Solved Problems 5

PAGE 1 OF 26 PAGES
ASSIGNMENT No. 6 TITLE: SOLVED PROBLEMS No. 5

NAME: Mancenido, Jerwin P.
SECTION: 1D
DATE: February 11, 2014

Specific Heat

1. Find the specific heat of 350 g of an unknown material when 34,700 Joules of heat are applied,
and the temperature rises from 22C to 173C with no phase change.

Given:
m = 350 g
Q = 34,700 Joules
T = 173C - 22C = 151C
C
p
= unknown

Solution:

Original equation: C
p
= Q/mT
c = 34,700 J/(350 g x 151C)

Final answer:

0.65657521286 J/(g x C).

RATING:

PAGE 2 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

2.How many liters of water can 6.7 L of ethane boil? The initial temperature and pressure of the ethane
and water is .95 bar and 25C.
First we must find the amount of heat released by the ethane. To do this, we calculate the number of
moles of ethane gas using the ideal gas equation and multiply the molar heat of combustion by the
number of moles.
H
combustion
= 1437.17 kJ/mol
n=PV/RT
n=[.95*6.7]/[.08314*298]
n=.2569mol
Heat released by ethane: (1437.17 kJ/mol)(0.2569mol) = 369.21 kJ
Then using the heat equation q=mC
s
T, we can find the mass of water that would be raised to
boiling with the given amount of heat. First, the kJ must be converted to J to match the units of the
specific heat.
369210= (m) (4.184)(373-298)
Using basic algebra we solve for the mass, and since water has a density of 1.0g/cm
3
, the mass will be
equal to the volume.
m=1176.58g
W = -(PV)
W = Work
P = Pressure
V = Volume

Final Answer:

Volume of water: 1.177 L

PAGE 3 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

3.There is a house hold heater that operates at 4 V and at 35 and is used to heat up 15g of copper
wire. The specific heat capacity of copper is 24.440 J/mol/K. How much time is required to increase
the temperature from 25C to 69C?
It is important to know the equation in circuitry that calculates power: P=V
2
/R, which is derived from
the equation V=IR. We will also be using q=mC
s
T.
P=(4)
2
/35=.457 J/s
q=(15)(24.440)(69-25)= 16130.4 J
We now know how many joules of heat must be added to the copper wire to increase the temperature
and we know how many joules of energy are given off by the heater per second. We divide to find the
number of seconds.
Ln(P
1
/P
2
)=[H
Vap
/R]*[(1/T
2
)-(1/T
1
)]
P
1
and P
2
refer to the pressures in any unit (bar, atmosphere, Pascal)
R is the gas constant that correlates with the pressure and temperature units used.
T
1
and T
2
refer to the temperatures in Kelvin

Final Answer:

(16130.4 J)/(.457 J/s) = 35296.3 seconds

PAGE 4 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Entropy

1. Calculate the entropy for an irreversible compression ofoxygen gas. The initial pressure of the
gas is 1 bar in a volume of 100 L. The final pressure of the gas is10 bar and the temperature is
400 K.

Solution: Note that you need to obtain the number of Moles. The problem does not ask you for
molar entropy.

Write down the expression for the entropy:

(

We need either the ratio of volumes or the ratio of pressures.
We are given the pressures so we can use those.
P2/P1= 10 bar/ 1 bar = 10.

We obtain the number of moles using the ideal gas law:

Final Answer:

Now we can substitute into the entropy expression:

PAGE 5 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

2. Calculate entropy change when 36.0 g of ice melts at 273 K and 1 atm.

If you look up the enthalpy of fusion for ice in a table, you would get a molar enthalpy of 6.01
kJ/mol.

When a system receives an amount of energy q at a constant temperature, T, the entropy increase S is
defined by the following equation.

Final Answer:

S = q / T. , Therefore,

PAGE 6 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

3. Evaluate the entropy change for the reaction:
CO + 3 H
2
-> CH
4
+ H
2
O ,in which all reactants and products are gaseous.
Solution
Standard entropies of reaction, S
o
reaction
, equal the entropy of products minus the entropy of reactants.
The standard entropies of the reactants and products have been given above, and for clarity, the entropi
es are given below the formula of the reactants and products: (data are given in 3 significant digits)
CO + 3 H
2
-> CH
4
+ H
2
O
198 131 186 189

Therefore, use:
[6 +9 9 +]

Final Answer:

S = -216 J/K.mol

PAGE 7 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Enthalpy of an Ideal Gas

1.) Using standard thermodynamic values, calculate the change in enthalpy of reaction (H
rxn
) in the
formation of liquid water from Hydrogen and Oxygen gas.

