INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

AT
TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD
33KV DISTRIBUTION, SELANGOR

BY
THIBAN RAAJ A/L SENTHILAN
(EP086518)

DEPARMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER
ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL
START DATE: 17/2/2014
END DATE: 09/05/2014





THIBAN RAAJ A/L SENTHILAN
(EP086518)
DEPARMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER

CONTENTS OF REPORT

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 COMPANY NAME
1.2 HISTORY OF TNB
1.3 COMPANY PROFILE
1.4 COMPANY VISION
1.5 COMPANY MISSION

CHAPTER 2

TNB POWER SYSTEM

2.1 TNB GENERATION
2.2 TNB TRANSMISSION
2.3 TNB DISTRIBUTION
2.3.1 PENCAWANG MASUK UTAMA
2.3.2 PENCAWANG PEMBAHAGIAN UTAMA
2.3.3 STESEN SUIS UTAMA
2.3.4 PENCAWANG ELETRIK

CHAPTER 3

WORK EXPERIENCE BASED ON DEPARTMENTS

3.1 PLANNING DEPARTMENT
3.2 PROJECT DEPARTMENT
3.3 SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
3.4 CABLE MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
3.5 OVERHEAD LINE MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
3.5 PROTECTION DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
APPENDIX



ABSTRACT

This industrial training report is done as per requirement set by University
academic regulation for the completion of industrial training and to present the
knowledge gained in the 3 months we are in the training. We were required to
complete 3 months/12 weeks of training at the company or organization we
have chosen.
The company that I have joined for my internship is Tenaga Nasional Berhad,
or better known as TNB. TNB is the largest power utility company in
Malaysia and South East Asia, with MYR 99.03 billion worth of assets.
Tenaga Nasional Berhad is divided to several main divisions, mainly TNB
Generation, TNB Transmission and finally TNB Distribution;which serves the
end user customers.
I applied to undergo training at TNB Distribution office for the state of
Selangor. I was posted to the 33kV division of TNB Distribution. TNB
Distribution of also known as TNBD is divided to 2 main division, 33kV and
11kV. TNBD 33kV deals with 33kV voltage which is stepped down from
132kV supplied from TNB Transmission network. Therefore, 33kV division is
the first division to handle incoming voltages from the Generation and
Transmission. TNB D 11kV deals with voltages from 11kV until 415V which
is supplied to light industries and home users.
TNBD Selangor main office is situated at ARAS 9, MENARA MRCB, NO. 2,
JALAN MAJLIS 14/10, SEKSYEN 14, 40000 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
and the Yard is situated at Seksyen 15, Shah Alam. The TNB Yard operates as
the store for equipments,vehicles and for technical staff offices. These two
places are the place where I spent my 3 months of training , with most of the
time, I would follow the technical team to site projects or some days where I
will drive myself to the site if it is nearby or late at night.
Safety is the main priority in TNB and in the first day of site visitation, I was
given a new safety helmet and TNB safety vest to be wore at every site that I
go. During the training, I was joined by another trainee from UNITEN, named
Nurul who is also posted to TNBD Selangor. We both would go to the same
site visit and projects.

Figure 1 Technician and myself in cable pit. Example of safety helmet and safety vest

The training schedule provided to me was comprehensive and complete, as I
was posted to all the department in 33kV division. There are 5 department and
3 sub-department as shown below;

The departments in TNBD 33kV are depended on each other to ensure a
smooth and safe operations of electricity supply to customers and reduce
downtime and complains rate. Tagging along the technical team showed me
the tough job in providing uninterrupted power supply to our customers. We
had to go through jungles, mud, heavy traffic and late nights to ensure TNB
customers can enjoy the ease of life electricity has given us. During this time, I
have learned good work ethics and team work among the staffs.





TNBD 33KV
PROJECT
DEPARTMENT
PLANNING
DEPARTMENT
MAINTAINANCE
DEPARTMENT
CABLE
SUBSTATION
OVERHEAD LINE
PROTECTION
DEPARTMENT
REHAB
DEPARTMENT


CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY

1.1 COMPANY NAME

The name of the company is Tenaga Nasional Berhad or better known as TNB. There
are several sub companies under TNB and the subcompany I am interning is the TNB
Distribution 33kV Selangor.

1.2 HISTORY OF TNB

On 22 June 1965, Central Electricity Board (CEB) of the Federation of Malaya was
renamed as the National Electricity Board of the States of Malaya (NEB). Committed
to long term programme of growth and expansion backed by plans carefully crafted
and laid down in the period of CEB, NEB is now firmly led by a Malaysian as the
CEO.
The National Grid was one of the plans in full motion. The National Grid or Grid
Nasional in Malay is the primary electricity transmission network linking the
electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia.
Electricity generating plants are strategically located at Paka in Terengganu,
Temengor, Kenering, Bersia and Batang Padang in Perak, Connaught Bridge, Kapar
and Serdang in Selangor, Cameron Highlands in Pahang, Prai in Penang, Port
Dickson in Negeri Sembilan, Pergau in Kelantan, Pasir Gudang in Johor and in
Malacca.
The central area network with Connaught Bridge Power Station in Klang was the
precursor of the energy grid; it also tapped into the Cameron Highlands Hydro
scheme from the Sultan Yussuf Power Station, and was extended into a western
network.
Later in the 1980s, the loop was finally complete; it prevailed over some of the most
formidable terrain in the northern Peninsula, and Kota Bahru was successfully placed
within the grid.
The National Grid is also interconnected to the transmission network of the Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) through a 117 MVA, 132 kV Single
Circuit Line, which has since been upgraded to a HVCD line. The Grid is connected
to Singapore Power Limited (SP) through a capacity of 250 MVA 230 kV
transmission lines and submarine cables. These significant connections provided us
the first evidence of rudimentary ASEAN grid on the map.
Plants within the Grid form a power bloc governed by technological alliances and
careful arrangements to further the common good for all. The National Load Despatch
Centre made active communications possible in order to identify the needs of the
community we serve.

Keeping the nation's interest in mind, the government relentlessly pursued its ultimate
objective and two pieces of legislation were passed to replace the existing Electricity
Act, and to provide for the establishment of a new corporation TENAGA
NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB), purposefully replacing the NEB (Successor Company
Act). Datuk Hj. Ibak bin Abu Hussein became the last Deputy Chairman and General
Manager of the NEB and the first Managing Director of TNB.

