TCP/IP v IP Subnetting

I. S lc v Network Infrastructure:
- Trong mt h thng mng gm c 2 tng, bn di l tng c s h tng mng (70-291:
Network Infrastructure) v bn trn l tng Application (cc mn: 70-290, 620, 351,)
- Khi i xy dng h thng mng chng ta phi xy dng phn Network Infrastructure trc sau
mi xy dng phn Application
- Khi trin khai h thng mng i hi tng Network Infrastructure phi c trin khai tt th
tng Application mi hot ng n nh. V d khi nng cp h thng t Workgroup ln Domain
(nm tng Application) th i hi phi cu hnh dch v DNS (tng Network Infrastructure).
Nu dch v DNS chng ta cu hnh hot ng khng n nh s dn n tnh trng h thng
Domain lun gp trc trc.
- Kin thc v Network Infrastructure l kin thc chung v h thng mng. D chng ta c trin
khai h thng mng trn nn Windows hay Linux, th kin thc chung ca Network
Infrastructure l nh nhau, ch khc nhau v giao din cu hnh.
- i vi mt qun tr mng vin, i hi phi nm vng cc kin thc v Network Infrastructure
mi c th x l tt cc li pht sinh trong h thng
II. TCP/IP:
1. TCP/IP:
- Khi trin khai mt h thng mng, u tin chng ta trin khai v phn vt l (i dy, lp rp
thit b) kt ni cc my tnh li vi nhau. Sau khi kt ni, cc my lin lc c vi
nhau i hi phi s dng chung mt giao thc (gi l Protocol). Hin nay Protocol m chng ta
s dng trong h thng mng l protocol TCP, trong protocol TCP a ra mt thuc tnh gi l
TCP/IP qui nh vic thit lp a ch cho cc my tnh v cc thit b mng. Mt a ch c
thit lp theo thuc tnh TCP/IP gi l mt a ch IP

* TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol) l 1 b giao thc gip hng triu
my tnh trn Internet v my tnh trong mng ni b lin lc c vi nhau. TCP/IP l tp hp
ca nhiu Protocols (giao thc), trong c cc giao thc chnh sau y:
+ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): chuyn v vic ni cc Host li v bo m vic giao d
liu (messages), va xc nhn d liu n (Acknowledgement) va kim tra xem gi d liu n
c b h hi khng bng CRC (Cyclic Redundant Check). Ging nh ta gi th bo m
+ IP (Internet Protocol): m ng nhim v v a ch v chuyn gi tin i ng hng
+ SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): chuyn vic giao Email
+ FTP (File Transfer Protocol): chuyn vic gi file (upload/download) gia cc Host
+ SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): dng cho vic User qun l mng t xa
+ UDP (User Datagram Protocol): chuyn giao cc gi nh (packets) ca 1 gi tin. N nhanh
hn TCP v khng c s kim tra hay sa li v v vy n khng m bo vic giao hng
* c im ca a ch IP hay cn gi l IP Address:
+ Mi mt IP Address c chiu di 32 bit, chia lm 4 nhm, mi nhm gi l 1 Octet(mi Octet
c chiu di 8 bit= 1byte) v c biu din di dng:

S . S . S . S

Vd: 192.168.1.100

+ Cch i IP t dng thp phn sang nh phn v ngc li:
Trong 1 Byte , mi bit c gn mt gi tr. Nu Bit c t l 0 th n c gn gi tr 0, nu
Bit c t l 1 th c th chuyn i thnh 1 gi tr thp phn. Bit thp nht trong Byte tng
ng vi 1, Bit cao nht tng ng vi 128. Vy gi tr ln nht ca 1 Byte l 255 tng ng vi
trng hp c 8 Bit u c t l 1.



Ta s i a ch sau: 10101100 . 00010000 . 00000101 . 01111101 sang dng thp phn
Cn c vo hnh trn ta s c dy thp phn tng ng vi mt Octet:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Mi s trong dy thp phn ng vi 1 bit trong Octet, i mt Octet sang dng thp phn ta
ly cc s dy thp phn ng vi cc bt 1 trong Octet cng li vi nhau