Chemical Equation:
H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) => H
2
O(l) + heat

Product:

H
f
H
2
O(l) = -285.83 kJ/mol

Reactants:
H
f
H
2
(g) = 0 kJ/mol (the H
f
of elements in their standard state is defined to be 0 kJ)
H
f
O
2
(g) = 0 kJ/mol x 2

Use H of formation (H
f
) for each of the chemicals involved in the reaction found in a standard table
or reference book.

[(H
f
H
2
O = -285.83 kJ/mol)] - [() (H
f
O
2
= 0 kJ/mol) + (H
f
H
2
= 0 kJ/mol)]

Final Answer:

Hrxn = SUM [(-285.83 kJ) (() (0 kJ + 0 kJ)] = -285.83 kJ/mol

PAGE 8 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

2) Using standard thermodynamic values, calculate the enthalpy of the reaction of the combustion of
methane gas with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and liquid water.

Chemical Equation:
CH
4
(g) + 2 O
2
(g) => CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O(l) + heat

Products:
H
f
H
2
O(l) = -285.83 kJ/mol x 2
H
f
CO
2
(g) = -393.51 kJ/mol
Reactants:
H
f
CH
4
(g) = -74.87 kJ/mol
H
f
O
2
(g) = 0 kJ/mol x 2

Use values found in a standard table or reference book

[2 (H
f
H
2
O(l) = -285.83 kJ/mol) + H
f
CO
2
(g) = -393.51 kJ/mol]
- [2 (H
f
O
2
= 0 kJ/mol) + (H
f
CH
4
= -74.87 kJ/mol)] =
H
rxn
= [2 (-285.83 kJ) + (-393.51 kJ)] [(2) (0 kJ) + (-74.87 kJ)]

Final Answer:

-890.3 kJ/mol

PAGE 9 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

3. How much heat is released when burning 0.5 kg of liquid rubbing alcohol (2-propanol)? Products
are carbon dioxide and liquid water. Assume an excess of oxygen.

Chemical Reaction:

2 C
3
H
8
O (l) + 9 O
2
(g) => 6 CO
2
(g) + 8 H
2
O (l) + heat
0.5 kg propanol (1 mol / 60.084 g) = 8.3 mols propanol

H
rxn
= [products - reactants] = [6 (-393.51 kJ) + 8 (-285.83 kJ)] - [2 (-318.2 kJ) + 9 (0 kJ)]
= -4011.3 kJ / (2 mols propanol) = -2005.65 kJ/mol

Final Answer:

-2005.65 kJ/mol (8.3 mols) = -16646 kJ released as heat

PAGE 10 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Constant Pressure Specific Heat

1. 300 grams of ethanol at 10 C is heated with 14640 Joules of energy. What is the final
temperature of the ethanol?

Useful information:
The specific heat of ethanol is 2.44 J/g C.

Solution:

Use the formula

q = mcT
where:
q = heat energy
m = mass
c = specific heat
T = change in temperature

14640 J = (300 g)(2.44 J/gC)T

Solve for T:
T = 14640 J/(300 g)(2.44 J/gC)
T = 20 C

T = T
final
- T
initial

T
final
= T
inital
+ T
T
final
= 10 C + 20 C
T
final
= 30 C

Final Answer:

The final temperature of the ethanol is 30 C.

PAGE 11 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

2.If 150 g of lead at 100C were placed in a calorimeter with 50 g of water at 28.8C and the resulting
temperature of the mixture was 22C, what are the values of q
lead
, q
water
and q
cal
? (Knowing that the
specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of lead is 0.128 J/g C)
For lead, we know that:
m(mass) = 150 g,
T
i
(initial temperature) = 100C
T
f
= 28.8C
c
sp
(specific heat of lead) = 0.128 J/g C
For water:
m= 50 g,
T
i
= 22C
T
f
= 28.8C
c
sp
= 4.184 J/g C
q =m x c
sp
x T
q
lead
= 0.128 J/g C x 150g x (28.8C - 100C) = -1.37 E3 J
q
water
= 4.184 J/g C x 50g x (28.8C - 22C) = 1.42 E3 J
q
cal
= -(q
lead
+ q
water
)
Final Answer:
q
cal
= -(q
lead
+ q
water
) = -(1.42E3 +-1.37 E3) = -50.0 J