On 1 September 1990, Prime Minister Dato Seri Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad officially
proclaimed TNB as the heir and successor to NEB. TNB became a private company
wholly-owned by the government; on the same day, Tan Sri Dato Haji (Dr) Ani bin
Arope was appointed Chairman.
1.3 COMPANY PROFILE
Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is the largest electricity utility in Malaysia and a leading
utility company in Asia. Listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia with almost RM87
billion in assets, the Companys more than 33,500 employees serve an estimated 8.3
million customers in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Labuan. TNB has been Keeping the
Lights On in Malaysia ever since it was set up as the Central Electricity Board in 1949,
powering national development via the provision of reliable and efficient electricity.
TNBs core businesses are in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.
In Peninsular Malaysia, the Company supplies households and industry with electricity
generated from six thermal stations and three major hydroelectric schemes. It also
manages and operates the National Grid which links TNB power stations and IPPs to the
distribution network. The grid is connected to Thailands transmission system in the north
and Singapores transmission system in the south. In East Malaysia, TNB has an 80%
equity in Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB), which manages the Sabah Grid.
Other than its core business, TNB has diversified into the manufacture of transformers,
high voltage switchgears and cables; the provision of professional consultancy services;
and architectural, civil, electrical engineering works and services, repair and maintenance.
The Company also engages in research and development, property development and
management services. Tapping into opportunities available overseas, TNB is making
inroads into emerging markets, focusing on the Asia-Pacific, Middle East and North
Africa regions.
In 2005, the Company embarked on a 20-Year Strategic Plan with the ultimate objective
of transforming into a world-class player by the year 2025. To support this vision, TNB
invests significantly in the continuous professional development of its employees through
structured programmes. There is also renewed emphasis on sustainability, both of the
organisation and of the Malaysian environment. The Strategic Plan entails greater focus
on green initiatives such as the development of renewable sources of fuel, and more
effective demand side management via energy efficiency, thus complementing the
Governments carbon reduction agenda.
As a leading Government-linked company, TNB also places strong emphasis on its social
responsibilities. Through its foundation Yayasan Tenaga Nasional (YTN), established in
1993, the Company runs numerous CSR programmes that benefit the underprivileged.
Among its many successful social outreach programmes are those that education via
scholarships and better health for all.
1.4 COMPANY VISION
"To Be Among the Leading Corporations in Energy and Related Businesses Globally"
1.5 COMPANY MISSION
"We Are Committed to Excellence in Our Products and Services"


CHAPTER 2
TNB ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

Figure 2 General view of TNB Electrical System
2.1 TNB GENERATION
Generation station is the main source in TNB for generate electricity. The Generation
division owns and operates thermal assets and hydroelectric generation schemes in Peninsular
Malaysia and it has a generation capacity of 11,296 MW.
2.1.1 TNB GENERATION POWER STATIONS
2.1.1.1 HYDROPOWERED POWER PLANTS
Sungai Perak hydroelectric schemes, with 649 MW installed capacity:
Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Power Station 72 MW
Chenderoh Power Station 40.5 MW
Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station 120 MW
Sungai Piah Upper Power Station 14.6 MW
Sungai Piah Lower Power Station 54 MW
Temenggor Power Station 348 MW
Sungai Terengganu hydroelectric scheme, with 400 MW installed capacity:
Sultan Mahmud Power Station 400 MW
Sungai Pergau hydroelectric scheme, with 600MW installed capacity:
Sultan Ismail Petra Power Station Pergau Dam 600MW
Cameron Highlands hydroelectric scheme, with 262 MW installed capacity:
Sultan Yusof Jor Power Station 100 MW
Sultan idris Woh Power Station 150 MW
Odak Power Station 4.2 MW
Habu Power Station 5.5 MW
Kampong Raja Power Station 0.8 MW
Kampong Terla Power Station 0.5 MW
Robinson Falls Power Station 0.9 MW
Independent hydroelectric schemes
Sg Kenerong Small Hydro Power Station in Kelantan at Sungai Kenerong, 20 MW
owned by Musteq Hydro Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Eden Inc Berhad

2.1.1.2 GAS FIRED POWER PLANTS
Connaught Bridge Power Station
Genting Sanyen Kuala Langat Power Plant
Karambunai Power Station
Lumut GB3 Power Station
Lumut Power Station
Nur Generation Plants
Paka power station
Pasir Gudang power station
Petronas Gas Centralized Utilities Facilities (CUF)
Port Dickson Power Station
Prai power station
Putrajaya Power Station
Sarawak Power Generation Plant
Sepanggar Bay Power Plant
Sultan Iskandar Power Station
Sultan Ismail Power Station
Tanjung Kling Power Station
Telok Gong Power Station 1
Telok Gong Power Station 2
Teknologi Tenaga Perlis Consortium
Tuanku Jaafar Power Station
2.1.1.3 COAL FIRED POWER PLANTS
Jimah Power Station
Manjung Power Station
PPLS Power Generation Plant
Sejingkat Power Corporation Plant
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station
Tanjung Bin Power Station


2.1.1.4 OIL FIRED POWER PLANTS
Gelugor Power Station Penang at Teluk Ewa
Melawa Power Station Sabah in Melawa
Sandakan Power Corporation Plant Sabah at Sandakan
Stratavest Power Station Sabah at Sandakan
Tawau Power Plant Sabah at Tawau






















2.2 TNB TRANSMISSION



TNB has transmission including the National Grid which is energized at 132, 275 and
500 kilovolt (kV), with its tallest electricity pylon in Malaysia and the National Grid
is linked via 132 kV HVAC and 300 kV HVDC interconnection to Thailand and 230
kV cables to Singapore. More than 420
[4]
transmission substations in the Peninsular
are linked together by approximately 11,000 km
[5]
of transmission lines operating at
132, 275 and 500 kilovolts (kV). The 500 kV transmission system is the single largest
transmission system to be ever developed in Malaysia. Begun in 1995, Phase 1
involved the design and construction of the 500kV overhead transmission lines
from Gurun, Kedah in the North along the west coast to Kapar, in the central region
and from Pasir Gudang to Yong Peng in the south of Peninsular Malaysia.
The total distance covered for the 500 kV transmission lines is 522 km and the 275
kV portion is 73 km. Of the lines constructed, only the Bukit Tarek to Kapar sections
had been energized at 500 kV. The remaining lines are presently energized at 275 kV.
Later, in order to cater for the additional power transmission requirements from the
2,100 megawatt (MW) Manjung Power Station, the 500 kV system was extended
from Bukit Tarek to Air Tawar and from Air Tawar to Manjung Power Station. In
2006, the 500 kV lines between Bukit Batu and Tanjung Bin were commissioned to
carry the power generated by the 2,100 MW Tanjung Bin Power Station.








