SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Seventh Semester
EC 2034-TELEVISION AND VIDEO ENGINEERING
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
2MARKS
PREPARED BY: VIGNESHWARAN.S AP/ECE
1. What is vertical and horizontal scanning?
The capability of resolving picture details in the vertical direction is called
vertical resolution & The ability of the system to resolve maximum number of
picture elements along the scanning lines determines horizontal resolution.
2. Differentiate monochrome and colour camera tube?
In black and white camera only one pickup tube is needed but three such
tubes or its equivalent is necessary in color cameras to develop separate signals for
red, green and blue information present in the scene.
3. Define Focal length.
The focal length of the lens is the distance between the centre of the lens and
the image formed by it of an object at infinity.
4. Define Field of view.
This describe the width and height of the scene viewed and is determined by
the focal length, lens to object distance and the width and height of the scanned
area
Field of view = scanned width x (lens to object distance/focal length)
5. What do you refer by persistence of eye?
The persistence of eye refers to the storage capability of the human eye. It
is 60ms
6. Define kell factor and number of scanning lines. The pixels are distributed
randomly in a picture. So the spot of scanning beam at some places may cover
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two pixels partly. This will reduce resolution subjective tests made on several
people showed that reduction in general is form 28% to 32% (average
value=30%).Hence while calculating practical resolution the theoretical
resolution should be multiplied by a factor of 0.7.
7. Define Aspect ratio and image continuity.
Aspect ratio can be defined as the ratio of width to height of the picture
frame. For television, it is standardized as 4:3. If each frame is displayed in
25frames/second due to our persistence of vision we will see it continuous
8. What kind of modulation is used for video signal?Why?
The type of modulation in which the modulated video signal amplitude
decreases with the increase in brightness of the picture is called as negative
modulation. Here the peak white signal corresponds to near zero level.The blanking
level is at 75% modulation level
Less disturbances due to noise pulses.
Less transmitting power is required to transmit because most of the
picture information is white.
Less transmitting power in transmitter.
Gain of the receiver circuit is automatically adjusted using AGC circuit
9. List the contents of composite video signal .
Composite video signal consists of a camera signal, blanking pulses and
synchronizing pulses.
10. Compare image orthicon and vidicon camera tubes.
S.No IMAGE ORTHICON VIDICON CAMERA TUBES
Works on photoconduction
principle
Works on photo emission principle
Consists of bismuth silver cesium
compound
Antimony trisulphide(a
semiconductor)
Resolution is poor Resolution is better than image
orthicon

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11. Define pedestal level and pedestal height.
In positive polarity, the pedestal level is represented by zero IRE ,This is a
fixed level and is treated as reference .IRE values of all other levels are
indicated with respect to reference level .In negative modulation ,it is
represented by75% of the carrier signal. The pedestal level is also called
blanking level.
Pedestal height is the distance between the pedestal level and the average
value axis of the video signal.

12. Why is vertical scanning very slow in comparison with horizontal scanning.
To cover large number of pixels in scanning.
13. Define Active lines.
All the scanning lines are not visible on the screen due to blanking during
the retrace period.The actual lines which reproduce pixels are called active
lines.The number of active lines (NA) is equal to the total number of scanning
lines per frame(NT) minus the line lost in vertical blanking(NL),as expressed
by NA= NT- NL
14. What is dark current?
In camera tubes the target used is semiconductor material it is sensitive to
light in absence of light it should hold no charge but due to room temperature
there may be charge on the target which pocess current on the output circuit
this is known as dark current.
15. Determine height and width of a TV screen of 30cm size?
SOLUTION
5x=30cm,therefore x=6cm
Hence,height=6*3=18cm and Width=6*4=24cm
16. What do you understand by TV standards? Why are these standards different
in different countries?
TV standards consist of a set of specification for transmission of TV
programmes.Broadly speaking these specifications pertain to the scanning
process.The reason for this being different is electric main frequency of the country .

17. Describe scanning and justify interlaced scanning.
Scanning is the process of converting optical image into electrical signal.
When the scanning beam reaches the bottom of the picture frame, it quickly
returns to the top to scan those lines that were missed in the previous
scanning. Hence the total number of lines are divided into two groups called
fields. Each field is scanned alternately. This way of scanning is called
interlaced scanning.