PAGE 12 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

3.A 28.2 gram sample of Copper (C
sp Cu
= 0.685 J/g K) is placed in a coffee cup calorimeter containing
100 grams of water that just stopped boiling. After some time the temperature of the water becomes
constant at 92.3
o
C. Assuming the atmospheric pressure is 1 atmosphere, calculate the initial
temperature of the Copper block. Assume no heat is lost to the surroundings. C
sp H2O(l)
= 4.18 J/g
o
C)
qH2O =qCu
(mH2O)(CspH2O)(T)=(mCu)(CspCu)(T)
(100g)(4.18 J/goC)(7.7oC)=(28.2g)(0.685J/goC)(92.3oCTfCu)
Solve for TfCu:
3218.6=19.317(92.3TfCu)
1435.64=19.32TfCu
Final Answer:
TfCu=74.32=74.3
o
C

Note: Notice the difference in temperature units given by the two C
sp
values. The C
sp Cu
= 0.685
J/g K is given in Kelvins and the C
spH2O
= 4.18 J/g
o
C is given in Celcius. There is no need for
conversions because when C
sp
values are given, the change in temperature will remain constant. In
other words, no matter what the units are, the change will still occur and be exactly the same as would
naturally.

PAGE 13 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Constant Volume Specific Heat

A tank initially containing air at 30 atm and 1000oF is connected to a small turbine. Air discharges
from the tank through the turbine, which produces work in the amount of 500 Btu. The pressure in the
tank falls to 5 atm during the process and the turbine exhausts to the surroundings at 1 atm. Assume the
air behaves as an ideal gas and ignore any irreversibilities within the tank and the turbine. Determine
the volume of the tank, in ft3. Heat exchange with the atmosphere and changes in kinetic and potential
energy are negligible.

The key to this process is that it is entirely isentropic. This will let us determine the initial and final
properties of the air in the tank, as well as the properties of the turbine exhaust. The best part is that
the properties of the turbine exhaust do not change during the process.

Give: P
1
30 atm

P
2
5 atm

T
1
1000
o
F

P
out
1 atm

W
S
500 Btu

Find: V ? ft
3

Diagram :

PAGE 14 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Assumptions: - The system is shown in the diagram.

- For the system heat exchange with the atmosphere is negligible.

- Changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible.

- The process is reversible.

- The air behaves as an ideal gas. This is a shakey assumption at these pressures, but the
problem statement instructed us to make it !

Equations /
Data / Solve :

We want to evaluate the volume of the tank in the absence of irreversibilities.

We can begin by applying the 1st Law to this system.

Eqn 1

We can simplify Eqn 1 because the process is adiabatic and we have assumed that changes in
kinetic and potential energies are negligible and because there is no mass flow into the system.

Eqn 2

The mass conservation equation for this process is :

Eqn 3

Combining Eqns 2 &
3 yields :
Eqn 4

Because the entire process is reversible and adiabatic, the process is
isentropic. Therefore, can be determined and does not change during the process. Because
two intensive properties, and P
out
, are constant, we can conclude that the state of the turbine
exhaust is constant and, therefore, T
out
and are constant. Therefore, Eqn 4becomes :

Eqn
5

The initial and final moles of air in the tank can be determined from the ideal gas EOS:

Eqn 6

Eqn
7

PAGE 15 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Apply Eqn 7 to both the initial and final
state

Eqn
8

Now, we can solve Eqn 8 for the
unknown volume of the tank :

Eqn
9

Method 1: Use the Ideal Gas Entropy Function.

The Gibbs Equation for Ideal Gases
in terms of the Ideal Gas Entropy
Function is :

Eqn
10

We can apply Eqn 10 to the process that the gas inside the tank undergoes AND to the process that the
gas undergoes as it passes through the turbine:

Eqn
11

We can solve Eqns 10 & 11 for the unknowns S
o
T2
and S
o
Tout
:

Eqn 12

Eqn
13

PAGE 16 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

We can look up S
o
T1
in the Ideal Gas Property Tables and use it with the known pressures
in Eqn 13 to determine S
o
T2
and S
o
Tout
:

T
1
810.93 K T (K)
S
o

(kJ/kg-K)

S
o
T1
1.046
kJ/kg-
K

R 8.314 J/mol-K 810 1.045

S
o
T2
0.5325
kJ/kg-
K

MW 29.00 g/mol 820 1.058

S
o
Tout
0.07112
kJ/kg-
K

Now, we can use S
o
T2
and S
o
Tout
and the Ideal Gas Property Tables to determine both T
2
and T
out
and
then U
1
, U
2
and U
out
by interpolation :

T (K)
U
o
(kJ/kg)

T (K) S
o
(kJ/kg-K) U
o
(kJ/kg)

810 392.73

500 0.5270 148.23

820 400.92

510 0.5477 155.81 T
2
= 502.67 K

U
o
1
393.49 kJ/kg U
o
2
150.25 kJ/kg

11411.2 J/mol

4357.37 J/mol

And at the turbine outlet : T (K) S
o
(kJ/kg-K) U
o
(kJ/kg)

310 0.0707 107.41

320 0.1016 117.45 T
out
= 310.14 K

H
o
out
107.55 kJ/kg

3118.83 J/mol

PAGE 17 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

We can plug all of the given and determined values back into Eqns 3, 7, 8 & 9 to
evaluaten
1
, n
2
, n, W
S
and, finally,V :

W
S
527550 J

P
1
3039750 Pa

R 8.314 J/mol-K

P
2
506625 Pa

Conversion Factors :

V 0.14701 m
3

1 Btu = 1055.1 J

V 5.192 ft
3

1 lbm = 0.453593 kg

1 atm = 101325 Pa

1 m
3
= 35.315 ft
3

MW 28.97 g/mol

n
1
= 66.28 moles m
1
= 1.922 kg m
1
= 4.238 lb
m

n
2
= 17.82 moles m
2
= 0.517 kg m
2
= 1.139 lb
m

n = -48.46 moles m = -1.405 kg m = -3.098 lb
m

Method 2: Use the Ideal Gas Relative Pressure.

When an ideal gas undergoes an isentropic process :

Eqn
14

Where Pr is the Ideal Gas Relative Pressure, which is a function of T only and we can look up in the
Ideal Gas Property Table for air.

We can solve Eqn 14 For Pr(T2), as follows :

Eqn
15

Look-up P
r
(T
1
) and use it in Eqn 15 To determine P
r
(T
2
) :

T (K) P
r

T
1
810.93 K

810 38.108

P
r
(T
1
) 38.279

820 39.954

P
r
(T
2
) 6.380

PAGE 18 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Once we know P
r
(T
2
) we can determine T
2
by interpolation on the the Ideal Gas Property
Table.

We can then use T
1
and T
2
to determin U
1
and U
2
from the Ideal Gas Property Tables.

T (K) U (kJ/kg)

T (K) Pr U (J/mol)

810 392.73

500 6.2732 148.23

820 400.92

510 6.7424 155.81 T2 = 502.27 K

U
1
393.49 kJ/kg U
2
149.95 kJ/kg

11399.4 J/mol

4344.1 J/mol

Because the turbine is also an isentropic process, we can determine the relative pressure of the turbine
effluent:

Eqn 16 Rearranging:

Eqn 17

P
r
(T
out
) 1.276

Now, we can use P
r
(T
out
) to determine T
2
and then Hout using the Ideal Gas Property Tables :

T (K) Pr H (J/mol)

310 1.1452 97.40

T
out
319.74 K

320 1.2794 107.41

H
out
107.15 kJ/kg

3104.27 J/mol

We can plug all of the given and determined values back into Eqns 3, 7, 8 & 9 to
evaluaten
1
, n
2
, n, W
S
and, finally,V :

W
S
527550 J

V 0.14697 m
3

R 8.314 J/mol-K

V 5.190 ft
3

P
1
3039750 Pa

P
2
506625 Pa

n
1
= 66.26 moles m
1
= 1.920 kg m
1
= 4.232 lb
m

n
2
= 17.83 moles m
2
= 0.517 kg m
2
= 1.139 lb
m

n = -48.43 moles m = -1.403 kg m = -3.093 lb
m

Answers : Method 1 Method 2

The volume of the tank is: V 5.19 5.19 ft
3

PAGE 19 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

I nternal Energy of an I deal Gas

1. Determine the specific internal energy of 98 L of neon gas at 400C and 2 MPa. The neon gas
has a total enthalpy of 1200 kJ . Assume that the neon gas is an ideal gas.