2.3 TNB DISTRIBUTION
The Distribution division conducts the distribution network operations and electricity
retail operations of TNB. The division plans, constructs, operates, performs repairs
and maintenance and manages the assets of the 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV and
415/240 volt in the Peninsular Malaysia distribution network. To conduct
its electricity retailing business, it operates a network of state and area offices to
purchase electricity from embedded generators, market and sell electricity, connect
new supply, provide counter services, collect revenues, operate call management
centers, provide supply restoration services, and implements customer and
government relationships
The substations under the governance of TNB Distribution is the PMU-Pencawang
Masuk Utama , PPU- Pencawang Pembahagian Utama, SSU-Stesen Suis Utama, PE-
Pencawang Eletrik and feeder pillars.








2.3.1 PENCAWANG MASUK UTAMA
Pencawang Masuk Utama is the interconnection point of 132kV or
275kV to the distribution network. The standard transmission capacity
and voltage transformation provided at the PMU are as follows:-

- 132/33kV, 2 x 90 MVA
- 132 /11 kV, 2 x 30 MVA

Figure 3 90MVA Step Down TX




Figure 4 30MVA Step Down TX













2.3.2 PENCAWANG PEMBAHAGIAN UTAMA
Main Distribution Sub-station is normally applicable to 33kV for
interconnecting 33kV networks with 11 kV networks. It provides
capacity injection into 11 kV network through a standardized
transformation of 33/11 kV.




2.3.3 STESEN SUIS UTAMA
SSU at 33kV, 22kV and 11 kV are established to serve the following
function:-
1. To supply a dedicated bulk consumer ( 33kV, 22kV, 11 kV)
2. To provide bulk capacity injection or transfer from a PMU/PPU to a
load center for further localized distribution.

2.3.4 PENCAWANG ELEKTRIK
Distribution sub-stations are capacity injection points from 11 kV,
22kV and sometimes 33kV systems to the low voltage network (415V,
240V). Typical capacity ratings are 1000kVA, 750kVA, 500kVA and
300kVA.

Conventional substation designs are of indoor type (equipment housed
in a permanent building) and out-door type (ground-mounted or pole-
mounted). Standardized M & E design of 11/. 433kV sub-station is
available at TNB offices. Compact substation (11 /. 415kV) has limited
application and is to be strictly applied in selective situations under the
following circumstances:-

System reinforcement projects for highly built-up areas where
substation land is difficult to acquire.
Any request to use compact substation for dedicated supply to
a single or limited group of low voltage consumers is subject
to TNB approval in accordance to site constraints situation,
and to be considered as special feature design schemes.


Figure 5 Standalone Substation


Figure 6 Pole Mounted Substation

CHAPTER 3

WORK EXPERIENCE BASED ON DEPARTMENTS

3.1 PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Planning department is the first department I was posted to during the training period.
The planning department is responsible in planning out the entire TNB system in the
region they are in control. Application for new power supply to new housing or industrial
projects are forwarded to this department for consideration and feasibility. Ms.Kumutha
is one of the engineer in Planning Department. She taught me and my intern partner,
Nurul valuable lesson of Planning Guidelines and Distribution Code for TNB system
planning. This department handles a lot of guidelines and law in creating the perfect and
stable system for the applicants before approval is given. Many meetings will be held
before a project approval is given. Other than planning system for new applications,
Planning Department also does Planning Cycle study at 33kV system. It is done to
accommodate changes to the 33kV system.
3.1.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Single line diagram are mostly used to visualize the complex detailed drawing of TNB
system map. It simplifies the map to a manageable size to see where and which substation
are connected to each other. Planning engineers should be good in reading and making a
single line diagram to assess the stability of the system. I was tasked to do a single line
diagram based on a system map given by my engineer on the Puchong area. I was given
the detailed plan of the Puchong area system map and asked to convert it into SLD.

Figure 7 Detailed System Map of Puchong

The blue lines represents the existing cables that are between these substations and the
green lines represents the cables that are planned to be connected between these stations.
The reason of using multiple cables are to carry more load between stations and ensure
less fault time.
3.1.2 NTL (NON TRANSFERABLE LOAD) AND BOTTLENECK
Bottleneck are a situation where required amount of power ie.MW could not be supplied
to a substation during outage. The causes of bottleneck is mainly due to cables used are
not in the same type or the load is more than what the cable could carry. TNB uses
XLPE,630mmp , Aluminium 1 core cable. The maximum load carrying capacity of this
XLPE cable is 30MVA,equivalent to 27MW at 0.9power factor. In some area in other
states, there are cables which are the Copper core cables. Copper core cables are the
cables laid during the 1970s and now discontinued. Bottleneck can occurs in circuits
utilizing this 2 type of cables in the same circuit because Copper core cables can carry
42.5MVA,a significantly higher load then Aluminium XLPE cable.

In the figure above we can see a simple Single Line Diagram representing an electrical
circuit. 2 PMUs and 2 PPU are connected together with Aluminium cables with one
NOP( normally off point ) between the 2 PPU. NOP are switch point which are usually in
open position during normal operation. In the event of shutdown or breakdown in either
PPU, this NOP will be closed to join PMU A and PPU 1 to take care of loads in PPU 2.
CASE STUDY

PMU A is connected to PPU 1 which has a load of 20MW with a single Aluminum cable.
PMU B is connected to PPU 2 which has load of 20MW with a single Copper cable.
CASE 1

Cable connecting PMU A and PPU 1 has been broken. NOP must be closed to bring
supply from PPU 2. PPU 2 is connected to the PMU B via a Copper cable which can
carry 42.5MVA load which is far higher than the combined load of 40MW. Therefore
bottleneck does not occur.