4+8+32+128=172; 16; 1+4=5; 1+4+8+16+32+64=125
=> 172.16.5.125

i a ch 172.16.5.125 tr li dng nh phn:
i Octet 172 sang nh phn ta ly gi tr 172 tr cho cc s trong dy thp phn bt u t
128, nu tr c ghi bit 1, khng tr c ghi bit 0, cc bt sau c tnh bng cch ly phn d
ca php tr trc v tr tip cho s tng ng trong dy. Tng t cho cc Octet cn li
172 - 128=44 =>bit 1; 44 64=? =>bit 0; 44 - 32=12 =>bit 1; 12 16=? =>bit 0; 12 8=4 =>bit
1; 4 4=0 =>bit 1; 0 2= ?=>bit0
=> 172: 10101100
Tng t cho cc Octet cn li
2. NetID:
+ vic trao i thng tin gia cc Hosts trn mng c ti u, ngi ta chia cc Hosts
thnh tng nhm gi l Network. Mi Network c gn cho mt Network I D. Do a ch
IP c gi l mt a ch phn on gm c 2 phn: Net I D v Host I D


NetI D: a ch ca mng
HostI D: a ch ca 1 my tinh (host) trong mng hay l a ch ca 1 thit b
Chiu di ca NetID v HostID c th thay i bt k ty thuc vo tng loi a ch m
chng ta s dng
cho d hiu chng ta hnh dung n gin: NetID l con ng v HostID l s nh
* c im ca NetID:
+I P Address cng NetID th lin lc c vi nhau
+I P Address khc NetID ch lin lc vi nhau thng qua thit b nh tuyn Router
xc nh c NetID ca mt a ch IP chng ta da vo gi tr Subnet Mask
c im ca Subnet Mask: cng c chiu di ti a l 32 bit, v lun lun ko di cc bit 1
i u sau ko di cc bit 0 lin tip
Qui nh bit 1 ca Subnet Mask ko di n u th NetID ko di n . Vy xc nh
c NetID ta phi i a ch IP ra dng nh phn


* Cch tnh NetI D: dng php tnh AND vi quy tc nh sau


I P Address
&
Subnet Mask
----------------------
NetI D

AND: 0 & 0 =0
0 & 1 =0
1 & 0 =0
1 & 1 =1

Vd1:
I P Address: 192.168.10.100
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
--->Tm NetI D

- i IP v SM ra dng nh phn:
I P: 11000000.10101000.00001010.01100100
SM: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
- Dng php tnh AND ta suy ra c NetID:
NetI D: 11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000
192 . 168 . 10 . 0

Vd2:
I P: 192.168.1.10
SM: 255.255.255.0
=>NetI D: 192.168.1.0

Vy my c IP 192.168.1.10, SM 255.255.255.0 khng lin lc c vi my c IP
192.168.10.100, SM 255.255.255.0 do khng cng NetI D

Nh vy gi tr NetID l rt quan trng, m tm c NetID chng ta phi c Subnet Mask
nn gi tr Subnet mask li cng quan trng hn. Do mt a ch IP vit ra bt buc phi i
km vi Subnet Mask
thun tin cho vic qun l dy IP, ngi ta chia ra lm 5 lp IP v mi lp c gn vi
mt gi tr Subnet Mask Default
* IP Address c chia lm 5 lp:Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E
+Class A: 1 ---------->126
+Class B: 128--------->191
+Class C: 192 -------->223
+Class D: 224--------->239 (Multicast)
+Class E: 240--------->255 (D phng)
(127 . x . x . x : Loopback)
* Mi lp ng vi Sunet Mask Default nh sau:
+Class A: 255 . 0 . 0 . 0
+Class B: 255 . 255 . 0 . 0
+Class C: 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
+Class D v E khng c Subnet Mask Default

* n gin vic vit Subnet Mask cho IP Address ngi ta dng cch vit nh sau:
+Class A: 10 . x . x . x /8
+Class B: 172 . x . x . x /16
+Class C: 192 . x . x . x /24
Trong /8, /16, /24 l s bit ng vi Subnet Mask

3. Private Address v Public Address:
+Private Address: trong 1 h thng mng (Private Network) ngoi nhng my nh
WebServer, MailServer, .cn c thy trn Internet (Public), cc my cn li khng cn
c thy trn mng Public nn c cc t chc qun l quc t dnh ring mt s IP
Address, cc Private Address ny khng c s dng trn Internet:
+Public Address: mi IP Address trn mi trng Internet (Public Network) l duy nht v
c qun l bi cc t chc quc t (IANA l t chc ng u trong vic qun l IP trn
th gii). Khi c nhu cu s dng chng ta phi thu. Public Address c chia lm hai loi:
Dynamic I P Address (IP ng): c s dng khi ta ch c nhu cu truy cp Internet. Khi
ng k thu bao chng ta s c nh cung cp (ISP) cho mn mt Public Address di
dng ng (c th thay i bt k)
Static I P Address (IP tnh): s dng khi trong h thng c nhu cu v Web Server, Mail
Server , (IP tnh phi thu v khng thay i)