Given the temperature, pressure and volume of neon in an ideal gas state, we can calculate the mass of neon
in the system using the Ideal Gas EOS. This allows us to convert the enthalpy into specific enthalpy. We
can use the definition of enthalpy or specific enthalpy to relate U to H and PV and then eliminate PV using
the Ideal Gas EOS again. The units may get tricky.

Given: V = 98 L

P = 2 MPa

T = 400 oC

H = 1200 kJ

Find: U = ??? kJ/kg

Assumptions: - Equilibrium conditions

- Neon is an ideal gas at this T and P

Solution :
Since neon behaves as an ideal gas, the definition of specific enthalpy can be modified as follows:

Eqn 1

Eqn 2

Eqn
3

But :

Eqn 4

Eqn
5

For ideal gases :

Eqn 6

Eqn
7

Molecular weight of neon :
( NIST WebBook )
MW 20.18 g / mol

Universal Gas Constant values : R 0.08205 atm L/gmol K

R 8.314 J/mol K or Pa m
3
/mol K

Note: To convert C to K, add 273.15 to C. T = 673.15 K

m = 0.7067 kg

RT / MW 277.3 kJ/kg

H = 1698.0 kJ/kg

Final Answer:

U = 1421 kJ/kg

PAGE 20 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

2. Which has a higher molar internal energy: the superheated water vapor stored in Tank A or the
superheated water vapor stored in Tank B? What is the difference in molar internal energy
between the two tanks? Use data from the NIST WebBook.

Because the water vapor is superheated, it has 2 degrees of freedom. In this case both the T and P must be specified to
completely determine the state. Because the state is completely determined, we can use the given T and P values to look
up properties like Uand H in the Superheated Tables in the Steam Tables.

Given: P
A
= 1.5 atm

P
B
= 0 atm

T
A
= 200 C

T
B
= 150 C

Find: U = U
A
- U
B
= ??? kJ/mol

Solution: The internal energy of a substance is the sum of the kinetic energies stored in the vibrational, rotational,
and translational motion of the molecules. Tank A has more energy by virtue of its higher
temperature. Therefore, it must have the higher intern

Verify: We must look up the isobaric properties of superheated water in the NIST Webbook. Use the ASHRAE
convention. A portion of the thermodynamic table used in this problem is given below.

Temperature (C)
Pressure
(atm)
Internal
Energy
(kJ/mol)
Phase

140 1.5 46.2 vapor

150 1.5 46.479 vapor

160 1.5 46.756 vapor

170 1.5 47.032 vapor

180 1.5 47.306 vapor

190 1.5 47.581 vapor

200 1.5 47.855 vapor

210 1.5 48.129 vapor

The internal energies at the two given temperatures are:

T = 200C

T = 150C

U
A
= 47.855 KJ/mol

U
B
= 46.479 KJ/mol

As we predicted, the internal energy of the water vapor in Tank A is greater than in Tank B.

The U of Tank A is greater by:

Final Answer: U = U
A
- U
B
= 1.376 KJ/mol

PAGE 21 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

3. Superheated water vapor at 300C expands isothermally in a piston-and-cylinder device from
10 atm to 5 atm. Calculate the change in the molar enthalpy and molar internal energy in units
of KJ / mol.

Because the water vapor is superheated, it has 2 degrees of freedom. In this case both the T and P must be
specified to completely determine the state. Because the state is completely determined, we can use the
given T and P values to look up properties like Uand H in the Superheated Tables in the Steam Tables.

Given: T
1
= 300 oC

P
1
= 10 atm

T
2
= 300 oC

P
2
= 5 atm

Find: U ??? kJ/mol

H ??? kJ/mol

Solution : Use the NIST Webbook to determine the properties of superheated water vapor at the initial and
final pressures. As always, use the ASHRAE convention. A portion of the thermodynamic table
used in this problem is provided below.

Temp.
(C)
Pressure
(atm)
Internal
Energy
(kJ/mol)
Enthalpy
(kJ/mol)
Phase

300 4 50.533 55.252 vapor

300 5 50.499 55.206 vapor

300 6 50.465 55.159 vapor

300 7 50.43 55.112 vapor

300 8 50.395 55.065 vapor

300 9 50.359 55.018 vapor

300 10 50.324 54.97 vapor

300 11 50.288 54.921 vapor

The internal energy and enthalpy at the given pressures are:

P = 10 atm

P = 5 atm

U
1
= 50.324 KJ/mol

U
2
= 50.499 KJ/mol

H
1
= 54.97 KJ/mol

H
2
= 55.206 KJ/mol

Remember that the change in any property is defined as the final state minus the initial state.