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PART B ANSWERS
18. Neatly draw and explain a vidicon camera tube cross section. (8)
CONSTRUCTION

It is a small size camera tube operates on the principle of photo conduction.
Here the conduction of target plate increases with the intensity of light
falling on it.
Vidicon camera tube has the following three sections
Photo conductive target plate
Scanning section and
Electron gun section
TARGET SECTION
The target consist of thin photo-conductive layer madeup of either antimony
or selenium compounds.
On the inner surface of the face plate a transparent, conductive film is coated
and on this the photo-conductive material is deposited.
The conductive coating is also called as signal electrode.
SCANNING SECTION
The scanning section is used to move the electron beam horizontally (left to
right) and vertically (T-B) to scan the entire target plate.
Horizontal and vertical deflection coils are used for this purpose.
Electron beam approaches the target plate with low velocity and due to low
velocity, secondary emission are avoided.
ELECTRON GUN SECTION
Heater, cathode, control grid, focussing coils and accelerating anode forms
the electron gun section.
Cathode: used to emit electron
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Control grid: used to control the electrons coming out of the cathode
Focussing coils: used to focus the electron beam to a sharp point on the target
plate

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:


ADVANTAGES OF VIDICON
Resolution is high
Long life and small size
By varying the target voltage, it can be operated at different levels of
sensitivity.
Gamma cancellation circuit is not necessary.
DISADVANTAGES OF VIDICON
High dark current
Poor sensitivity
High image lag
Scanning

NOTE:This diagram is common to all camera tubes
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19. Explain in detail about image orthicon camera tube. (8)

Developed in 1945 by radio corporation of america.
The main transducer in image orthicon camera tube is photocathode.
It consists of coating of bismuth-silver-cesium compound on the inside of the
glass face plate of the tube.
When light from the scene is focused on the photo cathode, electrons are
emitted from it. The energy of the electrons emitted from different points of
the cathode depends on the intensity of light(energy of the photons)
Being a conductor, the photocathode cannot store charge.
Design of cathode is such that electron comes out in parallel beams.
The electrons are accelerated towards the target, strike a n-type silicon plate
placed parallel to the cathode. They cause emission of secondary electron
from the target plate.
The number of secondary electrons emitted from the target depends on the
energy of the striking electrons.
Loss of secondary electrons from the n-type semiconductor makes positively
charged.
The positively charge at any point on the semiconductor depends on the
number of electrons lost from that point.
Different points of the target possess different positive charges proportional
to the intensity of light of the corresponding points in the scene.
Hence a charge image of the picture is formed on the surface of the target.
On the other end electron gun scans the target plate and the return beam is
collected by dynode for amplification.


20.Draw the composite video signal and explain its components in detail. (12)
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CVS CONSISTS OF
Camera signal: corresponding to picture or scene to be transmitted.
Blanking pulses: to make the horizontal and vertical retrace invisible.
Synchronizing pulses: to synchronize the transmitter and receiver scanning
system
Information about colour signal and some sample of colour sub-carrier
frequency also be send if we are using colour TV transmission
VIDEO SIGNAL DIMENSIONS
Video signal amplitude is separated into 2 sections:
Camera signal: occupies 75%
Sync. Pulses: occupies 25%
The level of video signal obtained for maximum white light is called as peak
white level. This level exist between 10 to 12.5%
Black level: which is at 73% corresponds to dark picture.
The blanking pulses are added at 75% level and called as blanking level.
Black level and blanking level is closed to each other practically they merge
with each other.
The difference between black level and blanking level is called pedestal
height
Useful video signal information lies between 10% to 75% level.
Since the modulation used is ve modulation, if the picture is dark then the
amplitude of video signal is high.
The region between 0% to 10% is called as whiter than white region.
The signals in those region create more bright spots on the screen and it will
create disturbance to eye of the viewer.
To reduce noise effect, usually the whiter than white regions are not used
The average background brightness of the scene is represented by the DC
level.
Since the DC level for different lines are at different level, background
brightness are different depending on the scene to be transmitted.
The distance between DC level and blanking level is called as pedestal
height.
It is used as a measure of average brightness of the scene.
It is not possible to follow the changes that takes place in background
brightness if the DC levels are not properly maintained
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DC COMPONENT
The average background brightness of the scene is represented by the DC
level.
Since the DC level for different lines are at different level, background
brightness are different depending on the scene to be transmitted.
The distance between DC level and blanking level is called as pedestal
height.
It is used as a measure of average brightness of the scene.
It is not possible to follow the changes that takes place in background
brightness if the DC levels are not properly maintained