+Private I P Address c qui nh s dng trong cc lp nh sau:
Class A: 10 . x . x . x
Class B: 172 . 16 . x . x ----->172 . 31 . x . x
Class C: 192 . 168 . x . x

+Public I P Address: phn cn li trong dy IP



4. Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast:
+ Trong h thng chng ta s dng a ch IP Class D khi c nhu cu trin khai cc dch v
Multicast (hi ngh qua mng, hi ngh trc tuyn .)
+ Khi s dng mt Net IP cho h thng, chng ta phi tr a ch u tin (NetID) v a ch
cui cng (Broadcast)
+ tnh c s lng Host trong mt Net ta s dng cng thc:


Vd:
xt Net: 192.168.1.0/24
- C tt c 256 a ch: t 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255
-Trong : 192.168.1.0 l NetID v 192.18.1.255 l Broadcast nn chng ta ch s dng c
254 a ch
+ hiu c ti sao trong h thng phn ra cc loi a ch, chng ta i tm hiu: khi gi
mt gi tin t my ny sang my khc s c 3 loi tn hiu chuyn:
- Unicast: gi n 1 my
- Multicast: gi n nhiu my
- Broadcast: gi ti tt c cc my trong mng


+ Vy lm sao bit gi tin gi i t mt my l dng Unicast, Multicast hay Broadcast. Ta
xt thm, khi gi tin gi i, n Layer 3: Network trong m hnh OSI s c gn vo mt
Header TCP/I P. Trong header TCP/IP c rt nhiu thng tin nhng c 4 thng tin quan
trng:


Source Address: a ch my gi
Destination Address: a ch my nhn
Source Port: a ch cng gi
Destination Port: a ch cng nhn
+ Trong mun bit gi tin truy cp vo dch v no (web, mail,) ta xem phn
Destination Port. Cn xc nh gi tin l Unicast, Multicast hay Broadcast ta quan st hai
gi tr Source Address v Destination Address



+Ngoi ra, gi gi tin Broadcast n ton mng (gm tt c cc Net trong h thng) ta gi
gi tin c Destination Address l 255.255.255.255

III. IP Subneting:
1.IP Subneting:
- d hnh dung, chng ta i tm hiu vn IP Subneting qua v d thc t sau:
Nm 1998, Vit Nam tham gia vo mi trng Internet th gii. Nh cung cp u tin Vit
Nam l VNN thu mt dy IP Public t IANA (203.162.4.0/24). VNN xy dng c s
TP.HCM v ly ra 2 a ch trong dy thu s dng cho mt s dch v quan trng cn
thit (Web Server, Mail Server, )
- Sau VNN tin hnh xy dng thm mt chi nhnh na H Ni, v cng ly ra 2 a ch
trong Net thu v gn cho cc my Server quan trng. Nh vy cc my TP.HCM v H Ni
lin lc c vi nhau qua Internet (do cng NetID). Ta xt thm, cc my trong ni b
TP.HCM (c gi l LAN), h thng TP.HCM v H Ni (c gi l WAN). Tc lin
lc ca LAN s nhanh hn so vi WAN.
- Khi my TP.HCM hay H Ni broadcast th c WAN u nhn c. Trong thc t, cc my
tnh s thng xuyn pht tn hiu broadcast (vd: nu ta truy cp t my ny sang my khc bng
tn m trong h thng khng c dch v phn gii tn th n s s dng tn hiu broadcast hi
tt c cc my). Trong h thng WAN ca VNN nu s lng gi tin broadcast qu nhiu s
chim dng bng thng dn n tnh trng tc ng truyn WAN s b chm li.
- n lc ny VNN c nhu cu hn ch gi tin broadcast gia TP v HN. H thng c s no
broadcast th ch cc my c s nhn c, khng nh hng ti c s kia. Cch gii quyt
ti u a ra lc ny l t TP v HN hai Net khc nhau. Vy VNN phi thu thm mt dy IP
Public na cho HN (203.162.5.0/24)
- Lc ny chng ta mi xt li, VNN thu 2 dy IP (tt c l 508 a ch IP). C hai c s mi
s dng 4 IP, trong khi phi tr thu bao cho hn 500 IP, va tn kinh ph va b ph hn 500 IP.
Vy nhu cu tht s a ra l ch vi mt Net thu v c th s dng cho hai hay nhiu h thng
nhng khng cho cc h thng lin lc vi nhau trnh Broadcast
Gii php a ra l chia mt Net thu v ra thnh nhiu Net con. c gi l chia Subnet theo
nguyn tc IP Subneting
- T mt Net chng ta chia ra thnh hai Net con th hai net ny c gi l hai subnet
- Nguyn tc chia subnet: ta i mn bit Host lm Net
Vd: ta i chia Net 203.162.4.0/24