CASE 2

Cable connecting PMU B and PPU2 has been broken and NOP has been closed to ensure
continuous supply. However PMU A and PPU 2 cannot handle the total load of 40MW
because this circuit is using an Aluminum cable which is only rated until 27MW load.
Therefore 13MW of load cannot be supported by the PPU 2.
This kind of bottleneck will increase fault and tripping in the circuit as many PPU might
not be able to support the increase of load above its rated usage. If similar type of cables
are used in the circuit, the Planning Department can accurately find out high load area and
approved the installation of more cables to connect the substations together to ensure
system stability.
Most of the PPU and PMU are connected via 2 cables running parrallel carrying 50% of
load each to reduce this bottleneck and downtime problem. In the case of one cable going
faulty, the 2
nd
cable can automatically carry full load of 27MW to continue supplying
power.



3.1.3 PLANNING CYCLE
Planning cycle is an annual exercise carried out by the Planning Department to foresee
and forecast the load requirement of the existing system and making adjustments to
accommodate any changes that might occur.
STEP 1-LOAD FORECASTING
Using historical data of Electrical Sales in Selangor since 1994, we come up a
trend line to see how the electrical growth is going to be and we will forecast for
20 years of development. A software called Forecast Pro is used to find out the
percentage of growth in the area the forecasting is carried out.
STEP 2 LOAD DISAGGREGATION
After finding out the percentage of load growth, we model it into the current load
of the area. Example : Petaling Jaya. In 2014 , Petaling Jaya requires 1000MW of
load for a stable system. In Petaling Jaya alone ,we have 7 PMU with 2 x 90MVA
transformers each. Lets take PMU A with 2 x 90MVA transformers.
PMU A
2014 --------------------70 MW
2015 ---------------------72MW
2016 ---------------------74MW YEARLY GROWTH


85MW


Every transformer in every TNB substations are loaded up to 50% capacity only as
standard practice. The reason for this practice is that in an event of fault in one
transformer, the 2
nd
transformer can carry the full load and the station can continue
supplying power as usual. In this case, this PMU A can carry the load for several
years without needing any modification and staying at the 50% loading capacity
limit.

3.1.4 33KV NETWORK

TNB Selangor employs n-1 network for most of its electrical network. N-1 source
network means if the is any fault in one source,which is the PMU , the PPU can be
supplied from another PMU, ensuring a steady supply. N-1 feeder element means 2
cable connecting the PPU and PMU. This n-1 network system is used to reduce
downtime caused by fault and for steady supply. In high risk areas such as
Putrajaya and KLIA, n-2 feeder element is used. N-2 feeder element has 2 cables
carrying load parallel,ie if the load is 10MW, each cable carries 5MW each so if
there is any fault in any cable, the second cable can start carrying the full load
automatically whereas in n-1 feeder element, an Authorised Personnel has to go the
substation to turn on the NOP and connect the two PPUs together.
A 33kV PPU usually has 2 transformers rated at 30MVA each. Each transformers
are loaded at 50 % capacity which is known as firm capacity. Any loading above
50% is known as above firm capacity and load desegregation exercise has to be
carried out by Planning Department to move the extra load to either a low loading
PPU or build a new PPU nearby to accommodate the extra loading.
33kv Network in Selangor utilizes 2-1-2 network which complies to n-1 feeder
element-cable backup and n-1 source-PMU backup. All this system and exercise is
in place to make sure the customers receives uninterrupted power supply all day
long.
3.1.5 DC SYSTEM
In a substation, DC system is used to supply DC voltages to protection devices and
support system in Switchgears, Control Panel and Relay activation. 11kV
substation uses 30V of DC voltage whereas in 33kV substation uses 110V DC. The
DC system is supplied via a battery bank located inside the substation building to
support the DC system during power outage. A PPU has a battery bank of 88
cells@ 1.25V each. The batteries are usually made off Lead Acid or Nickel
Cadmium cells.



3.1.6 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS


PMU 275/33/11KV , 132/33/11KV , 132/11KV
PPU - 33/11KV
PE 33KV/415V , 33KV/0.433V ,

DISTRIBUTION
PENCAWANG MASUK
UTAMA
PENCAWANG
PEMBAHAGIAN UTAMA
STESEN SUIS UTAMA PENCAWANG ELEKTRIK
3.2 PROJECT DEPARTMENT
Project and Construction Department is the department where new approved
substations, underground cable projects are carried out after approval from Planning
Department is given. These department are responsible for every new project TNB
carries out and must ensure all projects are down up to TNBs standards. These
department also deals with a lot of procedures and laws to ensure a quality station is
built and commissioned.
3.2.1 PROCEDURES INVOLVED
1. Project Implementation Report
2. Prosidur Proses Tender Projek 33kV
3. Prosidur Proses Mesyuarat Kick-off
4. Prosidur Mendapatkan Kelulusan Lukisan dan Permit Mula Kerja
5. Prosidur Proses Factory Acceptance Test
6. Prosidur Proses Kerja di Tapak Bangunan
7. Prosidur Proses Kerja di Tapak Pepasangan 33kV
8. Prosidur Sijil Pelepasan Pepasangan (Clearance Certificate)
9. Prosidur Pengeluaran Take Over Certificate ( TOC)
10. Prosidur Proses Completion Cert dan Pembayaran Wang Tahanan
Akhir
11. Prosidur Mendapatkan Kelulusan Perubahan Harga
12. Prosidur Proses Pembayaran untuk Perkhidmatan dan Bekalan
13. Prosidur Mendapatkan Kelulusan Tambahan Masa
14. Prosidur Proses Dokumen Tender Bahagian Pentadbiran, Jabatan
Perancangan dan Pembangunan Aset
15. Prosidur Proses Mesyuarat Pemantauan
3.2.2 HOW PROJECT DEPARTMENT WORKS

In the work done by Project Department can be divided into 2 main jobs. One is
cabling works and also substation works. Cabling works is about laying new cables
between an existing station to a new one or adding new cables between 2 old stations
to improve bottlenecks. TNB utilizes 33kv XLPE Aluminum single core cables in its
system. The cables are laid in bundles of 3, the red phase, blue phase and yellow
phase. Pilot cables are also laid parallel to the power cables. Pilot cables are
communication cables that connects 2 substations protection equipment to carry fault
data. Each cable drum has 500metres of XLPE cable.



STATE 33KV
BILL OF QUANTITY
TENDER PROCESS
FLOAT TENDER
SITE VISIT
SIT FOR TENDER
COMMITTEE
WORK AT SITE
COMMISSIONING
PROVIDE WARRANTY
FOR 1 YEAR
PROJECT DEPT
Pilot cable
For substation works, Project Department are tasked to build and commission new
PPU and P/E. PMU building and commissioning comes under TNB Transmission
therefore 33kV Project Planning is not involved in PMU building. Project Department
must install new transformers, Switchgears, Low Voltage Distribution Box, Battery
Equipment for DC System and Control Panel Relay. Project Department also has to
carry out Installation and Commissioning Test with the Substation Maintenance
Department and building contractor to ensure all equipment is installed and working
as it should.
3.2.3 MAJOR EQUIPMENTS IN A SUBSTATION
3.2.3.1 SWITCHGEAR
Switchgear is a common term used to describe a switching device and their
combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating
equipment with is accessories, enclosure and supporting structures. Switchgear
is a combination of two units of switches for the incoming and outgoing
feeders and also as circuit breaker for the transformer feeders. Operations of
the breakers are done via a control panel remotely, or by operating handle
manually. Current switchgears fitted in TNB substation are SF6 gas insulated
switchgears or commonly known as GIS. There are also Vacuum Circuit
Breakers or known as VCB, Oil Circuit Breaker and also Gas circuit breaker.
Gas Insulated Switchgear can reduce the risk of arcing and flashovers during
switching as the process is done within the confines of the switchgear
enclosure. The same goes to the VCB switchgear.

Figure 8 VCB Switchgears at PPU Setiawalk

Figure 9 Inside GIS Switchgear

Figure 10 Back of the Switchgear
COMPONENTS IN SWITCHGEAR
I. Fuse in transformer feeder
Switch is capable to trip and isolate the supply automatically during overload
and fault conditions. In order to trip and isolate, a medium voltage fuse is used
to trigger the tripping mechanism. The size of fuse depends on the ability of
transformer and incomer feeder voltage.
II. Interlocks
It is is prepared with mechanical interlocking facilities to ensure safety.

III. Indicators
Every feeder to give indication if the every phase of the feeder is live or not.
IV. Gas Gauge
The level of gas in gauge indicates whether enough level of SF
6
is present
inside the tank especially prior to operation of the switches.

FUSE RATING IN SWITCHGEAR













1. Pedestal 11. Mechanism Front Cover
2. Cable Clamp 12. Ledge for Voltage Indicator
3. High Voltage Compartment 13. HRC Fuse Tripping Linkage
(gas tight tank) 14. Plug Fixing Bracket
4. Cable Connection Adapter 15. Upper Fuse Plug
5. Bushing 16. Fuse Cover
6. Operating Shaft Socket 17. Lower Fuse Plug
7. Position Indicator 18. Interlocked Front Cover
8. Voltage Indicator
9. Gas Pressure Gauge
10. Lifting Lug
3.2.3.2 TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static piece of equipment with two or more windings which
by electromagnetic induction, transfers alternating voltage (AC Voltage) from
a primary coil winding to a secondary coil winding. A transformer may be
used as a safe and efficient voltage converter to change the AC voltage at its
input to a higher or lower voltage at its output without changing the frequency.
Other uses include current conversion, isolation with or without changing
voltage and impedance conversion. An alternating electric current flowing
through the primary winding (coil) of a transformer generates a varying
electromagnetic field in its surroundings which induces a varying magnetic
flux in the core of the transformer. The varying electromagnetic field in the
vicinity of the secondary winding induces an electromotive force in the
secondary winding, which appears as a voltage across the output terminals. If
a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current flows through the
secondary winding drawing power from the primary winding and its power
source. Rated power is a conventional value of apparent power indicating the
capacity of the transformer in kVA or MVA. In normal TNB Distribution
substations, 2 transformers are usually utilised and rated at 7.5MVA ,
15MVA, 30MVA, and 90MVA.





COMPONENTS AND TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
I. Hermitical Seal Transformer









1. High Voltage Bushing 10. Low Voltage Bimetal Lug
2. Sampling/Drain Valve 11. Low Voltage Bushing
3. Jacking Pad 12. Top-Mounted Thermometer
4. Corrugated Fin Wall
5. Off Circuit Tap Changer
6. High Voltage Bimetal Lug
7. Pressure Relief Device (PRD)
8. Oil Level Gauge
9. Low Voltage Bushing Flag




Hermetically sealed type is more advantageous compared with the conservator
type transformer. The main advantage is that the oil is not in contact with the
atmosphere, thus avoiding absorption of moisture and oxygen from the
environment that can speed up the degradation process of the insulation.
II. Conservative Tank Transformer

1. Cooling Radiator 12.Main Conservator
2. Main Tank 13.OLTC Conservator
3. Motor Drive Unit (MDU) 14.Pressure Relief Device (PRD)
4. Lifting Lug for Complete Unit 15.CT Terminal Box
5. High Voltage Cable Box 16.Local Control Panel (LCP)
6. Oil Level Indicator 17.Inspection Vent
7. Cable Box Breather 18.Low Voltage Cable Box
8. Buchholz Relay 19.Lifting Lug for Cover
9. Cooling Fan 20.On Load Tap Changer (OLTC)
10. Core Earth Box 21.Top Cover
11. Air Leak Detector


Figure 11 30MVA Conservative Tank Transformer

Inside of the transformer, the coils are kept cool using insulating fluid which is
a mineral oil, called Hyrax oil. This oil keeps the coils in normal operating
temperature and reduces electrical flashovers. The transformer also has to
water and moisture proof so silica gel is used to remove moisture from the air
that goes into the transformers and into the oil.

Old Silica Gel
New Silica Gel


TYPE OF COOLING SYSTEM IN TRANSFORMERS


Usually in the substation, ONAN cooling system are used in transformers. It
indicates oil natural air natural. The heated oil circulates in the transformer
tank by the principle of natural convection and it is cooled by the natural air.
Cooling fins and radiators provide the means of increasing the area for heat
dissipation.







3.3 MAINTAINANCE UNIT SUBSTATION
As the name suggests, TNB Distribution 33kV has a maintenance unit that comprises
maintains its assets and equipment in proper working condition. This unit ensures all
switchgears and transformers are working in proper condition. This substation
maintenance unit is responsible in making sure a substation is operating well. There
are several maintenance procedures such as Preventive Maintenance, Condition Based
Maintenance, Scheduled Shutdown and also Breakdown Shutdown. Scheduled
shutdown are usually half substation shutdown or one transformer shutdown to do
periodical maintenance whereas breakdown shutdown are usually if there are any
catastrophic failure to the equipment such as fire or transformer fault which requires
the substation to go offline. Authorized Personnel or known as AP is the main man in
the technical part of this unit as he is the only person who has the license or the rights
to do switching to the switchgears. AP has to do the switching in order for
maintenance work to be carried out in an orderly and safe manner. He has to issue a
Work Permit and carry out safety checks before handing over to the technicians.

3.3.1 SWITCHING
Every step of switching is very important and must take it seriously. The switching
steps are shown as below:
1. Before we do anything, we must write down all the switching procedure clearly and
explain to competent person (CP).
2. Every switching, authorize person (AP) must accompany by a CP because CP will
observe whether AP is doing the right procedure for switching.
3. AP must make sure inside the substation has enough lighting to do switching.
4. AP must ensure in front of switching panel has a rubber map on floor for safety
purpose.
5. AP must wear personal protective equipment (PPE) fully such as fire redundant suit,
glove, safety helmet with vessel and safety boots.
6. AP have to make sure and check all the tools are in good condition and fulfill TNB
standard and record down in a check list.
7. AP must record down every load reading before and after inside a log book for their
reference.
8. Before switching, AP must check whether switch gear is in good condition to do
switching. Standard checking can be done with checking SF
6
gas gauge at the switch
gear or checking whether get ozone smells from the switch gear.
9. Every switching activities must come out with four important steps which are switch
off, rank out, prove dead and earth on.
10. Phasing stick is used to prove the system is dead. There are two types of phasing
stick:
Subtraction phasing stick in phase will show 0V.
Addition phasing stick in phase will show 12.6V.
11. Non-standard lock is need to lock at the switch gear handle termination partial
discharge spout (PDS) to prevent anonymous people go and do dangerous
switching.
12. Precaution notice need to put on the non standard lock and written person in
charge and contact number.
13. Dangerous notice needed to put in front of work space to aware public on safety.
14. Permit to work (PTW) can be issued to contractor when the system is proven
dead and earth on.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AND IMPORTANT EQUIPMENT










3.3.2 OLTC (ON LOAD TAP CHANGER) MAINTENANCE
SAFETY HELMET WITH VISOR FIRE REDUNDANT SUIT
HAND GLOVE
PHASING STICK
FULL SUIT DURING
SWITCHING
A tap changer is a connection point selection mechanism along a
power transformer winding that allows a variable number of turns to be
selected in discrete steps. A transformer with a variable turns ratio is
produced, enabling stepped voltage regulation of the output. The tap selection
may be made via an automatic or manual tap changer mechanism. For many
power transformer applications, a supply interruption during a tap change is
unacceptable, and the transformer is often fitted with a more expensive and
complex on-load tap-changing (OLTC, sometimes LTC) mechanism. On-load
tap changers may be generally classified as either mechanical, electronically
assisted, or fully electronic.
3.3.2.1 OLTC MAINTENANCE
OLTC maintenance is done in this following steps :
Transformer tap has to be changed manually to tap 9B or MR branded tap
changer or tap 9 for other brand of tap changer. These tap are d
maintenance tap and the diverter switch can be lifted out.
Draining the on-load tap changer oil from the diverter switch oil
compartment. Old mineral oil is removed from the tank and stored in
empty barrel
Removing the diverter switch insert using the lifting device.
Performing maintenance on the diverter switch insert and cleaning the
diverter switch oil compartment. Diverter switch is wiped clean off carbon
and dirt.
Installing the diverter insert with the lifting device.
Filling the diverter switch oil compartment and the oil conservator with
fresh oil. Hyrax oil is used as the insulating oil
Performing maintenance on the motor drive, protective relay and drive
shafts.
Performing operational checks and recommissioning.






ON TOP OF TRANFORMER. DIVERTER SWITCH CAN BE SEEN.
MINERAL OIL HAS BEEN REMOVED
THIS MODEL OF TAP CHANGER IS SIDE LOADED. THIS IS A VERY OLD
TAP CHANGER AND DOESNT HAVE A REMOVABLE DIVERTER SWITCH




DIVERTER SWITCH REMOVED
AND CLEANED
3.3.3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
As we have known earlier, preventive maintenance is done to avoid major preventable
fault from occurring and ensure the system is stable and functioning well. Preventive
maintenance is done is a scheduled way where half busbar will be shutdown to allow
preventive maintenance to be carried out. Half bus bar shutdown means one
transformer is shut down and the load is carried by the 2
nd
transformer, in line with
the 50% load requirement set by the Substation guidelines.
3.3.3.1 CIRCUIT BREAKER MAINTENANCE
Circuit breaker maintenance is done to remove dusts and ensure all moving parts are
moving freely. Switching is done to isolate the breakers and circuit breakers are
racked out. WD40 lubricant is used prevalently and a cleaning solution is used to
wipe the dirt as water may cause moisture condensation in the breaker and cause
flashover.

Opening the front over of
11kV Circuit Breaker truck
Cleaning the inside of the
busbar


33kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker racked out


11kV circuit breaker with front cover
removed



3.3.4 CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE (CBM)
Condition-based maintenance (CBM), shortly described, is maintenance when need
arises. This maintenance is performed after one or more indicators show that
equipment is going to fail or that equipment performance is deteriorating.
This concept is applicable to mission critical systems that incorporate active
redundancy and fault reporting. It is also applicable to non-mission critical systems
that lack redundancy and fault reporting.
Condition-based maintenance was introduced to try to maintain the correct equipment
at the right time. CBM is based on using real-time data to prioritize and optimize
maintenance resources. Observing the state of the system is known as condition
monitoring. Such a system will determine the equipment's health, and act only when
VCB NAME PLATE
maintenance is actually necessary. Ideally condition-based maintenance will allow the
maintenance personnel to do only the right things, minimizing spare parts cost, system
downtime and time spent on maintenance.
3.3.4.1 TECHNIQUES USED IN CBM
Transformers
Thermography Hotspots
Oil analysis -Oil condition & content
Frequency response analysis -Frequency response
Surface conductivity measurement -Pollution level
Circuit breakers
Thermography -Hotspots
Coil current analysis (CCA) Coil current
Dynamic resistance measurement Dynamic resistance
Surface conductivity measurement -Pollution level





Circuit Breaker Timing Test
Partial Discharge detection tool



3.4 MAINTENANCE UNIT CABLE
As the name suggests, Cable maintenance unit deals with medium voltage
underground cable maintenance. Medium voltage underground cables are cables that
carries 33kV load from PMU to PPU and henceforth. This unit also deals with
breakdowns and repair works as cables are the main lifeline in power transmission.
3.4.1 TYPES OF CABLES
TNB utilized several types of underground cables in the past but currently in the
process of standardizing all cables to the same type to reduce bottleneck in the power
system.
o 33 kV, XLPE, single core, 630 mm
2
Aluminium
o 11 kV, XLPE, single core, 500 mm
2
Aluminium, with M16 bolts
o 11 kV, XLPE, three core, 240 mm
2
Aluminium, with M12 bolts
XLPE, is a form of polyethylene with cross-links. It is formed into tubing, and is used
predominantly in building services pipework systems, hydronic radiant heating and
cooling systems, domestic water piping, and insulation for high tension (high voltage)
electrical cables.









3.4.2 CABLE LAYING
TNB underground cables are laid in trenches or through HDD technique. 2 set
of cables with red, yellow and blue phase are laid together with pilot cable
between them. The depth of the cable pit are usually 6 feets.
CROSS SECTION OF A 630MM ALUMINIUM SINGLE
CORE CABLE












Concrete slab indicating the cables are laid on top of the power cables. The
purpose of this slab is to avoid accidental damage during excavation. Below
the concrete slab, the cable pit is filled with fine sand and on top of the slab
with more fine sand and rocks and finally sealed with premix tar.
33kV cable Pilot cable

Power cable and pilot cable
Concrete slab

3.4.3 JOINTS

o Connector: Aluminum or Copper depending on conductor type. For
crimped type the size depends on conductor size whereas mechanical type
has range taking capability.
o Semi-conducting conductor shield: Same function as conductor shield of
cable.
o Insulation: Usually EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) rubber
material and silicone.
o Semi-conducting insulation shield: Same function as insulation shield of
cable.
o Metallic Shield: Breaded Copper Strip or Copper stocking bonded with the
main cable copper tape at both ends.
o Outer Protection: Resin to protect joint body from mechanical damage.
3.4.4 CABLE FAULT DETECTION
Cable fault are fault that occurs at joints or on the cable itself. This type of
faults required that section of cable to be dug up and replaced. Joint fault
requires new joints to be done.Medium Voltage Cable joints dominant failure
modes identified by TNB Distribution Division are localized defect caused by
assembly error, localized defect caused by material defect and insulation
ageing. For terminations additional dominant failure modes
identified by TNB Distribution Division are localized defect caused by enviro
nmental stresses, localized defect caused by insulator tracking and insulation
ageing due to water penetration. Most of the above failure modes progress
slowly to deteriorate the condition of the joints and terminations over time.
3.4.4.1 DEVICES USED IN FAULT DETECTION
The steps in a correct approach for cable fault location are in the proper
sequence as follows:
o Analysis of fault
o Pre location
o Pin Pointing
o Confirmation and re-test

The exact location of cables and conductors is an essential aspect of modern
cable fault finding and helps to save existing cable networks from damage.
Pin-pointing is the application of a test that positively confirms the exact
position of the fault. Before the commencement of pin-pointing, the pre
located fault distance should be marked on the cable route which is measured
by means of a trumeter. The fault can be detected by the use of a semisphone.
This method is also known as thumping method as a thumping sound can be
heard at the fault location.









Fault detected
Fault marked














Fault found
Cable has been replaced and joint
3.5 MAINTENANCE UNIT OVERHEAD LINES
Overhead maintenance unit is responsible for medium voltage overhead lines that runs
in the interior parts of Selangor. Overhead lines are used in long lines where
underground cables are not feasible and too costly to install. Places such as Kuala
Selangor and Rawang has a lot of overhead lines to carry supply to those areas. In some
areas, 33kV overhead lines run in parallel with 132kV TNB Transmission lines. Cables
used in overhead lines are bare aluminium 150mmp Silmalec cables.

3.5.1 MAIN COMPONENTS OF OVERHEAD LINES
Conductor which carries electrical power from substations to another
Supports which maybe the poles or tower to keep the conductors in a suitable
height. In this case its poles.
Insulators which are attached to support and insulate the conductor from ground.


H-Pole



These two type of poles are predominately used in TNB overhead system.
Conductor cables hangs from insulating dish and kept in tension. These insulating
dish are usually made of glass or ceramic for its insulating properties.
Line Tensioner pole

3.5.2 AUTO RECLOSER
Autorecloser, is a circuit breaker equipped with a mechanism that can
automatically close the breaker after it has been opened due to a fault. Reclosers
are used on overhead distribution systems to detect and interrupt momentary
faults. Since many short-circuits on overhead lines clear themselves, a recloser
improves service continuity by automatically restoring power to the line after a
momentary fault. Two main brands used in TNB is NuLec and Entec.
Autorecloser comes with its own control panel which can be operated remotely
via SCADA.

Auto Recloser

The control system for a recloser allows a selected number of attempts to restore
service after adjustable time delays. For example a recloser may have 2 or 3 "fast"
reclose operations with a few seconds delay, then a longer delay and one reclose;
if the last attempt is not successful, the recloser will lock out and require human
intervention to reset. If the fault is a permanent fault (downed wires, tree branches
lying on the wires, etc.) the autorecloser will exhaust its pre-programmed attempts
to re-energize the line and remain tripped off until manually commanded to try
again. About 80-90% of faults on overhead power lines are transient and can be
cured by autoreclosing.


NuLec Control Panel


3.6 PROTECTION UNIT
Protection unit is the unit responsible for maintenance of control panels, relays,
battery banks and other power protection equipment inside of a substation. Protection
systems usually comprise five components:
Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltages and currents
of the electrical power system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with;
Protective relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order;
Circuit breakers to open/close the system based on relay and autorecloser
commands;
Batteries to provide power in case of power disconnection in the system.
Communication channels to allow analysis of current and voltage at remote
terminals of a line and to allow remote tripping of equipment.
TNB utilizes a combination of analogue and digital relays for its tripping circuit such
as Over current earth fault, alarms and earth faults. Protection Unit also carries out
Fault data is being downloaded to
be analysed
transformer ratio test to ensure the tap changer is attached back properly after an
OLTC maintenance is done.






3.6.1 CONTROL PANEL
Control panels are essentially an enclosure to mount relays and meter to
monitor and remotely trip the switchgears in cases of shut down or
automatically due to fault. Control panels also will indicate the source and
type of fault that has occurred so proper actions can be taken.




3.6.2 RELAYS
Protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is
detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on
coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating
conditions such as over-current, over-voltage, over- and under- frequency.
Microprocessor-based digital protection relays now emulate the original devices,
as well as providing types of protection and supervision impractical with
electromechanical relays.
Over current relay
A digital over current relay is a type of protective relay which operates when the
load current exceeds a preset value. In a typical application the over current
relay is connected to a current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above
a specific current level. When the relay operates, one or more contacts will
operate and energize to trip (open) a circuit breaker. An analogue relay uses
electromagnetic to activate the coils to trip the circuit.


Analogue Relay




3.6.3 SCADA
An overcurrent and earth fault relay test to ensure the required tripping time is
achieved
The full form of SCADA system is Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It
is a concept used to describe a system that enables control and monitoring of
devices or equipment remotely. SCADA system is used to assist the operation
and management of transmission and distribution of electricity. The advantages
of using SCADA system are optimization of plant processes and provide
operations that are more efficient, reliable and safer. There are three main
mechanism in SCADA system, master system, communication system and
remote terminal unit (RTU). The flow of communication is like this, remote
terminal unit is collecting field data and sending data back to a master system
via a communication system. The master system is located in Regional Control
Centres (RCC). RCCs are located at Kuala Lumpur for southern areas and
Seberang Jaya for northern areas.






Master System
Master System is fundamentally a network of computer subsystems with many
functions to support the operation of the SCADA based control centre. Master
system consists of three main subsystems, front-end subsystem, back-end
subsystem and Human Machine Interface (HMI) subsystem.


Function of Subsystems:
I. Front-End Subsystem
Receive data from RTU then send it to back-end system
Receive control requests from back-end system and send it to RTU
II. Back-End Subsysten
processes control commands received from (HMI), packages it and sends
to front-end subsystem
processes data received from front-end subsystem and sends to HMI
III. Human Machine Interface Subsystem (HMI)
processes controller commands and send to back-end subsystem
receives information from back-end subsystem and presents it visually on
monitors
Communication System
The main function of communication system is to transfer data between RCC
and RTU. The communication mediums as shown below:
I. Fibre Optics IV. GPRS
II. Pilot Cable V. Radio
III. Leased Lines VI. Microwave
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Generally the RTU is installed in a substation. The function of RTU is to
collect data from the remote station, processes and executes control commands
from the master system. RTU can be classified into 2 types as shown below:
I. RTU for SSU 33kV
RTU cubicle is Floor-Standing type
DC supply is 110 VDC
Generally located in Control Room beside Supervisory Interface Panel

3.6.4 BATTERY BANK AND DC SYSTEM
Battery is used as support to supply station auxiliaries whenever station
AC supply fails. It is intended to supply for 5 hours during any station
AC supply blackout. It also serves as an extra DC source whenever the
station DC load requires supply more than what can be delivered by
the charger. While the charger is a tool that rectifies AC supply into
DC. It is to charge the standby battery bank during usual operation.
Battery banks and battery chargers should be well maintained to make
sure that the protection system functions properly. DC system is
required as the tools in the switchgears and control relay panels run on
110V DC voltage. For a PMU, it needs 86 batteries and total 110V.




Battery charger






CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Interning with TNB 33kV Selangor, Ive learned the inner working of TNB and its
systems, how each and every unit works together to keep a stable power system. As
the largest power utility company in Malaysia, there is a lot of stakes and
consideration has to be taken when each actions are done. Each unit has its own
procedure on how the work is done so consumers will not be affected by the works
carried out. While in TNB, Ive learnt as much as possible by tagging along the team
and also helping in some works as hands-on learning is the best teacher.
While in Substation Maintenance unit, I help out in OLTC maintenance job, to clean
the diverter switch, unscrew the cable box and sorting out tools from the truck. I did
help too in Preventive Maintenance by opening up the front cover of the VCB truck.
While in Cable Maintenance unit, the biggest project or task Ive been involved is
fault tracing and replacement of cable at Sunway Mentari. This job is carried out at
night, approximately 10.00pm onwards and we walked the whole length of the cable
to find the fault location and also to dig out the faulty cable. Several problem arose
during this project where cable fault was misjudged as one cable fault whereas the
actual fault was on 3 cables. Therefore my supervisor and I had to drive to TNB Main
Store at Rawang to get extra 40m of cables for replacement.
While in Overhead Maintenance unit, there was a major breakdown which lasted 1
week to recover. It was due to severe rain storm which caused nearly 7 overhead poles
to fall and power outage to occur. This event took 1 week for the teams to rectify.
They had to replace the stay cables which are responsible in keeping the poles upright
but faced problems as groundwater fills up the dug pit. I liked Overhead Maintenance
as most of the job task is far as also in the wilderness.
Meanwhile in Protection Unit, my supervisor taught me on how to reset a battery
charger and change the battery charger card. The battery charger was not supplying
enough DC voltage to the battery bank, therefore battery bank did not have enough
power to sustain and battery water is drying up too fast.
Being in TNB has taught me on how to be a good and diplomatic person as well as an
engineer. We have to be diplomatic with our staffs so they will not feel pressured or
feel hatred towards myself if I were to ask them to do a job. Safety is also paramount
in TNB as we deal with deadly voltages that can kill. Therefore safety must be
observed at all time to avoid such disaster.











REFERENCES
1. Buku Panduan Piawai Baru Rekabentuk Pencawang Elektrik (Jenis
Bangunan),Bahagian Pembahagian, TNB

2. Substation Design Manual, TNB Distribution


3. Electricity Supply Handbook, TNB

4. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING:PRINCIPLES ,CRITERIA
&METHODS,ISSUES & WAY FORWARD, Halim Osman,General
Manager,Asset Management,TNB Distribution- UNITEN ARSEPE 2008


5. XLPE Insulated Cables, Tenaga Cable Industries.
http://www.tcisb.com.my/XLPE%20Insulated%20Cables.pdf

6. Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines
http://www.nct-
tech.edu.lk/Download/Technology%20Zone/Mechanical%20Design%20of%20
Overhead%20Lines..pdf





APPENDIX


TRANSFORMER RATIO TEST SHEET



OVERCURRENT AND EFI TEST

CBM REPORT SHEET