DC INSERTION
The video control operator, who observe the scene to be telecast directly at
the studio knows the background brightness and it is his responsibility to
properly set (insert) the DC level with the video signal. This process is called
as DC insertion.
BLANKING PULSES
To make the retrace invisible, blanking pulses are added at 75% level.
Since this is above black level, no picture is seen on the screen.
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Synchronization pulses are also added in this blanking region to achieve the
synchronization
It is not possible to use blanking pulses as synchronization pulse coz some
time extreme black signal may rise above the blacking level. If this happens
then it may false trigger the synchronization oscillator
VIDEO SIGNAL TO SYNC. PULSE RATIO
The picture signal amplitude to sync. Pulse amplitude ratio is 4:3. This has
been found satisfactory due to the following reasons
Let picture signal amplitude is increased and sync. Pulse amplitude is
decreased: S/N ratio of Rx. Signal falls (ie., noise level increases) below a
limit, then amplitude of sync pulse is not sufficient to keep the
synchronization properly. However picture signal can able to produce
acceptable picture
Let sync. Pulse amplitude is increased and picture signal amplitude is
decreased: S/N ratio falls below the limit, then amplitude of sync. Pulse is
sufficient to synchronize and lock the picture frame.
But video signal amplitude is insufficient to produce a good acceptable
picture on the screen
21.Discuss the merits and demerits of positive and negative modulation and
Justify the choice of negative modulation in most TV systems. (4)

Transmitting power is less in negative modulation hence it is the best choice
for video modulation
22.Describe the construction and working of monochrome picture tube. (13)
The picture tube is very similar to the cathode-ray tube used in an
oscilloscope.
The glass envelope contains an electron Gun structure that produces a beam
of electrons aimed at the fluorescent screen.
When the electron beam strikes the screen, light is emitted.
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A monochrome picture tube has one electron gun and a continuous phosphor
coating that produces a picture in black and white. For colour picture tubes
the screen is formed of three different phosphors and there are three electron
beams, one for each colour phosphor. The three colours are red, green and
blue produced by three phosphors combined to produce different colours.

MONOCHROME PICTURE TUBE
6 S,VIGNESHWARAN

ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSSING
The electric field due to the positive potential at the accelerating grid extends
through the opening the of the control grid right to the cathode surface.
The orientation of this field is such that besides accelerating electrons down
the tube. It also brings all the electrons in the stream into a tiny spot called
the cross over. This is known as the first electrostatic lens action.
The electrode voltages are so chosen or the electric field is so varied that the
second point where all the electrons get focused is the screen of the picture
tube. Electrostatic focusing is preferred over magnetic focusing because it is
not affected very much by changes in the line voltage.

BEAM VELOCITY
In order to give the electrons stream sufficient velocity to reach the screen
material with proper energy to cause it to fluoresce, a second anode is
included within the tube.
This is a conductive coating with colloidal graphite on the inside of the wide
bell of the tube.
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This coating called aquadag usually extends from almost half way into the
narrow neck to within 3 cm of the fluorescent screen.
DEFLECTION YOKE
It may be noted that a perpendicular displacement results because the
magnetic field due to each coil reacts with the magnetic field of the electron
beam to produce a force that deflects the electrons at right angles to both the
beam axis and the deflection field.




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BEAM DEFLECTION
As already stated the electron beam must attain a very high velocity to
deliver enough energy to the atoms of the phosphor coating. Because of this
the electrons of the beam remain under the influence of the deflecting field
for a very short time.
This necessitates application of high deflecting fields to achieve the desired
deflection. It is very difficult to generate such high voltages at the deflection
frequencies. On the other hand with magnetic deflection it is a large current
that would be necessary to achieve the same deflection.
Since it is more convenient to generate large currents than high voltages. All
picture tubes employ electromagnetic deflection. With electrostatic deflection
the beam electros gain energy. Thus, larger deflection angles tend to defocus
the beam.
The deflection plates need to be placed further apart as a deflection angle is
made larger. Thus requiring higher voltages to produce the same deflection
fields.
Magnetic deflection is free from both these shortcomings and much larger
deflection angles can be achieved without defocusing or nonlinearities with
these consequent saving in tube length and cabinet size.
PICTURE TUBE
The beam is deflected by a pair of deflecting coils mounted on the neck of the
picture tube in the same way and rate as the beam scans the target in the
camera tube.
The amplitudes of the currents in the horizontal and vertical deflecting coils
are so adjusted that the entire screen, called raster, gets illuminated because
of the fast rate of scanning.