Net: 203.162.4.0
SM: 255.255.255.0 (Net=24bit, Host=8bit)

i SM ra nh phn:
==> SM: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Ta mn 2 bit Host lm Net
==> SM: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 (Net=26bit, Host=6bit)

i SM li dng thp phn:
==> SM: 255.255.255.192 (/26)

- Sau khi mn 2 bit Host cho Net ta c th thy: trong Subnet Mask cc gi tr khng phi lc
no cng l 255 hoc 0 m c th l con s bt k. Suy ra NetID khng phi lc no cng kt
thc bng s 0 v a ch Broadcast khng phi lc no cng mang s 255 cui cng. hiu r
hn v vn ny chng ta s i tm: sau khi mn 2 bit lm Net th chia ra c bao nhiu
Subnet, mi Subnet c bao nhiu Host, Subnet u tin s l bao nhiu (tm c Subnet u tin
ta mi xc nh c dy IP ca Subnet bt u t u v kt thc u), NetID v Broadcast
ca mi Subnet. Thng qua cc cng thc sau:



Vd: tr li vi vd trn
Chia net 203.162.4.0/24 bng cch mn 2 bit Host lm Net



* Ch : sau khi chia c 2 Subnet ta thy tng s Host 2 Subnet l 124 ( tr NetID v
Broadcast), nh vy ta thy s lng Host mt i nhiu so vi khi cha chia Subnet (254
host). Nguyn nhn mt l do cng thc tnh s subnet ta tr i 2. hiu ti sao 2 , ta xt
li v d trn nu sau khi chia subnet khng 2 ta s c 4 subnet:
Sn1: 203.162.4.0/26 (trng vi Net ban u)
Sn2: 203.162.4.64/26
Sn3: 203.162.4.128/26
Sn4: 203.162.4.192/26 (c a ch Broadcast trng vi a ch Broadcast ca Net ban u
(203.162.4.255))
Nh vy chng ta ch s dng c 2 subnet, s lng host mt i nm 2 subnet tr ra

- Ngi ta quy nh tiu chun ca thuc tnh TCP/IP c gi l RFC. Tiu chun RFC u tin
a ra v vic chia subnet gi l RFC950 quy nh chng ta phi tr subnet u v cui khng
c s dng. Ngy nay, tiu chun RFC1812 mi qui nh khi chia subnet ta c quyn s
dng lun c subnet u v subnet cui nu cc thit b mng ca chng ta c h tr RFC mi
(vd nh s dng cc Router c h tr RFC1812)

2.Variable Length Subnet Mask:
By gi chng ta tr li vi tnh hung ca bi, sau 1 thi gian VNN m thm 1 h thng Nng.
Vi 2 subnet chia c trn th khng s dng . Vy chng ta tin hnh chia li subnet vi 3 bit
mn t Host. Lm tun t cc bc v chia subnet ta c c kt qu:



+ Chng ta ly 3 trong 6 subnet va chia t cho 3 chi nhnh:



- Sau khi ly 3 subnet nh trn t cho 3 chi nhnh, mi chi nhnh ch s dng c ti a 30 host.
Nhng do nhu cu ngy cng tng nn TP.HCM lc ny i hi phi c 50 host mi p ng. Ta
ly thm mt subnet t cho TP.HCM th s p ng c s lng host yu cu nhng cc my li
khng broadcast c.
- Phng n gii quyt a ra l ly subnet 203.162.4.64/26 (c 62 host) chia lc u dng cho chi
nhnh TP.HCM. Cn hai chi nhnh HN v N s dng subnet /27. Nhng trong 6 subnet /27 c hai
subnet khng dng c l 203.162.4.64/27 v 203.162.4.96/27 v hai subnet ny chnh l subnet ln
203.162.4.64/26 dng cho TP.HCM
- Vy sau cng chng ta cp c subnet cho 3 chi nhnh theo m hnh sau:



Cch s dng subnet nh trn khng cn c gi n thun l Subneting na m c gi l VLSM:
Variable Length Subnet Mask (chiu di Subnet Mask bin i)

3.Ch :
Khi chia subnet chng ta khng th ch mn 1 bit t host nu cc thit b ch h tr RFC950

. Ta ch mn c 1bit khi c h tr RFC mi

Khi chia subnet ta phi cha li t nht 2 bit lm Host (c ngha l ti a ch c 30 bit lm Net). Nh
vd trn nu ta mn 7 bit lm net th s bit cn li lm host l 1 v khi s host trn mi subnet: