Chapter1 ME2134

1-1
ME2134 Fluid Mechanics I

1 Introduction

1 Introduction
1-2
1 Introduction
Organisation
This 4-MC module will be taught by
Nhan Phan-Thien, 11 Aug 19 Sept (6 weeks) (called me Nhn)
Rm EA-02-01 Tel: 6601-2054
nhan@nus.edu.sg (email is the best source of getting help)
TT Lim, 22 Sept end of Sem 1
3 hrs of lectures per week, Monday 10-12pm (45 mins + 10 mins break
+ 45 min), Tues 12-1pm, cells mob devices off please
Tutorials start from 2
nd
week, 25 Aug, every 2
nd
week, Tutors: Nhan
Phan-Thien, TT Lim, Yao Jie, Chia Poo Hiang, group allocation from
Department
2 labs from 2
nd
week, 25 Aug, Coordinators: Shu Chang & R Jaiman
(20% final mark) time table & group allocation from Department
Final exam (80%)
Lab reports (20%) are VERY important! They MUST be handed in at
the end of the relevant Lab sessions no exception allowed
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1 Introduction
Is there any fun in 2
nd
year?
Best time of your life!
Life is exploring, enquiring,
experiencing and learning

ME2134 is traditionally a 2
nd

year filter, along with Thermo

You are an engineering in-
training have some self
discipline, time management
and keep an eye on your
target!

1-4
1 Introduction
Outline of Contents
Introduction
Fluid Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid Dynamics
Equilibrium of Moving Fluids
Momentum and its Applications
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Analysis of Pipe Flows

Main Ideas Will Be Tagged KEY IDEA
1-5
1 Introduction
References
Lots of suitable references, take your pick:

M.C. Potter and D.C. Wiggert Mechanics of Fluids, 2
nd
ed.,
Prentice-Hall International, 1997
A.J. Smits A Physical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, John
Wiley, 2000
V.L. Streeter, E.B. Wylie and K.W. Bedford Fluid Mechanics, 9
th

ed., McGraw Hill, 1998
F.M. White Fluid Mechanics, 6
th
ed., McGraw Hill, 2008
Supplied lecture notes & tutorials may be sufficient, and can be
downloaded from IVLE
Lab manuals are also downloadable from IVLE

1-6
1 Introduction

Learning Objectives in this Chapter:

To understand:
the concept of a fluid
the wide scope of fluid mechanics
the concept of a continuum and the
continuum assumption
The concept of a Newtonian fluid

1 Introduction
1-7
1 Introduction
Introductory Remarks
What is a fluid?
Solid can support a (shear) stress acting on its surfaces fluid or
gas deform (flow) continuously and permanently

Solid can hold its shape independently of its container a fluid
will occupy a definite volume in the container, whereas a gas fills
up the whole container volume; when there are gases & liquids
present the surfaces separate the two phases are called free
surfaces

KEY IDEAS: fluids cannot support a shear stress
1-8
1 Introduction

Fluid Mechanics is the study of the behaviour of fluids at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics)
Fluid Mechanics can be divided into several categories:
Hydrodynamics: study of flows of incompressible fluids (water,
gases at low speeds)
Hydraulics: study of liquid flows in pipes and open channels
Gas dynamics: study of flows of gases
Aerodynamics: study of flow of gases (air) over bodies (aircraft,
rockets, automobiles) at low and high speeds

Meteorology
Oceanography
Hydrology

Rheology or viscoelastic fluid mechanics: study of flows
and deformation the focus is on non-Newtonian fluids, or fluids
with microstructures
1.1 Introductory Remarks
Naturally occurring flows
1-9
1 Introduction
Why study Fluid Mechanics?
Fluids are essential to our everyday lives
Air and water are two very important fluids:
~70% of human body is made up of water
~70% of earths surface is covered by
water
~90% of earths atmosphere extends to an
altitude of 16 km above earths surface
Laid in one single line, our capillaries and
veins could be ~100000 km!
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
Earth Earths atmopshere
Red Blood Cells
1-10
1 Introduction
Flight Vehicle Aerodynamics ME4231
Aircraft water tunnel dye flow visualization
1-11
1 Introduction
Low Speed Aerodynamics ME4231
Aerofoil at low angle of attack Aerofoil at high angle of attack
Smoke flow visualization of
wing tip vortices
Wing tip vortices
/ M U c =
Ernst Mach (18381916)
1-12
1 Introduction
High Speed Aerodynamics ME3232, ME4231
Bullet at Mach 1.5
F/A-18 Hornet
Airplane model at Mach 1.1
Sphere (Mach 5.7) Sphere (Mach 1.53)
/ M U c =
1-13
1 Introduction
Ground Vehicle Aerodynamics
Wind tunnel testing of car
Flow pattern behind car
Flow pattern around bus
1-14
1 Introduction
Sports Aerodynamics
Flow over cricket ball
Flow over tennis ball
Flow over golf ball Flow over bicycle Flow over swimmer
1-15
1 Introduction
Building Aerodynamics
Wind tunnel testing of buildings
Flow past circular cylinder
1-16
1 Introduction
Marine / Ocean Engineering, Naval Architecture,
Hydrodynamics
Ships and water waves
Computer simulations
Submarine
Cargo ship
1-17
1 Introduction
Fluid Machinery ME2135
Pump impellers
Turbine
Pelton wheel Wind turbine
1-18
1 Introduction
Aerospace Propulsion ME4231
Jet engine for commercial aircraft Rocket propulsion
Jet engine for fighter aircraft
SR-71
1-19
1 Introduction
Marine Propulsion
Marine propeller
Computer simulation of marine propeller
Cavitation in marine propellers
1-20
1 Introduction
Flames
Flame structure
Detonation waves
Chemically Reacting Flows and Combustion
1-21
1 Introduction
Civil Engineering Applications
Canals
Aqueducts
Dams Drainage Systems
1-22
1 Introduction
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Atmosphere / Weather
Waterspout
Tornado
Hurricane
Global climate
1-23
1 Introduction
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Ocean circulation, Tsunamis
Circulation system of the ocean
Tsunamis
Ocean surface wind
1-24
1 Introduction
Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Atmospheric pollution
Plume dispersion
River pollution and sedimentation
Pollutant sedimentation and
dispersion
1-25
1 Introduction
Bio-Fluid Mechanics
Carotid bifurcation models with stenosis Flow through a bifurcation model
Blood flow through damaged artery Computer simulation of blood flow
1-26
1 Introduction
Animal Locomotion: Flight of Birds, Bats
Wing tunnel testing of birds
Wind tunnel testing of bat
Formation flight of birds
1-27
1 Introduction
Animal Locomotion: Insect Flight
Tethered fly
Robotic fly
Computer simulation of insect flight
Wind tunnel testing of dragonfly
1-28
1 Introduction
Animal Locomotion: Swimming
Animal locomotion
Fish swimming
Robo-tuna
1-29
1 Introduction
Piping Systems and other Industrial Applications ME2134
Pipe network Oil refinery
Water pipeline Computer simulation of pipe flow
1-30
1 Introduction
Microfluidics
Integrated microfluidic bioprocessor
Microengine
Microrocket
Inkjet printer
1-31
1 Introduction
Key Idea: Shear stress
is force tangential
to surface
Recall: Stress force per unit area
Fluid at rest normal stress is called pressure
1.3 State of stresses on a fluid surface
n
nn
o =
tn
o =
Key Idea: Pressure is
force normal to surface
1-32
1 Introduction
What distinguishes a solid from a fluid?
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when
acted on by a shear stress of any magnitude
1.3 What is a Fluid?
; :shear modulus
tn
G G t o = =
1-33
1 Introduction
1.3 A Solid
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Ut tensio sic vis
; :shear modulus
tn
G G t o = =
1-34
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
FLUID
Continuous
deformation
: viscosity
tn
d
dt
t o q
q
= =
Sir Isaac Newton16421727)
1-35
1 Introduction
A solid deforms when a shear stress is applied, but its
deformation does not continue to increase with respect
to time
Deformation of fluid element continues to increase as
long as shear force is applied to upper plate
Key Idea: Hookean solids: (G: shear
modulus)

Key Idea: Newtonian fluids:

is known as the rate of
shearing strain or strain rate
Any fluid that does not obey the Newtonian law is called
non-Newtonian fluid (or simply viscoelastic fluid)
1.3 Summary
tn
G t o = =
, : viscosity
tn
d
dt
t o q q = =
d d x dx u
dt dt y y dt y
| | A A c
| |
= = = =
| |
A A c
\ .
\ .
1-36
1 Introduction
Non-Newtonian Fluids
A fluid deforms continuously and permanently under the application
of a shearing stress, however small

This definition does not address how fast the shearing force is
applied, relative to the response time t (relaxation time) of the fluid
t varies from ~10
-13
s (water) to ~10
3
s (polymer solutions and
melts). With this new physical constant one has a new
dimensionless group, called the Deborah number

T is the observation time scale (experimental time span)
The mountains flowed before the Lord Prophetess Deborah (Old
Testament)
Everything is in the state of flux - Confucius

De
T
t
=
1-37
1 Introduction
Non-Newtonian Fluids
There is no clear distinction between fluids and solids its a matter
of time scales
When De<<1, one has a (Newtonian) liquid-like behaviour
When De>>1, a solid-like behaviour
A non-Newtonian, or viscoelastic fluid for 0 < De <

Key Idea: Low De: fluid-like, large De: solid-like behaviour

When one must walk on water, one has
to walk very, very fast!

Rheology is the study of flow and deformation

De
T
t
=
1-38
1 Introduction

In almost all Fluid Mechanics applications, it is
convenient to disregard the molecular nature of the fluid;
instead we consider the fluid to be a continuous,
homogeneous medium (continuum assumption), capable
of infinitely sub-division
A fluid volume oV can be shrunk down to infinitesimally
small in size, and yet the fluid in this volume still have a
definite property, down to a mathematical point
Key Idea: Continuum assumption
Each fluid property is assumed to have a definite
value at every point in space
Breaks down when size of system is comparable to
mean free path of molecules
1.4 Fluid as a Continuum
1-39
1 Introduction

Density
m
V
o
o
=
1-40
1 Introduction
V < V* too few molecules to yield statistically
meaningful value for
V must be sufficiently large to yield statistically
meaningful and reproducible result for and yet small
enough to be regarded as a point
V* ~ 10
-9
mm
3
for all liquids and for all gases at
atmospheric pressure (mean free path of typical gases)

Density at point C thus defined as

*
lim
V V
m
V
o o
o
=
1-41
1 Introduction
Physical volumes much larger than 10
-9
mm
3
in most
engineering problems density is essentially a point function
fluid properties assumed to vary continuously throughout
fluid continuum assumption
Continuum assumption is valid as long as characteristic
length of system is much larger than mean free path of
molecules
With continuum assumption, the variations in fluid properties
are smooth so that differential calculus can be used
A fluid particle is a collection of a sufficiently large number of
fluid molecules such that the continuum assumption is valid,
but it is also small enough to be regarded as a point
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~wassgren/applet/java/continuum/Index.html

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ME2134 Fluid Mechanics I

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