23.What is the purpose of thin aluminium coating over fluroscent screen
in a picture tube? (3)
To reflect light back towards the front and to stop heavy ions from going to
the screen,while allowing high velocity light electron to pass

24. Explain the following
(i)Solid state image scanner. (8)
These scanners operates on the principle of charge coupled devices
(CCD).

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ARRANGEMENTS OF PHOTO DIODE,GATES AND
SHIFT REGISTERS IN A CCD

Large number of CCD array are formed together to construct the image plate.
It can store and transfer analog signals .
Aspect ratio 4:3 is followed in the above arrangement.
In actual set up there may be 600 diodes in each rows and 450 diodes in each
column in 1/3 inch size sensor.
There are as many photodiodes as there are the number of pixels that is one
photo diode for one pixel.
Horizontal and vertical scanning are done by timing it is accurately
controlled by clock and multivibrator circuit.
TREATING PHOTO DIODE AS CAPACITOR

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ADVANTAGES
No need for electron gun and electron beam.
No need for high voltage.
No need for vacuum envelope.
Light weight, small size, portable.
High resolution.



24.(ii)Plumbicon camera tube. (8)

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PLUMBICON CIRCUIT



25 Draw the horizontal and vertical sync pulse and mark their time duration.
Explain their application in scanning process in detail (16)
HORIZONTAL SYN DETAILS

Out of 64 s line period, the blanking period occupies 12 s and useful
information occupies 52 s.
Within the blanking period sync. Pulses are also added.
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Leading edge of these sync pulses are used to trigger the deflection oscillator
circuit
Horizontal blanking period consists of following 4 main regions:
Front porch
Line (Horizontal) sync pulse
Back porch and
Colour burst signal
FRONT PORCH
It is a brief cushioning period of 1.5 s length.
It is inserted b/w the end of picture information and leading edge of the sync
pulse
Pulling on whites: the video signal for peak white information exists in the
whiter than white region and nearly touches the zero level.
LINE SYNC PULSES
At the end of front porch, sync pulses necessary for horizontal
synchronization are added.
It having a period of 4.7 s (see fig)
These pulses are separated at the receiver and after differentiation used for
triggering the horizontal deflection oscillator
BACK PORCH
The back porch is having a period of 5.8 s.
It gives necessary time for the retrace (fly back) to be completed.
During this period, the reversal of current direction of the horizontal time
base circuit takes place.
Also at the receiver side, this level is used for the production of AGC voltage
in the AGC circuit
COLOUR BURST SIGNAL
If we are using colour signal, then some samples of these colour subcarrier
frequency called colour burst signal is added for each line and send along this
back porch
S.
No.
period Time (s)
1 Horizontal blanking pulse 12
2 Horizontal sync pulse 4.7
3 Front porch 1.5
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4 Back porch 5.8
5 Visible time period 52
6 Total time period 64
VERTICAL SYNC DETAILS
Vertical sync pulses (VSP) are added at the end of each field.
Construction of VSP is tedious than horizontal sync pulses.
The requirements to satisfy by VSP train are:
It should provide vertical blanking interval so that vertical retrace is not
visible on screen.
It should provide VSP for proper triggering of vertical oscillator
During the vertical blanking and sync pulse period, horizontal scanning and
triggering of horizontal oscillator should not affected.


