 9,% J% P%)
A butcher is a man who sells meat. ( .G
2 K/% H$ I%0)
A bird is an animal with feathers and wings. ( .KMAD 4 *0 -) H 0)
*
L# - *6")-7 XE# K/"4 - /Z)G &A _ "
FA) 2
1 : 4
.G9, 9 A0 / 9 30D _ "
)$& a/an ( 2
1 P
e.g. An elephant cannot marry a mouse .
.GA I$& ( 79, & = )$& 9% ;MD : 4
e.g. Mice do not marry elephants. ( .GA!A K4 !) !3)
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
Cars must be fitted with safety belts. (.=(& ,9 % 5"4 _ 0 P!
)
:G"4 ,9, H,O K4 (D) per 92Z "4 a/an (d)
60kmph = 60kms per hour = 60 kms an hour = 60km.p.h ( 9(
& 60 9%
=)
three times a week (R9(0 9)D)
twice a month (R9(0 A)
ten pence a kilogram () K
&4)
once a mile (R9(0 4
4)
:G9, 92Z 'A K9%$& J( :4 FK/! (2

: K%
:G9, 92Z 'A K9%$& J( :4 FRA &A DE a/an (a)
An Uygur girl and a Kazak boy came to this school to study mathematics.
(.*"& K H 0 )9&
4 ?A :#0 4 K4 0 /A 4)
FG9%$& " P 4 K9%$& (RA) DE K4 0 4 K9%$&(RA) DE
1 4
: !"
34 .GA"4 4 J( ( R&) *A0 XE :4
I have got a good job at last. ( .R9,(
O ,OA *O K
)
The police are looking for a man who was in the bank at the time of the robbery.
(.G-"
2 4 K/"4 4 4# A JNE 4 0%)
She is a very old friend of ours. (.9%Y2 4 820 9AD X4 )
:GA2Z "
4 &A * 4 X% _ "
a/an (b)
e.g.
Alim has a good computer. (.4 *( 6Z

& ,OA 4 X")
We have a good climate. ( . 3& ,OA 4 4)
What a beautiful day! ( !D-K & ;# KB()
What a strong man he is. ( !_2 = & KB( )
Ive never heard of such a thing. ( .K/04 I!N "# , 4 : K
)
:G9, 92Z %# 4( DE) RA X
!0 &A >% 4 _ "
a/an (c)
e.g. My classmate Kahar will become a lawyer in the future.

(.G"4 Q&Y-2 % "& D0 R,0-%)
My friend Abdumijit is a very good teacher. (. 3 0 ,OA 9AD ?
G4 _ 9%Y2)
Yusup Has Hajip is a great Uygur philosopher.
( .)%!A) /A " 4 >1D 8O I % A)
Mahmud Kashkary is a famous linguist of the Uygur people.
(.% , [
X3"O /A *30 2 D
)
Use of definite article ,9, X J( .8

,9, K4 'A K"LL2- DE - J(
J( FG9, 92Z 'A K9%$& J( _D K/! 92 (The) + J(
J( X9(64
I X :4 "4 #$%
2A K/"4 ,9, -
+09%
The +
. G2Z 2 ( D) 9%$& DE _D
. 61 .
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!" # .3

:-$ ,9, ?B&

.G9, 92Z 'A K/"4 >A) &A K/"4 >D K3"
(a)
e.g. I saw a student today and my teacher said that the student is kazak.
(.K :#0 P 0 ,96( X 3 0 FK$& P 0 4 K K
)
Ive got an orange and some apples. Who wants the orange?
(<=(& & () .4 " 04 - () 4
)
All right , you have the orange , and Ill have the apples.
(.E !" K
F; ) K% F,OA)
K HG 9 9(64 &A _2 K/"4 5M%
"0- "G#-
XE& - K A F 9&
: K%
. G9, the
e.g. The Elephant and the Mouse ; The Longest Day ; The Mousetrap .
K4 the + J( 'A KD J( K 7 9332 X,& 2A(D #4 :
. GA!4
e.g.
The old man sat in the corner , his eyes fixed on the body on the floor.
(.* K/"0 > %1 2A *"#$& X F*2 9" N " 4 _2 *(0 4)
4 2A K < R& _2 *(0 F A ). G 930 4 # A 0- A(D 4
2 +& +O 4
3 0 AD 4 _2 K 74 !, 4 K3-GG"0 KAD % =B2 ... < A0 A K4# A 0- < GA Q%1
( .G9(& >,&
:G" 0 'A K/"4 /"MA KG% &A ;MD _ "

(b)
- ?(64 5M%

2 2 FG"4 2 Q6") - 730 _ "
X
2
D
Q6") - 730 X "#$% /, .GA"L0) *,& 3(A G% Q6")
2,(4 G K P !30 79, J( 90 F"4 ,& K/4 2
:G"4 /!0%
I must go to the bank and the post office . Then Id better
call in at the supermarket on the way back.
(.3 >& P#4 *3 2 39A0 .=(& R,(4 /9) - /4 K
)
F4 2 Q6") - 730 X "#$% /N
#4 *3 2 A0 - 9) A0 F4 A0 X3M96(
.G9, + J( 2!"MD :
;2 .GA"4
:*(4 K/"0 I$& 2!"MD =30 A -$
!A1-G0
E#4-D
!A-Q"2
!G
!G
!G
in the bedroom
on the ground
in the country
in the kitchen
in the street
on the beach
at the door
at the cinema
in the mountains
in the garden
at the station
across the sea
on the landing
across the road
at the seaside
in the corridor
in the (town) center
in the South
on the second floor
on the underground
down the stairs
in the supermarket
all over the country
in the lift
over the bridge
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
the 92Z O RA _D !G

O
*2 Q6") X"2 &A 5"A

.G9,
Individuals
! *M
Institutions
the Prime Minister

the President
the Principal
the Captain
the Head(master
the Doctor
the Managing Director
the Police
the Church
the Law
the Clergy
the Establishment the Government
K4 * 9%M4 E 4 &A 3!N) 9%M4 K4 E F ,
Q
1 XO :
. G"4 3,96( =-$ :K%
.GA9, the+ J( / I 0
I want to speak to Captain Brown. (.K,"#$% K4 KG-4 34 QO) K
)
Good morning Captain. ( .34 QO) F% ,OA)
Q6") & 9AD K/" #$ 'A K P :4 FK/4(D 2- K ) 4 (c)
:G9, the + J( ( !3"0 0 4 _"F F HA 0 F * A A ) *2
They toured the world together. ( .*0 QDA% 9"4 6G2 E )
The earth goes around the sun. ( .GA I$ A 0 *A)
She lives in the United States now. ( .G 9 0 (
#D )
Fly me to the moon and let me play among the stars. (.3A E# 9" A FIG /A (
)
. G9, the + J( K4 !% 2 _D 2
X) %
(d)
: (superlatives) 2

The best The lowest The most recent The only
: (ordinal numbers) !% 2
The first The second , etc.
:"#$% 34 K/A"(4 I2Z 2 A !0
The last The next
.G9, &- &A %# X) _ "
(e)
THE + SINGULAR NOUN( R 5"4 )

!0 #$& %P !9&) K/A" I "4 Q30D R2 ) "4 F4 3( & +O 4
. G"4 ,OA ( =, 2
1 K/A2Z
e.g. The Tarim river is in danger of drying up. ( . )-O 79(& IG 0 %A2 R)
The computer has replaced the abacus.
( .GM( X ( 6Z
&)

D L#
1 K/A2Z "D ?B& >"0 & = )$& X! 9%, the :
:G"4 3,0 G--% 'A
Camels are in danger of extinction. (. )-O 70A $ )
Computers have replaced abacuses. (.GM( X! E( 6Z
&)
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!" # .3

K/A"62Z ,& ) % +O J0 H 0 ) % A& X J( (f)
:G"4 3%A 4 #$% R
e.g.
We have made special arrangements for the handicapped and the disabled.
(.:G0 !G 9!G DE K !DG1
->6(
4)
Our aim is not to make the rich poorer , but to make the poor richer.
(.796(4 !
"4 F8
HG 9!
!A4 90
X4)
The young do not listen to the old. ( .GAN Z( X!(0 !A)
:A GA2Z
= )$& 9D1
"4 E the rich Fthe poor Fthe handicapped : Q332
rich people , handicapped people ,

:=(& 796( =-$ _ 0 /"4 096( !4 Q0) 2
2 30 A
the rich man , the poor man , the handicapped person
,9, 2
1 (9&O HG 9!

K HLL2- 'A A0 X'A K3-"#$% the + J( F=/96( 0 A
HG 9!

K"LL2- DE M3 the N .G9, K H!3( &A
.G"4 ,(
1 (9&O
:
1 92 K/" #$ ! K/A"% K4 ! K/%(a)
K/A"% - & = )$& X! K/% K L. H A0 / 9 ()) 0#$& 92
: K%
.GA" 0 the P!
e.g.
I dont like dogs. ( .KA

90A 9 K
)
Sugar is bad for you. ( .J6#

E% ()
Uighur men make good husbands. ( .G"4 ,OA *" /A )
Money cannot buy happiness. ( .GA"4 /"M9(% 3" O /" ))
?&94 J"0 happiness F death F nature Fcomfort F life
2
1 92 :Q332
.G9, " 0 + !

1 DE (b)

2
&A % ?B& &A DE A0 X

2 &A X% K3M( /
:G"4 L# 79, the + J( FL2-
e.g. The boys in our village are very noisy. ( . M"P =4 *"4 X"D
)
The sugar I like best ( = the kind of sugar I like best ) is white sugar.
(.( : ( K/$& ,OA K
)
The reporters we met at the conference were all married.
(.K/"4 >0
D XEO
K3 /A 4)
What about the money you owe me? (< " ) K/" #0
K%)
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
:
J( &A FGA& ! K
#1 *4 #$% Q) % &A Q) % K/" 0 P! (1
:GA"4 B2 GA"(4 IG 9!A
e.g.
dogs
~
black dogs
(!9 0)
sugar
~
white sugar
(( :)
music
~
classical music
(#
5%!&)
history ~
classical history
( K
# 20)
mothers ~
working mother
(! K3M0 Q
O)
what kind of ..? !3"0 black - white F working F classical 2!"
30A
*4 A0 =-$ :4 .G(& I "4 -1 /"% KB2 (<...O A0 F:0)
:GA"E4 -1 P!"% K/A%
Which particular mother / history / music / sugar / dogs ? ( <!9/ /#
/ /! A0 )
:!"
34
Industry Q%
What kind of industry ?
Which
particular
industry ?
Heavy industry Q% /(
The steel & iron industry 9%

$-QE)
The textile industry 9% J
0
The car industry 9%
Light industry Q% 5(A
The electronics industry9% KY9(

The computer industry 9% ( 6Z
&
The food industry (9% =-=(A)
.G9,the + J( 92 K 7A 34 0 4 DE X% _ "
(2
JP 3D 6"9 K4 3D 6@ _2 Q 2 B FA "
-$ FK%
:K"#$%
A : Which do you prefer , French wine or Italian wine ?
(< 3D 6"9 &A 3D 6@ F 90A A0)
B : Generally I prefer French wine.
( .K 90A 3D 6@ K
92)
JP ( " ) 0 4 DE X3D 6"9 K4 3D 6@ E "
-$ :4
.K9, + J( 3!N FK"#$%
A: Now, try a glass of this French wine, and a glass of this Italian wine ,and then tell me
which you prefer .
FX3(4 > K&9 4 3D 6"9 FK&9 4 3D 6@ 4 *
)
(.X(4 >96( 3/ 90A =&4 A0 N
B: Oh, the Italian wine, definitely. I find the French wine rather acid(ic).
(.KM0 (D J 3D 4 X6@ K
F3D 6"9 9M" F-)
e.g.
. 65 .
:G(4 _2A 9 A0 / 9 KA ) K/"4 &

9 & 4 A the
This snow is just the snow for skiing. ( . 9)4 0 K/6( ;2 4)
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!" # .3

!"MD 34 K/9, the + J(

* KG 34 _D 56)P 1 (a)
:9, KG K/" #$ K/% the
Union
Kingdom
State(s)
Republic
Sea
the Soviet Union

the Union of South Africa
the United Kingdom
the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
the United States of America
the Gulf States
the Republic of Panama the German Democratic Republic
the Red Sea
the Black Sea
the North Sea
the Caspian (Sea)
the Mediterranean (sea)
Ocean
the Indian Ocean the Atlantic (Ocean) the Pacific (Ocean)
Gulf
the Gulf of Mexico
the Gulf (= Persian or Arabian Gulf)
Canal
the Suez Canal
the Panama Canal
the Kiel Canal
Channel
the English Channel
Straits
the straits of Dover
River*
the (River) Thames
the Tarim (River)
the (River) Nile
Mountain Range the Rocky Mountains
the Himalaya(n) Mountains
Desert
the Taklimakan Desert
the Sahara (Desert) the Kalahari (desert)
Islands/Isles
the British Isles
the Virgin Islands
:
: K%
. G(A " 0 the X"$& _D ; F ( K"L# 9&"$4 E4 &A # /"A) RA .1
Mount Everest Sugar Loaf Mountain Table Mountain
Ben Nevis Lake Erie
Long Island ( % X 4 the Isle of Skye)
Lake Balaton
Lake Garda
the Netherlands
the Alps
: K%
. G(A I 0 the * KG & = )$& .2
the West Indies
the Tropics
the Azores
the Pyrenees
the Rockies
the Himalayas
: K%
.G(A K4 the KG 34 K/"4 H,O .3
the North Pole
the South Pole
the Arctic
the Antarctic
the Sudan
the Gambia
the Gold Coast
the Riviera
the Costa Brava
the Hague
the Middle East
the Far East
: GA" 0 /
Q"2 =-$ :4
America
North / South America Asia
Africa
Australia
Europe
Great Britain
:G" 0 the + J( /" X!4M% /" .4
the duttar, the tambur, the rawab, the piano, the drum, the tambourine (I2)
the violin, the sapayi (A)%), the Uygur oboe ( %)
I " 0 K4 * X!3"0 O& FO6 F[(

A *G% Q
1 (b)
: K%
.G9,
the Red Lion (inn)
the Randolph (hotel)
the George and Dragon (inn)
the Hilton (hotel)
the Old Vic (theatre)
the Playhouse (theatre)
the Odeon (cinema)
the ABC (cinema)
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
. G"4 + X!O) JN2 H,O P the QE2 , the Victory
:G9, 2E!( - R K/(& K4 !% 2 (c)

Elizabeth II = (Queen) Elizabeth the Second
Louis XIV = (King) Louis the Fourteenth
13 April
= April the thirteenth or the thirteenth of April
:
:G9, " 0 the P!% 2 3!N) JP 34%
- !)&
.1
She won first prize for her essay on natural history.
(.9( 3)&
52 4 K "0
P Q'4 )
The Spanish contestant was in second place.
:GA9, the + K4 "#$% K/A2Z "
-_ .2
President Wilson
Major Thompson
Mr and Mrs Smith
Admiral Nelson
!"MD K/A9, the + J(

4 (a)
:G"4 P!"G 0 =-$ 4 : 4 .G9BM30 the 2 4 K/ P
VERB (+'())
NOUN (R):
Verb + singular count noun(R 5"4 K/% ) :

e.g.
to take place
to have breakfast
to have lunch
to have dinner
Verb + plural noun ( R = )$& ) :

e.g. to make friends
to shake hands
Verb + Noncount noun ( R K/A"% ) :
e.g. to make progress
to make love
PREPOSITION (! /" 0 *") + NOUN:
e.g.
on time
for example
in turn
after lunch
in harmony
:
=-$ 90- K & 4 J0 +& K/(& >, ! A& X! /" 0 *" .1
:G"4 2Z
in the morning
the
in the afternoon
in the evening
at night
at noon
at dawn
" X!A F+A K9, !% :% !0 F2 K/(& K4 *
X%). 2
:G9M30 &A GA9,
in (the) spring
in (the) autumn
during (the) summer
before (the) winter
: 4 & TO/IN /AT / + NOUN (school, work, bed )

(b)
93 - QD K/"4 5M%
K4 RE FI "4 I$& (O 24 & +O 4
:G9BM30 the 2E 4 .G"0 K HD
to go to school
= to be in full time education
to be in hospital = to be a patient
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!" # .3

to send someone to prison = to imprison him for doing something wrong

to:
go to bed
go to school
go to church
go to sea
go to hospital
go to work
in:
be in church
be in hospital
be in prison
at:
be at school
be at sea
be at work
go to prison
go home (GA9, to)
be at home
:K%
.L# 79, _ 0 2!"MD 34 the "4 &A -% :3(D
to the office
to the pictures
to the cinema
to the theatre
:GAE!0 A) 0)

_ "

1 3%"4 &A H "4 X J(
He was sent to prison. (=He is a prisoner.) (.8 D
4 = .*!
)
She was sent to the prison to visit him. (= She went into the building.)
(.*- K H!0A
)
!9%- 9L A ;A +& +O 4 F G9M30 THE 24 & BY + NOUN (c)
...(K4 "A 9% A) by tube :K%
.G9, 9D
to go by bus by car by train by air (by plane) by bicycle (by bike)
by coach
by sea (by ship)
by tube (=the London Underground)
:G"4 2Z =-$ K4 & ON + NOUN A 9%- HL A ;A
on foot (26))
on horseback (J)
e.g. Im going to London tomorrow . I shall go by car.
(.K4 K4
K
.0
4 /Y" K
)
Ill have to go in my wifes car, because my car is too small .
(.G(& P /,(4
X"A F3/"4 5& =4 _
X(
)
,9BM30 "D 50

X!
F/"4 0"0 I( " ) _D ?0- F KG 2"4 -
(( F2!3M -K!(F-O
:K%
.G"4 ,9BM30
POLICE QUESTION YOUTH AFTER BRITISH MUSEUM EXPLOSION
:& : " X

1 FI "4 ( H4 X"0
4 4
The police are questioning a youth following an explosion which took place in
or near the British Museum.
(.GM0 :% A 4 6(& 9!) K4# A 6B#
6 0%)
REGRET MEETING CANCELLED STOP SUGGEST DATE BEFORE NEXT MEETING STOP LETTER FOLLOWS
: & : " X

1 FI "4
#

(( 4
We regret that the meeting has been cancelled .We suggest that a date should be chosen
before the next meeting .We will send you a letter about this matter right away.
KG 4 9,/A J9(0 &(& 4 .*"4 R(A N$& //"GG"0 "
X,/A 39(0 4)
(.- QO JP 7 4 E( % 4 .K0"M" 90- 7, 4 _ 0
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3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
DO NOT LEAN OUT OF WINDOW

RING BELL AND WAIT
:,9, 2"4 34 - %$&

(.
3 ,(4 >( B2)
( !G I!0% >(4 0 /N0)
H2Z
X! - ! "G 0 *M

E .G"4 33O O *
X! - *A% O F! "G 0 2E#4 -D
:-$ */9, I$& FI "4 *0 _ "
X2Z
: K%
.G9, the 92Z %2 Q6") &A 730 X,& 2!"MD -$
the Strand
the Mall
the Hotan Museum
the May Club
: G(A " 0 the ! K3EO K4 "#$% -$ &
Bridge
Gate
e.g. London Bridge

Red Square
House
Palace
Lancaster Gate
Charing Cross
Square
Cross
Wellington House
Kings Road
Road
Abbey
Buckingham Palace
Westminster Abbey
. G9, & THE A OF B R2 the + J(

e.g. the Houses of Parliament
e.g.
Oxford University
the Palace of Westminster
the Tower of London
:G"4 " % H!" 4 #4 //A H,O

or The University of Oxford
6 @ #$% & _D FH" _D "#$% & 34 :7%
.G"#$% 2 !" .4 IV 6 @ J" - #$% & XE F3/"4
Numerals !%
Cardinal and ordinal numerals !% 2 - K% :% .9
#$% R E .G"4 *DE
& "#$% +09%
F
& "#$%
2A 2!%
.GAEE4 ,(4 X4 #$% R _D F#$% & _D 4

0 K/"4 P# 30 "$ (9% !% K3M9, 9
5 &
A0D #D
&
0 ! K/"4 P4 "$ ( 6Z
& #D ) (9% !% : K/0 8%
4 _ "
FI "4 (A"9O JP 4 2A 4 :4 F "4 K3M9, (9% !% 5 K/)
.G4 >,( 90 X *(3 % O 2!% X
0
13 O ! J0 H 0 -teen /
X
0 K/"4 P# 30 9 9%A !%
...30 F20 K/"4 P 90 O ! J0 H 0 -ty &A 3%A !% K/"4 P 19 2
H 0
0 K/"4 P# 30 24 A& X!% B2 ...30 F20 F3%A !% =B2
P# 30 24 /" X (hundred) # A F3%A !% ... FP 39 2 31 FP 29 2 21 J0
F(million) K6
F(thousand) X
F3%A !% =B2 ... F300 F200 J0 H 0
0 K/"4
0 FK6
0 FX
0 J0 H 0 !%999 24 /" X!% =B2 (billion) 26
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!" # .3

:K%
.G"4 3%A !% K/A2Z 26
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
101
102
1000
1001
2000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
1,000,000,000
nought, zero
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five
twenty-six
twenty-seven
twenty-eight
twenty-nine
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
a/one hundred
a/one hundred and one
a/one hundred and two
a/one thousand
a/one thousand (and) one
two thousand
ten thousand
a/one hundred thousand
a/one million
a/one billion
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
101st
102nd
1,000th
1,001st
2,000th
10,000th
100,000th
1,000,000th
1,000,000,000th
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
twenty-fourth
twenty-fifth
twenty-sixth
twenty-seventh
twenty-eighth
twenty-ninth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
(one) hundredth
(one) hundred and first
(one) hundred and second
(one) thousandth
(one) thousand and first
two thousandth
ten thousandth
(one) hundred thousandth
(one) millionth
(one) billionth
FX
F# A F50 F30 F20 !0 F!% K/"4 0 13 24 F&G"4 33A4
!) 30 A
34 .G(& P ,$ I!0% 9% RA E 4 FI "4 8
J9(% !% J"0 26
- K6
A4 > _ "

X!
0 0 A4 0 K/" A0 / 9 0 A E FI "4 J9(% 204 !%
:K%
.G%A K4 " 0
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. 70 .
www.meripet.org
3. Determinatives
BILGKUT
six
~ sixteen
seven
~ seventeen
four
~ fourteen
five [ai] ~ fifteen [i]
~ sixty
~ seventy
~ forty (G"0 I )D u)
~ fifty [i] (G#$ # Z)" F ,(A)
.third Fsecond Ffirst FK%

.8
J(9% */"4 4 2!% 2
:% .(G"4 fifth 30 -th P five :4) .G%A J0 H 0 -th A& X!% :% *34
:=(& H 0 >#$ P -ie -y * 9 0 -th /3EO K4 -y 2!%
four ~ fourtth
five ~ fiftth
six ~ sixtth
fourteen ~ fourteentth
fifteen ~ fifteentth
sixteen ~ sixteentth
forty ~ fortietth
fifty ~ fiftietth
sixty ~ sixtietth
"Y [5-6] #$% & &A [1-4] H"

1 D X!% 2 - !% :%
:GAE6A
Five is an odd number. (.K% : 4 H4)
There are nine (of them). (.4 *# 30 2E )
I was the tenth on the list. (.R 9 K
)
She was only five. [five years old](.* HA H4 K )
There are 57 people on board. (.4 _2 57 9 O))
He referred to the Fifth Amendment. (.G- 2#$& ,9# J90-5 )
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
R2 "& A& F% X% R2 "& " X! !% :%
:K%
.GA"62Z 2 X%
five books
book five = fifth book= fifth volume
six lessons
lesson six = sixth lesson
J( R2 " X!% 2 K9, H" &A K"& >," / X!
:[8] G9(& >,,O K4 2
X) % !% 2 : 4 !0 .[7] G(& +
Today is the fourteenth (day) (of July). (. &-14 X" 6 K 4)
[7]
This is the best (runner) of them all. (.,OA E 4)
[8]
Hundred, thousand, million and billion 26

- K6
FX
F# A .10
A9 74 K% O A0 XE FP 0 !% K/"4 =)$& % O 92
:*(4 -21 H % O X!% -$ .L#
Ones (column)
1
Tens
10
Hundreds
100
Thousands
1,000
Ten thousands
10,000
Hundred thousands
100,000
Thousands
Millions
1,000,000
Ten millions
10,000,000
Hundred millions
100,000,000
Millions
Billions
1,000,000,000
Ten billions
10,000,000,000
Hundred billions
100,000,000,000
Billions
:G"4 ,9, a K 96- % P X one K/(& K4 !% 4

$100 = one (a) hundred dollars
1000 students = one (a) thousand students
. 71 .
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!" # .3

:G9, one "4 F9%9, a 2E!( 5& % +A ) "4 FA& X!% 34
one
one
1100 =
thousand
hundred
[1]
a
*a
169 BC = one hundred (and) sixty-nine BC
[2]
:GA"(& "#$% & " X F3/"4 K% 4 one
the / that 100 (one hundred) meter race (34%
HL A P9(
# A)
of A&
D G9, [5] F[4] *"#$% 3
& = )$& _D [3] K% _D E 4
:G(& >,
Ten million viewers saw the world cup football game on TV.
[3]
(.*2$& 34%
; ) 3N" 6G2 2YM(( ,& K6
K)
Millions (of people) are starving. (.G- "$ 93 ,& K/6
)
[4]
Hundreds of thousands (of people) are homeless. (.&
-$
2 K/
# A) [5]
:GA
!"MD K/9, >30 P m million FP k thousand #4
I have $200k to pay for this job. (.4 !"Y2 X
200 //A"$ K Q
O 4)
$25m are needed to finish this project. (.G"4 L# !"Y2 K6
25 3!

6DE 4)
Dates E!( .11

:G" 0 =-$ 92 !A
nineteen eighty-five
in 1995 nineteen hundred and eighty five <Formal& K3!Z(0>
*one thousand nine hundred and eighty-five
in the 1600s sixteen hundreds (2!A-1600)
:!"
34
th
in the 17 century seventeenth century (2%-17)
in the early eighties (4 X!A-80)
:G2Z =-$ R2 & -
7 February seven February
February 7 February seven
7th February the seventh of February February 7th February the seventh
:GA J0 ?( &A J% 9A 4-4 !% 30 !(
7/2/82 = 7.2.82
K4 ?( &A ?( H0 R2 !% 2!30 K/A2Z 90- K & 4
:GA
6:30 = 6.30 six thirty = half past six
Fractions !% %& .12

:G(A :
!% %& 92
1
2
a / one half
2
3
1
3
7
9
1
4
a / one third
a / one quarter
1
5
a / one fifth
two-thirds
seven-ninths
5 five and three-quarters
3
4
9
56
nine over fifty-sixths = nine fifty sixths
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. 72 .
3. Determinatives
www.meripet.org
BILGKUT
:G9, I$& 2! /3( *" ) "4 FG9, 3% R2 2!% %&
a three quarter mile
three(-)quarters of a mile
one third
a third
:GA9, 3% 2Z % %& K4 + 3(

a fifth
a seventh
0 *" X9( FGA K4 (point) ?( P 0 &A P#A !% ) 34
:G" 0 =2
0 RA "4 !% A& X9( F:4 FG" 0 =92 !%
86.45 eighty six point four five
0.598 zero (nought) point five nine eight
Mathematical symbols "4 J(

.13
!% 34 H2Z 933(A 92 "& K4 "4 J(
+OD !%
K4 "4 "4 F8
K4
"
J(
"MD : 4 F8
K% =92Z
:G2L# =2Z
= equals
+ plus
minus
times / multiplied by

divided by
the (square) root of
:K%
54
(28- 9 + 6 ) (5
:P 0 E 4
twenty eight minus the square root of nine plus fifty-four over six, minus five times
two, equals twenty four
-$ .G 9!3( ( M%
9 !% A0D "4 J(
F=B2
:*(4 " % H " 0 XE - J% K"& K4 "
J(
A0D
:K%
.G9, KB2 (/A) sum K H2Z (addition) H 0 .1
16 + 7 = 23 The sum of 16 and 7 is 23
The sum of two numbers a and b is a + b
:K%
.G9, #$% KB2 (A) difference R2 92Z (subtraction) 7( .2
8 3 = 5 The difference of 8 and 3 is 5.
The difference of two numbers a and b is a b
( 9A)$&) factors F(9A)$&) product R2 92Z (multiplication) 79A)$& .3
:G9, "#$% =B2
5
2 = 10 The product of 5 and 2 is 10.
The product of two numbers a and b is a
divisor F( "$4) dividend F( "$4) quotient 92Z (division) H "$4 .4
:K%
.G9, "#$% =B2 ( "$4)
8 4 = 2 The quotient of 8 and 4 is 2
The quotient of a and b is a b
:K%
.G2Z J0 (2) power "L $& 2 X!% .5
10 The first power of 10
5 2 The second power of 5
1
. 73 .
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!" # .3

20 3 The third power of 20

100 4 The fourth power of a 100
120
10 25 120 multiplied by the twenty fifth power of 10
10 3 the minus third power of 10
10 49 one multiplied by the minus forty ninth power of 10
1
Currency symbols *"4 ; ) .14

0 X!% :4 FG(A " X!% R2 () "4 X"9%@ K4 ($) "4 !"Y2
:G" 0
$1 one pallor $2 two dollars $256 two hundred (and) fifty six dollars
1 one pound
2 two pounds 8.6m eight point six million pounds
& (pence) = )$& - (penny) 5"4 X" ) ) K/"4 5& "9%@ p 2!30
: K & (cents) = )$& - (cent) 5"4 X9% "4 ; ) K/"4 5& 2!"Y2 c FK
:G(A A& X!%
D G9,
1p one penny
2p two pence
65p eighty-seven pence
1 one cent
2 two cents
49 forty-nine cents
,P4 X() K4 X"9%@ F?% K4 !"Y2 .GA" 0 ?( R2 2!A4 K/96( P ; )
:-$ " 0 seven pounds thirty-five pence
7.36
seven pounds thirty-five
seven thirty-five
$5.45
five dollars (and) forty-five cents

five dollars forty-five
five forty-five
:GA(A : 4 #D FI "4 K/(A

5.45 five dollars (and) forty-five cents
"4 X!"Y2 2!

#A &
Quantifiers "#$% 3
Quantifiers with count and noncount nouns "#$% 3

2! K/A"% - K/% .15
/Z( L# K ! K/% 92 .GA"4 "#$% 3
K3!%O / 4 D
"#$% 3
K

F/" 34D , (GA0 / 9 9&"$4
) "#$% 3
R04
,B-2Z 9%M4 % XE !Z9, !% :% Q0) K4 ! K/% FGA0 I"
34 K/"4 96L# H A0 / 9 2A 4 !0 F"#$% 3
-$ P! K/A"% .G"4
.G"4 ,9, #$% 3
9"4 K4 !% :% ! K/%
six books (9& 9")
two bottles of milk (Q % " 4 )
K/A"% *#4 FK4 ! K/% *#4 X"#$% 3
K/" A0 / 9 944 4
.G9, 4 K4 * !D 30 A X! *#4 &A K4 !
9% 9) ;% FI "4 K(4 *4 #$% K/A2Z 3
%$& -$
9) .G(& I "4 -1 /"% KB2 How much? FG9, !4 ! K/A"% Q0)
-1 /"% KB2 How many? FG9, !4 & = )$& X! K/% Q0) 9%
tazgun@yahoo.com
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. 74 .
3. Determinatives
www.meripet.org
BILGKUT
,9, K4 D X! K/A"% - K/% 9% 9 .G(& I "4
.G"4
R K/A"%
R K/%
snow (0)
snow balls (*) 0)
no / none
not any
a little
a few of
some (any)
several
a lot of
a great number (of)
a large number (of)
a great deal (of)

a large amount (of)
plenty (of)
lots (of)
tons (of)
:K%
no snow (GA2Z :A 0 0#) no snowballs (GA2Z 0 0A ) 0 4)
a little snow (0 :#)
a few snowballs (*) 0 04)
a bit of snow (0 :#)
a number of snowballs (*) 0 0 4)
some snow (0 :#)
some snowballs (*)0 :#)
several snowballs (*) 0 04)
a lot of snow (0 I$&)
a lot of snowballs (*) 0 K P )
a great deal of snow (0 23
I$&)
a great number of snowballs (*)0 0%)
a large amount of snow (0 23
I$&) a large number of snowballs (*) 0 0%)
plenty of snow (0 5"9(A)
plenty of snowballs (*) 0 5"9(A)
lots of snow (0 I$& 9AD)
lots of snowballs (*) 0 K P )
tons of snow (0 I$& 9AD)
tons of snowballs (*) 0 I$& 9AD)
:
K
D *-O X
1 (" F "L$& & = )$& &A 5"4 "#$% 3
2
1 .1
& 5"4 R2 K4 ! K/A"% - ! 5"4 K/% A FG,%
/
:G9, !'() & = )$& R2 K4 ! = )$& K/% FG9, !'()
Quantifier
Noun
Verb
A lot of
students
are
coming. (.GM(& ! P 0 K P )
Students
are
coming. (.GM(& ! P 0 K P )
A
Lots of
. 75 .
student
time
Time
is
is
is
coming.
wasted.
wasted.
(.GM(& P 0 4)

(.G"4 I ?0- I$&)
(.G"4 I ?0-)
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!" # .3

&A 933(A .G4D *& 79, K/!Z(0 !3"0 tons of - lots of Fplenty of .2
E a large / great number of - a large amount of Fa great deal of R2 2,9, K3!Z(0
.G9,
some / any / no. 16
There are some apples here.

(.K 4 " ; 0 4 2A 4)
There is / are no apple(s) here.

There are not any apples here.
(.K :A " 0# 2A 4)
,9, 2
1 KA4
some .1
&A & = )$& X! K/% R2 FG9, 2
1 KA4 : "4 R2 #$% 4
:-$
- ,9, 2
1 KA4 .G9, K4 ! K/A"%
K4 34 K/A2Z 3
- K% ) "4 F/" 2#$& % &A *3
(a)
:K%
.G"4 ,9, K4 *# Z)" [s m] some P 9,(%
I have some good friends but not many. (.8
I$& :4 F4 R9%Y2 ,OA 04 X(
)
Some people say he is a genius; others say that he is mad.
(.GA2 % !34 FGA2 ?E 4 ,& *#4)
K4 [sm] # Z)" % P /" 2#$& *#$ "4 F8
*3
X% #4 some (b)
:G9,
I have some cheese. (.4 :!,) :#
)
2A 4 .GAEE4 4-1 X"% KB2 (<
4 5&(A A$) Is there any food in the house? 4
X0!,) 9( Q332
1 4 .GA"62Z
HN K4 There is cheese.
1 30 A
.G"4 K/"GGP #$ "4 F8
/3
:
'A 4 K9%$& DE K/"4 J( *4 A0 /0 # Z)" I2 [s m] A some .1
+
& K P % &A _2 4 _ "
)$& 79, : 4 .G9, 79%$&
K/% A& X some "MD : 4 F&(& 70 Q332 DE FG"L$& "0 &A /"4
:G9, & 5"4 X!
Some man telephoned this morning, but he refused to tell his name.
(.*0 Q ,(4 >96( :4 FK K/0 K(( K K 4 _2 4)
There must be some restaurant in this town where you can eat Uighur food.
(.4 _ 0 4 =2 "6(A _ /A % 2#4 4)
:X0 Q332 0) X (990- 4 _ "
) some time K4 (#4) sometimes .2
We go to that restaurant sometimes.
(.4 / #4 4)
I would like to see you (at) some time next week. (=one day next week)
(.KAEO L$& & 4 X9)D &(& K4 K% K
)
any .2
+
& &A :A X% _ "
"MD ;
FI "4 notany &A no &
& X some
:G9, notany "G 0
1 K/L4
I bought some cigarettes, but I couldnt get any matches.
(.R") N% 0# :4 FR"M9(% &
:# K
)
You cannot have a drink of milk because there isnt any (milk) left.
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. 76 .
3. Determinatives
www.meripet.org
BILGKUT
(. 9)"0 Q % 0# F"4 K/A" Q % %)

X!3"0 never - rarely Fscarcely Fhardly Fseldom Fwithout 2"#$% 34 any
:G9, X some A&
They never tell you anything. (.GA
4 >96( ((D % E )
I did it without any help from anyone. (.R0 2A :3(D X(D K
)
There is hardly any food left in the house.
(. 9)0 !"6B2 :A 5&(A A$)
We rarely go anywhere nowadays.
(.4 # "A 4 4 2 &
)
no .3
X notany "& P 3 A0 / 9 >9A & +
& &A :A X% _ "
.1
K/A"% &A & = )$& F5"4 X! K/% A& X no .G9, no
:GBM"4 "& *A0 X!
I dont know anything about car mechanics. (.KA4 ((D ? /39B
K
)
I know nothing about car mechanics. (.KA4 ((D ? /39B
K
)
I have no book(s).
(.:A 9& :3(D
)
any KA4 "MD ;
A .=(& 70 Q332 DE ,9, X& H0 .2
:K%
.GA9, not 9, no :4 FG9, 9"4 not K4
I can give you something.
(.KA"(4 % 4 N% K
)
I cannot give you anything.
(.KA"(4 ((D N% K
)
I cannot give you nothing. (=I must give you something.)
(.=(& R,(4 % 4 _ 0 N% K
=) (.GA"4 _
4 %(D N% K
)
)$& 79, : 4 FG"0 >9, notno 2!G K/9, notany 2!"MD *#4 :4
:G4D +& K/"4 P 4 :4 FGA 2M R0 4 - *9 ,O 2
& K/"4 P

I cant get no satisfaction.
She dont love me no more.
I aint got nobody.
& P
I cant get any satisfaction.
(.KA",( 0 :3(D K
)
She doesnt love me any more.
(.GA
$& ,OA 0# (
)
I havent got anybody.
(.:A R(D X(
)
,9, 2
1 :%
:K%
.G," any 2
1 :% / X some K9, 2
1 KA4 "MD ;

Are there any good books in the bookcase.
(<
4 !49& ,OA 4, 9&)
Yes, there are some (good books) in the bookcase. (.4 !49& ,OA 4, 9& FD)
Did you buy any vegetables?
(<
"M9(% 2!9&$&)
Has anyone called while I have been out? (< 0 K(( %4 90- 9%)
3P X +O !0 FK/"4 _ "
P 3/3 -1 :0
:G9, some 2
1 :% 3-L ,& K HL 9
#1
Did he give you some money? (I know he did.)
(<G4 ; ) :# N% )
Is there somewhere quiet where we can talk? (<G24 1 =/",N) 4)
,9, 2Z& - I"

9 A0 / 9 )" - >& A "4 F9%"0 >9, !9% ;% Q0)
1 :%
:G9, some F3/"4
1 :% T30D E 4 .G9,
Could I have some more tea please. (<G
E4 _ :# A) <I">
. 77 .
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!" # .3

Would you like some more tea?

(<
EO , :# A) <>&>
Why dont you do some revision for your exams? (<KA0 J"6A /[9 3,()<_[>
withoutany - notany
D FG9, 2!"MD K/"4 RD
*A0 A any
:4 FG(&
H,O K4 (%4 F4) one A .GA2Z
H,O K4 no 2!"G 0 J"0
.GA
G RD
*A0
Give me a pen, any pen will do.
(.G"4 "4 *A0 FX(4 _"0 4 N
)
Come and see me any time.
(. L$& K4 K
>(& 990- 4 :0D)
:XBM4 0) 2
1 -$
Nobody can do it. (.GA"!0 R(D) = It cant be done. (.GA"4 /0 )
Everybody can do it.(.GAE!0 KA
D) = It can be done. (.G"4 /0 )
Anybody can do it. (.GAE!0 ,& :0D) = It can be done. (.G"4 /0 )
much/many .17
R K/A"% much .G9, 24 K/(& 9"4 K4 "#$% 34 )$& 4
:-$ 4 K/A I$& .G9, K4 & = )$& X K/% many FK4
How much ()? How many ()?
<.G9, 9L#
1 :%>
not much
not many
<G9, 2
1 >
too much
too many
<G9, 9,9%$& 50>
(not) so much (not) so many
<H,O /30 A>
(not) as much
(not) as many
<H,O /30 A>
much more
many more
<H,O /30 A>
much less
many less
<H,O /30 A>
:!"
How much coffee do you want?

How many people are there?
We havent got much tea or coffee.
We havent got many tomatoes, too.
I have eaten too much food.
Alim has too many books.
They have not so much money.
They have so much money.
He has so many dollars.
I have drunk much more coffee.
He has eaten many more biscuits.
I have had much less food.
(<=(& MD0 50 %)

(<4 ,& 0)
(. 9)"0 I$& 2MD0 - 24)
(. 9)"0 I$& 2G
) 24)
(.R9M(A 5&(A I$& =4 K
)
(.4 9& I$& =4 ")
(.:A ; ) I$& EM 2E )
(.4 ; ) I$& EM 2E )
(.4 !"Y2 I$& : )
(.R9M MD0 I$& ( K
)
(.9M(A ) I$& ( )
(.REP # 9AD K
)
.G"4 ,9, a lot ,#$

:3(D X much / many
D X!30 A
.G9, 9"4 K4 "#$% J"0 so - too Fvery Fnot Fhow Q0) /"4 7- much
I love you very much.
He smokes too much.
I wish you wouldnt drink so much.
You talk a lot, but you work less.
(.K$& ,OA =4 % K

)
(.G( I$& &
)
(.K0
% I$& : X(% K
)
:G9, a lot / X much 2!"MD 34
(.KA, # :4 FK0 I E K%)
:G9(& >,,O K4 although K%% FI "4 "G 0 4 K/4 K4 much as
Much as I would like to go with you, I am afraid I cannot.
(.KA"!0 : F & :4
"O ,(
K4 K%)
Although I would like to go with you very much, I am afraid I cannot.
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. 78 .
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Pronouns !"
.4
*DE X!"
Characteristics of pronouns
81
1. Introduction
2. Case
3. Use of case forms
4. Person
5. Gender
6. Number
81
81
82
83
83
84
30
7(&
,"0 X& 7(&
O
1
K%
Subclasses of pronouns
84
*" J%% X!"
Personal pronouns
85
!" 5,&
7. Use of it
8. Use of we
9. Modification of personal pronouns
86
86
87
,9, X it .7
,9, X we .8
,3( X!" 5,& .9
Reflexive pronouns
88
!" = "#$
10. Use of reflexive pronouns
88
,9, X" = "#$ .10
Possessive pronouns
89
!" 5
11. Determinative & independent possessive

12. own
89
90
!" 5 +09%

- & .11
own .12
Reciprocal pronouns
90
!" :
Relative pronouns
91
!" QM%
13. Restrictive and nonrestrictive relative pronouns

14. Wh-pronouns and that
91
92
!" QM%
& - 5& .13
that - !" J" -wh .14
Interrogative pronouns
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
!" :%
93
15. Definite and indefinite interrogatives

16. who / whom / whose
17. which / what
93
94
95
!" 3( - J( .15

who / whom / whose .16
which / what .17
Demonstratives (this/that)
96
(this / that) !" 79%$&
Indefinite pronouns
101
!" 3(
18. Compound pronouns

19. Of-pronouns
102
103
!" 4 .18

!" & of .19
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Universal pronouns
104
!" ;%BM
20. both / all

21.every / each
104
105
both / all .20

every / each .21
Assertive pronouns
105
!" KA4
22. some
23. many/much/more/most/few/little
24. one
25. enough / several / half
26. another / other
106
106
107
108
109
some .22
many/much/more/most/few/little .23
one .24
enough / several / half .25
another / other .26
Nonassertive pronouns
110
H" KA4 TAP
27. any / some

28. either / any
110
111
any / some .27

either / any .28
Negative pronouns
112
!" "4
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
Characteristics of pronouns *DE X!"

Introduction 30 .1
#$% F>," / X!3"0 #$% 0 - #$% 3
FK% F7- FQ) % FR
1
.G6B2 H" "#$% K/(& "Y X
&
#$ DE X ) "4 FDE K P X
& #$% 34 H"
#$% 24 K/AE6A ;Y H,O 4 #$% R & "#$%
2A FK
%1
#$ 0 I$& :

FK "4 H" 3( &A K "4 H" J( A
!" .G4(D
&
:
9,(% K4 ! .G"4 & #$% & 8O
the men
*the they
a tall man
* a tall they
:G"4 DE 56"@

:A 2! !" *#4 34 4
F& (Objective Case) 7(& _ F& (Subjective Case) 7(& H4 :(Case) 7(& (a)
:Q 1-
:) 9 *& (Genitive Case) 7(& 5
I / me / my she /her you / you / your they / them / their
who /whom
*& O (third) F(Second) F(First) O 4 :(person) O (b)
I / we / you / he / she / it / they
:G"4 :) 9
FH" (Nonpersonal) O K4 (personal Pronoun) H" 5O :(Gender) 1 (c)
#$ *& H" K/A2Z 1 (Feminine) J"A K4 (Masculine) 5"
he / she / it :G0)
4 -4 *& (Plural) = )$& - (Singular) 5"4 XO A0D :(Number) K% (d)
he / they F I / we :G0)
.G) 2Z #$ 2!" 5,& K%% *DE X!" F&G"4 3,-L$& 2E 4
I2 !" J%% K4 *DE J
K/9, I$& !" 5,&
*DE X!" 5,& FKG 4 9,,A " +O O X!" 3/"4 : .G0
.G" A0 / 9 T) ( *6(& K% - 1 FO F7(& X!" -$ F>0 73
(case) 7(& .2
T

FE .G"4 & 7(& ! Q0) X!" R0 I$& :
- !
.Q 2 (Genitive case) 7(& 5 F(Common case) 7(&
_ - 7(& H4 X!3"0 who H" J" wh- - they Fshe Fhe Fwe FI 2!" 5,&
.Q 1-
0) (O A 9 & 4 FI "4 K33 >2- J( *& 7(&
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.4

*& 7(& 5 F7(& _ F7(& H4 XE - !" 5,&
- K% FO
1
7(&
O 4
5"4
= )$&
O

5"4
O

;A
%
J"
= )$&
whH"
I K
We 4
you % F%
he
She
it
they E
Who&FR&
7(& _
me (
us 4
you % F%
him
Her it
them E
F...who(m)
7(& 5
(X(
)
(X%FX%)
(XE )
(X&)
& #$% &
My
Mine
(X4)
our
ours
7(& H4
& +09%
your
yours
his X her it

his X hers it
their
theirs
whose
whose
& %4 FI "4 +O & 7(& 5 X!" A0D F=9%$& "-21
K/AA "Y #$% & X she H" 5,& !0 .Q & +09%
%4 A F& #$%
_ - 7(& H4 X you H" 5,& F(her)H,O & 7(& +09%
K4 & 7(& 5
K4 & #$% & F(it) & 7(& _ K4 & 7(& H4 X it F(you) H,O & 7(&
FI "4 (whose) H,O & +09%
K4 & #$% & X who F(its) H,O & +09%
.G9, H,O K4 & 7(& H4 #4 (whom) & 7(& _
I2 (Possessive Pronouns ) !" 5 92 *& 7(& 5 X!" 5,&
.G
Use of case forms ,"0 X& 7(& .3

"Y
1 *3(4 XE 7" 9 *& 7(& _ - 7(& H4 X!"
(Subjective case) 7(& H4 X" 5,& F=P >3 XE .G"4 Z
/0 " >(& & -O R(& #4 FG(& I "4 (Subject) R2
1 &
F(Object) PG" R2
1 & (Objective case) 7(& _ .G"4 (Subject complement)
.G"4 /0 " #4 F /0 " J /" 0 *"
"Y
& 7(& H4

He was late. (.*"0 >(& )
/0 " It was he. <K3!Z(0>
PG"
/0 " J /" 0 *"
& 7(& _
It was him. <K/!Z(0>
I saw him. (._L2$& K
)
I gave it to him. (R24 / K
)
:!"
34
It was he / she who came. <K3!Z(0> It was her / him that came. <K/!Z(0>
(. "&)
It was they who/that did it.
It was them who/that did it.
(.E K/0 )
Nobody but she can solve our problems.
(.GAE!0 ;D %
E Q0))
Nobody can solve our problems but her. (.GA"!0 ;D %
R(D 34 )
Nobody said anything but me (myself).
(.*B2 (4 R(D 34
)
I want nobody but him.
(.8
=(& R(D 34 N
)
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
Person O .4
4 .G"4 0) O +O !" = "#$ - 5 F5,& F/A,O P!
.G"4 3,-G 9!A =-$ O +O
:(First Person Pronouns) !" 9O 4

I (K
), me (N
F(
), my (X(
), mine ((
), myself (_L#$ K
)
We (4), us (4 F4), our (X4), ours (X4), ourselves (#$ 4)
:K%
.G" #$ P#A &A "#$% E 4
I will never see you again in my life.
(.KA/ (% I AD)
Our teacher gave us some books.
(.*24 9& 04 4 3 0)
This computer is mine. (.X(
( 6Z
& 4) This is my computer. (.R( 6Z
& X(
4)
:(Second Person Pronouns) !" 9O

you (% F% F% F% F% F%), your / yours (X% FX%)
yourself (#$ %), yourselves (!NL#$ %)
:K%
.G" #$ /, E 4
You can do it by yourself.
(.KAE!0 L#$ K%)
Is this your umbrella?
(<
& & X% 4)
This is not yours.
(.8
X% 4)
:(Third Person Pronouns) !" 9O

he ( ), him (/ F ), his (X ), himself (*#$ ) <G9, ">
she ( ), her (X F/ F ), hers (X ), herself (*#$ ) <G9, P!"A>
it (/ F F ), its (X ), itself (*#$ )
<G9, % >
they (E ), them (PE FE ), their / theirs (XE ), themselves (*"#$ E )
<.G9, K & = )$& X
D X% - ;A- 9O >
:K%
.GA" #$ /, F "#$% !" 4
It belongs to them.
(.I
PE )
They are looking for their bags.
(.G-"
% E )
She / He is my old friend.
(._ 9%Y2 820 X(
)
Gender 1 .5
!4 !" = "#$ FH" 5 FH" 5,& 9"4 O K%% 0) 1
:=9%$& "-21 -$ .G&
:0) 1 2!"
Masculine 1 5"
He
him
his
himself
Feminine 1 J"A
She
her
her, hers
herself
2
2 & 7(& 34 X - it H" K/9, % 9"4 O
.G"4 ,9, !"& % 5"4 #6'0 ,A I2 ,-=& 'A 34
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.4
I bought a new car last month and it is red.(.5N +0 FK/"M9(%
(A 4 A 3" K
)
It is my cat. This is its milk.
(. % X 4 F_ &
X(
)
P!"A &A >A 0) ,-=& X!MAD K/04 IG 90A &A *MAD $
.G"4 ,9, ,(& A0D X!" K/9,
She is my pet dog, her name is Hilly.
(.TO X FR9 K/$& ,OA X(

4)
:G0 8% 1 X,& K/" A0 / 9 7" 9 1 J"A K4 1 5"
Ametjan looked at himself in the mirror.
(.*0 #$ K4 =A K
)
Zulhumar looked at herself in the mirror.
(.*0 #$ K4 =A
"G#)
Number K% .6
"#$% FI "4 K/96 90 /% X#$ &A /, F "#$% K%% % X!"
:K%
.G2Z K4 K% 8O #$ *,(& A0D XE "& % = )$& &A 5"4
I ~ we me ~ us my ~ our mine ~ ours myself ~ ourselves
5"4 & 7(& 5 - 7(& _ F7(& H4 X (O A) /,
H" = "#$ .G"4 ,9, % = )$& F % 5"4 E FGA2- J( K% = )$& &A
.G"LL2- J( K% = )$& &A 5"4 &
you, you, your, yours yourself ~ yourselves
K% 8O #$ *,(& A0D .G(& % = )$& - 5"4 9D1 K% O
.G"4 &
he / she / it ~ they
him / her/ it ~ them
his / her / its ~ their
his / hers / its ~ theirs
himself / herself / itself/ themselves
Subclasses of pronouns *" J%% X!"

:G"$4 " -$ K%%
- "Y
1 !"
Personal (5,&): I /me, we/us, you
CENTRAL (H" %%) Reflexive (= "#$): myself, ourselves, yourself
Possessive (5):my/mine, our/ours, your
RECIPROCAL (H" :): each other, one another
RELATIVE (QM%
):
wh-... (who, which ...), that
INTRROGATIVE (:%):
wh-... (who, which ...)
DEMONSTRATIVE (79%$&): this, these, that, those
all, both, each, every, some-, any-(one, body), one
INDEFINITE (3()
half, several, enough, other, another, either
no-(one, body), neither
<& "4>
XDE T%% K/"4 2!" ="#$% 0 A !" = "#$ - 5 F5,&
.G0 I2 !" J%% F3/"4 K
%1
#$
D
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
X!"
!" 5,&
= "#$
!" 5
*" PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
H"
7(& H4
7(& _ REFLEXIVE "Y 5& & +09%
O
Subjective case Objective case PRONOUNS determinative independent
First Person O 4
& 5"4 I
me
myself
my
mine
& = )$& we
us
ourselves
our
ours
Second Person O
& 5"4 you
you
yourself
your
yours
& = )$& you
you
yourselves
your
yours
Third Person O
() 5"4 he
him
himself
his
his
(;A) 5"4 she
her
herself
her
hers
(%) 5"4 it
it
itself
its
& = )$& they
them
themselves
their
theirs
Personal pronouns !" 5,&

R K/" #$ J( E 9D1 4 FG"4
J( 92 !" 5,&
.G9(& >,,O 4 #$%
K4 "#$% A1 : !" 9O K4 O 4 2!" 5,&
.GA2Z 0) 1 FG9, 9,9%$& ) Q /,
I am a new student, and you? (< % F P 0 (A 4 K
)
[1]
We have an excellent museum here. Would you like to visit it?
[2]
(<
EO ,0 Q6# % F4 T#
4 ,OA 9AD 2A 4 X4)
K/A" #$ /, K4 "#$% A1 : "4 !" 9O
& = )$& :4 FG2Z J( & 5"4 0) 1 FG9, 9,9%$& ,&
.GA2Z
I saw a girl in front of the building a minute a ago, but now she is not here now. [3]
(.GAL$& 2A 4 #D :4 FR K$& 0 4 " X4 !(D K
)
I want to talk to Gulshan, call her please. (.A0 >0 F&"#$% K4 K," K
) [4]
Ahmet is a new student. he is Uighur.
(. /A F P 0 (A 4 QO)
[5]
We are going to see Ahmet. tell him to come to my office.
[6]
(. A0 >96( ,(& /
, / F&L$& K4 QO 4)
This is a buik. it is an American car. (.
X(
.
J&
54 4 )
[7]
We have an excellent museum here. Would you like to visit it?
[8]
Are they asleep. (< "0 I!O E )
[9]
:G(& >," / X!O) A #4 she H" K/9%$& "A 5"4 O
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York. she was carrying 1,316 passengers.
(.9M9(& >( "A 1316 F*! I0 3&A6 59( QO) Y# QAP 4)
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.4

KG% FK/"4 J( & 2 &A KG% _ "

they & = )$& O
:G9, 9,9%$& ,& R04 K/"4 5M%
96")
They dont allow us to stop our car here.
(.GA"4 3,99O
A 4)
They say walnuts are good for the brain. ( .K JA) (
:NA F,N)
Use of it ,9, X it .7

(;
-2 0 A) !9(64 1 it H" K/9, % 5"4 O (a)
(some soup) % K/A"% ="
-1 -$ A "4 F9%"0 >9, !9,9%$&
="
-3 F 2 (the sack of Rome) !G 9!9&94 & 5"4 ="
-2 F 9,9%$&
:G9, 9,9%$& ) ,&
She made some soup and gave it to the children.(.*24 P!"4 >0 ) :# ) [1]
The sack of Rome shook the whole of the Western World: in a sense,
it was the end of the Roman Empire.
[2]
F
_ "
F9M99 %6G2 P ; ) 3NE-E 4 X)
(.* "# A 33"-# X6(Z R
Parliaments answer to all the questions goes around its basic programme. [3]
(.G(4 I$ Z) T%% X#$ 4-1 K/(4 P!"% J"4 X9(
E))
5&- /
#

1 *3(4 F>(& >," / X
1 *3(4 R04 A It
A: Who said that I was crazy?
B: I said it.
(b)
:GAE!0
(<*B2 % R& (

)
(.KB2 K
)
9%M4 / X!3"0 )%

- A-D F?0- "MD K(4 " :3(D A it (c)
:K%
.G(& >,"
It is five oclock and it is cold and windy. (.J"
_D : P% -D F*"4 H4 Q%)
What time is it? It is half past eight. (.*"4 R(A &% Q% <*"4 Q%)
It is a long way from here to Cairo.
(.:# J K/"4 D0 2A 4)
How far is it from here to Hotan?
(<50 3 XO K4 A 4)
It is getting dark. (.G- /N0)
What day is it today? (<( & K 4)
:9, 92Z ,& K/"4 J( & - :-4 &A E4 5& it #4 (d)
Dont touch it, it is my child. (._E4 X(
!3( / )
Whose is the baby crying? (<X& :-4 K3-!/A) It is mine. (.(
)
Who is it? (<R& )
It is Jake. (.5(1 K
)
:G"4 3,0 9D1 +& / X /"4 & & X!'() it (e)
It is very important to study English. (.RD
9AD 7$ )
To study English is very important. (.RD
9AD 7$ )
Use of we ,9, X we .8

:4 *,9, DE K P A 34 X we H" 5,& = )$& O 4
:G9, I$& 9,9%$& ,& 5)$& K/" #$ 49& - 9) 933(A (a)
As we saw in Chapter 2,
We now turn to a different problem.
(...F=2$ IL$& 944 )

(.$& %
4 34 4 *
)
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
Lets turn now to a different problem.
(.A$& %
4 34 *
)
we R2 X I 9,% %

4 _ "
K/A0 / 9 *#$ 9) A 933(A
As we showed a moment ago,
As I showed a moment ago,
(b)
:G9,
(... F=2$ >9%$& A4)

(... F=$ >9%$& A4)
:G9, we R2 /"4 0A0 / 9 9) % 2- K ) 4 !3"0 6) FQ
We had fought for our freedom for over thirty years since the early 1900s.
(.:G0 H & : A # 9 K & #$ I!4 #
)%2 X!A-1900 4)
(c)
;D "4 9OY2 4 ;9[( 4 FG9, we 9,9%$& (you=) /, #4 (d)
:

"L$& 2!"MD =/%
How are we feeling today?
(<M0 (D :00 K 4)
/A1O %4 A >& 4 FK%
.G9, 9,9%$& O we 2!"D K0 (e)
:

,9, /0 ) 4 5M%
We are in a bad mood today.

(.:G"0 "MD ;% K 4)
Modification of personal pronouns ,3( X!" 5,& .9

( Z ! /3( 0 K"& >, PE
X!" 5,& 2!"D *#4
0 K/(& >, .GA 2
-;0
K9, O ;MD : 4 ) "4 FG,Y
: 4 K
# 0#D .G"4
1 *3(4 QM%
K/"4 /"Y H& K%% /3(
they 2!" 5,& .G9, =)$& & = )$& X!" 79%$& /Y. X!" 5,&
:GA"4 ,9, : 4
He who hesitates is lost.
(.G"4 I P
,& K/"4 *")
Those who worked hard deserve some reward. (.G$& Q-ED ,& K3 )1)
*They who (O)
What stands over there is a mosque.
(.?%
4 2A G-)
*It that (.GA9, : 4)
9AD H!3( K/"4 /"Y H& K/(& K4 !" 5,& F K
# 0#D
K/"4 /"Y H!3( &A H& E >(& A& &A *" X!" 5,& .5&
*" 5,& O - 4 )$& E .4 "#$% /3( = " 0 4 =-$
:G(& K4
:) % (a)
Silly me! (!:O K
)
Poor us! (!4 4) <informal>
:"#$% HN (b)
We doctors (E 9OY2 4)
You people (0O K%)

:
1 *3(4 QM%
(c)
We who have had no freedom, must fight for our freedom.

(.=(& ,0 H & K & _ 0 F,& _GD
9& 4)
You, to whom I owe all my happiness, did that?
(<0 : F,& K/,/(4 3" O J"4 K
FK%)
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.4

:,- (d)
you there, we here
(2A 4 4 F2A K%)

:*4 #$% J /" 0 *" (e)
we of the modern age

(4 2-2 *M
#)
you in the raincoat (% K/"M6& R6& : " /
A)
You yourself (#$ %)
we ourselves (#$ 4)
:!" = "#$ (f)

he himself (*#$ )
K/"4 /"Y #$% & _D H" _D :4 FGA"& 4 K4 "#$% & !" 5,&
:

,(& A& X!" each &A both Fall
*the she *both they
We all have our loyalties.
(.4 02% XA
D 4)
They each took a candle.
(.* K/" _ "4 /"0 *4D XE )
You both need help.
(.9D

2A ! %)
Reflexive pronouns !" = "#$

F4 2!" 5,& !
0 0 4 .G,"O K4 -selves &A -self !" = "#$
A& X& 7(& _ XO FA& X& 7(& 5 XO
:G" 0
(a) myself
(b) himself
yourself
herself
yourselves
itself
ourselves
themselves
.4
oneself H" 3( : A 34 2E 4
Use of reflexive pronouns ,9, X" = "#$ .10

2"#$% 34 XE .G"4 9M%
J%
K4 X
1
1 !" = "#$
,9,
9A & *4 A F[4-1],9, (
) J%% F*4 .4 ,9, +O J0)
.[5-6]
They helped themselves. (.*" -O "D#$ E ) < PG" 9%M4>
[1]
She allowed herself a rest. (.*2G" _ #$ ) < PG" 59%->
[2]
He is not himself today. (.*"0 ,O #$ K 4 ) < /0 " > [3]
He usually pays for himself. (.GA"$ *#$ #$ ,
D )< /0 " J /" 0 *"> [4]
We couldnt come ourselves. (.:G"(& #$ 4) <4 #$% HN>
We ourselves couldnt come. (.:G"(& #$ 4) <4 #$% HN>
[5]
[6]
J%% I$ Z#- J"0 /0 " F PG" !" = "#$ 2
1 [4-1] 0 A
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT

9A & >(& 9M%
HN K4 H" = "#$ 2
1 [6-5] .K9, K4
.K9,
GAA "Y X4 #$% R "G 0 4 #$% -
1 *3(4 !" = "#$ J%%
= "#$ .

,(& I "4 /0 " J /" 0 *" 4 &A /0 " F PG" E
E F&G"4 3,-L$& 4 FGA"E4 +09%
*#$ :4 F "4 33%
K4 !"
& 7(& _ X!" 5,& E 9D1
:4 .G"4 69( PG"
:K%
.G >0) 2 (& K/(& I "4 PG")
He saw himself in the mirror.
(.*2$& #$ 9&A )
He saw him in the mirror.
(.*2$& 9&A )
FG9%$&
2 34 "4 him :4 FG9%$& X
1 himself 2
1 4
= "#$ / X& 7(& _ X" _ 0 /"4 &%$& K4 !" 34
"4 &24 K4 9D1 O - 1 FK% H" = "#$ .=(& 79, "
:K%
.=(&
She saw herself in the mirror.
(.*2$& #$ 9&A )
*She saw himself in the mirror. (O)
Possessive pronouns !" 5

!" 5 +09%
- & .11
5 K/"4 /"Y #$% & F4 FI "4 * *M' X!" 5
4#$% R F .G"4 30 I2 !" 5 5"(9&O Q) % E 4 F!"
.G"4 3 I2 H" 5 5"(9&O R E 4 FH" 5 +09%
K/AE6A ;Y H,O
Determinative: my
Independent: mine
our
ours
your
yours
his
his
her
hers
its
its
their
theirs
FG"L$& 0) # Z)" - 7(A KY /!A 3" 5 +09%

my H" 5 &
FGA"4 7#$ :3(D 9D1 +& /!A 3" 5 +09%
his H" 5 &
X!" 5 & 34 .GA"4 7#$ 2 It .G#$ /G- [s] G- [z] O Q0)
:K%
.G%A & H" 5 +09%
>9(0 -s A&
my [mai] ~ mine [main]
our ~ ours
your ~ yours
his [hiz] ~ his [his]

its ~ its
her ~ hers
their ~ theirs
.=(& ,(& #$% ( /!3() & _ 0 A& X!" 5 &
:0D 34 A& X!" 5 +09%
.GA"4 "Y :3(D XE "& #$% &
.G"4 6 @ -4 4 #$% R 4 +09%
R2 E .GA"(& & #$%
:K%
.G9, # 9AD 9) % H" 5 +09%
its F:4
This is my bike and that is his bike.
(.9ZB- X G- FR9ZB- X(
4)
This bike is mine and that (bike) is his.
(.X G- FX(
?ZB- 4)
Q /0 " J /" 0 *" &A /0 " F PG" F !" 5 +09%
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.4

:G9, I$& 6 @ J /0 " E :4 F

,"(& I "4 "$4
1 4 :0D
DETERMINATIVE
Marys
my daughters book
her
INDEPENDENT
The book is
Marys
my daughters
hers
Own .12
:K%
.G9A &
X!" 5 FGAEE4 #$% & 9A & _D H" 5 4
(8
X!34 FX(
) mine and nobody elses
X (X
L#$) my own "
-$
:HN K4
This book doesnt belong to the library it is my own book.
(.49& X
L#$ F8
X) & 4)
:GA9& 30 9
1 K4 /0 J A Own
Sam cooks his own dinner every evening. (.G9( 3
X#$ KG 3& & D _%)
K4 !" 5 & FGA"4 , 9"4 K4 !" 5 +09%
Own
:G,( 6 @ HN K4 4 #$% R +09%
F>(& 9"4
The apartment is my own.
(.X
L#$ $ 4)
He always plays other musicians arrangements, but his own are much better.
(.:,OA ( #$ X :4 FG" /"6A X!9#
34 R2 )
:GA"(& >, A& X of !3"0 my own - her own Fhis own
Id love to have a home of my own.
(.K0 G# &4 "4 X
A$ #$ K
)
We are resigning from the firm, and starting a business of our own.
(.- "4 04 2% X#$ FI% Z9 9& 4)
Reciprocal pronouns !" :

& 9M%
8 5,$A H0 +O 4 one another - each other H" :

0) RD
=-$ 9 E :4 .G"4 5M%
K4 !" = "#$ K 3/ 9
:Q 1-
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
Adam and Eve blamed themselves.
[Adam blamed himself, Eve blamed herself]
(.9A "#$ -D K4 _2)
Adam and Eve blamed each other.

[Adam blamed Eve, Eve blamed Adam.]
(.9A 4 -4 -D K4 _2)
:G"4 3,B-L$& J0 !"

-$ 6 @ 34 X!" :
All the children looked at one another.
( .90 4 -4 !"4
D)
The party leaders promised to give each other their support.
(.9,0 2- 3!"0 4 -4 *"D 6) 4)
We are very fond of each other.
(.:
=4 4 -4 K6 4)
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
=-$ A E !0 FI "4 !" 4 D one another K4 each other
:G"4 ,9, >A 2!"G 0
each other
one another
They each blamed the other.
(.*A 4 A *4 2E )
The passengers disembarked one after another. (.93 30P0 I"4 -4 ! "A)
one anothers Feach others :K%
.G"4 *& 7(& 5 X!" :
The students can borrow each others / one anothers books.
(.G"4 ,( Q6 49& X4-4 ! P 0)
F
2 each other #4 FI "4 5"6B2 :A :) ,9, X" : 4
.G"0 >9, 9,9%$&
2 : one another
FGA"62Z !
& = )$& Q0) !" : F*(A K/A,O P!" = "#$
:GA"62Z
5"4
John shaved himself.
(.*" 0% K1)
*John shaved each other. (O)
Relative pronouns H" QM%
:K%
.G(& I!4
1 *3(4 QM%
R2 !" QM%
The book which you ordered last month has arrived.

( .*"& >9(A 9& K3GA 4 A 3" %)
.K"& I!4 which you ordered last month
1 *3(4 which H" QM%

1 4

1 K/" #$ !" QM%
F& 0) X!" 5,& K4 !" QM%
*" &A /3( 0 FQ"D F /0 " F PG" F A
5"4 J%% "$4
G(& ,(4 X
1 *3(4 K"& I!4 H" QM%
R2 FK "4 /0 " J /" 0

1 0 A K4
1 X" 5,&
1 -$ .(=
1 0 A)
.J0) !(O X" QM%
The book has arrived. You ordered it last month. (. K3GA 4 A 3" .*"& >9(A 9&)
Restrictive and nonrestrictive relative pronouns !" QM%

& - 5& .13
5& &A 9M%
(59(%)
9 #$% " K4
1 *3(4 QM%
*3(4 QM%
& K4
1 *3(4 QM%
5& 4 FI "4 9M%
5"& &A
.G4D :) RD
9
1
"
D G"4 5M%
# 9AD K4 #$% "
1 *3(4 QM%
5&
:K%
.G(4 >9%$& & #$%
This is not something that would disturb me any way.
(.8
7 K/0 O2 N
4 K "4 !00)
E FGA"4 QM%
3(A : 9 #$% " K4
1 *3(4 QM%
&
:K%
.GA3( #$% " :4 F A0 / 9 "M% _ "
P #$% "
They operated like politicians who have no sense of humour at all.
(.*0 QE /
=2!'%6% :A 6(D : "
A :3(D E )
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.4

:4 *" =-$ X!" QM%
RESTRICTIVE 5&
& 7(& H4

SUBJECTIVE CASE
& 7(& _
OBJECTIVE CASE
5,&
personal
who
that
whom
that
zero (:A)
& 7(& 5
,&
nonpersonal
which
that
which
that
zero (yoj)
Whose
NONRESTRICTIVE &
5,&
personal
Who
,&
nonpersonal
which
whom
(of which)
GENITIVE CASE
wh-pronouns and that that - !" J" wh- .14

:G"4 +O =-$ !" QM%
which Fwhose Fwhom Fwho :!" J" wh- (a)

.GL4 3/BM"4 "4 H" QM%
:3(D G zero) zero K4 that (b)
(.*2Z K4 : ( ) : 0A +O 4 -$
Id like to see the car
which
that
( )
you bought last week.

(.04 IL$&
K/"M9(% 9)D 3" K% K
)

.GA"4 0) O - K% A3(D X!" QM%
2 0 A
.Q 1-
0) 9D1 7(& _ - 7(& 5 9 !" J" whIL 9 & M%
,& _D 5,& _D whose =9%$& "-21 0 A
Q0) that K4 Which .GA"(4 IL 9 & !M%
5,& Q0) E whom - who :4 .GA"(4
.GA"(4 IL 9 & !M%
,&
The lady whose daughter you met is Mrs Brown. (.RO K-4 ;A KL$& K4 *0 %)
The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.
(.*"4 >0 ?B #D $ 3(D K& I "G# 4 $)
IL 9"& J% 0 >9, whose 92Z M%
,& P#A &A "#$%
:G"4 , of which / X "D F"4 0!0% 9,3
of which the roof
The house
was damaged has now been repaired.
the roof of which
(.*"4 >0 ?B #D $ 3(D K& I "G# 4 $)
whom - who
R2 whom $ "Y /0 " &A R2 who 2,9, K3!Z(0 92
K3!Z(0 *"MD 79, that &A who A / X whom :4 FGA$ "Y PG"
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
:G I R2 2,9,

This is a person
whom
who
that
(
you should know.

(.,& 4 5,( ,4 _ 0 % 4)
A F5

+O4 A F"MD K/"4 /0 " J /" 0 *" H" QM%

:

79 whom K/(& >, / /" 0 *"
to whom you spoke.
whom
This is the person
who
you spoke to.
that
(. _2 K"#$% % 4)
(
:GA ;MD K/(& >, who / /" 0 *" F

*This is the person to who you spoke. (O)
Interrogative pronouns H" :%

.GA,O "Y :4 FG"4 H,O K4 !" QM%
J" wh- 9D1 +& !" :%
& :% - H" :% 2A 4 .G"4 P!3,O 9AD K4 *"#$% & :% E
:G" A0 / 9 *0) 9D1 79, XE - *"#$%
PRONOUN FUNCTION ("Y J"): who
whom
whose
what
which
DETERMINATIVE FUNCTION ("Y = "#$% &):
whose
what
which
34 FI "4 *& 7(& 5 - 7(& _ F7(& H4 E whose - whom Fwho 2E 4
/"4 H" QM%
Which .8
Q 1-
*0) 7(& 2 (which K4 what A) *" :%
:G"4 ,9, M%
5,& /"4 H" :% :4 FG9, !M%
,&
RELATIVE:
The author who

is my favorite is Zordun Sabir.
*which
(.4% KG2Y# P#A K/ 90A K
)
(.K%$&
2 H" QM%
2A 4 FGA"4 ,9,
1 4 which)
INTERROGATIVE:
Who
Which
is your favorite author? (< R& P#A K/ 90A %)

(<A0 P#A K/ 90A %)
which F3( who .G >0) (A0) which K4 (R&) who H" :% 9D1
.G"4 :3(
Definite and indefinite interrogatives !" :% 3( - J( .15

:% 3( - H" :% J( E FG"4 "$4 /Z)G !" :%
.Q 2!"
:*" :% K/9%$& (,&) _2 (a)
INDEFINITE:
Who is your favorite singer? (<R& ,O K/ 90A %)
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DEFINITE:
.4
Which is your favorite singer? (Abdulla or Pasha Ishan? )

(< , ) &A
!"G4) (<A0 ,O K/ 90A %)
:!" :% K/A%$&

2 (b)
INDEFINITE: What is the name of this tune?
(< X#
4)
DEFINITE:
Which do you prefer? (Classical or Popular music?)
(< #
K
# 0#D &A #
5%!&) (< 90A A0 %)
:*"#$% & :% K/(& K4 ! 5,& (c)
INDEFINITE: What singer do you like best? (<$& ,OA ,O A0 %)
DEFINITE:
Which singer do you like best? (Abdulla or Pasha Ishan? )
(< , ) &A
!"G4) (<$& ,OA ,O A0 %)
:*"#$% & :% K/(& K4 * % (d)
INDEFINITE:
What newspaper do you read?
(<A 0 9( :0 %)
DEFINITE:
Which newspaper do you read? (The Times or The Washington post?)
(< 9( 9) K9- &A 9( ?0-) (<A 0 9( A0 %)
I2Z !" 4 _ "
!!" % 5& which F
1 I 1 4D 0 A
H!" K/" !!" % 5& : 4 H!" K/A2Z what &A who :4 FG(4
04 K/"4 J( ) ! QP " K/% /% ;% F:" "
-$ .A "4
:G"4 3,0 #) QP " 4 K/" QP "
Which is the best English dictionary? (<QP " ,OA A0)
#4 .

,% I2 (<% A0) which is you? %4 K/0 % K/ *
:

,2- J0 of + 4 #$% K"& >, J3( 5M%
Which of the three girls is the oldest. (< A0 X00 4)
whose Fwhom Fwho .16

:GM(& 8

D X! ,& _D F5,& _D E which - what *"#$% & :%
What
candidate will you vote for? (<A! Q(4 3
A0 %)
Which
party are you in favour of?
(<*) 6) A0 %)
:G9, ! 79%$&
2 Q0) whom K4 who H" :% :4
Who told you where I was?
(<996( R& N% 2 X(
)
Who(m) do you admire most?
(<+A0 & %)
K3!Z(0 whom FGA9, I$& I "4 +& K/!Z(0 who K /G J PG"
.GA,O 30) /"4 H" QM%
E :) 9 4 .G9, =)$& I "4 +&
.GAA ;Y H,O P whom H" QM%
whom H" :%
- who .GA"(& >, / /" 0 *" E whom Q0) /"4 /0 " J /" 0 *"
:GA"(& ,(4 X
1 *"#$ IGG"0 A& /" 0 *" D whom
For whom is she working? (<G-, & ) (*For who is she working?)
Who(m) is she working for? (<G-, & )
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
:% +09%
_D /"Y *#$% & :% _D whose F9) % & 7(& 5 X who
,& whose H" :% F/A,O P whose H" QM%
:4 .G"4 /"Y H"
:GA" 9 &
Whose jacket is this? (< 4 ) X&)
Whose is this jacket? (<X& K) 4)
which Fwhat .17

! /" 0 *" 4
D GA"(& G J /" 0 *" D which K4 what
.GBM"4 "& O &A "& ,(4 X
1
What are you talking about?
On what is he lecturing?
Which (girl) are you talking about?
On which of the topics is he lecturing?
(<M,N) JP ()

(<GM0 6(" ( ( )
(<M,N) JP :0 A0)
(<GM0 6(" ( A0 )
,& - 5,& !0 F H" _D #$% & _D F=N& 2 79, X what
:GBM9, 9 A0 / 9
A:
A:
A:
A:
A:
A:
What is your address?

(< B2)
B: (It is) 24 King Street.
(.G0-24 & ,2))
What nationality is she? (What is her nationality?) (<( "- Q
X )
B: (She is) Uighur.
(. /A )
What date is it?
(<!( 0 K 4)
th
B: (It is) the 15 of March.
(.Q
-15 K 4)
What is the time?
(<*"4 Q%)
B: (It is) five oclock.
(.*"4 H4 Q%)
What is he doing?
(<GM0 ( )
B: (He is) fixing the phone.
(.GM0 ?B (( )
What was the concert like?
(<*"4 :00 (& #
)
B: (It was) excellent.
(.*"4 ,OA 9AD)
:G& !4 !"% K/A% 6DE% - Z#- F>%& Q0) what H" F%$&
2
What does her husband do?
<(G0 7 ( ,"A X )
B: He is a film director.
(.*B & 4 )
A: Which is her husband?
(<A0 ,"A X )
B: He is the man on the right smoking a pipe.
(._2 K3M( NP 9) )
A: Who is her husband?
(<R& ,"A X )
B: He is Paul Jones, the famous art critic.
(.3 Q'% JN2 F1 ;-) )
A:
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.4
Demonstratives (this/that) !" 79%$&

*& = )$& _D 5"4
9) % H"
1 _D E those - these *& = )$& XE - that Fthis H" 79%$&
J%% XE .GA& 9D1 2 - K% ! 9) % #$% & T&
_D FGA"6$ Z#:-$ *&
Singular & 5"4
Plural & = )$&
this ( G-
F 4 )
that (G- F )
these (= EG-
FE 4)
those (= EG- FE )
THIS etc.+NOUN
A F=(& ,,%
9D1 K% K4 ! _ 0 "& " X! !" 79%$&
.=(& ,(& & = )$& K4 ! & = )$& F& 5"4 K4 ! & 5"4
:K%
.G9, & 5"4 R2 "& K4 ! K/A"%
this house ( $ 4)
that way ( ;A G-)
this milk
(Q % 4)
that sugar (( G-)
these houses ( A$ 4)

those days ( & )
these milk
(O)
those sugar
(O)
THIS/THAT + ONE
,9, 9"4 K4 one 2!"MD K/"4 L# 79, #$ X! this/that
.G9, 9"4 K4 ones E these/those & = )$& A 2!"MD :
.G"4
e.g. Which piece do you want? I want this one. I want that one.
.=(& () &A %4) G- N
.=(& () &A %4) 4 N
<=(& ) A0 %
:G9, " 0 ones #4 & = )$&
e.g. Which pieces do you want? These look nicer than those.
.G0 =90,OA /0 PEG- E 4 <=(& *) A0 %
,9, H" X!3"0 This

!" 79%$& A FGA"62Z
+09%
"& I " 0 ! P!3"0 This
.GAEE4 PG" &A
1 >," / X!
What is the meaning of this?
(<
X 4)
Who said that?
( <*B2 : R&)
These are my books; those must belong to someone else.
(.X%4 34 _ 0 EG- FR49& X(
"4 E 4)
THIS etc. + ADJECTIVE +NOUN

F) % A& X F>(& H" 79%$& ;-- A FG"4 :
Z X& +O 4
.G(& I " 0 !
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
DEMONSTRATIVE (H" 79%$&) + ADIECTIVE(S) () %) +NOUN (R):
this old house($ & G-

)
these valuable pictures (% 50 4)
e.g.
that beautiful girl

(0 JA )
those wonderful days ( & J"" O )
:G#$ -$ +& +O 4 P F"0 I "4 H" 5 X) %
THIS etc. +NOUN+OF mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs
e.g.
this country of ours (9"2 4 X4)

that old car of yours (
& G- X%)
this book of hers ( 49& 4 X ) that house of theirs
(A$ G- XE )
these things of mine (R% 4 X(
) those friends of his (*9%Y2 G- X )
these students of my fathers
(* P 0 4 X
22)
those pens of his classmates (*
"0 G- X,0-% X )

X!" 79%$&
:G"L 9M%
K4 here .GA!3( 'A _ "
K/"4 3(A "#$% These\This
This is my pencil-box.
These are her teachers advices.
(_ 0 )0 _"0 X(

4)
( .*[% X 3 0 X "4 E 4)
:G 9M%
K4 there. .GA!3( 'A 4 _ "
K/"4 :A "#$% Those\That
That is our house. (.A$ X4 "4 G-) Those are their cars. (.*
XE "4 EG-)
Is that your car over there. (< (%
G- 2A G-)
J@
This
That
2 X,30
K/"4 :A &A 3(A 9D1 KG J@ "#$% Q0) R2 E those\thatK4 these\This
730 &A 2 Q6") O X "#$% A "4 F9%"0 >9, !9"M% !1
.G9, 9!3( 'A % &A X2
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.4

Do you want this one or this one?
Dou you want this one or that one?
(<
G-
&A &(& G-
%)
(<
G- &A &(& G-
%)
Hmm, this looks nice! !G0 =,OA 4 FRD
Hmm, that looks nice! !G0 =,OA G- FRD
(He is holding the object up towards him)
(He is pointing down at the object)
(G-G I >0 ) *#$ 9(64 )

this
here
to ( towards)
That
there
from(away from)
come
go
near to
far from
bring
take
I my mine
you your - yours
we our ours
you your yours
now
(GM9%$& 9(64 )
I cant stand this weather.

(.KA",%
P-D : 4 K
)
then
at this moment
at that moment
I am doing this
I was doing that
This is
That was
up
down
What is that object in the sky?
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(<( % G- %)
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4.Pronouns
Just listen to this! !X(% :E 0 / 4
BILGKUT
Just listen to that! !X(% :E 0 /
VROOM!!!(#$% J)
:7%
J@ X!1 !0) /"4 -% ,9, that &A this K

X "#$%
X2 730 X "#$% X'A ) 69#) K3 'A X "#$% "4 9%"0 !) "4
.G" #$ ( "4 % &A
,9, X a(n.) X This

F990- K3M(4 I"#$% % JP "0- _ "
K# $ ,(4 *"#$ #4 ,&
:K%
:G9, this X a(n) 'A K9%$& J( :4 FK/!
We met this marvelous man when we were in ancient Kiroran City. He showed us this mysterious place.
(.* K%$& A1 J"% 4 4 .:G K3 290- D KY& 20
2 9"P 4 4)
FI "4 Q 9"M% >0 J"30 ( % 0- 90
X,9, this 2A 4
.GA0 >0 4
2 & >9, I$& =4
H2Z !, 9 $ - % "&

.G9, 9,9%$& % K/"4 &6B2 &A K/"4 >6B2 K3" This
Forward (2"): The way to get justice is this: go and get a powerful tool.
(.7,( /"0 = & _D H" I0 /" ::
"A X,,( 30D)
Backward(2A&) : The terrible animal wanted to keep the whole world under its paw, but the
human beings thought this was not fair, and fought against them and won over them.
X 4 ! :4 . *"4 0"0 I!0% 9% ) 6G2 ; ) !0 O
: 00)
(.*"& "P 9% E F>0 H$& 0 PE >9(A I!A %
+2
:GA"9%$& !!, K& I $ &A 2A& Q0) That
'Prove it!' That's easy.' .K% 70 : !:4 I!Z
,(& 2
1
9,(% XE That/those
:9, 2
1 & -$ that/those
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.4

is
THE X OF A
THAT
ER THAN
are
of B.
THOSE
E.g. The dresses of this actress are nicer than those of other womens.
(.:3A /0 !"A 34 *6& X 4)
Those who . . .
:G9, X those people who... "4 those who ...
E.g. I don't agree with those (people) who think that we should leave our native country forever.
( .KA" 0 ) X,& K/A0 I2 =(& ,A = " N
_ 0 A X#$ 4 K
)
FG(& :
,9, 4 KB2 ( ,& ... 2 )Those of us who ... !'%6%
.G(4 >9%$& 0 4 XZ)G DE 4 _ "
XE 4
E.g. Those of us who were alive during the war will never forget the difficulties at that time.
(.A"0 I 9
D !360 990- ,& K/"0 QAD #
HG )
,9, ?0- X This

Parts of today (* ?0- - 4)
this morning ( K K 4)
this afternoon (6(& 9 K 4)
this evening (KG 3& K 4)
(but tonight)
((& K 4)
: G"L$& ?0- K/ P This

Others (!34)
this Thursday (etc.)( ...,A) 4)
this week (9)D 4)
this month( 4)
this September (etc.)( ...49(% 4)
this year (+A 4)
,9, >9A & X that

79%$& P .G(4 >9%$& //"4 9, >9A & :0 X that "'2 -$ (1
.G = & 3"
A: 'Aunt Gulie is going to Aksu
(.0
4 P 0 _
D " )
B: 'Which Aunt Gulie '
(<
D A0)
A: 'You know, the one with the beautiful small pigeon and long black hair
( .

D 4 ( 0 KG# F *9)& 5& 33A 3(D F /4 K%)
B: 'Oh that Aunt Gulie!
(!N
D " 3(D FD)
:9,
K9A & X so 2
1 =-$ That (2
WIFE: 'Do you realize there is no money to buy food for this year?
( <
0 (D 3/"0 ; ) 0# 3,BM9(% 5&(A A 4 % )
HUSBAND : 'I knew we were short of money, but I didn't realize we were that short!'
( .K9)4 /0 EM K
:4 FK4 //0 " ) X4 K
)
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
Indefinite pronouns !" 3(

5 FH" = "#$ FH" 5,& E FH" 3( * 4 K/( / 0 A X!"

J( #4 !" 4 FI "4 !" K/"4 _GD
933( K/"4 !" 79%$& - H"
:K%
.GA"(& >,"4 K4 "4 H,O / J(
the one the ones the few the other this one
those ones
50 - = ) E A F /"Y #$% 3
!" 3( F/0 90 J"
2E . 33%
3(A 9AD K4 "#$% & & H,O E !0 F
.*9%$& "-21 -$ *3%%

:"#$% & - !" 3( J%%
;%BM
UNIVERSAL
,9,
USE
K%
NUMBER
5"4
singular
KA4 TAP
NONASSERTIVE
KA4
ASSERTIVE
= )$&
plural
"Y
FUNCTION
H"
pronoun
#$% &
determiner
pronoun
determiner
singular
singular
plural
pronoun and
determiner
no one
nobody

NEGATIVE P
singular
plural
singular
or plural
pronoun and
determiner
pronoun
(it()) all
all
some
everything
any
either
any
any
determiner
K/A"%
&
NONCOUT
Something
a(n)
Some
anyone
anybody
pronoun
Everything
Each
every
each
(they()) all / both
all / both
determiner
pronoun and
determiner
pronoun
. 101 .
everyone
everybody
someone
somebody
pronoun
plural
COUNT & K/%

5,&
,&
personal
nonpersonal
nothing
any
none
neither
none
determiner
no
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.4

Compound pronouns !" 4 .18

K%% DE J&9% - "L# 56"@
X"#$ !" 3(
.!" & OF- *4 A F!" 4 %4 .G "$4 6(&
any Fsome- Fevery- @
#$% & A F!" K"L# @
!" 4
2!" K"L# K4 ," 0 X!3"0 -thing F-body F-one @
R P!3"0 no- &A
.Q
,9,
;%BM
KA4
KA4 *AP

PERSONAL 5,&
everybody everyone (KA
D FKA4 D)
somebody someone
(%4 FKA4)
anybody
somebody
(R& 4 F%4)
nobody
no one
(R(D)
!" 4
NONPERSONAL ,&
everything (7
D F%
D)
something (% 4 F7 4)
anything (7 &A % :0D &A 4)
nothing
(7 (D F(D)
/nwu/
P4 4 X nothing
D G(A =2#$% >A E no one Q0) 20 A
.G0 # Z)" /n// "4 9%"4
&A _2 : 24 9D1
FI "4 5"4 9D1 K%
D X!" 4
:K%
.G(& 4 K4 & 5"4 X!'() R2 :4 F %$& %
Everybody / Everyone over eighteen now has a vote.
(.G,( 9(4 _!A% KA4 D K3 9A &% K)
I tried everything but nothing works. ( .*3 %(D :4 F_GG 3,
D K
)
Somebody / someone was telling me you have been to America.
(. / K3-2 9& /(
(% N
%4)
Has anybody / anyone got anything to say?
(<
4 !Z( K/A2 X!%4)
There was nobody / no one at the office.
(.* :A R(D ,)
_D 7 FK/9(& >,,O 4 #$% R !" 3( !" 4
:G4(D !" K% 79,
everybody, everyone [all people]
everything [all things, all matter]
F
2 990- 4 FG P P one "& I " 0 one P every #$% & ;%BM
.GA 3" K/9%$& !
2 Q0) "D P every P .G9%$& %
F: F4) single / X one K4 every #4 K H9& 3/" #$ A
D
% FG9, ! 79%$&
2 Q0) everybody .G"G 90 (
KB2 RA
:K%
.GA"9%$&
every 'one of my books every single one of my books (
D X49& )
every 'one of us
every single one of us
(KA
D 4)
I want 'everyone / 'everybody to feel at home.
(.K0
!,0 (D 2# !NL#$ X!4D K
)
:G"4 3%A & 7(& 5 XE J0 H 0 s A& X!" 4
This will put everyones mind at rest.
(.G0 _1O N$& XA4D 4)
Could you borrow anybodys overcoat?
(<
%EE Q6 ) X%4)
There is somebodys glow on the floor.
(.G 6") X%4 2A)
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4.Pronouns
It was absolutely nobodys fault.
BILGKUT
(.* 8
-% X(D 3()
:G"4 3 0 A& X!" 4 A0D else /3( 0

everyone 'else [every other person]
(,& 34)
nobody 'else [no other person]
(R(D 34)
anything 'else [any other thing] (% :0D 34)
:G(& P 3 0 A& X else s K/A%A 7(& 5 F"MD : 4
It must be someone elses pen.
(."0 X%4 34 _ 0 )
His hair is longer than anyone elses.
(.:G# !34 ( X )
J /" 0 *" 4 "Y H,O 4 #$% R A& X!" 4 F34
:GA"(& 9) % /3( 0
1 *3(4 QM%
- 4 #$%
somebody I know (%4 K/4 K
) something for dinner (% J0
5&)
everyone (that) you meet
(_2 4D K/L$& %)
anything made of silver (% :0D K/"%A 9
&)
A& ! /3( 5) % :4 FGA"4 3!3( " J0 ) % !" 4
:G"4 3 0
somebody very tall (%4 ( 9AD)
nothing new (% :A 3(A :3(D)
something nice for dinner
(% ,OA J0
5&)
anyone more beautiful than Mary (%4 :0D ="# 6
)
Of-pronouns !" & Of- .19

!" K/(& IL 9 4 #$% & of- A& !" & Of.!3"0 some (of) Fmany (of) :K%
.G9%$&
COUNT K/%
singular 5"4
plural = )$&
all (of )
all (of )
each (of )
both (of )
some (of )
some (of )
many (of )
more (of )
most (of )
a few (of )
fewer / less (of )
fewest / least (of )
one (of )
(ones)
any (of )
any (of )
either (of )
none (of )
none (of )
neither (of )
few (of )
. 103 .
NONCOUNT K/A"%
singular 5"4
all (of )
some (of )
much (of )
more (of )
most (of )
a little (of )
less (of )
least (of )
any (of )
none (of )
little (of )
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.4

:G >0) 2!" 34 K4 *DE -$ !" 3( 4

:GA"(& >, 4 #$% J" of- K/A2Z 0 A& XE (a)
Some of us were tired and hungry. (.* K3 3%0 _D K/ #4)
:G"4 ,9, IG 9" / X!"G 0 (9&O R &A *4 #$% R 34 E (b)
Many children learn to read quite quickly, but some [=some children] need special instruction.
(.9D
" DE (!"4 *#4) *#4 :4 FG"M$ E( 0 !"4 K P )
.(944III)H,O K4 "#$% & 8
9D1 +& (*34 2 none)
D XE (c)
Universal pronouns !" ;%BM

2
1 :% - KA4 FKA4 FK/AEE4 #$% & _D FH" _D !" ;%BM
*#$ /"4 H" *#4 XE .G9%$& !" K/"4 ,9, A4
+& H,O
.GA"(& IL 9 "#$% 34 /"4 #$% & F"L$& & H" 4 &A +09%
"-21 -$ QM%

9 *& #$% & XE K4 !" ;%BM
:*9%$&
COUNT K/%
NONCOUNT K/A"%
personal 5,& nonpersonal ,&
nonpersonal ,&
everyone
everything
H"
everybody
all
5"4
Pronoun
(?everything)
all
SINGULAR
each
#$% &
every boy/pen
determiner
each boy/pen
all ((of) the furniture
= )$&
_D H"
all ((of) the boys/pens)
PLURAL
#$% &
both ((of) the boys/pens)
both Fall .20

Q0) X% both FG9, 4 K4 ! & = )$& K K% : all
:G9, 4 K4 ! & = )$& K H2Z !
The club is open both sexes and all nationalities.
(.: K *,& Q

D !0 F1 +O D " & 4
Both (of ) his parents died young.
(.K& I !A - X )
All (of ) the children were working hard.
(.9-, J")1
D !"4)
%, &A 79, of- F"& >, *"#$% & H,O P the 4
:G"4 3!" /"O
All (of ) the boys want to become football players.
(.GA!A "4 " )
D X!"4)
Both (of ) the boys want to become football players.
(.GA!A "4 " ) !"4)
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
#$% & "& >, "#$% & 34 FH" "& >, of- P ( both - all) E 4
! K/A"% F & 5"4 X! K/% all F*(A K/A,O K4 both .G"4
:GA"(& IL 9
His action was condemned by all (of ) the civilized world.
(.* A Z Q6
1 0!O ; ) 9D X )
All (of ) the money you gave them has been spent.
(.*"4 >9,
D X" ) K4 PE )
"4 F8
" X!" 5,& both K4 all F"& >, 4 #$% J" Of:G(& A&
All of us like our teacher Ayxam.
(.$& ,OA "
_,A KA
D 4)
We all came here to study.
(.K"& K H 0 A 4 KA
D 4)
I have met both of them before.
(.KL$& K4 E * K
)
I love them both very much.
(.K$& ,OA 9AD E K
)
.G"L$& G 5,- R(A E 3!%
- 9, A& :
each - both Fall
"4 +'()
2A F!A& X "4 +'()
2A A4 0 7,G X,-
:G(& A& X'()
2A
They all won their matches.
(.*NA 34%

D E )
We were both fast asleep.
(.:G K& P 3A E( 4)
The villages have both been destroyed. (.*0 KA- ?& !)
.G"L$& = A& X4 #$% R !" K"L % A& F=
1-3 0 A
A& X"#$% 34 F=(& ,(& A& X" 5,& H" K"L % A& 2!"MD 34
:GA"(&
They told us all to wait. (.996( , I & A
D 4 E )
They told *the men all to wait. (O)
every Feach .21

FG"4 3 I2 (Distributive) #$% "$4 4 K/"L# K4 every- - every Feach
K% E .G9%$& RA -RA "4 F8
9) % I 4 E# Z)G 4 E 4
"Y #$% & every K4 each .G(& K4 !'() & 5"4 R2 FI "4 5"4 9D1
:G(& HN K4 all $
All good teachers study their subject carefully.
(.G0 J3 +A9% Z%& #$ ! 3 0 ,OA J"4)
Every / Each good teacher studies his subject carefully.
(.G0 J3 +A9% Z%& #$ 3 0 ,OA 4 D)
Assertive pronouns !" KA4

.G9%$& !" K/9, =)$& 2
1 KA4 !" 3( !" KA4

9,(% KY K4 any FG9, !2
1 KA4 Q0) FI "4 some /"4 5Z XE 4
KA4 - :% A #4 F9%"0 !) "4 ,9, 2
1 KA4 !" KA4 34 .G"4 3,0
.G" #$ !3"0 few - many Fmuch E .G"4 ,9, 2
1
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.4

some .22
& = )$& X! K/% )$& 9) % [2aF1a] H" _D [21] #$% & _D some
:G9, 9"4 K4 ! K/A"% Some rolls have been eaten.
(.*6(A 0 04)
[1]
Some bread has been eaten.
(.*6(A "4 :#)
[2]
Some (of the rolls) have been eaten. (.*6(A 04 (0))
[1a]
Some (of the bread) has been eaten.
(.*6(A :#("4))
[2a]
:G"4 3G 9,(% K4 one some H" K9, & = )$& 2!"
0 A
One of the rolls has been eaten. (.*6(A %4 2!0)
*Some of the rolls has been eaten. (O)
:G"4 ,9, 4 & 5"4 X! K/% A some F/"4 #$% & :4
Some day, Ill tell you a great secret. (.K(4 >96( % 4 9AD N% &4)
They have been staying in the village for some time.
(.G-G 99&
*(4 990- E )
: 4 FI "4 K/A # ,9, X some K4 & 5"4 X! K/%
:G(& 2
=B2 (34) other &A (4 _ "
) a certain R2 9,
Did you see some strange man looking over the hedge?
(<
2$&
2 H 4 K3-0 20)
I heard that some rare animal has escaped from the zoo.
(.RN 330 P4 !MAD XMAD 4 K/A # K
)
:G9, K H2Z 0 some of K"& >, R 5"4
Some of the loaf has been eaten. [part of the bread]
(.*6(A 0# X) 4 (X"4))
least Fless Flittle Ffewest FfewerFfew Fmost Fmore Fmuch Fmany .23
#$% 3
9) % #$% & _D FGAA ;Y H,O 4 #$% R 9) % H" _D E 4
.G"4 2 H,O 2 7- - Q) % E 4 .GA$ "Y
K/A"% (I$& FJ1) much FG(& 2 % K4 ! & = )$& (K P ) many
FI "4 H,O 9D1 +& *2
-
9,(% XE 4 FG9, 2 % K4 !
K 2
9,(% XD FGBM9, H,O K4 ! K/A"% - K/%
.G9, (J1 FI$& ) most K 2
F(:31 F=)$&) more
K/L4 :# 9D1 K% (04 F#) a few >0
9,(% K4 many
less &A fewer K 2
9,(% X a few FG9, K4 & = )$& X! K/%
.G9, (# ) least &A fewest K 2
F(:#)
K/L4 :# 9D1 3
(# 4 F#) a little >0
9,(% K4 much
K 2
F(:#) less K 2
9,(% X FG9, K4 ! K/A"%
.G9, (# ) least
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4.Pronouns
ABSOLUTE %

9,(%
COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE
BILGKUT
count K/%
Many
noncount K/A"% count K/%

much
a few
fewer
more
(less)
fewest
most
(least)
noncount K/A"%
a little
less
least
:!"
I know many people in Hotan.

(.KA ,& K P O K
)
I know a few people in Urumqi.
(.KA !,& 4
L K
)
Many of my friends were in Kashkar.
(.* 230 R9%Y2 K P X(
)
A few of my friends are in Holja.
(."P _ 9%Y2 4 X(
)
I have eaten too much (of the food).
(.R(A I$& =4 (9&(A) K
)
I have eaten a little (of the food).
(.R(A :# (9&A) K
)
Much has been said about helping the poor. (.*"#$% I$& JP 7(4 _2A P!
)
There used to be more women than men in our country, but now there
are fewer / less.
(.:# #D :4 F* =)$& 2" !"A * 29"2)
I have more chocolate than you have.
(.4 Q!& =)$& /0 N%
)
I have got the most (least).
(.4 (# ) I$&
)
Most of us enjoy reading.
(.$& ,OA 0 9& )$&)
(.R0 2% J"O !0# K
)
I have made few mistakes.
I have made fewer (mistakes) than you have. (.R0 2% J"O :# /0 N% K
)
,9, IG 9" a lot of &A plenty of K H2Z
H,O / X many
:GA"(& I " 0 + J( " X !0 FG"4
She has many good ideas.
(.4 *A ,OA K P X )
She has plenty of / a lot of good ideas.
the many dangers we face
("O K P 2" #$&)
:GA"(& 4 K4 !3"0 enough - as Fso Ftoo Fvery "#$% 3
4
very many quite a few a very few *quite many *quite several
One .24

D G"4 & 7(& /"4 H" FGAA "Y #$% & /"4 K% :% One
:G"4 +O =-$ 9D1 +&
one K% (a)
one
one *#$% H"(b)

one, ones
one H" (c)

one, ones oneself
(4) one K/"4 K% (a)

P!% :% 34 F "4 L0) +& .G"4 /% _D 5"4 one K% :%
:GAEE4 ,(4 X4 #$% R _D F#$% & _D H,O
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.4

Determinative (#$% &)

one /a boy (E4 4)
one /a pen (_"0 4)
Head (,(4)
one of the boys (%4 X!"4)
one of the pens (*4 2
"0)
:G"4 ,9, HN K4 & 5"4 X some H" - + 3( one
Ive made some cakes. Would you like one / some (of them)?
(<
EO ,6(A ;4 F_G2 ,) 2! K
)
:G9, K 79%$& 'A : one the other &A one another
We overtook one car after another / the other. (.: 9& >,( I"4 -4 2!
4)
one *#$% H" (b)
= )$& - 5"4 X! K/% FI "4 (ones) +& = )$& - 5"4 *#$% H" 4
:G(& >," / X&
A: I am looking for a book on grammar. (.K-" 49& 4 P
K
)
B: Is this the one you mean?
(<
%4 KB2 % 4)
:G"4 ,9, 9"4 K4 "#$% & 34 " 4
those ones I like (*/$& ,OA K
) the old one in the kitchen (& )
3( A . a one :K%
.G(& >, !A& X 3( 2!"MD K0 one
:G(& >," / X4 #$% & a/an + noun K/" #$
I am having a drink. Would you like one too? (<
A0 >
% FKM 5 K
)
one H" (c)
.G4D H" 5,& K/"4 DE 7(& - O K/(& & 5"4 One
330 2 4 H" 4 .4 oneself & H" = "#$ - ones & 7(& 5 X
:G9%$& ,&
I like to dress nicely. It gives one confidence.
(.G(4 % /A , ,& .K 90A ,6& J,A R2 K
)
,9, IG 9" you R2 / X FI "4 K3!Z(0 !(O ,9, : 4 X One
:K%
.G"4
Sometimes, One would think everything would be in order.
(.G"0 I!A I2 K"4 ( %
D ,& F#4)
Sometimes, You would think everything would be in order.
(."0 I!A I2 K"4 ( %
D % F#4)
One must be careful about ones investments.
(.=(& "$4 ; N$& /4
#$ ,& D)
enough Fseveral Fhalf .25

:G"4 *& #$% & 8
X
D X!" 4
Half (of) the class are girls.
(.E0 (A X9Z%)
Ive only read half (of) the book.
(._G"4 I 0 !(A X49& Q0) K
)
We had to wait for half an hour. (.* K"& P P,0% Q% R(A X4)
Several (of my friends) attended the conference.
(.90 //A 04 (X9%Y2))
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
I have several books on folklore. (.4 9& 04 P 642 /( J"O
)
Ive had enough (of your misbehaviour).
(.(3"30 X(%) _GA :1 K
)
Adil is enough of a sportsman to accept defeat gladly.
(.[ K3,) K/AE!0 ; 40 K4 J" O 64 P
+2)
There is enough (of the) water to last several weeks.
(.K4 % =2 A 9)D 04)
Enough .G9%$& % =)$& % K2Z a few R2 FI "4
= )$& several
X H4 R2 enough /"4 #$% & .G"4 3,0
9,(% K4 E too few - too little
:GA"(& Z, 2!"D K0 :4 FG(& "
There was enough food to last a whole year. (.*4 J =2 A /A 4)
There was food enough to last a whole year. (.* 4 J =2 A /A4)
:GA"(& #$% & 0 A #4 FI "4 #$% & *" 4 % half
half a loaf () R(A) half an hour ( Q% R(A) <#$% & *">
a half loaf () R(A) a half hour (Q% R(A) <#$% & 0>
another Fother .26

"#$% & K/(& >, FG(& >, "#$% & 34 /"4 #$% & other
:G" #$ "#$% 3
K4 !%
all the other women (!"A J"4 34) that other colour
(5N 34 G-)
several other trees (2 04 34) her other sister
(% 34 X )
many other ideas (") 34 K P ) two other letters (QO ) 34)
& = )$& A .GA"(& >, "#$% & K P 34 !,O /"4 H" other
:GA"(& 2 (others)
Some people complained, but others were more tolerant.
(.* J !(O *34 :4 F9A- ,& *#4)
Where are all the others?
(<2A0
D !34)
I have one sock, but Ive lost the other (one).
(._GA0 >90A 4 A :4 F4 6() 4 X0ZA)
)
We should be considerate to others.
:G9, 9,9%$& ,& 5)$& others

(.=(& "4 K/A!A !34 4)
X one other &A 4 X other K4 an 92 :4 (A =2#$% 4 another
:G0 I2 30
Ive lost my bicycle and bought another (one).
(.R"M9(% 4 34 >9BM90A 9ZB- K
)
I have a/one sister in Urumqi and another in Guma.
(.4 _ 4 A
F_ 4
L X(
)
P another "MD : 4 FGA"(4 I2Z % : 24 another F34
92
:GA"(& >, R = )$& - K%
May I take another two pieces of paper?
(<G
E4 _" #P0 ) A K
)
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.4

We have ten cows, but we are buying another five (cows).

(.0"M9(% 4 A :4 F4 6% K 24)
Nonassertive pronouns H" KA4 TAP

K/9, =)$& 2
1 :% - KA4 "4 8
2
1 KA4 !" KA4 TAP
.G9%$& !"
either - any 2!" 3( A 34 2 anything - anyone Fanybody 2!" 4
any K4 some -$ K 7(4 >9%$& KY 0) X!" KA4 TAP K4 !" KA4 .4
.*0
9,(%
My mother bought some apples. ( .*"M9(% " :# _)
<KA4>
Did my mother buy any apples?
(< "M9(% " :# _) <:% J9%>
Didnt my mother buy any apples? (< "M9(% " :# _)
<:% >
My mother didnt buy any apples. (.*"M9(% " 0# _)
<KA4 >
3 A0 / 9
30 "#$% -$ A F34 9,9, not &
.G"4
never, no, neither, nor :"#$% K/ >3 3" !& (a)
:"#$% K/"4 9D1
(b)
.!3"0 seldom Fonly Ffew Flittle Fhardly 2"#$% & - ,- (i)
!3"0 difficult Fhard Freluctant Fprevent Ffail Fbefore Fjust 2"#$% KG A (ii)
.!
9,(% K/(& K4 too -
any Fsome .27

.G2- "G 0
1 K/"0 >,0 R04 - :% F "4 J%% XA4 TAP
& KA4 TAP - KA4 J0 any K4 some FI "4 :% &A
J%% K/A2Z
:G"4 3G 9,(% KY
Freud contributed more than anyone to the understanding of dreams.
(.90 ZD$ =)$& 2!34 P H G@)
Nobody contributed as much to the understanding of dreams as Freud.
(.K/"0 ZD$ I$& =2G@ P H R(D)
:G"4 ,9, 2
1 - :% R0 4 K4
J9% some &
Did somebody telephone last night?
(< 0 K(( %4 & _,O)
Did anybody telephone last night?
(< 0 K(( %4 & _,O)

+O4 =33- & ,(& K(( %4 _ "
X "#$% 4 X"
4
_D J( 20 4 /0
1 K2Z
: 4 F3/"4 K/ >3
.G"4 K/" % HL 96A
K4 some :4 FG"4 ,9, " X! E /"4 #$% & any K4 some
:% % J9% #4 FG9, 2
1 KA4 K/" % J9% K%% 4 #$% K"&
KA4 % R2 4 #$% K/" #$ &A any .G"0 I "L$& 2
1
:G9, 2
1 :% &A 2
1
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4.Pronouns
BILGKUT
Would you like some milk? (< &(& Q % :# %) <K/96( # A >&>
Yes, please. I want some (milk). (.=(& (Q %) :# N
FD)
Do you want any milk? (< &(& Q % :# %) < :% 92>
No, I dont want any milk. (.8
=(& Q % 0# N
F:A)
either Fany .28

2 either K4 DE HL 9 & %4 !!" : &A any
X" &A /" 0 *" :) 9 E 4 .G& K4 H!" ! either FG >0)
.G,Y K4 %9, -79,
I havent written to any of my relatives about my life here.
(.R
#A QO /A3(D X!3P JP _
2A 4 K
)
I havent written to either of my parents about the marriage.
(.R
#A QO _- JP _
2A 4 K
)
Can you see any part of the roof?
(<
"$& (A 4 X$ %)
Can you see either end of the tunnel?
(<
"$& X( %)
:9, K *4 #$% K/A"% - = )$& A any
Have you seen any (of the) men working on this site.
(<
9 30D X,& K3-, 2A 4 %)
Dont spill any ((of the) wine).
(.- &$ 0# 90D)
2!"MD K/"4 96L# XLL0) ( - R& F%A0 X'A _ "
any
:G"4 I
2 H" KA4
He will eat any kind of vegetable.
(.GAA 9&$& :0D )
Any dog might bite a man if teased. (.

,, _2 ,00 9 :0D)
Any offer would be better than this.
(.:,OA K 4 >& :0D)
,9, H,O 0 A
!3"0 anything - anybody Fanyone 2!" 4
:
He will eat anything.
(.GAA % :0D )
Anyone who tells lies is punished. (.G %#1 ,& :0D K"#$% K/"A)
-$ ,9, +(") X either (4 96 H!" 4 / /N
:G"4 3,-L$& "
You can ask either of us to help you. (.G"4 %0

2A A0 X6)
Either of the other offers would be preferable to this.
(.K :,OA 4 >& !)
4III) G"4 3,-L$& ,9, #$% & & KA4 X any 2!"
-$
.(K
#
-16
Please return any overdue books to the library.
(.G 9A0 /) & 49& :0D K3 90-)
We are grateful for any aid the public can give.
(.

2A :0D K/A"(4
4)
. 111 .
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.4

Negative pronouns !" "4

neither K4 none 2!" K/(& 8
P neither K4 no 2"#$% & "4
#$% & 9) 4 neither 2E 4 FI "4 !3"0 nothing - no one Fnobody 2!" "4
H" "4 9) 4 A F"4 /"Y H& "#$% F>(& " X"#$% 34 9) %
.G"4 DE X4 #$% R 9) %
I have received no urgent message(s).
(.R"-G ,) T21 :3(D K
)
None (of the students) has / have failed. (.*"4 0AE A3(D (X! P 0))
Neither accusation / of the accusations is true. (.8
: G QA :0D)
This is none of your business.
(.:A 9M%
K4 % X 4)
I said nothing about it.
(RB2 %(D JP K
.)
(.* A0 >- QO ) 4 (D)
Nobody / No one has sent a letter.
either
neither .G >0) none - no
neither FH,O 0) X any K4 either
no .G9, K 'A : 9 &A none .G& K4 H!" ! H,O P
.G"4 ,9, K 'A % :0D
FI "4 J0) 2 a little - a few !3"0 little K4 few FA 34 20 A
"4 & X much K4 many 9D1
:4 F "4 : "4 /0 90 56"@
:G"4
There were few visitors at the exhibition. [not many people]

(.* 4 _2 # 9AD
#$&)
Few of the animals will survive the winter. [not many of the animals]
(.GAE3 9,0 *"# 9AD X!MAD)
They have many supporters, while we have few.
(.# 9AD X4 F4 * /"0 K P XE )
There was little enthusiasm for the project.
(.* 4 JP0 E# /!) 4)
Little of the original building remains today. [not much]
(.K/"0 >0% #D 0 !0# X "G 0)
They have plenty of money, but we have comparatively little.
(.# !(O "4 24 F4 ; ) 5"9(A 2E )
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. 112 .
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Verbs !'()
.5
Major verb classes
115
*" +'() J%%
Full verbs
115
!'() +09%
1. Verb forms
2. Finite and nonfinite forms of verbs
1) Infinitives
2) Gerund
3) Participial adjective
115
116
116
117
117
*& +'() .1
*& & - 5& X!'() .2
& 0 X'() (1
_D (2
H) % (3
The morphology of regular full verbs
119
6"@
X!'() +09%
50
3. The ing participle and the s form

4. Past form and ed participle
5. Spelling
6. Doubling of consonants before ing and ed
7. Deletion and addition of -e
119
120
120
121
122
& -s - & :
-ing
& :
-ed - K
# K$
,(A
,(A H0 X)D HG- =L# " X -ed - -ing
" 0 &A , X -e
The morphology of irregular full verbs
122
6"@
X!'() +09%
0
8. Irregular verb classes

9. Irregular verbs listed in class order
10. Irregular verbs in alphabetical order
123
124
128
*" +'() 0 .8

!'() 0 K/ Z .9
!'() 0 Z Z( .10
Verbs in auxiliary function
132
11. Criteria for auxiliary verbs
133
The primary verbs
137
12. be (am, is, are, was, were, been, being)

13. have (has, had)
14. do (does, did, done)
137
138
140
(am~is~are~was~were~been~being) be .12
(has~had) have .13
(does~did~done) do .14
Modal auxiliaries
141
!'() 8
15. can/could/may/might/will/shall/must
141
can/could/may/might/will/shall/must.15
Verbs of intermediate function
143
!'() 6 @ 9
16. need / dare /ought to / used to

17. Modal idioms had better/would rather
18. Semi-auxiliaries (be going to)
19. Catenative verbs
143
145
146
147
need / dare /ought to / used to .16

had better/would rather !
6 8 .17
(be going to) !'()
2A R(A .18
!'() /P4 .19
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
!'() "Y
2A

"$ K/" A0 P!'()
2A .11
!'() I
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The structure of verb phrase
148
"G 0 X4 #$% +'()
20. Finite verb phrase

21. Nonfinite verb phrase
22. Simple and complex verb phrase
148
149
149
4 #$% +'() 5& .20

4 #$% +'() & .21
4 #$% +'() I&
- T22 .22
Active and passive voice
151
2 ; [1
- %
23. The active-passive correspondence
152
3%
2 ; [1
K4 2 % .23
Formation of verb phrase
152
,%A X!'()
24. Difference between nouns and verbs

25. Verbs express small and repeated actions
26. Verbs in -en
27. Verbs in ify, -ize (-ise), and -ate
28. Prefixes
153
153
153
154
155
:) 9 !'() K4 ! .24

!'() K/9%$& D & - 5& .25
!'() K3EO K4 -en .26
!'() K3EO K4 -ate - -ize (-ise) F-ify .27
!
0 *" .28
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
Major verb classes *" +'() J%%

&A 4 (=/" A0 / 9 2 10 -4 4 I) "$4 -O "G 0
1
.GA",( 3 J( ( J0 4 #$% (5"(9&O) +'() K3) & 2!'() :
She left yesterday. (.9& K $ )
She wont leave tomorrow. (.GA& )
Has she not left yet? (< & ( )
She will leave tomorrow. (.G9(& )
(< 9& K $ )
Did she leave yesterday?
She might be leaving next week. (.

,(0 >9(& 9)D &(& )
"#$% : E FG"4 "$4 K%% /"Y 4 #$% +'() !'()
Full ) !'() +09%
H,O P leave "
0 A K/"4 - (
#
-14 4 I)
&
8 - do Fhave Fbe (Primary Verbs) !'() I 2 (
#
-14 4 I)
& "#$% JZ(A F(Verbs
2 4 .Q 2!3"0 may Fcan Fshall Fwill (Modal Auxiliary Verbs) !'()
2A
+'()
2A _D +'() J%% _D "4 !'() I FGAE6A !"Y +'() J%% Q0) !'() +09%
.GA"6$ !"Y +'()

2A Q0) !'()
2A 8 FG"4 /"Y
Full verbs !'() +09%
Verb forms
*& +'() .1
.G"4 & +'() 0 - +'() 50 K%% "L# 56"@
!'()
0 H 0 (e)d A& X!'() *& :
K
# K$ - K
# K$ X!'() 50
:
K
# K$ - K
# K$ /" #$ XE FGA3(4 0 +O 4 !'() 0 .G%A A4
+O Q$ =2 calling - called Fcalls Fcall X!'() 50 H,O P call FK%
.G"4 *&
H4 =2 spoken - spoke Fspeaking Fspeaks Fspeak X!'() 0 H,O 0 speak FG"4 &
+O =2 cutting - cuts Fcut X!'() 0 R04 H,O 0 cut A !0 FG"4 & +O
X!'() 0 - 50 "-21 -$ .G"4 & +O &% X be +'() I .G"4 !&
:*(4 *&
!'() 50
!'() 0
Regular verbs
Irregular verbs
(1) BASE FORM
& %
call
want
speak
cut
win
wants
speaks
cuts
wins
(2) S FORM & K/" 0-S calls
wanting
speaking cutting winning
(3) ING FORM
& -ING calling
(4) PAST FORM & K
# K$ called
wanted
spoke
cut
won
wanted
spoken
cut
won
(5) -ED PARTICIPLE :
K
# K$ called
/
#
P !'() & - 5& -$) +'() 5& X& +'() 4
X!'() /!%% / 4 .GA,O "Y 4 #$% +'() & - *4 #$% (.0
-ED) & :
K
# K$ - & -ING F(FINITE) 5& & K
# K$ K4 & -S
.G"4 & #4 F5& #4 & % .G0 I2 & & (& :

Q0) 2 (4 #$% +'() K/A 2
1 T622 "MD ;
) 4 #$% +'() 5&
.G"4 +'() & E "4 !'() 34 A& .G"4 5& !'() 4
.115 .
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She calls him every day.

She is calling him now.
She has called twice today.
$%& .5
(.G0 K(( / &D )

(.GM0 K(( / #D )
(.*0 K(( R9(0 / K 4 )
:G"4 +'() & !'()

D 4 #$% +'() &
Calling early, she found him at home. ( .9) A$ F3/0 K((G"4)
Called early, he ate a quick breakfast.
(.*0 9 H" F3/0 G"4)
Having been called early, he felt sleepy all day. (.*2 A H
O K & K ) F3/0 G"4)
Finite and nonfinite forms of verbs *& & - 5& X!'() .2

- /0 " F PG" F A !'() 34 .G(& I "4 -O K%%
1 !'()
+'() & - 5& !'() K%% DE
.GA"(& 2&"$4 J"0 Q"D
.G"4 &
& K
#
1 FK/"L$& !"$4 -O X
1 Q0) X!'() & +'() 5&
.& K/A & 9D1 K% - O X !0
I am reading an interesting book. (.K- 0 49& 4 J"30 K
) <am>
She stays at home everyday.
(.G 9" A$ &D ) <stays>
F9%"0 !Z(& A& X!'() 5& "$4 -O X
1 & & X!'()
.& K/A"(& &"$4
1 34 A "4
I am reading an interesting book. (.K- 0 49& 4 J"30 K
) <reading>
He likes reading. (.G$& ,OA 0 9& )
<reading>
& K/A"(& 2&"$4 34 2-O X!'() K%% *& & X!'()
- (H &A) _D F& 0 X!'() E K%% /"Y
1 3/"4 K/9%$&
.G"4 3!0/A Q 9) %
(infinitive) & 0 X'() .(1

.G%A K4 " 0 X to /" X& % X'() & 0 X!'()
work ~ to work e.g. We want him to work harder. (.0
,, :Z, X 4)
34 " X!'() 4 Q0) ;MD : 4 :4 FG%A & 0 " 0 to P!'() *#4
:K%
.G"L$& "& !'()
2A
We may finish today. (.

"4 >9 K 4 4)
She had them read the letter. (.9 0 O PE )
:K%
.G%A K4 ," 0 not /" X to & "4 X& 0 X!'()
I hope you not to come here. (.K0
%"& A 4 X% K
)
O X44
"G 0 2 ; [1
- *& K
# A0D X& 0 X!'()
.*(4
"Y
1 X& 0 X!'()
:K%
.G(& I "4
1 .(1
To study hard is a way of success. (."A 4 X,0 "P 7$ >,)
To be here with you is my great pleasure. (.J" O K K
H "4 2A 4 K4 K% )
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
990- : 4 FG"4 ,9B-L % A& X

1 E /"4
1 & 0 X!'()
:G9, 9) % K& ,(4 X
1 it R2
It is my great pleasure to be here with you.
:K%
.G"4 PG"
1 (2
I like to teach Physics. (.KAEO $ %2 @ K
)
We want to have lunch with you. (.AEO ,6(A :
= K4 % 4)
We hope you to buy a new car.
:K%
.G"4 /0 " PG" (3
(.0
,BM9(%
(A X% 4)
:K%
.G(& & -O R(& (4
My aim is to study abroad. (.H 0 "' R0
X(
)
:K%
.G(& I "4 /3( (5
John, it is time to sleep. (.*"4 K/A!O FK1)
:K%
.G(& I "4 9"D Q0

1 (6
My family came here to take part in my wedding.
:K%
.G"0 I to R2 990- : 4 .G(& I "4 -O 4
1 (7
You have never seen my daughter walk. (.X04 IL$& /N
X0 X(
K%)
(Gerund) _D .(2

X!'() A .K/96( 90 DE H$ "Y J X& + X!'() _D
9-$ #$ A "4 F9%"0 !)2Z 33M(4 # A XD -7 2
1 & +
(.G )2 H 2!49& *#4) .G"4 DE J I2Z 9) % 'A D
.G%A K4 " 0 X -ing & % X!'() _D F9D1 +&
Watch + ing = watching
look + ing = looking
I like watching television. (.K$& ,OA L$& YM(( K
)
"Y
1 X
D
:K%
.G"4
1 (1
Studying hard is a way of success. (."A 4 X,0 "P 7$ >,)
:K%
.G"4 PG"
1 (2
I like teaching Physics. (.KAEO $ %2 @ K
)
My friend Alim succeeded in teaching English. (.9( 0 R" _ 9%Y2)
:K%
.G(& & -O R(& (3
My aim is studying abroad. (.H 0 "' R0
X(
)
:K%
.G"4 /0 " PG" (4
I heard somebody knocking at the door. (.RN 3M( 5, X%4 K
)
(Participial adjective) H) % .(3

DE H$ "Y Q) % X& :
K
# K$ - & + X!'() H) %
9) % - "4 _ "
X #$% 34 9-$ #$ & +O 4 X!'() .K/96( 90
.117 .
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$%& .5
.G"4 DE 5) % K/AEA0 / 9

"Y
1 X) %
:K%
.G(& I "4 /3(
1 .(1
The man watching television is a doctor. (. 9OY2 4 K3M$& GM()
My wife is a educated woman. (.;A K$& 64 R"A)
:K%
.G(& I "4 -O R(& .(2
The movie is very exhausting. (.K,B# =4 & 4)
The window is broken. (.*9BM3( B2)
:K%
.G"4 /0 " PG" .(3
Can you see the airplane flying. (<
"$& 3- X!)GA)
I saw the play performed by them. (.K$& 3/"A Z E X A 4 K
)
:K%
.G(& I "4 Q"D (4
Not having received a reply, I sent a short message by my cell phone again.
(.R9- 4 A 2 30 K4 R(( ;0 K
F",( 34-1)
Loaded by his family, he often splurges.
(.G0 51O24 R2 F3/"4 K/(4 ; ) I$& Z -)
#$% +'() 2A 4 .G"#$% ) 2!
#
6(& *4 #$% +'() & - 5&
:G"LL ,,G J&9% X& +'() +OD K/0 + 4
& - 5& 2!"MD -$ (!3"0 cut Fspeak Fcall) & % !'() (1)
:G"L$& 2&
K4 !% - O J"4 34 9"4 O & 92 K
# 0#D (i)
:G"L$& & 5& & % X!'()
I / you / we / they call regularly.
:G"L$& & 5& & % X!'() 2
1 :GA 4 (ii)
Call at once!
:G"L$& & 5& & % A " 0 K"&
# 0#D (iii)
They demanded that she call and see them.
(.*0 I" !0A "#$ >(& E )
:G"L$& & & & % X'() /"4 +'() 5& !'() 34 (iv)
He may call tonight.
(.

,0 K(( & K 4 )
:G"L$& & & & % & +'() K/(& K4 to (v)
We want her to call.
(.0
,0 Q6# X 4)

1 & 92 K
# 0#D (!3"0 cuts Fspeaks Fcalls) & -S X!'() (2)
:G"L$& & 5& F>(& K4 5"4 O "G 0
He / she calls him every day. He / she speaks English. (.GA"#$% )
2!"MD =-$ (!3"0 cutting Fspeaking Fcalling) & :
-ING X!'() (3)
:G"L$& & &
:2!"G 0 & + K/(& K4 be +'() I (i)
She is calling him now. (.GM0 K (( / ) He was calling her. (.9M0 K(( / )
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
:2 (
1 *3(4)
1 :
J" -ING (ii)
Calling early, I found her at home. (.R9) A$ K
F3/0 K ( G"4)
& 92 K
# K$ (!3"0 cut Fspoke Fcalled) & K
# K$ X!'() (4)
:G"L$& & 5& "G 0
1
Someone called yesterday.
(.K9Z0 K (( %4 K $)
(!3"0 cut Fspoken Fcalled) (& :
-ED) & :
K
# K$ X!'() (5)
:G"L$& & & 2!"MD =-$
:G(& >, & 8
X have 2& K ) (i)
He has called twice today.
(.*0 K(( R9(0 K 4 )
:G(& >, & 8
X be +'() 2
1 ; [1
(ii)
Her brother is called John.
(.G0 I2 K1 & X )
:G(& 2
1 :
J" -ED (iii)
Called early, he ate a quick breakfast. (.*0 9 H" F3/0 G"4)
6"@
X!'() +09%
50
Q '() 0 - 50 !'() +09%
F/0 DE 56"@
& % K

& :
-ING K4 & -S F D .G"4 3,,A 9)
K$ - & K
# K$ X!'() 50 F& *(A K/A,O XE 4 .G"4 3%A >A)
K$ X!'() 0 :4 .G"4 3%A >A) & % (& -ED) & :
K
#
7BM%A &A 7BM0 #) & % (& -ED) & :
K
# K$ - & K
#
.GA"4 96
:G"4 & #$% !O Q$ K/A,O Q0) X!'() 50 F=2$ > / 0 A
BASE
call
:& %
-ing PARTICIPLE
calling
:(& +) &-ing
-s FORM
calls
:&-s
PAST FORM or ed PARTICIPLE
called :& :
K
# K$ &A K
# K$
& :
K
# K$ - K
# K$ !30 H 0 -ed & % A F!'() : 4
& :
-ED - & K
# K$ X!'() 50 .G"4 !'() 50 F!'() K/"4 3%A
K/"4 3,Z( I" 2P " .G"4 3 !)2 & -ED >30 E 3/"4 L0)
F=4 ! (G(4 !& % X!'() K%% 2P " !"4 +'() 0 ) & %
.G"4 3,BM%A &A 3,BM0 #) A4 0 =0 A & 34
Q$ 0 A X!'() 50 F3/"4 !'() 50 !'() R0 I$& :

FP 4 0 H!3 P!'() 50 J"4 & +O 4 - 74 3/"4 & +O
/ 2! 34 &A K3M%A (A A !0 .GAA ;Y J3"D 9,9, - H" (
:K%
.G- "4 & +'() A4 Q6 0 :
;2
!'() K3M&
xerox ~ xeroxing ~ xeroxes ~ xeroxed
The ING participle and the S form & -S - & :

-ING .3
(G"4 3 I2 & +) & ing X D X!'() 0 - 50 (1)
:G0 # Z)" /i / FG%A J0 " 0 X -ing A& X& %
walk ~ walking
agree ~ agreeing
push ~ pushing study ~ studying
sing ~ singing
pass ~ passing
weep ~ weeping
take ~ taking
.119 .
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
:2 (
1 *3(4)
1 :
J" -ING (ii)
Calling early, I found her at home. (.R9) A$ K
F3/0 K ( G"4)
& 92 K
# K$ (!3"0 cut Fspoke Fcalled) & K
# K$ X!'() (4)
:G"L$& & 5& "G 0
1
Someone called yesterday.
(.K9Z0 K (( %4 K $)
(!3"0 cut Fspoken Fcalled) (& :
-ED) & :
K
# K$ X!'() (5)
:G"L$& & & 2!"MD =-$
:G(& >, & 8
X have 2& K ) (i)
He has called twice today.
(.*0 K(( R9(0 K 4 )
:G(& >, & 8
X be +'() 2
1 ; [1
(ii)
Her brother is called John.
(.G0 I2 K1 & X )
:G(& 2
1 :
J" -ED (iii)
Called early, he ate a quick breakfast. (.*0 9 H" F3/0 G"4)
6"@
X!'() +09%
50
Q '() 0 - 50 !'() +09%
F/0 DE 56"@
& % K

& :
-ING K4 & -S F D .G"4 3,,A 9)
K$ - & K
# K$ X!'() 50 F& *(A K/A,O XE 4 .G"4 3%A >A)
K$ X!'() 0 :4 .G"4 3%A >A) & % (& -ED) & :
K
#
7BM%A &A 7BM0 #) & % (& -ED) & :
K
# K$ - & K
#
.GA"4 96
:G"4 & #$% !O Q$ K/A,O Q0) X!'() 50 F=2$ > / 0 A
BASE
call
:& %
-ing PARTICIPLE
calling
:(& +) &-ing
-s FORM
calls
:&-s
PAST FORM or ed PARTICIPLE
called :& :
K
# K$ &A K
# K$
& :
K
# K$ - K
# K$ !30 H 0 -ed & % A F!'() : 4
& :
-ED - & K
# K$ X!'() 50 .G"4 !'() 50 F!'() K/"4 3%A
K/"4 3,Z( I" 2P " .G"4 3 !)2 & -ED >30 E 3/"4 L0)
F=4 ! (G(4 !& % X!'() K%% 2P " !"4 +'() 0 ) & %
.G"4 3,BM%A &A 3,BM0 #) A4 0 =0 A & 34
Q$ 0 A X!'() 50 F3/"4 !'() 50 !'() R0 I$& :

FP 4 0 H!3 P!'() 50 J"4 & +O 4 - 74 3/"4 & +O
/ 2! 34 &A K3M%A (A A !0 .GAA ;Y J3"D 9,9, - H" (
:K%
.G- "4 & +'() A4 Q6 0 :
;2
!'() K3M&
xerox ~ xeroxing ~ xeroxes ~ xeroxed
The ING participle and the S form & -S - & :

-ING .3
(G"4 3 I2 & +) & ing X D X!'() 0 - 50 (1)
:G0 # Z)" /i$/ FG%A J0 " 0 X -ing A& X& %
walk ~ walking
agree ~ agreeing
push ~ pushing study ~ studying
sing ~ singing
pass ~ passing
weep ~ weeping
take ~ taking
.119 .
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$%& .5

*# Z)" +O X

D .G%A K4 ," 0 X -S & % & -S X!'() (2)
:G(& 02 1G- 2!"MD =-$ # Z)" +O 4 .Q 2 /s/ - /z/ F/iz/ E FG"4
K/" 0 & % X!'() K3EO K4 *G- "& % 7 N1 &A JN1 (a)
:K%
.G,"O K4 es R2 *O #$% "MD : 4 .G3 *# Z)" /iz/ 2 (e)s
-S FORM
BASE
BASE
/-s/ pass ~ passes /-siz/

/-z/ buzz ~ buzzes /-ziz/
-S FORM
BASE
-S FORM
/-t/ catch ~ catches /-tiz/

/-/ push ~ pushes /-iz/
/-d,/ budge ~ budges /-d,iz/ /-,/ camouflage~camouflages/-,iz/
K/" 0 A& X& % K3EO K4 !G- JN1 34 G- "& % 7 (b)
:K%
.G3 *# Z)" /z/ 2 (e)s
-S FORM
BASE
/-l/ call
~
/-i:/ flee ~
calls /-iz/
flees /-i:z/
-S FORM
BASE
/-b/ rob
/-ai/ try
~
~
robs /-bz/
tries /-aiz/
K/" 0 A& X& % K3EO K4 !G- N1 34 G- "& % 7 (c)
:K%
.G3 *# Z)" /s/ 2 (e)s
-S FORM
BASE
/-t/ cut
/-p/ hop
~
~
cuts /-ts/
hops /-ps/
BASE
/-k/ lock ~
/-f/ cough ~
-S FORM
locks /-ks/
coughs /-fs/
FK%
) ,#$P -i- X -y F(go ~ goes FK%
) "4 -es #4 X -s 9D1 7(A
>,,O K4 ,#$ A1 H%A & = )$& X! K/% !3"0 (try~tries
.G9(&
Past form and ED participle & :

-ED - K
# K$ .4
+O & :
-ED - K
# K$ X!'() 50 H,O & -S X!'()
:4 *# Z)"
:K%
FG0 # Z)" /id/ /" 0 -ED /3EO K4 /t/ - /d/ & % (a)
pad ~ padded /-did/
pat ~ patted /tid/
need ~ needed /did/
delight ~ delighted /tid/
want ~ wanted /tid/
/3EO K4 !G- :G#% - !G- JN1 34 3EO K4 /d/ & % (b)
:K%
FG0 # Z)" /d/ /" 0 -ED
buzz ~ buzzes /-zd/
call ~ called /-ld/ budge ~ budged /-d,d/
tow ~ towed /-1K/
rubbed /bd/
longed /gd/
lived /vd/
raised /zd/
garaged /,d/
filled /ld/
judge /d,/
berthed /-d/
explained /nd/
bathed /*d/
combed /md/
stayed /eid/
reviewed /jud/ murdered /1:d/
:G0 # Z)" /t/ /" 0 -ED /3EO K4 !G- N1 34 2 /t/ & % (c)
pass ~ passed /-st/ pack ~ packed /-kt/ help ~ helped /pt/
picked /kt/
laughed /ft/
kissed /st/
washed /t/
scratched /tt/
Spelling ,(A .5
2A 4 *
FI "4 0 5M%
3,0 # Z)" /" A0 / 9 2!
#
-5 F-3 0 A
.G" A0 / 9 0 R04 5M%
, #$ 9D1 ,(A X!'() 50
:E .* K9, *" % 92 XO ,#$ 4 2!
#
3"
-S: look ~ looks
-ING: look ~ looking
-ED: look ~ looked
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
:E .GAEE4 & "MD K/"4 %4 X!"MD =-$ 0 4
bar ~ barring ~ barred :,"& XG- =L# 0O (1)
create ~ creating ~ created : " 0 &A ,(0 > X -e O (2)
carry ~ carries ~ carrying ~ carried :,," X -i- / X -y O (3)
2!"
-$ F>9A(& 0 9O ,#$ 2!'() !"MD : 4
:G"4 L# 9GG"0 9% K% - 9,,A ,#$ KY =9%$&
die ~ dying ~ died
bar ~ barring ~ barring
star ~ starring ~ starred
dye ~ dyeing ~ dyed
bare ~ baring ~ bared
stare ~ staring ~ stared
sing ~ singing ~sang/sung
singe ~ singeing ~ singed
stop ~ stopping ~ stopped

stoop ~stooping ~ stooped
hop ~ hopping ~ hopped

hope ~ hoping ~ hoped
F-s & % X!'() F"4 HG- =L# HG- " X -y 2!'() K3EO K4 -y
:G3 >(& ,#$ =-$ /" 0 -ed &A -ing
:G," -ie / X -y * 9 " 0 -s A& X!'() : 4 (a)
carry ~ carries try ~ tries dry ~ dries deny ~ denies fancy ~ fancies
:G," -i / X -y * 9 " 0 -ed A& X!'() : 4 (b)
carry ~ carried try ~ tried dry ~ dried deny ~ denied fancy ~ fancied
-ing A& X -y &A "4 HG- :G#% HG- " X -y 2!'() K3EO K4 -y
:K%
.GA
#$ -y /" 0
stay ~ stayed alloy ~ alloys
carry ~ carrying stay ~ staying
-y X -ie7#$ K/A,O +O4 A /" 0 -ing ,(A X!'() K3EO K4 -ie
:4 -$ 2!'() : 4 .GA"L$& 7#$ : 4 /" 0 -es &A -ed :4 FG"L$& ,," P
die ~ dying lie ~ lying
tie ~ tying
vie ~ vying
Doubling of consonants before ing and -ed ,(A H0 XZD HG- =L# " X -ed - -ing .6
"4 K3) & ZD HG- :G#% : &A "4 : " P
P4 0O X& %
:G(A H0 * 9 " 0 -ed - -ing )D HG- =L# A&
bar ~ 'barring ~ barred
beg ~ 'begging ~ begged pa'trol ~ pa'trolling ~ pa'trolled
oc'cur ~ oc'curring ~ oc'curred
per'mit ~ per'mitting ~ per'mitted
.G"4 !"MD K/(A H0 *)D HG- =L# *#4 20 K/"4 % P
P4 0O
2 (AmE) (
F;
2 (BrE) 6 7(A H0 2 (a-c) !"MD -$
:G4(D ;MD K/"L$& # &A K,"
:*3EO K4 -l _D K/"4 % P
P4 0O 2!'() (a)
'travel ~ travelling ~ travelled
<BrE and AmE>
'travel ~ traveling ~ traveled
<AmE>
'cancel, 'counsel, 'dial, 'modal, 'signal
<H,O 0 A>
:*3EO K4 _ P4 % P K"& >, m(me) 2!'() (b)
'program(me) ~ 'programming ~ 'programmed
<BrE and AmE>
'program ~ 'programing ~ 'programed
<AmE>
.121 .
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$%& .5
:*3EO K4 _ P4 % P K"& >, -p 2!'() (c)

'worship ~ 'worshipping ~ 'worshipped
<BrE and AmE>
'worship ~ 'worshiping ~ 'worshiped
<AmE>
:*3EO K4 _ P4 % P K"& >, -g 2!'() (d)
'humbug ~ 'humbugging ~ 'humbugged
,(A H0 XZD HG- =L# 2!'() K3EO K4 -c K"& !Z, 3G- :G#% (e)
:G(A >0 -ck
'panic ~ 'panicking ~ 'panicked
'traffic ~ 'trafficking ~ 'trafficked
7(A : _D 7(A H0 _D 2!'() K3EO K4 !G- :G#% K"& >, -s R04 (f)
:G"L$& *"MD
'bias
~ 'biasing / 'biassing
~ 'biased / 'biassed
'bus
~ 'busing / bussing
~
bused / bussed
'focus ~ focusing / focussing ~ focused / focussed
Deletion and addition of -e " 0 &A , X -e .7

:G"0 I /" 0 -ed &A -ing A& 92 3 HG- 2 -e 0 X!'()
create ~ creating ~ created
shave ~ shaving ~ shaved
bake ~ baking ~ baked
type ~ typing ~ typed
/nd,/ FI "4 % X0 4 !'() :
P4 4 K/,"O K4 -nge - -oe F-ye & %
:G"0 I _ 0 -e /" 0 -ed :4 FGA"0 I -e /" 0 -ing FG0 # Z)"
dye ~ dying ~dyed
singe ~ singeing ~ singed
hoe ~ hoeing ~ hoed
tinge ~ tingeing ~ tinged
tie ~ tied
:G"0 I -e 2!'() K3EO K4 -ee &A -ie A /" 0 -ed
die ~ died agree ~ agreed
:G" 0 -e /" X -s K/"4 00 2!"MD =-$
:A& X)D K/3 G- "& % 7 =-$ (a)

-s: pass ~ passes
-z: buzz ~ buzzes
-ch: watch ~ watches
-sh: wash ~ washes -x: coax ~ coaxes
go ~ goes
:A& X -o 2!3"0 VETO FECHO FDO FGO (b)

do ~ does /d's/
echo ~ echoes
veto ~ vetoes
6"@
X!'() +09%
0
The morphology of irregular full verbs
K$ :4 .GA,O K4 !'() 50 9D1 & -ING K4 & -S !'() 0
- K
# K$ X!'() 0 .GA,O E 9D1 *& :
(K
# K$) -ED - K
#
:G"4 & 8O #$ 9%"4 K/"%A A4 0 4 *& :
K
# K$
:GA"4 & -ed 50 X!'() 0 (a)
burn ~ burnt come ~ came ~ come
sing ~ sang ~ sung
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
:
K
# K$ - K
# K$ )$& !G- :G#% & % X!'() 0 (b)
:G#$ &
choose ~ chose ~ chosen
write ~ wrote ~ written
.G"4 *& :
K
# K$ - K
# K$ K/A,O I$& 9AD 2!'() 0 (c)
:4 F "4 I$& 204 *& :
K
# K$ - K
# K$ X!'() 0
+O 34 F3/"4 H,O K4 !'() 50 & :
-ING K4 & -S X!'() 0
K$ - K4 V1 & K
# K$ FK4 V & % X!'() 0 3O O &
:G"4 3!0/A /O H4 =-$ >0 2Z K4 V2 & :
K
#
V
V-ed1
V-ed2
cut
cut
cut
:*,O & ! (a)
meet
met
met
: V-ed2 =V-ed1 (b)
beat
beat
beaten
: V-ed1 = V (c)
come
came
come
:V-ed2 = V (d)
speak
spoke
spoken
:*/A,O & ! (e)
Irregular verb classes *" +'() 0 .8

IL 9"& Z 0) - !3,O 0 A !'() 0 :0 2 250
7,A 9"4 D X,(A - *# Z)" .G"4 3,A " %%
"$ K/3
4 _ "
F>( # !# Z)" XE Q0) 9,9(4 " X!'() 0 F3/"4 96
:G"0
"$ -$ 9,A !'() .G0 _ &$D %
&A +'() 0 X'()
X!
0 0 2 ( V-ed2 ) & :
K
# K$ K4 (V-ed1) & K
# K$ (a)
:(use of suffix) ,9,
dream ~ dreamed ~ dreamt
shake ~ (shook) ~ shaken
:(V-ed identity) J,O & :
K
# K$ - K
# K$ (b)
(meet) ~ met ~ met
(bring) ~ brought ~ brought
:(Vowel identity) 3,O HG- :G#% (c)
saw ~ sawed ~ sawed / sawn
cut ~ cut ~ cut
:*9%$& 3/6A :0 !'() 0 X

"$ 4 "-21 -$
*"
(a)
Classes Use of suffix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+
+
+
+

(b)
V-ed identity
+
+
+

+
+

Examples
(c)
Vowel identity V
V-ed1
+
+

+

burn
saw
bring
break
cut
strike
swim
burned/burnt
sawed
brought
broke
cut
struck
swam
V-ed2
burned/burnt
sawed/sawn
brought
broken
cut
struck
swum
!'() H,O burn 2 4 FI "4 "4 8 ) 2 -1 F&G"4 3,B-L$& "-21
.G"4 *96- 8
A X'() 4 D F*(A K/A,O E4 .G 3(A 9AD P!'() 50
.123 .
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$%& .5

0 +O K/"4 3!" A - & K

# K$ K/%A K4 -ed X!'() 2 -2
.4 3,O HG- :G#% X
D A !0 F4
0
bring ~ brought :K%
.:A 3,O HG- :G#% X!'() 2 -3
Q 2 -n R2 & :
K
# K$ FI "4 +& +O K/A,O 2!'() 2 -4
break ~ broke ~ broken :K%
.G"4
0 0
cut ~ cut ~ cut :K%
.G"4 +& +O H,O 2!'() 2 -5
0 FI "4 J,O 9 *& :
K
# K$ - K
# K$ 2!'() 2 -6
strike ~ struck ~ struck :G#$ & 4 HG- :G#% & % !0 FGA"4 !
0
X!'() 2 4 .G4D * !'() 0 !'() +09%
!'() 2 -7
HG- :G#% & % FGA"4
0 0 FGA,O *& :
K
# K$ - K
# K$
.swim ~ swam ~ swum FK%
.G#$ K/"0
K/A,O ) X FI "4
go ~ went ~ gone +'() 0 DE F34 2E 4
.G"4 & K
# K$
Irregular verbs listed in class order !'() 0 K/ Z .9

* -1
:*DE
& :
K
# K$ - K
# K$ .GA,O 73 HG- F:4 G9,
0 0
.G"4 H,O HG- :G#% & !
D
D G"4 H,O
V
V-ed (V-ed1=V-ed2)
burn
burnt / burned
<R>
dwell
dwelt / dwelled
<R>
earn
earned
<R>
learn
learnt / learned
<R>
smell
smelt / smelled
<R>
spell
spelt / spelled
<R>
misspell
misspelt / misspelled <R>
spill
spilt / spilled
<R>
spoil
spoilt / spoiled
<R>
bend
bent (adj: bended)
unbend
unbent (adj: unbended)
.GA2Z 3"4 & -ed 50 X'() R
V-ed (V-ed1=V-ed2)
build
built
rebuild
rebuilt
lend
lent
rend
rent
spend
spent
misspend
misspent
send
sent
make
made
remake
remade
unmake
unmade
have (has)
had
+O4 *& V-ed has & -s X have*
* -2
:*DE
K$ FI "4 50 %4 X
0 4 FG"4
0 0 X& :
K
# K$
% HG- :G#% & K
# K$ .G"4 -n
0 0 4 A FG"4 H,O K4 & K
#
.G"4 H,O K4 &
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5. Verbs
V
hew
mow / /
saw
sew / /
shear
BILGKUT
V-ed1
hewed
mowed
sawed
sewed
sheared
V-ed2
V
V-ed1
hewn/hewed <R>
show
showed
mown/mowed<R>
(shew
sawn/sawed <R>
sow / / sowed
sewn/sewed <R>
strew /u:/ strewed
shorn/sheared<R> swell
swelled
.GA2Z 3"4 & -ed 50 X'() R
V-ed2
shown/showed<R>
shewed/shewn )
sown/sowed <R>
strewn/strewed<R>
swollen/swelled<R>
* -3
:
K
# K$ - (V-ed1 )K
# K$ FG"4 J0) 73 HG- :4 FG9, !
0 0
.G#$ 2& 4 _ P4 & % :4 FH,O ( V-ed2 ) &
V
/i:/ ~
bereave
cleave
creep
(mis)deal
dream
feel
flee
keep
kneel
lean
leap
leave
mean
(over)sleep
sweep
weep
V-ed (V-ed1=V-ed2)
/e/
bereft / bereaved <R>
cleft / cleaved
<R>
crept
(mis)dealt /e/
dreamt /dreamed <R>
felt
fled
kept
knelt / kneeled
<R>
leant / leaned
<R>
leapt / leaped
<R>
left
meant
(over)slept
swept
wept
V
~
beseech
bring
buy
catch
seek
teach
(re)think
/u:/
~
lose
/e/
~
sell
tell
/i/
~
hear
/ei/
say
V-ed (V-ed1=V-ed2)
/(:/
besought/beseeched <R>
brought
bought
caught
sought
taught
(re)thought
/(/
lost
/ /
sold
told
/2:/
heard
/e/
said
* -4
-n
0 0 R2 & V-ed2 FGA,O & V-ed2 K4 & V-ed1 X!'() 2 4
.GA"4 3,O HG- :G#% K4 & % .G"4
V
V-ed1
V-ed2
*"4 HG- :G#% H,O 2 V-ed2 K4 V-ed1
~
/ /
/ /
break /ei/
broke
broken
choose /u:/ chose
chosen
(un)freeze
(un)froze
(un)frozen
deepfreeze deepfroze
deepfrozen
speak /i:/
spoke
spoken
steal /i:/
stole
stolen
(a)wake(n) (a)woke
(a)woken
weave
wove/weaved woven/weaved
/e/
forget
tread
.125 .
/(/
forgot
trod
/(/
forgotten
trodden /trod
V-ed1
V-ed2
*"4 HG- :G#% H,O 2 V-ed2 K4 V-ed1
/e/ ~
/(:/
/(:/
bear
bore
borne
swear
swore
sworn
tear
tore
torn
wear
wore
worn
/ai/
~
/i/
/i/
bite
bit
bitten
chide
chid
chidden/chid/chided
hide
hid
hidden/hid
/ai/
~
/ei/
/ei/
lie
lay
lain
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$%& .5

V-ed1
V-ed2
*"4 HG- :G#% H,O 2 V-ed2 K4 V

/ / ~
/u:/
/ /
blow
blew
blown
(out)grow
(out)grew
(out)grown
know
knew
known
(over)throw (over)threw (over)thrown
/ei/
/ei/
/u:/
forsake
forsook
forsaken
shake
shook
shaken
(mis)take
(mis)took
(mis)taken
overtake
overtook
overtaken
partake
partook
partaken
undertake
undertook
undertaken
/i/
~
forbid
give
V-ed1
V-ed2
*"4 HG- :G#% K/A,O & !

/ai/ ~
/ /
/i/
drive
drove
driven
(over)ride (over)rode (over)ridden
(a)rise
(a)rose
(a)risen
smite
smote
smitten
stride
strode
strid/stridden/strode
strive
strove/strived striven/strived
write
written
wrote
/ai/
~
/u:/
/ /
fly
flew
flown
/u:/
~
/i/
/'/
do (does)
did
done
/i/
*"4 HG- :G#% H,O & !
forbade/forbad forbidden/forbid /i:/
/i:/
/i:/
gave
given
beat
beat
beaten
/(:/
/ai/
/ai/
/ai/
drew
drawn
dive
dived <R> dived <R>
fell
fallen
dove
shrive
shrived<R> shrived<R>
/i:/
shrove
shriven
ate
eaten
thrive
thrived<R> thrived <R>
saw
seen
throve
thriven
/ei/
/(:/
draw
fall
/i:/
eat
see
/ei/
slay
slew
slain
* -5
:*DE
% .GA"4 *
0 0 FI "4 H,O *& V-ed2 - V-ed1 FV A & !
.GA
#$ HG- :G#% &
V = V-ed1 = V-ed2
bet
bid
burst
cast
cost
cut
fit
hurt
knit
(betted <R>)
(~bade~ bidden)
(busted <R>)
(broadcast,)
(knitted <R>)
let
put
quit
rid
set
shed
shit
shut
slit
(putted <R>)
(quitted <R>)
(ridded <R>)
(beset,)
split
spread
sweat (sweated <R>)
thrust
wed
(wedded <R>)
wet
(wetted <R>)
(V-ed1 =shat)
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
* -6
:*DE
HG- :G#% & % FH,O & V-ed2 K4 & V-ed1
V-ed1 =V-ed2
/i:/ ~
bleed
breed
(over)feed
(be)hold
(mis)lead
meet
reed
speed
/e/
bled
bred
(overfed
(be)held
(mis)led
met
read
sped
/ai/
/au/
bind
find
grind
wind
bound
found
ground
wound
F: A
0 0
.G#$
V-ed1 =V-ed2
V-ed1 =V-ed2
/i/ ~
cling
dig
fling
(over)hang
sling
slink
spin
stick
sting
strike
string
swing
win
wring
/i:/ heave
/'/
clung
dug
flung
(over)hung
slung
slunk
spun
stuck
stung
struck
strung
swung
won
wrung
/ / hove
/ai/ ~
light
slide
/i/
lit
slid
/i/
~
sit
spit
~
get
shine
shoe
(over)shoot
/ai/
~
fight
abide
//
sat
spat
/(/
got /gotten<AmE>
shone
shod (shoed<R>)
(over)shot
// stand
/u/ stood
fought /(:/
abode / /
* -7
:*DE
HG- :G#% & % FGA,O & V-ed2 K4 & V-ed1 F:A
0 0
.G#$
V
/i/
~
begin
drink
ring
shrink
sing
sink
spring
stink
swim
.127 .
V-ed1
//
~
began
drank
rang/rung
shrank/shrunk
sang/sung
sank/sunk
sprang/sprung
stank/stunk
swam/swum
V-ed2
/'/
begun
drunk(en)
rung/ringed
shrunk(en)
sung
sunk(en)
sprung
stunk
swum
V
come
become
overcome
run
outrun
overrun
rerun
go
for(e)go
undergo
V-ed1
came
became
overcame
ran
outran
overran
reran
went
for(e)went
underwent
V-ed2
come
become
overcome
run
outrun
overrun
rerun
gone
for(e)gone
undergone
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$%& .5
Irregular verbs in alphabetical order !'() 0 Z ( .10

& %
Base(V)
& K
# K$
Past tense(V-ed1)
& :
K
# K$
-ed participle (V-ed2)
abide
arise
awake
be (am, is, are)
bear
beat
become
befall
beget
begin
behold
bend
bereave
beseech
beset
bestride
bet
betake
bid
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break
breed
bring
broadcast
build
burn
burst
bust
buy
cast
catch
chide
choose
cleave
cling
come
cost
creep
cut
deal
deepfreeze
dig
dive
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
[earn]
abode, abided
arose
awoke, awaked
was, were
bore
beat
became
befell
begot
began
beheld
bent
bereft, bereaved
besought, beseeched
beset
bestrode
bet, betted
betook
bad(e), bid
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burnt, burned
burst
bust, busted
bought
cast
caught
chid, chided
chose
cleft, clove, cleaved
clung
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
deepfroze, -freezed
dug
dived, dove
did
drew
dreamt, dreamed
drank
drove
dwelt, dwelled
[earned]
abode, abided
arisen
awoken, awaked
been
borne
beaten (beat)
become
befallen
begotten
begun
beheld
bent
bereft, bereaved
besought, beseeched
beset
bestridden, bestrid, bestrode
bet, betted
betaken
bade, bid, bidden
bound
bitten, (bit)
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burnt, burned
burst
bust, busted
bought
cast
caught
chidden, chid, chided
chosen
cleft, cloven, cleaved
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
deepfrozen, -freezed
dug
dived
done
drawn
dreamt, dreamed
drunk
driven
dwelt, dwelled
[earned]
tazgun@yahoo.com
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. 128 .
www.meripet.org
5. Verbs
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
[fit]
flee
fling
fly
forbear
forbid
forecast
foresee
foretell
forget
forgive
forgo
forsake
forswear
freeze
[gainsay]
get
give
go
grind
grow
hamstring
hang
have
hear
heave
hew
hide
hit
hold
hurt
inset
keep
kneel
knit
know
[lay]
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
make
mean
meet
miscast
misdeal
misgive
mishear
.129 .
BILGKUT
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
[fit]
fled
flung
flew
forbore
forbade, forbad
forecast
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forwent
forsook
forswore
froze
[gainsaid]
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hamstrung
hung, (hanged)
had
heard
heaved, hove
hewed
hid
hit
held
hurt
inset
kept
knelt, kneeled
knitted, knit
knew
[laid]
led
leant, leaned
leapt, leaped
learnt, learned
left
lent
let
lay
lit, lighted
lost
made
meant
met
miscast
misdealt
misgave
misheard
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
[fit]
fled
flung
flown
foreborne
forbidden, (forbid)
forecast
foreseen
foretold
forgotten, (forgot)
forgiven
forgone
forsaken
forsworn
frozen
[gainsaid]
got, gotten
given
gone
ground
grown
hamstrung
hung, (hanged)
had
heard
heaved, hove
hewn, hewed
hidden, (hid)
hit
held
hurt
inset
kept
knelt, kneeled
knitted, knit
known
[laid]
led
leant, leaned
leapt, leaped
learnt, learned
left
lent
let
lain
lit, lighted
lost
made
meant
met
miscast
misdealt
misgiven
misheard
bilgkut@yahoo.com
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$%& .5

[mislay]
mislead
misspell
misspend
mistake
misunderstand
mow
offset
outbid
outdo
outfight
outgrow
outrun
outshine
overbear
overcast
overcome
overdo
overeat
overfeed
overhang
override
overrun
oversee
overshoot
oversleep
overtake
overthrow
partake
[pay]
[plead]
[prove]
put
quit
read
rebind
rebuild
recast
redo
[relay]
remake
rend
[repay]
reread
rerun
reset
restring
retell
rethink
rewind
rewrite
rid
ride
ring
rise
run
saw
say
see
seek
[mislaid]
misled
misspelt, misspelled
misspent
mistook
misunderstood
mowed
offset
outbid
outdid
outfought
outgrew
outran
outshone
overbore
overcast
overcame
overdid
overate
overfed
overhung
overrode
overran
oversaw
overshot
overslept
overtook
overthrew
partook
[paid]
[pleaded, (pled)]
[proved]
put
quit, quitted
read
rebound
rebuilt
recast
redid
[relaid]
remade
rent
[repaid]
reread
reran
reset
restrung
retold
rethought
rewound
rewrote
rid, ridded
rode
rang, (rung)
rose
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
tazgun@yahoo.com
www.bilgkut.com
[mislaid]
misled
misspelt, misspelled
misspent
mistaken
misunderstood
mown, mowed
offset
outbid, (outbidden)
outdone
outfought
outgrown
outrun
outshone
overborne
overcast
.overcome
overdone
overeaten
overfed
overhung
overridden
overrun
overseen
overshot
overslept
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
[paid]
[pleaded, (pled)]
[proved, proven]
put
quit, quitted
read
rebound
rebuilt
recast
redone
[relaid]
remade
rent
[repaid]
reread
rerun
reset
restrung
retold
rethought
rewound
rewritten
rid, ridded
ridden
rung
risen
run
sawn, sawed
said
seen
sought
. 130 .
www.meripet.org
5. Verbs
sell
send
set
sew
shake
[shave]
shear
shed
[shew]
shine
shit
shoe
shoot
show
[shred]
shrink
shrive
shut
sing
sink
sit
slay
sleep
slide
sling
slink
slit
smell
smite
sow
speak
speed
spell
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strew
stride
strike
string
strive
swear
sweat
sweep
swell
swim
swing
take
teach
tear
.131 .
BILGKUT
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
[shaved]
sheared
shed
[shewed]
shone, shined
shit, shat
shod, shoed
shot
showed
[shredded, shred]
shrank, (shrunk)
shrived, shrove
shut
sang, (sung)
sank, (sunk)
sat
slew
slept
slid
slung
slunk
slit
smelt, smelled
smote
sowed
spoke
sped, speeded
spelt, spelled
spent
spilt, spilled
spun, span
spat, spit
split
spoilt, spoiled
spread
sprang, (sprung)
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank, (stunk)
strewed
strode
struck
strung
strove, strived
swore
sweat, sweated
swept
swelled
swam, (swum)
swung
took
taught
tore
sold
sent
set
sewn. sewed
shaken
[shaved, shaven]
shorn, sheared
shed
[shewn]
shone, shined
shit
shod, shoed
shot
shown, (showed)
[shredded, shred]
shrunk
shrived, shriven
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid
slung
slunk
slit
smelt, smelled
smitten
sown, sowed
spoken
sped, speeded
spelt, spelled
spent
spilt, spilled
spun
spat, spit
split
spoilt, spoiled
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
strewn, strewed
stridden, strid, strode
struck
strung
striven, strived
sworn
sweat, sweated
swept
swollen, swelled
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
bilgkut@yahoo.com
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www.meripet.org

telecast
tell
think
thrive
throw
thrust
tread
unbend
unbind
underbid
undergo
understand
undertake
underwrite
undo
unfreeze
unmake
unwind
uphold
upset
wake
[waylay]
wear
weave
wed
weep
wet
win
wind
withdraw
withhold
withstand
wring
write
telecast
told
thought
thrived, (throve)
threw
thrust
trod
unbent
unbound
underbid
underwent
understood
undertook
underwrote
undid
unfroze
unmade
unwound
upheld
upset
woke, waked
[waylaid]
wore
wove
wedded, wed
wept
wetted, wet
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrung
wrote
$%& .5
telecast
told
thought
thrived, (thriven)
thrown
thrust
trodden, (trod)
unbent
unbound
underbid, (underbidden
undergone
understood
undertaken
underwritten
undone
unfrozen
unmade
unwound
upheld
upset
woken, waked
[waylaid]
worn
woven
wedded, wed
wept
wetted, wet
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
wrung
written
Verbs in auxiliary function !'() "Y

2A
.G" A0 / 9 !'() K/"4 /"Y 5
2A 2&"$4 9-$ IG 9,(% P!'() +09%
!3"0 have - do Fbe 2 (Primary verbs) !'() I !'()

2A K/" A0 / 9 2A 4
must - should Fwould Fmight Fcould Fshall Fwill Fmay Fcan 2 (Modal verbs) !'() 8 !0
!'()
2A 8 92 3/"4 !/"Y 5
2A Q0) 2
1 !'() 8 .G9%$& !3"0
.G0 )2 (Modal auxiliaries)
+O4 : E :4 F 0 ZD$ K/"4 H,O 4 #$% +'() !'()
2A
F>(& I "4 '() 4 X4 #$% +'() 5& E FA F 6 @ J&9%
:G#
1 :% yes-no A E !0 FGAA "Y (16 4 .1) +'() 56 @
Is he asking any questions?
(<G
-% ;% )
Has he been asking any question?
(<G
M I% ;% )
Was he asked any questions?
(< "% ;% )
Will he be asked any questions?
(<G
!% ; % )
Has he asked any questions?
(< 2 I% ;% )
Does he ask any questions?
(<G
% ;% )
tazgun@yahoo.com
www.bilgkut.com
. 132 .
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
#$% '()
2A 4 4 #$% +'() A F+'() 56 @ K/( / 2A 4
HLL2- J( !'() 56 @ FA) -O #6'0 9 "4 I&
50 4
34 "$4 X
1 F>A) " % 70 +D &"$4
1 *M' !0 F# A
J%% HAVE - BE +'() .GBMA "$4 (.G !)2 -O >30 2A 4 *&"$4 J"4
:GAA ;Y 9) % +'() 56 @ !A E 2
1 =-$ A *3 9 "4 +'()
Is she a tall girl? (< 00 ( 4 ) Has he any money? (<
4 ; ) )
DE
=9%$& (% "G 0 X4 #$% +'() I&
J0
1 -$
:G"4 3,0
He might have been being questioned by the police.
(.

"4 K3M0 :% Z 0% )
!!A)
sentence

1
subject

predicate
-O
predication A4 -O
auxiliary +'()
2A
operator +'() 56 @
I "4 04 XA4 -O R(& !'() 34 FI "4 +'() 56 @ might
1 30 A
.K"&
Criteria for auxiliary verbs

"$ K/" A0 P!'()
2A .11
J'() 56 @ XE )$& X
"$ K/" A0 6 @ J&9% X!'()
2A
.G"4 5M%
/ J'() J%% XE K have - be +'() FI "4 5M%
/
(g) - (f) FDE 56"@
(b) 34 .*" A0 / 9 2E (e) - (d) F(c) F(a) -$ E
E .G"4 5M%
Z 7,G X"4 4 #$% +'() - 6 @ J&9% E
:-$
"4 +'() 56 @ 2

1 K"& K4 not (a)
9) % +'() 56 @ +'()
2A 4 9%A & X
1 :
5&
:K%
.G(& " X not #$%
She can do it.
(.GAE!0 4 ) She cannot do it. (.GA"!0 4 )
She saw the play. (.*2$& A ) *She saw not the play. (O)
.133 .
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www.meripet.org

$%& .5

1 X"#$ !'() +09%
H,O P see F&G"4 3,B-L$& 2" 0 A
.G >0) 2!'()
2A K4 & 9
& J%"6%A
,30 X!'() - #$% (b)

R2
D .G(A 3(A /'() >30 not #$% K"& >, P!'() 56 @
:K%
.G(A >0 nt
BE:
is not ~ isnt
are not ~ arent
was not ~ wasnt
were not ~ werent
HAVE: have not ~ havent has not ~ hasnt had not ~ hadnt
DO:
do not ~ dont
does not ~ doesnt
did not ~ didnt
WILL: will not ~ wont
would not ~ wouldnt
SHALL: shall not ~ shant should not ~ shouldnt
CAN:
can not ~ cant
could not ~ couldnt
MAY:
may not ~ maynt
might not ~ mightnt
MUST: must not ~ mustnt
30 K/(& K4 not X34 & being - be Fbeen Fam X be +'()
.GM(0 9,9, *(P4 #D shant K4 maynt .G"4 *&
:G"4 *& 30 #$ X!'() 56 @ A 34 30 X&
BE:
am ~ m is ~ s
are ~ re
HAVE:
have ~ ve has ~ s
had ~ d
WILL:
will, shall ~ ll
would, should ~ d
.GA"4 , 4 K4 nt 30 X not & 30 =0 A X!'()
She is not studying. (.GMA$ )
*Shesnt studying. (O)
Shes not studying.
She isnt studying.
.GA"4 ,9, ,(4 X
1 :% A F,(4 X
1 & 30 X!'()
:GA"4 ,9, !'() 30 /"4 +'() 4 24 &
1 !0
Will you come here tonight?
(<
"(& A 4 9&)
No, but I will come here tomorrow.
(.K(& :4 F:A)
*ll you come here tonight? (O) *No, but Ill tomorrow. (O)
G 9" KG #$ X'() 56 @ K4 (c)

/" X4 #$% R K/"4 2
1 :% +'()
2A 4
1 :

.G,"
She will come. (.G(& )
~
Will she come? (<G
(& )
She likes to come. (.GAEO ,(& ) ~ *Likes she to come? (O)
DO /" 9%A & :% X F/"4 +'()
2A :3(D &
1 %
:=(& 79, I!" %4 & K/(& 8
X
Does she like to come? (<G
EO ,(& )
&A HG 9 F2
1 R(A A "4 8
!2
1 :% 7," KG +O 4 #4
:K%
.G"L$& 2
1 :% R(A &A 2
1 K/96( # A 7(4
At no time was the entrance left unguarded. (.*"0 )D
*/( H& 990- :3(D)
tazgun@yahoo.com
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. 134 .
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
,(& 2
1 J9% K9A & (d)
K9A & (
1 :
5& !'()
2A K/(& +'() 56 @
, &A K/" A0 / 9 ,9, : 4 X!'() .G"4 /"Y HGG!A
1 J9%
:G0 Q0
,0 Q
K/0
Wont you try again? (<K
04 I% 9A0) Yes, I will try again. (.KA% 9A0 FD)
You must speak to the teacher.
(.=(& ,,"#$% K4 R"
%)
I have spoken to her.
(.R9"#$% K4 X K
)
You did speak to her? (<X9"#$% K4 X ) [I thought you didnt (.KA2 0 : )]
,(& I "4 +'() 56 @ 2

1 K/30 (e)
X!"% -$ :K%
.G9, 9) % +'() 56 @ 2
1 30 !'()
2A
:G"4 3,B-L$& "Y +O 4 XE & 30
Wont you try again?
Yes, I will try again.
Yes, I will.
Can you drive a car? (<
"6AD
) No, I cant (drive a car). (.KA"6AD F:A)
!'() +09%
R2 90
7( " X,9A0 X
#
3" 2!30 :
.*" A0 / 9

1 30 +O Q$ K/" #$ !'() 56 @ 2A 4 FG"0 I
:G9, *& 8
X DO "4 !'()
2A 34 &
1
(i) SO / NEITHER / NOR + OPERATOR (+'() 56 @)
Positive (J9%):
Kahar will stay here and so will Mohammed. (.:
2
D
FG"0 IG 2A 4 D0)
Hislet stayed and so did Hasiyet.
(.: 6%O F*2 2A 4 QO)
Negative ():
Yasin wont stay here and neither will Awut. (. G- FGA
2A 4 %A)
Pazilet didnt stay here, nor did Mary.
(.
F*
2A 4 Q#))
(ii) OPERATOR + TOO / EITHER
Positive:
Kahar will stay here and Mohammed will too. (.:
2
D
FG"0 IG 2A 4 D0)
Hislet stayed and Hasiyet did too.
(.: 6%O F*2 2A 4 QO)
Negative:
Yasin wont stay here and Awut wont either. (. G- FGA
2A 4 %A)
Pazilet didnt stay here, Mary didnt either. (.
F*
2A 4 Q#))
(iii) Predication (A4 -O) + OPERATOR
Buvinur said she would be late, and late she was.
(.9(& F9B2 K"0 >(& - 4)
Adil said he would win the match, and win the match he did.
(.*NA 34%
F9B2 K(A 34%
+2)
(iv) Relative pronoun (H" QM%
) + OPERATOR
Buvinur said she would be late, which she was.
(.*"4 : F9B2 K"0 >(& - 4)
Adil said he would win the match, which he did.
(.*0 : F9B2 K(A 34%
+2)
.135 .
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www.meripet.org

$%& .5
4 K4 +'()

2A
1 :
K"& I "4 +'() 56 @ 20 A
:G"4 "G 0
1 30 K/A,O E A FI "4 H,O +'()
2A
1 :

Our teacher Ayxam hoped that we would stay overnight, but unfortunately we couldnt.
(.:G"!0 : 4 :4 F* K/0
,0 I 0 X4 R"
_,A)
You should take a break whenever you can. (.=(& X,( _ P "4

K0)
,(& >, X,- (f)

56 @ &
1 F,- R04 =-$ K/(& " X!'() +09%
:G(& >, /'()

2A F"4 +'()
2A K"& I "4 +'()
always never certainly probably
She never believed his story.
(.*, AD X "# )
She would never believe his story.
(.99A, AD X "# )
She probably believed his story.
(.*, AD X ;9[( )
She would probably believe his story. (.9E4 K, AD X ;9[( )
I!0% % ,- =0 A F "0 I "4 +'()
2A : 24
1
:G"0
She would probably never have believed his story. [1]
(.* E4 K/"0 >, D A(D X ;9[ )
:G"4 0 204 4 #$% +'() X,-
She
would probably never have

probably never would have
would probably have never
believed his story. (H,O K4 [1] 0 A)
(!"0 I "4 BE +'() J%% ) +'() J%% ,- : 4 F,( 3,0 Q332 :4
:GA"(& >, !A& X
*She believed never / probably his story. (O)
She was probably a taxpayer.
(.*6/"4 P ,) 4 4 ;9[( )
,,G X"#$% 3

(g)
!3"0 each - both Fall 2"#$% 3
K/A& &A K/A!3( X
1
:

,(& A& X!'() 56 @
All the boys will be there. ~ The boys will all be there. (.G"4 2A
D X!"4)
Both my parents are working. ~ My parents are both working. (.G-, _-)
:G"4 3 A0 /" :4 FGA"4 3 A0 A& X!'() J%% "#$% 3
4
All our team played well. ~ Our team all played well. (.*A ,OA
D
& X4)
*Our team played all well. (O)
,(& !) "4 +'() 56 @ 9) % +'() 5& X!'() 8 (h)

& E .GAEE4 !'() 56 @ Q0) 9) % +'() 5& (Modal Verbs) !'() 8
:G4D !'() K/A"(& !G 3" 4 #$% +'() E .GA"6A ;Y 9) % +'()
MODAL VERBS
PRIMARY VERBS
FULL VERBS
*to may / will / (O)
to be / have / do
to eat / see
*(is) maying (O)
(is) being
(is) eating
*(has) mayed (O)
(has) been
(has) eaten
tazgun@yahoo.com
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. 136 .
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
:A & 7#$ 9"4 O X!'() 8 (j)

7#$ +& :3(D 9"4 O & X!'() 34 !'() 8
# 0#D
:GA0
You must come. (.=(& X,(& K%) ~ You like to come. (.AEO ,(& %)
She must come. (.=(& ,(& ) ~ She likes to come. (.GAEO ,(& )
I will come.
(.K(& K
) ~ I am coming.
(.KM(& K
)
She will come.
(.G(& ) ~ She is coming.
(.GM(& )
GA0 / 9 ?0- K/"4 ;

!'() 8 (k)
&A 0#D & K
# K$ "4 F8
!& K
# 0#D X!'() 8
:G"4 ,9, 92Z 90- XD-7 % "&
I think he may / might retire next week. (.

,3 3,( _2 9)D &(& (
)
Will / would you phone him tomorrow?
(<
!0 K(( / %)
*I think he retired next week. (O)
*Did you phone him tomorrow? (O)
90- 9 $ E F:4 "4 *& K
# K$ K/"4 :3( X!'() 8
:G"4 ,9, 9,9%$&
I told him he must be home early. [had to be] (.K396( ,9A0 A$ G"4 / K
)
The primary verbs BE, HAVE, DO !'() I

#$ X!'()
2A *
F=/" A0 / 9 2
"$ K/" A0 P!'()
2A
*DE J%% X!'() I 9&"$4 4 .G" A0 / 9 *DE J&9% - 56"@
.G0 +D
J
J%% Q 2 - +A
FK
# !'() I K/A$ "Y
2A 9D1
.G >0) 2!'() 8 E 9D1 4 .G"4 6(& +'()
BE (am ~ is ~ are ~ was ~ were ~ been ~ being) .12

.G"4 & +O &% =0 A X FI "4 +'() 0 9D1 +& BE +'()
:G"4 +'() J%% E 2
1 =-$
Amine is a beautiful girl.
(.0 ;# 4
)
Is that building a hotel?
(< [(
4 4 G-)
:4 "Y J'()
2A +O =-$ XE :4
:K%
.G"4 +'()
2A 4 #$% +'() & + (1)
We are learning German.
(.M$ ( 4)
The weather has been improving.
(.GM,OA -D)
:K%
.G"4 +'()
2A K/A%A
1 2 ; [1
(2)
He was awarded a prize.
(.*(4 Q)&
/ )
Our team has never been beaten. (.K/04 IG 9 "#
& X4)
+'() K/9(A &% *& :
24 !'() +09%
-
2A BE +'()
:*(4 *& 30 !0 F FKA4 2!
# - O A0D XE -$ .G4(D
.137 .
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www.meripet.org
$%& .5

*& K
#
K/9, 4
! &A H"
& %
I
( 5"4 O 4)
He / she / it / John
(5"4 O )
0#D
K
#
*&
K
# K$
*&
We/you/they/John&Tim
F= )$& O-3 F-2 F-1)
(! & = )$&
I / he/she/it/ John
(5"4 O F4)
we/you/they/John&Tim
F= )$& O-3 F-2 F-1)
(! & = )$&
&
30
&
be /bi:/, /bi/
am/m/,/m/
m /m/
is /iz/
s /z/, /s/
am not
m not
is not
s not
(arent)
isnt /iznt/
are /a:/
are not
re //
re not
was /wz/
/w()z/
was not
wasnt
/wznt/
were /w2:/
were not
werent
& KA4
/w/
being /bi:i$/
been /bi:n/
& -ing
& :
-ed
arent /a:nt
not being
not been
HAVE (has ~ had) .13

+'()
2A .GAE6A "Y +'() J%% _D
2A _D
HAVE F!,O P BE +'()
K ) 2!
# A0D >(& IL 9 & :
K
# K$ X'() +09%
34 /"4
:G9, 9%A &
I have finished. (.R9 K
)
What has she bought? (<*"M9(% ( )
They may have been eaten.
(.G/"4 >6A ;9[( E )
K/"4 H,O I$& 9AD - G(& IL 9 PG" 92 F/"4 +'() J%%
:K%
.G(& 2
I have no money. (.:A ; )

)
They have two cars. (.4
2E )
:G"4 & +O =-$ K/"4 H,O X F2&
I have not seen her. (.R04 IL$& K
) <GA =)$& 933(A>
I havent seen her.
<G9, =)$& /(>
Ive not seen her.
<G9, =)$& /(>
:*& 30 !0 FKA4 X have
& KA4
&
& 30
have not
ve not
has not
s not
had not
d not
& :
-ed
have/hv/, /(h)v/
ve/v/
has /hz/, /(h)z/
s /z/, /s/
had /hd/, /(h)d/
d /d/
had /hd/, /(h)d/
& :
-ing
having /hvi$/
not having
& %
& -s
& K
# K$
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havent /hvnt/
hasnt /hznt/
hadnt /hdnt/
. 138 .
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
,9, +'() J%% X have

F:% >9, 9) % +'() 56 @ do F, +'() J%% have
do >9, 9) % +'() 56 @ #$ X have A "4 F9%"0 !) "4 L#
1
:(GA I$& ,9, X6 ;MD : 4) G"4 L#
1 F:% 9%,
Do you have any money?
We dont have any money.
Have you any money? (<

4 ; ) :# 2%)
we havent any money.
(.:A ; ) 0# 24)
92 9D1

FK/"L$& & K ) 9D1 +& K/(& K4 got A X have
:G"4 & have got K/9%$&
John has a new car. = John has got a new car. (.4
(A 4 X1)
= " =-$ K/(& !#$ &A K4 got Fdo X have 92Z
- :%
.G"4 ,"
(a) We havent
(b) We havent got any butter. (.:A 3(% 0# 24) <J">
(c) We dont have
(a) Have you
(b) Have you got
(c) Do you have
No, I havent
any brothers?
No, I havent
(<
4 -& X%) No, I dont.
(a) I havent
(b) I havent got
(c) I dont have
a headache any longer.

(.:A 3P H4 *

)
<QM%
>
<J
!P%>
9AD (c) (

FK/!Z(0 (b) F(G9, I$&) K3!Z(0 9AD (a) 6 2E 4)
(.GM9, I$& 6 (c) #D FG9, I$&
,9,
$& X have
=4
$& FG(&
$& K !'() +09%
K P 34 /"4 +'() J%% have
:K%
.G"4 3,0 860
A X >A) PG" K"& >, :4 F "4 I$&
"& K4 (tea) % K/ F
76(A "& K4 (bread) % K/AA have
=0 A K4 do :4 FGA"4 ,9, K4 got "MD : 4 .G9,
7
:G"4 ,9,
A: Does she have coffee with her breakfast? (<G
K4 39 MD0 )
B: Yes, she does. (.: FD)
A: Did you have a meal this evening?
(<
A :
& K 4)
B: No, I didnt.
(.RA F:A)
A: Did you have a swim yesterday?
(<
!"
P % K %)
B: Yes, we did.
K/G0 P!34 4 K4 & :
-ed X!'() 34 A have F9,
$&
:G9, 2
1 K/96( JP !,
A: Did you have your car repaired. (< 2G0 ?B N
K%)
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$%& .5

B: No, I didnt.
(.R
G0 F:A)
A: Have you had your bookcase painted. (< NG2#G2# 3E% 4, 9& K%)
B: No, I havent yet. ( .R
G0 ( F:A)
DO (does ~ did ~ done) .14

X DO .GAEE4 +'() J%% _D +'()
2A _D
DO FH,O HAVE - BE +'()
.GA"4 & & /"4 +'()
2A DO :4 FG"4 & &
:*& 30 !0 F FKA4 X DO
& KA4
&
& 30
& %
& -s
& K
# K$
& :
-ed
do /du:/, /du/, /d

does /d'z/, /dz/
did /did/
done /d'n/
& :
-ing
doing
do not
does not
did not
dont /dunt/
doesnt /d'znt/
didnt /didnt/
/du:i$/
,9, +'()

2A X DO
/"4 96L# 79, 9) % +'() 56 @ "#$%
2A 34
1 4 _ "
92
KA4 - :% X
1 4 F"4 K9, #$%
2A :3(D & KA4 J9% X
1
9) % +'()
2A X DO .G9, 9) % +'() 56 @ *& 8
X DO &
:-$ K%% *,9,
H%A & F/"4 K
# K$ T22 &A K
# 0#D T22 +'() 2
1 KA4 (a)
X DID "4
# K$ T22 FA& X DO "4
# 0#D T22 +'() FK

# A0 * +'()
1 % (" .A0 /" X'() +09%
I 0 NOT A&
,(& K4 & % _ 0 "& A& X DID NOT &A DO NOT #'0 9 "4
:=(&
She want to stay. (.0
)
She doesnt want to stay. (.8
0
)
I liked mathematics. (.R9$& ,OA (
K
) I didnt like mathematics.
.: " 6(& +O 4

1 :% K/4 K4 DIDNT &A DONT
F DO "4
# 0#D T22 +'() FK H%A & :% "MD =0 A (b)
+'()
1 % (" .A0 /" X X
1 DID "4
# K$ T22
:=(& ,(& K4 & % _ 0 "&
1 ;% #6'0 9 "4
# A0 *
She comes here. (.G(& A 4 )
Does she come here? (<G
(& A 4 )
She came here. (.*"& A 4 )
Did she come here? (< "& A 4 )
What do they say? (<GA2 ( E )
Whom do you want? (<=(& R& %)
" -
1 ;% 30 '() J%% 2 79, : 4 X DO
:G" #$ !"MD K/(& "#$%
He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he? (< %
: FG4 AD :0
)
They didnt make any mistakes, did they? (<A 0 : F*0 2% J"O 0# E )
I dont like him, do you?
(< % FKA
90A K
)
Never did he think the book would be finished so soon.
(.* K/04 )!A I2 E0 >,"O ( : 4 49& )
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. 140 .
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
:G9, *& 8
X DO 6 9 9A &
# T22 (c)
They do want you to come. (.G0
K30D ,(& X% E )
John did say he would be here at nine, didnt he?
(< %
: FKB2 K"4 2A 4 _ 0 2# 30 Q% K1)
:G" #$ "MD K/(& K4 DO (9&O :GA 4 &A >& A 79, : 4
Do sit down! (! 9")
Do be quiet. (.K!)
:G9, *& 8
X DO 2
1 30 K/9BM30 A4 -O (d)
Mary reads books faster than I do. [do = read books] (.GA 0 :(
49& *
)
Did you watch television? No, but brother did. (.*2$& _& F:A <
2$& YM( %)
,9, +'() J%% X DO

/"4 +'()
2A FI "4 : " *& X DO F9, +'() J%%
:G9, /"4 +'() J%% done & :
K
# K$ F& :
-ing K/A9,
What have you been doing since this morning? (<M0 7 ( *4 )
I havent done much, I am afraid.
(.L & FR0 7 I$& K
)
What have you done with my bicycle?
(<X0 ( 9ZB-)
What did you do on holiday?
(<X0 7 (
A4 K%)
We didnt do anything.(.:G0 7 (D 4) I did nothing.(.R0 7 (D K
)
Lets do the dishes you wash Ill dry. (.9 0 K
FP A K% - A9BM# ! 0-0)
Modal auxiliaries !'()

2A 8
can / could / may / might / will / would / shall /should /must .15
:*" A0 / 9 *& 56"@
+OD XE -$
& KA4
&
& 30
& %
& K
# K$
& %
can /kn/, kn/

could /kud, kn/
may /mei/
cannot, can not

could not
may not
cant /ka:nt, knt/

couldnt /kudnt/
maynt /meint/
& K
# K$
& %
might /mait/
shall /l, ()l/
might not
shall not
mightnt /maint/
shant /a:nt/
& K
# K$
& %
& K
# K$
should /u:d, ()d/

will /wil/ ll /()l/
would /wud, w()d/ d/()d/
shouldnt /udnt/
should not
wont /wunt/
will not ll not
would not d not wouldnt /wudnt/
must /m'st, mst/
must not
mustnt /m'snt,
,#$ +& :3(D 9O :0D E 4 F& 30 J%% X!'() 8 4

:% 9) % +'() 56 @ >(& I "4 +'()
2A 4 _ 0 9, 2
1 .GA%A

2A
not 2
1 .G" KG !A& X 2
1 KA4 F" X 2
1
.G" 0 !A& X!'()
.141 .
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$%& .5
GA2Z 6 &A 93 could K4 Can

- 0#D K H2Z 3"4 96 &A *93 70 , 4 X,& 4 92 can
&A Q6 9 $ 9) % & K
# K$ X can could .G"4 ,9, 2!
# % "&
>0 H
/ %$& 93 &A Q6 can .G"4 ,9, K H2Z 93
,9,
H,O be able to K4 can
# % "& - 0#D .G"4 ,9, be able to
was .G9, K QD -7 K/3 3 1G- :4 K/"4 96 could
# K$ :4 .G"4
2
1 5) G9, K H2Z D -7 K/!

563Z)-
"4 /were able
:(G9, would be able to &A could
be able to: am able to, are able to, is able to, was able to, were able to, will be able to
I can / am able to read this English book. (.KAE60 49& 4 K
)
I can / will be able to come here tomorrow. (.KA"(& A 4 K
)
He could go to London yesterday. (.99AE4 /Y" K )
He was able to go to London yesterday. (.*"4 /Y" K )
:GA2Z

&A Q# can/could/may/might
0 0A &A 4 X

70 , 4 F3/A"4 &A K/"4 3,0 , 4 E 4
:K%
.G9, may K4 can K % "& &A #D .G9, 92Z
You can / may leave the office as soon as you have finished your work.
(.G"4 & , !) "4 >9 ,)
You can / may use my telephone if you want. (.G"4 , ( "O)
He may tell his wife. (.

,96( /"A )
:G9, might - could K K
# K$
On Sundays we could (= were allowed to) stay up late. (.9E4 :% >(& * & ,&A)
We couldnt (=were not allowed to) bring our dog into the restaurant.
(.99A"4 :%4 >( / 9B 9 4)
If you invited him he might come. (.9

,(& "4 K/0 >& )
:G9, 2!"%
H% QOG E can/could/may/might
could 2E 4 .GA & 9D1 K
# , 2!"%
H% Q# E 4
:G,AZ% A9 ;% FI "4 K/9, I$&
Can / may / could / might I use your telephone? (<G
E4 _, (()
:GA9, might K4 may :4 FG"4 ,9, 2!"% could K4 can
Cant I stay here? (<G
"4 _% 2A 4)
Couldnt I pay by check? (< %"4 _"$ K4 =)
:G9, 92Z %E O T0 &A :GA 4 must
You must study hard. (.=(& X,$ >, K%)
He has a house in Urumqi and another in Hotan, so he must be rich.
(.4 _ 0 =B2 F4 %G0 4 O - %G0 4
L X )
He is a student. (. P 0 4 )
He must be a student. (. P 0 4 _ 0 )
:G9, 9 A0 / 9 #) should K4 will
He will be expecting a call from you. (.G- & K(( % )
He will have finished supper. (.KA2 /"4 IA 3
5& )
Tom should know the address. (.G4 _ 0 B2 _)
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. 142 .
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
He should have finished by now. (.*"4 >9 /(D )

:G"4 ,9, 2Z& K/" A0 / 9 J0
1 :% Would
Would you stay here with us? (<
4 K4 4 2A 4)
.*" A0 / 9 2
1 5 944 XIV FK
# % "& 944 VI *,9, 34 XE 4
Verbs of intermediate function !'() 6 @ 9

9 X!'() J%% K4 !'()
2A 9D1 "Y
1 E I "4 !'() R04
:*9%$& 2 X!'() J%% K4 !'()
2A -$ .G
(a) CENTRAL MODALS:
(!'() 8 T&
)
can, could, may, might, shall should

will / ll, would / d, must
(b) MARGINAL MODALS:

(!'() 8 ;
)
dare, need, ought to, used to
(c) MODAL IDIOMS:

(*
6 8 )
had better, would rather / sooner,

be (is, am,) to, have (has, had) got to
(d) SEMI-AXILIARIES:
(!'()
2A R(A)
have(has, had) to, be (is, am,) about to,

be able to, be bound to, be going to,
be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to
(e) CATENATIVES:
(!'() /P4)
appear to, happen to, seem to, get + -V-ed,

keep + V-ing
MAIN VERBS:
(+'() J%%)
hope, call, run, begin,
3'()
2A X!'() *(3!3(A P!'() 8 T&
F&G"4 3,-L$& %$& 4
.G4 >6 &
J'() J%% /"4 & FG6 &
_D
2A _D X!'() I F3/"4 +'()
2A XE (!'() 8 T&
) !'() 8
.*" A0 / 9 0 A 3/"4 !'() J%% Q0) "4 !'() +09%
F3/"4 +'() J%%
.G"L 9"#&
9% !'() K/"0 9 Q332

dare, need, ought to, used to .16

K4 dare 2E 4 FI "4 !'() K/9(& >,,O 9AD P!'() 8 T&
!'() 8 4
8 used to K4 ought to :4 .G"4 DE J'() 8 _D +'() J%% _D need
.G9, I$& K4 DE J'()
need - dare
*& +'() & E P 4 FG"4 ,9, 9) % +'() J%% _D '() 4
!0 (needing - daring) *& -ing F (needs - dares) *& -s F (to need - to dare)
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$%& .5

.G"4 (needed - dared) *& K

# K$
:G"4 P!"G 0 =-$ ,9, +O 4 XE 4
"G 0 +'()
2A 8
Modal auxiliary construction
(%) KA4
&
Positive
&
Negative

1 KA4 "G 0 +'()
2A 8
K%% E .GA9, "G 0
.G9, 2
1 ;% -
He neednt escape.
(.9&(& 3%0 )
He darent escape.
(.GA"!0 Q 1 3,(0 )
"G 0 J'() J%%

Main verb construction
He needed to escape.
(.* K/"4 1
3,(0 )
He dared to escape.
(.* K/0 Q 1 3,(0 )
He doesnt need to escape.

(.8
L# ,(0 X )
He doesnt dare to escape.

(.GA"!0 Q 1 3,(0 )
Do we need to escape?
& ;%
Interrogative
Need he escape?
& ;%

Negativeinterrogative
Neednt he escape after all?
(<
L# ,(0 )
Dare he escape?
(<G
E!0 Q 1 3,(0 )
(<
9
E4 0 )
Dare he not escape?

(<G
"!0 Q 1 3,(0 )
(< &(& ,(0 4)
Do we dare to escape?
(<:G
E!0 Q 1 3,(0 4)
Doesnt he need to escape after all?

(.<
9
E4 0 )
Doesnt he dared to escape.

(<G
"!0 Q 1 3,(0 )
ought to /(:t tu:/, /(:t (t)/

4 .4 oughtnt to & 30 - ought not to & K/30 X'() 4
6L# &A :GA 4 9D1
FG(& IL 9 to "4 X& 3( X!'() R2 +'()
:GA2Z
You ought to stop smoking.
(.=(& X,99O ,( &
K%)
You oughtnt to smoke so much.
(.=(& X%& I$& : &
K%)
Ought you to smoke so much?
(<
L# X,( I$& : &
X(%)
.H,O 9D1
:4 F 33," 2!30 to '()
2A 4
Yes, I think I ought (to).
Used to
P!'()
2A 8 +'() 4 9D1
.GA2Z 6DE% &A Q2 9 $ used to
FK%% DE 79, K3!Z(0 E :4 F "4 DE +A
- K
# H,O
:GA "G 0
1 K
# K$ R2 .G"4 - 6(& !'() 8 ;
!A
He used to smoke too much before.
(.9( I$& =4 &
* )
I used to be interested in Physics.
(.R930 /@ K
)
FG0 # Z)" /ju:stu:, ju:stu/ "& 2!30 &A "& " X!G- :G#%
.G0 # Z)" /ju:st/ "& " X!G- =L#
:G"4 ,9, K4 do _D ,9, 9) % +'() 56 @ _D used to
He usent to smoke.
He used not to smoke.
(.99A& &
)
<BrE>
He didnt use to smoke.
He didnt used to smoke.
(.99A& &
) <BrE and AmE>
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. 144 .
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
9D didused to .G9, =)$& !,O (

- 6 diduse to 92
.G9, # 9AD used (he) to & :% .G4(D +& K/!Z(0 6
:G9, =)$& *& 8
X do R2 2
1 :% 92
Did he use to smoke?
(<9
( &
)
He used to smoke, didnt he? (<*%
: F9( &
)
Modal idioms (had better, would rather, ) !

6 8 .17
had better
would rather
:G& !'() 2 +O Q$ -$ 6& 4

have got to
be to
.G9(& >,,O K4 shall - ought to FI "4

Q[% &A >& had better (a)
.
H,O K4 would prefer to FI "4
>& &A HEO would rather (b)
.G(& H
K4 must FI "4
Q6L# &A HE 1
have got to (c)
.GA2Z " 7(4 # A X!, be to (d)
>, & (K/4 K4 to) 3( X!'() F>4 K4 !'()
2A
D XE 4
:G(&
Wed / had better leave early. (.A3 /"A :G"4 ,OA 4)
Yes, wed / had better.
Id / would rather not say anything.
(.A0 !A2 ((D !A K
)
Theyve / have got to leave immediately.
(.=(& ,3 /"A ;D2 E )
The conference is to take place in Urumqi. (.G(
L /A &D
)
>, P!'() 34 4 #$% +'() !0 FGA"4 & & XA3(D XE 4
:.GA"(&
*I will have got to leave early. (O)
*The conference has been to (O)
"Y +'() 56 @ 9) % 2- K ) 4 E !0 .GA,O /'() +09%
E 9) 4
:% - #$% 4 & XE :4 .GA,O P!'()
2A F3/"4 K/A"6$
:GAE6A "Y +'() 56 @ 2
1
Hadnt we better lock the door?
(< AA0 >9( , ,OA)
Wouldnt you rather eat in the hotel?
(<
(A ![(
)
We havent got to pay early, have we? (< 0 F /90A 96L# X,9BM"$ EG"4)
I wasnt to leave you alone.
(.R9%
0A0 I! # /"A % K
)
not A& XE 4 F%4 FI "4 & +O X would rather K4 had better
:G(& >,
Id rather not stay here alone.
(.KA"O G # /"A 2A 4 K
)
Youd better not lock the door.
(. , ,OA)
:G(& 9 X 4 F%4
Wouldnt you rather live in the country?
(<
"O G (A %)
No, I would not. Id rather live here. (.KAEO G 2A 4 K
.KA"O F:A)
9D1 4 FGA"4 , 2
1 2 ; [1

8
would rather
:G >0) 2!'() 8 ;
K4 !'() 8 T&
I would rather rent the apartment. (.KAEO ,( A$ 4 K

) <2 %>
*The apartment would rather be rented by me. (O)
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$%& .5
9D1 4 E 3/"4 *& K

# K$ - 0#D F& -s XE be to K4 have got to
:G9(& >,,O 9AD P!'() +09%
The committee is to meet today.

(.G, K 4 *"# ?(9
&)
The committee was to meet yesterday.
(.9, K *"# ?(9
&)
She has got to leave by tomorrow.
(.=(& ,3 /"A )
She had got to leave by the next day. (.9&(& ,3 /"A & ) <BrE>
Semi-auxiliaries
(be going to, ) !'()

2A R(A .18
>4 K4 have &A be 2!'() I FK/ 9 & A

&A 8 !'()
2A R(A
:E .G) &
6 +'() I 4 K/(&
be able to
be bound to
be likely to
be supposed to
be about to
be due to
be meant to
be willing to
be apt to
be going to
be obliged to
have to
>6(& K4 " 0 X& 34 ;9[( E F8
J( -= X6(& 4
.!3"0 be unwilling to - be unable to :K%
.

,(4
!'()
2A R(A K/(& K4 BE +'()
XE .GL0 9A 3" X
"$ K/" A0 P!'()
2A
D XE 4
F3/"4 : .GAE6A "Y +'() 56 @ 2
1 K4 9) % H "4 +'() I be &
:K%
.GA"4 96L# X,9, do 9%A & :% - XE 4
He is going to buy a new car.
(.0"M9(%
(A 4 )
Is he going to buy a new car?
(< 0"M9(%
(A 4 )
*Does he going to buy a new car? (O)
We are going to have lunch.
(.&(A :
= 4)
We are not going to have lunch. (.%
&(A :
= 4)
*We dont be going to have lunch. (O)
H%A & ;% - XE 4 F3/"4 +'() 56 @ *#$ X be & XE 4
4 9D1 4 .G"4 H,O K4 H%A & ;% - X be +'() K/" A0 / 9 *
H,O P!3"0 to be bound to - been going to XE 4 .G 3(A P!'()
2A !'()
J%% E 4 9D1 4 .GA"(& !'()
2A 34 " XE 4 F3/"4 *& &
:G 3(A P!'()
David will be obliged to resign.
(.G0 1
3% Z9 -2)
We have always been willing to help. (.M(& IEO ,0 _2A R2D 4)
:GA"(& 9"4 04 2!'()
2A R(A #4
Someone is going to have to ask a question.
(.* 0% ;% %4)
No one is likely to be able to recognize her. (.8
=/AE6 R(D)
!'()
2A K/"4 HN 9D1
& & X!'()
2A R(A 92
:G"4 ,9, 2!G K/A"4 ,
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
*We havent could solve the problem. (O)

We havent been able to solve the problem. (.:G K"& "!0 ;D %
4 4)
*To can speak freely is a human right. (O)
To be allowed to speak freely is a human right.
(.: 0D 4 7,( 96 H"#$% &)
have to
& X FI "4 /%A K4 have 24 !'()
2A R(A have to
:G >0) 2 (!3"0 have got to) !'()
2A 8 9D1 4 F: " *&
I may have to leave early. (.G2L# R,9(& :G"4 ;9[()
(*I may have got to leave early.) (O)
People are having to boil their drinking water during this emergency.
(.G- "4 1
3,9A0 " % K/ 96#- T21 4 ,&)
The administration has had to make another decision.
(.*"4 1
3,3 0 34 Q
&$D)
.GA"(& "G 0
1 + - K ) F8 have to F&G"4 3,B-L$& 2!"
0 A
.8

79, have got to 2!"G 0 : 4
K$ K/A"4 , must
D FG9(& >,,O K4 must 9D1
have to
:G9, X must "G 0
1 K
#
These days you must work hard if you want to succeed.
(.=(& X,, I P)1 _ 0 B2 K0 "P 2 & 4)
In those days you had to work hard if you wanted to succeed.
(.* =(& ,, I P)1 F"4 K/A ,0 "P % 2 & )
There must be some solution to the problem. (.4 " % *#4 _ 0 X,0 ;D %
4)
There had to be some solution to the problem.
(.9&(& "4 *" % *#4 X,0 ;D %
4)
+09%
/0 +'() 56 @ do F+'()
2A /"4 +'() 56 @ *#$ X have to
:GM(0 9,9, "4 +'() 56 @ *#$ #D .G(& I "4 +'()
Do we have to get up early tomorrow? (<
L# G 2 G"4 ) <AmE, BrE>
Catenative verbs !'() /P4 .19

Ffail to Fcome to Fappear to K/(& IL 9 !'() 3( /" 4 KB2 +'() /P4
H !'() H,O P!3"0 turn out to - tend to Fseem to Fmanage to Fhappen to Fget to
KY 3/(& IL 9 & 3( X!'() R2 X!'() : 4 .G9, K
.G(& I " 0 to R2 A& K H2Z ILL2-
Aysa came to realize the importance of the problem.
(.9A I 3D
X%
A)
Aysa failed to realized the importance of the problem.
(.*"9(A I 3D
X%
A)
Aysa appeared / seemed to realize the importance of the problem.
(.9L$& =A I 3D
X%
A)
.147 .
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$%& .5
2A X do H,O P!'() J%% !0 FG 3(A 9AD P!'() J%% !'() : 4
:GA",( & - ;%
Aysa didnt come to realize the importance of the problem.
(.*A I 3D
X%
A)
Aysa didnt appear to realize the importance of the problem.
(.9L$& =A I 3D
X%
A)
: 4 F*(A K/A,O P!'() J%% H,O P want (to) Fexpect (to) X!'() 4
IL 9 9%M4 PG" A& =2!'() =
$ 9D1 "G 0 J&9% X!'()
.GA"(&
Arkin appeared to attack the thief. (.9!0 =/0 _ 1 D /P &)
The structure of verb phrase "G 0 X4 #$% +'()

Finite verb phrase 4 #$% +'() 5& .20
- !'()
2A "G 0 X4 #$% +'() /0 9)4 F=/" A0 / 9 0 A
'() E4 Q0) 4 #$% +'() F

" A0 / 9 J0 2A X!'() J%%
4 #$% +'() F/0 9) 4 A .G"4 Q '() J%% _ 0 +'() 4 "4 K3) &
#$% +'() 5& F/!%% PE
.G"L 9 & J0 *"#$% +'() & - 5&
4 #$% +'() K3) & '() 5& +'() 24 &A +'() 4 & 4
4 #$% +'() & 4 #$% +'() K"L# 2!'() & A F*34 .Q
.G"4
"M% P *& +'() & - 5& K/" A0 / 9 "$4 -1 X44
:G0) =-$ 4 #$% +'() & *4 #$% +'() 5& *
%%
A) GA"(& 4 #$% +'()
1 :
+09%
4 #$% +'() 5& (a)
.(GA"(& I "4 -O
:G0) *& K
# K$ K4 0#D A FG"4 *0) K
# 4 #$% 5& (b)
He is a journalist now.
(.?"G 4 #D )
He worked as a reporter last summer. (.K, I "4 O
2#A A K$ )
- O 9 (*-O X
1 :
A) +'() 5& K4 X
1 :
(c)
:G2- KY & K
# 0#D X be +'() ) "4 F5&24 +O 4 .G"4 &24 K%
I am here. (.2A 4 K
) You are there. (.2A \%\ K%)
He/ She/It is here. (.2A 4 ) We /They are there. (.2A \ E \4)
J( ( /"4 5"4 O Q0) &24 X K4 !'() +09%
34 :4
:G2-
He / She reads the newspaper every morning. ( .GA 0 9( 4 &D )
I / We / You / They read the newspaper every morning.
:GA"4 Q 1-
0) : 4 2!'() 8

She /He can play guitar very well.
(.G" ,OA 9AD 9 )
We / I / You / They can play guitar very well.
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
56 @ +'() 5& 4 FG) & '() 5& 4 #$% +'() 5& (d)
;% - .

"4 *& K
# K$ &A K
# 0#D X!'() 34 F "4 +'()
.G9, *& 8
X do &
Nonfinite verb phrase 4 #$% +'() & .21

X!'() (called) *& -ed - (calling) & -ing F((to)call) & 3( X!'()
2!'() :
'() 4 - 24 &A 4 4 #$% +'() .G4(D *& &
92 4 #$% +'() : 4 .G"4 4 #$% +'() & 4 #$% +'() K3) &
.(GA"(& -O 92 A) GA"(& 4 #$% +'()
1 :
+09%
Finite verb phrase

(4 #$% +'() &)
He smokes.
(.G( &
)
Jake is having a smoke.
(GM( &
5(1)
Nonfinite verb phrase

(4 #$% +'() 5&)
To smoke like that must be dangerous.
(.5"O _ 0 7BM( &
: 4)
I regret having started to smoke.
(.K0 KA ) //"M4 ,( &
)
He must smoke 40 a day.

(.G( &
; J0 _ 0 & )
You have been smoking all day.
(.M( &
K & K ))
The cigars smoked here tend to be expensive.

(.G0 =90 !&
K( 2A 4)
That was the last cigarette to have been smoked by me.
(.* &
0O K3M( K
)
Simple and complex verb phrase 4 #$% +'() I&

- T22 .22
+'() 5& T22 .G"4 4 #$% T22 4 #$% +'() K3) >& 2#$% E4 Q0)
K
# K$ &A K
# 0#D ;9[( +'() 24 4 .G) >& '() 5& E4 4 #$%
:

"4 +'() :GA 4 &A "4 +'() &
He works hard. (.GA, >, )
He worked hard. (.*, >, )
Work harder!
(!, >,)
.G"4 4 #$% +'() I&
4 #$% K3) & 2#$% : &A
:G) & '() 5& : &A 4 #$% +'() 5& I&
John has worked hard since last year. (.*"& I, >, K1 *(4 A K$)
John would be working hard.
(.* E4 K3-, >, K1)
Dont lets upset her.
(.A0 _'4 )
They may have been sold.
(.G/"4 >9(% ;9[( E )
:G"4 "G 0 J%% = " Q$ 4 #$% +'() I&
+09%
K/(& I " 0 A& X - (Modal verb) +'()
2A 8 4 :(& 8 ) * A
.G"4 Modal verb + base of Full verb "G 0 .G) & & % X (Full verb) +'()
:K%
must examine
will come
may go
can read
.149 .
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$%& .5
X'() +09%
K/(& I " 0 A& X - HAVE +'()
2A :(& K )) * B
:K%
.G"4 Have + V-ed "G 0 .G) & & :
(-ed) K
# K$
have examined
has examined
had examined
-ing X!'() K"& I " 0 A& X - & 4 _ "
X BE +'() :(& +) * C
:K%
.G"4 BE (am/are/is/was/were/been) + Ving "G 0 .G"L# &
am examining
is examining
be going
were reading
K"& I " 0 A& X - & 4 _ "
X BE +'() :(& 2 ; [1
) * D
:K%
.G"4 BE (am/are/is/was/were/been) + Ved "G 0 .G"L# & :
-ed X!'()
be examined
is examined
was read /red/
been read /red/
:G(& I " 0 4 -4 #$ A !"G 0 2 Q$ 4
AB:
AC:
AD:
BC:
BD:
CD:
ABC:
ABD:
ACD:
BCD:
ABCD:
may have examined

may be examining
may be examined
has been examining
has been examined
is being examined
may have been examining
may have been examined
may be being examined
has been being examined
may have been being examined
-#$ E 4 .GA"(& >, D C F C B F B A 2 Q$ 4

.G(& P 3, =0 A A4 > _ 0 "& P L 94
#$% +'() J%% "$4 -O X
1 *4 #$% +'() I&
K/" A0 / 9 2A 4
#$% +'() 5& I&
F3/"4 -4 K4 4 #$% 5& I&
K/"4 *4
.GA(4 0 P 4
*4 #$% +'() & I&

- T22
- K
# 4 #$% +'() & F*(A K/A,O 4 #$% +'() 5&
:K%
.GA"(& -O 4 K4 X
1 H4
D FGA"4 0)
He is reading an interesting book. (.G- 0 49& 4 J"30 ) <5&>
*He reading an interesting book. (O)
<&>
!0 FGA"(& 4 #$% +'() & E F3/"4 *& & X!'() 8

4 #$% +'() & & 4 #$% +'() I&
J'() 8 2 A 0 A
.GBM(& !A 4 #$% : 4 *'()
2A 2 - +A
:4 .G"0 "4
K/" A0 / 9 0 A X4 #$% +'() 5& "G 0 X!'() &
,( 4 +O &% =-$ X!'() & F 9M%
K4 *"G 0
.G"4
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5. Verbs
Simple T22
B
C
I&
D
Complex
BC
BD
CD
BCD
BILGKUT
*"L# & 3( X!'()
*"L# & :
X!'()
to examine
to have examined
to be examining
to be examined
to have been examining
to have been examined
to be being examined
to have been being examined
having examined
[being] examining
[being] examined
having been examining
having been examined
[being] being examined
having been being examined
I "4 ="$4 4 :0D 34 2-O :4 FGA"E4 -O

1 4 #$% +'() &
:

,"(&
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. (.5"O 7( &
)
<>
I dont like smoking.
(.KA
90A ,( &
)
< PG">
Active and passive voice 2 ; [1

- %
+'() 2 % I "4 6(& +'() RD
0O K/" A0 / 9 944 4 2
.GL0) 2 (was eaten) 4 #$% +'() 2 ; [1
(ate) 4 #$%
Q /G K4 ( X &A) QD D -7
1 -2
.6(& J
K/9(
K4 96 79# & 9)
Active ) 2 % F/"4 &"M% I A0 G RD
/G D 7 A
:K%
.G"0 (Passive voice) 2 ; [1
/" 2#$& X &A QD F(voice
The police caught the thief. (.9 P 0%)
<Active>
The thief was caught (by the police). (.*" (Z 0%) *P) <Passive>
FG"4 K/!G Z X
1 R2 QD -7 K/" A0 / 9 2 %
Z R& XD -7
1 2 ; [1
.G" 2#$& =&4 96") X 4
X &A *#$ XD -7 / 2#$& =&4 :4 FGA"4 RD
3/"G
- 0) #$ X4 #$% +'() 2 ; [1
K4 4 #$% +'() 2 % -$ .G"4
:*9%$& 9M%
present
K
# 0#D
past
K
# K$
modal
& J'() 8
perfective
& K )
progressive
& +
modal + perfective
modal + progressive
perfective + progressive
modal + perfective + progressive
.151 .
Active 2 %

voice
kisses
kissed
may kiss
has kissed
is kissing
may have kissed
may be kissing
has been kissing
may have been kissing
Passive voice 2 ; [1
~ is kissed
~ was kissed
~ may be kissed
~ has been kissed
~ is being kissed
~ may have been kissed
~ may be being kissed
~ has been being kissed
~ may have been being kissed
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$%& .5

#$% +'() 2 % F& 0) X4 #$% +'() 2 ; [1
K4 2 %
X!'() _ 0 F"& P ,9, !'() 34 A& X F9, be +'() 4
X be +'() !"4 30 2 ; [1

F=(& ,(& & (-ing) & +
.=(& ,(& & :
(-ed) K
# K$ X!'() +09%
34 _ 0 A& X& 8

The active-passive correspondence 3%

2 ; [1
- % .23
X be +'() - HG 9!G 9A0 "$4 X
1 HGG!A 2 ; [1
2 %
&A G"0 "L$&
1 ; [1

1 % FI "4 Q !A1 H " 0 X& 8
% .GA X

1 ; [1
PG" X
1 % .G(& >, P by O
1
FG"L$& & :
K
# K$ +'() J%% 4 #$% +'() 5& K/"4 -O
1
.G" 0 *& K/(& 8
/
# - X be +'() /"
:G"4 3,-L$& %$& -$ 0) - 3%
X
1 ; [1
K4
1 %
S
V
O
John
admired
Mary
ACTIVE SUBJECT
ACTIVE VERB
(*-O
1 %)
ACTIVE OBJECT
( PG"
1 %)
PASSIVE SUBJECT
(
1 ; [1
)
PASSIVE VERB
(*-O
1 ; [1
)
BY-PHRASE
(4 #$% J" by)
Mary
was admired
(by John) [2]
(*-O
1 %)
[1]
V
A
:G"4 2Z J0 E
@ -$ %$& 0 A
noun phrase1 + active verb phrase + noun phrase2

~ noun phrase2 + passive verb phrase + noun phrase1
The man respect that woman.
(.GA
$D "A 4)
That woman is respected by the man. (.G
$D Z 4 ;A G-)
2
1 ; [1
H,O / .G4(D '()
2A 2 ; [1
J%% 92 be
/G XD -7
1 ; [1
92 get .4 E get Q0) '()
2A K/A"(&
:K%
.G9, =)$& 2
1 K/A" A0 / 9 J(
The cat got run over (by a car). (.*"0 A& (X
) ?)
Jack got beaten last night.
(.*(A & _,O =1)
,9, X be ,9, X F3/"4 K/!Z(0
1 ; [1
K/(& K4 get
.G"4 :# /0
Formation of verbs ,%A X!'()

+09%
K/"4 -
& "#$% : K%% ,%A X!'() K/" A0 / 9 2A 4

& "#$% : F9&"$4 P *
& #$% 4 I .K/96( 90 /,%A X!'()
.* K/" A0 / 9 3"4

HG >(A J
-2 >, /630 Q6'
1 X"#$%
9&"$4 4 .GA",( & +'() K/%A (A 9) % "#$% K/"4 -
&
!'()
.G" A0 / 9 !
#
5M%
/3/%A :0 X!'()
& #$% 34
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5. Verbs
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Difference between nouns and verbs :) 9 !'() K4 ! .24
) *& X#4 XE 4 .GAEE4 R _D +'() _D "#$% K P K/9, I$&
:=(& 70 Q332 0) # Z)" - 79, 9LL0) E F3!N .G9(& >,,O
I travel a lot in my job. (.K0 )% I$&
-2 Q
O K
)
<Verb>
Travel broadens the mind. (.G9A(& 2 # QDA% -A%) <Noun>
:G(4 # A ,#$ # Z)" 9 "#$% K/"4 +'() _D FR _D : 4
R
NOUN
/s/
abuse
advice
device
house
use
+'()
VERB
/z/
abuse
advise
devise
house
use
R
NOUN
/&/
bath
breath
mouth
sheath
teeth
wreath
+'()
VERB
/*/
bathe
breathe
mouth
sheathe
teethe
wreathe
R
NOUN
/f/
belief
grief
half
relief
self
+'()
VERB
/v/
believe
grieve
halve
relieve
shelve
R
NOUN
+'()
VERB
blood
choice
food
loss
bleed
choose
feed
lose
Verbs express small and repeated actions !'() K/9%$& D & - 5& .25
- F9D X24 ) "4 FD & &A 5& !
0 O X!'() *#4
:K%
.G9%$& ) % +O O X#-
-ckle, -ggle, -ngle, -kle tickle, trickle, cackle, giggle, wriggle, tingle, twinkle, tinkle, sparkle
-tter
flutter, glitter, stutter, titter, totter, twitter
-mmer
glimmer, shimmer, stammer (shudder, shiver, whimper)
-mble, -bble
amble, mumble, ramble, stumble, tremble, tumble, bubble, dribble
Verbs in -en !'() K3EO K4 -en .26

K/%A K4 " 0 X -en A& X) % FK/9, I$& 3(A P# 9
:K%
.GA2Z
HG!A ) % +O E FI "4 !'()
black (0) ~ blacken (79A0 FH0)
wide (&) ~ widen (79A(&)
:-$ */A I$& 2E 4
Q) %
+'()
Q) %
+'()
Q) %
+'()
Adjective
VERB
Adjective
VERB
Adjective
VERB
sharp
sharpen
black
blacken
fast
fasten
bright
brighten
glad
gladden
short
shorten
harden
soft
soften
broad
broaden
hard
light
lighten
straight
straighten
cheap
cheapen
thick
thicken
coarse
coarsen
mad
madden
moisten
tough
toughen
damp
dampen
moist
dark
darken
red
redden
weak
weaken
sad
sadden
white
whiten
deep
deepen
widen
fasten
sick
sicken
wide
fast
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$%& .5
:4 !'() -$ K/%A K4 " 0 X -en A& X! -$ A
height ~ heighten lengthen strengthen
hearten
dishearten
:GA"(& +'() " 0 -en A& X!'() R04 A
she warmed up some milk. (.99 Q % :# ) Dry your coat. (.3G 0 ))
Verbs ending in ify, -ize (-ise), and -ate !'() K3EO K4 -ate - -ize (-ise) F-ify .27
-ify:
:*/A I$& 2E .GA2Z
H%A &A 70 A)
0 0 4
electrify
falsify
classify
codify
exemplify
falsify
indemnify intensify
modify
mollify
personify purify
satisfy
signify
stultify
terrify
amplify
diversify
fortify
justify
mystify
qualify
simplify
testify
beautify
certify
dignify
edify
gratify
horrify
liquefy (or liquefy)
notify
nullify
quantify
ratify
solidify
specify
typify
unify
clarify
electrify
identify
magnify
pacify
rectify
stratify
-ize (-ise):

0 0 4 .GA2Z
7#$ &A H%A F70 A)
0 0 4

D G%A ! ?&94 #$ P -ization
0 0 4 .G3 G- /aiz/ % P
:*/A I$& 2E .G0 # Z)" /aiz'ein/
apologize
anglicize
authorize
centralize
characterize
colonize
compartmentalize
criticize
decentralize
computerize
dramatize
economize emphasize
energize
externalize
familiarize fantasize
finalize
fraternize
generalize
glamorize
harmonizeidolize
immunize
immortalize
individualize
industrialize
institutionalize
jeopardize
legalize
liquidize
materialize
maximize
minimize
mobilize
modernize
monopolize
moralize
motorize
nationalize
naturalize
neutralize
normalize
optimize
organize
ostracize
patronize
personalize
polarize
pressurize
publicize
recognize
regularize
revitalize
romanticize scandalize
scrutinize
sensationalize
sensitize
serialize
socialize
specialize
stabilize
standardize
sterilize
stylize
sympathize
terrorize
tranquillize
trivialize
vandalize
victimize
visualize
:G"4 "Y H,O K4 -ize
0 0 :4 "4
0 0 -ise
advertise
advise
comprise
compromise
despise
devise
disguise
enterprise
exercise
improvise
promise
revise
supervise
surprise
televise
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5. Verbs
BILGKUT
-ate:
K4 ,#$ P -ation .G0 # Z)" /eit/ .G"4 "Y H,O P!0 A
0 0 4
*#4 X"#$% K3EO K4
0 0 4 .G0 # Z)" /ein/
D FG%A ! ?&94
:K%
.G"4 5M%
K4 ) % - R T22
origin ~ originate
alien ~ alienate
K3EO K4
0 0 4 2!"MD -$ .GA"4 3%A : 4 0 I$& XE 4 :4
:G"4 *& Q) % - R 8
K/0 # Z)" /t/ X!'()
/t/
/t/
/t/
/t/
/eit/
/eit/
VERB
advocate
alternate
appropriate
approximate
articulate
associate
co-ordinate
ADJECTIVE
NOUN
an advocate
alternate
appropriate
approximate
articulate
associate
ADJECTIVE
VERB
an associate
a co-ordinate
degenerate
delegate
deliberate
elaborate
estimate
intimate
moderate
degenerate
delegate
deliberate
elaborate
intimate
moderate
NOUN
a degenerate
a delegate
an estimate
an intimate
a moderate
:*/A I$& 2!'() K3EO K4 -ate

accelerate
affiliate
anticipate
associate
automate
captivate
collaborate
complicate
concentrate
confiscate
compensate
congregate
contaminate
contemplate
co-operate
co-ordinate
deflate
enumerate
accommodate
aggravate*
appropriate
deliberate
demonstrate
depreciate
designate
deteriorate
detonate
distintegrate
domesticate
dominate
educate
elaborate
eliminate
emigrate
emulate
imitate
accumulate
alienate
articulate
eradicate
estimate
evaluate
exaggerate
exterminate
fabricate
facilitate
fascinate
generate
gesticulate
gravitate
hibernate
humiliate
illuminate
investigate
activate
alleviate
assassinate
impersonate
indicate
indoctrinate
infiltrate
inflate
innovate
inoculate
instigate
insinuate
integrate
interrogate
intimate
intimidate
invalidate
propagate
adjudicate
allocate
compensate
irrigate
irritate
isolate
legislate
liquidate
masturbate
moderate
operate
orientate
originate
penetrate
perpetuate
prefabricate
proliferate
advocate
alternate
domesticate
radiate
recapitulate
repudiate
retaliate
rotate
segregate
separate
simulate
stimulate
terminate
tolerate
validate
violate
delegate
Prefixes !
0 *" .28
:*/9, I$& .G9, 9%A !'() =
$ em- &A en-
0 *" (a)
embitter
endear
enforce
enlarge
enable
enact
embody
enchant
encircle
enclose
encourage
endanger
empower
enlighten
enliven
enrich
ensure
entangle
entitle
entrust
.155 .
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$%& .5
!'() K/(4

(A 8FI " 0 /" X!'() Q 1-
!
0 *" -$ (b)
:GA%A

0 *"
Meaning
Examples !"
Prefix
reforecooutoverunderundedismis
again, a second time

happening before
accompanying, together
more than
too much
too little
removing, reversing
removing, reversing
removing, reversing
using wrongly, badly
rebuild, re-elect, reopen, reorder

foresee, foretell, forewarn
co-exist, co-operate
outgrow, outlive, outweigh
overcharge, overeat, overindulge
underachieve, undercook, underpay
undo, unpack, untie, unwrap
defrost (a refrigerator), decode
disconnect, discourage, disinfect
miscalculate, mislead, misuse
E -$ /

X"#$% K& E !'() K,"0 K P (c)
:K%
.G%A K4 " 0 X!
0 *"
trans- (=across)
+ -mit
(=send)
transmit
pre(=before)
+ -fer
(=carry)
prefer
ex(=out)
+ -clude
(=close)
exclude
ob(=against)
+ -ject
(=throw)
object
inter- (=between)
+ -rupt (=break)
interrupt
de(=about)
+ -scribe (=write)
describe
sub- (=under)
+ -port
(=carry)
support
ad(=towards)
+ -tain (=hold)
attain
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Verb tenses *

# +'() .6
Verb tenses
158
*
# +'()
Present tenses
160
K
# 0#D
160
164
170
172
& T22 K
# 0#D
& + K
# 0#D
& K ) K
# 0#D
& + K ) K
# 0#D
174
K
# K$
174
177
179
181
& T22 K
# K$
& + K
# K$
& K ) K
# K$
& + K ) K
# K$
1. Present simple tense

2. Present continuous tense
3. Present perfect tense
4. Present perfect continuous tense
Past tenses
5. Past simple tenses
6. Past continuous tense
7. Past perfect tense
8. Past perfect continuous tense
Future tenses
184
189
191
193
Other ways of expressing future
194
A. be going to
B. is to
C. is about to
194
197
197
Conditional tenses
Sequences of tenses
& T22 K
# % "& .9
& + K
# % "& .10
& K ) K
# % "& .11
& + K ) K
# % "& .12
*" % 34 X2Z % "&

be going to .A
is to .B
is about to .C
*& K
# 5
197
13. Conditional simple tense

14. Conditional continuous tense
15. Conditional perfect tense
16. Conditional perfect continuous tense
197
199
201
202
.5
.6
.7
.8
K
# % "&
182
9. Future simple tense

10. Future continuous tense
11. Future perfect tense
12. Future perfect continuous tense
.1
.2
.3
.4
& T22 K
# 5 .13
& + K
# 5 .14
& K ) K
# 5 .15
& + K ) K
# 5 .16
204
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Z X!
#
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( '$%& .6

X4 #$% +'() 5& K/A$ "Y -O

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Verb tenses *

# +'()
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Tenses
0#D
Present
K$
Past
% "&
Future
5
Conditional
& 92
Simple
V(s)
& +
Continuous
am/is/are+V-ing
& K )
Perfect
have/has+V-ed2
& + K )

Perfect continuous
have/has+been+V-ing
He moves
He is moving
He has moved
He has been moving
V-ed 1
was/were+V-ing
had + V-ed2
had + been + V-ing
He moved
He was moving
He had moved
He had been moving
will + V
will + be + V-ing
will+have + V-ed2
will+have+been+V-ing
He will move
He will be moving
He will have moved
He will have been moving
would+ V
would+be +V-ing
would+have+V-ed2
He would move
He would be moving
He would have moved
would+have+been+V-ing
He would have been moving
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
:*(4 "G 0 2 ; [1

X& K
# +O 16 0 A -$
K
#
Tenses
0#D
Present
K$
Past
% "&
Future
5
Conditional
& 92
Simple
am/is/are+V-ed2
am/is/are+being+V-ed2
have/has+been+V-ed2
have/has+been+being+V-ed2
It is moved
It is being moved
It has been moved
It has been being moved
was/were+V-ed2
was/were+being+V-ed2
had+been+V-ed2
had+been+being+ V-ed2
It was moved
It was being moved
It had been moved
It had been being moved
will+be+ V-ed2
will+be+being+V-ed2
will+have+been+V-ed2
will+have+been+being+V-ed2
It will be moved
It will be being moved
It will have been moved
It will have been being moved
would+be+V-ed2
would+be+ being+V-ed2
would+have+been+V-ed2
would+have+been+being+V-ed2
It would be moved
It would be being moved
It would have been moved
It would have been being moved
& +
Continuous
& K )
Perfect
& + K )

Perfect continuous
9M%
#$ I!342 P!'() & K
# "-21 - %$& 0 A
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#$ X#D QD-7 &A % 4 FG"4 3,0 (D
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Paris stands on the River Seine. (.G IL $& 20 9% %A2 (% ))
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P#D - H $ FG"4 3!342 !% "& Q0)
1 -[3] FGA"4 3!342 % "& - #D
:GA"4 /342
John (usually) spends a lot of money. (.GA1O ; ) I$& =4 (92) K1)
[1]
John spent a lot of money . (.*1O ; ) I$& =4 K1)
[2]
John will spend a lot of money. (.*"4 K/A1O ; ) I$& =4 K1)
[3]
K
# % "& :4 FG"4 *& K
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F K
# % "& &A K$ F0#D 9D1 ?0.G"L ,& 3/EO &A K3EO ?0- = "$4 4 F
Point of time 90 ?0-
They went upstairs.

(.93 9% E )
Period "$4 ?0incomplete K/EO

complete K3EO
They had been working. He waited patiently until six.

(.* K3M(& I, E ) (.*0% 9" Q% )
:G" & +'() K/A" 9 & A1 0 #$& P QD -7 F9D1 +A
.159 .
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( '$%& .6

Action incomplete QD K/EO
Definitely past H $ J(
She was feeling tired.

(9M0 (D H )
They went upstairs.
Sometime before now * ?0- :#
Somebody has drunk my soup.

(. 9)M
) %4)
:

%"LL% 69#) :3(D D-7 K"& >0 I2 Q30D "#
It rains a lot in Urumqi. (.GPA I$& /
A
L )
:GAA ;Y 9AD 3!N) P % "& 69#) K3 D-7
It may rain.
(.

,/(A /
A)
<K/" A0 / 9 #)>
It is going to rain. (.G-G " 7/(A /
A) <K/96( %% ,4 = " >
It will rain.
(.GPA /
A) <K/96( >9,O 39&) 2D % "&>
Present tenses K
# 0#D
Present simple tense & T22 K
# 0#D .1
DE :4 F

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:!"MD K/9, & T22 K
# 0#D
- "M% K) -R F2"M% P Q30D - 9) % Q6 0 F;%BM F92 (a)
:G9, 2
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The earth goes round the sun.

(.GA A 0 *A)
French people drink more wine than English people.
(.G =)$& 26 0D 6@)
Most of us probably eat too much meat.
(.AA =4 $ ;9[( )$&)
Eat first and ask questions afterwards.
(._E& _ ;--)
If at first you do not succeed, try, try, try again. Then blame someone.
(.A !34 F304 I G 9A0-9A0 ;-- F"!0 "P I%2)
9"M% DE &A QD K/"& + - 5Z F92 X,& (b)
:G9,
He runs every morning. (.GA A &D )
I get up at six in the morning, and have breakfast, then I go to school.
(.KN
)9&
FK0 9 FK
9" Q% K &D K
)
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
I live in a small town near the River Tarim. I work at home, but I often go abroad
on business. I have two children; one is still at school and the other goes to college. I
speak Uighur, English and German, and I know a bit of Japanese. I dont like football,
but I enjoy basketball and volleyball. I dont smoke, but I drink a lot of tea when I am
at home.
, 2% R2 :4 FKA,
.K 2#4 5& 4 A4 %A2 R K
)
T" %4 A F,(A H 0 ( %4 F4 _E4 X(
.K >3 " Q K4
K)A A K
FKA","#$% ( - F /A K
.GA 0 9)9&
FKA& &
K
.K$& ,OA ""- F;9%- :4 FKA
90A " ) K
.K4 :#
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- never Fregularly Falways Fsometimes Foften R2 & T22 K

# 0#D "MD : 4
.G9, ,- K/L4 3 J"0 frequently
9"M% D -7 K/0 A4 _"$ &A ?0- R0
2!3"0 -21 ?0- (c)
:G9,
There is a train to Kashkar from here every day. The next train leaves at 13:45.
(.GP#0 2 13:45 A) J9(0 &(& .4 A) 30 &D 2A 4)
I have been accepted by Berlin University. My course starts on Monday.
(.G4 & L2 82 .R0 ; 40 /99%BM "(4 K
)
will start &A will leave 3/"4 QD K/(4 # A % "& QD 7 2!"MD 30 A
.G"4 ,9,
9"M% &A
26") 34 - K A F%$&
-2 1 (d)
:G9,
First I fill the beaker with some distilled water. Then I add the crystals and the acid.
I heat the beaker and in a few seconds the mixture turns deep yellow.
!& - ;9%& .KG" " 4 K4 % K9B2 :# K
K4 *")
(.G#$ N J(% J(0 ! 4 ? (% 04 FK90 " 4 K
.K0
At this moment, the actor enters. He goes over to the actress, and speak to her.
(.GA"#$% / - GN
) ;A .G(& >& 99A) ;2)
>( 96D
- 9) % X
1 2!D - 3( P Q6"
&A Q30D (e)
3
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X,& K/( / 2
1 :
F9,(4
am/is/are *& K
# 0#D be +'() R2 "MD : 4 FG9, 2!A4 P
:G9, !3"0
The earth is round. (.:!
A *A)
I am Uighur. (. /A K
)
Pumas are large, cat like animals which are found in America.
(.KMAD K/9(& >,,O &
K/Z( (
* (
)
She is a lazy girl. (.:0 KG D 4 ) It is not my dog. (.8
R9 X(
)
Mr. John is a very kind man.
(._2 ; N$& : 9AD *) K1)
Mr. Abliz is a very good teacher.
(. 3 0 4 ,OA 9AD *) 4)
How are you today? (<:00 "MD K 4) I am fine, thanks. (.QD F,OA)
-7 I
% "& FK
4 # A ( 2
1 *3(4 Q"D - 2
1 *3(4 Q (f)
:G9, 92Z D
I will see you if you are in Urumqi tomorrow.
(.K,$& K4 K% "4
L K% )
.161 .
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( '$%& .6

You can come here whenever you have free time.

(.G"4 "& P "4 90- H4 K0)
I shall wait for her until she comes.
(.KA!0% "& K
)
We must find it wherever it is.
(.=(& ,Z( #6'0 "4 2 )
may Fmust Fcan +'() 8 K/ 9 & 3"9( - :GA 4 FQ6 -
1 :GA 4 (g)
&A Q6 FD -7
# 0#D
1 K/" #$ !3"0
:G"4 ,9, 9L 9 & !3"9(
Let (let us) go! (!AN
)
Take care! (!% #$)
I must go now. (.=(& R,(
#D K
) Can you come here? (<
"(& 30A 4)
He may not come. (.

%"& ) Hit the road. (.A!4 )%)
be +'() R2 P 9A0 -1 &A /% !3"0 *3
- % F%D4 X% Q 1-
(h)
:G9, & T22 K
# 0#D K/" #$ & J"0 am/is/are X
How much is it? (<; ) 0 )
Is that all? (<( "4)

D)
K4 & there is/are 9% &A 9 A0 / 9 0 1-
G _ "
X% _ "
(i)
:(GA9, am 2
1 : 4) G9, & T22 K
# 0#D K/(&
Is there any milk in the bottle? (<K
4 Q % :# " 4)
No, there is not any milk in the bottle, there is some in the glass.
(.K&4 :# &9 FK0A 0# " 4 F:A)
There are ten people in our family. (.4 _2 K 2)
"G 0 *& +'() J%% K/9, & T22 K
# 0#D
R2 & KA4 "& P ,9, !'() +09%
& T22 K
# 0#D (a)
+09%
F"0 I "4 5"4 O X
1 FG9, & % X!'()
:G9, & -s X!'()
I/We/You/They/ Mary and John + V
He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) + Vs
I/We/You/They/ He/She/It/ + can + V
e.g. I go to school in the morning. (.K4 )9&
K
)
Mary goes to school in the morning.(.G4 )9&
T
)
They can go now. (.GAEN
#D E )
% +'() +09%
FG(& A& X I " 0 not A& X does &A do &
:GA9, I!4 '() +09%
& 30 .G(& &
I/We/You/They/ Mary and John + do not /dont + V
He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) + does not / doesnt+ V
I/We/You/They/ He/She/It/ + cannt / cannot + V
e.g. I dont go to school in the morning. (.KA
4 )9&
K
)
Mary doesnt go to school in the morning. (.GA
4 )9&
T
)
They cant go now. (.GA"N
#D E )
.(GA"& & -s) G(& & %
D GA
#$ X!'() +09%
& :%
:G" 0 does &A do R2 /" X X
1
Do + I/we/you/they/Mary and John +V ?
Does + He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) + V ?
Can + I/We/You/They/ He/She/It/ + V
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
e.g. Do I go to school in the morning? (<K

4 )9&
K
)
Does Mary go to school in the morning. (<G
4 )9&
T
)
Can I go home? (<G
E4 _9A0 K
)
Do + I/we/you/they/Mary and John + not + V ?
Dont + I/we/you/they/Mary and John + V ?
Does + He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) + not + V ?
Doesnt + He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) + V ?
Can I/We/You/They/ He/She/It/not + V ?
Cant I/We/You/They/ He/She/It/ + V ?
e.g. Dont you go? (<K
N
)
Doesnt she go? (<G
N
) Cant he go? (<K
"N
)
F"& P ,9, !3"0 have - be 2!'() I & T22 K
# 0#D (b)
KA4 "4 FG(& A& X *& K/(& 8
XE 2
1 KA4 : "4
am :4 FG"4 9, nt K 30 X not FG" 0 not A& X!'() I 4 2
1
:G9, 30 not K4
Im / am / have
We/You/They/ Mary and Johnre / are /ve / have
He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/)s / is /has
e.g. I am a student. (. P 0 K
)
We have a car. (.4
4 24) Sheis English. (. )
Im not / am not / have not / havent
We/You/Theyer not / arent /are not /havent / have not
He/She/It/ Marys not / is not / isnt / has not / hasnt
e.g. He isnt a student. (.8
P 0 ) He hasnt a book. (.:A 9& )
nt & 30 R2
1 :% "4 FG," /" X !'() I 4 2
1 :%
:K%
.G9,
Am / Have / + I ?
Are / have We/You/They/ Mary and John ?
Is / has He/She/It/ Mary?
e.g. Am I a student? (< P 0 4 K
) Are they students? (<
! P 0 E )
Is he a student? (< P0 ) Has he a book? (<
4 9& )
Am I not ?
Have I not?
Havent I?
Are / Have I/We/You/They/ Mary and John not ?
Arent / Havent I/We/You/They/ Mary and John ?
Is / Has He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) not ?
Isnt / Hasnt He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) ?
e.g. Havent they any books? (< 0A 9& 2E )Isnt it a book? (< %
9& )
FI "4 *& 2 % X& T22 K
# 0#D 0 A 9D1 *2 +'() (c)
8
& J"0 am/is/are X be +'() _ 0
D X& 2 ; [1
XE 4
I " 0 & :
(K
# K$) -ed X'() +09%
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FA& X& 8
X be +'() not & "4 .G(&
X not )$& & ;% "4 FG$ /" X
1 *& 8
X be +'() &
:G9, nt 30
.163 .
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( '$%& .6

Im / am + V-ed2
We/You/Theyer / are + V-ed2
He/She/It/ Marys / is + V-ed2
e.g. Theyre given some books. (.*(4 9& 04 PE )
Hes given a book. (.*(4 9& / )
Im not / am not + V-ed2
We/You/They/ Mary and Johnre not / are not + V-ed2
He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/)s not / isnt / is not + V-ed2
e.g. I am not given a book. (.*(4 9& N
)
He isnt given a book. (.*(4 9& / )
Am I + V-ed2 ?
Are + We/You/They/ Mary and John ...+ V-ed2 ?
Is + He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Am I given a book? (<*(4 9& N
)
Is he given a book? (<*(4 9& / )
Am I + not + V-ed2 ?
Are We/You/They/ Mary and John + not + V-ed2 ?
Arent+ We/You/They/ Mary and John V-ed2 ?
Is + He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) + not + V-ed2 ?
Isnt + He/She/It/ Mary/(The plane/) + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Arent they given any books? (< (4 9& PE )
Isnt he invited to your wedding? (< 0 >& /%
)
Present continuous tense & + K

# 0#D .2
.?0- = "$4 4 K/"4 I
"#$% =B2 9)D 4 F?A) K3-"#$% F#D -?0= "$4 4 K3-G I "4 I
"#$% - K3- "4 FK ) FK/EO "#$% -+A
.G"4 K3M,N) P QD -7 K3M,

-2 ?0-
[now #D]
;MD 0#D (a)
Q2 0#D (b)
QD K3M(4# A #D (c)
GA9, *& +'() K/ 9 & 2 &A ;MD 0#D & + K
# 0#D
.G"M% 9"D K3M(4 # A !'() K/ 9 & D -7 .GA # 9AD &A
:!"MD K/9, I$& & + K
# 0#D
:G9, 92Z D 7 K3M(4 # A 99A)
;2 (a)
What are you doing?
(<M0 ()
I am reading this book.
(.K- 0 49& 4 K
)
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
What is that music you are playing?
(<#
A0 K3M( K%)
D 7 K3M,

-2 +A 4 F 4 F9)D
A F?0- = "$4 4
0#D (b)
:G9, 92Z
What are you doing nowadays?
(<KM0 7 ( K% 2 &
)
Oh, I am still working at the same place. (.K-, G ( K
)
I am learning to play the guitar.
(.KM$ ,( 9 K
)
Are you taking lessons?
(<K
M( :-%)
Everyone is talking about the movie. (.GM,N) P & 4 KA
D)
People are eating less meat nowadays.(.G-A # $ ,& 2 &
)
:G9, 92Z D-7 K/"G 9!G FK/!!) FK/(4 # A % "& 3(A (c)
I am on holiday at the moment, but I am starting a new course next week.
(.KA!4 %2 (A K
9)D &(& :4 F9,( _2 K
#D)
Hurry up! The train is leaving (soon).
(.GMP#0 A) !;4 K30)
What are you doing tomorrow night?
(<- "4 00 7 ( 9& )
I am having dinner with John and Todd.(.&(A :
5& K4 2 - K1 K
)
FK/A" I "4 Q 1-
9) % Q30D 6(& :4 FK/"4 Q30D #$ X90- K3-"#$% (d)
:G9, 9"M% 62 1-
J90Tom is normally a sensible man, but he is being very stupid at the moment.
(.GM0 :O #D :4 F* _2 #% 4 % _)
: 4 .G9, /0 KA4 6 9 9A & &A "M% !, 83 /A (e)
:G" 0 ,- J"0 constantly Fforever Falways R2 9,9,
She is always trying to show that she knows more than everyone else.
(.G- G ,9%$& 3/4 % =)$& 2!34 X#$ O-94 )
I am constantly having to remind you to tidy up your room.
(.K- "4 1
,% 3A N% 2 + K
)
:G9, 92Z A1 7#$ - 33M#$ *(P4 XD 7 (f)
The weather is getting cold day by day. (.GM9(& IG-% & - & -D)
Why dont you telephone me? Are you forgetting me?
(<K
M9(& I 9 (
<KA0 K( N
3,()
:"G 0 !'() & + K

# 0#D
*& K
# 0#D X be +'() _ 0 4 #$% +'() & + K
# 0#D (a)
& .G(& 9"4 (& +) & -ing X!'() +09%
K4 %4 X am/is/are
wh- 2
1 :% J" wh- FG$ /" am/is/are & :% .G" 0 not A& X am/is/are
:G(& " X am/is/are (!3"0 who Fwhich Fwhat) "#$% J"
Im / am + V-ing
We/You/They are / re + V-ing
He/she/its /is + V-ing
e.g. We are studying German. (.M$ ( 4)
She is sleeping. (.G-!O )
.165 .
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( '$%& .6

Im not / am not + V-ing

We/You/They arent / re not / are not + V-ing
He/she/its not / isnt / is not + V-ing
Im not sleeping. (.KMAO K
)
Am I + V-ing?
Are we/you/theyV-ing?
Is He/she/it V-ing?
e.g. Am I sleeping? (<R
-!O K
)
Is he reading a book? (<G
- 0 9& )
Am I not + V-ing?
Are we/you/they not +V-ing?
Arent we/you/they +V-ing?
Is He/she/itnot + V-ing?
Isnt He/she/itnot + V-ing?
e.g. Arent they studying? (<G
MA$ E )
Isnt he reading this book? (<G
MA
0 49& 4 )
(K
# K$) -ed XE / X!'() +09%
2!"G 0 0 A 2 ; [1
(b)
am/is/are & :% .G" 0 being & -ing X be +'() /"
D G," & :

:G(& I " 0 not A& X am/is/are & .G(& " X
Im / am + being + Ved2
We/You/They are / re + being + Ved2
He/she/its /is + being + Ved2
e.g. It is being read. (.GM" 0 )
My car is being tested. (.GM% _
)
Im not / am not + being + Ved2
We/You/They arent / re not / are not + being + Ved2
He/she/its not / isnt / is not + being + Ved2
e.g. Im not being watched. (.KMA9#$& K
)
My car is not being tested. (.GMA"% _
)
Am I + being + Ved2?
Are we/you/theybeing + Ved2?
Is He/she/itbeing + Ved2?
e.g. Am I being watched? (<R
M9#$& K
)
Is my car being tested? (<G
M% _
)
Am I not + being + Ved2?
Are we/you/they not + being + Ved2?
Arent we/you/they + being + Ved2?
Is He/she/itnot + being + Ved2?
Isnt He/she/itnot + being + Ved2?
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
e.g. Arent they being watched? (<G

MA9#$& E )
Isnt your car being tested? (<G
MA0 :%
)
0) X& + K

# 0#D K4 & T22 K
# 0#D
Time
line of time
Attitude
(1) Mary (usually) lives alone. (.G # /"A (92) T

)
.G /6
"4 8
390- #$&
(2) At the moment, she is living with her parents.
(.GM 4 K4 - #D)
.G 0 (3%) ?0- "4 F8
/6
#$&
:G"4 3,B-L$& 0) =0 A 2
1 -$ P K1 A !,O
John is a bank officer. (.2O 4 4 K1)
<.K/" A0 / 9 3/0 7 ( X >
John is working in a bank. (.G-, 4 K1) <.K/" A0 / 9 33M"4 7 ( AD X1>
4-1 X"% KB2 (<GM0 7 ( #D K1) What is John doing now?
1
:4 F "4 K3-, 4 #$ X#D F33M0 7 34 * X1 A .GAEE4

7" P K4 !, 34 A X F%
9
O = " N
X 9
O 0#D
.GA"(4 >9%$& 3"4
,9,
# 0#D X!'() K/A2Z "MD &A A1 XD -7
+ - T22 K
# 0#D !'() K/ 9 & (Process) A1 XD-7
;MD &A /A1 K4 ?0- ,9,
# A0 '() : 4 :4 FG9, X&
+ !'() : 4 F:30 /A1 &A 90- XD -7 .G"4 JP4 P,30 K4
.G9, & T22 :30 &A "MD XD -7 F&
T22 )$& !'() K/ 9 & ( XA1) (State) "MD XD 7
.G9, &
Process (KA1)
He is eating.
(.G-A :
)
.167 .
State (;MD)
He is full!
(!*A )
Process (KA1)
His brain is working.

(.G-, (
X )
State (;MD)
He has an opinion!
(.4 ) 4 )
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( '$%& .6

(result) &A "MD A1 XD-7 F&G"4 3,B-L$& % 0 A
.G3 IL 9"&
,9, & T22 K
# 0#D X have
R2 have 2Z 3"4 &A 3 1-
X% _ "
&A "&
J
:G(& & T22 K
# 0#D
I have a present for you.
(.4 QP-% 4 K/(4 %
)
have & - :% :4 FG," have got R2 / X /( 2!"MD : 4
:GA" 0 got 92 A& X
I have got a present for you. (.4 QP-% 4 K/4 %
) <& KA4>
I have not a present for you. (.:A QP-% K/(4 %
) <& >
Have you a present for me?
(<
4 9P-% K/(4 N
) <& :%>
& - :% K4 E do/does/did H,O P!'() +09%
92 34 A have
:G"4 3%A
Do you have a present for me? (<
4 9P-% K/(4 N
) <& :%>
I dont have a present for you. (.:A QP-% K/(4 %
) <& >
I have not a present for you. (.:A QP-% K/(4 %
)
<& >
FG9, 4
34 2
=0 A 9"4 K4 K P 34 A have
T22 K
# 0#D .GBM(& & + &A & T22 X!
# A0D 2!"MD : 4
:G(& I%A & - :% K4 do !A &
What time are we having dinner tonight? (<AA :
Q% & K 4)
We went to the party but we didnt have good time.
(.*( N$& :4 F:G24 )6# 4)
Did you have a look at the article I told you about?
(<
904 I0 "0
3(D K396( K
%)
You cannot see John at the moment; he is having a bath.
(.GM A A FA"L$& K4 K1 #D %)
,9, +O =-$ X think 0) 9 "MD K4 A1 XD
:G"4 3,B-L$&
I am thinking about what you said. (.K-!A P XB2 X(% K
) <G-, (
>
I think you are right.
(.P (% (
)
<*" P )>
::
!"
-$ A
I am falling in love with her. (.KM(0 IL$& ,OA K
)
<Process>
I am in love with her. = I love her. (.K$& ,OA K
)
<Result>
I am studying the problem.
(.KM0 J3 %
K
)
<Process>
At last I understand it.
(.K( *O K
)
<Result>
&A )$& H,O understand !'() K/ 9 & A1 R2 H,O P study
:G"4 33%
_ "
K4 !'() K/ 9 & "MD
study
understand
look at
see
example:
listen to
hear
He is tasting the yogurt.(.GM9( 39(0 )
touch, feel
feel
taste
taste
The yogurt tastes sour.(.K69( ;
J9(0 4)
smell (=sniff)
smell
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
"MD $& A1 XD-7 !'() H,O P!3"0 see - understand 0 A
2E FG9, & T22 K
# 0#D =2 B2 R2 E F3/"4 K/ 9 & &A
:-$ */A I$&
assume
believe
consider
feel(=think)
find (=consider)
suggest
suppose
think
apply to
expect
forget
imagine
know
mean
notice
remember
understand
deserve
care
detest
envy
fear
hate
hope
like
love
depend on
mind
prefer
regret
want
wish
look(=resemble)
represent
resemble
seem
belong to
have
hold
own
possess
differ
stand for
(=represent)
appear
contain
cost
hold
measure
weigh
exist
interest
matter
:7%
2!"MD =-$ !'() K/9, & T22 K
# 0#D 92 K/" A0 / 9 0 A
:G(& & + K
# 0#D
:/"4 &9& A1 XD -7 (a)
I have had too much wine; I am seeing double.
(.GML$& H0 %
D FK9Z9BM I$& =4 0D K
)
:9,
34 !'() =0 A (b)
Are you seeing Anna tonight? (seeing=meeting) (<% &L$& K4 9& K 4)
,- K/9, I$& & K

# 0#D
D -7 (9&O Q2 K/(4 # A 9A0-9A0 F56 0 & T22 K
# 0#D
:G"L$& 4 K4 ,- =-$ K/A2Z 3 R2 3/"4 K/ 9 &
often always usually seldom
sometimes never frequently
R2 F3/"4 K/ 9 & D-7 K4 # A 99A) K3-"#$% & + K
# 0#D
:G9, 9"4 K4 ,- =-$ K/A2Z 90- 0#D
now at the moment
today
and this week
Q0) E .GA"E4 4-% X!" & + &A & T22 K
# 0#D ,- 4 :4
.G"4 M%
_ "
K4 ?D
DE K/AEE4 4-% X!" & A0
A :4 FG9, K4 & + K
# 0#D 92 now F396( K4 #$% 34
:K%
.G"4 ,9, K4 & T22
He used to live alone, but now he lives with his wife.
(.G 4 K4 "A #D :4 F9 # /"A * )
:G"4 ,9, & + A :4 FG9, & T22 R2
always !,O
He is always giving me presents. Do you think he loves me?
(<G
$& ,OA (
(% .G-G >(4 !
E%-P-% N
R2 )
.GA /"MD "4 8
,9, X,- 4 DE 79, & K
# A0 F=2
*,9, DE "G#-

Q( X& K
# 0#D
9AD &A K/A9, 2"A :3(D 34 #4 / X
1-#$% KG# "G#-
Q(
F9, E FG9, # 9AD 2EG#-
!'() .G9, !30 K/9, #
:G& > =-$
.169 .
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( '$%& .6

:G9, 9"M% D-7 9 $ & T22 K

# 0#D
PM ANNOUNCES NEW PLAN = The Prime Minister has recently (just) announced
(...*0 K!( 3(A 9
H4)
:G9, 9"M% D-7 % "& & + K
# 0#D
U.S. SOLDIERS MOVING TO = U.S Soldiers are going to move soon to
( .&"$A P ... 3(A *"% (
)
:G9, 9"M% D-7 % "& & 3( X!'() K/(& K4 to
CHAIRMAN TO RESIGN = The Chairman will resign (He has announced this.)
(.K/0 K!( 4 ) (.G(4 Z9 )
Present perfect tense & K ) K

# 0#D .3
!(D F3(A F?0- = "$4 4 K/"4 P#D K4 ?0- 4 _ "
2#D -?0K"& >,
-2 P#D FQD-7 K4 # A 990- = "$4 4 K/"G#% P#D "#$% -+A
XD "4 F8

#$ XD 730 .G"4 K3-"#$% P Q2 &A ;MD
.G"4 K/90
[now #D]
;MD K3!
-2 P#D (a)
Q2 K3!
-2 P#D (b)
QD 7 990- 4 K/"4 J( K/"G#% P#D (c)
,9, J%%
# A &A KP I "4 Q 1-
?0- = "$4 4 K30 P#D 990- 4 _ "
9 $ (a)
.G9, 92Z D-7 &A Q2 F;MD K/"4 "9[( 7,
-2 6(& 4 FK4
:G9, =)$& ,- -$ 990- : 4
since foryears for thoseyears all year
so for
since until
often every time again and again always seldom over sometimes
still
several times often
hardly ever
today
this morning
this month
this week this year during the year
this term this century
has drunk
has happened
has increased
has eaten
I have been an English teacher since 1997.

(.R"& I "4 3 0 *(4 A-1997 K
)
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
He has always been a good neighbour.

(.*"& I "4 0 ,OA 4 )
She has visited her family once a year for ten years.
(.*"& I!0A R9(04 A *(4 A K )
He has broken five vases until now. (.*"4 >3( &9 H4 P#D )
?0- ?B& .G9, 92Z D -7 K4 # A KG 4 990- K3M"#$% (b)
2,- R2 .G"4 &A *% K/"4 P#D XD -7 /9& FGA9&
:G(& 4 K4 before Falready
He has come here twice.
(.K"& R9(0 A 4 )
I have seen him at the car race before. (.K$& 34%

* K
)
I have already bought a new car.
(.R"M9(%
(A 4 K
)
just 2,- R2 FGA9& ?0- J( :4 FGA2Z D-7 K/!

!(D (c)
:G(& 4 K4
My sister has just finished her homework. (.*"4 I, !(D 0G ,) R%)
John has just arrived in Urumqi.
(.*"& >9(A !3(A
L K1)

D GA2Z 3/04 I "4 &A K/04 >(4 # A X2 &A ;MD FQD-7 _ "
(d)
:G(& 4 K4 yet Fnever 2,- R2
I have never seen you.
(.K/04 IL$& % "# K
)
He has never been a teacher.
(.K/04 I "4 3 0 "# )
She has never got up before six oclock.
(.K/04 IG KG 4 9" Q% "# )
She hasnt had lunch yet.
(.*(A :
= ( )
"G 0 X4 #$% +'() & K ) K

# 0#D
FG) & 9&"$4 9D1 "G 0 4 #$% +'() & K ) K
# 0#D (a)
"$4 >, / FG(& 9) % +'() 56 @ have +'()
2A _ 0 "$4 4
X have "4 5"4 O X
1 .G(& & :
(K
# K$) -ed X!'()
X has &A have & .G," /" X has &A have & :% .G," has /
:G" 0 not /0
I/We/You/They/Mary and Johnve / have + V-ed2
He/She/It/This/That/Marys / has + V-ed2
e.g. I have had lunch. (._G"4 IA :
= K
)
I/We/You/They +ve not / have not / havent + V-ed2
He/She/It/This/Thats not / has not /hasnt + V-ed2
e.g. I have not had lunch yet. (.R(A :
= ( K
)
Have + I/we/you/they/Mary and John + V-ed2 ?
Has + he/she/it/this/that/Mary + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Have you had lunch? (<
(A :
= )
Have + I/we/you/they not + V-ed2 ?
Havent + I/we/you/they + V-ed2 ?
Has + he/she/it/this/that/Mary not + V-ed2 ?
Hasnt + he/she/it/this/that/Mary + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Hasnt he arrived yet? (< "& >9(A ( )
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( '$%& .6

been & :
(K
# K$) -ed X be +'() A& X has &A have 2 ; [1
(b)
:G" 0
I/We/You/They/Mary and Johnve / have + been + V-ed2
He/She/It/This/That/Marys / has + been + V-ed2
e.g. I have been given a meal. (.*(4 :
N
)
I/We/You/They +ve not / have not / havent + been + V-ed2
He/She/It/This/Thats not / has not /hasnt + been + V-ed2
e.g. e.g. I have not been given a meal. (.*(4 :
N
)
Have + I/we/you/they/Mary and John+ been + V-ed2 ?
Has + he/she/it/this/that/Mary+ been + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Have you been given a meal? (< (4 :
N%)
Have + I/we/you/they not + been + V-ed2 ?
Havent + I/we/you/they+ been + V-ed2 ?
Has + he/she/it/this/that/Mary not + been + V-ed2 ?
Hasnt + he/she/it/this/that/Mary+ been + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Hasnt she been taken to school? (< 9# )9&
)
Present perfect continuous tense & + K ) K

# 0#D .4
?0- 4 K/"4 J( #
K/"4 P#D K4 ?0- 4 _ "
2#D -?020 P#D &A K/EO ( >4 ?0- = "$4 4 K/"G#% P#D "#$% -+A
XD 730 .G"4 K3-"#$% P Q2 &A QD-7 K3M(& >,
-2
.G"4 K/90 /A1 XD "4 F8

[now #D]
;MD K3!
-2 P#D (a)
Q2 K3M(& >,
-2 P#D (b)
QD 7 K3M(& >,
-2 20 P#D (c)
,9, J%%
!0 FK3M,
-2 P#D >4 990- 4 _ "
$ & + K ) K
# 0#D (a)
0#D .G9, 92Z 2 &A QD-7 K4# A & &A K/"4 3"9[( 7,
-2 A
:K%
.GBM9, & + K
# 0#D )$& X,- K/9, & K ) K
#
He has been sitting there for hours just staring at the wall.
(.G-G 9" I% /
2A )
Have you been waiting long?
(<
"0 I!0% KG# )
I have been working on this problem since nine oclock this morning and I still havent solved it.
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
(.R"E4 >0 ;D ( FK-, *(4 2# 30 Q% K 9% %
4 K
)
:G9, 92Z D 92 K3M9( _-2 3(A K9& ?0- :3(D (b)
I have been thinking about competing next year.
(.KM(& >A P 7,34%
A (& K
)
:K%
.GA2Z D -7 K3EO !3(A ( FK/!4 990- 4 _ "
$ (c)
Have you crying? Your eyes are red. (. 9Z9(& >0 X"#$& <X3-!/A)
Who has been drinking my soup? (i.e. the glass is only half full now)
((K/"0 I "4 R(A #D K&9 FA) <G3MBM R&
))
It has been raining. (the streets are still wet)
((;$D !"A FA) .G >/(A /
A)
Have you been working in the garden? (you look tired and your boots are dirty)
((K QA
& $ _D L$& =/) <
-, P4)
Before now *
Now #D
He has been sitting there for hours.

He is still sitting there.
It has been raining.
The streets are wet.
"G 0 X4 #$% +'() & + K ) K

# 0#D
& 9&"$4 9D1 "G 0 4 #$% +'() & + K ) K
# 0#D (a)
>, / FG(& 9) % +'() 56 @ have +')
2A _ 0 "$4 4 FG)
.G(& & (-ing) + X!'() "$4 Fbeen & :
K
# K$ be +'() "$4
&A have & :% .G," has / X have "4 5"4 O X
1
& :% "4 FG" 0 not /0 X has &A have & .G," /" X has
: 9" /" X 4 K4 has &A have nt 30 X not
I/We/You/They/Mary and Johnve / have + been + V-ing
He/She/It/This/That/Marys / has + been + V-ing
e.g. I have been reading this book for two hours. (.K- 0 49& 4 *(4 9% K
)
I/We/You/They +ve not / have not / havent + been + V-ing
He/She/It/This/Thats not / has not /hasnt + been + V-ing
e.g. I have not been reading this book recently. (.KMA
0 49& 4 K
*(4 3(A)
Have + I/we/you/they/Mary and John+ been + V-ing ?
Has + he/she/it/this/that/Mary+ been + V-ing ?
e.g. Have you been crying? Your eyes are red. (. 9Z9(& >0 X"#$& <X3-!/A)
Have + I/we/you/they not + been + V-ing ?
Havent + I/we/you/they+ been + V-ing ?
Has + he/she/it/this/that/Mary not + been + V-ing ?
Hasnt + he/she/it/this/that/Mary+ been + V-ing ?
e.g. Hasnt he been reading this book recently? (<G
MA
0 49& 4 *(4 3(A)
.173 .
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( '$%& .6

K
# K$ X be +'() A& X has &A have FG) & 9&"$4 Q$ 2 ; [1
(b)
K$ X!'() +09%
O I " 0 being & + A& X FG" 0 been & :

:G(& & (Ved2) :
K
#
I/We/You/They/Mary and Johnve / have+been+being+V-ed2
He/She/It/This/That/Marys / has + been + being+ V-ed2
e.g. I have been being given a meal recently. (.GM(4 :
N
*(4 3(A)
I/We/You/They+ve not /have not /havent+been+being+V-ed2
He/She/It/Thiss not / has not /hasnt + been + being+ V-ed2
e.g. e.g. I have not been being given a meal reecently. (.GMA(4 :
N
*(4 3(A)
Have + I/we/you/they + been + being+ V-ed2 ?
Has + he/she/it/this+ been + being+ V-ed2 ?
e.g. Have you been being given a meal recently? (<G
M(4 :
N% *(4 3(A)
Have + I/we/you/they not + been + being+ V-ed2 ?
Havent + I/we/you/they+ been + being+ V-ed2 ?
Has + he/she/it/this/Mary not + been + being+ V-ed2 ?
Hasnt + he/she/it/this/Mary+ been + being+ V-ed2 ?
e.g. Havent you been being given a meal recently? (<G
MA(4 :
N% *(4 3(A)
Past tenses K
# K$
Past simple tense & T22 K
# K$ .5
.?0- 4 _ "
990- (K3-"#$% A ) 0#D -?0FQD-7 K/"4 >,"O >4 990- 4 _ "
990- K3-"#$% "#$% -+A
.G"4 K3-"#$% JP Q2 &A ;MD K/"4 Q 1-
[past H $]
[now #D]
;MD 9 $ (a)
Q2 9 $ (b)
QD-7 9 $ (c)
,9, -
X& T22 K
# K$
-$ K4 9) % H "4 *4 X& K/9, I$& 9AD & T22 K
# K$
:G3 02 1G- ,4 X

+O
XD-7
D FG"4 K4# A 990- 4 _ "
9 $ _ 0 ;MD &A QD-7 (a)
:G"4 : 4 9 ?A) 0#D K4 90- K/!

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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
K/"4 Q 1-
&A K4 # A Q2 &A QD-7 _ 0 "& X P#A &A "#$% (b)
.=(& "4 ?0- 4 J(
K4# A 990- 4 _ "
9 $ K/"4 9M%
9%M4 K4 #D & T22 K
# K$
:K%
.G9, /0 KA4 !!) &A : 1-
FQ2 FQD-7 K4# A & &A
We left Kashkar at ten oclock and drove straight to Atush. We had lunch there,
and then decided to go to Aksu. We found a small hotel near the station.
F:G(A :
= 2A 4 .:GN
I0 3 >3 /"A 230 Q% 4)
(.: 9) [(
5& 4 (A X(4 4 .:G0 0 ,(
P 0
My brother Yusup died in 1995. He was a very kind man. He often lent
money to other people, and never asked them to return it.
P!34 R2 .* _2 ; N$& : 9AD .K/0 #0 A-1995 I % A _&)
(.* K/04 >0 I" G 9A0 2E :4 F9 I(4 Q6 ; )
:GA
G RD
(33!
-2 50 A) A1 XD & T22 K
# K$
I was born in a little village in Hotan, and went to school there until I was eighteen.
(.KP 0 2A & 3A &% K FK/" P "D
5& 4 O K
)
Q
04 F D-7 !90- K P K4 & T22 K
# K$
9 ?0- 0#D K4 ?0- K3EO QD 7 :4 .G"4 "M% D-7
:=(& "4 : 4 _ "
The French revolution broke out in 1789.

(.K/) A-1789 4!3 6@)
What was that noise? I didnt hear anything. (.RN (D K
<G -- ( )
What did you do at school today?
(<X0 7 ( 9)9&
K 4)
We watched a film about Africa.
(.:G2$& & 4 5M%
/3@ 4)
"G 0 X4 #$% +'() & T22 K

# K$
Q0) 4 #$% +'() 9 A0 / 9 2 &A QD-7 & T22 K
# K$
FG" 0 did /" X
1 & :% .G) & !& K
# K$ X!'()
+'() K H A0 / 9 "MD .G(& & % +'() J%% - G9, did not &
& :%
D G9, were K4 was K& K
# K$ X "& P ,9, be
:G9, were not &A was not & .G," /" X
I/ we/you/she/he/it/they Ved1 e.g. He went home.
I/ we/you/she/he/it/they could + V e.g. I could go home.
We/You/They were e.g. We were students. (.:G P 0 4)
I/She/He/It/Ahmet was e.g. I was a student. (.R P 0 K
)
I/ we/you/she/he/it/they didnt / did not + V e.g. I didnt go.
I/we/you/she/he/it/they couldnt/could not + V? e.g. I couldnt go.
We/You/They werent / were not + e.g. We were not students.
I/She/He/It/Ahmet wasnt / was not + e.g. He wasnt a student.
Did I/ we/you/she/he/it/they + V? Did you go? (< N
)
Could I/we/you/she/he/it/they + V? Could you go? (< "N
)
Were we/you/they + ? e.g. were you here? (<!2A 4)
Was I/he/she/it/Ahmet? e.g. was he a teacher? (<* 3 0 )
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( '$%& .6

Did +I/ we/you/she/he/it/they +not + V?

Didnt +I/ we/you/she/he/it/they + V?
Could +I/ we/you/she/he/it/they +not + V?
Couldnt +I/ we/you/she/he/it/they + V?
Were + we/you/they + not?
Were nt + we/you/they?
Was + I/he/she/it/Ahmet not ?
Wasnt + I/he/she/it/Ahmet?
e.g. Didnt he go? (< & )
Couldnt he go? (< "9(& )
Werent you here? (<!%
2A 4 %) Wasnt he fat? (<*%
(% )
:
(K
# K$) -ed X!'() A& X were &A was & 2 ; [1
XE 4
&A was not & .G$ /" X were &A was & :% .G(& >, &
:G(& I " 0 & :
(K
# K$) -ed X!'() A& X were not
I/He/she/it was + V-ed2
We/You/They were + V-ed2
e.g. He was given a book. (.K(4 9& 4 / )
I/He/she/it wasnt / was not + V-ed2
We/You/They werent /were not + V-ed2
e.g. He was not given a book. (.K(4 9& 4 / )
Was I/He/she/it+ V-ed2?
Were we/you/they+ V-ed2?
e.g. Was he given a book? (< (4 9& 4 / )
Was I/He/she/itnot + V-ed2?
Wasnt I/He/she/it + V-ed2?
Were we/you/they not + V-ed2?
Werent we/you/they + V-ed2?
e.g. Wasnt he given a book? (< (4 9& 4 / )
,9, & T22 K

# K$ X would - used to
&A used to :"4 0A0 / 9 D-7 _ "
5"(9&O Q2 9 $
:G9, 4 #$% +'() K/(& I " 0 !'() J%% A& X would
USED TO / WOULD + MAIN VERB
When I was young, I used to go to the volleyball match every Sunday.
(.R94 34%
;"- & ,&A D 90- 5& K
)
Does John smoke? He used to, but I think he has given it up.
(.9M #D (
:4 F9( * <G
( &
K1)
What a funny looking cinema! Well, it used to be church.
(.* -&( 4 * ! 4 O& 9"P KB2 ()
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
:7%
:GA"4 ,9, 9"4 used to K4 K/A2Z 90- = "$4 4 J( (1
I used to go to thas school when I was a boy.
<?0- K/"4 J(>
(.R94 )9&
90- 5& K
)
I went to that school for eight years.
<?0- = "$4 4 J(>
(.R24 +A &% )9&
K
)
& 0#D =B2 use to X A F J0 4 K/"4 & K
# 0#D used to (2
:G2Z J0 & T22 K
# 0#D & 8

# 0#D X .GA"4
Tom used to smoke.
~
He used to be a heavy smoker.
(.9(&
_)
(.* N4 4 K& I $ _)
Tom smokes heavily.
~
Tom is a heavy smoker.
(.G( I$& &
_)
(.N4 4 K& I $ _)
:G9, never used to K & X used to (3
Julia has become very aggressive lately. She never used to be.
(.* 8
: "# .*"0 I "4 _9&$ 9AD *(4 3(A 6" 1)
:G4(D & K/9, I$& 33(A AD
D G(4
H,O P used to
would
Every Sunday evening, Father would take out his old tambour and start to play Hanlailun.
Children would listen quietly. Sometimes Father would go on for hours.
.99A, ?1 !"4 .99A!4 3,( K AO 2 -9E
& & ,&A D)
(.9 9!
-2 % #4
Past continuous tense & + K

# K$ .6
* ;% 2#D F?0-4 _ "
2#D -?0FK/EO ( 990- K/" 2#$& 9 $ >4 990- 4 _ "
9 $ "#$% -+A
.G"4 K3M,N) P QD -7 K3M,

-2 &A K3- "4 FK )
[past H $]
[now #D]
;MD 9 $ (a)
Q2 9 $ (b)
QD K3M(4 # A 990- 4 _ "
9 $ (c)
GA9, K%% *& +'() K/ 9 & 2 &A ;MD & + K
# K$
.G"M% 9"D K3M(4 # A !'() K/ 9 & D-7 .GA # 9AD &A
:!"MD K/9, I$& & + K
# K$
:G9, 92Z D 7 K3M(4 # A 99A) 4 _ "
9 $ (a)
What were you doing?
(<9M0 ()
I was reading this book.
(.R9- 0 49& 4 K
)
What was that music you were playing?
(<* #
A0 K3M( K%)
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( '$%& .6

:G9, 92Z D 7 K3M,

-2 ?0- = "$4 4 9 $ (b)
What were you doing those days?
(<X9M0 7 ( K% 2 & )
Oh, I was still working at the same place. (.R9-, G ( K
)
I was learning to play the guitar.
(.R9M$ ,( 9 K
)
Were you taking lessons?
(<X9
M( :-% K%)
Everyone was talking about the movie. (.9M,N) P & 4 KA
D)
92Z A1 7#$ - 3P >#$ & "#$ XD7 9 $ (c)
:G9,
The weather was getting cold day by day. (.9M9(& IG-% & - & -D)
:"G 0 !'() & + K
# K$
*& K
# K$ X be +'() _ 0 4 #$% +'() & + K
# K$ (a)
& .G(& 9"4 (& +) & -ing X!'() +09%
K4 %4 X was/were
:% J" wh- FG$ K/" X was/were & :% .G" 0 not A& X was/were
:G(& " X was/were (!3"0 who Fwhich Fwhat) "#$% J" wh- 2
1
I/He/she/it was + V-ing
We/You/They were + V-ing
e.g. She was sleeping. (.9-!O )
We were studying German. (.: 9M$ ( 4)
I/He/she/it wasnt / was not + V-ing
We/You/They werent /were not + V-ing
e.g. I was not sleeping. (.R9-O K
)
We werent studying German. (.: 9MA$ ( 4)
Was I/He/she/it V-ing?
Were we/you/theyV-ing?
e.g. Was I sleeping? (<R9
-!O K
)
Were you reading a book? (<9
- 0 9& %)
Was I/He/she/itnot + V-ing?
Wasnt I/He/she/it + V-ing?
Were we/you/they not +V-ing?
Werent we/you/they +V-ing?
e.g. Werent they studying? (<9
MA$ E )
Wasnt he reading this book? (<9
MA
0 49& 4 )
(K
# K$) -ed XE / X!'() +09%
2!"G 0 0 A 2 ; [1
(b)
was/were & :% .G" 0 being & -ing X be +'() /"
D G," & :

:G(& I " 0 not A& X was/were & .G(& " X
I/He/she/it was + being V-ed2
We/You/They were + being V-ed2
e.g. It was being read. (.9M" 0 )
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
We were being given some money.(.9M(4 ; ) 4)

I/He/she/it wasnt / was not + being V-ed2
We/You/They werent /were not + being V-ed2
e.g. It wasnt being read. (.9MA" 0 )
We werent being given any money.(.9MA(4 ; ) 4)
Was I/He/she/itbeing V-ed2?
Were we/you/theybeing V-ed2?
e.g. WasIt being read?(.<9
M" 0 )
Were you being given any money? (<9
M(4 ; ) %)
Was I/He/she/itnot + being V-ed2?
Wasnt I/He/she/it + being V-ed2?
Were we/you/they not + being V-ed2?
Werent we/you/they + being V-ed2?
e.g. e.g. Wasnt It being read?(.<9
MA" 0 )
Werent you being given any money.(<9
MA(4 ; ) %)
Past perfect tense & K ) K

# K$ .7
.?0- = "$4 4 990- 4 _ "
2#D -?0K4 # A 990- = "$4 4 9 $ K30 390- _ "
2#D "#$% -+A
.G"4 K3-"#$% P Q2 &A ;MD K"& >,

-2 FQD-7
[past H $]
[now #D]
;MD K3!
-2 390- _ "
2#D (a)
Q2 K3!
-2 390- _ "
2#D (b)
K/"4 J( K30 390- _ "
2#D (c)
QD -7 990- 4
,9, J%%
(B QD) QD 4 X (A QD) QD 4 _ "
& K ) K
# K$ (a)
:G9,
1 *3(4 Q"D R2 "MD : 4 .G9, 9LL2- 4 # A *
B QD
A QD
When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
(.* K/"0 >9(& K3" A) F"& >9(A (4 K
)
While they were out, a pretty girl had got into their cottage.
(.* K& >& " & XE :0 JA 4 F90- 9% E )
I gave my wife the present which I had bought her the day before.
(.R24 /"A P-% K/"M9(% & 3" K
)
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( '$%& .6

* X#D
before now * 2#D
now #D
earlier than before now
line of time
I had bought it the
day before
I gave her the present
I "4 Q 1-
?0- = "$4 4 K30 390-4 _ "
9 $ 990- 4 _ "
9 $ (b)
Fby Fat Fin 990- : 4 .G9, 92Z D-7 &A Q2 F;MD K4 # A &A KP
:G9, 9"4 K3) >& 2!3"0 for - since Fbefore
I had been a teacher by 2002.
(.R 3 0 /A-2002 K
)
I had been an English teacher since 1997.
(.K/"4 3 0 I!4 A-1997 K
)
"G 0 X4 #$% +'() & K ) K

# K$
FG) & 9&"$4 9D1 "G 0 4 #$% +'() & K ) K
# K$ (a)
had +')
2A _ 0 "$4 4 #6'0 "4 % A0 FO A0 X
1
(K
# K$) -ed X!'() +09%
"$4 >, / FG(& 9) % +'() 56@
:G" 0 not /0 X had & .G(& & :

I/We/You/They/He/She/It/Thishad + V-ed2
e.g. Afer he had had lunch he came here. (.*"& A 4 6(& /"4 IA :
= )
I/We/You/They/He/She/It/Thishadnt / had not + V-ed2
e.g. I hadnt seen him until last week. (.K/04 >9 9)D 3" K
)
Had + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ V-ed2
e.g. Had you had lunch? (<(A :
= )
Had + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ not + V-ed2
Hadnt + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ V-ed2
e.g. Hadnt you had lunch? (<(A :
= )
A& X Fbeen & :
(K
# K$) -ed X be +'() A& X had 2 ; [1
(b)
FG," /" X had & :% .G" 0 & :
(K
# K$) -ed X!'() +09%
:G" 0 not / 9 X been K4 had &
I/We/You/They/He/She/It/Thishad +been + V-ed2
e.g. When his lunch had been finished he asked for a glass of water.
(.*% % K&9 4 6(& /"4 >6(A 3
= )
I/We/You/They/He/She/It/Thishadnt / had not + been + V-ed2
e.g. The problem had not been explained until until he came.
(.* K(4 ILL %
4 "& )
Had + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ been + V-ed2
e.g. Had the problem been explained until he came?
(<*(4 ILL %
"& )
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
Had + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ not + been + V-ed2

Hadnt + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ been + V-ed2
e.g. Hadnt the problem been explained until he came?
(<*(4 ILL %
"& )
Past perfect continuous tense & + K ) K

# K$ .8
.?0- = "$4 4 990- 4 _ "
2#D -?0K3M(4 # A 990- = "$4 4 9 $ K30 390- _ "
2#D "#$% -+A
.G"4 K3-"#$% P Q2 &A QD-7
[past H $]
[now #D]
;MD K3!
-2 390- _ "
2#D (a)
Q2 K3!
-2 390- _ "
2#D (b)
QD K3!
-2 390- _ "
2#D (c)
,9, J%%
:G9, I$& 9,9(
K4 K
# K$ & + K ) K
# 0#D +& 4 (a)
HAVE / HAS + BEEN + Ving ~
HAD + BEEN + Ving
He has been studying here since 1995. (.GM(& I 0 2A 4 *(4 A-1995 )
He said that he had been studying here since 1995.
(.K K3M(& I 0 2A 4 I!4 A-1995 ,96( X )
D-7 &A Q2 K3!
-2 390- 4 _ "
9 $ 990- 4 _ "
9 $ (b)
K3) >& 2!3"0 for - since Fbefore Fby Fat Fin 990- : 4 .G9, 92Z
:G9, 9"4
I had been teaching Physics by 2002. (.R K3M(& >(4 %2 @ /A-2002 K
)
I had been teaching English since 1997.
(.R K3M(& >(4 %2 I!4 A-1997 K
)
"G 0 X4 #$% +'() & + K ) K

# K$
& 9&"$4 9D1 "G 0 4 #$% +'() & + K ) K
# K$ (a)
+'()
2A _ 0 "$4 4 #6'0 "4 % A0 FO A0 X
1 FG)
(K
# K$) -ed X be +'() "$4 >, / FG(& 9) % +'() 56 @ had
/" X had & :% .G(& & -ing X!'() +09%
>, / Fbeen & :

:G" 0 not /0 X had & FG,"
I/We/You/They/He/She/It/Thishad +been + V-ing
e.g. I had been teaching Physics by 2002.
I/We/You/They/He/She/It/Thishadnt / had not + been + V-ing
e.g. I had not been teaching Physics by 2002.
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( '$%& .6

Had + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ been + V-ing

e.g. Had you been teaching Physics by 2002?
(<3M(& >(4 %2 @ /A -2002 %)
Had + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ not + been + V-ing
Hadnt + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ been + V-ing
e.g. Hadnt you been teaching Physics by 2002?
(<%
K3M(& >(4 %2 @ /A -2002 %)
A& X Fbeen & :
(K
# K$) -ed X be +'() A& X had 2 ; [1
(b)
& :% .G" 0 & :
(K
# K$) -ed X!'() +09%
O F& -ingX be +'()
:G" 0 not / 9 X been K4 had & FG," /" X had
I/We/You/They/He/She/It/Thishad + been being V-ed2
e.g. It had been being made. (.* K3M%A )
I/We/You/They/He/She/It/Thishadnt / had not + been being V-ed2
e.g. It had not been being made. (.* K3MA"%A )
Had + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ been being V-ed2
e.g. Had it been being made? (<*3M%A )
Had + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ not + been being V-ed2
Hadnt + I/We/You/They/He/She/It/This+ been being V-ed2
e.g. Hadnt it been being made? (<*%
K3M%A )
Future tense K
# % "&
*& K
# 0#D - K
# 0#D F XD-7
# K$ - K
# K$ 92
K
# % "& F:4 .G"4 3,(4 >( HL 96A
JP 30D K/A0 / 9 J0
K
4 # A ( 4 990- 4 .8

&A GA9O /60 7(4 >( HL 9
#1 JP
J0 !" % K/"4 H,O K
# % "& A) -%
."4 K3M,"#$% JP 7
9L 9 &
# % "& .G G RD
/0 390- 69#) K/"4 'A .G2Z
:GA P!
-$ H!" & A0
L 9
#1 2 50 ,(4 # A XD-7 _ "
GA 33%0 70
,(4 # A XD-7 4 _ "
P (he/she/they/it) !34 &A
M,N) P (I/we) #$
1 4 D :4 FK/96( P QD-7 % "&
D X
1 -$
:GA,O 69#)
The film starts in five minutes time.
(.G4 Q
H4 &)
I am starting a new job on Monday. (.KM/4
O (A & L2 K
)
What are we going to do?
(<00 7 ()
You are going to fall!
(."0 I2 !3A)
We will have a competition. (.,34%
4)
We shall see. (.L$& 4)
Will it make any difficulties?
(<
GP J60 )
The plane will be landing shortly at Urumqi Airport.
(.G0 /
GG2YA
L ?0- 30 K!)GA)
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
Will you be coming to the party tonight?

(<
(& )6# 9& K 4 %)
He is to leave at once.
(.G3 /"A ;D2 )
The concert is about to begin.
(." 74 Q(&)
It will have finished by the time you get there. (.G"4 >,"O P4 K%)
!'() 8 R04 /"4 0!N) P

X!, % "& A 34 2E 4
.G"4 ,9, (!3"0 may/might/should/could)
3!N FGA"4 *& K
# % "& 92 X!'() F=/" A0 / 9 944 V
0 A H A0 / 9 !"MD &A QD-7 K/"4

7(4 # A % "&
+ &A T22 K
# 0#D A !0 F2!'()
2A R(A &A !'() 8 =2!"
.G"G "
J0 7A) 2 (0 /0 K
# 0#D X44
) *&
WILL / SHALL + V
30 XE - shall Fwill 2!'() 8 /9, I$& 9L 9 & % "&
*"#$ E 4 !0 F,"4 % A0 FO A0 X
1 FI "4 !"G 0 K9, ll &
& -s :4 FG9, & % X!'() A& XE 4 #6'0 ,(&
# A0
:K%
.GA9,
I will go home tomorrow. (.K9A0 A$ K
)
He/She will go home tomorrow. (.G9A0 A$ ) *He/She will goes
I would be home. (.R9E4 A$ K
)
*I will am
*I shall was
He/She would be home. (.9E4 A$ )
*He/She would is
BE GOING TO + V
I " 0 & % X!'() A& X be going to ; % 4 92Z % "&
Q6"
% "& Z"
# 0#D J0 +& +O 4 FI "4 79, "G 0 K/(&
*& A0D X be +'() & 4 H,O & + K
# 0#D .G"4 2Z J0
:K%
.G,%

When are you going to get married?
(<M"4 00 K0)
John is going to lend us his camera. (.0
>(4 Q6 4 %(
& K1)
I am going to meet him at the station.
(.&L$& 9(4 K4 X K
)
&A -% 0#D /"4 !" &A R K/A2Z % &A _2 A +& 4
:G9, 9L 9 & % "& XD
It is going to rain.
(.0PA /
A)
She is going to have a baby.
(.0"4 J"4 )
There is going to be trouble.
(." H "4 J-)
& + K
# 0#D
A FD-7 % "& K"L$& "
# 0#D J0 & + K
# 0#D
:G"4 2Z D-7 K/(& 3 1G- % "& 2!Z) &A K!) FHG 9!G 0#D
The orchestra is playing a Mozart symphony after this.
(.0G 6% 4 X#
6(& 4 9& 4)
The match is starting at 10.30 tomorrow.
(.G4 Q% 34%
)
I am taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.
(.0
4 >( /P4 !MAD !"4 & ,&A K
)
& T22 K
# 0#D
D-7 % "& "0 K"G 0 will/shall + V & T22 K
# 0#D
:
+09%
Q0) 92Z % "& +& 4 .G4(D +& K/9, I$& 204 92Z
.G9, 2
1 5 K/(& K4 "#$% H,O 0 if A "4 9%"0 >9, 2
1
.183 .
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( '$%& .6

What will you say if I marry the boss. (<K0 :0 _"M0 K4 A1O K
)
Tomorrow is Thursday. (.,A) )
School finishes on Friday.
(.G,"O &
1 H 0)
What time does the match begin? (<G4 K0 34%
)
takes off
The plane
is taking off at 20:00 tonight. (.G 2 20:00 Q% K!)YA)
will take off
WILL/SHALL + BE + V-ing
) "4 F9"M% 9"D K3M(4 # A !, K/"4

7(4 # A % "& +& 4
:G9, K H A0 / 9 G--% 33M(4 # A 990-4 _ "
% "& XD-7
When you reach the end of the bridge, I will be waiting there to show you the way.
(.K"4 K3-!0% K H A0 >9%$& "A N% 2A K
P4 >9(A Z X&L-$&)
We will be flying to America when you receive this letter.
(."4 K3M9(& I I0 /(
4 290- K/" IG ,) O 4 %)
Future simple tense & T22 K

# % "& .9
I / We shall + V (move)
:-$ *& T22 X

# % "&
You will + V (move)
He/She/It/They will +V (move)
+#
&A ?A) _ "
6(& 2#D -?0;MD &A Q2 FQD-7 _ "
K/"4 J( %
4 &A 7(4 # A "#$% -+A
X "#$% / G RD

.G"4 K3- A0 / 9 A4 4 T22 P
.G"4 90- XD-7 "4 F9%"4 69#)
There will be time for questions after the lecture. (.G3 ?0- P!"% 6(& 90 )
Two bodies of different mass will reach the ground at the same moment.
(.G(& >9(A 99A) H,O # A A R1 %
K/,O)
We shall see who is faster.
(.$& _ 0 3/3 K30 X& 4)
If it rains, we shall go by car.
(.4 K4
4 PA /
A )
now #D
future time ?0- % "&

will be time
will reach
shall see
shall go
Line of time
G$A % "& #
:G9(& >,)&
4-% !
=-$ & T22 K
# % "&
.4
34 A X shall K4 will
(a)
.G2Z 69#) 8O #$ 2
1 K/"4 H,O F2O K/"4 H,O #4
(b)
.G"4 ,9, will "4 F8
! shall K4 O 4
(c)
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
.G(& P 3,,A RA-RA K4 O A0D shall K4 will A) 4-%
We - I :O 4
shall will "4 O 4 X
1 & K/"L# K4 shall &A will 92
:*(4 !"G 0 J"4 K/"4

-$ .G"4 ,9,
a. shall:
& KA4
&
& :%
& :%
: "
&
We
30
Ill
Ill
&
Well
Well
shall + V
I
We
b. will:
& KA4
not
shall
&
We
30
Ill
Ill
&
Well
Well
I
We
We
I
We
We
+V?
shall
shant
& :%
will + not + V
not
shant
&
: "
will + V
shall + not + V
will
I
We
wont
+V?
I
We
I
We
not+V?
+ V?
& :%

will
wont
I
We
I
We
not+V?
+ V?
:7%
.G(A 9A )$& & A0D (1
J"0 0E-QO O &A /( & 30 .G9, 933(A K3!Z(0 & : " (2
.G9, 933(A K/!Z(0
X-$ /"4 : .LL0) [wnt] want K4 [wount] wont 9D1 # Z)" (3
:G"4 /!0% A0 >(4 O / /N
I wont go. (.KA
4 K
)
I want to go. (.0
4 K
)
.A 0 I2 [a:nt] K4 [a:] K/" 0 KG# shant (4
,9, -
4-% K0 X 4 F8

KY *0) X I/We shall K4 I/We will 9D1
2!A1 K/"4 H,O K/,"#$% 26G2 4-% 4 A F ll !,O & 30
.K2 ,9, ! will 0 I$& X!3(
:K%
.Q 1-
0) _ "
2,9,
:-$ 0) K/6# 3,A)
, 4 &A 3/"4 6A 3,0 , 4 We will &A I will (a)
:G9, I$& 92Z 3/AEO ,0 (K4 J" O)
Who will do the washing-up? (<GAEO A A & R&) I will. (.KAEO K
)
Ill need some bread. All right, Ill go and get some for you.
(.(4 >& >(4 K
FG"4- .9&(& "4 :# N
- )
Mr Smith is very busy at the moment. That is all right, Ill wait.
(.!0% K
FG"4
.H" !&4 #D *) % -)
:G9, I$& /"4 00 Q ,0 , 4 _ "
We wont &A I wont (b)
Who will do the washing-up?
I wont. (.KA"O K
)
.185 .
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( '$%& .6

I wont leave until I have seen Mr Smith! (.KA& L$& K4 *) % K
)
>0 , 4 K E &A ,0 , 4 X% 2!34 92 shall I? (c)
:G9, I$& /% 3/A"O &A K/AEO ,(4
That parcel looks very heavy. Shall I carry it for you?
(< A(4 I$A % K
.G0 =2/( 9"O G-)
Shall I lock up, or will you do it? (<K
9( L#$ &A A9M9( K
,)
Shall we do all the exercises on page 40? (<
A,
D X3
94-40)
:G"4 ,9, 2
1 ;% T22 P % "& A E 4
What time shall we meet tonight?
(<, 0 Q% & K 4)
;% T22 P D-7 % "& )$&
Will we ? &A Will I ?
:G(& K4 need to - have Fbe able to R2
D G9, 2
1
Will I be able to take my dog with me? (<
E4 _"M( 4 9)
Will we have to take an examination at the end of the course?
(< &(& ,,0 /[9 3EO 82)
Will I need to meet him?
(<
L# _ L$& K4 X X(
)
E
D GA9, I$& 92 Wont I/Wont we? - Shant I/Shant we? (d)
:G9, I$& !2
1 :%
9A0 Q0) E .G"4 5& 9AD :) 9
You wont be able to get in. Wont we? (<
4 .A"& % -)
:G"4 ,9, 2
1 :% DE K4 !3"0 have to - need to Fbe able to E 4
Wont (Shant) I be able to take my dog with me? (<K
"4 _"M( 4 9)
you :O

:-$ *& J%% .G9, will R2 K4 O
& KA4
&
& :%
& :%
& : "
you will + V
you will not + V
&30
youll + V
youll not=you wont +V
will you +V?

-
will you not + V

wont you?

- ,9,
T22 P !9&) K"L 9 & 69#) :3(D P % "& you will
:G"4 ,9, 2
1
You will find everything you need in the cupboard. (Youll)
(.K) "4 J169[( ( 9), K%)
You will not find another one like it anywhere. (You wont)
(.A") %4 34 K/A,O / 2A :3(D %)

2 &A R
-G# X
L#$ )$& _"4 K3-"#$% JP _L#$ >9, will 92
K3-L 9 & -$ )$& F_"4 K3-"#$% JP % .K"4 K3-L 9 &
:K"4
:K%
.K"4 K3M96( 3%0 &A 70 , 4 X% (a)
You will go immediately to the headquarters. You will go alone and
you will not tell no-one about this.
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
(.A (D JP 4

D 4 # /"A .X(4 349 H4 ;D2 %)
:K%
.K"4 K3- A0 / 9 ,0 P % "& X% (b)
You will make yourself ill if you eat all those cakes.
(."0 >P M(A
D X! )
:K%
.K"4 K3MA0 / 9 (R%60 &A) R,0 P "MD 0#D (c)
You will be tired after your long journey. (."0 I 6(& 2)% KG# %)
Have you already eaten? In that case, you wont need anything else to eat, will you?
(< 0 F:A 96L# X,6(A % 34 F"4 : <
"4 IA K3")
:K%
.K"4 K3M3(4 I% 30A &A 4 X2 70 , 4 X% (d)
Will you just hold this for me a second?
(<
"(4 > N
_2 4 4)
Will you look after the children while I go to the shops?
(<
A0 I0 /"4 & /
K
)
J% ( J0 79, would you Z& : 4 K/" A0 / 9 K4 I "& - I2
:G"4 2Z
Would you look after the children while I go to the shops?
(<
A0 I0 /"4 & /
K
)
:K%
.K"4 K3M0 >& 3, 4 % (e)
Will you stay for dinner?
(<
!0% 30
5&)
[1]
Wont you stay for dinner? (<
0% 30
5&)
[2]
. (9&O R(4 #4 >&
1 -[2] /0
1 -[1] 0 A
he / she / it / they :O

:-$ *& J%% .G9, will R2 4 O
& KA4
&
& :%
& :%
: "
&
30
&
He
will+V
She
It
They
Hell
Shell
It will
Theyll
He
will not + V
She
It
They
Hell not (wont)
Shell not (wont)
It wont
Theyll not (wont)
Will
he
she +V?
it
they
Wont
Will
he
she
it
they
he
she
it
they
not +V?
2
1 T22 P % "& K"L 9 & 69#) :3(D O
:G"4 ,9,
They will not come tomorrow. (They wont)
(.GA"& E )
How long will she stay in Urumqi?
(< 50
L )
:

,2Z
=-$ "#$% F3M,N) P % &A _2 34
:G"4 K3M0 _ &$D P % "& XE (a)
He is very intelligent. He will do well in life. (Hell do)
(.G0 I 4 ,OA , AD .J0 9AD )
.187 .
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( '$%& .6

She will not walk very far in those high-heeled shoes.

(.GA"N
;A :# K4 *PA J) ( )
:G"4 K3M0 _ &$D P D-7 0#D (b)
Where is John? Oh, hell be in his office (., - <2A0 K1 -)
He wont be home from work yet.
(.*"& >9A0 9, ( )
:G"4 K3M96( 33MA"O ,0 , 4 X%4 (c)
He wont eat his breakfast.
(.GA0 9 )
They wont tell me anything about their experience.
(.GA
4 >96( JP *9# % X"#$ N
E )
My car wont start. (.GA"P#0 _
) She wont leave. (.GA& )
:GA2Z 33M30 DE 6") X!34 (d)
Wont they come with us?
(<
"& 4 K4 4 E )
Will John bring his girl friend?
(<
(& >( 9%Y2 0 K1)
,9, K4 O - X Shall

:GA 4 FQOG F2- 9, K4 O - *& 34 X - shall 92
& J0 *&
1 Z X"-21 -$ A E 4 .G 9 & & &A
:G9, =)$& ( *"MD HL 9
*&
HN K/A I$&
shall/shant
You shall have a dog for you birthday.
(.G"4 4 9 4 _ 0 K & K/" P )
You shant go to the party.
(.A
4 )6# %)
He shall have everything he needs.
(.G,( %
D K/"4 L# )
They shall not (shant) come again.

(.K "& 9A0 E )
I promise you you will have (...0 2- % K

)
Ill buy you a dog
(...K(4 >( % K
)
You cant go to the party.
( .A"4 )6# %)
I forbid you to go to the party. (.KA& (4 )6#)
I wont let you go to the party. (.KA
# P4 )6# %)
I will give him
(.K(4 ... / K
)
Let him have
(.G" A0 ;A ... / )
Give him
(...X(4 FA(4 ... / )
I want him to have (.K0
"4 ... K
)
I promise that he will have
(...0 2- K
)
(.=(& %"& 9A0 E )
They mustnt come again.
I forbid them to come again.
(.K% ,(& 9A0 XE )
I dont want them to come again. (.KA"O ,(& 9A0 XE )
&(& 5%
4 # A &A 7(4 # A X, 4 A4 K 0 21$D 0 A shall
:G9, 92Z
The purchaser shall return or pay for the goods within thirty days. After this time,
the purchaser shall be liable to a surcharge if he has failed to return or pay for
the goods. The vendor shall have the right to
F6(& 990-
.=(& ,"$ &A G 9A0 "
K & # 9 /"M9(%)
.G"4 1
"$ 1 "E4 I"$ &A "E4 IG 9A0 "
/"M9(%
(.G"4 /0 0D ... 3%
"G 0 2 ; [1

X& T22 K
# % "&
Z R& XD -7 % "& )$& 2 ; [1
X& T22 K
# % "&
9L 9 & 3%"G &A 7G XD -7 "4 F8
3/G
A& X Fbe & % X be +'() A& X shall &A will 9D1 +& .G9,
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
/" X shall &A will & :% .G(& & :

K
# K$ X'() +09%
:0D
)$& & :% "4 F0 !/0 X shall &A will not & "4 FG,"
.G9, (shall not=) shant &A (will not=) wont *& 30
Will/Shall + I/we/you/he/she/it/they/ + be + Ved2?
e.g. Where will the Olympic Games be held in your country in four years time?
(<G"L# $ 2A0 *34%
5Z" 6(& A Q$)
I/We/You/He/She/It/They will/shall + be + Ved2
e.g. The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years time.
(.G"L# $ 29

6(& A Q$ *34%
5Z")
Will/Shall + I/we/you/he/she/it/they/ + not + be + Ved2?
Wont / Shant + I/we/you/he/she/it/they/ + be + Ved2?
e.g. Wont the Olympic Games be held in your country next?
(<G
"L# $ 2!9

6(& A Q$ *34%
5Z")
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/will not /Wont /shall not / Shant + be + Ved2
e.g. The Olympic Games will not (wont) be held in our country.
(.GA"L# $ 29

X4 *34%
5Z")
Future continuous tense & + K

# % "& .10
:G9, 2!"MD =-$ & + K
# % "&
&,( P "4 F8
33M0 >& F=9%$& 2!"
-$ +& 4 a
:G9, 2
1 :% K/(4 >9%$& 3/"4
Will you be brining Jill with you?
(<
(& >( 1) <&,( P >
Will you bring Jill with you? (<
%(& >( 4 1)
<>&>
:G9, /0 I2 G9( _-2 I0 % "&
D "4 K3M(4 # A QD -7 b
I wonder if it will be still raining this afternoon. (<
PA /
A 6(& 9 K 4 FR4)
Now #D
Later 6(&
Line of time
It is raining.
(.GM/(A /
A)
Will it (still) be raining?

(<
PA /
A !A)
+O 4 $& " 9"D K3M(4 # A XD -7 - /0 860 % "& #$ c
:G9, +&
In a few minutes we shall be landing at Hotan airport.
(."4 K3- 0 /
GY2YA KO 4 6(& 9
0 4)
Ill be seeing Alim this evening.
(.KL$& K4 R" KG 3& K 4 K
)
.189 .
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( '$%& .6

Now
#D
Later
6(&
we shall be landing
33M0 7 ( X!34 #$ X#D & 4 FH,O & T22 K
# % "& d
:G9, 2!%60 P 3/"4 K3M0 7 ( 990- 4 _ "
% "& &A
Where is John? (<2A0 K1)
He is in his office.
(., ) <?&)>
He will be in his office.
(., ) <860>
He is having his lunch.
(.G-A :
= ) <?&)>
He will be having his lunch, I expect. (.KA2
-A :
= ) <860>
You are feeling hungry.
(.GM( X3%0 X(%) <?&)>
You will be feeling hungry after all that exercise, I expect.
<860>
(.KA2
9(& >( X3%0 X(% 6(& 93
)
0#D "4 QD-7 K/" A0 >,(& F92Z D -7 " 7(4 # A
:G9, & + K
# % "& "4 QD-7 K"L 9
#1 K%60 F& + K
#
The funeral is next Friday. Will Mr John be there?
(<
E4 2A *) K1 . &
1 &(& %
_
)
Oh yes, he is coming to the funeral, of course. (.G(& 9M" FD) <?&)>
Oh, he will be coming to the funeral, surely. (.G(& K
#1 FD) <860>
:"G 0 X4 #$% +'() & + K

# % "&
X
1 #6'0 "4 % - O :0D X
1 & + K
# % "&
>, / - be I "4 #$%
2A Fshall &A will I "4 #$%
2A 4 "$4 -O
/" X
1 shall &A will & :% .G(& & (-ing) + X'() +09%
:0D
:K%
. 90 A& X shall &A will never &A not & .G$
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + be + V-ing ?
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + not + be + V-ing ?
Wont/Shant + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + be + V-ing ?
:& :%
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + will/shall + be +V-ing

I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmetll + be +V-ing
:& KA4
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + will/shall + not+ be +V-ing

I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + wont/shant+ be +V-ing
:& "4
(Yes,) I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + will/shall + (not). :& KA4 30

Will John be coming to the funeral?
Oh, he will be coming to the funeral, surely.
He will not be coming to the funeral, I think.
tazgun@yahoo.com
www.bilgkut.com
(<
(& /%
_
K1)
(.G(& K
#1 FD)
(.GA"& (
)
. 190 .
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
!A #$%

2A Fshall &A will !A #$%
2A 4 F2 ; [1
X'() +09%
O being & + X be +'() _ 0 #$%
2A Fbe
.G," /" X !A shall &A will & :% .G(& (Ved2) & :
K
# K$
:K%
. 90 A& X shall &A will never &A not &
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + be + being + V-ed2 ? :& :%
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + not + be + being + V-ed2 ?
Wont/Shant + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + be + being + V-ed2 ?
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+will/shall+be+being+V-ed2
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmetll/ll+be+being+V-ed2
:& KA4
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+will/shall+not+be+being+V-ed2 :& "4

I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+wont/shant+be+being+V-ed2
(Yes,) I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + will/shall + (not).
:& KA4 30
Will John be being invited to the wedding? (<

0 >& /%
K1)
Oh yes, He should be being invited to the wedding, of course.
(.9M" FG0 >& _ 0 /%
FD)
He will not be being invited to the wedding. ( .GA0 >& /%
)
Future perfect tense & K ) K

# % "& .11
6(& 990- K3-"#$% F?0- = "$4 4 6(& 2#D -?0>

XD -7 4 _ "
- K/0 G--% I2 % "& #$ "#$% -+A
.G"4 K3-0 A& K 796( 3/"4
:G9, 2!"MD =-$ & K ) K

# % "&
-7 K/

?0- = "$4 4 K/"4 390- 4 _ "
% "& R2 +& 4 a
.G9, 92Z D
By the time you receive this letter, I will have left Urumqi.
(.K"4 K/"4 >9(&
L K
3P K/" IG ,) O 4 K%)
I will call for you at seven. Will you have finished dinner by then?
(< %E4 IA 3
5& 3P FK0 9A Q% (% K
)
Will you have finished dinner until seven oclock?
(<K
EE4 IA 3
5& 9A Q%)
They will have finished the new swimming pool by the end of next year.
(.G"4 IL 9 ) "$& HL# % (A /O XA (& E )
The new swimming pool will have been finished by the end of next year.
(.G"4 I "L# ) /O XA (& "$& HL# % (A)
.191 .
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( '$%& .6

Now #D
Later 6(&
By this time
Will you have finished?
I will have left.
Line
of time
:G9, 9 A0 / 9 #) P "MD 0#D XD -7 A +& 4 b
They will have arrived there by now. (.G/"4 >(4 >9(A A P#D E )
:"G 0 X4 #$% +'() & K ) K

# % "&
X
1 #'0 "4 % - O :0D X
1 & K ) K
# % "&
>, / - have I "4 #$%
2A 4 "$4 -O

1 shall &A will & :% .G(& & (Ved2) :
K
# K$ X'() +09%
:0D
:K%
. 90 A& X shall &A will never &A not & .G$ /" X
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + have + V-ed2 ?
:& :%
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet +not + have + V-ed2 ?
Wont/Shant + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + have + V-ed2 ?
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + will/shall + have +V-ed2
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmetll/ll+ have +V-ed2
:&
KA4
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + will/shall + not+ have +V-ed2 :& "4

I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + wont/shant+ have +V-ed2
Yes (No), I/We/You/He/She/It/They + will/shall + (not)
:& KA4 30
I will telephone you at seven. Will you have finished dinner by then?
(<K
E4 IA 3(
5& 3P .K0 K(( 9A Q% N% K
)
Yes, I will (have finished dinner by then.) (.K"4 IA 0
5& 3P K
FD)
No, I will not (have finished dinner by then.) (.KA"E4 IA 0
5& 3P K
F:A)
!A #$%
2A 4 2 ; [1
O Fbeen & :

K
# K$ X be +'() _ 0 #$%
2A Fhave
/" X !A shall &A will & :% .G(& (Ved2) & :
K
# K$ X'() +09%
:K%
. 90 A& X shall &A will never &A not & .G,"
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+have+been+V-ed2 ? :& :%
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+ not +have+been+V-ed2 ?
Wont/Shant + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+have+been+V-ed2 ?
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/+will/shall+have+been+V-ed2
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/ll/ll+have+been+V-ed2
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:&
KA4
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/+will/shall+not+have+been+V-ed2
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/+wont/shant+have+been+V-ed2
(Yes,) I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+will/shall+(not).
:&
"4
:& KA4 30
Will your dinner have been finished by then? (<

E4 >6(A X3
5& 3P )
Yes, It will (have been finished by then.)
(.G"4 >6(A 3P :
FD)
No, It will not (have been finished by then.)
(.GA "4 >6(A 3P F:A)
Future perfect continuous tense & + K ) K

# % "& .12
6(& 990- K3-"#$% F?0- = "$4 4 6(& 2#D -?0XD -7 4 _ "
- K/0 G--% I2 % "& #$ "#$% -+A
-7 .G"4 K3-0 A& K 796( 33M,

-2 390- % "&
.G0 G--% 9"D K3M(4 # A QD
:G9, 2!"MD =-$ & + K ) K

# % "&
79, & + K
# 0#D 9"M% D -7 K3M(4 # A 99A) K3-"#$%
QD -7 .G"4 ,9, & + K ) K
# % "& A 9%"0 !) "4

+ K ) K
# % "& "D "4 K3M,
-2 &A K3M(4 # A 990- 4 _ "
% "&
F3/,
-2 KG# 50 XD -7 J0 +& 4 .G(& J)-
( 79, &
&A K3EO XD -7 - D -7 K4 # A & 390- 4 _ "
% "&
:G"4 /A0 / 9 %60 P 3/EO
It is 6 oclock. I am reading the novel War and peace. By (or At) 8 oclock,
I will have been reading for more than two hours.
F&% Q% .K- 0
Y KB2 J - HG K
.*"4 9" Q% #D)
(.G"4 K3 9% /3- 0 X(
Now (6 oclock)
Later (8 oclock)
I will have been reading
I am reading
By next July, I will have been living here for 10 years.

(.G"4 +A 10 /3-G 2A 4 X(
F/A-7 A &)
By next week, I will have been visiting my parents every year for 5 years.
(.G"4 +A H4 /3M(& I!0A R9(04 A
- X(
F"& 9)D &(&)
She will have been missing the train now, surely. (.*"0 >(& PA) K
#1 #D )
:"G 0 X4 #$% +'() & + K ) K

# % "&
#'0 "4 % - O :0D X
1 & + K ) K
# % "&
.193 .
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( '$%& .6

Fhave I "4 #$%

2A 4 "$4 -O X
1
X'() +09%
:0D >, / - been & :
K
# K$ X be +'() I "4 #$%
2A
not & .G$ /" X
1 shall &A will & :% .G(& & (V-ing) +
:K%
. 90 A& X shall &A will never &A
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/ + have +been + V-ing ?
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/+not + have +been + V-ing ?
Wont/Shant + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/ + have +been + V-ing ?
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/ + will/shall + have+been +V-ing
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/ ll/ll + have+been +V-ing
:& :%
:&
KA4
I/We/You/He/She/It/They/ + will/shall + not+ have+been +V-ing :& "4

I/We/You/He/She/It/They/ + wont/shant+ have+been +V-ing
(Yes,) I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + will/shall + (not)
:& KA4 30
Will you have been waiting for me by then? (<K
E4 K3-!0% 390- (
K%)
Yes, I will (have been waiting for you by.
(.K"4 K3-!0% (% K
FD)
No, I will not. I will have been watching TV by then.
( .K"4 K3-L$& YM( K
3P .8
: F:A)
!A #$%
2A 4 F2 ; [1
#$%
2A $ Fbeen & :
K
# K$ X be +'() _ 0 #$%
2A Fhave
& :
K
# K$ X'() +09%
O Fbeing & + X be +'() _ 0
never &A not & .G," /" X !A shall &A will & :% .G(& (Ved2)
:K%
. 90 A& X shall &A will
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/+have+been+being+V-ed2 ? :& :%
Will/Shall + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/+not +have+been+being+V-ed2 ?
Wont/Shant + I/We/You/He/She/It/They/+have+been+being+V-ed2 ?
I/We/You/He/She/It/+will/shall + have+been+being+V-ed2
I/We/You/He/She/It/+will/shall + have+been+being+V-ed2
:&
I/We/You/He/She/It/+will/shall+not+have+been+being+V-ed2
I/We/You/He/She/It/+wont/shant+have+been+being+V-ed2
(Yes,) I/We/You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+will/shall+(not).
:&
KA4
"4
:& KA4 30
Will the novel War and peace have been being read by then?
(<G
E4 K3- " 0 3P K
Y KB2 J- HG )
Yes, It will (have been being read by then.) (.G"4 K3- " 0 3P FD)
No, It will not. (It will have been finished by then.) (.G9 I " 0 3P F:A)
Other ways of expressing the future *" % 34 X2Z % "&
be going to .A
69#) = & .G9, =)$& K 933(A K/!Z(0 - /( +& 4
XD -7 "MD : 4 ." % +O 4 X A0 / 9 D -7 % "& K/2Z
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
.GA"4 RD
. 90?A) K3-"#$% F?0- 4 6(& 2#D -?0QD -7 990- K3-"#$% 96"
/" A0 / 9 K4 going to do -+A
D-7 % "& K/A P!9&) 0#D 92 +& 4 FI "4

.G"4 !9&) K/4 "#$% !9&) 4 !0 FG9, "#$% P
Now #D
Later 6(&
QD -7 % "&
The future action
Line of time
All the facts

!9&) J"4
( K X =
I am going to sell my car and get a new one.

(.0" 4 (A F>9BM9(%

K
)
What are you going to do when you leave school?
(<K- "4 00 ( /A 9)9&
)
QD -7 K/" A0 / 9 J0 +& 4 F:"4 K/A0
J%% X going to
:G0 73 "'22
-Q6 - *0 F!) X!34 &A X "#$%
My car is old, it look very rusty.
>,2 !&4 I& _
.GL$& =&
a new car

(A 4
I am going to buy a new car. (.0"M9(%

(A 4 K
)
It is going to rain. (.*"4 K/PA /
A)
You are going to fall off if you are not careful! (!K3A 0 Q69[()
- Q " 4 0) !9&) 0#D K H A0 / 9 (2D 73A - 7/(A /
A) #) F2!"
4
.G"4 96A
!9&) Q0) 2E 4 .K/0 73 (!3"0 E4 K3-AD "Y X9ZB.GA"4 -L 90
#) :4
K
# 0#D A 92Z D -7 % "& F=2$ >( / ,(4 X44
:G"4 ,9, &

Tomorrow is Sunday. (.,&A & )
<Present Simple=PS>
The new term starts next week. (.G4 9)D &(&
%-
H 0 (A)
<PS>
I am leaving for America soon. (.KN
/(
3(A K
) <Present Continuous>
I am starting a new job on Monday. (.KA!4
O (A & L2 K
) <PC>
4 A0 2E 4 .G0 8% !9&) 0#D
E 4 H,O
1 K/(& K4 be going to
K/"4 >0 !9&) 0#D .=(& H0 39&) K/A E 9,9, I!" & +O
& T22 K
# 0#D "D F"4 % R0
H,O P("& &A M21 ?0- F*
A 4
.195 .
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( '$%& .6

:K%
.J)-
79,
The train leaves in five minutes time. (.G3 /"A Q
H4 A))
K4 & + K
# 0#D F"D F:"4 K3-"#$% P 90
&A 0 FK!)
:5"6B2 :A 0) 9D1
X,9, & be going to
A: I am going to start a new job on Monday. (.04
O (A & L2 K
)
B: I am starting a new job on Monday. (.04
O (A & L2 K
)
_ 0 , K 70 Q[% - HL :GA 4 P!34 &A 70 #) !9&) #D F:4
:K%
.=(& 79, & be going to
You are going to fall off if you are not careful! (!K3A 0 Q69[()
30E 0 79, K4 come &A go going to F& %
4 A K/6# 3,0 Q332
:G"4 ,9, =-$ /" P 96L# 79, !'() 4 3!N .GA& >3(A
I am going to Hotan next week.
(.0N
O 9)D &(& K
)
Are you coming to the concert this evening? (< &"& 3(& 9& K 4 %)
J0) *#4 .G"4 ,9, / X4-4 2!"D *#4 will/shall K4 going to
G RD
?0- 9, Will/shall .G"4 JP4 69#) X "#$% K%% *,9,
.G0 Q0
A0 / 9 9&) % "& .GA2Z 69#) X "#$% :4 FG
It will rain soon. (.GPA /
A !A"0 30# )
% "& .GA"4 RD
?0- :4 FG G RD
69#) X "#$% 9, going to
.G0 Q0
A0 / 9 #) P
It is going to rain soon. (.G0 =/PA /
A !A"0 30# )
Now
Later
Now
Later
Black
Clouds
It will rain.
It is going to rain.
A: What will you do when you leave school? (<K0 7 ( /A 9)9&
)
B: What are you going to do when you leave school?
(<KM"4 00 7 ( /A 9)9&
)
X) 0
1 B .K/"% ?&) P % "& X) 0
1 A 0 A
.K/"% "& P0 :0
:

"4

,9, !4 & +O 4 #4
I am going to buy a new car. (.0"M9(%
(A 4 K
) <

,96( P!34>
I will buy a new car. (.K"M9(%
(A K
)
<

,96( #$ #$>
:K%
.G9, I$& (O 4 *& K
# K$ X be +'() going to
I was going to buy a new house last year. (.R K/"4 0"M9(% $ (A A K$)
We were going to leave here yesterday. (.:G K/"4 && 2A 4 4 K $)
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
is to .B
?0- 4 6(& 2#D -?0- must 9D1
."4 K3-"#$% P Q6 1
9,0 , _ "
4 -+A
&A K!) _ "

4 +& 4 F*(A K/0) :4 FG9(& >,,O K4 have to
.GA9& 9&) P & A X!G 9!G
You are to go at once to Urumqi to meet customer. You are to tell no-one about
these plans. You are to come back by plane tomorrow.
(D P !) .4
L ;D2 K H L$& K4 (O %)
(.(& >9A0 K4 K!)YA .A
Nobody is to leave the classroom until the examination is over.
(.GA"4 /,A 9Z% X(D K[9)
:K%
.G9, have &A must / X 4 )$& FGA9, I$& /( +& 4
You must go at once to Urumqi to meet customer.
You mustnt tell anyone about these plans.
Dont leave the classroom until the examination is over.
is about to .C
?A) K3-"#$% F?0- 4 6(& !0# 2#D -?0.&9& 3/(4 # A ?0- 30 9AD X, _ "
4 -+A
The bout is about to leave. Would all visitors please leave the bout right away. Thank you.
(.QD .!B- (& ;D2 ! "A J"4 .GP#0 E#D (&)
Ladies and gentlemen, you are about to see the most exciting play.
(.$& A K/"% /1AD ,& % #D F) F!O)
( !
%$&
FK/0 HG 90 )$& 4 X!"
4
.K/"4 0
G"0 KAD
Conditional tenses *& K

# 5
K$ X
# % "& E .G9, 2
1 5 K%% *& K
# 5 X!'()
)$& /2Z & K
# 5 F/0 4 .G4(D *& -4
#
QD -7 K/!A $ K P#D FQD -7 % "& K 390- _ "
9 $
K
# + K ) - K ) F+ FT22 H,O & K
# 34 & K
# 5 .G"4
.G) 2Z #$ 2
1 5 K%% *& K
# 5 X!'() .G"4 &
Conditional simple tense & T22 K

# 5 .13
FK/96 P % "& 990- 4 _ "

# K$ 9D1
& T22 K
# 5
D -7 K/!A 2
# K$ !0 D -7 K/0 860 &A K/0 0
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( '$%& .6

& 8

# K$ X& T22 K
# % "& .G9, 9 A0 / 9 #$ X#D
.G4(D
FA& X should &A would "4 O 4 X
1 & T22 K
# 5
.G%A J0 H 0 & % X!'() A& X would "4 O 34 X
1
X should &A would & "4 FG," /" X should &A would & :%
.G" 0 not A&
:*(4 *& :% "4 - :% F "4 F: "4 X& T22 K
# 5 -$
I / We would/should + V
e.g. I should work. (.R99A, K
)
:& : "4
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would + V e.g. He would work. (.99A, )
Would/should I / We + V ? e.g. Should I work? (<R9
,)
:& :%
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + V? e.g. Would he work? (<9
, )
I / We would not / wouldnt /should not / shouldnt+ V
:& "4
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would not / wouldnt + V
e.g. I should not work. (.R99A, K
) He would not work. (.99A, )
Would/should I / We +not + V ? e.g. Should I not work?
:& :% "4
Wouldnt /Shouldnt I/We + V? e.g. Shouldnt I work? (<R9
,)
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet not + V? e.g. Would he not work?
Wouldnt you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + V? e.g. Wouldnt he work? (<9
, )
H4 F3/"4 & -4 K
# K$ X& T22 K
# % "& & T22 K
# 5
K
# K$ XE "4 F9%9, shall &A will "&
# K$ +'() -O X
1
:K%
.G9, should &A would *&
I will not see you if I am busy. (.KAL$& K4 K% _"0 I "4 H" )
I would not see you if I were busy. (.R99AL$& K4 K% _"4 K/"4 H" )
I hope (that) I shall/will succeed. (.K0
,0 "P K
)
I hoped (that) I should/would succeed. (.R9!0
,0 "P K
)
I know (that) he will be in time. (.K4 3/(& 90- X K
)
I knew (that) he would be in time. (.R94 3/(& 90- X K
)
He thinks (that) they will give him a visa. (.GA!A I2 G(4 - #$ E )
He thought (that) they would give him a visa. (.99A!A I2 G(4 - #$ E )
When I was a child I would go fishing with my father.
(.R94 3 J(4 K4 _22 K
90- 5&)
I would often come home exhausted when I was a teacher in that school.
(.R9(& >( ->(D A$ R2 90- 3 0 9)9&
K
)
90 59%- will &A shall 90 9%M4 F&G"4 3,B-L$& 20 A
0 would &A should "&
# K$ (+'() -O X
1 H4 A) +'() P 9
.G#$
I said, I shall go home = I said that I should go home.
(.R9B2 K9A0 A$ K
= .RB2 .K9A0 A$ K
)
He said I shall go home. = he said that he would go home.
(.KB2 3/9A0 A$ = .*B2 K9A0 A$ K
)
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
"G 0 2 ; [1

X& T22 K
# 5
X FG" 0 be & % X be +'() A& X should &A would 2 ; [1
.G(& & :
K
# K$ X!'() +09%
A&
I / We would/should + be + V-ed2
:& : "4
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would + be + V-ed2
e.g. He would be invited to the wedding if he was here.
(.90 >& /%
"4 K/"4 2A 4 )
Would/should I / We + be + V-ed2 ?
:& :%
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + be + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Would he be invited to the wedding if he was here?
(<*
0 >& /%
"4 K/"4 2A 4 )
I / We would not / wouldnt /should not / shouldnt + be + V-ed2 :& "4
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would not / wouldnt + be + V-ed2
e.g. He would not be invited to the wedding if he was here.
(.99A0 >& /%
"4 K/"4 2A 4 )
Would/should I / We +not + be + V-ed2 ?
:& :% "4
Wouldnt /Shouldnt I/We + be + V-ed2 ?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet not + be + V-ed2 ?
Wouldnt you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + be + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Wouldnt he be invited to the wedding if he was here?
(<9
0 >& /%
"4 K/"4 2A 4 )
Conditional continuous tense & + K

# 5 .14
G"4 K3M(4 # A % "& 990- 4 _ "

# K$ 9D1
& + K
# 5
K$ X& + K
# % "& .G9, 9 A0 / 9 #$ X#D D -7 K/0 I2
.G4(D & 8

#
1 & + K
# 5
+09%
A& X F& % X be +'() A& X would "4 O 34 X
1
/" X should &A would & :% .G%A J0 H 0 & (-ing) + X!'()
.G" 0 not A& X should &A would & "4 FG,"
:*(4 *& :% "4 - :% F "4 F: "4 X& + K
# 5 -$
I / We would/should +be + V-ing
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would + be + V-ing
e.g. I should be working. (.R9E4 K3-, K
)
He would be working. (.9E4 K3-, )
Would/should I / We + be + V-ing ?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + be + V-ing?
e.g. Should I be working? (<R
E4 K3-, K
)
Would he be working? (<*
E4 K3-, )
.199 .
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:& :%
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( '$%& .6

I / We would not / wouldnt / should not / shouldnt +be+V-ing

You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would not / wouldnt+be + V
e.g. I should not be working. (.R9E4 K3MA, K
)
He wouldnt be working. (.9E4 K3MA, )
:& "4
Would/should I / We+not +be+V-ing?(e.g. Should I not be working?):& :% "4

Wouldnt /Shouldnt I/We be+ V-ing?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet+not+be+V-ing? (e.g. Would he not be working?)
Wouldnt you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet +be+V-ing?
e.g. Shouldnt I be working? (<R
E4 K3MA, K
)
Wouldnt he be working? (<*
E4 K3MA, )
H4 F3/"4 & -4 K
# K$ X& + K
# % "& & + K
# 5
K
# K$ XE "4 F9%9, shall &A will "&
# K$ +'() -O X
1
:K%
.G9, should &A would *&
I will be coming here if I am not busy. (.K"4 K3M(& A 4 _"4 H" .)
I would be coming here if I were not busy. (.R9E4 K3M(& A 4 _"4 K/"4 H" )
I hope (that) I shall/will be reading this. (.KA2 K
"4 K3- 0 49& 4 K
)
I hoped (that) I should be reading this book. (.R99A2 K
"4 K3- 0 49& 4 K
)
I shall be writing letters all day tomorrow. (.K"4 K3M(A QO K & K ) K
)
He said that He would be writing all day tomorrow.
(.K396( 3/"4 K3M(A QO K & K ) )
I will be watching television if I am not busy tomorrow.
(.K"4 K3-L$& YM( _"4 H" )
I said (that) I would be watching television if I am not busy.
(.KB2 3/"4 K3-L$& YM( _"4 H" K
)
"G 0 2 ; [1

X& + K
# 5
X FG" 0 be & % X be +'() A& X should &A would 2 ; [1
& :
K
# K$ X'() +09%
O FG" 0 being & + X A&
.G(&
I / We would/should + be +being + V-ed2
:& : "4
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would + be +being + V-ed2
e.g. The Olympic Games would be being held at that time if there was no war.
(.* E4 K3- "L# $ *34%
5Z" "4 K/"4 HG 990- )
Would/should I / We + be +being + V-ed2 ?
:& :%
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + be +being + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Would the Olympic Games be being held at that time if there was no war?
(<*
E4 K3- "L# $ *34%
5Z" "4 K/"4 HG 990- )
:& "4
I / We would not /wouldnt should not/shouldnt + be +being + V-ed2
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would not / wouldnt + be +being + V-ed2
e.g. The Olympic Games would not be being held at that time if there was no war.
(.* 8"4 K3- "L# $ *34%
5Z" "4 K/"4 HG 990- )
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
Would/should I / We +not + be +being + V-ed2 ?

:& :% "4
Wouldnt /Shouldnt I/We + be +being + V-ed2 ?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet not + be +being + V-ed2 ?
Wouldnt you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + be + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Wouldnt the Olympic Games be being held at that time if there was no war?
(<*%"4 K3- "L# $ *34%
5Z" "4 K/"4 HG 990- )
The conditional perfect tense & K ) K

# 5 .15
IG I A0 990- 4 _ "

# K$ #$ 9D1
& K ) K
# 5
-7 K/"0 I2 G,"O 990- 4 _ "
% "& &A G(4 # A 990- = "$4 4 _ "
% "&
8
K
# K$ X& K ) K
# % "& .G9, 9 A0 / 9 #$ X#D D
.G4(D &
1 & K ) K
# 5
K$ X'() +09%
A& X F have A& X would "4 O 34 X
1
FG," /" X should &A would & :% .G%A J0 H 0 & :
K
#
.G" 0 not A& X should &A would & "4
:*(4 *& :% "4 - :% F "4 F: "4 X& K ) K
# 5 -$
I / We would/should + have+ V-ed2
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would +have+V-ed
e.g. I should have worked. (.R E4 K, K
)
He would have worked. (.* E4 K, )
Would/should I / We +have+V-ed2 ?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet +have+V-ed2?
e.g. Should I have worked? (<R
E4 K, K
)
Would he have worked? (<*
E4 K, )
:& : "4
:& :%
:& "4

I / We would not /wouldnt /should not /shouldnt +have+V-ed2
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+would not / wouldnt +have+V-ed2
e.g. I should not have worked. (.R9E4 K, K
)
He would not have worked. (.9E4 K, )
Would/should I/We+not+have+V-ed2?
:& :% "4
Wouldnt /Shouldnt I/We + have+V-ed2? (e.g. Shouldnt I have worked?)
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet not + have+V-ed2? (e.g. Would he not have worked?)
Wouldnt you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + have+V-ed2?
e.g. Should I not have worked? (<R
E4 K, K
)
Wouldnt he have worked? (<*
E4 K, )
I hope he will have finished before we get back.
(.0
"4 >9 "& >9A0 4 X K
)
I hoped he would have finished before we got back.
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( '$%& .6

(.R K/0
"4 >9 "& >9A0 4 X K
)
I know he will have got used to live there by next month.
(.K4 3/"0 I $& 3G 2A /A (& X K
)
I knew he would have got used to live there by next month.
(.R94 3/"0 I $& 3G 2A /A &(& X K
)
"G 0 2 ; [1

X& K ) K
# 5
X be +'() A& X FG" 0 have A& X should &A would 2 ; [1
.G(& & :
K
# K$ X'() +09%
O FG" 0 been & :
K
# K$
I / We would/should + have + been + V-ed2
:& : "4
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would +have+ been + V-ed2
e.g. The new roads would have been completed by now if
(.9 "4 I "L# ) 3P 4 !"A (A F"4 ...)
Would/should I / We +have+ been + V-ed2 ?
:& :%
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet +have+ been + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Would the new roads have been completed by now if ?
(.<*
"4 I "L# ) 3P 4 !"A (A F"4 ...)
:& "4
I / We would not /wouldnnt / should not/ shouldnt +have+ been + V-ed2
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+would not / wouldnt+have+ been + V-ed2
e.g. The new roads would not have been completed by now if
(.99A "4 I "L# ) 3P 4 !"A (A F "4 K/"4 ...)
Would/should I/We+not+have+ been + V-ed2 ?
:& :% "4
Wouldnt /Shouldnt I/We + have+ been + V-ed2 ?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet not + have+ been + V-ed2 ?
Wouldnt you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + have+ been + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Wouldnt the new roads have been completed by now if ?
(<*% "4 I "L# ) 3P 4 !"A (A F"4 ...)
The conditional perfect continuous tense & + K ) K

# 5 .16
IG I A0 990- 4 _ "

# K$ #$ 9D1
& + K ) K
# 5
/ 9 #$ X#D D -7 K/0 I2 G"4 K3M(4 # A 990- = "$4 4 _ "
% "&
.G4(D & 8
K
# K$ X& + K ) K
# % "& .G9, 9 A0
X should &A would "4 O 4 X
1 & + K ) K
# 5
X be +'() A& X F have A& X would "4 O 34 X
1 FA&
:% .G%A J0 H 0 & + X'() +09%
O F been & :
K
# K$
not A& X should &A would & "4 FG," /" X should &A would &
.G" 0
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6. Verb tenses
BILGKUT
:*(4 *& :% "4 - :% F "4 F: "4 X& K ) K
# 5 -$
I / We would/should + have+been+ V-ing
:& : "4
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would +have+ been+ V-ing
e.g. I should have been working. (.R E4 K3M(& I, K
)
He would have been working. (.* E4 K3M(& I, )
Would/should I / We +have+ been+ V-ing ?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet +have+ been+ V-ing?
e.g. Should I have been working? (<R
E4 K3M(& I, K
)
Would he have been working? (<*
E4 K3M(& I, )
:& :%
:& "4

I / We would not / wouldnt / should not / shouldnt +have+ been+ V-ing
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+would not / wouldnt +have+ been+ V-ing
e.g. I should not / shouldnt have been working. (.RE4 K3MA, K
)
He would not have been working. (.* E4 K3MA, )
Would/should I/We+not+have+ been+ V-ing?
:& :% "4
Wouldnt /Shouldnt I/We + have+ been+ V-ing?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet not + have+ been+ V-ing?
Wouldnt you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + have+ been+ V-ing?
e.g. Should I not have been working? (<R
E4 K3MA, K
)
Wouldnt he have been working?(<*%"4 K3-, )
She said (that) She would be living here for twenty years by the end of last year.
(.* KB2 3/"4 +A 20 /3M 2A 4 "& *O XA K$ )
If I had enough money, I would have been studying in Germany by this time.
(.R E4 K3- 0 6
3P 4 K
F* "4 K/"4 ; ) 5"9(A )
"G 0 2 ; [1

X& + K ) K
# 5
X be +'() A& X FG" 0 have A& X should &A would 2 ; [1
+09%
O FG" 0 being & + X FG" 0 been & :
K
# K$
.G(& & :
K
# K$ X'()
I / We would/should + have + been + being + V-ed2
:& : "4
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet + would +have+ been + being + V-ed2
e.g. The old roads would have been being repaired by now if
(.9E4 K3M0 ?B 3P 4 !"A & 4 F"4 ...)
Would/should I / We +have+ been + being + V-ed2 ?
:& :%
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet +have+ been + being + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Would the old roads have been being repaired by now if ?
(<*
E4 K3M0 ?B 3P 4 !"A & 4 F"4 ...)
:& "4
I/We + would not/wouldnt/should not/shouldnt+have+been+being+V-ed2
You/He/She/It/They/Ahmet+would not / wouldnt +have+ been + being + V-ed2
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( '$%& .6

e.g. The old roads would not have been being repaired by now if
(.* 8"4 K3M0 ?B 3P 4 !"A & 4 F "4 ...)
Would/should I/We+not+have+ been + being + V-ed2 ? :& :% "4
Wouldnt /Shouldnt I/We + have+ been + being + V-ed2 ?
Would you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet not + have+ been + being + V-ed2 ?
Wouldnt you/he/she/it/they/Ahmet + have+ been + being + V-ed2 ?
e.g. Wouldnt the new roads have been being repaired by now if ?
(<*%"4 K3M0 ?B 3P 4 !"A & 4 F"4 ...)
Sequence of tenses Z X!

#
9-$ #$
14 K"L# >0 8% & +O 4 _ "
& K
# +OD 0 A
I "4 HN K4 "$4 4 _ "
X
1 H4 K"L# & K
# 4 _ "
9) %
1 *3(4
:K%
.

,(0
We knew that the the bridge was unsafe. (.: 94 %
4 X&L-$& 4 4)
He ran faster than we did. (.*2 A :( 24 E )
This the picture that I bought in Rome. (.R% K/"M9(% K
4)

9,(% F
1 *3(4 Q0
F
1 *3(4 QM%
F2
1 5 !"
H,O PE 4
XE - F
X
1 :
X $
-2 7$ .GA I$& 9AD 2!3"0
1 *3(4
+'() J%% XA0
1 4 :4 F8
L# ,4 !!) P *0)
Z 2
1 4 X& K
# HLL0) 4 -$ .L# A9 LL0)
:G0 3 J( J0

# K$ _ 0
!'()
1 *3(4 "D F"4
# K$ '() J%% X
1
:=(& "4

1 H4

1 *3(4
examlpes !"
& K
# +'()
& K
# +'()
Tense of verb
Present = K
# 0#D
Past = K
# K$
Tense of verb in
in main clause
Perfect = K
# K )
Continuous = & +
subordinate clause
He thinks that it will rain.

(.GA!A I2 GPA /
A )
Present
Future
He thought that it would rain.
(.* K/A I2 GPA /
A )
Past
Conditional
He
sees
that
he
has
made
a
mistake.
(
.
*2$&
/0
2%
J"O
X

)
Present
Prese.perf.
He
saw
that
ha
had
made
a
mistake.
(
.
K$&
3/0
2%
J"O
X

)
Past
Past.perf.
I work so hard that I am always tired. (.K0 (D J PD , J")1 : K
)
Present
Present
I
worked
so
hard
that
I
was
always
tired.
(
.
R"0
>0
(D
H
,
J")1
:

K
)
Past
Past
Ha has done all that is nessessary.
(.*"& >0
D X/"4 L# ) Present
Pre.perf.
Ha had done all that was nessessary. (.* "& >0
D X/"4 L# )
Past.perf.
Past
He says that he is going to eat it.
(.K &A ,96( X ) Pres.continuous
Present
He said that he was going to eat it. (.* K396( 3/"4 &A X#$ )
Past.continuous
Past
(& =B2 to see K/(& I " 0 to) & 3( X!'() F&(& 70 Q332 /
=0 A *& 3( X!'() !0 .GA"4 /%A
1 *3(4 >9, !4 2
:GA
#$ & XE A FGA3(4 0
He wants to go to London.
(.0
4 /G" )
He wanted to go to London. (.* K/"4 0
4 /G" )
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Adjectives ) %
.7
Characteristics of adverbs
207
DE X) %
1. Instruction
207
30 .1
2. Four criteria for adjectiv
208
_"$ Q$ K/" A0 ) % .2
3. Central and peripheral adjective
208
) % &A - T&

.3
The adjective in relation to other word classes 210
) % 5M%
K4 *
& #$% 34
4. Adjective and adverb homomorphs
210
3& X,- K4 Q) %.4
5. Adverbs without ly
211
,- % -ly .5
6. Adjectives and adverbs in ly
212
,- - Q) % J" -ly .6
7. Adjectives and adverbs beginning with a-
213
,- - Q) % K/!4 K4 a- .7
8. Adjectives and Nouns
214
! K4 ) % .8
9. Adjective and Participles
216
& :
X!'() - Q) % .9
Syntactic Functions of Adjectives
219
"Y J&9% X) %
10. The syntactic position of adjectives
219

1 X) % .10
11. Attributive and Predicative
219
-O R(& - /3( .11
12. Attributive Adjectives
220
) % /3( .12
13. Predicative Adjectives
221
) % R(& .13
14. Postpositive Adjectives
222
Q) % " 0 0 .14
15. Adjectives with complementation
223
) % K/(& K4 /0 " .15
16. Adjectives as heads of noun phrase
224
) % K/"4 T&

X4 #$% R .16
17. Supplementive adjective clauses
225

1 *3(4 Q) % 0 " .17
18. Contingent Adjective Clauses
226

1 *3(4 Q) % 5 .18
19. Exclamatory Adjective Clause
227

1 *3(4 Q) % H .19
Syntactic Subclassification of Adjectives
227
*" J&9% X) %
20. Adjectives can be only attributive
227
) % K/AEE4 ! /3( Q0) .20
21. Intensifying Adjectives
229
) % 9A & .21
22. Restrictive Adjectives
229
) % 5& .22
23. Adjectives which can be only predicatively
230
) % K/AEE4 E-O R(& Q0) .23
Ordering of adjectives in premodification
231
Z /3( X) %
24. Position of adjectives in relation to determiners
231
X) % 5M%

"#$% & .24
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25. Order of adjectives
231
Z X) % .25
26. Formation of Adjectives
233
,%A X) % .26
27. Adjectives describing measurement
236
) % K/4 I"M% "4-_"$ .27
28. Nationality names and adjectives
236
*& Q) % XE - *

Q
FQ"2 .28
Comparison of adjectives
238
HG 9,(% ) %
29. Three type of comparison
238
* +O XG 9,(% ) % .29
30. Regular forms of Comparison
239
*& 50 XG 9,(% .30
31. Irregular forms of comparison
241
*& 0 XG 9,(% .31
32. Use of comparatives and superlatives
242
,9, X& 2

-
9,(% .32
33. Adjective + Preposition
243
) % K/(& >, ! /" 0 *" R2 .33
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
Characteristics of the adjective DE X) %

Instruction 30 .1

& #$% K/L4 6% % O 34 - & F"4 F* FN X% - _2
.G2"#$% K/(4 I2Z 96% % O X!" &A R ) % F/0/A .G I2 Q) %
F% F"4 F*(9&O = " X2D 0- FX'A ) % F396(
&
J) - T1 = " X!31 F%)%-Q) % F3 ) F
F9"D F&- FN
-7 F9M%
= " K/"4 K4 'A 34 #$ _D FK
# FK&
X'A F*DE
:K%
.GL4
J"0 *DE -"4 = " XE - QD
a useful book (9& K,"0 4)
a red handkerchief ( JP6"0 +0 4)
an English book (9& 4)
a big tree (2 4)
What is it like? (<:0 )
:G(& I "4 -1 P!"% =-$ *"#$% Q) % : 4

what is he like? (<_2 :0 )
&A K/A"6"M% "#$% 34 &A R 34 2) % H,O P! 34
:E I "4 *
& #$% - #$% K P K/AA "Y Q) % I!3( E
"#$% J"0 half -FallFboth F!" 79%$& - + E F(Determiners)"#$% &
(1
.G" #$ !" 5
D
."#$% H,O P any - some A F(Quantifiers) "#$% 3
(2
Ordinal ) !% 2 - !3"0 threeFtwo Fone A F(Cardinal Numbers) !% :%
(3
F3/"4 K/ 9 & 2 &A K% !3"0 third Fsecond FA first (Numbers
.G0 I2 Q) %
E 4
Q) % 2!"MD -$ !3"0 whose - what Fwhich FA F(Interrogatives) *"#$% :%
(4
:GAA "Y
Which book do you mean? (<A2 49& A0)
What clothes are you taking with you? (<"M( 6& :0 %)
Whose pen is this? (< 4 "0 X&)
= )$& &A K "4 & 5"4 A
R K/3( E A FG"4 J0 9D1 K% ) %
:GA#$ & X"#$ FK "4 &
an intelligent boy
(E4 ; P J04)
an intelligent
girl
(:0 J0 4)
--- intelligent
boys
(!" P J0)
--- intelligent
girls
( !00 J0)
FGA"4 4 >96( %
&A Q) % X !)0 #$% 4 _ "
9"D [ 92
!
0 0 *#4 :4 .GA"(4 >9%$& 6 @ J&9% X "G 0 X#$% 4 _ "
F
:K%
.G"4 8O ) % R0 4
-able: comfortable
-ish: grayish
-al: seasonal:
-less: useless
-ful: playful
-ous: dangerous
-ic: scientific
-y: dirty
:K%
.:A & K/ >0) 2"#$% 34 X) % K P K/9, I$&
good
hot
little
young
fat
fine
bad
/A %
&A Q) % X >%%

7#$ +& X#$% 4 _ "
:K%
.G"4 ,#$ +& 2
-
9,(% ) % K P .GA"4
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great greater greatest
good better best
&" .7
bad worse worst
:K%
.GA"0 ,#$ +& : 4 * P :4
disastrous - * disastrouser - *disastrousest
:K%
.G0 ,#$ +&
,- R04 # A
(He worked ) hard harder hardest
,- K4 2A X -ly /" 0 0 2E FI "4 K3A %%4 : ) % K P
:K%
.GA"4 3%A 7- " % +O 4 #4 :4 .G%A
(adjective) great (adverb) greatly
(adjective) kind (adverb) kindly
(adjective) old (adverb) *oldly
(adjective) young (adverb) *youngly
Four criteria for adjectives _"$ Q$ K/" A0 ) % .2

.G(4 IL 9 & DE X) % 92 +
Q$ -$
)$& FGAE63( " ! E FA FGA"(& /3( "D & ) % (a)
:G"L$& 9 X T&
4 #$% R K4 #$% & 4 _ "
an ugly painting
the round table dirty linen
that beautiful girl
=
1 4 -$ E FA FGA"(& -O R(& "D & ) % (b)
:K%
.GAEE4 /0 " PG" =
1-2 F /0 "
(1) The painting is ugly.
( .K Q% R% 4)
(2) He thinks the painting ugly.
( .GA0 I2 Q% % 4 )
The children are very happy.
:K%
.GAE3( Z very #$% 9A & E (c)
( .;[ O 9AD !"4)
X) % =2!"
-(4) F-(3) HG 9,(% . & 2
-
9,(% E (d)
J0 2A XE most - more"#$% /3( *" =2!"
-(6) F-(5) &A ,#$ +&
:K%
.

,(& /A
(3) The children are happier now.

( .:"[ O ( #D !"4)
(4) They are the happiest people I know. (.G2
2 ;[ O R/4 K
E )
(5) These students are more intelligent.
( .=( ( ! P 0 4)
(6) They are the most beautiful paintings I have ever seen.
( .% JA R$& X(
E 4)
Central and peripheral adjectives ) % &A - T&

.3
.A "4
D X
Q$ 0 A
D X"#$% K/"0 I2 Q) % 92
.GA"(& -O R(& utter F"(& /3( afraid !2!"MD K0 Q0) FK%
?*afraid people
~ People are afraid of him. ( .G00 ,&)
utter nonsense (I K/"A )) ~ ?*That nonsense is utter.
(.GA2Z //A"4 J)-
"4 * F//"4 : !9% ;MD DE /" A0 "4 <)
.GA"4

%A &
9,(% &A !3( K4 very infinite 2!"MD -$
:K%
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
Gods infinite mercy (3[(

& X!") ~ Gods mercy is infinite. (.& *[(
X!")
*Gods mercy is very infinite.
*It is more infinite than
79%$& X) % .G0 " >A) 2 (_"$) +
Q$ 0 A 92 ) %
.*!" (G" #$ !"
K/ %( X,- K4 Q) % ) #$% &% -$ FK
,9, +O A0 XE 2A 4 F3/"4 K/AEE4 -
& #$% 0 4 "#$%
.*(4 9"4 K4 "#$% K/(& A&-*"
1 E FK 79%$& J(
(1) John is hungry.
( .9 3%0 X1)
(2) The universe is infinite.
( .& _")
(3) Ablimit is my old friend.
( ._ 9%Y2 820 X(
?4)
(4) The prisoners were afraid.
( .* K300 !% D
)
(5) Bob is an utter fool.
( .Q2 K& I $ 4 4)
(6) My old brother was asleep.
( .* K/"0 I!O _&)
(7) The meeting is soon.
( .G"4 Q) 7/A)
(8) My nephew Alim is abroad.
( ." Q R" R61)
=-$ J0 *
"$ X,0 _ &$D ) % "#$% K/(A 9A 2!"
0 A
/" % H"$ T22 -$ J0 H2Z K4 ID _ "

"$ 4D .G"4 L ,&
:A",(
(attributive use) ,9, J /3( = (a)
(predicative use after the copular seem) ,(& -O R(& >, seem +'() /P4 = (b)
(premodification by very) ,3( " K4 very = (c)
(comparison) HG 9,(% = (d)
(1) hungry
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
infinite
old
afraid
utter
asleep
soon
abroad
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
+
+
+
?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
CENTRAL
ADJECTIVES
PERIPHERAL
ADVERB
Q$ 0 A hungry (1) 9"D # /"A F&G"4 /"-L$& F# & %$& 0 A
E (d) - (c) F(a) "4 old (3) GA!"0 (b) K4 (a) "4 infinite (2) GAEG0
D X
"$
! (b) Q0) asleep (6) GA!"0 ! (a) Q0) utter (5) GA!"0 E (d) - (c) F(b) "4 afraid (4) GA!"0

"$ 4 :3(D K/" A0 ) % "4 abroad (8) GA!"0 (d) K4 (c) "4 soon (7) GA!"0
.G0 I2 7- 6(& FQ) % 9" 3" X#$% &% 0 A .GA"G0
K4 hungry .G4(D *
T&
X) % "Y H "4 -O R(& - /3( 92
.G6B2 ) % T&
) % K/A"L0
"$ +O 4 H,O 0 infinite
0 asleep - utter Fafraid Fold K/AEG0 %4 B2# X [(b) &A (a)] _"$ 4
.G6B2 ) % &A ) % H,O
I
,- FGA"E4 Q) % (*" -8 F-7 FA) */A"G0 %4 X
"$ 4
.G"4
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&" .7
) % 5M%
K4 *
& #$% 34
The adjectives in relation to other word classes
+O 4 .G0 &D
"#$% R04 K/,/( 9 *
& #$% 34 - Q) % 9&"$4 4
J&9% K/" A0 / 9 J0 ) % :4 FK/"4 DE X
& #$% 34 7,/(
J&9% K/" A0 / 9 J0 *
& #$% 34 :4 FK/"4 DE X) % &A P!

.G"4 JP4 P!

Adjective and adverb homomorphs 3& X,- K4 Q) % . 4

*" Z ;% X%$& -$ .Q 1-
J0 K6A
9 ,- K4 ) %
:P 9,(% "Y 5,- X"D 9) K4 "Y 5) % X /3(
Rapidly (HAD ()
(1) a rapid car (
5 % *0 A)
~ drive
*rapid
(O)
*fastly (O)
(2)
(2) a fast car (
5 % () ~ drive
fast
HAD ()
slowly (HAD 9%)
~ drive
(3) a slow car (
5 % 9%)
slow
(HAD 9%)
92 9D1 "Y - & X,- K4 Q) % "
4 A FGA2Z "MD ;
;
-(1)
.K/"%A K4 " 0 X -ly /" 0 0 7- 2A 4 .G"4 /"-L$& 0)
H,O /"4 6 @ 7- F /"4 6 @ Q) % fast "
-(2)
.GBM9, 7- _D Q) % _D !,O
short K4 long F!,O .K/"4 /"G 0
K%
A long time? (<*

L# X,0% :# )
Did you have to wait
long?
(<*
L# X,0% :# )
*longly?
(O)
had short hair.
( .* J 30 )
She
short.
( .9%& >0 30 ( )
Cut her hair
*shortly.
(O)
G"4 & 7- Q 2 shortly X short :4 "4 & 7- I2 longly X long
.G"4
H,O K4 soon
1 -$ FGA,O

I will be back soon (=shortly). ( .K(& >9A0 !A"0 30# K
)
H,O P Slow . 6 @ 7- D slowly - slow "
-(3) 0 A
&A X'() & Q) % .G0) 9) 0 4 & 7- "D 8
*& Q) %
.GA"& A FGA & 9,(& G A& X PG"
slowly
He
drove the car into the garage. ( *2& IAD 9% 9B
)
*slow
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
slowly
He drove the car
into the garage. (*2& IAD 9% 9B

)
*slow
& 7- K/(& K4 -ly "D 8

- & Q) % FG2- KY :) 2!"MD : 4
.G"4 ,9, IG 9" #$
.G9(& >,,O 9D1 +& ) % E,- R04 % # Q0) F2,9, 5
"$
:5"6B2 :A
1 K/"4 3,0 ; 40 3!N
*He came back sudden.
*She buys her clothes careful.
4 ,9, X) % / X& 7- F2,9, K& >2 &A
"$ F&
:K%
.K3!

& 20
Dont talk daft. ( .0 ) 3O : )
She pays her rent regular. ( .G ,) "0 )
They played real good. ( .*A ,OA K30D E )
He spoke to John sharp. ( .*0 I K4 J /1 )
K3!Z(0 *& 2 -
9,(% X) % *#4 F*(A K/A,O & % X) %
.GBM9, & 7-
(1) ?Speak clear.
(2) Speak clearer. [more clearly] ( ."#$% :3()
(3) This newscaster speaks clearest of all. [most clearly]
(.KA"#$% J( A
D 9B2 4)
clearest K4 clearer
1 -(3) F-(2) F&
"$ X clearly "4 clear "
-(1)
*96- 5
"$ K/"4 3,0 ; 40 XE most clearly K4 more clearly "4
.G4(D
Adverbs without -ly ,- % -ly .5

9"D K/" 0 -ly) H,O & 7- _D Q) % 9D1 +& H,O & fast
:K%
.I$& (O 2"#$% (K/(&
She arrived in the late afternoon. [adjective]
( .*"& =6(& 9 )
She arrived late in the afternoon. [adverb] ( .*"& >(& 6(& 9 )
:G(&
K/A,O :4 F4 & KB2 lately K/(& I " 0 -ly X late
have you seen her lately? [recently] (<
2$& KA 4 3(A)
:(*(4 A& ,9, 5,- F" ,9, 5) %) -$ !"

34
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
clean clothes (6& &));
Play the game clean ! ( !A,34%

K4 J2)
The knives cut cleanly. ( .K(& ,OA !0) 4)
a close friend (?%Y2 3A);
Lets stay close together ! ( !A :3(A)

He watched her closely. ( .9#$& 3(A )
This ring must be dear [expensive]. ( .Q0 _ 0 =L# 4)

I paid dear(ly) for my mistake. (.R"$ ;24 I$& K R3"O)
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She loved him dearly. ( .* KA$% 2 )

a deep breath (8) 3N); Lets stay deep in the woods ( ! A = X3
)
Please, breathe deep(ly) !
( ! X( 8) 3N)
a direct flight (: 9%M4);
We flew direct(ly) to Paris.( .:G24 I P) 9%M4 4)

Reply to me direct(ly) [direct to me]! (! 9A0 -1 N
)
Ill see him directly [immediately].(.KL$& ;D2 K4 X )
a fine view (

;# );
This machine works fine.
( .KA, ,OA

4)
a flat country (5N"# );
I am flat broke.
( .R"0 !Z0G 0 K
);
He is flatly opposed to it. ( .93 0 T'0 / )
a high building (4 ( 4);
The plane flew high above. ( .9 ( 9AD K!)GA)

They were praised highly. (.*"4 -#% 3,3" *0 A E )
light weapons (!"0 5(A);
She travels light.

They were lightly armed.
a sharp turn (H "G 4 T21);
She turned sharp(ly).

She turned the car sharply.
( .G3 !A )% );

( .* K/!"0 !(A E )
( .*"G 4 E( );
( .* 4 E(
)
The scar was an inch wide. (.9N& N % 4 : 4);
The door was wide open.
( .* : " 5,)
He seems to be widely known here. (.G0 =90 2A 4 )
Adjectives and adverbs in -ly
,- - Q) % J" -ly .6
:GAE6A "Y 7- _D Q) % _D "#$% K3EO K4 -ly *#4
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
a early train (A) )
We finished early today. (:G2 9EO G"4 4 K 4)
a likely story (" 0 K3!
0)
Hell very/most likely succeed. (G0 !&/0 "P )
a monthly interest ( _ %$ JA ) She visited Ali monthly. (.*2 I!0A R9(04 A " )
I$& .GAE6A "Y *,- ?0- A *"#$% Q) % K3EO K4 -ly H,O P monthly
:4 -$ /A
hourly, daily, nightly, weekly, fortnightly, quarterly, yearly

96L# 79, ,-
8
/3EO K4 -ly H,O P friendly 2) %
#$ ) % )$& K 70% 2 (-lily) "MD 7"& X (-ly) /" 0 0 F/" P
:G9, "G 0 K/"
She received us in a friendly way.
( .*0 ; 0 9%Y2 4 )
She gave us a friendly welcome. ( .9 7O4 JP0 9%Y2 4 )
.GA"4 ,6B2 She received us friendlily. :7%
:*/A I$& 2) % O 4
friendly, grisly, kindly, kingly, lively, manly, masterly

/0 " X!'() H,O 0 sound Flook Ffeel Fsmell K/0 9(64 X,4
:K%
.Q 1-

!"MD K/A"4 9
#1 A #4 :4 .G"4 4 Q) % K/"4
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
good. (.K J0 ) " 4)

*well (GA9, : 4)
The flowers smell
sweet. ( .KA ) 5

" 4)
? sweetly. (

,0 I #4 79, : 4)
Adjectives and adverbs beginning with a- ,- - Q) % K/!4 K4 a- .7

IL 9"& !360 _ "
9,A "#$% (!,O 0 asleep) "#$% *#4 K/!4 K4 a.GAEE4 /3( !0 4 #
FGAEE4 -O R(& "#$% K/4 K4 a- : 4 .G3
Fnow ,- ?0- F!3"0 upstairs Fabroad ,- KG A F,- R04 # Q0)
:4 FG(& 9"4 K4 be +'() /P4 H,O ) %
D FGAEE4 -O R(& !3"0 tonight
.GA"4 , =, ) % K4 !'() /P4 34
The patient was asleep. ( .* K/"0 I!O 4) [adjective]
I am hungry. ( .9& >( R3%0 X(
) [adjective]
My nephew Alim is abroad. ( ." Q R" R61) [adverb]
My friends are there. ( .2A R9%Y2) [adverb]
She seems asleep. ( .G0 =/"0 I!O )
You seem hungry. ( .KL$& =3 X3%0)
She seems *abroad. (O)
You seem *there. (O)
J90- 30 ) % K/!4 K4 a- F& 0) 4 A X,- K4 ) % K/!4 K4 aK4 a- & .GA"(& 9) % & X-O R(& A& X'() QD
D GA2Z G
::% 9,(% .GA"(4 >9%$& ,$A >(& A& X!'() : 4 "4 ,- K/!4
She went abroad. ( .9& >3 " Q )
Jake is going around. ( .GMA 5(1)
My classmates went away. ( .*"0 >9(& R0-%)
She went *afraid/ *alert/ *asleep/ *awake.
[adjective]
:) % 34 K/!4 K4 a-
ablaze
alone
alike
averse
ashamed
afloat
adrift
alert
aghast
aloof
alive
awake
afire
aware
ajar
33O O FA) DE J%"E4 &A H "4 /3( *" ) % K/!4 K4 a /3( *" F!"& >3( *"#$ Q0) ) % K/!4 K4 a- R0 I$& .G"4
:GAEE4
?an afraid book
?an alive eye
?the awake patient
a somewhat afraid soldier
(0% : 00 #4)
the fast asleep children
(!"4 K/A!O ()
a really alive / lively student
(! P 0 J1 T30D)
the wide awake patient
(4 K"& /D : ")
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&" .7

an aloof tree (2 # /"A 4)
: /"Y J /3( *" : " alert K4 aloof :4
an alert bank guard ( /P0 4 6D 4)
*" - (&

0- 0) & -less "D 8
X) % K/4 K4 a- *#4
:G"4 *
/"Y J /3(
Their ambitions are alike. ( .H,O -D XE )
They have similar ambitions. ( .4 8-D H,O 2E )
The animals are alive. ( .5 !MAD 4)
They are live / living animals. ( .!MAD 5 E )
The woman is alone. ( .[ ;A 4)
She is a lone / solitary woman. ( .;A [ 4 )
The girl is afraid. ( .G00 :0 4)
She is a frightened girl. ( .:0 K& I 00 4 )
The children were asleep. ( .* K/"0 I!O !"4)
They were the sleeping children. ( . !"4 K/"0 I!O E )
She was not aware of the consequences. ( .* -4 X, )
The war between Iraq and U.S.A is a conscious / deliberate war.
(.HG K/(4 >( 50
HG 9 (
K4 :)
.G"4 *&
9,(%
D GA"(& >3( K4 very ) % K/4 K4 a- *#4
:K%
afraid
alert
alike
aloof
ashamed
awake
asleep
awake :K%
.G"4 DE : !2!"D K0 *34
A .GA"(& >3( K4 very F

D G"4 &
9,(% aware of K4 alive to
very much (!3"0 aware Fashamed Falike Fafraid ) "4) *#4 X) % K/4 K4 a.GA"(& >3( Z (very) well "4 (aware:K%
) *#4 A FZ
Adjectives and Nouns ! K4 ) % .8

H,O ) % T&
E 9D1 4 FG"4 ,9, /3( 92 !
:K%
.GG0
"$ 4 K/" A0 ) %
the bus station (9(4 8 49))
a business friend (( 2% )
::% 9,(% .GA"G0 (E c Fb Fa)
"$ :0D 34 K/" A0 ) % ! :4
(a) the large station (Q(4 )
the bus station (9(4 8 49))
(b) The station seems large. ( .KL$& Q4)
*The station seems bus.
(c) a very large station (Q(4 4 9AD)
*a very bus station
(d) a larger station (Q(4 :N 4)
* a busser station
:K%
.4
!
34 K/L0) 2) % ! !0
I saw a bus. ( ._L2$& % 49) 4 K
)
*I saw a large.
The bus is here. ( .2A 4 8 49))
*The large is here.
one bus / two buses
*one large / two larges
*" _D P 4 FG"4 Q) % criminal :K%
.GAEE4 R _D Q) % _D "#$% *#4
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
:GAEE4 & -O R(& _D F /3(

a criminal attack (_ 1 D 0)
The attack seemed criminal to us. ( .*4 =2 0 4 _ 1 D 4)
:GAEE4 R K/"4 /% criminal K4 DE -$
:G(& >( "#$% & (1)
The criminal killed two people. ( .K 9"$
2 A1 4)
He is probably a criminal. ( .GA1 ;9[( )
:G"4 2Z 2& = )$&-5"4 K4 !% (2)
one criminal (A1 4) five criminals (A1 H4) several criminals (A1 04)
The criminals sentence (

&$D QA1)
:G"4 3%A & 7(& 5 (3)

the criminals relatives (*3P XA1)
:G"4 3!3( " K4 ) % (4)
a violent criminal (A1 T4%)

X I2 Q) % #$% ,9, J /3( X#$% 4 _ "
H,O P criminal F9M"
X! A !,O ) %
! F=2$ IL$& 0 A .GA"E4 "$ 5"9A
:*9%$& ,9, - "#$% 34 K/AEE4 Q) % _D FR _D -$ .GAEE4 /3(
ADJECTIVES
NOUNS
an ancient custom
(Q2 T20)
She is investigating the ancients conceptions of the universe.

(.GM0 J3 0 #$& P _" X20 )
a black student
( P 0 5 0 4)
There was only one black in my class.

( .4 5 0 E4 Q0) Z%)
a classic book
(9& 5%!& ) 4)
You can use the many classics in our library.

( .KAEA) 2"% 5%!& 2) & K%)
intellectual development
(Q630 T0)
She considers herself an intellectual.

( .GA% T"6# #$ )
a noble family
( =N$0)
The king greeted his nobles.

( .*% ;D &N$0 ,2))
a natural skier
( /6( J9E T'4)
He is a natural for his job.

( .
O +40 )
a six-year-old boy
(; P JA 9")
Our six-year-old is at school.

( .9)9&
"4 JA 9" X4)
"#$% . P!

0 4 K/ ILL0) 2) % A ! /"Y /3(
DE J X ( garden B2 garden tools :K%
) R 4 _ "
K"& I!3( "
9D1
X (tools for the garden) 4 #$% J /" 0 *" K/0 /0 "
.G2- 3%
the 'city 'council ~ the council for the city

(,(& Q
&$D 5"D)
a 'stone 'wall ~ a wall (made) of stone (_ H)
'August 'weather ~ weather in August ( %-D XA-8)
:GA"E4

2) % /3( J%
: 4
a 'long 'poem ('( KG# FK9%2)
a 'thick 'wall (_ (0)
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the 'urban 'council (,(& Q

&$D 5"D)
'hot 'weather (-D J)
*weather for hot (O)
*the council for urban (O)
X 5M%
4 #$% J /" 0 *" K/(& I!3( 0 A #4
:K%
.G"4 ,9, /0 "
a long poem ~ a poem of considerable length ('( KG# !(O)
H,O ) % "& A& X be +'() ) "4 FA& X!'() /P4 !
.GAE6A "Y /0 "
That man is a fool. ( .Q2 4 ,& G-)
The noise you heard was thunder. ( .* *#-

L" #- K/N K%)
She became a nurse. ( .*"4 9(% )
) % 96"
E 4 .G"4 ,9, A& X seem /0 " ! *#4
:G,3(A A9
He seems a fool. [= foolish] ( .G0 =90O 4 )
Your remark seems (complete) nonsense to me. [= nonsensical] ( .K&0G ) X"#$% )
My stay there seemed sheer bliss. [= blissful]. (.* K/" A =99O4 ) _ G 2A )
His friend seems very much an Englishman. [= very English] ( .GA,O !&4 P 9%Y2 X )
I2 Q) % E "MD : 4 FGAE6A "Y -O R(& _D F /3( _D *& R *#4
"6(
K9, 9%A &A (!3"0 > F F % FK%)) % X'A E .G"4 30
:G9%$&
that concrete floor (;) ?(%) ~ That floor is concrete. ( .K/"%A 99(% ;) G-)
the apple jam (%4
")
~ The jam is apple. ( .X" 4
4)
Adjective and Participles & :

X!'() - Q) % .9
A .G9, Q) % R2 & (-ed) K
# K$ K4 & (-ing) + X!'() K P
0 H,O & :
X!'() K/(& K4 (*96- X -ed) -ed &A -ing 2) %
*/9, I$& .G6B2 (Participial Adjective) H) % ) % : 4 FI "4 *"4 * /" 0
:-$
-ing:
amazing
amusing
surprising
thrilling
promising
fascinating
daring frightening
shocking
embarrassing interesting
boring entertaining
pleasing
charming
exciting
tiring confusing
satisfying worrying
-ed:
amazed conceited excited reserved
amused
disappointed
fascinate satisfied badly-behaved
distinguished frightened shocked
well-behaved
well-dressed
interested surprised bored
well-educated pleased
tired well-built
embarrassed relaxed unexpected worried
:G9,
Q) % R2
4 -$ A 34 20 A
fast-moving long-suffering time-consuming time-saving
air-conditioned dry-cleaned deep-frozen
FK%
. 0) K6A
9D1
& J" -ed K4 & J" -ing X!) %
J"30 X% 4 _ "
#$% 4 KB2 interesting ::% 9,(%
X interested K4 interesting
% A .GA2Z //"0 IG 930 % X% 4 _ "
"4 interested F2Z
% X% J"30 //"0 >30 X% FI "4 (interesting) J"30 % K/ 930
" % :
& +O 4 X!) % 34 .G"4 Q XG 930
.G"4 :"-G 9,(%
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
boring/bored exciting/excited
e.g. The film was boring. I was so bored that I fell asleep.
(.K9)0 I!O & >B# : K
.K,B# & 4 )
The film was exciting. I was so excited that I couldnt stop crying.
(.R"99O
/A /!1AD K
.KG!1AD ,& & 4)
:,9, J%% X!) %

,9, 5"-O R(&
PREDICATIVE USE
His views are very surprising.
( .J"E0 KAD 9AD *0 X )
The man seemed very offended.
( .9L$& )O 9AD _2 4)
,9, J /3(

ATTRIBUTIVE USE
~
~
his surprising views

(*0 J"E0 KAD X )
the offended man
(_2 K/)O)
:G" #$ !"G 0 J" -ed K/"4 *'() 8

A !) %
The results were unexpected.
~
the unexpected results
( .93 2A K/A )
( K/A)
Her children are downhearted.
( .K *"4 X )
her downhearted children

(*"4 K X )
All his friends are talented.

( .J9E *9%Y2
D X )
his talented friends

(*9%Y2 J9E X )
His lung is diseased.

( .93 2& )$ X )
his diseased lung

()$ K33 2& X )
8
XE :4 F "4 & -ed (!3"0 unexpected) !) % 2!"
0 A
.GA!4D *& :
X!'() E 4 3!N FGA"4 (=B2 unexpect :K%
) *& +'()
X
1 R0 4 .GA2Z
K/,O :4 "4 *& +'() 8
X!) % #4
&A H) % X"#$% 5M%
&
1 J"- P +O 4 FI "4 - P
K/A2Z
.G3 >(& Z & :
X!'()
ADJECTIVE: She is (very) calculating, but her husband is frank.
[._2 : "0 ,"A :4 F;A J,,) (9AD) ]
PARTICIPLE:
She is calculating (our salaries.)
[.G-!4(D (
) ]
ADJECTIVE: They were (very) relieved. ( .* _1O 9AD E )
PARTICIPLE: They were relieved (by the robbers). ( .*E 4 Z !NE 4 )
:7%
K9, Q) % Q0) F"& P 3G 9" Seem / X Be +'() 2
1 =0 A
:K%
.G"4 3G 9" !2
1
She seems very calculating. ( .G0 =93,,) 9AD )
*She seems calculating our salaries.
9%$& ?(64 9%M4 .GA"4 J( R2 :) 9 & :
X!'() K4 ) %
I " 0 K4 !'()
2A & #$% J" -ing -$ 3!N .G"4 +'()
1 & #$% J" -ing
:Q '() :
K/A%A 4 #$% +'()
Her views were alarming her audience. (.9M(% , ! /, *0 #$& X )
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You are frightening the children. ( .K- A0 I 00 !"4 K%)
They are insulting us. ( .G-0D 4 E )
2! &A H" 5,& K4 by- F ) % & -ed FH,O & -ed X!'()
:K%
.GAEE4 +'() 2 ; [1
9% ;MD K"& >, 4 #$% K"L#
The man was offended by his son. ( .*"4 )O "4 )
He is appreciated by his students. ( .*"4 -#% /,3" X P 0 )
She was misunderstood by her parents. ( .* O KZ - )
Q) % XE ,(& >3( Z very X& :
J" -ed &A -ing X!'()
:K%
."4 X"&
Her views were very alarming. ( .* : 00 9AD *0 X )
You are very frightening. ( .K : 00 =4 K%)
The man was very offended. ( .* )O 9AD _2 )
:GA"4 , Q) % appreciated :4
He is ?very appreciated.
(A ,9, : 4)
He is very much appreciated. ( .*!,3" 9AD )
He is highly appreciated. ( .9,( 3,3" *0 A )
"& 6@ :0 X& :
-ed F9, "#$% /3( H,O P Very
:GA9O % 70 _ &$D
The man was offended. ( .* )O ) ( .*0 )O )
/A1 *M% +'() :
K2Z 2#$% 4 FK #$% & -ed
1 0 A
-ing .K"#&
P (Q6#- &A) ;MD K& A1 "4 *M% Q) % FK"#&
:K%
.G"4 :3( 20 4 "& 6 @ +O A0 XE FK "#$% &
He is insulting. ( .0!O )
He is very insulting. ( .0!O !&4 )
He is insulting me. ( .G-0D (
)
I2 & :
X!'() "D F"& PG" "#$% H,O P insulting
1 4
_ 0 & + X!'() =
$ F!" & :
X!'() .GA"4

H0
.G"L 9 & A1 Q6") X
1
D FG,(& >, PG"
:
K
1 -$ F!,O .G"L 9 & *(9&O X
1 M% Q) %
3/A"4 9
#1 //"4 ,9, : */" A0 "4 ?) :GA"4

*M% +'()
(.GA2Z
She is surprising. ( .K >A1 )

He is interesting. ( .K J"30 )
It is exciting. ( .K"% /1AD ,& )
It is tempting. ( .K Z"1 )
~
~
~
~
?She surprises.
?He interests.
?It excites.
?It tempts.
.G"4 /"Y Q) % 4 ;

&
"& >4 K4 "#$% 34 *& :
X!'()
:K%
The eggs are boiled hard. ( . 9)0 I "G ,) J90 !

O )
These eggs are (very) hard-boiled. ( .K K/"G ,) J90 (=4) !
O 4)
It is breaking my heart. ( .GM0 R(A
N$& X(
)
It is (very) heart-breaking. ( .G0 R(A (=4) N$& X
2 )
He was bitten (by a snake). ( .*BM3( (Z K!A) )
He was frost-bitten. ( .K/"0 I , )
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
& :
J" -ed F-ing X!'() "4 F9%"0 !Z(& K4 "#$% J"0 very !) %
:K%
.GA"(& /3(
her crying children (*"4 K3-!/A X ) a married couple () 1 4 K/0 )
a winning team (
& K3M0 "P)
his published work (*"% K/0 X )
boiling water ( % K3-A0)
the captured prisoner (8 D
K/" )
*& K/A,O K ,9, H) % K4 ,9, & +'() X!'() *#4
.G"4
You have drunk too much. (.K)M J1 =4 K%) ~ drunk(en) driver ( ) K/"4 ?%
)
Have you shaved yet? (<:A - NG"4 >( 0%) ~ a shaven man (_2 KP0 0%)
~ a shrunken shirt (=N$& K& >30)
The shirt has shrunk. ( . 9Z9(& >30 =N$&)
"Y J&9% X) %

Syntactic Functions of Adjectives
The syntactic position of adjectives
1 X) % .10
*" >(& " X
& #$% 34 &A R E FI "4 +O J&9% ) %
.G"4 -O R(& >(& K4 be +'() &A /3( 0 >(& A& F /3(
Attributive ( /3( *"): useful information ( JA))
Postpositive ( /3( 0): something useful (% JA))
Predicative ( -O R(&):
This information is useful. ( .K JA) 4)
Attributive and Predicative -O R(& - /3( .11

4 #$% R ) % .G4(D "Y J%% X) % H "4 -O R(& - /3(
) % (ATTRIBUTIVE) /3( ) % : 4 FG(& I!3( E >(& " X#$% T&
:K%
.G"4 3 I2
I bought a house with a small garden ( .R"M9(% G0 4 4 & " 5& K
)
I like popular ballads. ( .K$& ,OA 00 J"O K
)
seem Fbe E A GA$ "Y -O R(& 9"4 K4 !'() R04 >A 2! ) %
/0 " PG" &A /0 " F>(& >, P!'() H,O 0 look &A appear F
5"-O R(& ) % : 4 .G(& I "4 & J%% 4 X-O R(& FI$ "Y
.G"4 3 I2 Q) % (PREDICATIVE)
The children are happy. ( .;[ O !"4)
He seems careless. ( .GL$& %-) )

1 *3(4 4)
1 *3(4 A F9%"0 !) "4 /0 " !4#$% R ) %
:K%
.G"4 /0 " (

"4
1 *3(4 & F "4
1 *3(4 5&
That you need a car is obvious. ( .J( X J169[( /
X(%)
Whether he will resign is uncertain. ( .8
J( %(-7( 9
O X )
To drive a car is dangerous. ( .5"O HAD
)
Playing chess is enjoyable. ( .: "G# D HA QD)
:K%
.G"4 QM%
J /P4 9 /0 " PG" K4 PG" 9%M4
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&" .7
I find him careless. ( .R3A4 3"%-) X K

)
He made the children happy. ( .9M0 ;[ O !"4 )
:GAEE4 /0 " PG"
1 *3(4 A ) %
I consider what he did foolish. ( .KA0 I2 J0O /0 X K
)
I consider playing so hard foolish. (.KA0 I2 J0O ,A IG >60 : XE )
XA1 K/0 , Z +'() R2 Q) % K/AA "Y /0 " PG"
:G 9 &
He pulled his belt tight. ( .99 /"4 )
He pushed the window open. ( .9 >99 2 )
He writes his letters large. ( .G#A O )
:G"4 2Z 30 ,9, X be +'() K"L 9 & 2
1 0 A
His belt is tight. ( .X /"4 X )
The window is open. ( .: B2 4)
His letters are large. ( . *O X )
Attributive Adjectives ) % /3( .12

:G2- KY 2D1 -$ "Y J /3( X) %
2) % /3( ) % K/(& I!3( E >(& " X!" &A R .1
:*(4 "$ ) % : -$ FI "4 Q
the serious man and the handsome woman ( ;A K,(& K4 %&)
I have enough money for you and your little children.
(.4 ; ) =2 A /"4 5& X(% - N%
)
"#$% J"0 somewhereFsomethingFsomebodyFsomeone A ) % /3( .2

0 X-#$% R04 K"L# >9, !3"0 every- - no- Fany- !0 K4
:G(& I!3( E >(&
I feel that something terrible is about to happen.
(.KM0 (D =/"0 >(4 # A 7 K
A 4 K
)
Are you going anywhere interesting tonight? (<K
- "4 0
4 A J"304 K 4 K%)
'Who called?' 'Nobody important.'
( .%4 K/"4 RD
.< 9Z0 K(( R&)
Everything useful has been kept; the rest has been thrown away.
(.*9BM *34 *(0 >0% */"4 ,)
DE X'A )$& F>, P! ) % 2 4 R04 # .3
:G(& IL 9 & 0 &A 96DE%
a court martial the Prince Regent the Attorney General
the heir apparent
the President elect
the postmaster General
F#$ X#4 #$% 4 KB2 proper F:"4 K/A0 4 KB2 town proper A :
:G(4 IL 9 & I 0 !(A 9) !0 F)
A& F " X! ) % J"0 present - concerned Finvolved .4

:G9,
:,9, " X! (1
an involved explanation
a concerned expression on her face
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the present situation
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
:,9, A& X! (2

I want to speak to the students involved. (.&"#$% K4 ! P0 5M%
3, 4 K
)
(the students who have something to do with the matter)
The people concerned are waiting outside. (.G-!0% 9% ,& 5M%
3, 4)
(the people who have something to do with the matter)
He will talk to the people present. ( .0!N) K4 ,& 4 A
: )
(the people who are in the building at the time)
Predicative Adjectives ) % R(& .13

:-$ *& 7(& I "4 -O R(& X) %
BE / SEEM / BECOME / LOOK+ ADJECTIVE K4 !'() 34 &A be +'() )$& (1
:G(& &
He is poor and I am rich. ( .4 _"4 K
FQ
"4 )
The beautiful girl became even more beautiful than usual.
( . 9Z9(& >,"# ( /0 P!P 92 :0 ;# 4)
She soon grew fond of him. ( . 9)0 I "4 J / !A"0 30# )
You look tired. ( .K0 =/"0 I K%)
The milk turned sour in the hot weather. ( . 9)0 >( Q % 2-D J)
PG" X! &A H" A& X!'() A F& MAKE ME ANGRY (2
:!"G 0 K/(& ) % F&
You make me very angry. ( .L2L)#P &4 (
K%)
I consider her brilliant. ( .KA!A I2 J9E K
)
I found it quite exciting. ( .R3A4 3/"% /1AD ,& X K
)
Please don't think me rude, but. . .( ....
F"0 I!A I2 K")0 (
)
A& X!'() K/A2Z D FA F& ACTION VERB+ADIECTIVE (3
:!"G 0 K/(& ) % K/(4 I"M%
Please don't tie the knot too tight. ( .M X =4 )
Would you hold the door open for me please? (<
E >(4 >( _24 N
,)
He tried to escape so they shot him dead. (.9-L 9"$ >9( E 3/G 3,(0 )
&A H" K/"4 PG" A& X!'() A FK/"L$& & DRINK IT COLD .(4
:!"G 0 K/, ) % A& >(& R
I always drink milk cold. (=I always drink milk when it is cold)
( .K : P% % ,
D K
)
I prefer to buy my clothes second-hand. (=I prefer to buy clothes which are second-hand.)
(.KAEO ,BM9(% 6& ;0 K
)
I eat some vegetables raw, but I always eat cabbage cooked.
(.KAA IG ,) R2 A&"& :4 FKAA _O !9&$& *#4 K
)
Most people drink coffee black, but I prefer mine white.
(.K >9(0 Q % K
:4 FG MD0 I% ,& R0 I$&)
This car may look second-hand, but in fact I bought it new.
(.K/"M9(% (A K
:4 F

L$& =
;0 300
4)
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&" .7

Postpositive Adjectives Q) % " 0 0 .14

:G"4 30 I2
1 *3(4 QM%
K9BM30 92 ) % " 0 0
something that is useful ( % K/"4 =(&)
any tool needed = any tool that is needed (;0 :0D K/"4 L#)
*3EO K4 !3"0 -where F-thing F-one F -body 2,- - H" 4 3(
:(% X ) % K/"4 ! /3( Q0)) .GAE3( K4 ) % " 0 0 Q0)
Anyone (who is) intelligent can do it. ( .GAE!0 _2 :0D J"93)
I want to try on something (that is) larger. ( .KA2 _04 >0 !, :N K
)
We would like to go anywhere interesting . ( .AEO ,(4 /A1 J"30 :0D 4)
.G(& I " 0 /0 R2 Q) % 2 (!
TZ%& F ) "4) K P K/" (9&O "L#
the president elect (?B) K/!A%)
vice-chancellor designate (*2
I9&
TO))
heir apparent (D'"-)
postmaster general (*9(
9) H4)
attorney general (*"
H4 6"2)
court martial (Q% T4D)
from time immemorial (*(4 90") body politic ("4 T%6%)
:4 -$ A
the person opposite ( P 0)
the opposite direction ( 7$A 0)
all of us, me included (K/" #$ (
FKA
D) including me ( G" (
)
Monday to Friday inclusive <AmE : Monday through Friday (
1 L2)
Microsoft Cooperation Limited / Ltd ( 9& 5& DG ?@%Y
)
devil incarnate ( 9%M" 0)
Asia Minor ( 6" &A 6% 5&)
all things English (*%
D XE) the best car going (
,OA K3M9(&)
B / flat / sharp / major / minor
F/!3( Z !3"0 next Flast &A only FQ) % 2
4 34 !
_D J /3( *" _D 3!N .G(& O X *3EO K4 -ible - -able 2) %
:K%
.G"4 & Q) % J" 0 0
the best possible use
~
the best use possible (7A) K/"4

)
the greatest imaginable insult ~ the greatest insult imaginable
(Q0D K/"4 3,0 G--%)
the best available person ~ the best person available (,& ,OA K/"4 3,A))
the only suitable actor
~ the best actor suitable
( K/(& 8
)
:GBM(& G ! D ) % -$
appointed
desired
required
following
past
preceding
positive
]
at the appointed time

in past years
the preceding years
positive proof
~ at the time appointed (990- K,6B2)

~ in years past
(2!A K$)
~ the years preceding (!A 2")
~ proof positive
(?&) T"
)
.G(& 8
!P!"MD K/"4 Q 1-
Q22
30
D G(& 0 R2 ) % R04 #
R2 %$& 2D 522
30 "4 F8
2D = " N
) % -$ FK%
:G9, 0
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7. Adjectives
absent
present
BILGKUT
concerned
involved
afloat
ablaze
The men (who were) present were his supporters. (.* * /"0 X ,& 4 2")
The people (who were) involved were not found.
( .*Z( ,& 5M%
)
The boats (which were) afloat were not seen. ( .*L$& !36(0 K/"0 IA" 2B2)
The house (which were) ablaze is next door to mine. ( .* 0 N
$ K3- A$&)
Adjectives with complementation ) % K/(& K4 /0 " .15

H,O ) % (K/A!3( ") /3( 92 ) % K/(& >, /0 "
:P 9,(% .G(& A& "4 9%"& " X /!3(
a suitable acter ~ *a suitable for the part actor
~ an actor suitable for the part
(? J)-
)
(GA"4 3,96( : 4)
(? K/(& J)-
/"Y 4)
:GBM"4 "4
1 *3(4 & &A "4 4 #$% J /" 0 *" /0 "
I know an actor suitable for the part. ( .K4 9 4 K/(& J)-
/"Y 4 K
)
They have a house larger than yours.
( .4 %G0 4 :N (% XE )
The boys easiest to teach were in my class. (.* Z% X(
!"4 K/"4 3 0 K% )
Students brave enough to attempt the course deserve to succeed.
(.J0D 3,0 "P ! P 0 K/(4 K4 Q 1 5"9(A %2)
:G"4 30 I2
1 *3(4 QM%
30 92 "G 0 4 K/(& 0 ) %
I know an actor who is suitable for the part. ( .K4 9 4 K/(& J)-
/"Y 4 K
)
0 X) % F"& >3( Z ,- 9A & &A "& # /"A ) %
:G"0 "4

,9,
*They have a house ( much) larger.
*The soldiers ( rather) timid approached their officer.
:
*3(4 &A ) % K/(& 4 F"4 3( &A 92 4 #$% R
:G"4 "& 0 ) % K/(& I " 0 *9((
1
Soldiers timid or cowardly dont fight well. ( .GA0 1 ,OA "% = A O)
Soldiers normally timid dont fight well. (.GA0 1 ,OA "% = A O 92)
A man usually honest will sometimes cheat. (.GA0 I" _2 #4
2 T
% 92)
:G"4
1 *3(4 QM%
&A "G 0 J /3( *" *"G 0 K/A I$& ( XE 4
Timid or cowardly soldiers ( ...!0% = A O)
Soldiers who are timid or cowardly ( )
Soldiers who are normally timid ... ( )
A man who is usually honest ( )
") /3( R2 IGG"0 0 /0 " X#$ Q) % 4 #$% Q) %
.G"4 Q) % (K/A!3(
) .4 %G 0 :N /0 % XE They have a larger house than yours. (
The easiest boys to teach were in my class. ( .* Z% X(
!"4 K/"4 3 0 K% )
&A + 3( ) % K"& >3( K4 !3"0 so &A too Fenough 2) %
Q0) !"G 0 : 4 :4 FG"4 ,9BMA /0 " "& " X4 #$% R
F!/"4 0 4 X /0 " PG" &A /0 " 4 #$% Q) %
:GA",(

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&" .7
She is brave enough a student to attempt the course.

(. P 0 4 K/(4 K4 Q 1 5"9(A %2 )
It was too boring a book to read.
( .* 9& 4 K/0 4 &4
2 )
*Brave enough a student to attempt the course deserves to succeed.
J" 0 0 _D J /3( *" _D /3( 4 K/A2Z "4 _"$
:K%
.G"4 /G
a 5000-foot high mountain ~ a mountain (which is) 5000 feet high ( 9"( Q @ X
H4)
Adjectives as heads of noun phrase ) % K/"4 T&

X4 #$% R .16
#$% R J"4 34 ) % : 4 .GAE6A "Y X#$% T&
4 #$% R ) %
.GAEE4 /0 " J /" 0 *" - PG" F /0 " F X
1 FH,O 4
5"4 ! A) ,#$ +& 90 ,(& 5 - K% ) % : 4 F/A,O P!
.G0 I" "#$% & J(
D FGA0 (G 2#$& 7#$ =#$ /% = )$& %
=2 B2 : " #$ DE K6A
H,O #$% T&
4 #$% R ) %
:K%
.G9, 9,9%$& O ,& KL9(A
the brave
the weak
the maladjusted
the elderly
the underprivileged
:4 O 2) % K/AE6A "Y *#$% T&

X4 #$% R
(a) The innocent are often deceived by the unscrupulous.
(.G"0 >" Z E0!O R2 !22%)
(b) The industrious Dutch are admired by their neighbours.
(.*"4 -#% /,9O
X0 6B!" K, 4)
(c) She admires the mystical. ( .G0Y# PE (% &A ,&) J"% )
:) % (H,O 0 innocent) 9Z (a)

= )$& " (the young people :K%
) Q) % K/A"(& I!3( " ! 5,&
X4#$% R K/ 9 & Z - 6(& FO X,& K4 92 &
-7F-6] A& &A [0 P!"
P -5 2-3] " #$ X) % .GAEE4 (the young) T&
:GAE3( [0 P!"
The poor are causing the nations leaders great concern.

[1]
(.G-P#0 9( -Q332 =& A X"D Q"2 !
)
There is a lack of communication between the young and the old.
[2]
(.Q 1-
"%9(A XG 9" ) 9 !/A K4 !A)
The extremely old need a great deal of attention.
[3]
(.9D
"$4 ; N$& I$& 9AD & >(0 =4)
The emotionally disturbed and the physically and mentally handicapped need
the aid of society.
[4]
(.9D
2A X6'
1 !Z6(
9D1 TDY - T1 FK/"4 ;
9D1 5))
The very wise can avoid such temptation.(.GAEE4 T"O 2!G 93( : E,& 2) [5]
The young in spirit enjoy life.
( .GAE"G# D 9AD !A 9D1 TDY)
[6]
The old who resist change can expect violence.( .GA 4# K
D Z%
) [7]
:) % (H,O 0 Dutch) 9Z (b)

:GAEE4 T&
X4 #$% R */(4 IL 9 & "- Q
2) %
The industrious Dutch are admired by their neighbours.
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
You French and we British ought to be allies.

(.=(& "4 2!0Z99 _ 0 6 4 - 6@ %)
&24 % = )$& H,O 4 #$% R 9Z (a) 4 #$% R 9Z 4
"4 F9%"3( Z ,- 4 #$% R 9Z (b) *(A K/A,O .G"4
:GAE3( Z ) %
The very wise

?the very English
the industrious Dutch [the Dutch, who are industrious]
:) % (H,O P the mystical) 9Z (c)
2
E .GAE6A "Y T&
X4 #$% R K4
?&94 ) % *#4

?&94 X 4 _ "
92 H,O P thing "MD : 4 FI "4 K/" #$
:G"4 3G 90
The latest (thing/ news) is that he is going to run for re-election.
(.00 /
!A% A F& % (-O &A %) (A )
) % K3-A "Y T&
X4 #$% R 9Z 4 F*(A K/A,O 3Z (b) - > (a)
:K%
.GAE3( Z ,- .G"4 &24 % 5"4
They ventured into the unknown, which was
(... .*0 ; &- P (_2 &A %) K/A4 E )
The best is yet to come. ( ." 7(& ,OA)
The very best (thing) is yet to come. ( ." 7(& ,OA )
He went from the extremely sublime to the extremely ridiculous.
(.*"0 I /"D J,( 9AD 2 (M
&A KG) *0 A A9 )
Supplementive adjective clauses

1 *3(4 Q) % 0 " .17
6 @ H "4 T&
X4 #$% Q) % K/ "

1 *3(4 '() ) %
:
e.g. Unhappy with the result, she returned to work.
(.9& >,& 9A0
O F3/"4 R(A N$& )
Glad to accept, the boy nodded his agreement.
(.99," ,(4 E4 F3/"4 K/0 ; 40 K4 J"[ O)
Anxious for the quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.
(.*0 I" L# $ _!A% F& I "4 ##0 ,,( ()
Long and untidy, his hair played in the breeze.
(.9 Z"A "
A
* K& I "4 K3AE0 X )
X
1 H4 R2
1 *3(4 Q) % 0 " F=9%$& 2!"
-$
:G"4 $A X :4 "& A& 2!"MD K0 F"
Rather nervous, the man opened the letter. ( .9 O FK4 5621 !O) [1]
The man, rather nervous, opened the letter. ( .9 O >,621 :# )
[2]
The man opened the letter, rather nervous. (.* K621 !(O F9 O ) [3]
9D1 _ "

1 *3(4 Q) %0 " F"& >, F=
1-[2] 0 A
:G9(& I,O
1 *3(4 QM%
&
The man, who were nervous, opened the letter. ( .9 O _2 4 K621)
FG(4 I2Z 3"4 M%
_ "
K4 QO X,,621 X
2
1 *3(4 Q) % :4
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&" .7
.GA0 :
1 *3(4 QM%

>," 7- 4 _ "
/ X) % 4 _ "
K/A$ "Y
1 *3(4 Q) % F99 K6A
:G"4 3,96( =-$

1-[1] 0 A K%
.G"4 7#$ !0# 9D1
FG(&
Nervously, the man opened the letter.
( .9 O "D KA21 _2 4)
4 FG(4 >9%$& &A *(9&O X 7- K/"4 6 @ : 4 FH,O ) %
:G2- KY ( J0 ,- K"& 9
The man nervously opened the letter.
( .9 O "D K621 _2 4)
Contingent Adjective Clauses

1 *3(4 Q) % 5 .18
K2Z
1 H4 FI "4
1 *3(4 Q) % 5
1 *3(4 Q) % = " 4 DE
- X be +'()
1 *3(4 Q) % 5 .G 9 & 9-Q H " A0 / 9 X) -
*& 8
X (!3"0 when Fsince K/A!P4
1 *3(4 K4
1 H4) ! /P4 (#4)
:G"0 I
Whether right or wrong, he always comes off worst in an argument because of his
inability to speak cogently.
[1]
I /"MD ;% #
R2 FA) "%9A X9640 : FK "4 O &A P)
(.G"0
If wet, these shoes should never be placed too close to the heat.
[2]
(.=(& 3%" A0 3(A =4 33 !PA 4 F"4 _ )
K/0 ,
1 *3(4 Q) % 5 F!,O
1 *3(4 Q) % 0 " 34
34 .8
HN K4
1 *3(4 &
1 *3(4 4 :4 FG"4 X
1 H4 92
4 #4 .G"4 ! /P4 R2 2
1 *3(4 Q) % 5 F/A,O
1 *3(4 Q) %
3,96( =-$ >9BM30 /P4
1-[1] 0 A FK%
.G9BM30 ! /P4
:G"4
right or wrong, he always comes off worst.
/( :4 FG"4 ;
,(& ,4
1 X) % F/"4 X
1 H4 K/0 ,
*3(4 Q) % F J(A F9, /P4 .GA I$& ,(& O
1 X) %
.GA"L$& J"O :3(D :% 9!G /O
1
These shoes should never be placed too close to the heat If wet.
: 4 X) % :4 FGAEA0 / 9 PG" X
1 H4 A
1 *3(4 Q) % 5
:GA # ,9,
He sells these cars new. ( .G% 9() (A !
4 )
[3]
I cant drink coffee hot. ( .KA" J0 MD0 K
)
[4]
You must eat it when fresh. ( .=(& X,6(A 990- :% K%)
[5]
) % 2
1 -[4] F-[3] 0 A
D G(& O
1 R2 ) % 2!"MD : 4
34 .

"L$& /P4 4 _ "
H,O
1-[5] .G"4 30 I2 /0 " H,O
[6] (Active Clause)
1 *3(4 2 % 4 A
FH,O P! /0 " J"4
J /P4 K/"4 [7] (Passive Clause)
1 *3(4 2 ; [1
&A / PG"
:GA"4 "& "
1 =2
1 -[9] F-[8] .G"4 O
1 R2 FK "4 9M%
To make good tomato chutney, you should pick the tomatoes green.
[6]
(.=(& ,BM# !90- +,(A EG
) FK H%A
60 G
) ,OA)
The potatoes should be taken green. ( .=(& ,BM# !90- +,(A _ 0 EG
)) [7]
*Green, you should pick the potatoes.
[8]
*Green the potatoes should be picked.
[9]
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
"
1 *3(4 Q) % K/A0 / 9 PG" X
1 H4 F /( K/!Z(0
FG"4 "&
Hot, I cant drink coffee. ( .KA" MD0 K
FK30)
,9BM30 /P4 "MD : 4 FGA"(& >9%$&
1 H4 K )
1 *3(4 Q) %
:GA"4
If (it is) possible, I should study in Germany. ( .R9E4 KP 0 6
( K
F"4

)
When (it is) necessary, he can be taken to the doctor. (.G"4 (4 >( P 9OY2 F/"4 LL#)
You must come as soon as (it is) possible. ( .=(& X,(& ( (4 X6 K%)
Exclamatory Adjective Clause

1 *3(4 Q) % H .19
:GAEE4
1 H FK "& &A K "& K4 "#$% K/!4 K4 wh- A
) %
Excellent!
(How) wonderful!
(How) good of you!
9D
3,P4 56(& *" :0D X K/" A0 / 9 0 A *4 #$% Q) % : 4
"4 H0 9% ?(64 &A QD R04 9D
+ 2Z :4 FGA"4
.

*" J&9% X) %

Syntactic Sub classification of Adjectives

K/& !4 79, 5"-O R(& &A 79, J /3( 4 *

FGA"4 :
,& !4 79, +O 4 _ "
X) % 4 F,A DE X ) %
.G"L$& J%,O 9D1 4 2 "#$% RA #4
Adjectives can be only attributive ) % K/AEE4 ! /3( Q0) .20
) % K/(& !,(4 XG J /3( &A K/& !G J /3( F92
KG J /3( Q0) _D Q) % T&
_D old FK%
.GA%$& DE X 9%M4
_D A) .G"4 Q) % T&
old F2 (_2 *(0 G-) that old man .GAEE4 Q) % K/& !4
820 4 X(
) an old friend of mine F& . (.GA"(& I "4 -O R(& _D Q) % /3(
E "4 9%"4 K/" A0 / 9 3(0 X
2 2A 4 .GAEE4 ! /3( Q0) old 2 (_ 9%Y2
.K/" A0 / 9 0 G# X90- QM%
9
3"O X
2 wrong Q) % /3( 2 (Q
J)-
) wrong candidate !,O
.G9%$& 3"O 9!"
2 "4 F9%%$&
( My friend is old. Fthat old man :K%
) ) % K/(4 ILL2- DE X 9%M4

(an old friend of mine :K%
) *%
: .G0 I2 Q) % (% &A)
"4
.G0 I2 Q) % ($&)
:*/A I$& FG9, ! /3( Q0) ) % R04
(a) inner
outer
latter
former
late (=dead)
the inner square

(5) Q$ )
. 227 .
the outer square

( 5) Q$ %)
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&" .7
e.g. the former Principal of the College ( 34 Q 99 J4% )

the late President Kennedy (*(& 9NG# _ D
)
the latter problem ( %
0O)
:K%
.G9, # /"A *#$ 2!"MD *#4 latter K4 former
Some people believe strongly in KORAN, while some others think that BIBLE is
preferable. The former are Muslim, while the latter are Christians.
.GA!P " ,& R0 4 34 :4 FG, 3N / 0 ,& *#4)
(.G2!69O "4 *6(& :4 FG2!" %
"4 *3"
(b) mere
sheer utter
*0 A XDE 5M%
P! X! K/A"M% *"#$
D X"#$% 4
.G9%$& "$ K-$ &A
e.g. You're a mere child! ( .K"4 22% !&4 K%) =You are far too young to understand.
It's a sheer waste of time and money! ( .8EO FG3) ; ) _D ?0- ) "4 4)
What utter nonsense! ( ! 4 J/"A KB2 ()

1 0 A FI "4 K/9, 92Z >9A & /"4 &2Z
D E 4
:A2Z :
:"4 &2Z =92
You're just a child. You're very young.
( .5& 9AD K% .E4 5& ( K%)
It's a complete (or total) waste of time and money. (.G3) ; ) _D ?0- )"4 4)
What (a lot of) nonsense. ( . 4 J/"A I$& KB2 )
.G(& 4 K4 !% 5,( 3 "4 :0 A ,
D mere
e.g. Wages have increased 300 per cent in three years; productivity has increased by a
mere15 per cent in the same period.
(.9 !9%) 15 Q0) +#
H,O
73), .9 ?%) 300 30D 7 +A )
(c) Adjectives which have an adverbial meaning () % K/(&
7-) :
a heavy smoker = someone who smokes a lot ( & I$& &
)
(.K/90 /3
X&
K/( "4 9%90 /3"/( X&
2A 4 heavy)
an old friend=someone I have known for a long time (?%Y2 820)
(.K/90 /0 G# XM%
"4 9%90 3A 2A 4 old)
a hard worker = someone who works well (, K/A, J")1)
(.K/90 ,, J")1 X, "4 F9%"4 K/90 (9&O X,& 2A 4 hard)
our new neighbors = the neighbors who have just moved in (!O (A X4)
(.K/90 "& I $& (A X!0 2A 4 new)
(d) certain
particular chief main principal
DE &A RD
X% A0 F33-"#$% JP % 4 A0 X4 "#$% 4
.G9, 9!3(
e.g. She has a certain charm. ( .4 & 70 >"1 K6A
)
Certain people in this office are not working as hard as they should.
(.GA, >3 & A4 I" ,& _ "
,)
a particular reason for wanting to know
( Q0
DE K/"4 =(& 74)
the chief aim of the plan
(90
J%% X!))
the main argument against building a new supermarket
(7-HE 5
"$& & 0 3%A #4 *3 2 (A)
the principal reason (-% J%%)
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
the sole survivor of the crash ( /"0 :% 24 %0- H0)
the only time I go out (?0- 24 K/3 3% K
)
Intensifying Adjectives ) % 9A & .21

) % 9A & K/"4 /"Y 79-$ &A 790 A K P! K/3( *#$
:E .G"4 3,A B2# 9D1
(emphasizers) 9& (1)

(amplifiers) ! 39AN (2)
(downtoners) ! P 9!% % (3)
:K%
.G"4 ! /3( Q0) 92 !0 F /"Y 790 A ) % 9& (1)
a true scholar (R" T30D)
[1]
plain nonsense (J"0G ) [7]
a clear failure ( /"% J()
[2]
the simple truth (Q30D T22) [8]
pure [sheer] fabrication (QE D
I%) [3]
an outright lie (I K/"A )) [9]
a real [undoubted] hero (KD0 T30D)[4]
sheer arrogance (: "G-&D )) [10]
a certain winner ( 6"P 0
)
[5]
a sure sign ("4 R0
)
[11]
a definite loss ( 790A +& -;L# )
[6]
"&
%
D FGA2Z
>90 A 9& K/0 #) ) % 39AN (2)
.G9%$& & *0 A - G"4 Q) % T&
a complete victory ("P : ") ~ The victory was complete. (.*"L 9"& /"0 : " "P)
Great destruction (J P# 4 ) ~ The destruction was great. ( .* J P# 4)
:GAEE4 ! /3( Q0) ) % 9A & "&

&
a complete fool (:O K/A/% +0) ~ *The fool is complete.
a firm friend (?%Y2 5, ) ~ *The friend is firm.
T'0 X9M%
: 9%Y2 firm F//A/% +0 X30O complete 2
1 4
.G(4 >9%$&
>9-$ 9& K/0 #) 92 F /"Y 79-$ DE _ "
! P 9!% % (3)
:K%
.G"4 !) % T&
Q0) 92 E !0 # % XE .GA2Z
a slight headache (3P H4 5(A)

a feeble cry (/A 1)
:G"4 L 9M%
K4 ,- 9A & )$& X) % 9A &
He is a true scholar. ( .R" T30D 4 ) ~ He is truly a scholar. ( .R" 4 K30D )
It was a clear failure. ( . /"% J( 4 ) ~ It was clearly a failure. ( . /"% 4 3( )
It is utter folly to do that. ( .= 2 ) 70 : ) ~ It is utterly foolish to do that.
Restrictive Adjective ) % 5& .22

: .GA& 2 79%$& X! 3%% ) % 5&
a certain person (,& K6A
)
his chief excuse (D4 J%% X )
the principal object (K, J%%)
the exact answer (-1 :)
the sole argument ( 7-HE 92)
the same student ( P 0 H,O)
the only occasion (Q% ) 24)
the specific point (90 RD
DE)
the particular child (E4 #$)
the very man (_2 T30D)
:K%
.G"4 33%
K4 ,- 5& ) % 5& *#4
It is the main reason. (.-% J%% ) ~ It is mainly the reason. (.-% 4 K%% )
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&" .7

That was the precise reason. ( .* 4-% T30D )

~ That was precisely the reason. ( .* -% 4 3( )
Adjectives which can be only predicatively ) % K/AEE4 E-O R(& Q0) .23
-$ R2 ) % : 4 .G"4 ,9, !2"-O R(& Q0) E I "4 ) % R04
:G(& &
NOUN / PRONOUN + LOOK, FEEL, BE, APPEAR, SEEM,...
( R / H" + LOOK, FEEL, BE, APPEAR, SEEM ...
+ PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE
+
Q) % R(&)
FA !"MD K/ I "4 Q 1-

?0- 30 0 I$& X) % R(& K3M96( 2A 4
K/ I "4 T30D ! +#
30 = "4 K
A &A ,OA X"MD-;D F3
!P% X
.G9%$& !,
ill well unwell faint.

You don't look very well. ( .G0 =9%
,OA X"MD)
Have you been ill? (< "0 >P)
I feel faint. ( .K0 (D PD K
)
:) % R(& K/A I$& 34
glad
alike
content
alive
upset
alone
far
ashamed
near
asleep
afraid
awake
alert
aware (of)
e.g. I'm so glad you were able to come. ( .;[ O =4 K

K X"(& X(%)
She's upset because she can't go out tonight. (._'4 =4 3/A"3 3% & K 4 )
He is afraid of any animals. ( .G00 MAD 4 :0D )
Which is my briefcase? They all look alike to me.
(.G- L$& H,O N

D E <_9"O Q1$D X(
A0)
Thank God you're still alive! ( .KAD !A K% !*& P2 O)
I prefer to live alone. ( .KAEO A # /"A K
)
You ought to be ashamed of yourself! (.=(& X,0 8
NL#$ _ 0 K%)
I fell asleep on the sofa. ( .K9)0 I!O IG 9" 2@% K
)
'Did I disturb you?' 'No, I was already awake.'
( .K/"4 >/A K3" K
F:A <
GA0 IL# A O2 % K
)
.G(& >, /" 0 *" 4 K6A
A& "& I "4 -O R(& ) % K P
:K%
afraid of
amazed at
worried about
good at
I am afraid of driving a car. ( .K00 9AD

K
)
She is amazed at Jake. ( .*"0 KAD 9(1 )
Mary is worried about her husbands death. ( .*2 /A0 )- X,"A
)
Buvinur is good at English. ( .,OA - 4)
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
Z /3( X) %

Ordering of adjectives in premodification
Position of adjectives in relation to determiners X) % 5M%
"#$% & .24
#$% R K4 "#$% & R2 ) % "G 0 J /3( *" X4 #$% R
:G(& 9 X#$% T&
4
"#$% &
determiners
BOTH
ALL
HALF
THE
THIS/THESE
THAT/THOSE
MY etc.
K% 2
ordinals
#$% 3
quantifiers
LAST
NEXT
OTHER
FIRST
SECOND
etc.
C
FEW
LOT OF
LITTLE
1,2,3, etc
) %
adjectives
4 #$% R

noun phrase
ADJECTIVES*
NOUN PHRASE
:
:K%
.G" #$ ! 4 (Noun Phrase) 4 #$% R 9Z +O 4 .1
frying pan alarm clock office block
law school
science block.
#$ !"MD K/9, Q) % ! "$4 4 A ;MD +O 4 .2
:K%
.G"
gold coin, woman driver, government buildings, the city centre.
:K%
.GA9BMA Z ) % 34 4 4 "MD +O 4 .3
a famous old Georgian city center (T&
D K'11 T20 JN2 4)
Order of adjectives Z X) % .25

KG J /3( *" - ) % 4 #$% R KG E "-21 0 A
"& P ,(& &A "& ) % : &A G J /3( *" FI "4
( G 4 K/(& ) % .G"4 Z DE 59% XE Z X) %
:G"4 LL0) A4 KA 5& +O Q$ -$ I
KA T&
3" (I)
! 39AN F 9& A) ) % 9A & A& X!3"0 #$% & A FA 4
slight Fcomplete Fsheer Fdefinite Fcertain :K%
:G(& (! P 9!% % KA T&
(II)
Q$ X) % FK/"4 DE 5) % % I$& FA) ) % T&
KA 4
.empty Frich Fsilent Fstupid Fugly Fhungry :K%
.: " () % K/A"L0 ("$
KA T&
0 (III)
- (sleeping Fretired :K%
F*& :
X!'() A) !) % A 4
.G(& (pink Fred :K%
)*) %
. 231 .
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&" .7

KA " X#$% T&

4 #$% R (IV)
7& ! A) ) % :0 A DE J F:1 DE 5) % A 4
! K/"4 /3( - ) % K/9%$& L$& 0 0 FQ
F() % K/0 %
:K%
.G(&
Austrian, Midwestern, experimental, statistical, political, statutory
:G"4 3,B-L$& Z -$ %% " 0 A
I + II
certain important people (
2 4 K6A
)
I + III
the same restricted income (R& 23
H,O)
I + IV
your present annual turnover (
% Q JA 9-$ X%)
II + III
a funny red hat () +0 9"P 4)
II + IV
an enormous tidal wave ( 3"Y2 B2 Y# QAP)
I + II + IV certain rich American film producers ( , & J(
4 R0 4 )
G"4 2Z =-$ >0 ?B& ( Z 0 A
Age (HA)
Value
Size
Temperature
Shape
90 &-
Z(
&A &
"G 0
Beautiful
small
old
round
Nice
little
young
square
Famous
enormous
new
triangular
Important
heavy
original
circular
Dirty
light
cold
L-shaped
Tall
hot
Colour
Origin
N &A 9(% K0
%
7&
red
French
blue
Victoria
black
London
white
domestic
light blue
urban
dark green
rural
Material
;6
(_O)
iron
wooden
cotton
woolen
plastic
metal
:XBM"2A
1 -$ K H!0% K% 9% Z 4
Very soon a train should come.. ( .9(& A) 4 ! ?0- 30 9AD)
.XB-G 9!%
Z 0 A )D 2 come - )D H4 X#$% 4 D
1 4
V=Value S=Size A=Age T=Temperature
Sh=Shape C=Colour O=Origin M=Material
/Z( LL# 9Z 0 A .A ,9, " X 4 X) % I$& EM R2 92
:*(4 ;
04 K3) & 9) % H4 Q$ -$ .G"4 3,A)
a beautiful old red London bus(% 49) & 5N +0 JA XY")
all those enormous circular wooden tables (
D X"9% :!
A F K/"%A 9PA )
the last few original Victorian iron bridges (&L-$& 4 0O K/"%A 9E) X69B- T20)
:
>(& I " 0 !/" X) % K/(& I"M% "6(
&A
*& +'() _ "
.1
.

7 =-$ Z Q) % 0 A P 4 .

,(0
V
a painted ceramic tile

grow "4 growing
Sh
VERB FORM
a growing French problem
F& K
# K$ X'() KB2 paint "4 painted 2!"
0 A
.G"4 & + X'() KB2
=-$ FI "4 #$% K/9,

79& &A 79& R2 "4 Little .2
:4 *,9,
a pretty little house a tiny little man a sweet little girl a beautiful little pub
.G9,
HL 9)$& &A 79AN #4 24 =-$ big
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
a great big dog

.G(& " X) % K/A2Z 0 F& XZ 0 A F 92
a big bad wolf a big handsome policeman a big tall building
a big fat man
XE "4 =2 /"0 >(& 9"4 Q) % K/A2Z 0 : &A 92 .3
:K%
.GBM"4 "4 :0 Z 9D1 KG
a beautiful, intelligent woman
an intelligent, beautiful woman
24 A0D
D .G"4 5"6B2 :A 0) X4 +O 0 A
0 .GA2Z RD
A9 X) % ! H) 9 Q) %
.GBM9, !&2) % : #4 E FI "4 ) % K P K/"4 J0 Z FK/A2Z
a good honest meal
a good plain steak
a sweet old-fashioned girl
KB2 rather &A quite /"4 7- 7- .GAEE4 7- _D Q) % _D #$% 4 KB2 pretty .4
4 J0 : ) She is a pretty clever student. :K%
.G(& I "4 H
K4 "#$%
.GA2Z
H,O K4
1 4 KB2 She is quite a clever student.
1 4 KB2 (. P0
and &A H) 4 "D F:"4 &B2 . P 0 4 J0 _D JA 4 "4 4
:G"4 =B2 :
>9,
She's a pretty, clever student. She's a pretty and (a) clever student.
She's a clever, pretty student.
:9, (and).._D F- #$% /P4 &A (comma) H) 2!"MD =-$ A 4 .5
:K4 *) % .a
a blue and red striped tie (= 9" : "A +0 _D =$&)
a brown, yellow and green background (H L$& 0 5N +,(A - J(% F1)
:K4 ) % K/9, 2-O R(& .b
I'm tired and hungry. (.9 R3%0 _D R K
)
:/"4 00 RD
!,O ) % !
D .c
He is young and handsome and romantic. ( .59
Y _D K3!
0 FHA )
He is young, handsome and romantic.
Formation of Adjectives ,%A X) % .26

&A & K/ >0) DE
& #$% 34 X) % R0 I$& :
92
:GA"4 & 7,"O
right
wrong
big
small
little
tall
thin
black
I$& .G(4 _2A ,

X) % E FI "4 !
0 0 R0 4 :4
:*/"0
&A 6% % O K2Z 2! X% _ "
F>(& I " 0 P!
0 0 4 : -y
:G(& I2Z L$&
air - airy cloud - cloudy dirt - dirty ease - easy fog - foggy fun - funny mist misty grease - greasy hair - hairy health - healthy hunger - hungry luck - lucky
noise - noisy rubber ~ rubbery silk - silky thirst - thirsty water - watery
:GA,O 0 A *& R X) % -$ :4

busy, lazy, pretty, tidy, tiny
X
2
& >(& I " 0 P! K/9%$&
2 _ & 4
0 0 4 : -ly
:GL& ) % K/(4 IL 9 & 9) %
. 233 .
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&" .7

brotherbrotherly cowardcowardly fatherfatherly

manmanly
womanwomanly mothermotherly
leisure-?-leisurely lifelively
shape-shapely
friendfriendly
homehomely
earth (un) earthly
"#$% 4 FG9, 9%A "#$% K/(4 I"M% 90- = "$44 _ "
A
0 0 4
:G"4 ,9, 7- F Q) %
hourhourly daydaily nightnightly weekweekly
monthmonthly
yearyearly
fortnightfortnightly
//9(& >,,O 9D &A L$& >(& I " 0 P!

0 0 4 :-like
.GL& ) % K/A2Z
godgodlike
life lifelike
businessbusinesslike
workman workmanlike
childchildlike
cat - catlike
: 4 ,9, K P X

0 0 4 :-ish
PE &A 3/9(& >,,O PE F>(& I " 0 A& X! K/9%$&
2 _ & 4 (1
:GL& ) % K/A2Z //0 !, K
A H,O
child childish
fool foolish man mannish
snob snobbish
self - selfish
) % K/A2Z XE &A ,& - "2 F>(& I " 0 /
Q"2 (2
:GL&
BritainBritish DenmarkDanish SpainSpanish
:# &A =)$& ) % +O F>(& I " 0 ) % K/A2Z N ) "4 F) % R04 (3
:GL& ) % 34 K/A2Z
red reddish green greenish white whitish fatfattish young youngish
9) % X% F>(& I " 0 P! ?&94 ) "4 FP!

0 0 4 :-ful
:GL& ) % K/A2Z 33 K4 % &A
beautybeautiful
hopehopeful
truthtruthful
carecareful
playplayful
useuseful
doubtdoubtful
faithfaithful
shameshameful
skillskilful
wonderwonderful grategrateful
K/A2Z %
9) % X% >(& I " 0 P!
0 0 4 :-less
:GL& ) %
aimaimless carecareless
meaningmeaningless
tacttactless
hopehopeless
pointpointless
useuseless
lifelifeless
speechspeechless
listless, reckless, ruthless
&A 96 70 !, : &A //AE!0 ,4 _ "

!
0 0 4 :-able/.ible
X4 A0 2 -ible &A -able O#$% .GA%A ) % K/A2Z /"4 X9640
: 4 -able !0 FG9, =)$& able (" F "4 :A 0 4 J( P ,(&
9%M4 E "#$% K3EO K4 -ible :4 .G"4 /"MA 2!'() &A R R04 K/"4
:GA"4 3,BM91
#$% 92 F3/"4 "#$% K&
:"#$% K/A I$& R04 K3EO K4 -able
accept
answer
read
believe
sale
desire
love
avoid
change
deny
acceptable@
answerable@
readable@
believable@
saleable@
desirable@
lovable@
avoidable@
changeable@
deniable@
eat
rely
reason
bear
recognize
drink
depend
consider
value
vary
eatable@
reliable@
reasonable@
bearable@
recognizable@
drinkable@
dependable@
considerable*
valuable*
variable*
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adapt
tax
despise
wash
regret
debate
laugh
admire
memory
respect
adaptable
taxable
despicable
washable
regrettable
debatable
laughable
admirable
memorable
respectable
. 234 .
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
P!'() &A R _ "

K/(& 8
) % 2 9" K3EO K4 able -$
:GA"4 ,9BM30
capable*
formidable
irritable
probable*
viable
vulnerable*
:"#$% K/9, I$& K3EO K4-ible

contemptible
convertible divisible* edible* eligible* fallible*
flexible* gullible horrible
intelligible@ legible*
possible*
responsible*
tangible*
terrible
visible*
feasible
*" /" X/" A0 "4 @ F K H%A & 5

0- 0 X0 A
R0 I$& K3EO K4 - Able .0 in
0 *" //" A0 "4 * F -un
0
in 92 .G(& K4 -in "#$% R0 I$& K3EO K4 -ible G(& K4 -un 92 "#$%
il "#$% K/!4 K4 )D l FA F9, I" K%% )D H4 X"#$% A ,
2E 4 .9, I 0 -ir "#$% K/!4 K4 )D r F -im "#$% K/!4 K4 )D p F :9, not &A #$ X -in 2!"MD 34
believableunbelievable
reliableunreliable
legibleillegible
visibleinvisible
K2Z 2! 2"#$% K/(& I!3( *#$ F>(& I " 0 P!

0 0 4 :-ed
0 I$& XE 4 .GA%A ) % K/A2Z 33-G I &A 4 XDE
.G"4 Q 24 K/(& I"M%
2
bad-tempered
knock-kneed
blue-eyed
left-handed
bow-legged
long-haired
cross-eyed
open-hearted
flat-chested
open-minded
good-natured
pale-skinned
XE &A ,& Q"2 >(& I " 0 A& X Q"2
0 0 4 :-ese
:GL& ) % K/A2Z
ChinaChinese
JapanJapanese
VietnamVietnamese
XE &A ,& Q"2 F>(& I " 0 A& X Q"2

0 0 4 :-(i)an
:GL& ) % K/A2Z
AfricaAfrican
BrazilBrazilian
- T2 !0 FGL& ) % F>(& I " 0 A& X X!,O F,2) A 4
:G9, 9"M% D T%6%
GeorgeGeorgian ElizabethElizabethan
VictoriaVictorian
RepublicRepublican
ParliamentParliamentarian FrancisFranciscan
K2Z 2!'() ) % K/"%A : 4 FG9, 9%A Q) % 2!'()

0 0 4 :-ive
:*/A I$& 2) % 2 4 .G(& I2Z DE XD-7
administeradministrative
constructconstructive
destroydestructive
extendextensive
respondresponsive
explodeexplosive
impressimpressive
digestdigestive
possesspossessive
succeedsuccessive
attractattractive
intendintensive
exceedexcessive
progressprogressive
:QD P!
0 0
9
- FK)-R FQ6") 0 E I "4 !
0 0 R0 I$& 34 A .1
:E .GL& ) % K/A"M% 'A %D%
-ist, e.g. socialismsocialist
-al, e.g. crimecriminal
. 235 .
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&" .7

-ic, e.g. sciencescientific;

-ory, e.g. satisfysatisfactory;
-ate, e.g. affection-affectionate;
ous, enormous, previous and serious.
-ary, e.g. revolutionrevolutionary;

-ical, e.g. geographygeographical;
-ent, e.g., dependdependent.
! K/9, R2 K& 3

K
( X(9% + )Y-A-*D R0 4 A .2
& Q) % K/9, R2 X sun :K%
.G"4 *& Q) % "D 8
X! 4 FI "4
"#$% :
"-21 -$ .G9, I2 a sunny day >(& I " 0 K4 day 4 FI "4 sunny
:*(4
& R
body
*& Q) %
bodily Physical
& R
moon
& Q) %
moon('s) lunar
country
cat
day
dog
eye
hand
home
law
mind
country
cat('s)
daily
dog('s)
eye
hand
homely
law
mind
mouth
night
salt
sea
star
time
tooth
town
year
mouth
nightly
salty
rural
feline
diurnal
canine
optical
manual
domestic
legal
mental
oral
nocturnal
saline
sea
marine/maritime
starry
timely
tooth
town
yearly
stellar
temporal
dental
urban
annual
Adjectives describing measurement ) % K/(4 I"M% "4-_"$ .27

K/(4 I"M% "4-_"$ &A *3
X!3"0 ?0- FQ0 FJ"/( F5&-
:G"4 3%A J0 E
@ -$ 92 ) %
CARDINAL NUMBER ( !% :%)+ UNIT OF MEASUREMENT ( 5"4 _"$)
.G"4 =2Z I2 a three day-conference 4 "4 /A 4 K/,
-2 K & :K%
.G(& & 5"4 92 "4 day 2A 4

:!"
34
a ten-ton lorry
a half-hour programme
a 300 mm lens (a three-hundred-millimeter lens)
a six-mile walk
a five-hour driv
a fifteen-storey building a five-star hotel
a three-course meal
a sixteen-year-old schoolgirl
a twelve-inch ruler
a five-day week
a three-liter engine
a two-piece suit
) % =0 A " % H,O Z9, !% 2 / X!% :% 4 A
:K%
.AE6%A
a first-class restaurant
a third-rate (=poor) production
a second-year student
a seventeenth-century painting a third-floor flat.
Nationality names and adjectives *& Q) % XE - *

Q
FQ"2 .28
:!A) 2E
@ -$ )$& /%A & Q) %
Q
- Q"2 92
:G"4
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
-ese
-ESE
-(DAN ( -N)
-ISH ( SH, CH)
-I
-(i)an (-n)
China Chinese
JapanJapanese
Lebanon Lebanese
MaltaMaltese
PortugalPortuguese
SudanSudanese
Vietnam
Vietnamese
AfricaAfrican
AmericaAmerican
IndiaIndian
AsiaAsian
HungaryHungarian
IranIran
ian
ItalyItalian
ArgentinaArgentinian AustraliaAustralian
LibyaLibyan
BelgiumBelgian
MexicoMexican
BrazilBrazilian NorwayNorwegian
CanadaCanadian
RomaniaRomanian
EgyptEgyptian RussiaRussian
EuropeEuropean ScandinaviaScandinavian
GermanyGerman
VenezuelaVenezuelan
NAME OF COUNTRY
(
X"2)
0 A :Q332)
( .

,9%$& 3"O ; ) &A ,9%$&
2 E4 - "2 2!9 K/"4 H,O
-ish(-sh, -ch)

Q"2
& Q) %
%0 ) E4
3"O Q
&A Q"2
Britain
British
a Briton
the British
Denmark Danish
a Dane
the Danes or the Danish
England
English
an Englishman
Englishmen or the English
Finland
Finnish
a Finn
the Finns or the Finnish
Ireland
Irish
an Irishman
Irishmen or the Irish
Poland
Polish
a Pole the
Poles or the Polish people
Scottish Scots, Scotch a Scot, a Scotsman
Scotsmen, the Scots, Scottish people
Scotland
Spain
Spanish
a Spaniard
the Spanish (people)
Sweden
Swedish
a Swede
the Swedes or the Swedish
Turkey
Turkish
a Turk
the Turks or the Turkish people
Wales
Welsh
a Welshman
Welshmen or the Welsh
France
French
a Frenchman
Frenchmen or the French
Holland
Dutch
a Dutchman
Dutchmen or the Dutch
:K%
.G9, K H"M% &(A &A 5 TBM' R0 4 X6B! 92 Scotch :7%
Scotch whisky (3D 6!)
Scotch eggs (
O 6!)
!
0 34 - -i

Q"2
& Q) %
%0 ) E4
Czechoslovakia
Czech
a Czech
Greece
Creek
a Greek
Iraq
Iraqi
an Iraqi
Israel
Israeli
an Israeli
Kuwait
Kuwaiti
a Kuwaiti
Oman
Omani
an Omani
Pakistan
Pakistani
a Pakistani
Qatari
a Qatari
Qatar
Switzerland
Swiss
a Swiss
Thailand
Thai
a Thai
Saudi
Arabia Saudi
a Saudi
. 237 .
3"O Q
&A Q"2
the Czechs
the Greeks
the Iraqis
the Israelis
the Kuwaitis
the Omanis
the Pakistani
the Qataris
the Swiss
the Thais
the Saudis
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&" .7
:!D
3"O K ) Fan Arab F:"4 &2Z
2 E4 - 9
: Arab (1
(*2-I$ ) :K%
.G"4Arab !A & Q) % .G"4 =2 the Arabs :"4 &%$&
FArabian Night Q) % 4 KB2 Arabian .G"4 =, I2 Arabic "4 . Arab customs
+09%
Saudi 92 .G9, # 9AD #D 2!"MD 34 2 =B2 Saudi Arabian
.G"4 J)-
( =, # /"A "D
3"O T2 DA K ) F=2 a Jew :"4 &2Z 2 E4 X
4 : (T2 DA) Jew (2
:K%
.G"4 Jewish & Q) % .G"4 =B2 the Jewish people &A the Jews :"4 &2Z
Jewish Customs ( *2-I$ X!62DA)
.G6B2 Hebrew "4 ( Q"2 6 0#D A) XE
Comparison of adjectives HG 9,(% ) %

Three type of comparison * +O XG 9,(% ) % .29
:E F

HG 9,(% " % +O ) %
(Comparison in relation to higher degree) HG 9,(% 2 *0 A (a)
(Comparison in relation to the same degree) HG 9,(% 2 H,O (b)
(Comparison in relation to a lower degree) HG 9,(% 2 K-$ (c)
:G"L 9 & K4
=-$ * +O 4 XG 9,(%
#$% K3EO K4 -est - -er 2"#$% :
P4 &A 4 HG 9,(% 2 *0 A (a)
most K4 more "4 2) % :
P4 I$& &A FJ0 & 7#$ O
:G"L 9 & J0
Amine is
Amine is the
cleverer
more clever
more beautiful
cleverest
most clever
most beautiful
( .=( 2)

)
than Paride. ( .=( 2)
)
( .="# 2)
)
( . P 0 K( 9Z%
)
student in the class.
( . P 0 ;# 9Z%
)
:G"L 9 & K4 soas #4 FJ0 asas HG 9,(% 2 H,O (b)
Amine is as tall as Rayile. ( .( =2
)
Buvinur is not as / so tall as Amine. ( .8
( =2
- 4)
:G"L 9 & J0 least - less HG 9,(% 2 K-$ (c)
This problem is less difficult than the previous one. ( .K% /0 /3" %
4)
This is the least difficult problem of all. ( .K %
K%
D 4)
FG(& 8
,- "4 F9%"0 >(& 8
!) % " % HG 9,(% =0 A
& :
A F& 2 +O ,- R0 4 # - ) % R0 I$&
2
- (Comparative degree) 2
9,(% F2 % &A (Absolute form)
G0 I2 2 % 92 & :
X,- &A Q) % .G"4 " (Superlative degree)
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
:*9%$& +& +O 4 "-21 -$ .G4(D %% X& 2 34

D
:B-21 HG 9,(% ,- - Q) %
ABSOLUTE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
(,#$ XO #$%)

Adjective
Adverb
Adjective
Adverb
high
soon
higher
sooner
( " 0 X!
0 /" #$%)
complex
more complex
difficult
less difficult
comfortably
more comfortably
likely
less likely
highest
soonest
most complex
least difficult
most comfortably
least likely
Q) % - DE X"4 K/ 9 & G 9,(% 2 K-$ - 2 *0 A
) % &
9,(% 50 ) % FK%% DE : 1-
X& 2
.G"4 3,0 +D >A I2 ) % &
9,(% 0 -
Regular forms of Comparison *& 50 XG 9,(% .30

) % K/"4 &
9,(% 50 K%% *& 50 XG 9,(%
/O & % X) % K%% ) % &
9,(% 50 FI "4 K/96( 90
.G9%$& ) % K/"%A K4 " 0 X!
0 K/A%A & 2
-
9,(%
:-$ *" % ?B& XG 9,(% ) % : 4
:HG 9,(% Z)G &A ?(64 (a)
A is as big as B
( . H,O P B
A)
A is bigger than B. ( 2 B "4A )

A is bigger than the rest. ( . 2)D 34 "4A)
:HG 9,(% Z)G &A ?64 : (B)
A is the biggest of all the letters in the group.

(.N Z)G
"4 A)
:!"G 0 K/A R2 P 9,(% #$ 'A
AS + ADJ. + AS ( .GA2Z 3/9(& >,,O 9) % X'A 4 A X9) % 'A 4)
NOT + AS + ADJ. + AS ( .GA2Z 3/A,O 'A 4 A X9) % 'A 4)
NOT + SO + ADJ. + AS ( .GA2Z 3/A,O 'A 4 A X9) % 'A 4)
ADJ.+ER + THAN ( .GA2Z -$ &A *0 A 'A 4 34 X9) % 'A 4)
THE + ADJ.-EST + OF or IN ( .GA2Z -$ &A *0 A
D 34 X9) % 'A 4 _ "
Z)G 4 )
!96(4 : - &
9,(% K/ 9,(% 96(4 Z)G &A 92
>A) %4 X" % +O =-$ &
K/"L$& P 9,(% !Z)G &A
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&" .7
:G%A
:
P4 &A 4 92 ; % +O 4 ." % H%A I 0 -est &A -er A& X) % .a
.G(& 8
) %

P4 : ; % +O 4 ." % H%A I 0 most &A more /" X) % .b
.G(& 8
) % K"L#
2
-
9,(% I 0 -est K4 -er A& X) % 2!"MD =-$ .a
:A%A
:(Monosyllables) "#$% :
P4 : .1
small-smaller-smallest
dry-drier-driest
green-greener-greenest
brave-braver-bravest
gay-gayer-gayest
near-nearer-nearest
:!D
HG- :G#% R9(0 %4 )D HG- =L# ;-- M )D & "#$%
("& A4 "G 0 -$ A) "& %4 )D HG- =L# A O %4 )D
:G(A H0 HG- =L# 0O
CONSONANT( HG- =L# ) + SINGLE VOWEL( HG- :G#% :) + CONSONANT
sad-sadder-saddest thin-thinner-thinnest
fat-fatter-fattest
:(Disyllables) "#$% :
P4 H0 .2
:) % K3EO K4 E -ow - -ly F -y HG- :G#% % P (1
happy-happier-happiest
lively-livelier-liveliest
yellow-yellower-yellowest
(.#$ P -i -y "4 )D HG- =L# ID " X -y :Q332)
:) % K3EO K4 E -ure F-er F-ie (2
simple-simpler-simplest
clever-cleverer-cleverest
mature maturer-maturest
:) % K/A I$& 34 (3

common, handsome, polite, pleasant, quiet
:!D

-
9,(% XE >9, most - more A
D X) % :
P4 H0 4 (1)
%A >9, most - more 9% ;MD K" 9
#1 J( 92 .G"4 3%A &
.G"4
eagermore eagermost eager
I2 littler #4 2

9,(% X#$% 4 KB2 little K"&
(small)5& 92 (2)
:3( =, smaller / X littler :"4 &2 =& :4 .G"4
!"MD K/4
.G"4
& 2
-
9,(% ," 0 X un-
0 *" K/A%A
(3)
.GA%$& % P,%A
happy-happier.
unhappy-unhappier

-
9,(% I 0 most K4 more /" X) % 4 2!"MD -$ . b
:A%A 2
:) % K"& K4 !
0 0 -$ (1
ful, -less, -al, -ic, -ate, -ish, -ed, -ing, -ous, -ive, -ent, -ory/-ary, -(i)an, -st, -able/-ible
useful-more useful-most useful
vital-more vital-most vital
private-more private-most private
amused-more amused-most amused
serious-more serious-most serious
recent-more recent-most recent
hopeless-more hopeless-most hopeless public-more public-most public
foolish-more foolish-most foolish
boring-more boring-most boring
pensive-more pensive-most pensive
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
.) % :
P4 H0 34 K/9, I$& H,O P!3"0 solemn Fforeign (2
:K%
.) % K"L#
P4 : J"4 34 (3
Peculiar ~ more peculiar ~ most peculiar
Horrible ~ more horrible ~ most horrible
cowardly ~ more cowardly ~ most cowardly
Irregular forms of comparison *& 0 XG 9,(% .31

X2
-
9,(% X) % 4 FI "4 ) % I 4 K/9, R2
:GA,O & 2 % %%
good ~ better ~ best
little ~ less ~ least
much ~ more ~ most

bad ~ worse ~ worst
far ~ farther ~ farthest (further ~ furthest)
"G 9,(% X Old

4 ) "4 FG J /3( FG"4 2 oldest &A older A4 0 old
.G9, eldest &A elder *&
9,(% 0 F%$& Z Q H " P X,&
:K%
My elder / older sister is an artist. ( .? _ X(

)
His eldest / oldest son is still at school. ( .9)9&
( "4 X )
:GA"(& >, than A& X FGA"E4 &
9,(% T30D elder

older
than me. ( . HA
_&)
My brother is three years

*eldest
"G 9(% X ill - well Fgood

: 2
-
9,(% H,O PE bad - good *22 O ill K4 well
Well ~ better ~ best
ill ~ worse ~ worst
.GA"4 , best 2
X well 90 /"MD 5
E% X
2
She has been ill but she is getting better. (.GM,OA *P4 #D :4 FK/"0 >P )
She is not well, and now she is getting worse.
(.GM," ( "MD X #D F8
,OA "MD X )
*He is best. (O)
:GA"(& >4 K4 2 !D XE 4 4 K"& K4 ill - well Fgood
~ better-looking
~ best-looking
~ more good-looking
~ most good-looking
good-looking
"G 9,(% X small - little

K4 smaller FA FG"4 2
-
9,(% H,O K4 small 92 little
:G4(D *2 Q) % K/A!3( ! K/"4 /% smallest
little
Kamran is only a
child. ( .E4 5& 4 Q0) K
&)
small
He is smaller than Irxat. ( .=& 9( )
Mahinur is the smallest child in our family. ( .E4 5& 2 D
)
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&" .7
Use of comparatives and superlatives ,9, X& 2

-
9,(% .32
92Z :0 /0 39(64 4 A 9D1 Q) % X9(64 4 _ "
(a
.G9,
e.g. Pluto is more distant than Mars. ( .:0A /0 3%
K ))
Urumqi is a bigger city than Korla. ( .:N/0 D E& *D
L )
It is better to see once than to hear thousand times. ( .E K$& 4 /N X
)
+O =-$ 4 F:"4 096( I2
B2
K/96( 0 A 4

:AE96( " %
:K%
.G"4 :!A) "G 0 NOT SO/AS... AS (1
B is not as/so big as A. ( .8
=2 A "4 B)
Mars is not so/as distant as Pluto . ( .8
:A = ) 8
)
Korla city is not so/as big as Urumqi city. (.8
=D
L *D E&)
:K%
.G"4 0!A) 2) % 5
0- 0 (2
B is smaller than A. ( .=& /0 P A "4 B)
Korla city is smaller than Urumqy city. (.=& /0 D
L *D E&)
:K%
.G"4 &, least K4 less K/"4 & X most K4 more (3
( .* :# /0 /" QO)
Ahmet is less tired than Alim.
The blue pen is the least expensive of all the pens in this shop.
( .%4 K/"4 :#
"0 J"4 34
4 "4 _"0 5N =$& 4)
X!9(64 J"4 A !2!"MD =0 A Q0) K4 least &A less &
9,(% +O 4
0 A .G"4 =, /"4 K-$ X 9) % X!9(64 R0 4 # FI "4 X 9) %
F=&4 R" :4 F3/ X D R" K4 QO F:"4 K/A0 4 X!"
J"4
"4 "
.GA2Z 3/ :4 /0 /" "4 QO
:# ;% /0
"0 34 X
"0 5N =$& :4 F Q0 X
"0
.GA2Z
:G9, 9"M% 'A _ "
K3M,"1 &A K3M6 & (b
People are getting more and more worried about the present economic situation.
( .90- "4 ?-? *(P4 9,"# A T293 0#D ,&)
In spite of my diet, I seem to be getting fatter and fatter.
(.KM0 (D =3M9(& >
% =&4 ( (" F
"4 K3M9"# 0
K H!0G )
As I get older, I find I am getting less and less interested in politics.
(.KM0 (D 33--$ *(P4 X,30 K/"4 /6%6% X
L#$ K
F>, /,(4 >6N X,(A)
3/,"1 :0 &A K/6 & :0 P 9,(% 'A 4 X'A _ "
(c
:-$ "G 0 K/9, I$& .G9, 9"M%
LESS
LESS
THE
MORE A, THE MORE B.
-ER
-ER
e.g. The bigger your income, the more you spend.(.G6)$&
3 F*(/"4 I$& &)
:K%
.G9, 4 ,- A "4 F9%"0 >9, !4 ) % +& +O 4
e.g. The sooner you finish, the sooner you can go home.
(.KAE9A0 A$ ( F"E4 IG 9EO ( 0)
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7. Adjectives
BILGKUT
Adjective + Preposition ) % K/(& >, ! /" 0 *" R2 .34-6
eager
famous
fit
good
grateful
late
prepared
qualified
ready
sorry
suitable
useful
responsible
eligible
at
amazed
amused
astonished
shocked
surprised
bad
brilliant
clever
expert
good
hopeless
quick
weak
against
prejudiced
for
answerable
bad
bound
convenient
due
{=
ready}

To
accustomed
allergic
answerable
attentive
averse
blind
close
contrary
due
faithful
harmful
inferior
married
new
peculiar
sensitive
similar
superior
thankful
used(=
accustomed)
about
angry
annoyed
anxious
certain
clear
concerned=
worried)
crazy
curious
doubtful
excited
glad
happy
hesitant
honest
mad
mistaken
positive
puzzled
sad
selfish
sensible
sensitive
serious
sincere
sorry
sure
suspicious
thrilled
uneasy
worried
wrong
of
afraid
ahead
ashamed
aware
capable
certain
confident
conscious
critical
envious
fond
full
guilty
independent
jealous
proud
sick
sure
suspicious
tired
concerned
contented
delighted
disappointed
disgusted
familiar
level
patient
pleased
satisfied
from
absent
different
safe
separate
with
angry
with
someone
annoyed with
someone
busy
on
dependent
intent
keen
in
(in)experienced
interested
How to apply for a college abroad? <=(& 70 89 :0 0 "'
2A 3,0 ;D %
K P K/A A1 70 89 0 "' X $ &
/A 4 K3M " P K4 9
O 9 9&Y2 2A FI!

0 : " 9&Y2 (
F-$ FK K "4
.*(4 9( : " X9O KP#A / P 0 4 _ "
K3M$ >, %G# H 0 "' X,0
300 Solano Park Cir. Apt. 12H

Davis, CA 95616
Tel: 916-757-1527
July 5, 2000
Dear Adil,
I was told that you have a plan to study in the USA. I am very glad to hear that. In order for
our people to have a better future, we need to have many ambitious young people like you. In
order to let the world know our existence, we need many highly educated people who can
compete in various international stages. I hope you will show continuous efforts until you
achieve your goal.
Enclosed you find the copies of Petersons Guides on Biology and a simplified map of the
USA. I hope these materials will be useful for you in finding schools that you are looking for
in the USA. Please share these materials with as many other Uighur people as possible, and
let our other young Uighur brothers and sisters know this service if they are ambitious enough
to study abroad.
To enroll to a graduate school in the USA, three major steps need to be taken: (1) Qualify in
TOEFL and GRE; (2) Write letters to as many schools as possible asking for Application
Forms and for other related information; (3) Apply (fill out Application Forms and send them
to the school that you intend to enroll with required application fee) to several schools. The
materials that I am sending you will" help you to find schools that are proper for you. When
you write your first letter to a school, your letter should be very brief without containing any
personal information. Because this letter is just for getting Application Forms, and the person
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&" .7
who reads it is only the graduate secretary of individualdepartment. The decision on your
admission will be made by the university's Admissions Office only after you send your
complete Application Forms. The copy of Peterson's Guides that I sent you contain, among
other things, the name and the address of the person to whom you should send your first
letter. For your convenience, I wrote a sample letter for you at the end of this letter.
When you start to apply to schools, a group of Uighur students here in the USA can give you
further assistance. One of our services is to pay the Application Fees up to two schools per
person. In order to get this service, you must meet the application requirements in TOEFL and
GRE (if applicable). When you meet the qualifications in these exams, please send me the
following: (a) Copies of your TOEFL and GRE (if applicable) scores, (b) Names of the
department and university you applied, (c) Addresses of the school offices to which the
Application Fees should be sent. After receiving the above information, I will arrange to have
your application fees paid up to two schools to which you have applied. Please let us know if
you need any other help.
I wish you good luck.
Salamler bilan,
Yalkun
Yalkun Nur, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Research Associate

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of California, Davis
Davis, CA 99616
SAMPLE LETTER
Assume that your name is Barat Yasin, you are a student or a teacher at the Physics
Department of Xinjiang University, and you want to write your first letter to the graduate
secretary of Physics Department, University of California, Davis. Then your letter should
look like this:
Department of Physics,
Xinjiang University,
Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046,
P.R. Chaina
February 22, 2004
Graduate Secretary,
Department of Physics,
University of California, Davis,
Davis, CA 95616, USA,
To whom it may concern,
I am interested in applying to the graduate program in your department. Would you please
send me Application Forms for admission and financial aid, and other materials containing
information about your graduate program, department, and university?
Your prompt response will be highly appreciated.
Sincerely,
(Your signature here)
Barat Yasin
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Adverbs ,-
Characteristics of Adverbs
246
2. Adverbs of manner or process

3. Adverbs of time
4. Adverbs of place
5. Adverbs of degree.
Adverbs as clause element
249
6. Adverbs function as adverbials
249
249
7. Adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts, conjuncts
The adverbs and other word classes 250

250
251
252
252
8. Conjunct adverb and conjunction

9. Adjunct adverbs and conjunctions
10. Reaction signal and initiator
11. Adjunct adverbs and prepositions
Syntactic functions of adverbs

12. Adverbs used as modifiers
13. Modifier of adjective
14. Modifier of adverb
15. Modifier of particle, preposition
16. Modifier of pronoun, predeterminer, numeral
17. Postmodifying adverbs
18. Premodifying adverbs
19. Use of Else as a modifier
20. Adverbs functions as complement of preposition
21. Modifier of noun phrase
22. Correspondence between adjectives, adverbs
Comparison of adverbs
*" X - 7- .1

*,- Q"D .2
*,- ?0- .3
*,- KG .4
*,- 2 .5
,- K/"4 "$4

1 :

GA$ "Y Q"D ,- .6
! /P4 - ! /A F ) %
2A F ) % .7
*
& #$% 34 K4 ,-
/P4 - 7- /P4 .8
! /P4 - ,- ) % .9
,(4 #$% - * 8 .10
! /" 0 *" K4 ,- ) % .11
253
253
253
254
255
255
256
256
257
257
258
259
"Y J&9% X,-

,- K/"4 /3( .12
/3( X) % .13
/3( X,- .14
/3 X ... F"#$%
2A .15
/3( X!% - #$% & FH" .16
,- /3( 0 .17
,- /3( *" .18
,9, J /3( X Else .19
,- K/"4 /0 " X /" 0 *" .20
/3( X4 #$% R .21
J%
9 ,- K4 ) % .22
HG 9,(% ,-
260
23. Similarity in comparison of adverb, adjective

24. Comparison of adverbs
*DE X,-
246
247
248
248
248
1. Adverb and its types
260
261
J,O 9G 9,(% ) % - 7- .23
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*" % HG 9,(% ,- .24
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) *+ .8
Characteristics of Adverbs *DE X,-

Adverb and its types *" X - 7- .1
>(& I!3(
1 K ) A #4 !0 F,- 4 34 #$ FQ) % F+'()
1 7-
& 6% % O J"0 4-% - 2 F F90- F9"D F"4 = " XD -7
.Q 9 "4 T&
X4 #$% 7- "Y J%% X,- .G
& #$% K/ 9
,- 4 F,- T22 E .GA K%% DE 56"@
,-
.Q 2,- "%A -
.G9%$& ,- K3) & 2#$% T22 E4 (Simple Adverbs) ,- T22 (a)
:K%
.G9%$& ,$A - KG ,- T22 K/ P .well Fonly Fjust :K%
back
down
near
out
under
K4 ,(4 X"#$% T22 : (Compound Adverbs) ,- 4 (b)
:K%
.G9%$& ,- K/"%A
Somehow somewhere therefore where upon
hereby
herewith
whereto
,- K/"%A 2"#$% -
& #$% 34 (Derivational Adverbs) ,- "%A (c)
,- (A 2) % >A)
0 4
D FG"4 -ly
0 0 2,- R0 I$& .G9%$&
:K%
.G%A
Odd ~ oddly
interesting ~ interestingly
-wise :
clockwise
-ward(s): northward(s)
-fashion: schoolboy-fashion
:-$ !
0 K/A%A ,- "%A 34
-ways:
sideways
-style:
cowboy-style
:*0 H%A ,- J" -ly 2) %

-ly / X -le F9%A 7- 3EO & HG- =L# +-le 2) % (a)
: 9"
simple ~ simply
whole ~ wholly (% X0 0 A 4)
>#$ P -i -y F9%A 7- 3EO & HG- =L# +-y 2) % (b)
.G I "4 Q 1-
!!" *#4 #4 9,(A :4 .happy ~ happily :K%
.0 -ly
:K%
dry ~ drily / dryly

sly ~ slily / slyly
:G"0 >0% 2,- -y F#4
spry ~ spryly
coy ~ coyly
wry ~ wryly
gay ~ gaily
:G6# P,0 Q332 ,#$

A
due ~ duly
true ~ truly
7- K3EO K4 -ically X

D X3EO K4 -ical &A -ic 2) %
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8. Adverbs
BILGKUT
economic
tragic
~ economically
economical
~ tragically
tragical
.% XE 4 public ~ publicly :4

K4 -edly 7- /%A 7- & :
K3EO K4 -ed X!'() (d)
:K%
.G0 # Z)" I2 [-idli] FG,"O
marked /ma:kt/
~ markedly /ma:kidli
learned /l:nid/
~ learnedly /l:nidi/
assured /' ud/ ~ assuredly /' uridli/
:G%A 7- K3EO K4 -arily 3EO K4 -ary X) % (e)
secondary ~ secondarily
primary ~ primarily
:G"$4 04 =-$ K%%
- "Y
1 ,-
!3"0 fast Fwell FK%
.(Adverbs of manner or process) *,- Q"D
!3"0 tomorrow Ftoday Fearly Fsoon :K%
. (Adverbs of time) *,- ?0!3"0 nowhere Fsomewhere :K%
.(Adverbs of place) *,- KG
!3"0 enough Ftoo Fvery :K%
.(Adverbs of degree) *,- 2
!3"0 where Fwhen :K%
.(Interrogative adverbs) *,- :%
. (Conjunct adverbs) - /P4
.(Relative adverbs) *,- QM%
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
K/) & 2"#$% H,O

D X,- QM%
- - /P4 F*,- :%

1 XE 4 ) .G"LL0) I0 /"Y
1 - A0 X,- 4 F3/"4
I$& -$ (.*" A0 / 9 2&"$4 -11 F10 F9 F8 F7 F6-7 X44
0) - "Y
:*(4 ,- QM%
- ,- /P4 F*,- :% K/A
when
where
whenever
however
how
why
Adverbs of manner or process *,- Q"D .2

,- K/L4 33 "
:0 F % A-; % = " F9"D X9D 'A
:K%
.G6B2 ,- Q"D
He does anything carefully. (.G0 K4 JA9% , :0D )
Suddenly she began to cry. (.9& I!/A 0 A )
She smiled warmly. (.*
" & 33 )
barely
nervously
gratefully
together
calmly
carefully
. 247 .
:-$ *,- Q"D K/9, I$&

carelessly
rapidly
absurdly
anxiously
fast
quickly
fluently
awkwardly
sadly
slowly
patiently
suddenly
willingly
well
happily
intentionally politely
successfully
slowly
softly
proudly
angrily
badly
warmly
merrily
properly
mildly
unwillingly
stone-heartedly
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) *+ .8
Adverbs of time *,- ?0- .3

*,- ?0- ,- K/(4 IL 9 & 9M%
K/"4 K4 ?0- X9D 'A
.G6B2
He was absent from school yesterday. (.*"0 9)9&
K )
I will go to America next year. (.G4 /(
A (& )
7,( "
XD-7 F>(& >P4 P!'() "D 9%M4 &A 59%- *,- ?0P!"% =B2 /0 F*(4 0 FK0
1 FILL4 #
-?0- = " A1
:K%
.G(& I "4 -1
When can we meet? (<A"L$& K0)
We can meet the day after tomorrow in the morning. (.A"L$& K & $)
:-$ *,- ?0- K/9, I$&
early soon long since at once
at first at last
now yet then
today tomorrow
last night ago
tonight
before lately scarcely
already presently shortly immediately late just now finally usually
sometimes
yesterday
just
seldom never
ever generally hardly
frequently
occasionally
constantly
later (on)
continually
rarely
recently so far
always
often
right away
at the moment
Adverbs of place ,- KG .4

*,- KG ,- K/L4 ,$A XD - K/"4 A) X9D 'A
.G(& I "4 I-1 P!"% =B2 <A0 F2A0 F2A0 FA0
1 *,- KG .G6B2
:K%
He is going to school. (.GM9(& )9&

)
Well study abroad next year. (.A 0 "' A &(& 4)
everywhere
somewhere there
here
off
on out
in
down
up/downstairs upstairs
home
away
over
elsewhere
abroad
nowhere
anywhere
here
a long
back across
below
above
outside
inside
near
around
under
past
Adverbs of degree *,- 2 .5

& ( X6% % O "4 - "$ K% F2 F*3
X9) % - 9D 'A
:K%
.G6B2 *,- 2 ,- K/ 9
John is a very kind person. (.,& ; N$0 9AD K1)
I finished my book completely. (.R9 : " 49& K
)
:-$ *,- 2 K/A I$&
very so too enough
rather
fairly
much
little
quite almost
a bit pretty hardly
extremely
considerably
entirely
greatly
completely
awfully
terribly
definitely
perfectly
deeply
immensely
almost
scarcely
partly
half slightly
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8. Adverbs
BILGKUT
Adverbs as clause element ,- K/"4 "$4

1 :

E 4 FI "4 4 6 @ J&9% = " K/(4 IL 9 & DE X,-
X6 @ 4 9,- 4 _ "
92 FG ILL0) DE
& #$% 34 ,-
:A) & !"4 %4
:G"4 9"D
1 :
(a)
He quite forgot about his bike. (.*A0 >3 ( ) 9ZB- )
.G"4 /3( X,- &A Q) % (b)
They are quite happy.
(.; O 9AD E )
They are quite happily married. (.*0 K4 J" O 9AD E )
Adverbs function as adverbials GA$ "Y Q"D ,- .6

/0 " - PG" F-O F FA FGA$ "Y Q"D #$ X
1 :
,-
"G 0
1 :
FG"4 ,9, I!" R2 !0 .G(& I "4 Q"D A F="$4 4 +09%
.G G

Perhaps my suggestion will be accepted. (.E0 >0 ; 40 R) X(
;9[()
John always loses his pencils. (.GA0 >90A "0 H(0 R2 K1)
He has nevertheless refused to accept our advice. (.*0 Q ,0 ; 40 [% !A )
I spoke to her outside. (.R0 I 9% / K
)
Adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts ! /P4 - ! /A F ) %
2A F ) % .7
.G0 &D
A4 5DE +O Q$ -$ K%% "Y H "4 9"D X
1 *3(4 X,-
:K%
.DE H "4 ) % (a)
Slowly they walked back home. (.9,9A0 >(
9% A$ E )
He spoke to me about it briefly. (.*24 I"#$% !0/A JP 7 N
)
:DE H "4 ) %
2A (b)
We havent yet finished. (.:G"E4 >9 ( 4)
Could you kindly wait for him? (<
E60% K4 56
% / %)

D GA"(& I) % &A I!3(
1 K ) ,- DE +O 0 A
.G"4 K& >4 K4
1 K )

1 ! /P4 K4 ! /A F/0) 9DE +O 0 A
.G G
:K%
.G(4 IL 9 & D4 &A "$
9D1
:DE J /A (c)
Frankly, I am tired. (.R K30D K
)
Fortunately, no one complained. (.*,00 R(D F,A 9O4)
They are probably at home. (.GA$ ;9[( E )
& %D4 &A *"$
9 "4 + X "#$% :DE J /P4 (d)
:K%
.G 9
. 249 .
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) *+ .8
She has bought a big house, so she must have a lot of money.
(.4 ; ) I$& _ 0 =2 F*"M9(% A$ 4 )
We have complained several times about the noise, and yet he does nothing about it.
(.*
L4 8 :3(D JP 4 90 F: 996( ;D R9(0 K P P K %-K 0- 4)
All of our friends are going to Paris this summer. We, however, are going to London.
(.0
4 /Y" 4
F0
4 P) 2#A 4
D X9%Y2)
If they open all the windows, then I am leaving. (.KN
K
M( B2
D E )
I didnt invite her. She wouldnt have come, anyway. (.99A"& 4 .R0 >& K
)
*
& #$% 34 K4 ,-
The adverbs and other word classes
7" &A 7,/( K/"L$& 9 *
& #$% 34 K4
& #$% 7- 2A 4
F:G K/"9O 944 3" P *3,O X) % K4 ,- .G0 &D
*"MD
.4 "#$% H - ! /" 0 *" F! /P4 A
& #$% 5M%
34
Conjunct adverb and conjunction /P4 - 7- /P4 .8

J&9% K6A
- /"4 /P4 ,- /P4 R04 # H,O 0 yet - so
K/ >0) .G9(& >,,O K4 ! /P4 HN 2D1 H "4 DE

1 *3(4 " X
1 *3(4 K/" #$ E - ,- 4 F& DE
:G"4 R0
Z X
1 *3(4 =-$ 3!N .GA"4 3G 9" K4
We paid him a very large sum. So he kept quiet about what he saw.
[1]
(.*"% %
$&
D :
.:G24 ; ) K P / 4)
M%
9
1 :
4 F=M 9" X
1 *3(4 4 4
:G"4 M& X
1 :
3"--
so - G#$
So he kept quiet about what he saw. We paid him a very large sum.
[2]
(.:G24 ; ) K P / 4 .*"% %
$&
D :
)
" X,- /P4 F& 0) A 2! /P4 HN X,- /P4 F!0
:G"4 "& /P4 HN
We paid him a very large sum, and so he kept quiet about what he saw.
[1a]
(.*"% %
$&
D :
3!N F:G24 ; ) K P / 4)
*3(4 K4
1 H4) ! /P4 ,- /P4 & Z
1 *3(4
because /P4 FK%
.G ILL0) 2 (Subordinators - ! /P4 K/A!P4
1
" X
1 H4 &A Z,
1 H4 9%
# A O2 M%
9
1 *3(4
.GBM(&
He will help us because we offered to pay him. (.G(4 _2A 4 F4 ; ) / 4) [3]
Because we offered to pay him, he will help us.
[3a]
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8. Adverbs
BILGKUT
Adjunct adverbs and conjunctions ! /P4 - ,- ) % .9

=4 X,- ) % K4 ! /P4 * /P4
1 *3(4 - H4 R04 #
.G"4 : =&4 2!3"0 (-%) why F(; % ) how F(KG) where F(?0-) when ) "4 FG4
:G(& I!4
1 *3(4 Q"D where K4 When
when
He saw them
they were in Rome.

(K$& 90- E )
at the time(s) at which

where
Ill go
they go.
to the place(s) to which
(.K4 A %4 E K

)
where
Well go
the food is good.

(.K4 A "4 ,OA 2 :
K
)
to the place(s) at which

where
Hell stay
it is comfortable.
(.G 2A "4 QD A0 )
at the place(s) at which
:G9, H" QM%

why 2!"D K0 _D Fwhen K4 where
where
the place
he is staying.
[1]
at which
(1 K3-G )
when
the time
she was here.
[2]
at which
(990- 2A 4 )
:G(& I!4
1 *34 5"(9&O R
D XE how - why Fwhen Fwhere
where
I know
he is staying.
at which place
[1a]
(.K4 A1 K3-G K

)
when
I wonder
she was here.
at which time
[2a]
(.9E4 _4 2A 4 K0 X K

)
why
I realize
he did that.
The reason for which
[3]
(.K 3/0 : 3,( X K

)
how
I know
they treated her.
[4]
the way in which (.K4 3/0

:0 / XE K
)
:G9,
1 :% A #$% Q$ 4 K/!4 K4 whWhere
At what place
. 251 .
is he staying.
(<G-G 2A0 )
[1b]
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) *+ .8

When
Was she here?
At what time
[2b]
(<* 2A 4 K0 )
Why
did he do that?
[3a]
For what reason
(<*0 : 3,( )
How
did they treat her?
In what way
[4a]
(<*0

:0 / E )
Reaction signal and initiator ,(4 #$% - * 8 .10

,(4 X
1 _ 0 E I "4 ,- R04 34 2,- /P4 R04 - ! /P4
Q0) *#4 XE . G G RD
9AD K //9, I$& /( E .=(& ,(&
:G"4 3,A 5& E .G& !4 /(
mhm Fhm Fm Fyep Fyeah Fyes Fno :K%
.* 8 (i)
Are you a teacher? < 3 0 % yes, I am .: FD
why Fwell then Foh well Fah Foh Fwell :K%
.,(4 #$% (ii)
Well, he is leaving for Berlin tomorrow morning (.GN
/"(4 K FD)
Adjunct adverbs and prepositions ! /" 0 *" K4 ,- ) % .11
"4 +'()
$ +'() FI "4 *4 K P K/(& I " 0 "#$%
2A X!'()
:K%
.G"4 30 I2 7- J /" 0 *" K/AA "Y 7- ) % #$%
2A
The man looked on. (.*2 I0 >3 _2 4)
She is growing up quickly. (.GM9(A ( )
The airliner has taken off. (.*"L $& !)YA ! "A)
The prisoner broke down after many hours of interrogation.
(.* H4 6(& 90% 5% 8 D
)
K4 #$%
2A 4 #$% : 4 F"& >, 4 #$% R A& X#$%
2A
:G"L$& =4 #$% J /" 0 *" K"&
He took in the dog. (.*2 /9"O _" 9 )
[1]

2A 2 (G"4 3 I2 +'() & 4 #$% &A) 4 #$% +'() : 4 F

93 7(& >, 4 #$% R A F3,$A X 92 96D
5,- X#$%
:G"L$&
He took the dog in. (.*2 /9"O _" 9 )
[1a]
They turned down the suggestion. (.*0 Q Z& E )
They turned the suggestion down.
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[2]
[2a]
. 252 .
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8. Adverbs
BILGKUT
They turned on the light. (.90A 0 E )

They turned the light on.
[3]
[3a]
:G(& >, /0 " _ 0 /" 0 *" F&
The criminal took to the woods quickly. (.9& >(0 33
E( A1)
[4]
[4a]
*They took the woods to quickly.
He waved as he walked past. (.9!NE ) ;0 3M9(& I $ ) <7- J /" 0 *"> [5]
He walked past the car. (.9& I $ (A X
) < /" 0 *">
[5a]
*He walked the car past.
[5b]
He was moving about. (.9 A >Z( KA 4-KA ) <7- J /" 0 *">
[6]
He was moving about the town. (.9 A >Z( KA 4-KA 2#4 ) < /" 0 *"> [6a]
*He was moving the town about.
[6b]
Syntactic functions of adverbs
"Y J&9% X,-
Adverbs used as modifiers ,- K/"4 /3( .12

/3( 2
1 -$) .G(& I!3( " ,- &A Q) % 4 34 7- 4 _ "
X,- K/A!3( ) % !"

[1F2F6] -$ (*(4 : /!3( F*A 9A
:*(4 9) % "
X,- K"& I!3( ,- !"
[3F4F5] F"
They are very <happy> (.; O 9AD E )

[1]
It was a remarkably <good> show. (.* H L$& ,OA =2 /0 >"1
2 )
[2]
She drives too <fast>. (.GAAD ( =4 )
[3]
They play so <very> well. (.GAA ,OA : E )
[4]
He gives a far <more easily> acceptable explanation. (.G(4 5, ( )
[5]
He is <stupid> enough to do it. (.Q2 K/0 : )
[6]
,- 34 2 (GAEE4 ! /3( 0 Q0)) enough F=2$ IL$& 2!"
0 A
:K%
.

,$ "Y /3( A #$ X&"$4 K/"4 /!3( FK/"4 /3( *"
more "
-[5] FK"& I!3( show A 9-$ #$ /!3( 4 KB2 good "
[2]
well
very
1-[4] FK"& I!3( explanation "4 acceptable F acceptable
easily
.K/"4 & X4 #$% R 7- 2
1-[5] - -[2] .K"& I!3(
*#4 FA ,"(& I!3( ,- A X,- J"4 K/A"(& I!3( ) %
.GA!3( 4 #$% J /" 0 *" K4 4 #$% R ) "4 F4 #$% A ,-
+09%
FI "4 very "
KY X,- K/A"(& I!3( D X,- _D Q) % Q0)
.GA"E4 "$4 4 X
1 "D
Modifier of adjective /3( X) % .13

!00 F

,3( A& F ,3( " ) % F/3( ) % ,-
2 &A DE X /!3( K/3( *#$ H,O ) %
,- /3( FK "4
9A& - ! P A F 9A & Z)G K4 *" 2A 4 FGA"(& >9A &
. 253 .
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) *+ .8
:G"LL0)
:K%
.GA2Z
K/90 A 9& % (Amplifiers) ! P (a)
a funny film (& J0)
~
a very funny film (& J0 9AD)
absurdly fussy (K(4 4)
awfully sorry (+O 9AD)
amazingly calm (?1 =PG"0 KAD)
deeply concerned (5M%
3N)
downright ridiculous (3O ))
entirely free (J"4 ))
irretrievably lost (K3EO % 9"& %) terribly nervous (K621 9AD)
extremely dangerous (5"O A9)
highly intelligent (J
"
*0 A)
sharply critical (...*3 $)
perfectly reasonable (J)-
))
strikingly handsome (K3!
0 =2 /0 >"1) totally anonymous (
))
unbelievably smart (J0 2 % ,) too bright (: " !&4)
:GA2Z
K9-$ 9& % (Downtoners) ! P 9!% % (b)
It was dark. (.* K /N0)
It was almost dark. (.* KB2 /N0)
:!"
34
a bit dull (5,B# :#)
a little extravagant (K3 ( :#)
barely intelligent (5"6B2 :A 4)
almost impossible (K/A"4

K%%)
fairly small (5& =2 B2)
hardly noticeable(=/"4 /0 (D )
nearly dark (KB2 /N0)
pretty rare (K/A # FE !(O)
quite normal (;
!(O)
rather late (K(& !O)
relatively small (5& K)
somewhat uneasy (K/EAN :#)
9& K/AE6A "Y J /3( 2,- FH,O ) % 9& *22 O
:G9A & ) %
D FG"4 ,-
She has a really <beautiful> face. (.4 A ;# K30D X )
The play is <very good> indeed. (.K ,OA 9AD K30D K A 4)
That is just <impossible>. (.8

Q0) )
He looked all <confused>. (.9L$& =30 A0 ) )
Modifier of adverb /3( X,- .14

K/A " =0 A .

,(& I!3( " ,- 4 34 7- 4
:G"4 3,"0 9!3( ,- A ,- 9A &
pretty
pretty
She is fairly
tall. (.( !(O ) She drives fairly
fast. (GAAD ( !(O )
rather
rather
I will marry her pretty <soon>. (.K0 K4 X !A"0 30# K
)
I have seen so <very> many letters like that one. (.K$& J1 : O : K
)
They didnt injure him that <severely>. (.K
LO# /( E )
They are smoking very <heavily>. (.GM( I$& =4 &
E )
He spoke extremely <quickly>. (.*"#$% ( 26# 22D )
He played surprisingly <well>. (.*A ,OA =2 PG"0 KAD
2 E )
Z /3( 0 Q 2 indeed - enough
,- H,O ) %
:G3(
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8. Adverbs
BILGKUT
He spoke <clearly> enough. (.*"#$% J( 2 5"9(A )

:G9, 9"4 K4 very R2 indeed
She spoke <clearly> indeed. (.*"#$% J( K30D )
She spoke <very clearly> indeed. (.*"#$% J( 9AD K30D )
/3( X! /" 0 *" - 7- J /" 0 *" F"#$%
2A .15
Modifier of particle, prepositional adverb, and preposition
F#$%
2A 4 #$% +'() well K4 right F ) "4 F,- 9A & R0 4 #
:GAE63( 4 #$% J /" 0 *" &A ! /" 0 *"
He knocked the man right <out>. (.*0 P
)
2 4 )
They left her well <behind>. (.*A0 IGG"0 0 !(O E )
The nail went right <through> the wall. (.9& >& >,( ;2 /

)
He repaired the car well <within> the time. (.*0 ?B ,OA 90- ;2
)
Her parents are dead <against> her trip. (.0 ) )% X - X )
Modifier of pronoun, predeterminer, and numeral /3( X!% - #$% & FH" .16
:GAE63( -$ ,- 9A &
:(Indefinite pronouns) !" 3( (a)
Nearly <everybody> came to our party. (.*"& 9)6# =2 B2 KA
D)
:(Predeterminers) "#$% & *" (b)
They recovered roughly <half> their equipment.
(.*" 9"& % (A KO X"[% E )
He received about <double> the amount he expected.
(.9,( %D KO X/0
*#$ )
Virtually <all> the students participated in the discussion.
(.90 #
! P 0
D 96"
)
:(Cardinal numerals) !% I (c)
They will stay fully <four> weeks. [for ten full weeks] (.G 9)D Q$ : " E )
Over <two hundred> deaths were reported. (*0 -O //0 #0 X
2 : 2# A )
Under <seven thousand> people live in this village. (.GAA ,& 3(A /
9A "D
4)
I paid more than <ten> pounds for it. (.R"$ : "9%@ K / 4 K
)
It costs less than 20 $, I think. (.K-$ 2!"Y2 20 %D4 X (
)
up to <one million> (-4 / 6
4)
as many as <fifty> (=9")
#$% R J 3( /"4 HN P one K% :% a(n) + 3(
(d)
:4
I didnt have more than <a dollar> on me. [I had no more than <a dollar> on me]
(.:A ; ) : 2!"Y2 4
)
They will stay for about <a week>. (.G 9)D 4 KO E )
Nearly <a thousand people> attended the meeting. (.90 //A ,& 3(A /
)
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Almost <a hundred teachers> gathered in the hall. (.*/A /"# 3 0 3(A /
)
" "D * 1
+ J( K"& K4 2
X) % - K% 2
(e)
:G3(
We counted approximately <the first> thousand votes.

(.:G"4 >/A 4 _!A% 3(A /
3" KO 4)
She gave me almost <the largest> piece of the cake. (.*24 ) X N
)
:G"4 3!3( J0 ,- "4 :N (f)
The acceleration fell to less than <ten meters per second>.
(.*"0 I 0 =-$ 29(
K /9% 7"()
Postmodifying adverbs ,- /3( 0 .17

,- KG - *,- ?0- */A 0"% J%% ,- /3( 0
.G(& /3( 0 "D J0 20 4 *,- ?0- XE 4 .Q
the meeting yesterday (7/A )
the meal afterwards (:
6(&)
*"D ?0the day before ( & 3")

their stay overnight (G (&4 3" XE )
the way ahead (;A " #$&)

the direction back (7$A K"$A /0)
his trip abroad (*)% " Q X )
the sentence below (
1 -$)
:*"D KG
your friend here ( 9%Y2 2A 4 X(%)
that man there (_2 G- 2A )
his return home (,9A0 X )
the players offside ([ KP# 4 0)
:GA"4

H!3( " ! >9, home "MD =-$
his return home
~ *his home return

3!3( A& F 3!3( " ! K4 *"D KG F2!"D 34 :4
:G"4
the downstairs hall
~
the hall downstairs
(;# 9-0 -$)
the backstage noise
~
the noise backstage
(G -- 0 D%)
his home journey
~
his journey home
(*)% 79A0 X )
the above quotation
~
the quotation above
(0 0 A)
the upstairs neighbour ~ the neighbour upstairs (0 9-0 0 A)
:K%
.GAEE4 3( >(& K4 be +'() 0 I$& X! /3( 0 4
The noise is backstage. (.0 D% G --)
The sentence is below. (.-$

1)
The meeting was yesterday. (.* K 7/A)
The meal was afterwards. (.93 !)G ;% :

)
Premodifying adverbs ,- /3( *" .18

:K%
.GA!3( " ! 4 #$% R E,- R0 4 # 9AD
"4 F9%%$&
O &A 7 KG _ "
job 2 an inside job 4 #$% R
K/0 XG _ "
job 2 a job inside :4 FG9%$& , K/0 KG A 0
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8. Adverbs
BILGKUT
.G9%$& ,
an away game (34%
>&)
inside information ( )
an outside door (5, 03)
in after years (2!A 6(&)
a game away (34%

90A)
information inside ( 9) )
an outside line (3% ()
the then chairman ( 990- A)
Use of Else as a modifier ,9, J /3( X Else .19

:GA"(& I!3( 0 -$ Else
:,- 4 - !" 3( 4 K3EO K4 -$ (a)
-body -one -place -thing

-where
<Somebody> else must have done it. (.*0 %4 34 _ 0 , 4)
<anybody>else (KA4 34)
<nothing>else (((D 34)
<someplace> else (1 4 34)
<somewhere> else (A 4 34)
<someone> else (KA4 34)
<anything> else (% :0D 34)
:,- - - !" J" wh- K"&
1 :% (b)
<who> else would do such a thing? (<!0 , 4 : & A)
<Who> else did you meet? (<9 & A %)
<What> else can we do? (<AE!0 ( A 4)
<Where> else have you been? (<G"4 2"A0 A K%)
<how> else can we meet? (<
"L$& :0 A 4)
<When> else can we meet? (<
L$& K0 A 4)
Who elses fault could it be? (<

"4 3"O X& A )
Whose else fault could it be? (<

"4 3"O X& A )
:little - a lot Fa good deal Fa great deal Fmuch F(everything =) all
5"4 (c)
).%4
20 4 !/"4 I P
*34 Q0) 4We will take this step only if all else fails. (
There is little / not much / not a great deal / not a good deal else we can do now.
(. 9)"0 7 J1 34 K/AE!0 4 #D)
Adverbs functions as complement of preposition ,- K/"4 /0 " X /" 0 *" .20
KG .G"4 /0 " X /" 0 *" ,- K P K/A2Z 90- - KG
:K%
.G"4 /3( /" 0 *" =)$& there K4 here "D
Come over here ! (!;& 30A 4)
Do you live near here ? (<
9) 3(A %)
Yes, I live over there. (.K 9) G- K
)
How do we get out of here? (<9(& >3 :0 2A 4 4)
a long
:-$ ! /" 0 *" 34 K/(& IL 9 there K4 here
around down from in on round through under up
:K%
FGAEE4 /0 " XE towards Fnear Fclose to F(away) from Fat
home
I want to stay at home tonight. (.K A$ _,O K 4 K
)
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:K%
.G9, !4 from /" 0 *" Q0) *,- KG 34
You have got a letter from abroad. (.K 4 9(O ) 4 K"& " Q X%)
:-$ ,- 34 K/"4 /0 " X from
behind
above / below / beneath / underneath
indoors / outdoors
downstairs / upstairs
inside / outside
within / without
%
-$ *,- ?0- K/AA "Y /0 " X! /" 0 *" R2
:*9%$&
%$& *,- ?0- K/AA "Y /0 " X! /" 0 *" R2
Modifier of noun phrase /3( X4 #$% R .21

X#$% & A1 4
D GA!3( " 4 #$% R ,- 9A & R0 4 #
: rather K4 quite */9, I$& ,- : 4 .G(& "
We had quite <a party>. (.: 90 )6# 4 DE 4)
They will be here for quite <some time>. (.G 2A 4 #
4 (O )
It was rather <a mess>. (.* J3AE0 4 3( )
:G"4 3 !"G 0 K P K/(& K4 sort of - kind of 2& K/!Z(0
a sort of joke. (.:0 +O4 _ 0 ) <& K3!Z(0>
sort of a joke.
<& K/!Z(0>
This must be
a sort of a joke.
<& K/!Z(0 (>
a joke, sort of.
<& K/!Z(0 >
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8. Adverbs
BILGKUT
Correspondence between adjectives and adverbs J%

9 ,- K4 ) % .22
Q 9%A ,- J0 !
0 0 2) % F 9 ,- K4 ) %
K3) & 2,- >%
K4 !"G 0 K3) & 2) % A 34 9M%
56"@
:K%
.G I "4 Q 1
9M%
J%
9 !"G 0
He liked Mary considerably. (.9$& ,OA !(O 6
)
~ He liked Mary to a considerable extent. (.9$& ,OA 2 5"9(A 6
)
He spoke to John sharply. (.*"#$% K4 5%& /1 )
~ He spoke to John in a sharp manner. (.*"#$% %A T21 /1 )
He wrote frequently. (.9#A QO R2 )
~ He wrote frequent occasions. (.9#A QO Q)-Q) )
Politically it is a bad decision. ( .0 K
A 4 9D1 %6%)
~ From the political point of view, it is a bad decision. (... /0 90 %6%)
Q) % &A & 7- !4 7#$ :# 9D1 "G 0 F"4 7#$ 9D1
A
:G"4 3,9 !"
K/BM(& K "4 *4 A0 X&
his frequent visits (96# J2 X )

~ His visits are frequent. (.J2 96# X )
~ He visits frequently. (.G >0 Q6# R2 )
her incredible beauty ("# % , X )
~ Her beauty is incredible. (.% , "# X )
~ She is incredibly beautiful. (.;# % , )
Q) % >%
"G 0 K"& K4 & 7- FI "4 !"MD K P A H,O 0 A
:GAEE4 %% XLL &A 7 "G 0 K"& K4 &
:

L 9 & 9M%
K
# &A KA1 _ "
Z adjective + noun (a)
a hard worker
~ somebody who works hard
(, K/A, J")1)
an eventual loser ~ somebody who will eventually lose (64 P
0O)
a frequent visitor ~ somebody who visits frequently (6# T2)
a heavy eater
~ somebody who eats heavily ( (A :
I$&)
a light sleeper
~ somebody who sleeps light(ly) (,& K/A!O 5(A)
.G& !4 KG J /3( Q0) 2!"MD +O 4 )$& X) % : 4
:GA"0 >& !G J /3( Q0) ) % -$ (b)
He loved her deeply. (.9A$% 3N )
~ his deep love for her (% A$% 3N K/"4 / X )
~ His love for her was deep. (. 3N 94D
K/"4 / X )
She answered quickly. (.*2 9A0 I-1 E( )
~ her quick answer (4-1 ( X )
~ Her answer was quick. (.*"4 ( 4-1 X )
:

,9%$& A1 K2Z KG A 5M%
K4 ?(64 ?B& ) % (c)
a fast car [a car that can go fast] (
5 % ()
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a slow road [a road on which one can only drive slowly] (;A 5 % 9%)
a neat typewriter [a typewriter which types neatly] (
HG QO K/ 5 O)
:G"4 /"-L$& J,9( K4 ,- X) % 9A & R0 I$& (d)
total nonsense (I :G 0 )) ~ It is totally nonsense. (.I :G 0 ) )
a clear failure (Q64 P
J()
~ It is clearly a failure. (.Q64 P
4 3( )
a true scholar (R" T30D 4)
~ He is truly a scholar. (.R" 4 K30D )
a real idiot (:O T30D)
~ He is really an idiot. (.:O 4 K30D )
.GAEE4 ! /3( Q0) 2,9, : 4 *)$& XE 4
:G"4 3,B-L$& 3"4 3,9( K4 ,- ) % 5& K P (e)
the main reason (-% J%%) ~ The reason were mainly that(...3%% -%)
the precise argument (+"2 J() ~ The argument was precisely that (...3( +"2)
~ *The argument was precise.
Comparison of adverbs HG 9,(% ,-

Similarity in comparison of adverb and adjective J,O 9G 9,(% ) % - 7- .23
:E F

HG 9,(% " % +O H,O ) % ,-
(Comparison in relation to higher degree) HG 9,(% 2 *0 A (a)
(Comparison in relation to the same degree) HG 9,(% 2 H,O (b)
(Comparison in relation to a lower degree) HG 9,(% 2 K-$ (c)
:G"L 9 & K4
=-$ * +O 4 XG 9,(%
#$% K3EO K4 -est - -er 2"#$% :
P4 &A 4 HG 9,(% 2 *0 A (a)
more "4 2,- &A ) % :
P4 I$& &A FJ0 & 7#$ O
:G"L 9 & J0 most K4
Mary dances beautifully. (.GAA JA " % T
)
Mihriban dances more beautifully than Mary does. (.GAA :3A 6
" % K[(
)
Mihriban dances most beautifully.
.G"L 9 & K4 soas #4 FJ0 asas HG 9,(% 2 H,O (b)
Aigul dances as beautifully as Mary does.
.G"L 9 & J0 least - less HG 9,(% 2 K-$ (c)
Alim speaks English quickly. (.GA"#$% ( R")
Ali speaks English less quickly than Alim. (.GA"#$% :9% " ")
Ali speaks English least quickly in our class. (GA"#$% 9% A4 Z% ")
,- R0 4 # - ) % R0 I$& FK 3G 9,(% 2 *0 A
&
- (Comparative form) &
9,(% F(Absolute form) & % A F& +O

D G0 I2 & % 92 & :
X,- &A Q) % .G"4 (Superlative form)
:*9%$& +& +O 4 "-21 -$ .G0 I2 %% X& 34
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8. Adverbs
BILGKUT
:-21 HG 9,(% ,- - Q) %
ABSOLUTE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
(,#$ XO #$%)

Adjective
Adverb
Adjective
Adverb
high
soon
higher
sooner
( " 0 X!
0 /" #$%)
complex
more complex
difficult
less difficult
comfortably
more comfortably
likely
less likely
highest
soonest
most complex
least difficult
most comfortably
least likely
Comparison of adverbs *" % HG 9,(% ,- .24

.G(& 8
*" % HG 9,(% 50 H,O ) % K ,- R0 4 #

9,(% X#4 2E 4 FI "4 ,- &
9,(% 0 R0 4 F!,O ) %
H,O K4 *& 2
-
9,(% /"4 Q) % "#$% 4 *& 2
:G"4
& 7-
& Q) %
badly ~ worse
~ worst
(bad ~ worse ~ worst)
well
little
~ better
~ best
~ less (lesser) ~ least
~ further
~ furthest
(good ~ better ~ best)

(far ~ further ~ furthest)
far
~ farther
much
~ more
~ farthest
~ most
(far ~ farther ~ farthest)

(much ~ more ~ most)
:9, =-$ worse 9) % &

9,(% X badly (a)
He behaves even worse than his brother. (.G0 J"30 =&4 ( /0 /& )
:G9, more badly 6 Fworse (
F"& P ,9, K4 want - need
I really need that job more badly / worse than you. (J169[( =&4 %
O K
)
F K3!Z(0 .GA
,9, =2 iller / badder ~ baddest F,9,
"$
:G(& H
badly K4 ill
He behaved ill towards his parents. (.*0 J")0 /- )
:G"4 *& 2 +O ! X(4 /"%A >" !

0 P ill &A well (b)
~ better behaved
~ best-behaved
Well-behaved
~ more well-behaved
~ most well-behaved
=&4 best-behaved better-behaved ~ /0 0 more well-behaved ~ most well-behaved
.K3!Z(0
9G 9,(% 2 =-$ A !0 FG9, 9G 9,(% 2 =-$ #4 lesser (c)
:4
(worse=) less well & K/9,
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less known - less well known (K/" )

He reads less well than she does. (.GA 0 : /0 / )
"4 FGA"4 2
9,(% & more well K/ 9,(% 2 *0 A 8
/ 4
.G9, better / X
+O FI "4 H,O *&
-
9,(% /"4 7- /"4 Q) % far (d)
:G"4 &
~ further
~ furthest
(far ~ further ~ furthest)
~ farther
~ farthest
(far ~ farther ~ farthest)
far
X) % E .G"4 &
-
9,(%
,- H& K4 ) % (e)
:G A4 0 K/" A0 /,(A I1D
fast ~ faster ~ fastest
hard ~ harder ~ hardest
late ~ later ~ latest
long ~ longer ~ longest quick ~ quicker ~ quickest early ~ earlier ~ earlies
quickly ~ more quickly ~ most quickly
*quicklier ~ quickliest
2
.G9, & (sooner)
9,(% R2
D F:A & Q) % 8
X soon (f)
:G"4 /3( *" X) % K6A
)$& FG9, # A9 92 (soonest)
The soonest available time (?0- K/"4 3,A) G"4 )
Least said, soonest mended. (. ) ( 7 F"4 # 0 I)
:4 FG"4 *&
9,(% -
Q 2 oftenest - oftener often !,O (g)
.G9, =)$& most often K4 more often / XE 4
2
9,(% X,- J" -ly 2
9,(% K"& K4 -er X) % #4 (h)
:GAEE4
That is easier said than done. [=more easily] (.:% =B2 900)
Speak clearer! [=more clearly] (!"#$% :3()
:G(& 2 J0 J'() 8 *2
-
9,(% X,- (i)
I had / d better go now. (.N
#D ,OA K
)
You had best forget all about the whole thing. (.Q& I 9
D ,OA K%)
I would/d sooner stay at home tonight. (.K"4 A$ :G"4 K 4 K
)
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Prepositios ! /" 0 *"
.9
Syntactic functions of prepositional phrase 264 "Y J&9% X4 #$% J /" 0 *"
264
265
265
266
267
269
270
1. Introduction.
2. The use of prepositions
3. Patterns with prepositions
4. Definition of prepositions
5. Prepositions, conjunctions, verbs
6. Prepositions and adverbs
7. Deferred prepositions
Simple and complex prepositions
271
30 .1
,9, X! /" 0 *" .2
!"G 0 K/(& K4 ! /" 0 *" .3
,3( X! /" 0 *" .4
!'() - ! /P4 F! /" 0 *".5
,- - ! /" 0 *" .6
! /" 0 *" "L % .7
! /" 0 *" 4 - T22
272
272
8. Simple prepositions.
9. Complex prepositions
! /" 0 *" T22 .8

! /" 0 *" 4 .9
prepositional meanings
273
Prepositions denoting spatial relations
274
! /" 0 *" K/9%$& M%

K&
275
278
278
280
280
281
at/in/to(ward)/away (from)/by/up .10
Prepositions denoting relations in time
282
! /" 0 *" K/9%$& M%

K
#
18 .17after/before. Since/for/during/by/until
282
284
after/before/Since/for/during/by/until .18 .17
286
! /" 0 *" K/9%$& M%

34
20.21. Simple and complex prepositions 286
! /" 0 *" I&

- T22 .21 .20
22. Prepositions in ing
292
! /" 0 *" K3EO K4 -ing .22
Modification of prepositional phrases
293
,3( X4 #$% J /" 0 *"
Prepositions and prepositional adverbs
293
294
296
,- J /" 0 *" - ! /" 0 *"
10. at/in/to(ward)/away (from)/by/up

11. in front of/behind/outside/out of
12. under/over/below/above
13. on/on to/off/across
14. beside/by/next to/near
16 .15. against . among/between
19. in/at/on/past/to/from/between
Prepositions denoting other relations
23. Appendix: Verbs with prepositions

24. Appendix: Expressions with prepositions

J /" 0 *"
in front of/behind/outside/out of.11

under/over/below/above.12
on/on to/off/across .13
beside/by/next to/near .14
against . among/between .16 .15
in/at/on/past/to/from/between .19
) !'() K/(& K4 ! /" 0 *" .23

) 4 K/(& K4 ! /" 0 *" .24
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,-,
/ ( .9

"Y J&9% X4 #$% J /" 0 *"

Syntactic Functions of Prepositional Phrases
Introduction 30 .1
J /" 0 *" A F 9 'A ! /" 0 *" F396( >0 92
9 'A "$4 4 34 X
1 K4 'A K/"4 /0 " 4 #$%
.Q 2"#$%
2A K/(4 IL 9 & M%
Wh- F4 #$% R 4 _ "

/0 " J /" 0 *" F/0 (9&O DE
5"(9&O R K3EO K4 -ing &A
1 :
K"L# 2"#$% 5"(9&O R K/!4 K4
X4 #$% J /" 0 *" 4 -$ .

"4 Q 2
1 :
K"L# 2"#$%
.$ IL$& "G 0
Prepositional Phrase *4 #$% J /" 0 *"
Preposition /" 0 *" Complement /0 "
Meanings
on the table
9%
from what he said
/0 /,96( X
by signing a peace treaty
J0 HE ,(& J
in term of
money
396( P ; )
at variance with
the official reports
/0 93%,O
"
Q
&$D
:4 "Y J&9% =-$ X4#$% J /" 0 *"

:K%
.G(& I "4 /3( 4 #$% R (a
The boys on the bus are singing. ( .GM,96( ,O 9A 9% +4
9))
The girl in the white blouse is Buvinur. ( . - 4 "4 :0 K/"M6& 9)& :)
:K%
.G(& I "4 Q"D (b
The boys are singing on the bus. ( .GM,96( ,O 9%
9A)
In the afternoon, we went to Turpan. ( .: 9& /) 4 6(& 9 )
From a personal point of view, I find this a good solution to the problem.
(.KA0 I2 " % ,OA X,,(A %
4 K
FK%% /,0 #$)
In all fairness, she did try to phone the police.
(.9&(& ,0 K(( /0% _ 0 90 Q630D )
On the other hand, he made no attempt to help her.
(.*A0 ) G 3,B-G# 3 0 00 &)
:K%
.GA$ "Y /0 " (c
.G"4 +'() J /" 0 *" A FG(& I "4 /0 " X!'() (1
We were looking at his awful paintings. ( .: 9-L$& % K/!
0 X 4)
.G"4 /0 " X) %
I am sorry for his parents. ( .KA% _L & K - X K
)
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
The use of Prepositions ,9, X! /" 0 *" .2

IL 9 & M%
_ "
9 2D - % F
2 ! /" 0 *"
:-$ ,9, T"
XE FI "4 "#$% K/(4
:G(4 IL 9 & M%
&
E (a
He lived by himself in an old house on the edge of the village.
(.G # /"A *#$ 2G0 & 4 9( X"D
)
He stared at the dog for a while.
:G(4 IL 9 & M%

# E (b
( .*"0 > #D 4 39 )
:G(4 IL 9 & M%

+O O 34 A E (c
Purpose (Q0
):
He ought to have a pet dog for company.

(.=(& "4 = & 4 3 "4
D _ 0 )
Possession (J): There is a table in the middle of the room.

(.4 4 9 XA$)
Result ():
death from hunger
(H "$ 93)
Pattern with prepositions !"G 0 K/(& K4 ! /" 0 *" .3

!"G 0 & PREPOSITION + NOUN / PRONOUN (a
:K%
.G(& >, 4 #$% R &A H" FR 4 _ "
P! /" 0 *"
Sit on the chair ( HG 9" 90GG)
:& K/(& >, R (1

stay at house (HG 9" A$)
:& K/(& >, H" (2

The dog sat under it. ( .KP 9" 9% X ? )
Your book is on the desk. ( .9% X"9% 49&)
:& K/(& >, 4 #$% R (3
Why do you always do the opposite of what I tell you to do?
( <K0 & XB2 +0 K
R2 3,( K%)
!"G 0 & PREPOSITION + (VERB)ING
(b
:K%
.G(& I " 0 K4 & -ing X!'() ! /" 0 *" *#4
The boy responded by doing exactly the opposite. (.*2 9A0 -1 J0 70 7 & ;2 E4 4)
I am no good at typing. ( .8
,OA 9G QO K
)
He went home without saying goodnight. ( .9& >9A0 A$ 9%2 O )
She is not used to eating so much. ( .K2 ,6(A :
I$& : )
:
to K/(& I "4 /" 0 *" K4 to 2 (!'() 4 V) & 3( X!'()
73(4 I A0 it A& X - 6(& A0 X to % .RD
A9 HLL0)
to 2A 4 F4 =3)-
&A "(4 I2Z
_ "
!A :G"4 %L0) J0
:K%
.G"4 Q /" 0 *" 4 _ 0
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I want to go home (09A0 A$ K

)
*I want to it. (O)
X to
1 4 4 .Q 0 4 X& % X'() "4 to
1 4
.GA"(4 I2Z
:3(D FI "L$& J"O
1 4 F:0 it A&
I am not used to eating so much. ( .K2 ,6(A :
I$& : K
)
:3(D
1 4 :A0 it A& X to 4 FI "4 /" 0 *" 4 to
1 4
:GA"(4 I2Z
!A _D FGA"L$& J"O
I am not used to it. ( .K2 / K
)
>, & -ing X!'() R2 A& X FK/"4 /" 0 *" to H,O /
: !"G 0 K/A I$& 34 FK/"4 L# ,(&

To be used ( 72 P...) + to V-ing
To be accustomed ( 7,%
F72 P ...) + to V-ing
To be reduced ( 79& P... FHE 1
P ...) + to V-ing
To look forward ( H "4 ##0 P...) + to V-ing
To resign oneself ( H #$ F7"6A FH!P4 ;4 P...) + to V-ing
To restrict oneself ( 7- #$ F7 #$ 2...) + to V-ing
To confine oneself ( H& F7M #$ F5% 2...) + to V-ing
Definition of Prepositions ,3( X! /" 0 *" .4

2!90 K P 9 *
& #$% 34 K4 ! /" 0 *" F

) % - H) % A !0 F,- - ! /P4 K4 ! /" 0 *"F ) "4 .G"L$& !3,O
:4 .G"4 :60 204 70 _ &$D P! /" 0 *" F3/"4 : .G"L$& !3,O 9
I 0
1 FHL#
1 +OD F79, -#$% T22 K/A 2
5 &
K/0 I" 6-% :0 A 34 &A 1 FJ3(A &A K "4 9,
.G(& P ,9, IL0) 2"#$% 34 ! /" 0 *" _ 0 4 FK "4 26")
.$ IL$& K4 !"
LL0)
& #$% 34 ! /" 0 *" 4 -$
(G"4 :" I2 that-clause >30)
1 :
K/(& K4 that
1 0 (a
:K%
.GA9, /" 0 *"
He was surprised that she noticed him. ( .*"0 KAD 3/0 Q332 #$ X )
He was surprised *at she noticed him. (O)
:" I2 infinitive-clause >30)
1 :
K3) & & 3( X!'() (b
:K%
.GA9, ! /" 0 *" 2 (G"4
He was surprised to see her. ( .*"0 KAD $& (;A) () )
He was surprised *at to see her. (O)
:K%
.GA9, /" 0 *" & 7& H4 X!" 5,& (c
He was surprised *at she. (O)
:4 "4 "Y 5"(9&O R X infinitive-clause - that-clause F
1 0 K ) 4
/" 0 *" A FGA"L$& & /0 " J /" 0 *"
1 :
: 4
:G2- 2!"MD =-$ H!" Q 93%"4 &A H "4 X /" 0 *" .GA9,
He was surprised that she noticed him. (.*"0 KAD 3/0 Q332 #$ X )
He was surprised to see her.
( .*"0 KAD IL$& )
He was surprised at her.
<prep>
( .*"0 KAD / )
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
He was surprised at her attitude.

<prep> ( .*"0 KAD 69#) X )
He was surprised at what he saw.
<prep> ( .*"0 KAD % K$& *#$ ) .
They convinced him of the need for more troops. <prep>
(.*2L, /3/"4 L# X 0 =)$& ( E )
They convinced him of how many troops they needed.
( .*2L, /3/"4 L# X 0 I$& 50 "#$ E )
They convinced him that they needed more troops.
(.*2L, /3/"4 L# X 0 =)$& ( "#$ E )
They convinced him *of that they needed more troops. (O)
They convinced him to send for more troops. (.*2L$& ,- K 0 I$& ( E )
They convinced him *of to send for more troops. (O)
_ "
" X infinitive-clause &A that-clause 92 F:"4 K/9#$& 20 A
_D /" 0 *" _D R0 4 -$ .G9BM30 /" 0 *" K"& K4 ) % &A +'()
.*(4 ) % - !'() K/"4 ,9, & that-clause
Ask (for) inform (of)
be good / bad (at) be sorry (about)
tell (of/about) be aware (of) be interested (in)
decide (on)
infinitive-clause &A that-clause F"0 "4

79BM30 ! /" 0 *"
:K%
.G"4 =, "G 0
1 34 / X
(1) I am looking forward to the meeting with you. (.K- "4 ##0 L$& K4 K% K
)
(2) I am looking forward to meeting you.
( .K- "4 ##0 L$& K4 K% K
)
(3) I am looking forward to what you will you say.(.K- "4##0 /3/A2 ( X(% K
)
4 to meeting you
1 -(2) F4 #$% R 4 to the meeting with you
1 -(1)
K/!4 K4 wh-) wh-clause 4 "4 to what you will you say
1 -(3) F
1 :
J" -ing
2 that-clause K/(& K4 ! H,O & fact #4 .Q 2 (
1 :
K"L# 2"#$%
:K%
.G"0 Z9, ! /" 0 *"
They convinced him of the fact that they needed more troops.
(.*2L, 39&) =3/9(& K 0 I$& ( "#$ E )
Preposition, Conjunctions, and Verbs !'() - ! /P4 F! /" 0 *" .5
:4 .G"4 "Y H!P4 &A HLL4 M%
XD ! /P4 - ! /" 0 *"
:K%
.G0) (4 4 9D1 "G 0 J

the day when she arrived ( & K"& >9(A ) [when = Conjunction = /P4 ]
the day of her arrival ( & K"& >9(A ) [ of = Preposition = /" 0 *"]
:K%
.GAE6A "Y /P4 _D /" 0 *" _D "#$%
2A R04 F2!"MD K6A
after, as, before, since, until

the day before she arrived ( * 9,& >9(A )
[ before = Conjunction ]
the day before her arrival (* ,(& >9(A X ) [ before = Preposition ]
K/" (9&O R /(& A& X! /" 0 *" F&AE!0 (D 2!"
4 4
.G"4 Q
1 :
*3(4 "4 /(& A& X /P4 "D 8
F"4 /0 "
:Q332
K/AEE4 ! /P4 Q0) K4 after #$% K/A"(& I "4 /P4 _D /" 0 *" _D
.X9, ILL0) by #$% K/AEE4 ! /" 0 *" Q0) - when
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:*9%$& !"G 0 K/(& A& X! /P4 - ! /" 0 *" 4 F"-21 -$
By
A& XE by/after/when
When
After
& X&"$4 K"&
/P4 4 Q0)
&A /P4
4 Q0)
(O /" A0 "4 *)
/" 0 *"
/" 0 *"
When she spoke After she spoke
*by she spoke
FINITE CLAUSE
/"4 I"#$%
/"4 I"#$%
(O)

1 :
K"L# 2!'() 5&
( /P4)
( /P4) 6(&
When speaking
After speaking By speaking
NONFINITE CLAUSE
J0 (#$%) H"#$%
3-"#$%
6(& #$%

1 :
K"L# 2!'() &
( /P4)
( /" 0 *")
( /" 0 *")
*when her speech After her speech By her speech
NOUN PHRASE
6(&
#$%
X
(O)
J0 *#$% X
4 #$% R
( /" 0 *") ( /" 0 *")
&A H,O & +'() & #4 *& -ed &A & -ing X!'() *#4
:K%
.

,A ;Y H,O / /P4 &A - H,O P! /" 0 *"
Considering ( 3 2#$& ... F/" # ...)
given (GA2Z %60 &A #))
:"Y J /" 0 *"
Considering his age, he has made excellent progress in his studies.

Considering his age (=if one considers his age = in view of his age)
(.9,( ,OA 9AD 33 X#$ F396( K /,(A X )
Given the present conditions, I think shes done rather well. ( if one takes into account)
(.*, ,OA !(O (
F/0 2!9 0#D)
:"Y 8O & +'() &
Considering the conditions in the office, she thought it wise not to apply for the job.
(when she considered the conditions )
(.*A I2 J!0 3%0 89
O 4 FI 2# 9-Q X,)
Given the chance, Id do it again. (If I were given the chnce)
(.R99AEO ,0 9A0 , K
F"0 I "4 Q% ) : )
:"Y J /P4
Considering that he is rather young, his parents always advise him not to go the cinema alone.
(.G0 Q[% JP J%
4 P& # /"A / R2 - F3/0 I2 5& !(O )
Given that this book is printed well, we can sell the hard-covered edition more quickly.
(.AE% ( ( J-0
J90 4 F!"4 K/(4 ,OA 9& 4)

1
9,(% A !"MD K/(& I "4 /" 0 *" _D /P4 _D =0 A
:K%
.G"L$& &
(1) He is bigger than I am. ( .
)
(2) He is bigger than I.
( .
)
(3) He is bigger than me. ( .
)
F /P4 than
1 -(2) F-(1) F:0 _ &$D K%% /3( K(4 / /" 0 *"
.Q /" 0 *" than
1-(3)
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9. Prepositions
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Prepositions and Adverbs ,- - ! /" 0 *" .6

>,,O ,- 9D1
#$% FK/0) 2,- 9D1 "G 0 ! /" 0 *"
I 1 4D -$ .G2"#$% K/"4 I
P ( Semantic field) )
H,O A FK/9(&
:A04 IG 9,(%
1
She looked up the hill. ( .*0 3P )
[1]
She looked up the word. (.*" (2!"0 H,O / &A 9P ") #$% ) [1a]
She walked across the street. ( .9$ >(& "A )
[2]
She walked across. ( .9$ >(& )
[2a]
*" 4 /0 " J /" 0 *" across K4 up 2
1 -[2] F- [1]
7- X look up with 4#$% +'() "4 up
1 -[1a] .G4 #$% J /" 0
+'() . 9,- J /" 0 *" "4 across K9BM30 /0 "
1 -[2a] .G3

X! /" 0 *" :4 FG"4 3G 9" 92 X3
7- & 4#$%
:K%
.G"4 330
TZ
She looked the word up. (= She looked up the word.)
*She walked the street across. (O)
:GA"4 KY :) 9 ,- K4 ! /" 0 *" 2 =-$
He is near to (being) mad. [nearly] ( . 9)2 !AE0 I "4 % )
This seems next to impossible. [almost] ( .G0 =/A"4

4)
Close to 500 people came. [almost] ( .*"& _2 3(A 500)
She is far from (being) weak. [anything but] ( .8
=/A )
P! /" 0 *" close to - near to 2! /" 0 *" 4 - near /" 0 *" T22
: A 0 _ "
K4 ,- - Q) % A XE 990- H,O .GL0 : "
"$ +O K/" A0
.G2! /" 0 *" K/"4 4 *2
-
9,(% EE
Q0) .4 ,P4
She is sitting (very) near to me. ( .G-G 9" 2A 3(A (9AD) N
)
She is sitting (quite) close to me. ( .G-G 9" 3(A (!&4) N
)
She is sitting much nearer to me. ( .G-G 9" 3(A =&4 N
)
She is sitting much closer to me. ( .G-G 9" 3(A =&4 N
)
She is sitting nearest (to) me. ( .G-G 9" 3(A N
)
She is sitting next to me. ( .G-G 9" (A X(
)
She is sitting closest to me. ( .G-G 9" 3(A N
)
:GA$ "Y Q"D
1 FI "4 7- 4 about "MD =-$
She is about forty. ( . )$ !A 40 )
"& &A 79B-G 9" K4 ,- 34 F79BM30 2
1 X "Y +O 4 X
:K%
.G3 >,A Z 6 J"0 H "4 96% % O (H " 0 /0) H "4
She is (about) forty.
She is (roughly) forty.
She is (approximately) forty.
She is forty ( about).
She is forty (approximately).
. 269 .
( .*2& P!A 40 KO )
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Deferred Prepositions ! /" 0 *" "L % .7

K0 :4 FL# ,(& >, /0 " XE _ 0 A& X! /" 0 *" 92
.G(& =A& X
1 )$& FA& X /0 " FI "L % ! /" 0 *" 2!"MD
I$& X! /" 0 *" "L % ,(& O X
1 X! /" 0 *"
4 ! /" 0 *" E 2!"MD : 4 FI "4 DE +O4 K/"4 330 _D K/9,
_ "
VERB + PREPOSITION F2!"D I$& .G(& "D K/A 2!" &A R K/(&
:G"4 Q %4 X-$ H"
D FG(& I " 0 4 #$% +'() 4
(1) A relative Pronoun (H" QM%
4 _ "
): who, which, that or (GA"& %(D)
e.g. I was talking about a book + Here is the book =
Here is the book (that) I was talking about. ( .2A 4
9& K3M0 Z( K
)
I have the money (that) you asked for.
( .4
; ) K/% K%)
That is something (that) I have been wondering about.
( .% K3M(& I K
;2 )
She is the girl (who(m) I work with. ( .:0 K/0 Q
O 4 K
)
(2) An interrogative pronoun (H" ;%): what?, who?, which (one)?, where?
e.g. He is looking at something + what? = What is he looking at? ( <G-0 ( )
What were they talking about? (<* K3M,N) : " P 7 E )
Who did you give it to? (<X24 & K%)
Where do you come from? (<X"& 2A0 K%)
Tell me what you are thinking about! (!%4 >96( 33MA JP ( N
)
Ask him where he got it from. ( .04 I% //" 2A0 )
:G"4 L# "L % X! /" 0 *" F2!"MD =-$
X
1 2 ; [1
/ /0 " J /" 0 *" &
1 2 % (aa)
"G 0
1 K/0 & !'() J /" 0 *" FK/(& 8

Has the room been paid for? ( <:A- "G ,) " ) XA$)
:"G 0 2 % X
1 4
Has Mr.X paid for the room? (< "4 IG ,) " ) XA$ *)X)

1 4 F the room FI "4
1 2 ; [1

1 4 F:% 9,(% 4
X
1 4 .K9B-L % /O X
1 Z KG ;
% for /" 0 *"
4 4 .K/"0 I "4 /0 " X /" 0 *" 4 Q 2 for
1 the room
&
:3(D
1 "D :96( =-$ 9%
% X for /" 0 *"
1
.G(4 # A J"O "(4 IL 9
*Has for the room been paid? (O)
:A$ IL$& ;
0 4 A
He was not paid attention to. ( .*0 Q332 / )
<2 ; [1
>
No one paid attention to him. ( .*0 Q332 / R(D) <2 %>
She was sought after by all the peace lovers. (.*!,3" Z ,& -Z3 )
The peace lovers sought after her.
( .9 / ,& -Z3 J"4)
2
1 :
K3) & 2!'() & K/"#D DE =0 A (bb)
He is impossible to work with. ( .8

H, 4 K4 X )
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
It is impossible to work with him. ( .8

H, 4 K4 X )
2
1 :
J" -ing K/"#D DE 0 A (cc)
He is worth listening to. ( .G6# 3!N *#$% X )
It is worth of listening to him. ( .G6# 3!N *#$% X )
I!0% &A HL % G K P!" QM%
_D :% K/"4 /0 " J /" 0 *"
7(& " X /0 " /" 0 *" !A 3!Z(0 204 .G"4

H!" 9,(0
:K%
. 9 & K/!Z(0 /"4 L# "L % X /" 0 *" FI "4 Q &
At which house did you leave the car? ( <A0 I A0 2G0 A0
%)
Which house did you leave the car at? ( <A0 I A0 2G0 A0
%)
Where did you leave your car? ( <A0 2A0
)
The old house about which I was telling you is empty. (.H4 $ & K3M(4 >0 Z( N% K
)
The old house (which) I was telling you about is empty. (.H4 $ & K3M(4 >0 Z( N% K
)
*" K P!" QM%
_D :% K/"4 PG" J /" 0 *" #4 /(
:K%
.G"0 I "4 L# ,9, I "L % F"4

3," +O 4 X! /" 0
What did she look like? ( <9000 0 - X )
What I am convinced of is that the worlds population will grow to an unforeseen extent.
(.G9(& >6)$& 2 =2 /"E-L$& " _2 % ) 6G2 F, / K
)
All she could talk about was her dog.
( .GA"(4 >0 ) !3P 9 Q0) )
X! /" 0 *" 30 K/9, I$& K/(4 IL 9 & M%
&
F92
:K%
.G"4 3!"
He left his coat in the car.
( .*A0 IGG"0
) )
That is the car in which he left his coat.
( .
;2 /A0 IGG"0 ) )
That is the car (that) he left his coat in.
( .
;2 /A0 IGG"0 ) )
He left politics because of the election results. (.*A D% T%6% A) _!A% )
It is the election results because of which he left politics.
(.H,O 0 A)
*It is the election results (that) he left politics because of.
(O "G 0
1)
The plane was destroyed through the pilots carelessness.
(.*"4 KA- K!)YA A) 9%4 X AD K!)YA)
It was the pilots carelessness through which the plane was destroyed. ( .H,O)
*It was the pilots carelessness (that) the plane was destroyed through.
<O>
! /" 0 *" 4 - T22

Simple and Complex Prepositions
*" T22 K%% /% X"#$% K/0 + E ! /" 0 *"
.G"4 3,A I2 ! /" 0 *" 4 - ! /" 0
X! /" 0 *" K/9, I$& H,O P for - in Fat FK"L# 2#$% E4
*" K3) & 2#$% : 24 34 .G)(D ! /" 0 *" T22 0 I$& :
.G4(D ! /" 0 *" 4 ! /" 0
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Simple prepositions ! /" 0 *" T22 .8

+ E 4 FI "4 X! /" 0 *" T22 K/"0 I$& *(4 -$
:
P4 I$& - ! /" 0 *" :
P4 4 A E K%% & P K/"4 H,O K/0
6(& X44
*,9, -
XA0D XE .G"4 3,A I2 ! /" 0 *"
.G0 DE
9"4 K4 !"
0
! /" 0 *" :
P4 4
Polysyllabic Prep ! /" 0 *" :
P4 I$&
Monosyllabic Prep
as
at
but
by down
for
from in
like
near (to)
of
off
on
out past
per
pro
qua
re
round
sans
since
than
through
till
to up
via
with
A'bout a'bove
a'cross
a'fter
a'gainst
a'long
a'mid(st) a'mong(st) 'anti
a'round a'top
be'for
be'hind
be'low
be'neath
be'side
be'sides
be'tween
be'yond
'circa de'spite 'during
ex'cept
in'side
'into
'notwith'standing 'onto
'opposite out'side
'over
'pace
'pending
through'out
to'ward(s)
'under
'under'neath
un'like un'til
u'pon
'versus
'vi-i-'vis
with'in
with'out
:G"4 "$4 /Z)G -$ K%% /% P X"#$ ! /" 0 *" T22
since Fround Flike FK%
.! /" 0 *" K/"4 :A & K/9BM30 /0 # Z)" (aa)
.G"4 - /Z)G
! /" 0 *" J"0 through What is its shape like? (<:0 & X )
It is like a triangle. ( .GA,O /N " )
*4 X! /" 0 *" :

;2 from FK%
.! /" 0 *" 4 & 30 (bb)
I!" 4 _ "
X " 0 +O Q 2 [frm Ffrm Ffrm] X from 4 K%% /"Y FI "4
.G"4 :0 # Z)"
Where is he from [frm]? (<2A0 )
He is from[frm] Kashkar. ( .230 )
:
P4 I$& .GA0 # Z)" : " P 2!"MD 92 ! /" 0 *" T22 :
P4 4
.G0 # Z)" : " P 92 ! /" 0 *"
Complex prepositions ! /" 0 *" 4 .9

.G"4 3,A P! /" 0 *" K"L# 2#$% &A A ! /" 0 *" 4
4 _ "
(G0 # Z)" : " P K%%) 92 *#$% 4 X! /" 0 *" 4 = "#$%
Fof Ffrom Ffor )$& .G"4 /" 0 *" T22 4 _ "
*#$% F /P4 &A 7- FQ) %
:K%
.G9, !3"0 with Fto
Except for Arkin, every body was in favour of the idea. ( .GA!"0 ) 4 KA
D 34 &)
We had to leave because of the bad weather. ( .:G"4 1
,9(& KA
D 4 A) -D )
I sat next to an old lady on the train. ( ._G2 9" (A X"A K/A 4 2A) K
)
:G"4 =-$ "G 0 X& K/9, I$& X ! /" 0 *" I&
= "#$%
PREP1 ( /" 0 *" 4) + NOUN ( R) + PREP2 ( /" 0 *" )
e.g. In terms of money, her loss was not small. ( .8
# 30A X 3 2# " ))
How many delegates are in favour of this motion? ( <GA!"0 +&- 50 6") 4)
In line with latest trends in fashion, many dress designers have been sacrificing
elegance to audacity.
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
(.GM0 4 0 X" &- ' +( [AE R6& K 7,%
/3( 2
(A )
&A + J( #4 " X! & X! /" 0 *" I&
= "#$%
:K%
.G(& I " 0 + 3(
In the light of the election ( .../!%% _!A%)
As a result of the election ( .../!%% _!A%)
:*(4 X! /" 0 *" = "#$% K/A I$& -$
'up against
'as for
ex'cept for
'as per
'but for
a'part from
a'way from
a'side from
'as from
a'head of
in'stead of
'upwards of
ac'cording to
'next to
'prior to
'back of
'off of
'as of
in'side of
re'gardless of
'as to
'on to ['onto]
pur'suant to
be'cause of
irre'spective of
'void of
'contrary to
pre'liminary to
'thanks to
ex'clusive of
out'side of
'close to
'due to
'owing to
pre'paratory to
'subsequent to 'up to
a'long with
de'void fo
'out of
'near(er) (to)
'previous to
to'gether with
:*(4 *"G 0 X! /" 0 *" 4 = "#$% K/A I$& -$
IN + NOUN + OF
In aid of
in behalf of
In place of
in quest of
In favour of
in the light of
In consequence of
in charge of
in search of
in need of
in (the) face of
in view of
in (the) process of
in front of
in lieu of
in back of
in case of
in respect of in spite of
IN + NOUN +WITH
In accordance with
In common with
in comparison with
in compliance with
in conformity with
in contact with
in line with
BY + NOUN + OF
by dint of
by virtue of
by means of
by way of
ON + NOUN + OF
on account of
on the strength of
on behalf of
on the matter of
on (the) ground(s) of
on the part of
on pain of
on top of
!"G 0 K"L# 2! /" 0 *" 34

As far as
at the expense of
for (the) sake
In addition to
with/in respect to
with/in regard to
At the hands of
for/from want of
in return for
With/in reference to
with exception of
in exchange for
at variance with
in relation to
Prepositional meanings

J /" 0 *"
I "4 /0 " J /" 0 *"
1 ! /" 0 *" F=2$ I A0 / 9 0 A
M%
9 'A 4 K/"4 "$4 4 34 X
1 K4 'A 4 K/2Z
*" K/A2Z G K4 ?0- F M%
+OD K/A2Z E .G(4 IL 9 &
. 273 .
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9AD LL J(9% E !0 FI$& 204 % _D GA I$& 20 4 ! /" 0
60 20 4 HLL ! /" 0 *" K/(4 IL 9 & 4-% - -; % FK%
.G"4 3,B- E :4 F "4
! /" 0 *" K/9%$& M%

K&
Prepositions denoting spatial relations

:*/A I$&
Above
beside
near
round
across against along among

around at behind below
between
beyond
by down
from
in
in front of
next to
off
on
onto
opposite
out of
outside
through
to
towards under underneath up
beneath
inside into
over
past
9D1 >9(64 % &A >9(64 A

F, K H2Z &
! /" 0 *"
;
-$ .A2Z 6% % O : 4 X'A 5M%
A 4 990- H,O FA!A
:A04 >0 DE
JP at J0
My car is at the cottage.( .2 _
X(
)
[1]
IL 9 & X
A KG 90 4
"$ 2 ,9, X at 2A 4
K4 on "
-$ 4 .G"4 'A 5
"$ ;$ 4 .G(4 I"M% & 90 4 K/A"(4
:A04 IG 9,%
Our cottage is on that road. ( ."A )& X4)
[2]
2
1 =-$ A on .G"4 'A 5
"$ 4 A J% 4 (road) ;A
1 4
:G(4 IL 9 & G
There is some ice on that road. ( .K 4 #
:# "A G-)
[3]
[4]
There is a new roof on the cottage. ( .K/Z(A (A $ X2 4)
There are only two beds in the cottage. ( .4 QM& ! Q0) 2)
[5]
9) % # A A FKG 5

"$ (cottage) 2 - (road) ;A F2
1 - [4] F-[3]
in .K"M% 9) % 'A 5
"$ A4 9"D 96"
2
1 -[5] .G9( &
.G"4 ,9, 4 'A 5
"$ A
The cows are in the field. ( .93"9( !"&)
F;$ X! /" 0 *" K/9, I$& 9L 9 & M%
&
% -$
.*9%$& *Z K/9, 90 'A (90 4) 5
"$ &A F4
DestinationK,
PositionKG DestinationK,
PositionKG
Dimension-Type: 0
(Dimensionless )
(
"$) ;$ :Z _"$
Point ?(
Dimension Type: 1 or 2
(One or Two-Dimensional)
&A 4 :Z _"$
(5
"$ &A 4)
Dimension Type: 2 or 3
(Two or Three Dimensional)
&A :Z _"$
(5
"$ &A )
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
XE -$ I "4 ! /" 0 *" K/ 9 & (+
) K, &A KG J( E 4
:*"LL K4 !"
,"0
"$ : 4 +OD
Destination
( +
) K,
Position KG
Dilxat went to Oxford. ( .9& 02& Q,2)
Dilxat is at Oxford. (.2& Q,2)
Arkin climbed onto the roof. ( .9

A $ &)
Arkin is on the roof. ( .$ &)
Polat dived into the water. ( .*&% P % QE))
Polat is in the water now. ( .2 % #D QE))
A& X /0 " /" 0 *" 92Z K4 # Z)" _D
8
/A E 4
4D -$ .(G"4 !3,A)) .G"4 =, I 0 %A J)-
!3"0 & F F0 FP F F2...
:*(4 !"
I$& ( 8
/Z _"$
Dimension-Type 0:
at the bus stop (9(4 8 49)) at the north pole (9) 0 ") at end of the road (O X"A)
Dimension-Type 1 and 2 :
Line (J%):
on the River Tarim (A4 %A2 R) on the boundary (3% () on the coast (3P0 B2)
Surface (# A):
on the wall (
)
on the ceiling (9%G)
on my back (

L2)
Dimension-Type 2 and 3:
area (2 FK A):
in the world (26G2)
in the village ("D
)
Space / Volume ( : 4/R1D ):
in a box (90G% 4)
in the bathroom (
)
in a park (P4)

in the church (2-&()
90 F?( A) 'A 5

"$ ;$ 92 at F= &A K%%
"$ - ;
0 A
FJ% A) 'A 5
"$ &A 4 92 on F90 P!9(64 K/"M% & (!3"0
K A _ "
F$) 'A 5
"$ &A "4 In .G9, 90 P (!3"0 # A &A ;A
.9, 90 P (!3"0
out of Foff Faway from :! /" 0 *" K/(4 IL 9 & G K/"4 J( &A
FK/(& +(") P! /" 0 *" K/(4 IL 9 & G - K, J( !3"0
:9, 2
=-$ E FI "4 ! /" 0 *" K/ 9 & , &A KG 3(
John drove (away) from home. ( .9& >3 J
A$ K1)
~ John is away from home.
( .90A A$ K1)
The book fell off the shelf. ~ The book is off the shelf.( .9& I 94, 9&)
Tom got out of the water. ~ Tom is out of the water.
( .9& >3 2 % _)
:K%
.G"4 2Z 30 H 0 not /" X!3"0 in Fon Fat A
: 4
Away from (not at)
off (not on)
out of (not in)
- ;
;
( ,9, X! /" 0 *" A0D K/(4 IL 9 & G -$
.G" A0 J0 % 5%$&
at / in / to(ward) / away (from) / by / (a)round / up / down .10

9"4 K4 !'() K/A2Z 31 &A D ! /" 0 *" F2!"D K P
.GA2Z 90 &A KG 4 _ "
"4
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: (movement) QD
Move away from the danger. (7,0A 2O)
Ahmet pointed up the road. ( .9%$& "A K4 "0 QO)
He ran down the road. ( .9& IL A I!A4 "A )
His car went round the corner. (.*"0 >9(& >A0 9 0Y2
X )
: (rest) J1
Ramziye is living away from her home. ( .G-G >A 6
)
Stay up the ladder (HG 9% )
My house is just down the road. ( .!Z K-$ X"A _ A$ X(
)
Meet me round the corner. ( .AL$& 0Y2 X&)
79, ILL0) in K4 at

F 9% F 9% F X&
) !4 ; % 92 2A0 X'A "4At
:K%
.G9, K H"M% (9%
4 >9%$& J( B2 ...F A&
I am sitting at my desk. ( .K-G 9" 9% K
)
I am at home. ( .A$ K
)
My children are at school. ( .9)9&
R"4 X(
)
My younger sister is at the University. ( .GA 0 9)9&
T" R% X(
)
We stayed at Herembagh Hotel. ( .:G2 [(

D 4)
The answer for this question is at the bottom of the page 65.
(.Z K-$ X4-65 4-1 X"% 4)
:K%
.G"4 J( H,O P!3"0 behind Funder Fon "4 In
I keep my pens in my desk. ( .KA!0% 9% "0 K
)
You are welcome any time in my home.
( .( 0 ?0-D 2 %)
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
There were some policemen in (the) school today. (.* 4 0% 4 9)9&
K 4)
Is there a restaurant in the Harembagh hotel? ( <
4 [(

D)
&A at F2!"D K9, +'() 4 KB2 arrive ) "4 F K4 X"D F#4 F"D
92
:G"4 " :
)$& .GA9O % 20 4 H!" 4 A0 X in
:K%
.G"4 =, I!" at : 2#$& !3"0 Q) F_GG2GA FQ(4
Arrive at London (at the airport) (
YY2YA) 7(& >9(A /G")
F6D FD FK A F"$ FQ"2 F'90 A 69( K/"4 4 &-
:K%
.G"4 =, I!" in 3 2#$& 2!G J"0 "D
F#4 FA D
Continents ("'90):
in Asia ( P6% F26%)
in Europe (P)G-A F2)G-A)
in Africa (/3@ F3@)
Countries ("2):
In Colombia (6
"& F6
"&)
in Sweden (696BM F696BM)
in china (PN 1 F2 N 1)
Provinces, counties, cities: ( "D F"6D F"$):

In Izmir (P
F2
) in Hotan (O FO)
in Guma (/
F
)
Arrive in London. (in the city) ( D) 7(& >9(A /G")
Arrive in England (7& >9(A 6)
I am in Urumqi. ( .
L #D K
)
30) K6A
M 6 - (
FK/(& K4 #$% 4 KB2 (school) I9&
:X0 Q332 ,9, ILL0) "G 0 +O =-$ K/"4

(1) Mr. Kahar is at school. ( .9)9&
D0)
(2) Mr.Kahar is in school. ( .9)9&
D0)
(3) Mr.Kahar is in the school. ( .9)9&
D0)
K H2Z & 3 0 )9&
FGL$& =9,O
300
1 0 A
9)9&
"4 F8
2A 34 &A A$ F
1-(1) 6 F
1-(2) F!3(

X%4 I9&
F4 K/"O 2-(2) &A -(1) 6 F
1-(1) !3(
K H2Z
.G9,
1-(3) *,& Q"2 D 92Z
79, ILL0) to K4 At

&A _2 K3M0 QD % *#4 *22 O FGA"M% 90 7,"O X&D at
.G(4 >9%$& M%
9 )%
K4 % &A _2 to .GL$& =/A 2%
:GA"(4 )2Z "4 to F")2 &A _ 1 D at F2!"MD *#4
!%4 >9( N

(2) ! N
(1) :1 X
1 0 A
.GM,
E% !% ,OA (4) .G-0- (K4 J) / !Q2 K% (3)
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F3")0 at 2 to laugh at someone FA .G"4 H,O 0 A

to point at/to
0O XD &A K, at 2 to look at F to aim at F to shoot at F2Z ")2
.GA"(4 I2Z 90
in front of behind / outside / out of / inside / in(to) / .11

E90 D Q0) "4 into G"4 =, 90 331 &A QD inside - in
K4 into F=, D-7 (K/"4 J( ) K/9& 92 In .G9,
&9& =&4 D FG"4 =, 90 D-7 K/"4 :3( F=DE inside
.G"4 =, inside :"4 &9& =&4 G F into :"4
A in B: Dont put all your eggs in one basket. ( !"% M(% E4
O
D)
A into B: We drove into Spain. ( .:G24 J
6Z 4)
We drove in Spain. ( .:GAD
6Z 4)
A inside B: Circle A is inside circle B.
(. X B
"4 A
)
Circle C is partly inside and partly outside circle B.
( .% (A F X B
(A X C
)
under / over Fbelow / above .12

2!"MD *#4 FI "4 K/9(& >,,O !&4
X! /" 0 *" I 1 4 4
:-$ :) 9 E .GBM"4 =, A0
.G(4 I"M% M%
;B- +O 4 under K4 Over (aa
#$ X'A K3!A1 /G =-$ &A ( 4-4 F"4 below K4 Above (b
:G(4 I"M% K/"4 5M%
X A "4 B

FI "4 QM%
;B- +O4 9 B K4 A % 4
QM%
;B- =9 "4 9% X4 A *4 9 X B K4 A % ..9%
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
5-$-*0 A Q 33!A1 /G =-$ K / X4 A *4 "4 F9%"4
.Z K-$ XG0 A G0 B
X
1 .K"L 9 & QM%
:A$ IL$& ;

0 4 A
G 2( )A A % 9 F 9% X&L-$&... % 9) ;%
"$ "D RA-RA X (Z( "4 % 9) F3P GA 2 )A B F3P
.K2Z 8G2 69% *0 A "$ &A 8G2 69% K-$
B2 X F"4 % N F3P GM9(& >9() 3% : ) HA 0 F% "%
.K2Z K-$ # A B2 Y F( # A
:K%
.G(& P 3,BM RA : 4 .9, 2 J0 R0 4 A E
under the circumstances ( 99...)
road under repair ( ;A K3M0 ?B)
under the impression that (9% % : )

under $10.00 = less than $ 10.00 ( :# 2!"Y2 K)
2 J0 )$& 4 FG"4 =, beneath / X below F2!"MD K0
:K%
.G9,
beneath contempt (9% 79
&)
. 279 .
beneath the road
(9% ;A)
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on / on to / off / across .13

.G(4 I"M% 31 &A KD 9M%
K&
! /" 0 *" 4
-$ FGA2Z # A &A 9% X% 4 34 X% 4 _ "
on (1
:X0 Q332 ,9, 2
a calendar on the wall ( ("&
)
a fly on the ceiling ( M 9%G)
the news on page4 ( -O 94-4)
a program on the television (
Y) 2YM()
on the left/right side (9) &A 9) ;%)
on the one hand ( ...9) 4)
on the other hand ( ...9) 4 A)
/G 4 G 4 XD 92 (G(A >A =2#$% 92) On to (2
:K%
.G9, K 7(4 I2Z >9A & &A KY ,$A
The cat jumped on the table.
=
&A ,(4
K2 93 I&% 9% ;9% =
=
(
2E 4 .

,(4
KB2

1 4
= .*&% 9% ;9%
.G"4 :96( I2 The cat Jumped onto the table. >9, onto
1 4 4 FK H2Z J(
9L 9 & 3/A # A X &A 9% %4 34 X% _ "
off (3
:K%
.9,
The cat jumped off the table. ( .9& I I&% "9% =
)
&A 9D K$ >(& 9% &A # A X% 4 X% 4 across (4
:K%
.G9, K H2Z 9"D
The cat is going across the road. ( .GM$ >(& "A =
)
The post office is across from the hospital. (.Z 0 XO 9OY2 9))
beside / by / next to / near .14

/ 4 FI "4 /" 0 *"
K/A,OP (3(A) close to 9D1
Near
.G(4 >96( G% 4 H,O X% &A _2 K3M(
&A KA- A G 9,$A H,O 4 _ "
X% &A _2 K3M( / 4 Next to
.G(4 >96 3/ 9"D 0
O& F0 4-4 OMD0 F49& F:0 %
3(A : XE .A"$& 0 XE "4
J0) 04 =-$ 93A &A "D
:A"62Z J0 79, -#$%
The cinema is across the road from the caf.
The cinema is opposite the caf.
(.K3!A1 /,0 XOMD0 O&)
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
The cafis next door to the bookshop.

The cafis next to the bookshop. (.0 /O& OMD0 = .(A X49& OMD0)
All these places are quite near one another. (.3(A 9AD 4-4
D X!G 30 A)
The street itself is near (=not far from) the town center. (.3(A &
#4 *#$ X& 4)
(.G-G 9" (A X B "4A)
(.G-G 9" 3(A PD "4 C )
(!G 9" (A >(&)
.G"4 =, beside &Aby 2A 4 4 .K2Z >& 9%Y2 % -1
.X0 Q332 34 K/(& K4 By
To live by the sea (HA A4 B2)
The road runs right by (or past) our house. ( .G$ !(A XG0 X4 ;2 ;A 4)
against .15
30 2D1 J"0 QD FQ6(D F) F,$A 0 +O4 /" 0 *" 4
:K%
.GA2Z
swimming with the current ( HL# I!A4 3()

swimming against the current ( HL# 0 /3()
pushing against the wall (799

)
leaning against the wall (HG I "$A /
)
I am in favor of Organizations like NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), but I am against the
use of nuclear weapons and the idea of Absolute Security of some developed countries that have made
many people homeless in some developing or undeveloped countries.
X"0 Y2A K
:4 FKA!"0 !! H,O /! *D K6& 59! T" K
)
*#4 K3-GG"0 &
-$ 3"O ; K/0 T30 &A K3M0 T30 R04 - ,9,
.0 62 5"4 :
X" K/0 30
among / between .16

9D &A X'A _ "
K/"4 5M%
39(64 /" 0 *" 4 : Between
.G(4 I2Z
&A X'A K/"4 5M%
39(64 : /" 0 *" 4 :Among
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.G(4 I2Z 9D

Triangle B is situated between A and C.
It exactly half way between them.
(. 9 ;2 XE . 9 X C K4 A " B)
What is the difference between a boat and a ship? ( <4 :) ( 9 X O) K4 J6(0)
It is very nice to be among friends. ( .7 = " N$& 9AD H "4 !9%Y2)
9"4 K4 /P4 4 KB2 (-) and R2 between 92 :7%
.=(& "4 & = )$& R2 #$% K/(& A& X Among .G9,
FI "4 K3!A1 / 9 X!3"0 D - C FB ?(64 A A Between
K ?(64 : "4 2Z IG 9" =-$ #$ E
:G"4 ,9,
[A: between B and C] + [A: B and D] + [A: C and D]
e.g. Hungary lies between Austria, Romania, Czechoslovakia and the Russia.
(.K3!A1 / 9 X6%Y - 6&- F6
Y F69- "4 6B-)
! /" 0 *" K/ 9 & M%

#
Preposition which express relationships in time
F#$%
2A 0 " 92 4 #$% J /"0 *" K/ 9 & M%
?0*" 4 _ "
*#$ 2!90- *#4 .G3 /A
& /0 " -O R(& &A /3(
.G(& ) "4 /0 " X /" 0
IL$& I 0 K4 !"
! /" 0 *" K/ 9 & M%
?0- 4 0 4
:*/A I$& _D RD
.$
after
since
at
before
through(out)
by
to
during
towards
for
from
until (or till)
in
on
within
past
after / before .17

.?0- = "$4 4 "4 XY 90 4
# "4 X
'2 -$
A& -*" X, 4 _ "
after K4 before
.G9%$& "$4 ?0- &A 90 ?0e.g. before the war ( * 9G )
after dinner
(6(& 90
)
before Thursday (* ,A))
before the game and after it (A&-*" X34%
) after the weekend ( 6(& O 9)D)
.G(& >, & -ing X!'() A& XE

e.g. Please adjust your dress before leaving. ( .;M 9# 6& ;-- 9,3 /"A )
After thinking (or having thought) about it for a while, I decided to choose the dark blue suit.
(.R0 0 ,( "G 4-_ 69%& 5N =$& J(0 K
F6(& /!A #D 4)
"4 8
K4 ! /" 0 *"
1 *3(4 K4
1 H4 FQ% 2!"MD =0 A
:9, "G 0 -$ K/(& >P4 K4 ! /P4
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
CLAUSE + CONJUNCTION + CLAUSE

Have a drink before you go. ( .;M %4 :# KG 4 9,(
)
Well go out after weve had something to eat. (.3 3% 4 6(& /"M( % :# //AA)
=0 A F& 4-% X,9, /P4 9%9, /" 0 *" : 4
before F>9, PREPOSITION+ING FA "G 0 K/(& K4 /" 0 *" 2
1
9"P &A =9B-G 9!Z(0 !&4
1 "D F=B2 after having had &A after having Fgoing
.G"4 J)-
( :P4 >9, "#$% /P4
1 :
FN .G"0 I $&
since / for / during / by / until .18

:G"4 = _D :% 0 :
%$& -$
Since a point of time = I!4 90 ?0- 4 _ "
.GA2Z 33M4
QD 4 _ "

A
For a period of time = 390- = "$4 4

.GA2Z 33M,"O 2
>4
QD -7 4 _ "

A
During a period of time = 8

"$4 ?0- ; ) :4 F990- = "$4 4
>,"O A F>4 A1 4 _ "
"$4 ?0- K/"4 P

QD -7 4 _ "

A
.GA2Z 3/"4
By a point of time = :G 4 "4 8

6(& 990- F/90 ?0- 4 _ "
.GA2Z 3/"4 >,"O :G 4 &A 390-
XD -7 4 _ "

A
Until a point of time = /90 ?0- 4 _ "
.GA2Z 3/,"O 990-
;2 &A 390-
;2 XD-7 4 _ "

A
Since
since 1995 ( *(4 A-1995)
since breakfast (*4 9)
since the beginning of May
(I!4 ,(4 XA-5)
since the third of May
(I!4 &-3 XA-5)
For
for a week (9)D 4)
for several years
(/A 4)
for a long time (390- :# )
for ages
(390- :# )
for the last three weeks
(9)D 0O)
During
during the concert (
-2 (& #
)
during August (99% P-)
during my stay in France (#
KP 6@ K
) during the night ((&)
K 7(4 3 230 F30 F&% Q% K ?0- 0#D :by
=-$ >9, By "D F:0 I2 Q% 2-1 K%% /"MD H0 90- K/9(&
:G"4 L#
1
. 283 .
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If we leave now we should be in Atush by nine if the roads are quiet.

(."4 >(4 3 P# 30 Q% _ 0 4 "4 4 ;A
D :3 /"A #D 4 )
If we leave now we should be in Atush by nine thirty if there is not too much traffic.
(."4 >(4 3 /(A # 30 Q% _ 0 4 F"4 90 H0 "A
D :3 /"A #D 4 )
If we leave now we should be in Atush by ten oclock at the latest.

(."4 >(4 >9(A _ 0 / Q% (& 3 :3 /"A #D 4 )
:=, at / X By 4
If we leave now we should be in Atush at ten oclock.
(."4 >(4 3 _ 0 Q% :3 /"A #D )
4 K/9(& K )% 3M( / 2A 4 .G0) :# 2
1 0 A
1 4
.0 ?0- 4 _ "
K/A2Z ,,"O - 7(4 X)% "4 F9%"4 ?0- = "$4
until
until Friday ( &
1)
until the end of the lesson (/O X%2)
Were staying here until Friday. ( . &

1 2A 4 4)
He is not coming until Friday. ( .GA"& &
1 )
.G"4 ,9, 0 "#$% /P4 until K4 since
e.g. weve had nothing but trouble ever since she arrived.
( .M(& ",( ((D #$ 93- 4 *(4 "& )
Dont hurry. Ill wait until you have finished.
( .KA!0% /"4 >9 K% K
.")
while /P4 "D 8
/ 4 .G"4 ,9, ! /" 0 *" 4 Q0) during
:K%
.G"4 ,9,
J(" 8
P During FI "4
e.g. I fell asleep during the concert.
( .K9)0 I!O 90- 6 K
)
I fell asleep while the concert was going on. (.K9)0 I!O 990- K3M" A0 6 K
)
in / at / on / past / to / from / between .19

!90- J"0 !( &A K & on F!90- =& - Q
FQ% )$& at 2E 4
.G 9 & 90- K/"4 :G# K J"0 % - +A F+%) F "4 in .G 9 &
At point of time ( 90 ?0- _ "
)
ON A DAY OR A DATE ( 2!( &A K & _ "
)
IN PERIOD OF TIME ( ?0- ="$4 4 _ "
)
Examples:
At
at ten o,clock ( 2 10 Q%) at midnight ( & R(A)

at eastwer ( A4 7)
at Christmas ( A4 M9%2Y)
at night (9&)
at the weekend (O 9)D) at preasent (#$ X#D)
On on Monday ( & ,&A) on Mondays (* & ,&A)
on Tuesday morning ( & ,A%) on Saturday evening (9& & )
on Wednesday afternoon (6(& 9 D) on holiday ( & 7( _2)
on the first day of the month ( ,(4 XA)
on Christmas day ( & A4 M92Y)
on my birthday (
& K/" P X(
)
In in 1995 ( A-1995)
in July (" 6)
in the first three months ( A ,(4)
In the last three months (A 0O)
in the next three months ( A &(&)
In the past (*)
in the future (% "&)
in our lifetime ( 2
$ ; ))
In the twentieth century ( 2%-20)
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
(8
I$&) not more than A FI "4
H,O K4 during 2 =0 A in
:K%
.G"4 ,9,
KB2
Ill be back in a minute. ( K(& >9A0 !A"0 3
4 K
)
Ill be with you in just a moment. (K"4 4 K4 K% !A"0 30# K
)
Can you come back in an hour (hours time)? ( <K
"(& >9A0 !A"0 & (?0-) Q% 4 K%)
( F/"4 : 4 .G"4 J)-

,9, within & K3!Z(0 ( X in 2 : 4
:K%
.G"4 :3(
The goods must be paid for within thirty days. (.=(& "4 >"$ K &30 _ 0 " ) XE-)
:
H,O
:4 FG"4 ,9, 9"4 K4 time
D X /" 0 *" 0 A
.GA"4
On time (90-): try to arrive on time = be punctual, come when you should come. ( 7(& 90-)
In time ( (& =4 F;D2): If you hurry, you should be (just) in time to catch the train =
you will not be able to late. (.GA"4 (& = .=(& L " PA) ;D2 F" K% )
At the time (P ) : Buvinur called, I was having dinner at the time. = at the moment when
she called. ( .R9-A :
5& K
P F*0 K(( N
- 4)
At one time (KG 4 F*): At one time we were good friends. (.:G 2!9%Y2 ,OA 4 2!P 4)
= There was a time when this was true.
( .K/"4 !90- 4 : K/"4 Q30D 4)
At times (#4): He comes here with some food at times. (.G"0 >(& K4 5&(A :# A 4 #4 )
TO / FROM / PAST
# A 90 ?0- 4 _ "
E pastF fromFto
-7 K/4 90 &A K/(4
.GA2Z D
BETWEEN
XD -7 _ "
"4 between
92Z 3/(4 # A 90 ?0.G9,
Q
Y X X%
D .G(A A& Q% F" Q
F, 92Z 90- past
:K%
.G(4 I2Z $
3:05= 5 past 3 (9$ Q
H4 9 )
4:10 = 10 past 4 ( 9$ Q
10 9$)
4:15 = A quarter past past 4 (9$ = 9$) 6:30 = hafl past 6 ( *"4 R(A 9")
:G"4 =, >9(0 minute 9"4 K4 !% 34 A
5:26 = twenty six minutes past five ( 9$ Q
26 94)
& X X%
D .G(A A& Q% F" Q
!,O F, 92Z ?0- to
:K%
.G(4 I2Z 3/"0 Q
Y
11:35 = 25 to 12= twenty five to twelve ( .*"0 Q
25 12 Q%)
8:45 = a quarter to 9 = fifteen to nine ( *"0 (Q
15) Q% = P# 30)
10:30 = half to eleven = half past ten ( *"4 R(A K = *"0 Q% R(A 11)
.G(4 I2Z 90- = "$4 4 K/"4 390- 4 A 90- 4 _ "
From to
From July to September ( 49(% 6)
From this week to next week ( 9)D (& 9)D
)
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From now to the end of the month (/O XA I!4 2#D)

:K%
.G9, 92Z 90- 9 90 ?0- between and
Between July and september ( 3 49(% K4 ; 6)
Between now and the end of the month (93 K/"4 /O 2#D)
:
:*"G 0 K/"0 I$& K/(& K4 From
From the time ( ... 990-
)
+ clause (
1 :
)
From the moment ( ...99A)
)
+ clause (
1 :
)
From the minute ( ...9

)
+ clause (
1 :
)
Example: From the moment I saw you, I knew that you were the only one for me.
(.R K4 3/9A ! K
Q0) X(% I!4 99A) K$& (% K
)
! /" 0 *" K/A2Z M%

34
Prepositions denoting other relations
Simple prepositions ! /" 0 *" T22 .20
-$ 2! /" 0 *" K/A"62Z M%
34 M%
K
# - K&
:4 ! /" 0 *" T22

about
against
in
like
of
at
on
besides
by
out of
than
but
despite
expect
for from
to
unlike
with
without
.*9%$& ,9, X! /" 0 *" 4 -$

:G9, 9"4 K4 ) % *#4 X! /" 0 *" 4 (aa)
afraid of (K/00 FK300)
different from ( J0) 2...)
angry with ( K 2...)
amazed at ( K/"4 KAD P ...)
:GA%A J0 9"4 K4 ! *#4 X! /" 0 *" 4 (bb)
by heart (> /2A F02A)
from memory ( >A O)
on leave (9% F9,( _2)
without fail (64 P
)
:G9, 9"4 K4 !'() *#4 X! /" 0 *" 4 (cc)
depend on ( 7A P ...) go without ( 7(
# /"A)
wait for (H!0%)
prevent from ( H % FHP0 FH!0% 2 ...)
.*(4 O X44
) X/A I$& X : 4
:G 9 & M%

+O O E (dd)
A
D F2A
D F Q) F) F2A !3(A F3(A F? FP = About
:K%
.G9, 92Z !( (1)
a book about insects (9& P D)
:G9, 9L 9 & 6ZA& - *) F6(D P 'A X,& (2)
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
She is worried about her exams. ( .G- [9 )

Tell us about your holiday. ( .4 I"#$% JP X,( _2)
:G(4 IL 9 & 90- &A O &

- K
# X9D ,& (3)
She walked about the town to find her little boy.
( .*0 P!0A 4-:A 2D K 7Z( P )
The news traveled about the country. ( .9& I /A1 A0D X

-O 4)
You can find him in his new house about here.
( .KAE) A$ (A 9) 3(A K%)
We will meet if you can go to the beach about four p.m.
(.,$& 4 F"4 /A4 B2 2$ Q% 6(& 9 K% )
I saw him as I was about to get on the bus. (.R"0 IL$& P I2 3 /
K
)
J0 /" 0 *" 4 (K/"G FK/" 0% FK/" " F0 0 F0 =) Against
:G(4 IL 9 & 9M%
I am against the idea. ( .0 ) : 4 K

)
I am against your oponion about this problem. (.KA" 0 /,0 K/"4 %
4 X(% K
)
Some residents voted against the proposal.
( .* Q(4 0 /!) 4 E0 ) *#4)
Our schools football team played against the team of Kashkar Normal Institute.
(.943 K4
& 99 () 30
& ; ) X Z9&
X4 )
I must give an injection against flu. ( .GA"4 _
; & 0 /
&G# :
0 A % K
)
(9D1 ... F F F2 F F2) At

:G9, 9L 9 & % 9D1 Q6(D )$& /" 0 *" 4 (1)
I am amazed at your suggestion. ( .KM41 N%$& X(% K
)
At my request, he has resigned from the company. ( .*% Z9 9& A) RZ" X(
)
:G9, 9,4 IL 9 & -$-*0 A X93 (2)

good at chess ( 9% 3D)
expert at football (,OA " ))
good at english (,OA )
bad at remembering ( ,( %)
:G9, 92Z "( F9 % X% 9D (3)

We can reach the distance by five a.m if we drive at 70 kilometrs per hour.
(.A"9(A
4 Q% K F:N
K4 5"( 9(
& 70 9% 4 )
:G9, 92Z %D4 XE- (4)

We bought five Video Compact discs at $2 each.
(.:G"M9(% 9%!) /"'% 2 H4 2!"Y2 4D 4)

(34 2 ... F9%"0 E... F*3 2 ...) Besides
.GA2Z
H,O K4 in addition to &A apart from /" 0 *" 4
I knew you have money, but do you have anything else?
(<4 ( A 34 % :4 FK4 3"4 ; ) % K
)
:G"4 :96( IG 9!622 =-$ >9, besides
1 4 4
Do you have anything else besides money? (<
4 % 34 " ) %)
(34 2 ... FQ% 2 ... ) But = except
*" A "4 F9%"0 !)GG!A
1 0 I!P4
1 :
I "4 /P4 But
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G"4 H,O K4 except

FG9, =-$ I "4 /" 0
I would like to do nothing but reading.( .:A RA 3, :3(D 34 9 0 9& X(
)
:K%
.G9, =)$& 92 but for & 4 X 4
If it had not been for me, you would all have been killed.
(.!9E4 K"L 9"$ !
D % F_"4 K
)
.G"4 :96( IG 9!622 :
>9, but for 4
1 4
But for me, you would all have been killed. ( .!9E4 K"L 9"$ !
D % _"4 K
)
(Z F990- F..."MD ... F(& FI!A4 F(A FJ0 FK4) : By
:K%
.G9, 92Z " % &A M% K/9, 9,0 , 4 _ "
(1)
Go by car (K4
)
He entered by the window and left by the side door.(.9& >3 9, KA F>& B2 )
We got the car started by pushing it down the road.
(.:G2G" Q J0 799 Z K-$ X"A
4)
:K%
FG9, 9,9%$& 62 (2)
A novel by Mr. Zordun Sabir = a novel which was written by Mr. Zordun Sabir.
(K
Y ) 4 KP#A *) 4% KG2Y#)
A painting by Mr. Hazy Amet = a painting which was done by Mr. Hazy Amet
(R% ) 4 KP% *) Q
*#P)
:A2Z :
0 A F=, of / X by 4
One of Mr. Hazy Amets paintings = a painting of Mr. Hazy Amets
(% ) 4 X) Q
*#P)
Despite
:K%
.G9, :# /0 / :4 FG9(& >,,O K4 in spite of 4
Despite their political differences, the two countries do a lot of trade with each other.
(.G,0 0E 2% I$& 9AD Q"2 4 F9%0 /3%,O X
L# T%6%)
Except
.G9, =)$& /0 0 but FI "4 H,O 0 but 4
She said hello to everyone except me. ( .*% ;MD A
D 34
)
For
:K%
.G(4 IL 9 & 4-% &A Q0
(1)
I only did it for the money. ( .R0 ! ; ) Q0) , K
)
We will fight for the independence of our nation forever.
(.0 H & N
K 309%
X9
4)
:K%
.G9%$& /0 ; 40 % _ "
(2)
I bought it for you. ( .R"M9(% N% K
)
I wrote this book not for me, but for my friends.
(.R2#A K R9%Y2 "4 F8

K _L#$ 49& 4 K
)
:K%
.G 9 &
&A )%
(3)
Where are you heading for? (<K4 >9(& 30A0)
They set off for Paris at dawn. ( .93 /"A I0 P) K4 [4 % E )
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
:K%
.G 9 & 9M%
H!"0 (4)
I am (all) for the idea. ( .K" 0 ) ) 4 K
)
Some of the party members voted for the proposal.
(.* Q(4 I!"0 !) *"# 6) R0 4)
(.GA2Z
0 X against 2
1 : 4 for )
:K%
.G 9 & G 9,(% (5)
He is a bit too old for you. ( .K !0# % )
She is very clever for her age. ( .J0 =&4 /0 /,(A X#$ )
From
:K%
.G 9 & 3/"%A "6(
+O 04 &A (,3 >(&)
(1)
I come from Barcelona. ( .R"& 2%4 K
)
I am from Koshtagh. ( .P90 K
)
This cake was made from sugar, flour, butter and eggs.
(.K/"%A
O - 3(% FK F( Q 4)
He borrowed the money from his sister. ( .*" Q6 " ) )
:K%
.GA2Z LL0) &A 7A (2)
It was stolen from the office safe. ( .K/!P 0G% 4 X, )
Cant you tell white from black? (<K
"(4 ILL0) 0 K4 : K%)
In
:K%
.G 9 & -; %
Tell me in a few words what happened next.
(.4 I"#$% :0/A 3/"4 7 ( 6(& )
She replied in a most offensive manner/way. (.*2 9A0 -1 K4 ; % ;)0 )
Like
:K%
.G 9 & -; % (1)
He smokes like a chimney. ( .G( >3 K H,O / O *22 O &
)
He plays football like his brother. = He plays football in the way (as well as)
his brother plays football.
(.GAA H,O /& " ) )
:K%
.G 9 & 9M%
HG 9,(% (2)
Like his brother, he plays football.
( .GAA ; )
H,O /&)
= He is like his brother in one aspect, i.e., they both play football.
(.GAA ; ) D A FGA,O /& 9) 4 )
.G2
0 "D 8

K/A2Z I "4 unlike #$%
0 X Like
Unlike Czech and Polish, Bulgarian uses the Cyrillic alphabet.
(.G9, %Z( 3A K6-!% 20 E/" 4 F/A,O P!3",") - !)
Of
:K%
.G 9 & M%
+O- O =-$ /" 0 *" 4
:K%
.G 9 & 9M%
J" (1)
the symphonies of Mozart (*% X#
)
a man of few words (_2 /1)
a friend of my fathers ( P X
22) the university of Edinburgh (9(9%BM )
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:K%
.G(4 IL 9 & "6(
_O X% _ "
(2)
made of gold (K/"%A 9")
a door of solid steel (5, K/"%A 9E) J90)
:K%
.G 9 & & &A 3
(3)
a piece of paper (#P0 ) 4) a glass of water ( % K&9 4)
full of hatred (K/" K4 5$)
made of gold (K/"%A 9")
:K%
.G(4 I2Z (4)
to die of old age ( H "$ K4 1 #$)
On
IG 9" I "4 H,O K4 about 9D1 4 .G9, 92Z 2D F% >9(64 %
3"6A FK/!Z(0 about F"MD K3!Z(0 204 on F& *(A K/0) .G"4 ,9,
:K%
.G"4 =, about P!N) 92 F on P!0 4 F3!N .G9%$& "MD
He will speak on / about The Birds in the Tangry Mountains.
(.GA"#$% P ! 0 P *N )
He will lecture on The Birds in the Tangry Mountains.

(.GA"#$% : P ! 0 P *N )
I would like to have a chat about my college friends with you.
(.K0 G# ,,N) JP R9%Y2 9)9&
T" K4 % K
)
Out of
.G 9 & 3/A9O 9D &A 3/A !A"0 30# X% _ "
(1)
out of stock (7A P4
) run out of food (H 5&(A) out of breath (H9O ))
:K%
.G 9 &
&A ;6(
(2)
He made a table out of (from) old orange boxes. (.*%A 4 0G% () & )
:K%
.G 9 & 4-% &A Q0
(3)
She acted out of spite. ( .*0 QD L2 )
Than
:K%
.G9, I$& 2!
9,(%
Half a loaf is better than none. ( .,OA 90A "4 R(A)
To
:K%
.G 9 & &A G 9,(% (1)
We won by two goals to nil. ( .:GNA K4 0 "$ 4)
exchanging rate of $ to the (9 HG 9" /"(9%@ !"Y2)
:K%
.G 9 & % 9D1 Q6(D (2)
To my surprise, no body replied to the advertisement.
(.*
9A0 -1 /!( X(
(D FPG"0 KAD (
)
:G(& >," / X for &A of 2 =-$ (3)

Secretary to the managing director (Z& X92 H4)
financial advisor to the company ([%
293 X&)
With
:K%
.GA2Z &A ; % (1)
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
With a smile (K4 _ %4 F

" &)
with pleasure (K4 :Y# FK4 J" O)
:K%
.GA2Z !"0-M% (2)
He cut the paper with a knife. ( .9%& K4 :) #P0 )
:7%
, 4 _2 4 with F0) FI "4 K/9, 92Z !"0-M% X by K4 With
X
2 K/0 Q0
, , by :4 FG9, 9L 9 & , /0

1-(2) with K9,
1-(1) -$ 4 FA) -%
.GA"4 LL# ,3 /A
.A"9,
(1). He was killed with a sword. ( .K"L 9"$ K4 O 4 )
(2). He was killed by a train. ( .*A0 IL 9"$ >(4 A) )
:K%
.GA2Z 3"
D (3)
Come with me. ( .
K4 K
)
I would like to go with you. (.KAEO ,(4 4 K4 K% K

)
:K%
.GA2Z
2A &A !"0 (4)
We are with (for) you. ( .9) K% 4)
:K%
.G 9 & 9M%
J" (5)
a man with a long black beard (_2 J"0% 0 KG# )
a dog with only one ear (? J0E 0 4)
:K%
.GA2Z & X% _ "
(6)
His bag was filled with walnuts ( .K/"G# 3 K4 :NA
% X )
With out
:K%
.G 9 &
0 0 X with /" 0 *" 4
She bought that red dress without hesitation ( .*"M9(% &N$& +0 9% )
He cut the paper without a knife ( .9%& #P0 !A, :) )
You can get it without me ( .KA",( %
"4 K
K%)
A bread without a moustache is like a violin without a bow.
(.GA,O /Z "
& A4 ;0% G 4)
Compound prepositions ! /" 0 *" I&

.21
& M%

# - K&
E FI "4 ! /" 0 *" 4 K/ P
:K%
.G(& "G 0 & Preposition + Noun + Preposition R2 E .G 9
in spite of ( 9%0 P...)
by means of ( >A P...)
on behalf of ( K9"&- P...)
in addition to( *3 2...)
in favor of (H!"0 FHEO)
in view of ( I!A ...)
as well as ( H,O K4 too) according to ( /!%% P...) ahead of (")
apart from ( 34 2...)
because of ( 4-% X ...)
instead of ( / X...)
other than ( 34 2...)
owing to ( >( # ... F4-% X ...)
:
3D
X% KP#A *#$ 933(A ,& ) "4 E FI "4 ! /" 0 *" I&
K P (1)
:K%
.G9, 92Z
We wish to talk to you with respect to your proposal.
We wish to talk to you with reference to your proposal.
We wish to talk to you in respect of your proposal.
We wish to talk to you in connection with your proposal.
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(0
$ ,,N) P XZ& X(% K4 K% 4) H,O K%%
X
D X
1 4
.G"4 3G 9" K4 about
D X! /" 0 *" 4 & XE FI "4
.G9(& >,,O K4 owing to &A because of
.G9, /" 0 *" R2 due to (2)
owing to X,Y &A - because of X,Y &A X is due to Y "G 0 A .G0) E 9D1 "G 0 :4
:K%
.G"4
Because of bad weather, the match has been cancelled.
(.*"GG"0 "
34%
F3/"4 -D)
The cancellation is due to bad weather. ( .G2-D 4-% H "GG"0 "
X34%
)
Preposition in -ing ! /" 0 *" K3EO K4 -ing .22
"#$% K P K"& 2!'() A F34 2 according to /" 0 *" K/9, I$&
/ J(A )$& E .G4(D ! /" 0 *" K/ 9 & M%
+O O
E FI "4
.G"4 3G 9" "#$% T22 / XE 4 #4 .G9, I$& 2!G K3!Z(0 H,O
:*/"0 I$&
Concerning , regarding ( H
K4about D 90 'A >9(64%)
Including ( .GA2Z 3/" #$)
Excluding ( .GA2Z 3/A" #$)
VERB + PREPOSITION
4#$% 92 4 .GL& !'() 4 >(& >4 K4 !'() ! /" 0 *"
X!'() 4 K/" (9&O 4 #$% .G I2 (phrasal verbs) !'() K/" (9&O
O 4 A FG%A >(& I " 0 ! /" 0 *" A& X!'() F%4 FI "4 %
7(&
: 4 92 .G%A K4 " 0 X"#$% K/" (9&O 7- &A 7- A& X!'()
.G"4 - P
X'() 4 K ) 4 :4 F 20 K4
X! /" 0 *" 2!'()
:K%
.GA"4 /0 860 3%
X!'() : 4 2!"MD *#4
To look up a word = to find its meaning (H" 9P "
X#$%)
To come across something = to find something by chance
(7MZ( &A 7(0 >9 TZ2% % _ "
)
7$ - 70
9,(% !'() H,O /

X!'() - X! /" 0 *" 4
.A" 3N ( J0
A: I am thinking of going to Greece for my holidays this year.
(.K-!A ,(4 69 90- 7( _2 3A 4 K
)
B: I am thinking about going to Greece for my holidays this year.
(.KMA JP 7(4 69 90- 7( _2 3A 4 K
)
( KG 4 9,3 0 "4
1 B F0 4 K%% F "4 J( )
1 A
.G(4 >9%$& &(& 7A =)$&
FHL$& H ) dream of F(H!N) hear about K4 (H!N) hear of A 0) H,O / 4
Z(...) talk about K4 (70 Z( ...) talk of - (7AFHL$& H ) dream about K4 ( 7A
.G"L$& 9 !3"0 (70
(/396( X
2 A)
2 _ "
agree with F:% 9,(% agree to K4 Agree with
:K%
.G9%$& !"0 !) &A H " 0 /!) X
2 _ "
"4 agree to :4 .G9%$& " 0
I agree with you, and I agree with what you say. = I have the same opinion as you.
(.H,O K4 (% ) X(
= .K" 0 ) X(% A FN% K
)
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
I have listened to your plan, and I agree to it. = I consent or give my permission.
(.KA!"0 K
FK" 0 K
= .K" 0 / FRN !) X(% K
)
.G9%$& % % _ "

2 _ "
ask for FA04 IG 9,(% ask about K4 ask for
:K%
.GA2Z % P % _ "
"4 ask about
I have to ask some body for some money. ( .K
1
3% ; ) :# %4 K
)
I want to ask my father for advice. ( .0% Q[%

22 K
)
I want ask about my examination. ( .R 0% JP R[9 K
)
Can I ask about my children? (<G
E4 _% JP R"4 K
)
,3( X4 #$% J /" 0 *"

Modification of prepositional phrases
5M%
2 - 3
! /" 0 *" K/A2Z G - ?0- ) "4 F! /" 0 *"
>3( Z "#$% 9A & H,O ,- - Q) % E .GA % X! /3(
:K%
.G(& " X4 #$% J /" 0 *" R2 "#$% /3( : 4 .G(&
I left it just outside the garage. ( .R K/A0 !/% XA$ H A0
K
)
Now their footsteps could be heard directly above my head.
(.9 >N !9% X,(4 ,M A XE #D)
I got up just / soon after ten.
(._G2
3 !"% K
)
There was rubbish all over the place. (.* K/)0 QO A
D)
They followed close behind me.
(.* K 3(A N
)
The dog was lying right in the middle of the floor.
(.9A 9 X") ;2 ? )
,- J /" 0 *" - ! /" 0 *"

Prepositions and prepositional adverbs
FI "4 ) #$% K/ 3(A &A K/9(& >,,O / /" 0 *" 7- J /" 0 *"
:K%
.GA2Z
H,O / /" 0 *" 4 K9BM30 /0 "
1
A car drove past the door. ( .9& I $ 9,
4)
<past- preposition>
A car drove past. ( .9& I $
4)
<past- prepositional adverb>
(" F "4 & H,O K4 ! /" 0 *" 7- J /" 0 *"
F ) % ,- J /" 0 *" .GA,O K4 ! /" 0 *" 9D1 KG J&9%
7(& # /"A F9%" 0 /0 " J /" 0 *" H,O ,- /3( 0 - /P4
:K%
.G"4 DE
Despite the fine weather, we stayed in all day. ( .:G2 9" A$ 4 "4 ,OA -D )
Besides, I dont feel like a walk just now.( .KA"O ,0 A% #D K
34 )
The day before, I spoke to her in the office.(.K"#$% , K4 X K
& 3")
FK%
.8
: ! /" 0 *" T22 :4 FG P 92 ,- J /" 0 *"
:Q /" 0 *" % P F7- : " P in 4 X
1 -$
She stayed IN. ( . ($) )
She stayed in the HOUSE. ( . XA$ )
. 293 .
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,-,
/ ( .9

I$& 2,- J /" 0 *" K/9(& >,,O P! /" 0 *" T22 -$ (a)
:*(4 */9,
Why didnt you come before seven oclock?
<preposition>
(<KA"& KG 4 9A Q% 3,()
Why didnt you come before? (<KA"& KG 4 3,) <prepositional adverb>
aboard
alongside
besides
inside
past
underneath
about
around
between
off
round
up
above
before
beyond
on
since
within
across
behind
by
opposite
through
without
after
along
below
beneath
down
in
outside
over
throughout under
near (nearer, nearest)
J /" 0 *" K/9(& >,,O P! /" 0 *" (= "#$% ) I&
-$ (b)
:*(4 */9, I$& 2,-
Paul went to the Zoo instead of going to a museum.
<preposition>
(.*24 /P4 !MAD / X,(4 /6B#
;G-))
Paul went to the Zoo instead. ( .*24 /P4 !MAD >#$ !) ;G-)) <prep adverb>
ahead
north
south
away
northward(s)
southward(s)
back
instead
together
close
out
west
east eastward(s)
overhead
westward(s)
J /" 0 *" K/9(& >,,O P! /" 0 *" (= "#$% ) I&
-$ (c)
:*(4 */9, I$& 2,-
Why dont you put the trunk on top of the car?
<preposition>
(<AA0 9% X
0G% 3,()
Why dont you put the trunk on top? (<AA0 9% 0G% 3,() <prep adverb>
at variance
in addition
in comparison in context
in line
in need
in aid
in case
in front in lieu
in return in relation
in charge
in common
in favo(u)r in exchange
on top
!'() K/(& K4 ! /" 0 *" : _!) .23

Appendix : Verbs with prepositions.
On
act on
take revenge on
be based on
comment on
concentrate on
congratulate
someone on
something
count on (=rely)
experiment on
decide on
depend on
embark on
impress on someone that
intrude on
live on (food)
operate on someone
play something on an instrument
pride oneself on
reckon on
rely on
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make war on
work on (a project)
at
arrive at
guess at
hint at
marvel at
play at (= pretend)
wonder al
work at
. 294 .
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9. Prepositions
BILGKUT
look at
stare at
peep at
peer at
prevent someone from

prohibit from
recover from (illness)
refrain from
separate A from B
suffer from
against
be prejudiced against
insure against
protest against (or to)
react against (or to)
rebel against
warn against (or about)
for
account for
act for someone
apologize for
ask for something
blame someone for
beg for
call for (= require)
charge for
exchange A for B
be intended for
long for
hope for
pay for something
prepare for
provide for
search for
substitute A for B
thank someone for
wait for
vote for
about
joke about
laugh about
sing about
speak about
talk about
think about
worry about
be/get upset about
tell someone about
something
in
believe in
delight in
be engaged in
be included in
indulge in
take a pride in
be interested in
invest in
get involved in
persist in
from
abstain from
borrow from
demand something from
someone
differ from
discourage someone from
distinguish A from B
draw money from
emerge from
escape from
exclude from
hinder from
. 295 .
of
accuse someone of
approve of
beware of
consist of
be convicted of
(a crime)
convince someone of
cure someone of
(an illness)
despair of
disapprove of
dream of
repent of
get rid of
smell of
taste of
suspect of
think of
tire of
get tired of
warn someone of
to
accustom oneself to
gel accustomed to
amount to
appeal to
apply to
be attached to
attend to
attribute A to B
belong to
challenge someone to
compare to (or with)
be condemned to
be confined to
consent to
be converted to
be entitled to
entrust something to
someone
invite someone to
listen to
look forward to
object to
react to
be reduced to
resort to
respond to
reply to
be subjected to
submit to
succumb to
surrender to
subscribe to
be/get used to
talk to
turn to
yield to
with
acquaint someone with
be afflicted with
agree with someone
help someone with
be charged with (crime)
communicate with
compare A with B
compete with (or against)
comply with
conflict with
confuse A with B
A contrasts with B
cope with
correspond with someone
begin with something
be infected with
interfere with
be threatened with
A doesn't mix with B
part with
quarrel with
fight with (or against)
reason with someone
be satisfied with
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,-,
/ ( .9

4 K/9, I$& K/(& K4 ! /" 0 *" .24
Common fixed expressions with prepositions
out at
out of bounds
out of breath
out of control
out of danger
out of date
out of doors
out of fashion
out of interest
out of luck
out of order
out of the ordinary
out of place
out of practice
out of all proportion
out of the question
out of sight
out of stock
out of turn
out of use
on
on (iht1) average
on board (ship)
on business
on the contrary
on fire
on foot
on holiday
on horseback
on the job
on leave
on the level
on the other hand
on purpose
on second thoughts
on time
on the way
on the whole
in
in the circumstances
in church
in doors (indoors)
in difficulty
in difficulties
in fact
in fashion
in haste
in hospital
in a hurry
in love
in order
in pain
in part
in the post
in practice
in prison
in any case
in particular
in bed
in trouble
in reply
in school
in stock
in style
in tears
in theory
in lime
In turn(s)
in use
in vain
in common
in public
in private
in a way
in half
in general
in t-.e long run
by
by accident
by air
by all means
by car (+other vehicles)
by chance
by coincidence
by default
by degrees
by design
(play) by ear
by force
by heart
by no/any means
by mistake
by name (know someone
by name)
by myself (etc.)
by order
by sight (know someone
by sight'
by surprise
by the way
at
at dinner (+other meals)
at ease
at first
at first sight
at home
at last
at least
at short/a moment's notice
at the office
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at once
at present
at any rate
at school
at sea
at the theatre
at one lime
one at a tune
at the time(=then)
at times
at the same time
at war
at work
for
for ever (forever)
for example
for good (=for ever)
for instance
for the record
for my sake (etc.)
for Heaven's sake
for sale
for the lime being
to
go, etc; to church
go to court
go to prison
go to hospital (or into)
go to school
go to sea
go to war
*"& >,"
Miscellaneous
beside the point
from memory
from now on
off the cuff
off the record (unofficially)
under the circumstances
under no circumstances
under protest
under repair
under suspicion
under way
under the weather
up to date
up to now
with interest
with luck
within reason
without doubt
without fail
. 296 .
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Simple Sentence
1 T22
.10
298
*Z(0
1 :

1. Simple and multiple sentences

2. Clause structure
3. Verb complementation
4. There is / are
298
298
300
302

1 0 - T22
"G 0 X
1 :

,0 " X-O
There is / are
Syntactic functions of clause elements
303
5. Subject
6. Object: Od - Oi
7. Complements: Cs - Co
8. Adverbials: As Ao
303
306
307
308
Clause patterns
.1
.2
.3
.4
"Y J&9% X&"$4

1

Od - Oi : PG"
Cs - Co : /0 "
As - Ao :Q"D
.5
.6
.7
.8
Order of clause elements
312
Z X&"$4
1 :

Subject verb concord
314
3%
-O
9. General rules
10. Coordinated subject
11. (either) or / (neither)nor
12. Indefinite expressions as subject
314
315
315
316
Types of negation
317
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0 T

.9
HN .10
(neither)nor / (either)or .11
3( K/"4 .12
*" X,0
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0 1 22 .10

Clause patterns *Z(0

1 :

Simple and multiple sentences
1 0 - T22 .1
) E4 P % _ "

1 T22 .G"4
1 0 &A
1 T22 &A
1
."4 + K/"4 69 8O #$ FK"L#
1 :
+09%
E4 K/ 9 &
.G) &
1 :
: &A 9) % *& 9%M4 X#$
1 0
X
1 0 HN .G"4
1 0 (*3(4) I&
&A
1 0 HN &A
1 0

1 0 I&
.G"4 Q 2
1 :
HN : &A *& 9%M4
Q
O K ="$4 4 &
1 H4 -
1 H4 E4 K/) &
1 :
+09%
4
.G"4
1 :
*3(4 : &A 4 K/0
S
V
Od
A
(conj)
You
can use
my car
if
you
need
Od
it
"4 L# N% )

.G"4 ,

Subordinate clause
1 *3(4
Sentence
1
/0 " F(Object) PG" F(Verb) -O F(Subject) X
1 T22 944 4

1 - "Y J&9% XE F*&"$4 A0D J"0 (Adverbial) Q"D - (Complement)
.G(4 P %
J"0 &
Clause structures "G 0 X

1 :
.2
X
1 :
+09%
K/0 +
1 T22 9, "G 0 X
1 T22
( H!342
1 0 "G 0 X
1 :
/"4 : 4 .A) & !& "G 0
PG" 2&"$4 4 .* K/" A0 / 9 3/"4 "$4 H4 X
1 :
944 I .G,%
I2 (Indirect object = Oi) PG" 59%- - (Direct object = Od) PG" 9%M4
PG" - (Subject complement = Cs) /0 " /0 " !0 FG"4 3,A
- (Subject-related = As) Q"D 5M%
"D F(Object complement = Co) /0 "
.G"4 "$4 P!3"0 (object related = Ao) Q"D 5M%
/ PG"
Subject (S)
Verb (V)
Object (O)
Od
Oi
Complement (C)
Cs
Co
Adverbial (A)
As
Ao

&"$4
1 0 A FIG I A0 IGG"0 /"4 33," 2"D
/Z(0
1 +O 9A
1 :
J"4 F:Z)G A4 > K/"4
- +'() +09%
-O X
1 "4 :0 XZ(0
1 :
4 _ "
.G"4
%1
K HL# A /A-

+'() *" +'() K/"4 H,O .G"4 Z * +'() K/"4
H!0 " (!'()
$ A) !'() - +'() *#4 !0 .G0 I" !0 " K/A,O
.

,(0 I "4 - " +'() 04 !'() *#4 F&L# 7% .GA0 I"
,9, Z(0
1 J"4 34 & SV K/) >& !2-O K4 get FK%
.G"4
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. 298 .
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Type
SV
S(ubject)
The sun
That lecture
Your dinner
My office
He
Q"D)
V(erb)
I(ntransitive)
(+'()
$)
Direct object
( PG" 9%M4)
O(bject)(s)
Monotransitive
(+'() =
$ T22)
me
is shining
bored
Copular verb
(+'() /P4)
C(omplement)(s)
Subject complement
( /0 " )
ready
A(dverbial)
Subject-related adverbial
(Q"D 5M%
)
seems
Copular verb
(+'() /P4)
Indirect object
( PG" 59%-)
in the next building.

Ditransitive
(+'() J PG" H0)
my parents
Object complement
( /0 " PG")
rather difficult
Object-related adverbial
( 5M%
/ PG"
is
must send
Direct object
a letter
this problem
Complex-transitive
Direct object
(+'() =
$ I&
) ( PG" 9%M4)
has found
Complex-transitive
Direct object
(+'() =
$ I&
) ( PG" 9%M4)
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SVO
SVC
SVA
SVOO
SVOC
SVOA
.24 (A _, X(

: SVOA .G0 =/"4 6A X3
5& : SVC .*0 4 (
: : SVO .G-0 HA 0 :SV
.G"4 A0 I A0 9% O K% :SVOA .*0 (D 6(0 !(O %
4 : SVOC .=(& R,- QO ) 4 /
- K
:SVOO
bilgkut@yahoo.com
. 299 .
BILGKUT
10. Simple sentence
SVO
He will get a surprise.
(.G"0 KAD )
SVC
He is getting angry.
(.GM3 )
SVA
He got through the window.
(.9$ B2 )
SVOO He got her a splendid present. (.*" P-% +( 9AD / )
SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet. (.9M0 ;$D 3ZA) - /A )
SVOA He got himself into trouble.
(.93 33- #$ )
Major Clause types *Z

1 :
J%%
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0 1 22 .10
Verb complementation ,0 " X-O .3

F PG" 9%M4 .G4D & "$4 H4 X
1 -O F=2$ IL$& 2!"
0 A
E F3/"4 K/0 I" 9!0 " -O !3"0 Q"D - /0 " PG" F /0 "

1 4 _ "
K/"4 L# ,9, %4 XE 4 .G4(D *&"$4 L# X
1 :

(
KB2 O "4 *) :K%
.G"0 I "4
1 = 9
&
1 4 9BM30 %4 X&"$4
*Your dinner seems (SVC)
*You can put the dish (SVOA)
*My office is (SVA)
90 J
/0 " PG" - PG" 9%M4 F2!"MD *#4 :4
+'()
$ _D =
$ _D X!'() H,O 0 eat 4-% X "4 : 4 FG"4 ,9BM30
:K%
.3/AEE4 - (0 /
#
.6 4 I) 6(&
They are eating. [SV]
(.G-A :
E )
They are eating lunch. [SVO]

(.G-A :
= E )
We elected her. [SVO]

(.:GA% 4)
We elected her our delegate. [SVOC]

(.:GA% >0 &- 4)
He is teaching. [SV]
(.GM$ 82 )
He is teaching Chemistry. [SVO]

(.GM$ %2 6O )
He is teaching them Chemistry. [SVOO]
(.GM$ %2 6O PE )
X! PG" _ 0 9D1 >) :4 F "4

HLL0) 2!"MD DE
:=(& 7B-LL0) " +O - O X,30
:G"4 3,BM0 (D PG" 4 DE 3 A& -*" X0 K3M9( _-2 (1)
A: Show me your new book. [(S)VOO]
B: Ill show you later. [SVO(O)]
(.Q%$& 49& (A N
)
(.9%$& 6(& N% K
)
Lets do the dishes. Ill wash and you dry. (.QG 0 K% FA A K
.A9BM0 I4 O)
:G"4 3,BM PG" 4 DE 9M%

A& -*" X"MD T"
(2)
Shake (it) well before use. (.X9BM% ,OA * 9,9,)
Watch! (!0)
The tie doesnt fit (me). (.KAA (N
) = 9" 4)
Dont touch (it). (! )
IL 9 .G(& >( PG" K3) & 2"#$% 34 &A H" = "#$ !'() *#4 (3)
:G"4 3,BM0 (D 20 K"&
They are dressing. (.GM6& E )
She is washing (clothes). (.G- A A (R6&) )
:G"4 L# 9D1

! PG" *#4 K9%$& DE (4)
I am cleaning now. (.KM0 J# #D K
)
I dont want to read. (.KA"O 0 K
)
Do you drink? (<

% 4)
Are you eating again? (<K
-A A)
:4 * J%% Q$ X,0 " X-O

,0 " X!'()
2A (A)
,0 " X'() =
$ T22 (B)
,0 " X'() =
$ I&
(C)
,0 " X'() =
$ J PG" H0 (D)
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. 300 .
www.meripet.org
10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
,0 " X!'()

2A (A)

2A
D FG"L$& 2
1 & SVA - SVC K%% ,0 " X!'()
2A
:G2Z 9D1 -$ A) *(9&O X"#$% K/(& >, P!'()
Cs /0 " X
1 "MD : 4 .G0 " J0 *4 # % (9&O Q) % (1)
:G"4 ( /0 " )
The girl seemed restless. (.9!0 =9%
_1O :0 )
John is American. (.J(
K1)
She is very beautiful. (.;# 9AD )
:G"4 Cs !A /0 " X

1 : 4 .G0 " J0 *4 #$% 5"(9&O R (2)
William is my friend. (._ 9%Y2 X(
_6-)
He is Ahmets father. (.22 XO )
:G"4 (Q"D 5M%

) As 9"D X
1 : 4 .G0 " J0 Q"D (3)
The kitchen is downstairs. (.9-0 -$ )
I am here. (.2A 4 K
)
,0 " X'() =

$ T22 (B)
9%M4 PG" .G"L$& 2
1 & SVO ,0 " X'() =
$ T22
.G2Z 2) =-$ K%% (9&O X"#$% K/0 + PG" .G"4 PG"
:K%
.G0 " Z 4 #$% 5"(9&O R K/"4 PG" (1)
Tom caught the ball. (.*"M ) _)
I saw him. (.K$& K

)
:K%
.G0 " Z (that- clause)
1 :
5" That- K/"4 PG" (2)
I think that we have met. (.K3 4 (
)
He said that (...,96( X )
:K%
.G0 " Z (wh-clause)
1 :
J" wh- K/"4 PG" (3)
Can you guess what she said? (<K
E!0 860 B2 ( X K%)
:K%
.G0 " Z (wh- infinitives) & 3( K/(& K4 wh- X'() (4)
I learned how to sail a bout. (.R$ AD :0 & K
)
:K%
.G0 " Z & 3( K/(& K4 to X!'() (5)
We decided to go home. (.:G0 0 ,9A0 A$ 4)
:K%
.G(& >0 " Z (-ing- clause)
1 :
J" -ing (6)
She enjoys playing chess. (.G" G# D 9A QD )
:K%
.G0 " Z & 3( 4 FK/(& K4 to X!'() (7)
They want us to help. (.G0
$ ,0 _2A 24 E )
:K%
.G(& >0 " Z (-ing- clause)
1 :
J" -ing 4 (8)
I hate the children quarrelling. (.(4 ,0 ;(1 X!"4 K
)
,0 " X'() =

$ I&
(C)
: 4 .G"L$& 2
1 & SVOA - SVOC ,0 " X!'() =
$ I&
/ PG" 9"D F /0 " PG" /0 " F PG" 9%M4 PG" X
1
.G"4 Q"D 5M%
. 301 .
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0 1 22 .10
:K%
.G0 " Z 4 #$% 5"(9&O Q) % K/(& >, / PG" (1)
That music drives me mad. (.GG!1AD (
#
)
:K%
.G0 " Z /0 " K/"L# 4 #$% 5"(9&O R (2)
They named the car blue bird. ( .* I2 H 0 =$&
E )
:K%
.G0 " Z Q"D K/(& I " 0 / PG" (3)
I left the key at home. (.K9)0 I 9 A$ 3 K
)
.G0 " Z & 3( K/(& K4 to X!'() K/(& I " 0 / PG" (4)
They knew him to be a spy. ( .*4 8 %1 4 X E )
.G0 " Z & 3( K/" 0 to X!'() K/(& I " 0 / PG" (5)
I saw her leave the room. ( .K$& 33 A$ X K
)
:K%
.G(& >0 " J0
1 :
J" -ing K/(& I " 0 / PG" (6)
I heard someone shouting. ( .RN /0- X%4 K
)
:K%
.G0 " Z
1 :
J" -ed K/(& >, / PG" (7)
I got the watch repaired.
( ._G2G0 ?B 9% K

)
,0 " X'() =

$ J PG" H0 (D)
.G"L$& 2
1 & SVOO ,0 " X'() =
$ J PG" H0
:K%
.G0 " J0 4 #$% R K/"4 PG" 9%M4 - PG" 59%- (1)
They offered her some food. (.*24 5&(A :# / E )
:K%
.G0 " J0 PG" J /" 0 *" (2)
Please say something to us. (.%4 I2 % 4 :# 4)
:K%
.G0 " J0
1 :
5" that K/(& >, / PG" 59%- (3)
They told me that I was ill. (.996( 3/"0 >P N
E )
:K%
.G0 " J0
1 :
J" wh- K/(& >, / PG" 59%- (4)
He asked me what time it was. (.*% 3/"4 Q%
)
.G0 " J0 & 3( J" wh- X!'() K/(& >, / PG" 59%- (5)
Mary showed us what to do. (.*24 >9%$& ,0 ( 4 *
)
.G0 " J0 & 3( 5" to X!'() K/(& >, / PG" 59%- (6)
I advised Alim to see a doctor. (.R24 Z& H L$& P 9OY2 /" K
)
There is / are .4
Q 1-
X'A _ "
G _ "
92
1 K/(& K4 there #$% P 9
_ "
X be +'() A& X there R2 9D1 +& .G9, K H A0 / 9
:G(& (Q"D & A) Q"D K/A2Z G O F X'A Q 1-
A& X F&
There is (not) / are (not) / was (not) / were (not) / will (not) be + S + A
K
# 8O #$ 'A KP I "4 Q 1-
2!
# A0 D J0 &
1 +O 4
I" DE 3%
9D1 K% X-O K4
D G"4 L 9 & J0 *&
E is - are & K
# 0#D X be +'() )$& 2Z 0 1-

# 0#D .G0
0 1-

# K$ FG9, are "4 = )$& Fis "4 5"4 % Q 1-
.G9,
A = )$& F5"4 K K
# % "& FG9, were K = )$& Fwas K 5"4 2Z
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10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
:G9, will be K +& !

There is [V] some milk [S] in the bottle [A]. (.4 Q % :# " 4)
There was [V] a car [S] in front of the building [A]. (.* 4
4 " X4)
There will be [V] six cars [S] in front of the building [A] by tomorrow morning
(.G"4
9" " X4 )
KA4 : "4 %% 3%

-O F F>0 8% & K
# 0#D X
1 +O 4 -$
:*(4 *& ;% "4 - & ;% F& KA4 "4 F& KA4 30 F&
! K/%
! K/A"%
(G"L$& !& 5"4)
& KA4
5"4
= )$&
There is some milk here.
There is a pen on the desk.
There are some pens on the desk.
KA4 30
(Yes,) There is.
(Yes,) There is.
(Yes,) There are.
& ;%
;% "4
Is there any milk here?
Is there a pen on the desk?
Are there any pens on the desk?
Isnt there any milk here?
Isnt there a pen on the desk?
Arent there any pens on the desk?
KA4 "4

KA4 30 "4
There is not any milk here
There is not a pen on the desk.
There arent any pens...
(No,) There isnt.
(No,) There isnt.
(No,) There arent.
34 / X pen F3 A0 K/A"% 4 :0D / X milk 2!"
0 A
& K
# 944 VI & ?B&
# A0D .G"4 3G 9" ! K/%
.G"4 3,BM9A(& >A)
"Y J&9% X&"$4

1 :

Syntactic functions of clause elements
E .G"4 DE 8O #$ 9) Q$ -$ K%% *&"$4 A0D X
1
A0D X
1 .Q 2!3"0 *DE
(d) - "Y J&9% (c) FKG (b) F+& (a)
.G >0) KY 4 -4
D G0 &D
A4 )
*&"$4
Q0) *-O X
1 !0 .G4(D ="$4 RD
-O *&"$4 A0D X
1
2A 4 3/"4 K/"9O T) 2!44 IV FV P 4 FG) + 4 #$% +'() 5&
!0 FG4(D "$4 J%% X
1 "0 -O X
1 .GA(4 0
.G(& =2 B2
1 :0D 34 2
1 :GA 4
Subject .5
Form & (a)
#$% R 4 K/"4 .G"L# 4 #$% (5"(9&O) R X
1 9D1 +&
:

"4 %4 2-$ *4
>(& I " 0 ! "#$% & H,O P!3"0 this/that &A + 3( - J( (1)
:4 #$% R K/"%A
The tall boy is a student. (. P 0 4 E4 ( G-)
:(Names - Proper nouns) ! 8O &A (Pronouns) !" (2)

He / Ahmet is not French. (.8
# @ QO \ )
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0 1 22 .10
:(Coun clause)
1 :
5"(9&O R (3)
What she wrote amazed every one. (.*2G!0Y# A4 D P#A X )
The blonde girl who is wearing blue jeans is my sister.
(.R% X(
:0 J K 9" K/"M6& 9, !2) 5N =$&)
(Gerunds)!
D (4)
Writing is her hobby. (. O ; N$& X J3(A)
:(Gerund phrase) 4 #$% J

D (5)
Writing poetry is her hobby. (. O ; N$& X 7(A '()
:(Infinitives) & 3( X!'() (6)

To write requires special talent. (.G0 I" 93 DE J3(A)
Q"D - ,- F4 #$% J /" 0 *" K/0 I2 +& 5"D 2!"D *#4 (7)
:GA # 9AD :4 FG"4 !"MD K/"4
1

1 *3(4
Slowly [=speaking slowly] is exactly how he speaks. ( .92 X ;2 H"#$% 9%)
Out on the lake [=A trip out on the lake] will be splendid. (.= " N$& 9AD 70 A% A4 ;$&)
Whenever you are ready will be fine. ( .GBM"4 "4 6A K0)
Position (b)

56 @
1 :% yes-no .G(& " X-O X
1 2
1 KA4 92
.G(& A& X (operator) !'()
Every body [S] has left. (.*"0 >9(& KA
D)
No one came here. (.*"& R(D A 4)
Has [operator] every body [S] left? (< "0 >9(& KA
D)
#$ H" :% J" Wh- .G(& A& X" :% J" wh- 2
1 :% J" Wh:K%
.G(& ,(4 X
1 H" :% J" wh- 4 "& I "4
What have [operator] you [S] seen today? (<2$& ( K 4)
What [S] has kept you so long? (<*2 9(& : (% ( )
Syntactic function "Y J&9% (c)

K"L# 4 #$% +'() 5&)
1 :
5& J"4 34 2
1 :GA 4 (i)
.L# "4 X 2 (
1 :

:K%
.GA"4 % _D O X-O 2
1 :
5& (ii)
Kahar knows my parents. (.GA
- D0)
<J%
% 5"4>
Kahar and Yasin know my parents. (.GA
- %A K4 D0) <J%
% = )$&>
I [S] am [V] your new colleague. (.,
O (A X% K
) <3%
O 4 - K% 5"4>
:G0 I" "4 -O X!'() & 5"4 2!"MD -$
: K"& K4 *4 #$% J /" 0 *" -$ (1)
as well as along with accompanied by among together with
e.g. Among her friends is Alim. (.4 " *9%Y2)
in addition to
:G(& >( !'() & 5"4 /"4 "#$% -$ (2)
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10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
one nobody
no one
nothing
each
either
neither
anyone
anybody
anything
any milk/ somebody
someone
something
some milk/
everyone
everybody
everything
e.g. Everyone was amazed by her poems. (.*!0Y# '( X KA
D)
:G(& >( '() & 5"4 "D "& I!4

1 4 it (3)
It was her poems that amazed everyone. (.*"'( X PG!0Y# A
D)
:G0 I" !'() & = )$& 2!"MD =-$
: K/(& >P4 K4 bothand &A and
(1)
Both her mother and father were doctors. (.* 9OY2 - X )
:/"4 "#$% J"0 few - many Fboth Fseveral
(2)
Many were amazed by her talent. (.*!0Y# 9E X ,& K P )

:G(& >( !'() & = )$& &A !'() & 5"4 &A 2!"MD -$
>( '() & = )$& /"4 4 #$% K/(& K4 a number of (1)
:G(& >( '() & 5"4 4 #$% R K"L# 2 the number of FG(&
A number of people were at present. (.* A
: ,& K P )
The number of people at the party was amazing.
(.9G"0 KAD ,& % X,& 9)6#)
+'() = )$& &A 5"4 &A K%% / K"& >, "#$ "#$% -$ (2)
:G(& IL 9 &
none
no
all
some
most
half
any
majority
e.g. All of her poems were good. (.* ,OA
D X"'( X )
All of his milk was fresh. (.* (A
D X % X )
X'() "4 K/!P4 K4 not onlybut also &A neithernor Feitheror (3)
.G"4 K%% /% X K/"4 3(A /'() "4 = )$& &A 5"4
Not only her master but also her classmate is proud of her.
(.G"O) ,0-% X "4 F8
!#9% X )
Not only her master but also her classmates were amazed by her talent.
(.*!0Y# 9E X 0-% X "4 8
!#9% X )
:K%
.GA"4 % X /0 " K3) & 4 #$% R (iii)
Patigul [S] is my sister[Cs]. (.R% X(
; ))
Patigul and Rana [S] are my sisters [Cs]. (.R% X(
K4 ; ))
J /" 0 *" - /0 " F PG" 59%- F PG" 9%M4 (iv)
H,O P my own A J%
: 4 .GA"4 1 - O FK% X" = "#$ /0 "
:K%
.GA 2"#$%
I [S] shaved myself [O] with my own razor. (.R" 0% K4 /" ;0% X
L# K
)
He [S] shaved himself [O] with his own razor. (.*" 0% K4 /" ;0% X#$ )
X
1 2 % FI "4 J%
4 : 9 2 ; [1
K4 2 % (v)
; [1
X
1 % .GA X
1 2 ; [1
PG" 59%- &A 9%M4
:K%
.G"0 I "4 0 " X4 #$% K/(& K4 by &A G"0 I &A
1
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0 1 22 .10
My son [S] has prepared lunch [O] today. (.*"6A :

= K 4 _ P) <%>
Lunch [S] has been prepared by my son today.
<; [1
>
(.*E6A Z _ P :
= K 4)
:K%
.G"& & H"
1 :%
9A0 (vi)
This milk is sour, isnt it? (< %
: FK"
Q % 4)
Semantic properties *DE

(d)
.G4(D (theme or topic) ( K/"4 (9&O 5&- X
1 :
(i)
.G9%$& DE K/"0 I2 *" A0 / 9 Z "#$% (ii)
Object: Od - Oi : PG" .6

_ : E F3/"4 DE : *#4 PG" 59%- K4 PG" 9%M4
.G K4 PG"
Form & (a)

1 :
5"(9&O R &A 4 #$% R H,O PG" 9D1 +&
R &A 4 #$% R K/AEE4 4 #$% R K/AEE4 PG" .G) &
:K%
.(0 /
#
.4 4 X) G"4 H,O K%% K4
1 :
5"(9&O
I didnt see Ahmet / him. (.R
$& \ O K
)
I saw a blonde girl who is wearing blue jeans.
(._L2$& 00 4 J K 9" K/"M6& 9, !2) 5N =$& K
)
Position (b)

P ,(& PG" D .G(& >, -O K4 92 PG"
:G(& " X (Od) PG" 9%M4 (Oi) PG" 59%- 92 "&
I gave him [Oi] my address [Od]. (.R24 B2 / K
)
(for #4) to /" X PG" 59%- "& P ,9, ;-- PG" 9%M4
:G(& A& X PG" 9%M4 - G"L$& & 4 #$% J /" 0 *" >(& I " 0
I gave address [Od] to him. (.R24 B2 / K
)

:G9, & PG" XE K P!" (i)
They amuse me [Od].(.G0 ; O (
E ) I amuse them [Od].(.K0 ; O E K
)
They gave me [Oi] some chocolate. (.*24 Q!& :# N
E )
I gave them [Oi] some chocolate. (.R24 Q!& :# PE K
)
#$% J /" 0 *" 92 PG" 59%- K/"G 9" A& X PG" 9%M4 (ii)
:G(& -4 K4 4
Ill send John another copy.
~
Ill send another copy to John.
(.K- % K9A)$& 4 34 /1 K
)
Pour me a drink.
~
Pour a drink for me. (.X(4 I A 0 5 N
)
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10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
:G"4 ,9BM30 9%

# A % &"$4 34 9D1
PG" 59%- (iii)
David saved me a seat. (. 9) A0 I!0% KG 4 N
-2)
David saved a seat. (. 9) A0 I!0% KG 4 -2) ~
/ PG" 9%M4 me "D F=M30 a seat FM30 me
1 0 A
:G9(& >#$
X
1 F2 -GA
David saved me. (.*"0 IG# 3 0 (
-2)

(d)
'A K/A % 9%M4 % XD -7
1 92 PG" 9%M4 (i)
:K%
.G9%$&
My daughter smashed a window in my car. (.9M3( A 4 X

R0)
J1 4 K/"4 /0 ; 40 XD -7

1 92 PG" 59%- (ii)
:K%
.G9%$& 'A 9) %
David saved me a seat.
I gave him some money. (.R24 ; ) :# / K

)
Complement: Cs - Co : /0 " .7

(Cs) /0 " .G"4 9M%
J /P4 K4 &"$4 34 /0 " !
:K%
.G"L# '() ( /P4)
2A *-O X
1 FG"4 5M%
My glass is empty. (.:G 0 R&9 X(

)
Tom became his assistant. (.*!A
2A X _)
[1]
[2]
:G"4 5M%
/ PG" (Co) /0 " PG"
I found her very beautiful. (.R0 (D ;# 9AD K
)
[3]
John made Tom and Betty his assistants. (.*"M0
2A X#$ 9(4 K4 _ K1) [4]
Form & (a)

:G) & 4 #$% Q) % )$& /0 " (i)
I found her very beautiful. (.R0 (D ;# 9AD X K
)
:4 #$% R /"L$& =)$& I "4 /0 " "0 2) % (ii)
Ahmet is a student. (. P 0 4 QO)
E .GA"(& I "4 /0 "

,- R0 4 - 4 #$% J /" 0 *" (iii)
DE 5"D J"0 QM%
&A ?0- FKG 5M%
D -7 /"4 /0 "
_ "
X PG" &A H,O 4 #$% Q) % &A 4 #$% R "4 9%2Z
:K%
.GA!0 " &A GA0 / 9 "MD &A DE
She is in good health. (.,OA
E% X )
That is of no importance. (.8
RD
)
The class is over. (.9EO 82)
The television is still on. (.K : ( YM(()
<4 #$% J /" 0 *">

<4 #$% J /" 0 *">
<7->
<7->
:

,"L#
1 :
5"(9&O R ! /0 " (iv)
My assumption is that interest rates will soon fall.
(.GA-$ "0 30# 9 A) F& R%60 X(
)
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0 1 22 .10
Position (b)
9%M4 92 /0 " PG" .G(& !Z, -O K4 92 /0 "
[0 P!"
-4 F-3F-2F-1] .G(& >, / PG"

9%M4 /0 " PG" FK4 /0 " "4 R /0 " (i)
.0 P!"
[-4 F-2] .=(& "4 &24 9D1 K% K4 PG"
K4 9D1 1 - O FK% /0 " F"4 H" = "#$ /0 " (ii)
.G"4 &24
She is not herself today. (.*"0 !A,O #$ K 4 )
.GA"A

1 ; [1
"D 8
/0 " F*(A K/A,O / PG" (iii)
X
1 & SVOC F9M" .GA"4 & 2 ; [1
8
X
1 & SVC 3!N
PG"
1 %
D GAEA X
1 2 ; [1
8
PG" 9%M4
:G"4 /0 "
1 ; [1
/0 "
His friends call him [Od] Ted [Co]. (.G0 I2 ( *9%Y2)
~ He [S] is called Ted [Cs] by his friends. (.G0 I2 ( Z *9%Y2 )
& PG" K4 & 7(& H4 F"4 K3) & 9" /0 " (iv)
2 ( (
) "4) K3!Z(0 & 7(& H4 :4 FG"4 ,9,
:G9, =)$&
This is he. (. ;2)
That is him. (. ;2)
Semantic properties DE

(d)
X ( PG" K4 A) &"$4 5M%
#$
1 9D1
/0 "
PG" &A /0 "
D X!"
0 A FK%
.GL2- DE
.K4 ILL2- DE _ "
X PG" &A X
1 K%% /0 "
Adverbial: As - Ao :Q"D .8
="$4 4 K/ >0) DE 2!34 FI$& *" *&"$4
1 "D
:0 94-% ( F90
( F2A0 FK0 XD -7 K2Z -O
1 .G4(D
.G4(D ="$4 K/(4 I2Z 4# A
Form & (a)

.G) & %4 X-$ 92 Q"D
:(G"4 *0 A 9 H "4 Q"D X4 #$% 7- ) *4 #$% 7- (i)
He speaks English very slowly. ( .GA"#$% 9% 9AD )
She telephoned ( just) then. ( .* K/0 K(( 990- ;2 )
:(G9, 9 =2 B2 H,O K4 *4 #$% 7-) 4 #$% J /" 0 *" (ii)
He studies Physics in Xinjiang University. ( .G$ @ 9(9%BM )
:(G9, & (O Q"D 4 #$% R) 4 #$% R (iii)
She telephoned me last week. (.K/0 K(( 9)D 3" N
)
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10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
:(*0 A !(O 9 79, Q"D X

1 :
)
1 :
5& (iv)
She telephoned after she had seen the announcement.
(.*0 K(( 6(& $& &1 )
:
1 :
& (v)
She telephoned while waiting for the plane. (.K/0 K(( 3-!0% K!)YA )
She telephoned hoping for a job. (.* K/0 K((
$ 7Z( Q
O )
She telephoned to ask for an interview. (.* K/0 K(( >0 I" ,, )
She telephoned angered at the delay. (.* K/0 K(( >3 & )
:
1 :
'() (vi)
She telephoned though obviously ill. (.*0 K(( 0 /33P 3( )
Position (b)

: 4 X"D .G"4 /93 7(& G 04
1 :
"D F92
-O - 92 9"D X
1 & SVA .G"4 JP4 & - * XE 3,$A
*34 .G(& >, / PG" 9%M4 92 9"D X
1 & SVOA FG(& >,
.G(& O X
1 92

I2 "D K," - "D & A K%% /
1 - "Y J&9% "D
A) "D K/9, 2
1 & SVOA - SVA 2"D .G"4 "$4
3/"4 "D K/"4 L# ,(& _ 0
1 ("D 5M%
/ PG" K4 "D 5M%
&,
1 "D 34 .G"4 3 I2 (Obligatory Adverbials) "D & A E
K," "D : 4 3!N FGA%$& %
F"G 0 T

X
1 &,
.G"4 3 I2 (Optional Adverbials) "D

(d)
K4 7P4 9
1 :
&A G9%$& 9D
7(4 # A XD -7 "D
.G"4 5M%
K4 *" 9D1
X"D *DE 34 9D1
.G9(

J"0 2 - 5

FQM%
FKA1 FK
# FK&
K%% /"Y 9D1
"D
.G"4 3,A " A4 6(&
Space K&
(i)
#$A 93 50 &A 9,$A A0 F2A0 XD -7 "D 6(& 4
.G"4 A& X PG" &A -O R2
1 .G(4 IL 9 & 3/(4
(1) Space (K&
)
position (KG)
e.g. He is at home. (.A$ )
direction (7$A) e.g. He went to school. (.9& )9&
)
distance ()%
)
e.g. He had gone a long way.(.*2 A ;A KG# )
K4 # A QD -7 9"D KG 6(& K&

F&G"4 3,B-L$& 2!"
0 A
A0 2A0 XD -7 "4 9"D 7$A .GA2Z G KP I "4 Q 1-
&A
X
1 where R2 2
1 K/A% ,$A &A XD -7 .GA2Z "$A
.G9, ,(4
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0 1 22 .10
Where is she sleeping? (<G-!O 2 )

On the bed.(.9M&)
<KG>
Where is she walking? (<GMA 2 )
In the park. (.P4)
<KG>
Where is she walking?
Along the river.(.I!A4 A2) <7$A>
Where is she walking? (<GM9(& ) To the park. (./P4)
<K,>
:G"4 3% J( ( , - 7$A >9, where to K4 which
1 O
Which way is she walking? (<GM9(& K4 ;A A0 )
Where is she walking to?
<7$A>
<K,>
:9, how far? "4 F9%, which &A where 9% )%
How far had you driven? (<L2 A ;A 50)
Six miles. (.+

9")
<)%
>
/"G 0 - /
#
X
1 =M30
1 & SVOA - SVA 92 "D 4
Q"D & A )$&
1 "D K/A2Z M%
K&
"MD : 4 FGA0 >9%$& %
X
1 & SVOA !0 F"& 2& 34 &
1 : 4 .G"L$& 9) %
=
$ T22 "4 F9%"4 [0 P puton
1-1] +'() =
$ I&
+'() -O
(%$& .2 .4 X) .G"4 ,9, I!" "D : 4 /"4 [0 P (is) having
1-2] +'()
You can put the dish on the table. (.G"4 A0 9% ;9% O)
He is having a bath (in the bath room). (.GM A A
)
[1]
[2]
Time K
# (ii)
F _-2 ?0- 50 FG A0 FK0 XD -7 "D 6(& K
#
& 9M%
56(& -* 9D1 ?0- XD -7 - 3 XD -7 !0
.G2"D K/(4 IL 9
#$ E FI "4 K,$A A9 X"D K/A2Z M%
K
#
50 FG A0 FK0 XD -7 :4 F

,(0 >(& A1 4 :0D X
1 9-$
*O X
1 !A K/"L$& I$& _D J)-
X"D K/A2Z _-2
.G"4 ,(4 &A ()$&)
She drove to Chicago on Sunday. (.*24 J
P( & ,&A )
On Sunday, she drove to Chicago.
:G9, ,(4 X

1 when R2 /% 4 # A K0 XD -7
When did she drive to Chicago? (.*24 J
K0 P ) On Sunday.
3/9( _-2 :# 0 &A 33M(& >,

-2 *(4 G# 0 XD -7
:G9, How long? R2 /%
How long have you been living here? (<M(& IG *(4 0 2A 4)
I have been living here for ten years. (.KM *(4 A K 2A 4 K
)
I have been living here since 1995. (.K-G *(4 A -1995 2A 4 K
)
How long will you be staying here? (< :# 0 2A 4)
I will be staying here for another ten years. (.K /A K A 2A 4 K
)
I will be staying here until 2015. (.K /A -2015 2A 4 K
)
KA4
D G9, How often? R2 /% 3 X90- 7(4# A QD -7
FA& X R2 I "4 Q"D *"#$% 7- K/A2Z 32 &A J R2 2
1
:G(& A& X'()
2A 24 &A 4 R2 "4 +'()
2A & -O
How often do you go to the theater? (<4 50 /O6 %)
I frequently go there. I often go there. I always go there. (.K >(4 R2 A K
)
Process KA1 (iii)

:E FG"4 , A4 Q$ -$ "D 6(& 4
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10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
: "D K/A2Z (Manner) ; % (1)

carefully with deference
slowly
casually
like John
loudly
e.g. He does everything very carefully. (.G0 K4 Q69[( 9AD ,
D )
:"D K/A2Z (Means) 9%- (2)

by bus
in mathematics
through insight
on foot
e.g. He goes to school on foot. (.G4 26) )9&
)
by hand, etc
:"D K/A2Z (Instrument) !A% -;0 (3)

with a fork
using a dictionary
by means of interrogation, etc
e.g. American people eats with forks. (.GAA K4 - 0
!3(
)
:"D K/A2Z (Agentive) 94 % XD -7 (4)

by John
by Zordun Sabir
by Mohammed
e.g. This book has been compiled by Mohammed. (.*"L# Z 2
D
9& 4)
Respect QM%
(iv)

?&94 _D & 9AD X"D /0 6(& K
# - K&
6(& 4
F8
9) % QD -7 J%%
1 "D K/"4 - 6& 4 .G4(D 6(&
,(4 # A XD -7
D K/"4 4 9M%
_ "
K4 QD -7 J%% "4
:K%
.G4(D "$4
2A X
1 K/"L$& 9) % ;MD &A QD -7 K/"4
So far as the traveling facilities are concerned, we have made a popular decision;
but with respect to date, many people are expressing dissatisfaction.
)% :4 F:G KP3 0 =2 30A A
D 4 3 2#$& !0G41 )% Q0))
( .G-2Z 3# ,& K P K & 73
She talked learnedly about Kant. (.*"#$% T) P ?& )
He has always been frightened of earwigs. (.*"& I 00 2E :E 0 O -94 )
Contingency 5

(v)
:G"4 , A4 " -$ "D 6(& 4
(.G# 4 #$% K/(& K4 ! /" 0 *" H,O 0 of) (Cause) -% (1)
She died of cancer. (.9& I "$ K4 (& = )
( .G4 K4 H,O P because )$&) :(Reason) 8% (2)
He bought this book because of his interest in Physics.
(.*"M9(% 49& 4 3330 /@ )
(.G"L# & 3( K/"L# K4 to X!'() R2) :(Purpose) Q0
(3)
He bought the book so as to study Physics. (.*"M9(% 49& 4 K 7$ @ )
(.G"L# 2
1 :
K/(& K4 H,O P so R2) :(Result) (4)
He read the book, so he acquired some knowledge of Physics.
(.9,( 4 :# @ 3!N F*2 0 49& )
(.G"L#
1 :
&A 4 #$% K/4 K4 if R2) :(Condition) Q (5)
If he reads the book carefully, he will acquire some knowledge of physics.
(.9E0 >4 4 "4 :# @ F% 0 +A9% 49& 4 )
4 5M%
20 K/"4 Q6 _ "
"D : 4) :(Concession) H $ FH A0 ;A (6)
(.G9, 92Z "& 3 1G- XD -7
Though he didnt read the book, he acquired some knowledge of Physics.
(.9,( 4 _ "
@ :4 F "4 K/
0 49& 4 )
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0 1 22 .10
Degree 2 (vi)

&A 79A & 0 % K2Z
1 9D1
"D 6(& 4
:K%
.G(& " X#$% J%% K/ 9 & 0 +O R2 I "4 /"Y HG 9E1
She has been enthusiastic about her job. (.*"& I "4 P0 K 9
O #$ )
She has not been enthusiastic about her job. (.*"& "4 P0 K 9
O #$ )
:G,"1 X FA & Q0 % 4 9, *,- 2
1 4
She has been really enthusiastic about her job. (.*"& I "4 P0 K30D 9
O #$ )
She hasnt been really enthusiastic about her job. (.*"& "4 P0 K30D 9
O #$ )
the order of the adverbials Z X"D

4 K/A& I " A0 = /% 79,
1
D 0 FI$& 20 4 * Q"D
- KG F?0- ) "4 F

,(0 >(& !N Q"D 04
1 4 #4 F3!N .G4(D ="$4
X"D 34 .GA =)$& ;MD K/(& 9"4 "D 5M%
/A1 XD -7
A) 69[( 9D1
20 K"& 9"4 FGA I$& "MD 7(& 9"4
"D (& +O K/" A0 / 9 0 A :4 .GAE) G 5,( "D T'4
:-$ Z J2 XE .G(& P 3,(% Z A4 0 _ "
E _ 0 ,
process (KA1) space (K&
) time (K
#)
He worked quietly [process] at home [space] that day [time].
(.*, ?1 A$ & )
The plane arrived uneventfully [process] at Urumqi [space] by midnight [time].
(.*"& >9(A Q
E% -:% /
YY2YA
L 3(A (& R(A K!)YA)
:GA2Z
H,O !A 0% 9" /,(4 X
1 9"D ?0- F=$ >( / 0 A
By midnight [time], the plane arrived uneventfully [process] at Urumqi [space]
:G6# 3,0 Q332 -$ P 9!G "4 A0D & X"D
I0 /N & "D F"0 >(& !N & 04 5& - & 9"D KG (i)
:K%
.G
I was born in a small town on the river Kuktam near the southern side
of Taklimakan Desert.
( .K"& P6G2 2#4 4 5& K3!A1 /A4 %A2 _9&$& - 4 1 X3
0 K&& K
)
:K%
.G I0 /N &
"4 & 9"D ?0- (ii)
I was at home on Sunday April 23rd last year.
(.R A$ ,&A +)-23 A K$ K
)
Order of clause elements Z X&"$4

1 :

Z(0
1 +O 9A =/" A0 / 9 0 A I "4 R0
!(O Z X&"$4
1 :

_ "
Z X&"$4
1 FI "4 !
K P A :4 .G4(D %% XLL&
.G9%$& "%
X
1 "D R0 I$& .

,BM"G 90 "D K," / *&"$4
1 (a)
R2 "D K"L# 4 #$% J /" 0 *" 30 &A 7- R04 :4 F "& O

2A 24 &A 4 "4 +'()
2A FA& X )$& A 0 9 X
1
:G(& ,(4 X
1 R2 "D /P4 .G(& 6(& '()
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10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
Does it often rain in London? (<G

>/(A /
A R2 G")
You have perhaps heard the story before. (.!996/"4 K/N A(D 4 * ;9[( %)
They may in fact be at home now. (.

"4 A$ K30D E )
In any case, you cant watch that movie. (.GA"4 %$& & K% FK "4 !00)
Z(0
1 4 .K/0 8%
1 KA4 Z(0
1 +O 9A K/" A0 / 9 0 A (b)
:

, % X,#$ =-$ & J&9% X
1 :
>

1 :% A Foperator) +'() 56 @ 2
1 :% K/(4 -1 K4 yes-no (i)
:G," /" X (+'()
2A 4 K/A%A
Have [operator] you [S] heard from John? (<
"E -O 1)
:4) G(& " X +'() 56 @ K4 R0 K/"% 2
1 :% J" wh- (ii)
:(% X 4 ;MD K/"% *#$ X
What [Od] did [operator] they [S] tell you? (<*24 >96( ( N% E )
Where [A] are [operator] you [S] staying? (<K-G 2)
*3(4 QM%
K4 (!3"0 that) #$%
2A QM%
F2
1 *3(4 QM%
(iii)
:G(& " X X
1 *3(4 QM%

1 H4 K/0 & #$
1
I know the food that they like. ( .K4 &(A K/$& ,OA E K
)
Can you please show me the room where [A] the lecture [S] is being held?
(<
"(4 >9%$& A$ K3M"#$% : N
%)
This is the friend about whom [A] you [S] have heard so much.
(. _ 9%Y2 3(D K/N I$& Z( K% 4)
K/" A0 / 9 0 A > 2

1 *3(4 QM%
K"& I "4 #$%
2A QM%
:G"4 H,O Z 92 X

1
Let me introduce you to someone who [S] has been wanting to meet you for a long time.
(.A0 IG 9 4 K3M(& I "4 ##0 L$& K4 % *(4 G# % K
)
&A G(& " X 4 #$% K"L# K4 how &A what F2
1 H (iv)
:% X 4 !"MD K0 K/(& I "4 4 #$% : 4 FG"4 9,
What a wonderful garden [Cs] (this [S] is)! (!D -P4 ;# KB2 ( 4)
How polite [Cs] you [S] are! (!5)2 KB2 ( %)
:GA"4 K/9( & J( 92 2

1 :GA 4 K/90 O (V)
Show [V] me [Oi] your paper [Od] now [A]. (.Q%$& P0 E#D N
)
7$A 9Z ;
Z(0
1 /"4 &9A$& &A &
L2- E (c)
:(/O &A /,(4
1 )$& )

"L$&
That question [Od] I wont answer. (=I wont answer that question [Od].)
(.KA
4 -1 K
/"% = .
4 -1 /"% K
)
In [A] you go. (= You go in.)
(.X& )
Abdullah wants to leave, and so does Adil [S]. (= Adil wants to leave, too.)
(.: 2 F0N
!"G4)
Here comes the bus [S]. (=The bus comes here.) (.G(& 8 49) A 4)
:G(& A& X"4 :30 F5"4 H,O

1 :
) "4 F5"4 :G# &
1 (d)
The discovery has made possible [Co] new techniques for brain surgery [Od].
(= The discovery made new techniques for brain surgery [Od] possible [Co].)
(.9 K !( (A K 6() (
H3A4 4)
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She told him [Oi] calmly [A] what she thought of him [Od].
(= She told him [Oi] what she thought of him [Od] calmly [A].)
(.996( 9% "4 K/A ( JP / )
/0 //(& " R0 K/(& A& X-O F/0 90 J99 (e)
:G9& =&4 "4 :G#
A petition [S] was circulated [V] asking for a longer lunch break [S].
(= A petition asking for longer lunch break [S] was circulated [S].)
(.*"L# A >& K/0 I" "4 :G# X90- :
= )
="$4 KB2 asking for longer lunch break K/"4 /3( 0 X a petition F"
4
.K9BM % A& X-O
Subject-verb concord 3%

-O -
General rules 0 T

.9
5&24 2D1 34 - 1 FK% FO 9 5"4 J
J%
-O - .G4(D ,2- KY X3%

J
3%
-O - .G9%$& 9M%
FI "4 Q 3%

-O - /"4 5"4 O J%
K/"4 RD
3%
:T22 9AD 0 XLL& 3%

+O 4 92
:G0 I" -O & 5"4 & 5"4
singular Subject ( & 5"4) + singular Verb (-O & 5"4)
My daughter watches television after supper. (.G$& YM(( 6(& 90
5& R0)
:G0 I" -O & = )$& & = )$&

plural subject ( & = )$&) + plural Verb (-O & = )$&)
My daughters watches television after supper. (.G$& YM(( 6(& 90
5& R"0)
5"4 R *&

4 #$% R
D "4 K"L# 4 #$% R
:G9, -O & 5"4 >0 I2 5"4 4 "4
The change in male attitudes is obvious in industry.
(.GL$& KY %D% Q% 7#$ 0 5" )
The changes in male attitude is obvious in industry.
(.GL$& KY %D% Q% ,#$ ,0 5" )
:G0 I2 5"4 /"4

1 :
& _D 5&
How you got there doesnt concern me. (.:A 9M%
K4 K
XP4 :0 A )
To treat them as hostages is criminal. (.QA1 70

H,O P! 3 PE )
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your health. (.J6#
E% 7 &
)
&A 5"4 X% K/A2Z ="$4 J" wh- /"4
1 *3(4 QM%
5"(9&O R
:GA"4 "4 = )$& &A 5"4 X "4 = )$&
What was once a palace is now a pile of rubble.
(.*"0 I "4 -2 -:0 H #D 2 )
What ideas he has are his wifes. (.X"A
D X") X )
I2 5"4 *-O X

1 "& & 5"4 +'() 4 4 #$% +'() 5&
:K%
.G0
My son has no intention of spending a vocation with me.
(.:A 96 7(4 3,( _2 4 K4 K
X
P)
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. 314 .
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10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
My son have no intention of spending a vocation with me.

(.:A 96 7(4 3,( _2 4 K4 K
X" P)
:GA & _ "
0 T

0 A 2!"MD =-$
0) 9D1 K% !& T22 K
# 0#D Q0) F/"4 -O !'() 34 2 be +'() (1)
:GA
9 & 0) 9D1 K% !'() 2!
# 34 .G"L$&
My daughter watched television after supper. (.*2$& YM(( 6(& 90
5& R0)
My daughters watched television after supper. (.*2$& YM(( 6(& 90
5& R"0)
:G 9 & &24 9D1 K%

# K$ be +'()
My daughter is watching TV in my room. (.G-L$& YM(( [(
R0)
My daughters are watching TV in my room. (.G-L$& YM(( [(
R"0)
My daughter was watching TV in my room. (.9-L$& YM(( [(
R0)
My daughters were watching TV in my room. (.9-L$& YM(( [(
R"0)
.GA"4 Q 1-
5&24 9D1 K% 2
1 :GA 4 - 2!'() & (2)
:GA
L& :) :3(D 9D1 K% !'() 8 (3)
My daughter may watch television.
My daughters may watch television.
(.

L$& YM(( R0)
(.

L$& YM(( R"0)
Coordinated subject HN .10

and 3) & 2 (
1 :
&A) 4 #$% R : &A (a)
:G"4 =-$ 0 T

X,P4 .GP4 K4
-O & = )$& :4 F "4 & 5"4 "4 RA //!P4 (1)
:G9,
Tom is ready.
John is ready ~ Tom and John are ready.

(.*"4 6A K1 K4 _ ~ .*"4 6A K1 .*"4 6A _)
What I say is my own affair. What I think is my own affair.
~ What I say and what I think are my own affair. (., X
L#$ _A ( F_2 ()
Your problem and mine are similar.
(.H,O (
K4 %
X%)
What I say and do are two different things.
(.7 R/0 K4 R/A2 X(
)
*4 #$% K/!P4 K4 and /"4 R T&

& 5"4 X! K/A"% (b)
:G9, -O & = )$&
D G"4 3!3( K4
American and Dutch beer are (both) better than British beer.
(.,OA 6 M) X6!" - (
)
Red and black tea are
K4 ! /P4 J /" 0 *" H,O P!3"0 along with - rather than Fas well as (c)
"4 5"4 4 #$% R 4 /!P4 F "4 = )$& 9D1
K/!P4
:G0 I" -O & 5"4 J%
J

Ahmet, as well as the other players, was tired. ( .* O H,O P!" ) 34)
(neither)nor.. F (either)or.. .11

_"$ K/" A0
1 :
K4 4 #$% K/"4 K/P4 K4 (either) or
:GA"4 H,O
Either the Mayor or the deputy is bound to come. (.G(& _ 0 &- X &A 34 D) [1]
Either the Mayor or the deputy *are bound to come. <O>
[2]
What I say or what I think is no business of yours.
(.M%
K4 % _A ( &A _2 ( K
)
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What I say orwhat I think *are no business of yours. <O>

Either the strikers or the bosses *has misunderstood the claim. <O>
Either the strikers or the bosses have misunderstood the claim.
[3]
(.*"0 > O )"
!A1O F
! / 7)
Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault. (.4 %
9-- 0 HL$& &A #
&A) [4]
Either your brakes or your eyesight ?are at fault. <5"6B2 :A 3"9[ 79, : 4>
Either your eyesight or your brakes *is at fault. <5"6B2 :A 3"9[( 79, : 4>
Either your eyesight or your brakes are at fault. (.4 %
NG#
&A 9-- 0 HL$& &A) [5]
X-O /"4 H,O 9D1 K% D X"4 K/!P4 K4 or 0 A
3/"4 5"4 D 2!"
[2] - [1] FK%
.G"4 K% 79(4 = )$& &A 5"4
[4] .K"& & = )$&
-O 3/"4 = )$& 5"4 D "
[3] FK"& & 5"4 -O
= )$& &A 5"4 X-O 3!N F8
=24 9D1 K% "4 4 2!"
[5] A0D K/!P4 K4 /P4 4 FI "4 /P4 "$4 or 9D1 _ 0 .GA9O /60 79(4
5"4 A0 A F"4 A& 5"4 A0
D G"4 5M%
-O "D RA -RA "4
.GA"4 5"4 % X-O "4 3A -O
K4 )" K/" A0 P eitheror

"$ K/" A0 P Neithernor &
& "4 .G9, K +& : "4 eitheror /6# 3,0 Q332 .G"4 H,O
F nor K4 either :4 FG 9" neithernor / X "4 9%" 0 not / 4 K
K4 and neithernor 2,9, K/!Z(0 .GA"4 ,9, IG 9E or K4 neither
:K%
.G"4 ,9, 9) % /P4 H,O
Neither he nor his wife have arrived. ( .*"& >9(A "A F
)
Neither he nor his wife has arrived. ( .*"& >9(A "A F
)
Indefinite expressions as subject 3( K/"4 .12

Fno 2"#$% & - !" 3( ) "4 F 3( K/A2Z % &A *3
_D
D XE .G0 I" 5&24 K4 -O /"4 !3"0 any - some Fall Fnone
.G"4 ,9, 2& K/A"% _D K/%
:G(& & 5"4 -O 9M" 2& K/A"%
So far no more money has been spent on repairs. ( .*1O ; ) 0# 39B 3P
)
None (of the money) has been spent on repairs. ( .*1O 0# (" )) 39B)
Some cement has arrived. ( .*"& >9(A ?% :#)
Some (of the cement) has arrived. ( .*"& >9(A :# (99%))
:G"4 & = )$&
-O
D G9, & = )$& E 4 K4 ! = )$& K/%
No people of that name live here. (.GA
,(D 5 : 2A 4)
Some books have been placed on the shelf. (.* 3), !49& *#4)
Some (of the books) have been placed on the shelf. (.* 3), *#4 (X!49&))
All (of the books) have been placed on the shelf. (.* 3),
D (X!49&))
:G"4 ,9, !'() & 5"4 _D = )$& _D K4 none
None (of the books) has been placed on the shelf. (.* 3), A3(D (X!49&))
None (of the books) have been placed on the shelf. (.* 3), A3(D (X!49&))
:G9, 4 K4 !'() 5"4 2,9, K3!Z(0 neither K4 either
The two guests have arrived, and either is welcomed.
(.G( 0 D F*"& >9(A K[
)
... Neither is welcomed. (.GA( 0 A3(D)
#$% J /" 0 *" K"L# /0 " & = )$& neither K4 either :4
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10. Simple sentence
BILGKUT
:G9, !'() & = )$& "& >, *4

Either of them are welcomed. (.G( 0 XE )
Neither of them are welcomed. (.GA( 0 XE )
Types of negation *" X,0

:G"4 LL0) +O X,0
I2
1 90 J&9%
1 K )
1 :
F*
1 :
(a)
.G0
.G"L$& & 5"4 _ "
&
1 F 0 (b)
.G"L$& & A4 -O A& X'()
2A F* A4 -O (c)
*
1 :
(a)
J0 H 0 not / 9 A4 -O K4 +'() 56 @
1
1 : "4 T22
:G"4 3GG!A
1
POSITIVE (: "4)
NEGATIVE ( "4)
I have finished. ( .R9 K
)
The children are playing. ( .G-A !"4)
They have been told. ( .K/96( PE )
He may be working. ( .

"4 K3-, )
I have not finished.

The children are not playing.
They have not been told.
He may not be working.
9) % +'() 56@ may 2!'() 8 - are Fhave 2!'() I 2!"

0 A
.K"& +'()
2A 4
+'()
2A - P!'() /!4 F"L$& +'()
2A 4 =0 A
1 : "4
:G%A +& I " 0 not A&
D G"G 90 do
I study German. (.K($ ( K
)
I do not study German.
She works hard. (.GA, J")1 )
She does not work hard.
They know you. (.GA % E )
They do not know you.
I paid the porter. (.R24 30D /"
D K
)
I did not paid the porter.
(.0 344 V K & 30 X!'()
2A)
:"#$% "4 9D1

_D +&
+& -
R0 4 A 9%"0 I "4 & !30 *-O X
1
1 :

:GA"(& I2Z
30 "#$% K/"L$& & "4 9D1
Verb Negation (70 J0 -O)
That was not an accident.
He is not a friend of yours.
An honest man would not lie.
Dogs are not permitted here.
She isnt fool.
Negation of other element (,0 X&"$4 34)

That was no accidents. (.* 8
2D )
He is no friend of yours. (.8
9%Y2 X(% )
No honest man would lie. (.GA"#$% K/"A _2 T
%)
No dogs are permitted here. (.GA0 QOY / "4 X9 2A 4)
She is no fool. (.8
:O )
: 4 FG"4 ,9, 4 #$% K/(& K4 no / X not a &A not any
:G4 >6 & (
:4 "4 H,O K%% 9D1
"MD
There isnt any tea in the pot. ~ There is no tea in the pot. ( .:A 0# 9&A)
There isnt anyone/anybody at the door. ~ There is no one/no body at the door.(.:A R(D - 5,)
There isnt anything here. ~ There is nothing here. ( .:A %(D 2A 4)
I didnt go anywhere. ~ I went nowhere. ( .R
4 6(D K
)
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There arent any books here. ~ There are no books here. ( .:A !49& 0# 2A 4)
There isnt a book here. ~ There is no book here. ( .:A 9&
4 2A 4)
-O X
1 .G"L$& & : "4 *-O X
1 9, no / X not a/any
K ) ="$4 K"& I " 0 no :4 FG"L$& 9"D KP I "4 Q 1-
&A K4 # A QD -7
.GG!A &
1
:"#$% : "4 9D1 +& :4 F "4 9D1
.GA"4 : 9D1 +& FI "4 "4 !9D1

Q0) "#$% & - 7- K P
:*/A I$& 2E
seldom rarely scarcely hardly
barely
little few
e.g. I seldom gat any sleep. (.KA!O !0# K
)
Hardly anyone wants the job. (.5"6B2 :A K/AEO
O 4)
0 (b)

4 #$% &A #$% _ "
&
1 "4 F9%"4
1 :
0
.G9%$&
She is a not unattractive [= attractive] woman, in some ways.
(.8
;A K/A" 9332 X,& F/0 2) _ "
)
>,,O / 4 -$ .G0 unattractive "4 F8

1 K ) not "
4
:*(4 ;
04 K/9(&
They are paying a not inconsiderable amount in rent [=considerable amount]
(.G-G ,) 23
K/"4 # E )
I visit them not infrequently [=frequently]. (.KA!0A =2 B2 R2 E K
)
He writes not inelegantly [=elegantly]. (.G#A JA O )
They live not far from us.
(.G A1 K/"4 :A 24 E )
I saw Todd not long ago [=fairly recently]. (.K$& !3(A K
)
Ill give it to you for nothing
* A4 -O (c)

&
(J%A0 &A) H A0 ;A
D G9, !'() 8 )$& & +O 4
:G"4 H "L# = & DE " X not .G 9
You can 'not obey the order. (.G"4 N0 A4 > K%)
You cant 'not obey the order. (.GA"4 A4 Z K%)
I cant 'not obey her.
(.KA" "4 +A0 / )
You cant help but obey her. (.:A X"
#$ 9 A4 / )
90
70 : 4 4 !'()
2A 34 "4 F8
K4 !'() 8 2!"D *#4
:G"4 A
She didnt 'not like them. [She didnt dislike them.] (.K/"0
90A E )
They dont often 'not remember her birthday. [They dont often fail to remember]
(.GA"0 O R2 & K/" P X E )
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Sentence Types *"

1
.11
Sentence types
320
*"
1
Interrogatives
320

1 ;%
1. Major classes
2. Yes No questions
3. wh- questions
320
321
322
*" J%% .1
*"% NoYes .2
*"% wh- .3
Imperatives
323

1 :GA 4
323
324
324
324
325

1 :GA 4

1 :GA 4 4

1 :GA 4 K/(& K4 Let

1 :GA 4
*,9, 34 X
1 :GA 4
4. Imperatives without a subject

5. Imperatives with a subject
6. Imperatives with Let
7. Negative imperatives
8. Other uses of imperatives
Exclamatives
9. Types of exclamatives
326
326
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.4
.5
.6
.7
.8

1 H
*" X
1 H .9
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*"
1 .11

Sentence types *"

1
944 4 F*" A0 / 9 *Z(0 J%% XE F>0 8% & KA4 X
1 :
944 X
.G" A0 / 9 *" J%% X
1
:E .G"$4 J&9% Q$ K%% & X"#$
1 *22
:K%
.G" KG " X-O 92 _D 4 X
1 -
1 KA4 (I)
John gave Tom a lot of books. (.*24 9&
4 /
K1)
:G2Z J0 %4 X" % +O -$ 9D1 +&

1 :% (II)
:K%
.G" KG " X +'() 56 @ -*
1 ;% yes - no (i)
Did John give Tom a lot of books? (< 24 9&
4 /
K1)
:K%
.G(& +'() 56 @ A& F,(4 5"4 J" wh- *
1 ;% Wh- (ii)
What did John give Tom? (<*24 ( /
K1)
:K%
.G(& & % +'() FGA"4 9D1 +& J

1 :GA 4 (III)
Give me a digital watch for my birthday. (.X(4 4 9% J"% K _ & K/" P N
)
A& >(& ,(4 X

1 4 #$% K/!4 K4 how &A what 92 -
1 H (IV)
:G04 Z ;
K/(& -O
What a fine watch he received for his birthday!
(!D -K/"-G ,) Q% ,OA KB2 ( K & K/" P )
Interrogatives
1 ;%
Major classes *" J%% .1
:G"$4 K%% X!4-1 K/"4

7(4 PE 92 !"%
:*"% yes-no K/ & -1 &A J9% (1)
Are you American? ~ No, I am not. (.8
: F:A ~ < 3(
%)
:*"% wh- K/ & 4-1 4 _ "

!4-1 52 & (2)
What is your name? ~ My name is Mahinur. (. D
R ~ <( )

1 :% !" K/ & 4-1 E4 H!" +O K/" A0 / 9 (3)
Would you like to go for a walk or stay at home?
~ I would like to go for a walk.
(.KAEO ,0 A% K
~ < G 9" A$ &A
EO ,0 A% %)
:G"4 3G 9A0 -1 K4 ;% 4 A /"% 4 F34 0 A
A: Are you going to watch television again? (< &
$& YM(( A K%)
B: What else is there to do? (<* 4 7 ( A //0)
A: Is that your baby? (< 3-4 X(% G-)
B: What do you think? [Of course it is mine.] ((.(
9M") <% &B2 ()
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11. Sentence types
BILGKUT
Yes no Questions *"% Yes - no .2

,%A X"% Yes-no (a)
7(4 6 9 K3-!0 A
1 - H A0 /" X !'() 56 @ !"% : 4
P No -1 : " F=(& ,(& not _ 0 94-1 30 F!4 K4 No 4-1 .G%A J0
: "4 _ 0 -1 30 F!4 K4 Yes -1 .G9, not !A "4 H,O
_ 0 4-1 30 F"4 K/!4 K4 +'() 56 @ 2 A0 ;% .=(& ,(& &
:GA"4 ,9, IG 9" !'()
2A 34 F=(& 79, '()
2A 2
The boat has left. (.*"P#0 J6(0)
~ Has the boat left?
Ann is writing a paper. (.GM(A "0
K) ~ Is Ann writing a paper?
Our team was beaten.(.*0 I P

&) ~ Was our team beaten?
He could come here. (.99A"(& A 4 )
~ Could he come here?
She will be waiting outside.(.GA!0% 9% ) ~ Will she be waiting outside?
~ Yes, it has.
~ Yes, it is.
~ Yes, it was.
~ No, he could not.
~ No, she wont.
56 @ F"4 +'()

2A K/AA "Y +'() 56 @ & *-O
1
KA4 "4 *22 O) FG"G 90 /,(4 X
1 *& K/(& 8
/
# - X do 9) % +'()
:(="& " X not 2
1
They live in London. (.G Y" E ) ~ Do they live in London?
She came here. (.*"& A 4 )
~ Did she come here?
He likes driving. (.G$& ,OA 0 " ) ) ~ Does he like driving?
~ No, they dont.

~ Yes, she did.
Yes, he does.
_D +'() 56@ _D "&

=B2 4 have +'() +09%
26
30 FK/"0 >,Z(0 79, ,(4 X
1 have R2 2!"% >9, +'() +09%
: 4 !3(
.G9, havegot 2,9, K/!Z(0 FG9, have !,O A4
8
X do 2& - -1 30 F;% F>9, +'() +09%
Q0) have
:K2 ,9, &

She has a cold. (.4 _&G# )
Does she have a cold? (<
4 _&G# ) ~ Yes, she does. (No, she doesnt) <AmE>
Has she (got) a cold? (<
4 _&G# ) ~ Yes, she has. (No, she hasnt.)
<BrE>
*"% Yes - no - J9% (b)

:G "$4 K%% %9, -79, X"#$% &
1 ;%
*"% Yes - no J9% (1)
:G% !90
7,( P _ "
)$& !"% : 4
Someone called last night. (.9/0 K ( %4 _,O)
<& KA4>
Did anyone called last night? (< 0 K(( %4 9& _,O)
<;% J9%>
The boat has left already. (.*"P#0 K3" J6(0)
<& KA4>
Has the boat left yet? (<:A - "P#0 J6(0)
<;% J9%>
I live somewhere near Urumqi. (.K 2A 4 3(A
L K
)
<& KA4>
Do you live anywhere near Urumqi? (<
2A 4 3(A
L %) <;% J9%>
*"% Yes - no (2)

"MD &A QD -7 _ "
A )$& F9%"0 !Z0 Q0
,,( P !"% : 4
:G% 90
HL 96A
Didnt someone called me last night? (< 0 K (( N

%4 & _,O)
Dont you believe me? (<K
, N
)
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*"
1 .11

Has nobody called? (< 0 K(( R(D)

Hasnt he told you what to do? (<
4 >96( ,0 ( % )
Arent you lucky? (< %
5A" %)
Didnt he recognize you too? (< % )
*"% Yes - no
9A0 (c)
-7 K2Z
1 FI "4
1 ;% K/(& !Z,
1 4 _ "
!"%
9A0
:G0 Q0
HL 96A
D
The boat hasnt left, has it? (<A "P#0 F*"P#0 J6(0)
John recognized you, didnt he? (<A %
: F* % K1)
FG(& " X +'() 56 @ FG"4 - +'() 56 @
1 ;%
9A0
I" +'() 56 @ 8
/ F"4 K9, +'() 56 @ A0
1 KA4 K"& >,
:3(D
1 KA4 K"& >, *#$ .G"4 8
X
1 ,(4 FG0
:G9, *& 8
X do !A "4 +'() 56 @
I havent seen you before, have I? (<A $& FK/04 IL$& % * K
)
You came here, did you? (< 30 FK"& A 4 %)
Open the door, will you / do you / can/you? (<
E \
\
EO ,( FX( ,)
*
1 ;% Yes - no 5"(9&O KA4 (d)
6 9 :% O
1 FI "4 K/"L# 2
1 KA4 9D1 +& !"% : 4
:G(&
;% J0
You got the Explosive? (<X" 3!) K%)
You realize what the RISKS are? (<X0 (D ( X6O K%)
You KNOW ME? (<KA (
K%)
wh- questions *"% wh- .3

:G%A 2A X"#$% :% -$ *"% WhWho / whom / whose, what, which, where, when, why, how
-$ .G(& 6 9 K3--$ *"% wh- F*(A K/A,O /"% Yes -no
:G%A A4 0
G(& ,(4 X
1 (="$4 K/" #$ "#$% J" wh- 0 A) ="$4 J" wh- (1)
(/" 34(D "D /P4 =2 on the other hand Q0))
Which books do you want? (<=(& !49& A0 %)
J" wh-) .G(& ,(4 X&"$4 J" wh- (!3"0 which Fwho 0 A) "#$% J" Wh- (2)
(% X 4 ;MD K/(& X /0 " J /" 0 *" "#$%
What did you base your predication on? (<K/0 8% ( X
&$D X(%)
On what did you base your predication? (H,O 0 A) < /0 " J /" 0 *">
"Y X&"$4 J" Wh:K/" A0 / 9 "Y X" (Wh-element) ="$4 J" wh- 2!"
-$
Who ever opened my letter? (<G3 & 9(O)
<wh-element: S>
Which books have you lent him? (<X24 Q6 !49& A0 / ) < Od>
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11. Sentence types
BILGKUT
Whose beautiful flowers are these? (<E 4 *" JA X&)

<Cs>
How wide did they make the bookcase? (<*%A 9N& 50 4, 9& E ) <Co>
When will come here? (<(& K0 A 4)
<A>
Where shall I put these glasses? (<KA0 !&9 4) <A>
Why are they always complaining? (<G/B-,00 R2 3,(E ) <A>
How did you mend it? (<0 ?B :0 %)
<A>
How much does he care? (<"$4 ; N$& 50 ) <A>
How long have you been waiting? (<-!0% *(4 G# 0) <A>
How often do you visit your family? (<A!0A 990- 50) <A>

1 J" Wh:G"4 ,9, &
1 J" WhWho hasnt had any coffee? (<* MD0 0# R&)
Why didnt you tell me? (<96( N
3,()
When shouldnt I call? (<G"4 _0 K(( K0)
Which books dont you want? (<8
=(& !49& A0 %)
Where didnt you clean? (<# A0)
How long havent you heard from them? (<"E -O 2E *(4 990- 50 )
Imperatives
1 :GA 4
Imperatives without a subject
1 :GA 4 .4
:G0) 2D1 -$ 2
1 KA4
1 :GA 4
GA"4 X
1 :GA 4 92 (1)
FG9, & % X!'() -O X2 % .GA"(& 2 ; [1
- % (2)
:
K
# K$ X!'() +09%
A& X& % X!'()
2A 2 ; [1
.G(& &
(s) V:
(s) VO:
(S) VC:
(S) VA:
(S) VOO:
(S) VOC:
(s) VOA:
Jump. (.&%)
Open the door. (. ,)
Be careful. (.;4 K69[()
Get inside. (.& )
Tell me the truth. (.+0 ) ?% N
)
Consider yourself lucky. (.!P 59O4 N#$)
Put the flowers on the table. (.0 9% " )
/" X!'() 2

1 :GA 4 .GA9, !'() 8 FGA"4 *0) K
# 2
1 :GA 4
K0 FG9, get R2 2 ; [1
.G6 & (
J9% X
1 :GA 4 /" 0 do
:G9, be +'() 2!"D
Do have some more tea. (.X :# A) Do lets go for a walk. (.AA 9"4)
Get washed. (.Q-G# P A)
Get dressed. (.L6&)
Get translated. (.G0 1)
Get your car repaired. (.G0 ?B N
)
Be reassured by me. (.;4 _1O
)
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*"
1 .11

Imperatives with a subject

1 :GA 4 4 .5
F L$& F3/"4
1 K/96( 9%M4 O 92
1 :GA 4
R0 4 :4 .GA9, you 2
1 :GA 4 92 FI "4 you O 96"

:G(& I "4 X
1 :GA 4 you 2
1
You be quiet! (!K! K%)
You mind your own business, and leave this to me! (!4 I A0 N
4 F>0 , XNL#$ K%)
You show me what to do! (!0 >9%$& ,0 ( N
K%)
You take the book! (!; 49& K%)
:G"4 ,9,

1 :GA 4 4 O
Somebody open this door. (.!9M( , !4)
Everybody shut his or her (their) eyes. (.K
A #$& KA4D)
Parents with the children go to the front. (.!(
/" ! - K/"M9(A E4)
Nobody move. (.K "
R(D)
Men in the front row take one step forward. (.!( _20 4 /" " 9 3")
Imperatives with Let

1 :GA 4 K/(& K4 Let .6
J0 H 0 let /" X (us - me) & 7(& _ X"
1 :GA 4 O 4
:G"4 ,9, I2 Lets >30 Let us .G"4 3%A
Let us all work hard.
Lets all work hard. (.A, >, KA
D)
Let me think what to do next. (.EMA ,0 ( 9-$)
Let me see now. Do I have any money? (<
4 ; ) :#
.04 I0)
let K O .G"4 L#

1 :GA 4 >9, let 5"4 O
:GA"4 #
1 :GA 4 >9,
Let her go. (.K N
)
Let him speak now. (.K "#$% #D )
Let no one think that a teachers life is easy. (.K "0 I!P K% AD X 3 0 R(D)
Let each man decide for himself. (.K 0 0 /" #$ KA4 D)
*Let you go. <O>
Negative imperatives

1 :GA 4 .7
& J0 H 0 Do not &A Dont /" X)$& X
1 0 A
:G"4 3%A
Open the door. (. ,) ~ Dont open the door. (. ,)
You open the door.
~ You dont open the door. (. , %)
Someone open the door.
~
Dont anyone open the door. (. , XA3(D)
~
No body open the door. (.K , R(D)
K4 " 0 X not /" X" K"& >, & Let 92 *
1 :GA 4 O 4
:G%A
Lets not say anything about it. (.A2 %(D JP )
Let us not say anything about it.
Let me not disturb you. (..0 - (% K
)
:G"4 3

1 :GA 4 K/%A K4 dont F2& K/!Z(0
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11. Sentence types
BILGKUT
Dont lets say anything about it. <BrE>

Lets dont say anything about it. <AmE>
Don't let me disturb you. (.0 - % K
) <BrE>
/,(4 X
1 &A H 0 not A& X let & X
1 :GA 4 O
:G"4 3%A J0 H 0 dont
Let not anyone open the door. (.K , R(D)
Let no one open the door. (.K , R(D)
Dont let anyone open the door. (.K , R(D)
Other uses of imperatives *,9, 34 X

1 :GA 4 .8
:G"4 ,9, K H2Z !169[( =-$ A
1 :GA 4
::GA 4 (1)
Fire! (! Q FQ)
Make your bed at once. (. 9,/A N ;D2)
:H& (2)
Dont touch. (. )
Dont smoke. (.& &

)
:I" (3)
Shut the door, please. (.MZ(A ,)
:H $ (4)
Help! (!!0 _2A)
:>& &A Q[% (5)

Take an aspirin for your headache. (. Z% ; 4 K X3P H4)
Lock the door before you go to bed. (.QM) " 0 , * 9!O )
:HGG!D (6)
Look out! (! 0)
Be careful! (!+0 Q69[()
:%$& (7)
Ask me about it again next month. (.% 9A0 A &(&
JP )
Lets have a party. (.A# $ Q)6#)
:HLL (8)
Take the first street on the left. (.X(
& 4 9) ;%)
:>& (9)
Make yourself at home. (. & #$)
Take a cigarette. (.= &

;4)
:QOG (10)
Help yourself. (.X( #$)
:= ,OA (11)

Enjoy yourself.
Have a good time. (.A = " N$&)
:HP0 (12)
Go to hell! (.KA& 3O#Y2)
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*"
1 .11

Exclamatives
1 H
Types of exclamatives *" X
1 H .9
>,,O
1 ;% 9D1 4 FG(& >4 K4 how &A what
1 H
>," +'() 56 @ /" X =2
1 ;% 2
1 H F*(A K/A,O .G9(&
: & =-$
1 H .GA"4 ;MD K/(&
:& K/"4 ="$4 J" wh-
(1)
What an enormous crowd came! (!D -K"& ,& I$& K2 ()
:& K/"4 PG" ="$4 J" Wh-
(2)
What a time weve had today! (!D-*"4 K & = " N$& KB2 ( K 4)
:& K/"4 /0 " ="$4 J" Wh-
(3)
How delightful her manners are! (!D J3A KB2 ( *30 X )
:& K/"4 Q"D ="$4 J" Wh-
(4)
How I used to hate geography! (!D R $ KB2 ( 2 6)P 1 K
)
What a long time weve been waiting! (!D K/0% KG# KB2 ( 4)
How quickly you eat! (!D K/AA ( ( K%)
&A /" 0 *" " X&"$4 J" wh- 2

1 H FH,O
1 ;% J" Wh:G"4 ,9, 4 #$% J /" 0 *"
In what poverty these people live! (!D -GAA 93
KB2 ( ,& 4)
:GA
!"MD K/," /" X +'() 56 @ #4 2!33(A
How strange is his appearance! (!D 9"P ( 0 X )
IELTS
FI "4 30 X International English Language Testing System 4
96'
1 Q630 J"3"O >
6"9%- F,(& K[9 99%BM
& 6
9640 + K/A0 /"A >,"4 !G J"0 ,(& Q62
69(4 (
" F2& F6!# (A F6"9%- F6 [9 4 .K[9 K/A%
T" X"2 - "2 K P K/9, 9Z
26G2 - *"2
2)9&
" %4 FI "4 * +O X[9 4 9-$ .G0 I9( )9&
*4 A .& (Academic Test) K[9 K[AE K ! /0 89 0
.& (General Test) K[9 K[AE K H% 6-% X$&
( www.cambridge.org F www.ielts.org )
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Multiple Sentences

1 0
.12
Types of multiple sentences
328
*" X
1 0
Compound sentence
328

1 0 HN
1. Syntactic features of coordinators

2. The use of coordinators
3. eitheror/bothand/not onlybut
Complex sentence
329
329
330
*DE J&9% X! /P4 HN .1

,9, X! /P4 HN .2
eitheror/bothand/not only .3

1 I&
331
4. Subordinate and superordinate clauses

5. Finite, nonfinite, and verbless clauses
6. Indicators of subordination
331
333
335

1 PG3(4 - *3(4 .4

1 :
%-O - & F5& .5
"4 K/ 9 & ,3(4 .6
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0
/ .12

Types of multiple sentences *" X

1 0
0 HN .G "$4 Q
1 I&
-
1 0 HN
1 0
.G) & 2 (Main clause)
1 H4 6 @ H,O : &A
1
HN
D G4(D *"4 -4 X
1 K ) 4
1 H4 A0D
1 0 HN
:K%
.G(& >P4 Z (!3"0 but - and A) ! /P4
Sentence
Main claus
S
Main clause
O
admire her reasoning but
I reject
her conclusions.
(.K0 Q

&$D X K
:4 KA!"0 ,(4 D4 X K
)
(12.1 %$&)
T22 FG9(& >,,O

1 T22 K4 DE H "L#
1 H4 E4
1 I&
&A 4 K/AA ;Y H,O "$4 4 _ "

X
1 F*(A K/A,O
1
HGG3(4 9
1 *3(4 X K4
1 .G"4 (Subordinate clause)
1 *3(4 :
:G4(D 5"4 K/A$ "Y X"$4 4 X
1 H4
1 *3(4 A F4 9M%
Sentence
Main clause
reject
Subordinate clause
S
Although
I admire her reasoning
her conclusions.
(.K0 Q

&$D X :4 F
"0 ,(4 D4 X K
)
(12.2 %$&)
Compound sentence
1 0 HN
HN X
1 :
: &A K/ G -4
1 0 HN

1 :
K/"4 *& -4 X
1 0 HN .G%A 0 ,P4 Z ! /P4

1 0 HN XE - ! /P4 HN Q0) 2A 4 F3/"4 K/"9O 2!44 3" P
.G" A0 / 9 !0 - ; % 9!P4 &
(Coordinators) ! /P4 HN K%% X"4 K/A!P4 E -
! /P4
! /P4 HN .G"4 3,A Q 2 (Subordinators) ! /P4 PG3(4 5"4 PG3(4 ! /P4 PG3(4 .G"4 /"Y H!P4 "4 K/ G -4
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12. Sentence types
BILGKUT
-HGG3(4 (
1 *3(4 FK%
) 5"4 /3(4 K4 (
1 H4
1 I&
FK%
)
.GA$ "Y H!P4 %% 9M%
73(4
- either Fboth R2 E 4 .G4(D *3%% E or - but Fand ! /P4 HN
.G"4 ,9, 9"4 K4 !3"0 neither
Syntactic features of coordinators *DE J&9% X! /P4 HN .1

:K%
.G(& ,(4 X
1 :
K/P4 ! /P4 HN (a)
John plays the guitar, and his sister plays the piano. (.G" ') % FG" 9 K1)
John plays the guitar, but his sister plays the piano. (.G" ') % :4 FG" 9 K1)
They are studying in the library or they are playing in the field.
(.G-A A
&A GM0 7$ ) & E )
*John plays the guitar, his sister and / but / or plays the piano. <O>
.G"4 J0 9D1 >

1 :
K/!P4 HN (b)
They are studying in the library or they are playing in the field.
* Or they are playing in the field, they are studying in the library. <O>
:8
: ! /P4 *3(4 .GA"& ! /P4 34 " X! /P4 HN (c)
He was unhappy about it, and yet he did as he was told.
(.*0 A4 6B2 #$ 90 F*"4 JP 7 )
:GAE6P4 "4 =&

1 :
X
1 :
A ! /P4 HN (d)
[I may see you tomorrow] or [I may phone you later].
I [may see you tomorrow] or [may phone later]. (.!0 K(( 6(& &A L$& K4 K% K
)
:GAE6P4
1 *3(4 A ! /P4 HN (e)
He asked to be transferred, because he was unhappy, (because) he saw no prospect
of promotion, and because conditions were far better at the other office.
F* K
$& "A X %$ F* )O F*0 I" A0 IG 9" )
(.* ,OA 9AD !9 , 34 !0
:GAE6P4
1 :
: ! /P4 HN (f)
The battery may be disconnected, the connection may be loose, or the bulb may be faulty.
The battery may be disconnected, or the connection may be loose, or the bulb may be faulty.
(.G2 Z
E &A FG& I4 KG K/" &A FG/E ;9[( 64)
The use of coordinators ,9, X! /P4 HN .2

,9, X and (a)
0!P4 ,9, X /P4 4 .G4(D /P4 HN & 20 4 2 79, and

"4 K/P4 #$ .G"4 JP4 3GG0 )" 9D1 J0 X
1 :
K/"4
_ 0 E F"4
1 :
"4 K/P4 .=(& "4 "4 +09%
9D1 "G 0 :K%
.=(& "4 K/A"(4 I2Z ) K3!PA : "
This is Mr. John.
This Mr. Todd. ~ This is Mr. John and this is Mr. Todd.
(.*) 2 4 F*) K1 4)
Hans is German, and Todd is American. (.J(
2 F56
( O)
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0
/ .12
I am a student, and he is a student, too. (. P 0 4

F P 0 4 K
)
:

,2Z M%
&A
=-$
1 :
6(& /!P4
:

"4
-2 &A %E O X
1 :
4
1 :
(1)
He heard an explosion and telephoned the police.
(.*0 K(( /0% *N #- H!) )
I washed the dishes and I dried them. ( ._ 9G 0 E I "4 I A A O K
)
:

"4 XD -7
1 :
QD -7
1 :
4 (2)
Give me some money and (then) Ill help you escape.
(.!0 _2A /,(0 X(% K
F4 ; ) :# N
)
:

,A0 / 9 90 4 H,O K4
1 4
1 (3)
I am a student, and he is a student, too. (. P 0 4
F P 0 4 K
)
:

"4 0 " X
1 :
4
1 :
(4)
He has long hair and (also) he often wears blue jeans.
(.G"M6& 9, !2) 5N =$& R2
D J KG# )
:

"4 LL &A %D4 X
1 4
1 (5)
They disliked Tom and that is not surprising in view of his behaviour.
(.8
7 5"41 /0 K30 X FGA
90A
E )
,9, X or (b)

K/" A0 / 9 >9, or FP 9,(% and 90 J" .GA0 / 9 3," or
2
1 :% FG"4 T30D
1 K ) F/"4 T30D !4 Q0) 2) 2
1 :

:K%
.G"4 HL 96A
E4 4-1 X"% : 4 .GL&
1 :% !" 9,
He is a student or he is an engineer. (.(B( 4 &A P 0 4 )
Are you a student or a teacher? (< 3 0 &A P 0 K%)
I am not a student, I am a teacher. (. 3 0 K
F8
P 0 K
)
:G"4 ,9, 92Z A or

Give me some money or (else) Ill shoot. (.K3 : "4 F4 " ) N
)
Dont be too long, or you will miss the train. (.K"0 >(& PA) "4 F"0 /G# )
,9, X but (c)

1 4 9D1 K
#

1 :
.G9, 9 A0 / 9 0) /P4 4
.GA0 / 9 "MD K" & K /
#
K/" A0 / 9
John is not very rich, but he is very happy. (.; O 9AD :4 8
4 K1)
I would like to see you, but I couldnt do that. (.R"!0 : :4 F*4 _ L$& K4 K%)
eitheror/bothand/nor/neither/neithernor/not (only)but .3
,9, X eitheror (a)
:G9,
9A & ( X or 9!P4
1 :
HN 92 eitheror
The room is too small. (.5& =4 $ 4) The piano is too large. (. =4 ') 4)
Either the room is too small or the piano is too large.(. =4 ') &A F5& =4 $ &A)
Alim must tell him. (.=(& R,96( / K
) You must tell him. (.=(& X,96( / K%)
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12. Sentence types
BILGKUT
Either you or Alim must tell him. (.=(& !,96( / R" &A FK% &A)
You may either stand up or sit down. (.G"4 N% 9" F N% $ K%)
Either [Tom] or [Jake] can stay with us. (.G"4 % K4 4 5(1 &A F_ &A)
,9, X bothand (b)

X! /!P4 /P4 4 .G9, K 79A &
HL 9"4 X and /P4 4
)$& .G0 /G HN >0 :A M%
=9 "4
-2 &A %E O X4
K%
.G9, ! 'A Q0)
He teaches English. (.G$ ) I teach English. (.K$ K
)
~ Both he and I teach English. (.$ D K
- )
He teaches English. He teaches French. (.G$ # @ )
~ He teaches both English and French. (.G$ # @ F )
,9, X neither K4 nor (c)

H!P4
1 K/"4
1 :
4 "D RA -RA 92 /P4 4
+'() 56 @ !'()
2A
1 :
&A "MD : 4 FG"4 ,9, K
:G9, " X 9) %
He did not receive a letter from her nor could he hear from her.
(.*"E -O X &A *" IG ,) O ) 4 )
He did not receive a letter from her, (and) neither could he hear from her.
,9, X neithernor (d)

X X3"9[ &A ;MD FQD -7 +O
1 K/!P4 K4 /P4 4
:G" A0 / 9 3/A
4 # A &A %
Q 1-
Neither he nor Ahmet teaches French. (.GA$ # @ O F

)
He neither teaches English nor teaches French. (.GA$ # @ F )
Tom neither has long hair nor wears jeans. (.GA6& 9, !2) F:A ( KG# X
)
Complex sentence
1 I&
Subordinate and superordinate clauses

1 PG3(4 - *3(4 .4
/3(4 - (Superordinate)
1 PG3(4
1 I&
F=9%$& 2 12.2 %$&

1 H4
1 PG3(4 96D
.G"L#
1 :
Q
1 (Subordinate)
_ "
.G
1 :
K/AA ;Y HN "$4 4 _ "
X
1 H4 ;2
1 *3(4 FI "4 Q
"4
1 PG3(4 K
1 4 34 9-$ #$ A
1 *3(4 4
1 H4 4
_ 0 :4 F " #$
1 *3(4 4 34
1 *3(4
1 4 _ "
K "4 !00 .

I&

1 :
HN 4 D
1 0 HN .G"4 & X
1 H4 K/G3(4 #$
73(4 -HGG3(4 FI "G# 4 QM%
HN 9 E F/P4 2A X! /P4 *3(4
1
:G"4 /3(4 %4 A PG3(4 %4 _ 0 E .GA 9M%
He predicted that he would discover the tiny particle when he conducted his next experiment.
(.* K4 " 3/A3A4 # Y
, 1 J9(0 6(& )
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0
/ .12

:G"4 3,0 +D =%$& -$

1 0 A
Sentence
Main/Superordinate clause [W]
S
He
predicted
Subordinate/superordinate clause [X]
S
that
he
would discover
the tiny particle
Subordinate clause [Y]

S
when
he
(12.3 %$&)
conducted his next experiment.
/ >( #$ [X]

1 :
FI "4
1 H4 [W]
1 :
%$& 4
/ >( #$ [Y]
1 :
9-$ #$
[X]
1 :
FG"4
1 PG3(4 K
.G"4
1 *3(4 X [W] "4 [X] FX [X] "4 [Y] A .K"& I "4
1 PG3(4 K
#$
1 *3(4 A 9-$ #$
"4 HN A0D 2
1 0 HN
:

,(0 >(
Sentence
Main/superordinate clause
and
think
Subordinate clause
would hope
Subordinate/superordinate clause
that your new position

demands sensitive
judgements
that you will mature
Subordinate clause
as the years go by
X!A K
FK0 I" 93 70 _ &$D #% Q
O (A X(% (
)
(K0
,9(A >,) X(% K4 $
( 12.4 :%$&)
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12. Sentence types
BILGKUT
:

"L$& 0 4 :0D X
1 I&
7P4 HN !,O
Sentence
I have heard
Subordinate clause
Subordinate clause
and
that you are a car mechanic
that your brother is a teacher
(.R K/N 3 0 X& F9
X% K
)
(12.5 :%$&)
/"Y H "4 "$4 4 _ "
X K
1 PG3(4 KPG3(4 #$ 92
1 *3(4
+O A0 XE .

,"E4 "$4 4 :0D 34 -O X
1 PG3(4 FI "4
,A ;Y "$4 4 A0 X
1 PG3(4 XE "4
1 *3(4 2(9&O
F3/"4
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R
1 *3(4 [X] %$& -12.30 A FK%
.GA"4

1 *3(4 Q"D
1 *3(4 [Y] .GAA ;Y -4 / PG" X [W]
1 PG3(4
-13 *" X
1 *3(4 .G"4 /"Y HN K4 9"D X
1 [X] KPG3(4 #$ F3/"4
:
& F
1 :
5& /0 +
1 I&
944 4 .G" A0 / 9 944
.G" A0 / 9 !
#
5M%
P! /P4 *3(4 -
1 :
%-O F
1
Finite, nonfinite, and verbless clauses

1 :
%-O - & F5& .5
:G"4 "$4 9D1 "G 0
1 :

:
1 :
K3) & 4 #$% +'() 5& "$4 -O :
1 :
5&
takes
took
can work
has worked
is writing
was written
I cant go with you because I am studying this evening.
(.KA"4 K4 % F3/"4 K/0 7$ KG 3& K 4 K
)
:
1 :
K3) & 4 #$% +'() & "$4 -O :
1 :
&
to work
having worked
taken
Knowing my temper, he didnt reply. (.*
9A0 -1 F4 #
)
:
1 :
K/"4 3,91 &"$4 H,O
1 :
:4 F:A "$4 -O :
1 :
%-O
Although always helpful, he was not much liked.
(.*",( /G 90A X!34 "4 K/9(A A) )
5& E F-% ,"& /0

1 :

1 :
%-O - &
:G"4 3,0 " &"$4
1 H,O (5"4 K"& I I2
1 92 A)
1 :

Knowing [V] my temper [Od] ~ He [S] knows [V] my temper [Od]
Although [conj] always [A] helpful [Cs]
~ Although [conj] he [S] was [V] always [A] helpful [Cs]
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0
/ .12

1 :
5& 96D

D X&
1 -
1 K/0 DE
2!44 3"
.9O 9%
1 :
%-O - & -$ .A"9O I$& 2A 4 F3/"4
Nonfinite clauses

1 :
&
-$
1 :
& .

3%"4 F "4 X
1 :
&
:G0
4 #$% +'() &
:(to-infinitives) *& 3( K/(& K4 to- X!'() (i)
The best thing would be to tell everybody. (.796( A
D 7 ,OA ) <>
The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.
<4 >
(.796( A
D 7 ,OA K N%)
It would be better for you to tell everybody. (.,OA N% 796( A
D) <4 >
:*& 3( K/A9, to X!'() (ii)

All I did was hit him on the head. (.*"4 HG /,(4 X
D X/0 X(
) <>
Rather than you do the job, Ill prefer to finish it myself.
<4 >
( .9BM9$ !
#$ K
F$& /0 X(%)
:& :
-ing X!'() (iii)
Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat. (.9& >, ) /%E) >9BM3 A$) <>
Her aunt having left the room, I asked John for some help.
<4 >
(.R% _2A 1 K
F6(& & >3
D)
:& :
-ed X!'() (iv)
Covered with confusion, they didnt know what to do.
<>
(.*"0 !A"4 ,0 ( E F& I 0 A0 !&4)
The discussion completed, the chairman adjourned the meeting for half an hour. <4 >
(.*A0 >99O % R(A /A %6 F3EO #
)
: .G"4 3!342

1 :
& R0 I$& (1 .X) *Z
1 :
5&
I expect them to come. (.K0
,(& XE K
)
They wanted us to learn economics.
(.9!0
,$ 3% 293 24 E )
SVC John supposed the stranger to be friendly.
(.* K/0 #) I2 9%Y2
2 H K1)
SVA It is great for everybody to be here. (.7 /"4 2A 4 XA
D)
SVOO It is best for you to give him a call. (.,OA X/0 K(( / )
SVOC Paul prefers me to make the problem clear.
(.G & ,9MB 9!3( %

;-))
SVOA He got her to put the car in the garage.
(.9-L# & A$ H A0

/ )
SV
SVO
X34
1 :
K/"L# & :
-ed X!'() 2
1 :
&
& :
-ed X!'() .G"4 3%A 2 (Passive) ; [1
2 (Active) %
XE F3/"4 2 ; [1
9D1
- 90 J&9% !%
1 :
K/"L#
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12. Sentence types
BILGKUT
:G& !4 & 2 ; [1

+O Q$ -$ Q0) & 2 ; [1
SVactiveO
~ (S)Vpassive
When questioned, she denied being a member of the group.

(.*0 %# XZ)G X#$ F/0 :%)
SVactiveOC
(S)VpassiveC
Considered works of art, they were admitted into the country without customs duties.
(.*0 QOG ,& (4
"2 4 XE FI " 2#$& *"% Q'%)
SVactiveOA
(S)VpassiveA
Kept in the refrigerator, the drug should remain effective for at least three months.
(.G"0 I!0% % /A B2# _ 0 Y2 4 F3/!0% 2 3!N)
SVactiveOO
(S)VpassiveO
Allowed unusual privileges, the prisoner seemed to enjoy his captivity.

( .9L$& =3M"G# D 3/E% X#$ 8 D
4 F(4 !0 0D K/A,O P!34)
Verbless clauses

1 :
%-O
I & _ "
X be +'() R2 !0 .GA"4 A X
1 :
%-O 92
:K%
.G"4 3,B-LL
D 3,M0 #) 9) % -O K/"0
Whether right or wrong, he always comes off worst in argument.
[Whether he is right or wrong], he always
(.G0 J"% #
R2 F#6'0 "4 O &A P)
One should avoid taking a trip abroad in August if possible. [if it is possible]
(.=(& ,0% 9,0 )% " Q A-8 _2 :0D "4

)
: 4 92 FG(& P LL -O X _ 0 F"L$& X
1 :
%-O
X
1 : 4 F3/"4

HLL !4 *& 8
X be +'() Q0) -O X
1
:G"4 Z ! Q 2 SVA - SVC Q0)
She looked at him expectantly, her eyes (were) full of excitement and curiosity. [S(V)C]
(.* K/" 33AD - K1AD *"#$& X F*0 K4 J"-
$ / )
I do not wish to describe his assertions, some of them (are) offensive.
[S(V)C]
(.G0 4 ,& *#4 XE FKA"O ,( / A4 X K
)
Mary sat in the front seat, her hands (were) in her lap.
[S(V)A]
(.* *"0 F*2 9" G " *
)
Indicators of subordination "4 K/ 9 & ,3(4 .6

%4 X-$ "4 4 .G2Z J0 "4 _ "
2
1 *3(4 92 73(4
:

"4
.G4 K4 /P4 *3(4
1 :
K/"4
1 *3(4 (i)
.G4 K4 ="$4 J" wh-
1 :
K/"4
1 *3(4 (ii)
.G"4 K/"G 9" ="$4 ,(4 X
1 :
K/"4
1 *3(4 (iii)
.G"4 Z Z X
1 *3(4 ,9, X& +'() K6A

1 :
(iv)
.GA"4 "$4 -O &A FG"4 & &A "$4 -O X
1 :
(v)
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/ .12
Subordinators ! /P4 *3(4 .7

K3!Z0 RD
X,3(4 (Subordinating conjunctions = subordinators) ! /P4 *3(4
K4 E ! /P4 *3(4 .G"4 : K
1 :
5& ) "4 FG4D *9%:G"4 & 8O
1 *3(4 K/(& >P4
! /P4 *3(4 K/9,

1 *3(4 5&
I!4
1 *3(4 K/0

1 :
5& )$& X! /P4 *3(4
.G"4 = " Q 2! /P4 *3(4 QM%
- I&
FT22 E .G(&
! /P4 *3(4 T22
after, although, as, because, before, directly, if, immediately, lest, like, especially
once, since, that, though, till, unless, until, when(ever), where(ver), whereas,
whereupon, while, whilst
! /P4 *3(4 I&
:*/,"O K4 that

but that, in that, in order that, insofar that, in the event that, save that, such that
assuming (that), considering (that), excepting (that) given (that), granted (that)
granting (that), provided (that), providing (that), seeing (that), supposing (that)
except (that), for all (that), now (that), so (that)
:!34 - */,"O K4 as
according as, as far as, as long as, as soon as, forasmuch as, inasmuch as
insofar as, insomuch as, as if, as though, in case
! /P4 *3(4 QM%
QM%
K9,
1 *3(4 4 .G"4 "$4 /Z)G H4 ! /P4 *3(4 QM%
:G9A & &A GA!39%

X4 X! /P4
(a) as so
(b) as as , so as, such as
so (that), such (that), lessthan, more (/-er) than
no sooner than/ when,
barely when / than, hardly when/ than, scarcely when/ than
(c) the the
(d) whetheror, if or
(e) although yet / nevertheless, even if yet / nevertheless,
(even) though yet / nevertheless, while yet / nevertheless
once then / in that case, since then / in that case,
unless then / in that case, becausetherefore, seeing (that)therefore
.G) & 2! /P4 J /" 0 *" =2 asso Z)G (a) 2E 4
:G9A & M%
K2Z 4
As the strength of the defenders failed, so the courage of the attackers grew.
(.*"0 I %$ MAD X! /0 _ 1 D F33E1 & X! /P0)
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12. Sentence types
BILGKUT
K/!P4 K4 ! /P4 Z)G 4 .G) & 2! /P4

9,(% Z)G (b)
2
1 H4 4 X /P4 I 1 4 D .G,G /O X
1 K ) 4
1 *3(4
:G(& IG 9
1 *3(4 O FGAA ;Y 9) % /3(
I was more ashamed than I have ever been. (.R K/"4 +O =&4 K
)
I was angrier than I have ever been. (.* K"& R3 =&4 X(
)

1 *3(4 - H4 9,$A H,O 9M%
--% )$& Z)G (c)
:G9, 9 A0 / 9
The harder they worked, the poorer they became. (.9!
*(, >, 0 E )
5 !" K4

1 :% !" A F
1 *3(4 +O ! /P4 Z)G 4 (d)

1 :
A& X or & :% .G9, K
1 *3(4 K3) & 2
1
:G"4 K,"
They didnt tell me whether I should write to the manager (or whether I should see him personally.)
(.*96( L$& -# A K4 X &A R,(A QO P 92 X(
N
E )
/ /P4 *3(4

1 *3(4 Q"D K/(& K4 ! /P4 K," Z)G 4 (e)
:G9A & M%
K2Z /P4 *3(4 F>(& >P4
If this years harvest is good, then they will not need to import wheat.
(.GA"4 9D
3,0 QZ P 4 E 90 F"4 ,OA ; %D 3A 4 )
! /P4 *3(4 34

X
1 *3(4 K/"L#
1 :
5& -$ A 34 2! /P4 0 A
:G4D "4
:K%
.! /P4 *3(4 K/(& I " 0 ,- A& &A /" (1)
even if
if only
just as
only that
I should like to go, only that I am ill. (.R94 _ 0 F_"4 K/"0 >P)
:! /P4 *3(4 K/) & 4 #$% R K/AE6A "Y Q"D #4 (2)
the moment (that) at the first/ next / last moment (that) every time (that)
I recognized him the moment I saw him. (.R"M K
D K$& K
)
& /,"O K4 the fact that *4 #$% J /" 0 *" (3)
:K%
.! /P4 *3(4 K/)
because of the fact that (=because)
due to the fact that (=because)
an account of the fact that (=because)
in ( the) light of the fact that (=because)
in spite of the fact that (=although)
regardless of the fact that (=although)
In spite of the fact that they were sick, I went to visit them.
(.R24 3!0A E K
F "4 JP E )
! /P4 *3(4 K/9,

1 *3(4 %-O - &
*3(4 E F3/"4 _& +'() 5& K/"4 -O 2
1 :
%-O - &
R2 .G"0 I "G 9 30 ! /P4 *3(4 K/(4 "4 9"D E #4 :4 .G G
I" ,(& X4 #$% R 4 A& X /P4 *3(4 4 FG4 K4 without &A with
:G0
With the mortgage paid, they could afford to go abroad for their vocation.
(.99AE!0 73 3,3 " Q K 7( _2 E F(4 " ) )
Without you to consult, I would be completely at a loss.
(.R E4 K/"0 IN ) K
F"4 K/"4 K% //,[%
)
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With the advent of the rockets, the Space Age began.

(.*!4 *-2 0 4 _" F>, ,(& 02 1G- X9&)
Without a moment's hesitation, she jumped into the river to save the little boy.
(.*&% PA2 K HG# 3 0 "4 5& F9% D)
! /P4 K/9,

1 *3(4 K"L# & 3( X!'()
-$ Q0)
1 *3(4 K"L# & 3( K/A9, to X!'()
:G(& !4 /P4
rather than
sooner than
He paid the fine rather than appeal to a higher court.
(.9M"$ 1 K J%

4 3% *0 A )

1 *3(4 & K3) & & 3( K/(& K4 to X!'()
:E FI "4 I$& (O 2! /P4 *3(4 K/(& IG 9
as if as though for in order
so as whether (or) with
without
:G& !4
1 *3(4 & K/(& 4 K4 for 2E 4
It would be an absurd idea for them to move to another house at this stage of their careers.
(.2-G"4 I 5" & 4 K PE 79(& I $& A$ 4 34 "& #

XAD)
! /P4 *3(4 K/9, 2

1 *3(4 %-O -
1 *3(4 J" -ed
*3(4 R0 4 K/9, 2
1 *3(4 5& 2
1 *3(4 %-O -
1 *3(4 J" -ed
:G9, ! /P4
although, as, as if, as soon as, as though, even if, if, once, though, unless
until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whetheror, while, whilst
When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.
(.GA"4 %
0 :3D 0 ;9 A4 %$& Y2 4 )
Although not six months old, she was able to walk without support.
(.*"N
A D F "4 K/"4 JA 9" ()
! /P4 *3B K/9, 2

1 *3(4 J" -ing
wherever Fwhere K/A!P4
1 *3(4 %-O -
1 *3(4 J" -ed ! /P4 : 4
:G" #$ ! /P4 34 2!3"0 as soon as - as F
although, as if, as though, even if, if, once, though, unless
until, when, whenever, whetheror, while, whilst
When returning merchandise, be sure to bring your receipt.
(. ,M( 91$D /"4 &-G 9A0 "
)
"4 34 K/A2Z ,3(4

&"$4 K"L# 2"#$% J" wh- -$ - that A 34 2! /P4 *3(4 0 A
:GA" 9 & ,3(4
that, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, what, why, how,
whoever, whomever, whichever, wherever, whenever, whatever, however,
whosever, whomsoever wheresoever, whatsoever, howsoever, whosesoever
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Subordinate clauses

1 *3(4
Types of subordinate clauses
1. Noun clauses

1 *3(4 5"(9&O R .1

1 *3(4 K/!4 K4 *"#$% :%

1 *3(4 K/!4 K4 if &A Whether
Clauses beginning with a question word

Noun clauses beginning with if and whether
Noun clauses beginning with that

1 *3(4 K/!4 K4 that
341

1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) % .2
HLL0)
,30 X" QM%
!
0 *" " X
1 *3(4

1 *3(4 K/30
Identifying adjective clauses

Omission of the relative pronoun
Prepositions come before adjective clause
Reduced adjective clauses
3. Adverb clauses
*" X
1 *3(4
340
340
2. Adjective clauses
.13
343

1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7- .3
*"4

1 *3(4 K/30
J /" 0 *"
Adverb clause markers

Reduced adverb clauses
Prepositional expressions
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0 (3%4 .13
Types of subordinate clauses *" X

1 *3(4
Q) % F
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R K%% /"Y
1 - *(9&O XE
1 *3(4
.G"4 "$4
1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7- -
1 *3(4 5"(9&O
Noun clause
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R .1
4 #$% R &A R *22 O .G"4 *-O - X
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R
.G"4 PG" &A K%%
1
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R .G"4 ,9, H,O
: .1
His discovery was important. (.* RD
/3A4 X )
[Noun phrase]
.K/"4

1 I "4 4 #$% R 4 his discovery
1 4
What he discovered was important. (.* RD
/3A4 X )
[Noun clause]
X
1 *3(4 4 FI "4
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R 4 what he discovered
1 4
.K/"4
1 Fdiscovered *-O Fhe
: PG" .2
People believe his discovery. (.*, //3A4 X ,&)
.K/"4 PG"

1 I "4 4 #$% R !A his discovery
1 4
People believed what he discovered. (.*, //3A4 X ,&)
X believed

1 FI "4
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R 4 !A what he discovered
1 4
.K/"4 PG"
:G4 K4 "#$% =-$
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R
who / whom whose
what
which
that
when where
why whether
how if

1 *3(4 5"(9&O R K/!4 K4 *"#$% :%
R !3"0 how Fwhy Fwhere Fwhen Fwhich Fwhat Fwhose Fwhom Fwho "#$% :%
:G(& A& X +'()
2A
D G(& I!4
1 *3(4 5"(9&O
Question (;%)
Noun Clause (

1 *3(4 5"(9&O R)
1. What did he discover?

I dont know what he discovered.
2. When did he discover it?
I am not sure when he discovered it.
3. Where did he discover it?
It is not known where he discovered it.
4. How did he discover it?
I am not certain how he discovered it?
5. Who is John?
I dont know who is he?
6. Whose discovery is that?
It is not known whose discovery that is?
7. What did he discover?
What he discovered is not certain.
K0 X K
<*3A4 K0 .2 .KA4 3/3A4 X K
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1 *3(4 5"(9&O R K/4 K4 If &A Whether
K4 If &A whether
1 : 4 /!A
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R *"% Yes-No
:G4
Noun Clause (
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R)
Question (;%)
1. Does he speak French?

We dont know whether / if he speaks French.
2. Will it work?
He wonders whether / if it will work.
3. Did they believe him?
I dont know whether / if they believed him.
<
, .2 .A4 3/A"#$% &A K/A"#$% # @ X 4 <G
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1 *3(4 5"(9&O R K/4 K4 That

1 *3(4 5"(9&O R J0 that
1 K/A0 / 9 ) _ "
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that /"4 PG" X
1 H4
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R K/4 K4 that .G"GG!A
:.GA"4 ,9BM30 that /"4 X
1 :4 FG"4 ,9BM30
Noun Clause (
1 *3(4 5"(9&O R)
We believe that the earth is round.
We believe the earth is round.
That the earth is round is a fact.
1. The earth is round?

Adjective clauses
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) % .2
Q0)
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) % .G) & 2-O -
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %
5"(9&O Q) % .G"4 96 H "4 Q 1-
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!/!P4
1 H4
Q) % .G(& I!3( 4 #$% 5"(9&O R &A R "$4 4 X
1 H4
1 *3(4
Fwhen &A !" QM%
J"0 that Fwhich Fwhose Fwhom Fwho
1 *3(4 5"(9&O
.G4 K4 *,- QM%
J"0 where
HLL0)
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %
:G"4 3,A) 2"4 - ; % =-$ 9LL0)
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %

1 *3(4
"4
*3(4 - ,9,
"Y
1
!"
who

2
.[S]
The men who [S] lived here were workers.

(.* !, ,& KP 2A 4)
whom

2
.[O]
The woman whom [O] we met was Gulie.

(." ;A 3D K3 4)
which
%
[S /O]
That is a book which [S] interests me.

(.9& 4 K/ 930 (
)
That is the book which [O] I bought yesterday.
(.9& K/"M9(% K $ K
)
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whose
0 (3%4 .13
_2 / %
9M%
J"
He sent a message whose meaning we had agreed upon a time.

(.9- 4 K/"4 I " 0 /
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% - _2
[S /O]
I know the man that [S] is standing behind the counter.

(.KA
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They are the men that [O] I saw yesterday.
(. ,& K3 K K
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that
where
KG
[A]
This is the school where [A] my sister is studying.

(. I9&
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when
?0-
This is the day when [A] we got married.

(.K & K/0 4 4)
,30 X" QM%

1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %
/"4 :4 FG"4 ,9M30 /"4 PG"
1 *3(4 H" QM%
:G"4 ,9M30 when K/"4 9"D ?0- FGA"4 ,9BM30

The men who [S] lived here were workers.
The woman whom [O] we met was Guly.
The woman we met was Guly.
That is a book which [S] interests me.
That is the book which [O] I bought yesterday.
That is the book I bought yesterday.
I know the man that [S] is standing behind the counter.
They are the men that [O] I saw yesterday.
They are the men I saw yesterday.
This is the day when [A] we got married.
This is the day we got married.
:GA"4 ,9BM30 where - whose 2!" QM%
He sent a message whose meaning we had agreed upon a time.

This is the school where [A] my sister is studying.
IG 9" / X which - whom Fwho FI "4 ;%BM 20 4 that 2!" QM%
:G"4 ,9,
The men who / that [S] lived here were workers.
The woman whom / that [O] we met was Guly.
That is a book which / that [S] interests me.
That is the book which /that [O] I bought yesterday.
! /" 0 *" K/(& " X

1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %
:G"4 ,9, 9"4 K4 ! /" 0 *"
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) % #4
There are a number of ways by which a message can be sent.
(.4 *" % K P X,- )
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1 *3(4 R2 /" 0 *" /
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BILGKUT
:G(& ,(4 X

1 *3(4 /" 0
That was the man to whom I was referring to. (. _2 K3M0 Z( K
) <K3!Z(0>
That was the man whom I was referring to.
<K/!Z(0>

1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) % K/30
Q) % 4 .G"4 3,30 4 #$% 5"(9&O Q) %
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %
#$% R &"$4 J"0 PG" - X
1 FGA"4 X4 #$% 5"(9&O
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The man who is speaking is American. (.J(
,& K3-"#$%)
The man speaking is American. (.J(
,& K3-"#$%)
<
1 *3(4>
<4 #$%>
& 2!" K/AEE4 J"0 that &A which Fwho
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %
.GA"4 3,30 34 FG"4 3,30 F"4 K3)
The man who [S] is speaking is American.
The man speaking is American.
<
1 *3(4>
<4 #$%>
The man whom [] I met is my old friend. (._ 9%Y2 820 X(
_2 KL$& K
)
<:A

730 4 #$%
1 *3(4
1 4>
:4 " % +O X,30 4 #$%

1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %
:G9BM30 *& 8
X be +'() - H" QM%
K/"4
1 *3(4 (1)
The man who is playing football is John. (.K1 ,& K3-A ; ))
The playing football is John.
<
1 *3(4>
<4 #$%>
The signals which are given are simple. (.K T22 !"% K(4) <
1 *3(4>
The signals which are given are simple.
<
1 *3(4>
The signals given are simple.
<4 #$%>
K/"4 "D "4

1 *3(4 K9, be +'()
1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) % (2)
.G!A & (-ing) + '() -O >9BM30 "
We have an alphabet that consists of thirty two characters.
<
1 *3(4>
(.4 Z( K"L# 9)D # 9 24)
We have an alphabet consisting of thirty two characters.
<4 #$%>
Anyone who wants to get the news can come here.
<
1 *3(4>
(.G"4 "& A 4 _2 :0D K/"4 0N -O)
Anyone wanting to get the news can come here.
<4 #$%>
.G"4 3,(A >A K4 H) 92 4 #$% F

1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) %
Arkin, who was the inventor of this mathematical formula, once studied in this school.
(.KP 0 9)9&
4 * F2 X"
@ J(
4 F&)
Arkin, the inventor of this mathematical formula, once studied in this school.
Adverb clause

1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7- .3
FI "4
1 K/AA "Y Q"D
1 FK/) & 2-O -
1 *3(4 7-
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1 H4
1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7- .G )2
1 *3(4 Q"D
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1 H4 J0 H) "& " X
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When he arrived, I was having breakfast. (.R9M0 9 K
"& >9(A )
I was having breakfast when he arrived.
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0 (3%4 .13
*"4 X
1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7-
X
1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7- - HLL0)
1 H4
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1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7- -$ .GAA
:*(4 A4 6(&
:*"4
1 *3(4 K/A2Z 90- (1)
after, as, before, as soon as, by the time, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while
The children ran away after they had broken the window.
(.9,9(& >(0 6(& M3( B2 !"4)
As I was opening the window, someone knocked at the door.
(.9& , %4 3M( B2 K
)
He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.
(.KP /A H4 K 6! * 9,(& 6 )
As soon as the sun had set we returned home.
(.: 99A0 A$ 4 !/G 9" HA 0 )
I will have left Urumqi by the time he receives this letter.
(.K"4 K/"4 >A
L K
P K/" IG ,) O 4 )
Once he goes, we can clean up.
(.AE6# 4 !N
)
Since he came here, I have got a lot of trouble.
(._ 90 "A P!3- K P K
*(4 "& A 4 )
Wait till I return. (.!0% "& K
)
I had not understood this problem until he explained it.
(.R K %
4 K
/A0 ILL )
When he had finished lunch he asked for a glass of water.
(.*% % K&9 4 6(& /"4 IA 3
= )
Come whenever you like. (.;& P "O K0)
While he was eating, I asked him to lend me $2.
(.R% G >(4 !"Y2 K
3-A :
)
as
as if
as though
:*"4
1 *3(4 K/A2Z -; % (2)
just as
like
Think as I think. (.!A =/A K

)
The ancient people used the stars as if they were calendars.
(.K/!A) H,O P("& *22 O 2E# 9" A 20)
The Milky Way looks as though it is a faint band of light.
(.GL$& H,O //M"4 - P *22 O "6
%)
They questioned him just as they were police. (.*0 :% =2!0% *22 O E )
Can you dance like she does. (<K
E6A =/A " % K%)
because
since
as
:*"4
1 *3(4 K/A2Z % &A -% (3)
now that
as long as
so that
Spacesuits were designed for astronauts so that they could breathe in space.
(.K[AE K ,"E 8) 0 4 _" X!
Y9% *6& 0 4 _")
Since some planets are too far away to send people, computer-operated space probes are sent.
(.G- *4M% HL ,& _" K/0 QE /
( 6Z
& F3/"4 :A ,- _2 !9(!) *#4)
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although
while
though
BILGKUT
:*"4
1 *3(4 K/A2Z 30 (4)
whereas
even though
Most stars are white while some are colored.

(.5N : E# 9" A )$& K4 K/"4 5N +O O *#4)
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
(.:
$ (% #4 K4 K/"4 $ !34)
:*"4
1 *3(4 K/A2Z & (5)
if
only if
in the event that
provided that
unless
even if
in case that
You will see hundreds of stars if you look at the sky.
(.$& E# 9" A K P 0 /% )
You can study distant stars provided that you have a radio telescope.
(.AE!0 J3 E# 9" A 90A % "4 I(( : 3"Y2 '2 2% )
in order that
in order to
:*"4
1 *3(4 K/A2Z 0
(6)
so (that)
Astronomers improved the telescopes so that they would discover more about the stars.
(.*,OA !)(( !
Y9% K H3A4 % I$& ( P E# 9" A)
Astronomers developed bigger and bigger telescopes in order to see the stars more clearly.
(.*2G0 T30 !)( !
Y9% K HL$& :3( ( E# 9" A)
:*"4
1 *3(4 K/A2Z (7)
so that
such that
The stars are so far away that they cannot be seen without a telescope.
(.930A =/"4 $& "4 I(( E# 9" A)
The meteor hit the earth with such force that it made a crater.
(.*"G J90 2 =2 M( = /A # 9" A 0)
:*"4
1 *3(4 K/A2Z G (8)
where
wherever
everywhere
There were stars wherever she looked. (.* 4 # 9" A A1 !/0 )
A crater was formed where the meteor bit the earth.
(.* K/"0 >& = 4 2A K # 9" A 0)

1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7- K/30
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1 *3(4 5"(9&O Q) % *22 O
1 *3(4 5"(9&O 7-
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After the space probes landed on Mars, they began to send back pictures. <
1 *3(4>
(.*4 ,- % 6(& /0 3%
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After landing on Mars, the space probes began to send back picture.
<4 #$%>
(.*4 ,- % *4M% HL ,& _" F6(& /0 3%
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Although the moon rocks were expensive to obtain, they provided valuable information.
(.9
K4 E 50 E :4 F & I$& Q6)% ,,( /1 * )
Although expensive to obtain, the moon rocks provided valuable information.
(.9
K4 E 50 *1 * F & I$& Q6)% ,,( )
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0 (3%4 .13
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1 *3(4 K4
1 H4 F9,30
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After the space probes landed on Mars, they began to send back pictures. <
1 *3(4>
After landing on Mars, the space probes began to send back picture.
<4 #$%>
After the space probes sent pictures, astronomers examined them. <
1 *3(4>
(.*2 ,& E !
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<.8
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because of in spite of
in case of
during
Many of the planets are created because of meteor bombardment.
(.K/9A " 0% XEY9(
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In spite of the damage to the spacecraft, the astronauts got back to the Earth safely.
(.*"& >9(A Q
E% -:% /A * 3 _" :4 F "4 KO# (& _")
In case of contamination, special suits were worn.
(.* K6& 6& DE FA) 7/" 4)
Radio receivers were used during the second world war.
(.K9, ! /" 40 '2 #
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TOEFL
X (Test Of English as a Foreign Language) [9 9) % ;' Toefl
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Conditional sentences

1 5
.14
Conditional sentence types
348
*" X
1 5
1. Conditional sentence type 1

4. Special uses of will/would/should
5. if/even if/whether/unless/but for
348
349
350
351
352
* 4 X
1 5
* X
1 5
* X
1 5
,9, DE X will/would/should
if/even if/whether/unless/but for
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.3
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0 5 .14
Types of conditional sentences *" X

1 5
X
1 *3(4 5 .G) &
1 H4 K4
1 *3(4 5
1 5
5 if it rains
1 -$ .G(& I!4
1 *3(4 5 FI "4 if "4 J%%
:G"4
1 H4 I shall stay at home F
1 *3(4
If it rains I shall stay at home. (.K 9" A$ K
PA /
A )
.G) & & K

# K/"4 H,O O 4 D FI "4
1 5 +O
.G"4 Q 1-
0) _ "
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Conditional sentences type 1 * 4 X

1 5 .1
+& T22 K
# % "&
1 H4 F2 (Present) K
# 0#D *3(4 5
1 5
.GA"4 RD
,(& " XA0
1 :
4 .G(& 2 (Future simple tense)
& K
# 0#D A& X if FI "4 If + clause + [s] + will / shall + "G 0 J%%
:K%
.G(& I "4 +'()
2A 4 shall &A will -O X
1 H4 FG(&
If he runs he will get there in time. (.G4 >9(A 90- A % A )
The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail. (.GA!N6
=
4 0GA 0 )
8% 3"9[( QD -7

1 *3(4 K/4 K4 if F
1 5 2 4
-7 % "& &A 0#D QD -7 K2Z
1 H4 X
1 5 2 4 .G0
9%"4
# % "& QD -7 K/A0 / 9
1 *3(4 #6'0 "4 QD
.GA # ;MD K/(&
# % "& .G(&
# 0#D "4
Variations of the main clause , #$ K/"L$&

1 H4
34 K !169[( =-$ A F9%"0 !Z9, shall K4 will -O X
1 H4
:G"4 ,9, !'() 8
.G"4 ,9, might &A may K H2Z

(a)
If the fog gets thicker the flight may / might be cancelled.
(.

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)
.G9, can K H2Z 6 &A QOG Fmay K H2Z OG (b)
If your documents are in order you may / can leave at once.
If it stops snowing we can go out.
(.G"4 N
;D2 "4 A1 1$D )
( .G"4 :3 3% 4 9O 0 )
.G"4 ,9, should &A must K H2Z [% - I" F:GA 4 (c)
If you want to lose wait you must / should eat less bread.
(.=(& ,6(A # "4 _ 0 % F"4 00G )
If you want to lose wait you had better eat less bread.
(.=(& ,6(A # "4 ,OA % "4 00G )
If you want to lose wait eat less bread.
(.A # "4 "4 00G )
If you see Tom could you tell him to telephone me?
(<
A0 >96( ,0 K(( N
/ F"0 >9
)
:G9, K
# 0#D
1 H4 K H2Z 5"(9&O Q2 &A T'4 (d)
If you heat ice it turns / will turn to water. (.GA P % %G20 #
)
If there is a shortage of any product prices of that product go up / will go up.
(.G%$ *"D4 XE D
F"L$& 30 XE D
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14.
BILGKUT
Variations of the if-clause ,#$

1 *3(4 5
X if K H2Z G 9!G % "& &A QD 0#D
1 *3(4 5 (a)
.G"4 ,9,
1 & + K
# 0#D A&
If you are waiting for a bus, you had better join the queue.
(.X ,OA F"4 K3-!0% 8 49) )

If you are looking for Peter you can find him upstairs.
(.AE) 9-0 9% % F"4 K3-" 9() )
If you are staying for another night I will ask the manager to give you a better room.
(.96( ,(4 :A :,OA % P9B2 K
F"4 0
(& 4 A )
.G"4 ,9,

1 & K ) K
# 0#D A 2
1 *3(4 5 (b)
If you have finished the dinner I will ask the waiter for the bill.
(.0 3,0 Q-D & K
F"4 K/"4 IA 3
)
If he has written the letter I will post it. (.9BM(% 9) K
F"4 K/"4 >(A O)
If they havent seen the museum we had better go there today.
(.A4 K 4 A ,OA 4 F"4 K
$& 6#
E )
Conditional sentence type 2 * X

1 5 .2
:G(&
# 5
1 H4 FG(&
# K$
1 *3(4 X
1 5 2 4
If I had a map I would lend it to you. (.R9E4 KP >4 % "4 K/"4 9O
)
If someone tried to rob me I would tell the police.
(.R9E4 K/0 _ "
/0% "4 K/G 3E 4 (
%4)
4 X

1 5 F "&
# 5
1 H4 X
1 2 4
K$ K2Z
1 *3(4 !0 FGA2Z D -7 % "& &A #D H,O
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#
.G"4 K
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:G9,
1 5 2 4 /"4 0 0 K4 !9&) J( 860 (1)
If I lived near my office I would be in time for work. (But I dont live near my office.)
(.KA
2A 3(A /
, :4) (.R9E4 K"& 90- 3, _"4 KP 2A 3(A /
, K
)
If I were you I would plant some trees round the house. (But I am not you.)
(.8
K% K
:4) (.R E4 K O2 /) G0 _"4 K/"4 N X(% K
)
:G9, /0
$ ,(4 # A XD -7
1 *3(4 (2)
If a thief came into my room at night I would scream. (But I dont expect a thief to come.)
(.KA0
$ ,(& XP 4 K
) (.R9E4 K/0- K
F%&
A$ & *P 4 )
If I dyed my hair blue everyone would laugh at me. (But I dont intend to dye it.)
(.:A R/A4 X(
:4) (.*E4 K/0 %
(
KA
D F_"4 K/A4 N =$& ( K
)
:G"4 ,9, K D X"MD +O 0 A

1 *3(4 *#4
If left his bicycle outside someone would steal it.
(.* 9(& I!P %4 "4 K/A0 9% 9ZB- )
. 349 .
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www.bilgkut.com
www.meripet.org

0 5 .14
:G9, were "4 F8

was K4 5"4 O 92 2
1 5
If he / she / it / Ahmet were
If he were there he would help you. (.9E4 K/0 _2A % "4 K/"4 2A 4 )
She would do better if she were you. (.9E4 K/0 ,OA ( "4 K/"4 X(% )
Variations in the main clause ,#$

1 H4
,9, could &A might / X would K H2Z 6 &A 5

(a)
:

If you tried again you would succeed. (.9!0 "P "4 K/G 4 A) <K"L 96A
>
If you tried again you might succeed. (.9

,0 "P "4 K/G 4 A) <5

>
If you tried again you could succeed. (.99AE!0 "P "4 K/G 4 A)
<Q6>
If he had a permit he could get a job.
<QOG &A Q6>
(.99AE) Q
O "4 K/"4 ,& X )
:

,9, & + K
# 5 / X& T22 K
# 5 (b)
Peter is on holiday; he is touring Italy. (.GM0 QDA% 6"9 F9,( _2 9())
If I were on holiday I would / might be touring Italy too.
(.R9E4 K3M0 QDA% 6"9
_"4 K/"4 9,( _2 )
:

,(&
# K$
1 H4 /"4 &2Z % T'4 &A Q2 9 $ (c)
If anyone interrupted him he got angry. (.93 A0 IL# Z( X %4 )
If there was scarcity of anything prices of that thing went up.
(.99A"$ %D4 X% "L$& 30 X% 4 )
Variations in if clause ,#$

1 *3(4 5
:A 34 & T22 K
# K$
1 *3(4 X
1 5 2 4
:G"4 ,9, & + K
# K$ (a)
If we were going by ship I would feel much happier.
(.R9E4 K/"4 K/"4 ; O ( :"4 K3M(
K4 QO))
If my car was working I would / could drive you to station.
(.R9A0 >) (4 % K
"4 K/N
_
)
:G"4 ,9, & K ) K

# K$ (b)
If had taken my advice he would be rich.(.9E0 I "4 4 "4 K/N 9[% )
Conditional sentence type 3 * X

1 5 .3
K
# 5
1 H4 F& K ) K
# K$ 92
1 *3(4 X
1 2 4
I $ ?0- F3/"4 K
4 # A QD -7
1 *3(4 F9D1
.G(& & K )
.G"4 K"LL0 Q :4 FK&
If I had known that you were coming I would have met you at the airport.
(.R E4 KL$&
YY2YA K4 K% _"4 K4 33M(& X(% )
[But I didnt know, so I didnt come.
(.R
4 N FR4 K
:4) ]
If he had tried to leave the country he would have been stopped at the frontier. (But he didnt try.)
(.*G 3,0 : ) (.* E4 K/"0 I " % ( F*"4 K/G 3,A 9"2 4 )
tazgun@yahoo.com
www.bilgkut.com
. 350 .
www.meripet.org
14.
BILGKUT
Possible variations ,#$ K/"4

&A could / X would

1 H4 92Z OG &A 5

FQ6 (a)
:G9, might
If we had found her earlier we could have saved her life.
<Q6>
(.:G E4 K/"E0 IG# 3 0 AD X F:"4 K/") :G"4 4 )
If we had found her earlier we might have saved her life.
<5

>
(.*

,"E0 IG# 3 0 AD X F:"4 K/") :G"4 4 )
If our documents had been in order we could have left at once. <5

&A QOG>
(.:G E4 K/"N
;D2 4 F"4 K/"4 A1 1$D )
:

,9, *& + K ) K
# 5 / X
# 5
1 H4 (b)
If Tom had not been there I would have been sitting there.
(.R E4 K3-G 9" K
2A "4 K/"4 _ )
*& + K ) K

# K$ / X& K ) K
# K$
1 *3(4 (c)
:

,9,
If Tom had not been sitting there I would have been sitting there.
(.R E4 K3-G 9" K
2A "4 K/"M 9" _ )
:G"4 ,9, I!P4

1 5 2 K4
1 5 2 4 (d)
If I had worked harder at school I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. I wouldnt
be sweeping the streets.
(.R E4 K
A I!# & .R E4 K3-G 9" , ,OA _"4 KP 0 ,OA 9)9&
K
)
If I had caught that plane I would be dead now. (I would have been killed.)
(.R E4 K/"4 I "$ 3P 4 _"4 K " /!)YA )
:G"4 ,9BM30 if IG 9" /" X had

1 *3(4 (e)
If you had obeyed the order this disaster would not have happened.
= Had you obeyed the order this disaster would not have happened.
(.9E4 K
4 # A #0 -E4 4 "4 K/ A4 30GA 4)
Special uses of will/would/should ,9, DE XE will/would/should .4

:4 .GA9,
1 *3(4 X
1 5 A A& X if !'()
2A 4 92
:% X 4 !"MD =-$
( Fwill /"4 0A0 / 9 K4 I "&
1 *3(4 K/(& K4 if (a)
:G9, would /"4 &2Z K4 I "& =& &
If you will / would wait a moment Ill prepare the documents for you.
(.K(4 IE6A % 1$D K
% I!0% _24 )
:G9, 9L 9 & 2 &A J# 9"4 K4 O 4 :0D would K4 will (b)
If he will listen (will be listening) to me Ill be able to help him.
(.R99AE!0 _2A / K
("O !N) N Z( )
If Tom would tell me what he wants for dinner, I would cook it for you.
(.R9(4 IG ,) / K
96( N
3/0 =(& ( K :
5& _ )
. 351 .
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www.meripet.org

0 5 .14
:G9, wont K HL 9 & ,0 Q X 2

1 : 4
If he wont listen to me I cant help him. (.KA"!0 _2A / FN Z( )
If they wont accept a check we will have to pay cash.
(.=(& G ,) ; ) : 4 F0 ; 40 & E )
if FIG 9" /" X X

1 9, should 2
1 *3(4 5 (c)
:G"4 ,9BM30
If these biscuits should arrive in a damaged condition please inform the factory.
= Should these biscuits arrive in a damaged condition please inform the factory.
(. A0 ILL"-O 3G-# F"& >9(A 9"D K& >( () )
if/even if/whether/unless/but for/otherwise/in case/if only .5

even if = even though
You must go tomorrow if you are ready. (.=(& X,(
"4 6A )
You must go tomorrow even if you arent ready. (.=(& X,(
N"4 6A )
whether or = if or
You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not. (.=(& X,(
F"4 &A ;4 6A)
unless = if not
Unless you start at once youll be late. (.K"0 >(& 4 ;D2 )
= If you dont start at once youll be late. (.K"0 >(& 4 ;D2 )
but for = if it were not for / if it hadnt been for

My father pays my fees. But for that I wouldnt be here.
(.R99A
2A 4 K
/"4 : .G(4 I"$ 0D X(
_22)
My car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.
(.: 9(& >9(A 90- 4 /"4 : .*"0 I "G# 4
)
otherwise = if this doesnt/didnt/happen / hadnt happened

We must be back before midnight; otherwise well be locked out.
(."0 9% /"4 : F=(& ,9(& >9A0 & RA 4)
= If we are not back by midnight well be locked out.
in case
I always slept by the phone in case he rang during the night.
(.RO (A X(( R2 I2
E0 >0 K(( K
)
= I always slept by the phone because I knew he might ring during the night.
if only
If only he comes in time well win the match. (.(A 34%
4 !"(& 90- Q0))
If only he hadnt smoke there would be no disaster.
(.* 8"4 #0 -E4 :3(D 2A 4 F"4 K&
)
tazgun@yahoo.com
www.bilgkut.com
. 352 .
www.meripet.org
Idioms !
6
.15
K4 4 % H2Z 8O #$ (" F

& 2 Q33 X
!
6
J0 9%- + ;#
#
K/"4 &2Z !
6 .G9, & 9AD 9
5 &
/A J3(A #$ / /, FIG A 2 _ "
309
.GAEA0 / 9 IG 9!3%
02 1G-
-2 630 + 5#
:# E F8 7 !)0 4 !
6 :4 .G(4
:K%
.G2 J0 K/0) 2 _ "

#$% % FK"&
A: I feel like having a ball. Lets splurge.
B: Forget it. I am broke.
A: Dont worry. Ill pick up the tab. I am loaded today. Ill treat you.
B: No, well go Dutch. I dont like to free load.
. :A .:A ; )
.0 *"4 :B .A1O ; ) 4 # .GM(& _ /"MAA 4 # X(
:A)
.A"$ #$ #$ F:A :B .K0 K[(
K
.J1 ; ) K 4
.KA"$ K
" )
(.KA
90A ," - 1 X!34 K
79(
K4 %
7$ ;
( $ + 6-% *0 A - ;D 9 -$

& #$% A0 FN J(0 !
6) *(4 ) !
62 K/0 8% *
6 (
90
:(*(4 : -

above board (adj.) open, legitimate,
legal
ages (n.) a long time
air one's dirty linen (laundry) in
public (v.) discuss personal
problems indiscreetly
all along ad (v.) all the time
all ears (adj.) eager to listen
all thumbs (adj.) can't fix things,
clumsy
an arm and a leg (n.) a large
amount of money
ants in one's pants (n.) nervousness,
anxiety
apple of one's eye (n.) someone
special, usually a son or daughter
at fault (adj.) responsible, to blame
at odds (adj.) in disagreement
at one's beck and call (adj.) always
ready to do as ordered
at one's wit's end (adj.) frantic,
anxious; not knowing what to do
next
at random (adv.) without order or
plan, haphazardly
at the end of one's rope (adj.)
desperate, with nowhere to turn
A-1 (adj.) excellent
back on one's feet (adj.) financially
independent or physically healthy
again
back out of (v.) withdraw, end an
obligation or promise
back to the drawing board (adv.)
ready to start over, refine or
rethink an idea
backbone (n.) courage
backseat driver (n.) passenger who
tells you how to drive
bail one out (v.) help
ballpark figure (n.) approximate

amount
bank on (v.) count on, be sure of
bark up the wrong tree (v.) make a
wrong choice or false assumption
bat a thousand (v.) have a perfect
record, whether good or bad
bat an eyelash (neg.) (v.) show
emotion
bawl out (v.) reprimand
be beside one's self (v.) be very
upset, nervous, frantic
beat (adj.) tired, exhausted
beat around the bush (v.) avoid
giving a clear answer
beat someone to the punch (draw)
(v.) do something before someone
else can
beat the rap (v.) escape punishment
beef (n.) complaint
behind the 8-ball (adj.) in trouble
bend over backward (v.) try very
hard, make a great effort
bide one's time (v.) wait patiently
for the right opportunity
big shot (n.) important person
big stink, a (n.) an angry and loud
complaint
bite off more than one can chew
(v.) try to do more than one can
physically or mentally handle
bite one's tongue (v.) keep oneself
from speaking
bite the dust ( v.) die, disappear
blab (v.) talk too much
blabbermouth (n.) person who tells
secrets and talks a lot
black sheep (n.) a family member
with a bad reputation
blind date (n.) date arranged for two
www.bilgkut.com
people who don't know each other

blow it (v.) lose a chance, make a
mistake, forget
blow over (v.) end, pass
blow the whistle (v.) expose, betray
boil down (v.) make shorter,
condense
bomb (v.) fail, be unsuccessful
bombed (adj.) drunk
bone to pick with someone (n.)
complaint, dispute, argument
boob tube (n.) television set
bookworm (n.) person who reads a
lot
booze (n.) liquor
botch up (v.) make a big mistake,
ruin
bottom line (n.) end result, ultimate
cause, deciding factor
bounce (v.) not be acceptable
because of insufficient funds in
the bank (said of checks)
brain (n.) intelligent person
brainstorm (n.) very smart idea
break one's neck (v.) try very hard
break the ice (v.) overcome
formality or shyness with others
break the news (v.) tell a surprising
fact
break up (v.) separate
breathe a word (neg.) (v.) tell, talk
breeze, a (n.) easy
bring home the bacon (v.) earn the
family's income
bring on (v.) cause, produce
broke (adj.) having no money
brown bag (v.) bring one's lunch
from home
buck (n.) dollar
buckle down (v.) study or work
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very hard
buddy-buddy (adj.) very friendly
bug (v.) annoy, bother
bulldoze (v.) intimidate, coerce
bum (n.) worthless person
bum ticker (n.) weak or diseased
heart
bump off (v.) kill
bum's rush, the (n.) rude, hurried
treatment intended to get rid of
someone quickly
burn a hole in one's pocket (v.) to
he spent quickly
bury the hatchet (v.) make peace,
stop arguing
butt in (v.) interfere
butter up (v.) flatter for selfish
reasons
by hook or by crook (adv.) by any
means necessary
by the skin of one's teeth (adv.) by
a very small margin
call it quits (v.) stop, finish, quit
call off (v.) cancel
call on the carpet (v.) reprimand
call someone's bluff (v.) challenge
someone's empty threats, have
someone prove what he says
call the shots (v.) be in charge, give
orders
can (v.) fire, dismiss
carried away (adj.) adversely
influenced by strong emotions
catch on (v.) understand, figure out
catch someone red-handed (v.)
find one in the act of
doing .wrong
caught short (adj.) having an
insufficient supply (especially of
money) when needed
chalk up (v.) record, score
chew the fat (v.) chat, talk idly
chickenfeed (n.) a small amount of
money
chip in (v.) contribute, give jointly
chip off the old block (n.) child
who looks or acts like his or her
parent
,
chip on one's shoulder (n.)
quarrelsome attitude, quick to
anger
chow (n.) food
chump (n.) one who is easily fooled
cinch, a (n.) easy
clamp down (v.) become stricter
clean up (v.) make a big profit
clear (v.) go through, meet the
requirements
clear the air (v.) calm anger and
remove misunderstanding
clip joint (n.) low-class nightclub or
restaurant that overcharges people
clock-watcher (n.) person in a hurry
to leave work
close shave (n.) narrow escape
clotheshorse (n.) a conspicuously
well-dressed person
coast is clear., The No enemy is
in sight.
cock and bull story (n.) an
exaggerated or false story
come a long way (v.) make great
progress
come across (v.) find or meet by
chance
come apart at the seams (v.) be
upset and lose control
come clean (v.) tell the truth
come hell or high water (adv.) no
matter what happens
Come off it. Stop kidding, boasting
or making believe.
come through (pass) with flying
colors (v.) succeed, win, exceed
comeback (n.) an attempt to reclaim
a respected position, be successful
again
con (v.) lie, swindle, trick
cook someone's goose (v.) create
big problems for someone
cough up (v.) give money
unwillingly; give up a secret
count on (v.) depend, rely on; trust
cover for someone (v.) protect
someone
crack down (v.) become more strict
cream of the crop (n.) the best of a
group, top choice
creeps, the (n.) revulsion, fear,
uneasiness
crop up (v.) happen quickly without
warning
cross one's mind (v.) think of, occur
quickly to someone
cue someone in (v.) explain
cut corners (v.) limit one's buying
cut down on (v.) use less, reduce
cut out (adj.) suited to, have talent
for
cut out (v.) leave
cut someone down to size (v.)
prove someone is not as good as
he or she thinks
dawn on (v.) become clear, begin to
understand
dead-end job (n.) position with no
future
dig up (v.) find, recall, discover
dime a dozen, a (n.) common,
easily obtained
dish out (v.) criticize, abuse, scold
dive (n.) a disreputable, low-class
bar or nightclub
do something rash (v.) take drastic
action
do the trick (v.) be successful,
achieve a good result
do without (v.) live without
something
doctor up (v.) fix superficially or
temporarily
double-check (v.) reinvestigate
thoroughly, look again for errors
double-cross (v.) betray
dough (n.) money
down and out (adj.) having no
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www.bilgkut.com

6 .15
money, no success
down in the dumps (adj.) unhappy
down the drain (tubes) (adj. or adv.)
wasted, lost
down-to-earth (adj.) having good
sense, practical, unpretentious
draw the line (v.) set a limit
dress up (v.) wear one's best clothes
dribs and drabs (n.) small
quantities, little by little
drive at (v.) try to say, insinuate
someone up a wall drive (v.) make
someone crazy
drop in the bucket, a (n.) a small
amount
drop out, a (n.) one who doesn't
complete a study course
drown one's sorrows (v.) drink
liquor to forget unhappiness
dump (v.) get rid of, reject
dwell on (v.) talk and think about
something all the time
eager beaver (n.) ambitious,
zealous, hard worker
earful (n.) especially interesting
gossip, information
egg someone on (v.) urge, excite,
push
elbow grease (n.) strength for
cleaning
elbow room (n.) enough space to be
comfortable
end up (v.) finish
every Tom, Dick and Harry (n.)
the average person, nobody
special
face the music (v.) meet one's
punishment, accept the
consequences
face up to (v.) accept something
unpleasant or difficult
fair and square (adj. or adv.) honest;
honestly
fall apart (v.) deteriorate; stop
working properly
fall behind (v.) not be able to keep
up, fail to maintain a schedule or
rate of speed
fall for (v.) begin to love, have
strong emotions for
fall for (v.) believe a false story
fall off (drop off) (v.) decrease
fall through (v.) fail, collapse
false alarm (n.) warning or report
that's untrue
far-fetched (adj.) exaggerated,
unlikely
fast buck (n.) money obtained
easily and often unethically
feather in one's cap (n.) proud
achievement
feather one's nest (v.) obtain extra
money, often dishonestly, through
one's job or position
fed up with (adj.) disgusted with,
had enough of
feel in one's bones (v.) feel certain
without evidence, know by
. 354 .
www.meripet.org
15.
intuition
feel like two cents (v.) feel ashamed
or embarrassed
feel sorry for (v.) pity
fender-bender (n.) dent in the
fender; minor accident
fiddle around (v.) work without a
definite plan or knowledge
figure out (v.) try to understand,
solve
fill someone in (v.) tell a person the
details
find fault (v.) complain, criticize
fishy (adj.) suspicious,
false-sounding
fix one's wagon (v.) make trouble
for someone, retaliate
fix someone up (v.) arrange a date
for
flip one's lid (v.) get angry; go crazy;
become very excited
floor someone (v.) surprise, confuse
flop/turkey (n.) failure
fly off the handle (v.) get angry
fly the coop (v.) leave suddenly, run
away
fly-by-night (adj.) unreliable,
untrustworthy
foot in the door (n.) opening;
hopeful beginning of success
foot the bill (v.) pay
for a song (adv.) at a low price,
cheap
for the birds (adj.) terrible, awful
for the time being (adv.) at the
present time
free-for-all (n.) mayhem, disorder
freeload (v.) get things that others
pay for
from hunger (adj.) terrible, bad
from left field (adv.) unexpectedly;
with an odd or unclear connection
to the subject
from scratch (adj.) from the very
beginning; starting with raw
materials
fume (v.) be angry
fur will fly, make the fur fly, the
(v.) create a disturbance
gall (n.) shameless, insolent attitude
game (adj.) willing, ready
get a grip on oneself (v.) take
control of one's feelings
get a kick out of ( v.) enjoy
get a load of (v.) have a good look
at
get ahead (v.) become successful
get along (v.) manage
get around to (v.) finally find time
to do something
get at (v.) mean, hint
get away with murder (v.) not be
punished for wrongdoing
get cold feet (v.) be afraid at the last
minute, lose confidence
get down to brass tacks (v.) begin
important work or business
. 355 .
BILGKUT
Idioms
get even (v.) get revenge, settle the
score
get (give) the runaround ( v.) be se
from place to place without
getting the information needed
get in on the ground floor ( v.) start
from the beginning so you'll have
full advantage of any favorable
outcome
get in the swing of things (v.) adapt
or adjust to a new environment
get off one's back (v.) leave
someone alone, don't bother
get off (start off) on the wrong foot
(v.) make a bad start
get off the ground (v.)make
progress, a good start
get one down (v.) depress
get one's goat (v.) make someone
disgusted, annoyed, angry
get out from under ( v.) end a
worrisome situation
get out of (v.) with draw
get out of hand (v.) lose control
get something off one's (v.)chest
unburden oneself; tell what's
bothering you
get the ax ( v.) be fired
get the brush-off ( v.) be ignored or
dismissed
get the show on the road (v.) start a
project or work
get to first base ( v.) make a good
start, succeed, make progress
get to the bottom of (v.) find out the
real cause
get under someone's skin (v.)
annoy, bother, upset
get up and go (n.) ambition, energy,
enthusiasm
get up on the wrong side of the
bed (v.) be in a bad mood
get what is coming to one (v.) get
what one deserves-good or bad
get wind of (v.) find out, hear gossip
or rumors about
gin mill, a (n.) a cheap bar or
nightclub
give a hoot (neg.) (v.) care
give (get) the cold shoulder (v.) be
unfriendly to, ignore
give in (v.) do as others want,
surrender
give it one's best shot (v.) try very
hard
give someone a break (v.) give
someone an opportunity or chance
give someone a dose of his or her
own medicine (v.) treat someone the
same way he or she treats others
give someone a hand (v.) help
give someone a piece of one's mind
(v.) say what you really think
when angry
give someone his or her walking
papers( v.) dismiss, fire; send
away
give someone the slip (v.) escape,
getaway from
go cold turkey (v.) stop abruptly
go down swinging (v.) lose but fight
until the end
go Dutch (v.) each pay for himself
or herself
go from bad to worse (v.)
deteriorate special effort, do more
than necessary
go over (v.) examine
go over big (v.) be very successful
go overboard (v.) overact, be
reckless
go steady (v.) go out with only one
person romantically
go to bat for (v.) assist, help
go to pieces (v.) become crazy,
hysterical; lose control of oneself
go to pot (v.) deteriorate; become
undisciplined, unkempt
go under the knife ( v.) have
surgery
go up in smoke (v.) disappear, fail
to materialize
go-getter(n.) ambitious person
gold mine, a (n.) worth a lot of
money, successful
goner (n.) someone in a lot of
trouble
good Sport (n.) person who loses
well
goof off (v.) not want to work, be
lazy
grab 40 winks (v.) take a nap
grand (n.) $3,000
grease monkey ( n.) automobile
mechanic
greasy spoon (n.) inexpensive
restaurant with mediocre food
great (adj.) terrific, wonderful
gung ho( adj.) enthusiastic, eager
guts ( n.)courage
guy (n.) man
half-baked (adj.) foolish, silly
hand it to someone (v.)
acknowledge, give credit to
hand over fist (adv.) rapidly
hand to mouth (adv. or adj.) barely
able to cover daily expenses
handful, a (n.) a lot of trouble
handle with kid gloves (v.) be very
careful, tactful
handout (n.) charity
handy (adj.) can fix things; useful
hang in there (v.) be patient, wait
hard feelings (n.) anger, bitterness
hard (tough) nut to crack (n.)
something difficult to do or
understand
hard up (adj.) in desperate need of
harp on (v.) dwell on one subject,
repeat, persist
has-been (n.) person once popular
but no longer in public favor
hassle (v.) bother
have a ball (v.) enjoy one's self,
have a good time
have a crush on (v.) be attracted to
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have a fit (v.) become upset
have a go at (v.) to try, often after
others have failed
have a head on one's shoulders (v.)
be smart or sensible
have a mind of one's own (v.) be
able to think independently
have a prayer (neg.) (v.) have a
chance
have another guess (think) coming
(v.) be mistaken
have been around (v.) to be
experienced, sophisticated
have egg on one's face (v.) be
embarrassed
have it coming (v.) deserve a
punishment
have it made (v.) be sure of success,
have everything
have it out with someone (v.)
discuss a conflict or
misunderstanding with the other
person involved
have one's feet on the ground (v.)
be practical, sensible, stable
have one's hand in the till (v.) steal
from one's employer
have one's head in the clouds (v.)
be daydreaming, lost in thought
have one's heart set on (v.) desire
greatly
have someone's number (v.) know
what kind of person someone is
have something up one's sleeve (v.)
keep secretly ready for the right
time
have sticky fingers (v.) be a thief
have the heart to (neg.) (v.) be
pitiless or thoughtless enough
have two strikes against one (v.) be
in a difficult situation with little
chance of success
haywire (adj.) broken, confused,
awry
heart-to-heart (adj.) intimate,
honest
hemmed in (adj.) crowded, cramped,
uncomfortable
high and dry (adv. or adj.) alone
without help, stranded
high and low (adv.) every place
high-brow (n.) intellectual, cultured
person
hit (n.) a success
hit below the belt (v.) hurt someone
cruelly and unfairly
hit it off (v.) enjoy one another's
company, get along
hit the bottle (v.) drink alcohol
hit the ceiling (v.) get angry
hit the nail on the head (v.) arrive
at the correct answer, make a
precise analysis
hit the sack (v.) go to bed
hit the skids (v.) come upon bad
times
hit the spot (v.) refresh or satisfy
hogwash (n.) nonsense
hold a grudge (v.) not forgive

someone for an insult or injury
hold back (v.) conceal, hide
hold one's horses (v.) wait
hold up (v.) delay, postpone
hook, line and sinker (adv.) without
question or doubt
horse sense (n.) practical
intelligence
hot (adj.) stolen (also means "in
great demand": he's the hottest
actor in town)
hot air (n.) nonsense or exaggerated
talk
hound (v.) continually bother, go
alter
hush-hush (adj.) secret
hustler (n.) person who gets money
aggressively or unethically
hyper (adj.) very energetic, anxious,
unable to sit still
ill at ease (adj.) uncomfortable in a
bind adv.) in trouble no matter
what you do
in a huddle (adj.) conferring
confidentially
in a jam (adj.) in trouble
in a nutshell (adv.) briefly
in a pinch (adv.) okay when nothing
else is available
in a rush (adj. or adv.) in a hurry
in a rut (adj.) always doing the
same thing
in advance (adv.) ahead of time
in black and white (adj.) in writing
in Dutch (adj.) in trouble
in hot water (adj.) in trouble
in nothing flat (adv.) quickly, in a
short time
in seventh heaven (adv.) very
happy
in someone's shoes (adv.) in another
person's place or position
in stitches (adj.) laughing
in the bag (adj.) certain, sure,
definite
in the chips (adj.) having plenty of
money
in the doghouse (adj.) in trouble
in the klink (adj.) in jail
in the long run (adv.) in the end, as
a result
in the market for (adj.) wanting or
ready to buy
in the red (adv. or adj.) losing
money
in the same boat (adv. or adj.) in a
similar situation
in there pitching (adj.) making an
effort, trying
iron out (v.) work out
jack up (v.) raise prices
jack-of-all-trades (n.) person who
can do many kinds of work
jalopy (n.) old car usually in poor
condition
jam-packed (adj.) crowded, full
jitters, the (n.) anxiety, nervousness
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6 .15
John Hancock (n.) signature
jump down someone's throat (v.)
criticize angrily, hastily
jump (get) (climb) on the
bandwagon (v.)join a popular
activity
jump the gun (v.) start before you
should
jump to conclusions (v.) make
quick but unjustified conclusions
keep a stiff upper lip (v.) have
courage, be brave
keep in touch (v.) communicate,
talk or write to each other
keep on (v.) continue
keep one's fingers crossed (v.) wish
for good luck
keep one's head above water (v.)
be able to exist on one's income,
pay bill
keep one's nose clean (v.) stay out
of trouble
keep one's nose to the grindstone
(v.) always work hard, keep busy
keep one's shirt on (v.) be patient,
wait
keep something under one's hat (v.)
keep something secret
keep tabs on (v.) watch, check
keep up with the Joneses (v.) try to
equal your neighbors' lifestyle
keyed up (adj.) tense, anxious,
nervous
kick in the pants (teeth) (n.)
rejection, criticism
kick oneself (v.) regret, be sorry for
kick something around (v.) discuss,
think about
kick the bucket (v.) die
kid (n.) young person
kid around (v.) fool, play, joke
kiss something goodbye (v.) see
something ruined or lost
kit and caboodle (n.) the entire
amount, all
knock it off (v.) stop
knock off (v.) kill, leave, stop
knock one dead (v.) greatly impress,
surprise
knock one for a loop (v.) surprise
knock one's head against the wall
(v.) waste time in futile effort to
improve or change something
knock oneself out (v.) make a great
effort
knockout, a (n.) a beautiful person
or thing
know if one is coming or
going(neg.) (v.) be able to think
clearly, know what to do
know-how (n.) experience and
knowledge
kosher (adj.) true, authentic, right
land on one's feet (v.) come out of a
bad situation successfully
last straw, the (n.) the last insult or
injury that one can endure
lay out (v.) spend or pay
. 356 .
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15.
lead on (v.) insincerely encourage

lead one around by the nose (v.)
have full control of, make
someone do what you want
learn the ropes (v.) acquire special
knowledge of a job
leave someone holding the bag (v.)
put someone in an awkward
position, leave someone else to
take blame
lemon (n.) merchandise that doesn't
work Let bygones be bygones.
Forget differences that happened
in the past,
let grass grow under one's feet
(neg.) (v.) waste time, be lazy
let it ride (v.) continue without
changing a situation
let on (v.) reveal, inform, tell
let one's hair down (v.) be informal,
relaxed
let someone off (v.) excuse from a
penalty or promise, permit to
leave
let the cat out of the bag (v.) tell a
secret Let the chips fall where
they may. Act regardless of
consequences.
like a ton of bricks (adv.) strongly,
forcefully
live high off the hog (v.) have many
luxuries, be very comfortable
live it up (v.) pursue pleasure, have
a good time
live wire (n.) active, exciting person
loaded (adj.) having lots of money
loaded (adj.) drunk
look down one's nose at (v.) think
someone is worthless or
unimportant, show contempt
look into (v.) investigate, check
look up (v.) improve, get better
looney bin (n.) insane asylum
loot (n.) money
lose one's marbles (v.) go insane,
act irrationally
lose one's shirt (v.) lose all one's
money
lose track of someone (v.) lose
contact, not know where someone
is
louse up (v.) ruin
lowdown (n.) the true story
lower the boom (v.) stop
completely; punish strictly
lulu (n.) a person with
unconventional, exaggerated
behavior; an eccentric character
make a bundle (v.) make a lot of
money
make a dent in (v.) make progress
of make a federal case out of
something (v.) overreact, take
strong measures for a minor
problem
make a go of (v.) succeed, produce
good results
make a hit (v.) be successful
. 357 .
BILGKUT
Idioms
make a killing (v.) gain a large
amount of money at one time
make a monkey out of someone (v.)
cause to look foolish
make a mountain out of a molehill
(v.) make a big problem out of a
small one
make ends meet (v.) balance one's
budget, meet one's payments
make fun of (v.) ridicule
make it up to someone (v.)
compensate for an unfulfilled
promise or debt
make of something (v.) interpret,
figure out, think of
make one's hair stand on end (v.)
frighten, horrify
make one's own way (v.) rely on
one's own abilities
make out (v.) do, progress, succeed
make sense (v.) be comprehensible
make sure (v.) see about something
yourself, check
make the best of (v.) accept a bad
situation and do as well as
possible under the circumstances
make up one's mind (v.) decide
make waves (v.) upset the status
quo, create a disturbance
man-to-man (adj.) frank, direct
mean business (v.) be serious
mess (n.) disorderly, cluttered
condition; had or confused
situation
miss a trick (neg.) (v.) take
advantage of every situation
miss out on (v.) lost' an opportunity,
miss a worthwhile event
miss the boat (v.) l lose an
opportunity
mobbed (adj.) crowded
mooch (v.) borrow, beg, get without
paying
moola (n.) money
mouthful, a (n.) a true and
impressive statement
mudslinging (n.) making malicious
remarks to damage someone's
reputation Mum's the word. Don't
talk about what was said.
murder (n.) a difficult, or painful
ordeal
nag, a (n.) a persistently urging
person
name someone after (v.) give a
child the name of an admired
person
nest egg (n.) extra money saved
nightcap, a (n.) last drink one has
before leaving or sleeping
nincompoop (n.) a stupid person, a
fool
nip in the bud (v.) prevent at the
start
nitpick (v.) look for very minor
errors or problems
nitty-gritty (n.) the essence or
important part
nit wit (n.) idiot

no bed of roses (n.) uncomfortable,
unhappy situation No dice. No.
Certainly not.
no picnic (adj.) not pleasant
no body's fool (n.) smart, competent
person Not on your life.
Definitely not, no way.
Not so hot (adj.) not very good
no thing to sneeze at (n.) something
not trivial, to be taken seriously
nuts about (adj.) in love with,
enthusiastic about
odds and ends (n.) miscellaneous
items off and on adv. I
occasionally
off base (adj.) inaccurate
off one's rocker (adj.) crazy
off the hook adj. or (adv.) out of
trouble, freed from an
embarrassing situation
off the record (adv.) privately,
unofficially ,not for public
announcement
off the top of one's head (adv.)
from memory, spontaneously
old flame (n.) former girlfriend or
boyfriend
on a shoestring (adv.) with very
little money
on easy street (adv.) having in
pleasant, secure life
on guard (adj.) careful, wary
on one's last legs (adj.) at the end of
one's strength or usefulness
on one's shoulders adj. or adv.
one's responsibility
on pins and needles adj.
nervous, excited
on shaky ground (adj.) unstable
on the ball adj. paying attention
and doing things well
on the blink adj. not working
on the edge of one's seat adj. in
nervous suspense
on the fritz adj. not working
correctly, out of order
on the go adj. busy running
around
on the gravy train adj. making a
lot of money
on the house adj. provided free
by a bar or restaurant
on the level adj. honest
on the q.t adv. secretly
on the rocks adj. breaking up,
ruined
on the same wavelength adj.
communicating, thinking
similarly
on the spot adj. or adv. in a
difficult or embarrassing situation
on the wagon adj. abstaining
from liquor
on the warpath adj. very angry,
looking for trouble
once in a blue moon (adv.
occasionally; rarely
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once-over n. a quick look or
examination
one for the books n. very unusual,
remarkable
one's cup of tea (neg.) (n.)
something one enjoys, special
interest
One's hands are tied. One is
unable to help.
One's heart is in one's mouth. One
is nervous, fearful, or anxious.
one-track mind n. mind focused
on a single idea
out of line adj. not usual,
incorrect, unacceptable
out of sorts adj. in a bad mood,
irritable
out of the blue adv. unexpectedly,
by surprise, from nowhere
out of the woods adj. no longer
in danger, in the clear
out of this world adj. wonderful,
terrific
out on a limb adj. or adv. in a
dangerous, exposed position;
one's ideas are openly known
over a barrel adv. in a helpless,
trapped position
over one's dead body adv.
under no condition, never
pad n. apartment
pad the bill v. add false expenses
pain in the neck n. bothersome,
annoying thing or person
palm off v. sell or get rid of by
trickery
pan out v. happen favorably
pass away v. die
pass out v. faint
pass the buck v. shift
responsibility to others
pat on the back, a (n. praise
patch up v. fix
pay through the nose v. pay too
much
peanuts n. a small amount of
money
pep talk n. a talk to arouse
enthusiasm
perk up v. emerge from a
depressed or uninterested mood
pick up v. obtain, get
pick up the tab (v.) pay the bill
pick-me-up, a (n a drink or snack
taken to refresh oneself
piece of cake a (n. easy
pile up v. accumulate; put things
on top of each other
pill n. an annoying, disagreeable
person
pin someone down v. make
someone tell the truth or agree to
something
pinch pennies v. be thrifty,
careful how you spend money
pink slip n. notice of dismissal
pinpoint v. find exact location or
cause
pitch in v. help
pits, n. the worst, anything that is
very bad
play hooky v. stay away from
school or work without
permission
play it by ear v. make your
decision according to the situation
play the field v. go out with many
people romantically
play up to someone v. flatter or
please for selfish reasons
play with fire v. invite danger,
trouble
plenty of adj. a tot of, abundant
point out v. explain, show, call
attention to
pop the question v. ask to marry
pound the pavement v. took for
a job
pour (spread, put, lay) it on thick
v. flatter profusely,
exaggerate
pretty penny n. a lot of money
pull a fast one v. cheat, deceive
pull a number on v. cheat,
deceive
pull punches v. hide unpleasant
facts or make them seem good
pull someone's leg v. trick,
playfully tease, fool
pull something off v. accomplish
something remarkable
pull strings v. secretly use
influence and power
pull the rug out from under v.
spoil someone's plans, withdraw
support
pull the wool over one's eyes v.
deceive, mislead
pull up stakes v. move to another
location
push someone around v. boss,
make a person do what you want
put a damper on v. discourage,
spoil a person's fun
put anything past someone v.
be surprised by what someone
does
put down v. make someone look
bad, criticize
put in one's two cents v. give
one's opinion
put one out v. inconvenience,
bother
put one's cards on the table v.
be frank, tell everything
put one's finger on v. find
precisely, remember exactly
put one's foot down v. object
strongly, take firm preventive
action
put one's foot in one's mouth v.
speak carelessly, make a rude or
insensitive comment
put our heads together v.
confer, discuss
put someone in his or her place
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6 .15
v. scold someone for rude,
improper behavior
put someone on v. tease, pretend,
exaggerate
put someone on a pedestal v.
idolize, worship
put something out of one's head
v. try not to think about
put something over on someone
v. fool
put the bite on someone v. ask
for a loan of money
put through the wringer v. cause
severe stress
put two and two together v.
make a conclusion knowing the
facts
put up a good front v. pretend
to be happy, fool people about
one's status
put up with (v.) patiently accept,
endure
quack (n.) an ignorant or fraudulent
doctor
rack one's brains ( v.) try hard to
think or remember
racket ( n.) easy, well-paying job;
business that cheats customers
raise Cain( v.) create a disturbance,
make trouble
raise eyebrows ( v.) cause surprise
or disapproval, shock
rake it in ( v.) make a lot of money
rake over the coals ( v.) scold,
reprimand, blame
rat race ( n.) endless, competitive
striving; hurried, material
existence
raw deal ( n.) unfair treatment
read between the lines
( v.)understand things that are not
said, find a hidden meaning
real McCoy ( n.) the genuine thing
right off the bat ( adv.) in the
beginning, immediately
right under one's nose ( adv.) in an
obvious, nearby place
ring a bell ( v.) remind one of
something familiar
rip off ( v.) cheat, rob
road hog ( n.) person who takes too
much room on the road
rock the boat ( v.) upset the status
quo
rope into ( v.) trick, persuade, or
pressure
rough (adj.) approximate
rub one the wrong way ( v.) annoy,
bother, make angry
rub something in ( v.) constantly
refer to a mistake or fault
rule out (v.) decide against,
eliminate
rule the roost ( v.) be the dominant
one in the family
run around in circles ( v.) act
confused, do a lot but accomplish
little
. 358 .
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15.
run out of ( v.) finish the supply, use

up
run ragged ( v.) tire, exhaust
run (take) a risk ( v.) be open to
danger or loss, unprotected
run-down (adj.) in bad condition
sail into ( v.) get angry verbally
salt away ( v.) save, keep hidden
until needed
say (cry) "uncle"( v.) admit defeat
scalper ( n.) a person who buys a
ticket at the regular rate and sells
it at a profit
scam ( n.) a plan to cheat someone
scatter around ( v.) carelessly put
indifferent places
scrape the bottom of the barrel ( v.)
take whatever is left after best has
been taken
scrape together (v.) get money little
by little
scratch the surface (v.) merely
begin to understand or accomplish
something
scrounge around ( v.) look in a lot
of places for a certain item
second-hand (adj.) not new,
previously used
see daylight ( v.) achieve or expect a
favorable result
see eye to eye ( v.) have the same
opinion, agree
see through (v.) understand the true
character of someone or
something
sell like hotcakes ( v.) sell quickly,
rapidly
sell oneself short ( v.) under
estimate oneself
send someone packing ( v.) tell
someone to leave, dismiss
serve someone right ( v.) give due
punishment
serve time (do time)( v.) be in jail
set one back ( v.) cost
set someone up ( v.) put someone in
a position to be manipulated
settle down ( v.) live a quiet, normal
life
settle the score ( v.) retaliate, pay
someone back for a past hurt
shape up (v.) begin to act and look
right
sharp (adj.) smart, witty,
quick-thinking
shell out (v.) pay
shook up (adj.) upset, worried,
fearful
shoot full of holes (v.) find great
fault with
shoot the breeze (v.) talk idly or
gossip
shop around (v.) look in many
stores
shoplifter (n.) one who steals goods
from stores
short end of the stick (n.) unfair,
unequal treatment
. 359 .
BILGKUT
Idioms
shrug off (v.) not be bothered or
hurt, dismiss
sick and tired (adj.) disliking some,
continual behavior, annoyed
side with (v.) favor, support one
position in a dispute
side-swipe (v.) hit the side of a car
simmer down (v.) become calm,
quiet
sink one's teeth into (v.) go to work
seriously
sink or swim (v.) fail or succeed by
your own efforts
sit right (neg.) (v.) be acceptable
sit tight (v.) wait patiently
sitting pretty (adj.) in a favorable
situation
feet under (adj.) dead
size of it, the (n.) the way it is
size up (v.) form an opinion, assess
skeleton in one's closet (n.) a
family secret
skip (v.) forget, pass over
sky-high (adj.) expensive
sleazy (adj.) shoddy, dirty, in poor
condition
sleep on it (v.) think about, consider,
decide later
sling hash (v.) be a waitress
slip one's mind (v.) be forgotten
slob (n.) person who isn't clean and
neat
smack into (v.) collide, hit
smell a rat (v.) become suspicious
smooth something over (v.) make
better or more pleasant
snap, a (n.) an easy task
snap out of it (v.) free oneself from
the control of panic, fear, hysteria,
etcsnow job (n.) insincere or
exaggerated talk intended to trick
or impress
snowball's chance in hell, a (n.) no
chance at all
sob story (n.) sad story that makes
the listener sympathetic
soft touch (n.) one who gives
money easily when asked
song and dance (n.) excuses
sore loser (n.) person who gets
angry when he loses
sort of (adv.) almost, not quite; like,
similar to; rather
sourpuss (n.) a disagreeable person
who seldom smiles
spic and span (adj.) very clean,
very neat
spill the beans (v.) tell a secret,
inform
spine-chilling (adj.) terrifying,
thrilling
spitting image (n.) exact
resemblance
split hairs (v.) make trivial,
unnecessary distinctions
split up (v.) separate
splurge (v.) spend a lot of money for
something
spoiled (adj.) getting and expecting
everything one wants
sport (n.) person generous with
money
spring( v.) pay
spruce up (v.) clean, redecorate
square one (n.) the beginning
squawk about ( v.) complain about
squeal ( v.) inform
stab someone in the back ( v.)
betray someone
stand (neg.) (v.) tolerate, like
stand on one's own two feet (v.) be
independent
stand someone up ( v.) fail to keep
an appointment or date
stand up to someone ( v.) be brave,
courageously confront someone
start the ball rolling (v) take the
initiative, begin an action stay
away from (v.) avoid
steer clear of someone ( v.) avoid
stick one's neck out ( v.) look for
trouble, take risks
stick it out (v.) endure, continue
stick to one's guns ( v.) to defend an
action or opinion despite an
unfavorable reaction
stickup for v. defend, help,
support
stink v. to be of extremely bad
quality, to be terrible
straight from the horse's mouth
adv. directly from the person
involved
straight from the shoulder adv.
open and honest way of speaking
straighten out (up) v. put in
order
strapped adj. having no money
available
strike while the iron is hot v.
take advantage of an opportunity
strings attached (n. restraining
circumstances, obligations
stuck adj. unable to understand,
remember, or solve; unable to
move
stuff n. things
stuffed shirt n. a person who is
rigid or too formal
swamped adj. overwhelmed
swan song n. final appearance
sweat bullets v. be nervous; be
very hot
sweatshop (n.) a factory that has
poor
conditions, long hours,
low pay
swell ( adj.) terrific
take a beating (v.) lose money
take a crack at (v.) try, attempt
take a powder (v.) leave quickly,
run away
take advantage of ( v.) treat
unfairly for your own gain; make
good use of time or conditions
take after ( v.) resemble or act like a
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parent or relative
take it ( v.) endure trouble, criticism,
abuse, pressure
take on (v.) begin to handle, commit
oneself to, accept
take one's hat off to someone ( v.)
admire, respect, praise
take over (take charge) (v.) take
control, command
take someone for a ride (v.) cheat,
swindle
take someone to the cleaners ( v.)
win all of someone's money, cheat
someone
take something lying down ( v.)
suffer without a fight
take something to heart (v.)
consider seriously
take the bull by the horns ( v.) take
strong action
take the Fifth ( v.) refuse to testify
against oneself, as guaranteed by
the Fifth Amendment to the
Constitution
take the plunge ( v.) do something
decisive
take the words out of someone's
mouth (v.) say something
someone else was going to say
take up( v.) begin an activity or
hobby
take with a grain of salt ( v.) listen
with skepticism
talk through one's hat ( v.) make
exaggerated or inaccurate
statements
talk turkey (v.) discuss seriously, in
a business-like manner
tearjerker (n.) story that makes you
cry
Teetotaler ( n.) person who never
drinks liquor
tell someone off ( v.) speak to
angrily
That ain't hay! That's a lot of
money.
think up (v.) invent, create
third degree, the ( n.) prolonged
questioning
through the grapevine ( adv.) via
gossip from other people
through the mill (adj.) experienced
in difficulties of life
throw cold water on (v.) discourage
throw in the towel(v,) surrender,
give up
throw one's weight around ( v.)
use one's influence in a showy
manner
throw the book at ( v.) punish
severely for breaking rules or the
law
tickled pink ( adj.) very happy
tide someone over ( v.) help
someone through a shortage

tie the knot ( v.) get married
tied down ( adj.) restricted by
family or job responsibilities
tight squeeze ( n.) difficult situation
financially
tighten one's belt ( v.) economize,
spend and use less
tightwad ( n.) person who is cheap
and stingy
tip someone off ( v.) warn, inform
to a T ( adv.) perfectly, exactly
to boot (adv.) in addition, also
to the hilt (adv.) completely, to the
limit
tooth and nail (adv.) as hard as
possible, fiercely
top-notch ( adj.) excellent, the best
topsy-turvy (adj.) upside down, in
disarray
total ( v.) completely ruin
touch and go (adj.) very dangerous
or uncertain
rough break ( n.) unlucky event,
misfortune
tourist trap (n.) any place that is
overpriced and attracts tourists
track down ( v.) search for
treat ( v.) pay for someone else
try something out (v.) test
turn one off (v.) disgust, bore, repel
turn out ( v.) result, end
turn over a new leaf ( v.) change
one's conduct for the better
turn someone down ( v.) reject
turn someone's stomach (v.) get
someone sick and upset
turn the tables ( v.) reverse the
situation
turn to ( v.) go to for help
turn up ( v.) appear
twiddle one's thumbs (v.) not busy,
not working
twist someone around one's finger
(v.) influence someone easily
two-faced ( adj.) disloyal,
untrustworthy
under the table (adv.) illegal money
transaction, such as paying a bribe
under the
weather ( adj.) not feeling well
up one's alley ( adj.) something one
enjoys, special interest
up the river (adv.) in jail
up to here with (adj.) disgusted
with another's continual behavior
up to one's ears (adj.) deeply
immersed in
up to par (neg.) (adv. or adj.)
meeting normal standards
up to someone (n.) someone's
choice
upset the applecart ( v.) ruin or
spoil a plan or idea
tazgun@yahoo.com
www.bilgkut.com

6 .15
use one's noodle (head) (v.) think
walk all over someone (v.) take
advantage of someone
wash one's hands of (v.) refuse
responsibility for, abandon
washed up (adj.) no longer
successful or needed; failed
waste one's breath (v.) speak or
argue with no result
watch (mind) one's P's and Q's (v.)
act very carefully, pay attention to
details
water down (v.) dilute
wear the pants (v.) be the boss of a
family
weigh one's words( v.) be careful of
what one says
well-heeled (adj.) rich
well-off (adj.) rich, wealthy
wet behind the ears (adj.)
inexperienced
wet blanket (n.) person who
discourages others from having
fun
wet one's whistle (v.) have a drink,
especially alcohol
what it takes (n.) any ability for a
job; courage
when the chips are down (adv.) at
the worst time, when one faces
the biggest obstacles
whistle a different tune (v.) change
one's attitude, contradict previous
ideas
wild goose chase (n.) absurd or
hopeless search
will power (n.) strength of mind
wimp (n.) spineless, non-assertive
person
wind up (v.) end, finish
wing it (v.) rely only on one's
knowledge; act without
preparation
wisecrack (n.) sarcastic or nasty
remark
wishy-washy (adj.) having no
definite opinion; unable to decide
with a fine-tooth comb (adv.) very
carefully
within reason adv. or (adj.)
sensible, reasonable; reasonably
word of mouth (n.)
recommendation from other
people
work one's fingers to the bone (v.)
work very hard
work out (v.) find an answer, solve
wrong side of the tracks, the (n.)
the poor section of town,
implying social inferiority
yell (scream) bloody murder (v.)
express loud, emotional anger
You're kidding! Really? Is it true?
. 360 .

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