FinalAnswers: U = U
2
- U
1
= 0.175 KJ/mol

H = H
2
- H
1
= 0.236 KJ/mol

PAGE 22 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Temperature-Entropy Coordinates

A closed system consists of an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

a.) The gas undergoes a process in which temperature increases from T1 to T2. Show that
the entropy change for the process is greater if the change in state occurs at constant pressure
than if it occurs at constant volume.

Sketch the processes on PV and TS coordinates.

b.) Using the results of (a), show on TS coordinates that a line of constant specific volume
passing through a state has a greater slope than a line of constant pressure passing through a
state.

c.) The gas undergoes a process in which pressure increases from P1 to P2. Show that the
ratio of the entropy change for an isothermal process to the entropy change for a constant-
volume process is (1 - ). Sketch the process on PV and TS coordinates.

Read : Sketch the process in parts (a), (b) and (c) first to get a better understanding of the
processes.
For part (a) use equations relating entropy to CP and CV.
For part (b) recall that the slope on a TS diagram is (dT/dS).
For part (c) determine S for each process and determine the ratio.

Given : A closed system consisting of an ideal gas with constant specific heat ratio .

Find: Part(a) For the process where the T increases from T
1
to T
2
: show that S is greater if the
change in state occurs at constant P than if it occurs at constant V.

Sketch PV and TS diagrams for the process.

Part(b) Show on a TS diagram that a line of constant specific V passing through a state has a
greater slope than a line of constant P.

Part(c)
For the process where the P increases from P
1
to P
2
: show that the ratio of Sfor an
isothermal process to S for a constant V process is (1 - ).

Sketch PV and TS diagrams for the process.

PAGE 23 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Diagrams :

Part (a) and (b)

Part (c)

Part (a) and (b)

Part (c)

PAGE 24 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Equations / Data / Solve :

Part
a.)
There are two key equations for calculating the entropy change of an ideal gas.

Eqn 1

Eqn
2

For Process 1-A, specific volume is constant. For Process 1-B, pressure is constant.

We can apply Eqn 1 to Process 1-A and Eqn 2 to Process 1-B.

Eqn 3

Eqn
4

Because the specific heats are constant, Eqns 3 & 4 can be integrated to obtain :

Eqn 5

Eqn
6

Notice that both the intial and final temperatures are the same: T
A
= T
B
= T
2
.

Next, we can take the ratio of Eqn 2 to Eqn 1 :

Eqn
7

Cancelling terms in Eqn 7 leaves us with :

Eqn
8

For ideal gases :

Eqn
9

Use Eqn 9 to eliminate C
P
from Eqn 8 :

Eqn
10

Because R and C
V
are both positive numbers, we
can conclude that :

(S
B
- S
1
) > (S
A
- S
1
)
Eqn
1

PAGE 25 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

Part
b.)
Here, we compare, at state 1, (dT/dS)
V
to (dT/dS)
P
.

Since (dT/dS) at fixed V (or fixed P) is :

Eqn 12

In part (a), we showed that, for the same T, S at constant P is greater than S at constant V.

Consequently :

Eqn 13

On a TS Diagram, a constant specific volume line passing through State 1 has a greater slope
than a constant pressure line passing through the same state.

Part
c.)
For Process 1-A, temperature is constant. For Process 1-B, volume is constant.

Apply Eqn 2 to Process 1-A and Eqn 1 to Process 1-B.

Eqn 14

Eqn
15

We need to consider the ratio of Eqn 14 to Eqn 15 and compare its value to 1 to determine which
is greater, S
1-A
or S
1-B
.

Eqn
16

PAGE 26 OF 26 PAGES

SECTION: 1D

But, for ideal gases undergoing a constant volume process 1-B :

Eqn 17 and :

Eqn
18

Therefore :

Eqn
19

Now, we can use Eqns 9 & 19to
simplify Eqn 16 :

Eqn
20

Verify : The assumptions made in this solution cannot be verified with the given information.

Answers: Part a.) (S
B
- S
1
) > (S
A
- S
1
)

Part b.)

Part c.)

Solved Problems 5

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ASSIGNMENT No. 6 TITLE: SOLVED PROBLEMS No. 5

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