Vertical retrace has 20 horizontal lines.
It has a period of 1280 s or 1.28 ms (20 x 64 s).
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To blank the vertical retrace, we have to add such a long pulse having the
duration of 1.28 ms. If we are using such a long pulse then large amount of
power is wasted. So we are using a pulse duration of 2.5 line period as VSP
SERRATED VERTICAL PULSE
From the figure of vertical sync pulse train and sync pulse generation circuit,
the following problems are to be considered for future modifications
Horizontal sync pulses are available during both vertical trace and retrace
period. But during the vertical sync period (2.5 line period) horizontal sync
pulse are not available. Due to this the horizontal oscillator may come out of
synchronization during vertical sync period
At the end of first field, the leading edge of vertical sync pulse came in the
midway of a line (line 313). This may false trigger the horizontal oscillator.
To achieve the horizontal sync during the vertical sync period, 5 narrow slots
of 4.7 s duration is inserted (see fig). The leading edges of these pulses are
used to trigger the horizontal oscillator
The vertical slots of 4.7 s duration that are inserted in the vertical sync
period to achieve horizontal sync are called as serrated pulses. This process is
called notching or serration of field sync pulse

26. Discuss the advantage of AM for video signal and explain VSB
detail. (16)
The AM is suitable for long transmission and conserve
bandwidth so VSBAM is used in TV transmission
VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND TRANSMISSION
The maximum video frequency obtained in the 625 line system is 5 Mhz.
If we are using double side band AM modulation, the video signal bandwidth
becomes 10 Mhz.
Due to practical difficulty of filter design, on both side of the channel we have
an attenuation slope of 0.5 Mhz.
To avoid interference with adjacent channel a guard band of 0.25 Mhz should
be allowed. So the channel bandwidth is 11.25 Mhz
If we are using such a long bandwidth channels, then within the given range
of frequencies, the number of channels used are reduced. So we have to
reduce the bandwidth
Since the upper and lower side bands have the same information, one of the
side band may be completely removed and we can use single sideband
system. Due to this upto 5 Mhz channel bandwidth is reduced.
The lower video frequency components are near the carrier frequency. Using
filter circuits they cannot be completely attenuated.
Also the fine details of picture are in low frequency range only.
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So if completely eliminating one side band, phase distortion may occur.
Coz of this problem, some part (vestige) of lower side band, upto 0.75 Mhz is
retained and others are attenuated. This method of transmitting a full upper
side band and vestige of lower side band is called as vestigial side band
transmission
Channel bandwidth = Attenuation slope + vestigial part (VLSB) + USB +
attenuation slope + guard band
= (0.5 + 0.75 + 5 +0.5 + 0.25)
= 7 Mhz
So, if we are using VSB modulation, then channel bandwidth is reduced
from 11.25 Mhz to 7 Mhz and bandwidth saving upto 4.25 Mhz is achieved


VSB TRANSMISSION

VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND RECEPTION
In VSB modulation, low frequencies upto 0.75 Mhz are available on both the
sideband.
But the signal in the frequency range of 0.75 Mhz to 5 Mhz are available in
one band only.
Due to this, the gain of voltage level at the receivers, RF and IF should be
properly controlled.
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The o/p voltage obtained for low frequency (0 to 0.75 Mhz) signal are twice,
than the high frequency (0.75 to 5 Mhz) signals. To correct this problem the
response curve of IF amplifier should be properly designed
ADVANTAGES
Channel bandwidth is reduced
Reduction in transmitted power
DISADVANTAGES
Some powers are wasted in VSB filters
S/N ratio is reduced upto 6 db, due to IF picture carrier placed at 50% gain
at the receiver
Chances for amplitude and phase distortion.
The tuning at the receiver is more critical

27 What is interlaced scanning?How does it reduce flicker and conserve
Bandwith?Explain (10)
INTERLACED SCANNING

In interlaced scanning each frame is scanned in two sequence and each
sequence is called field.this cause two fields /frame and 50fields/second and
this eliminate flicker in progressive scanning and also conserve bandwidth
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SCANNING PERIOD
SAWTOOTH CURRENT FOR HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION

SAWTOOTH CURRENT FOR VERTICAL DEFLECTION




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28.Discuss the importance of scanning and synchronization pulse? (6)
Scanning is the important process carried out in a television system in
order to obtain continuous frames and provides motion of picture. The scene
is scanned both in the horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously in a
rabid rate. As a result sufficient number of complete picture of frames per
second is obtained to give the illusion of continuous motion.
Synchronization pulse synchronizes the scanning in camera at receiver and
scanning in picture tube at receiver providing no delay.
29. Show the standard channel characteristics of CCIR B adopted in India.
(16)



30. Draw a block diagram of a monochrome TV receiver and explain the
function of each block? (16)
The block schematic diagram below of a typical monochrome TV receiver. As
shown there, the receiver has been divided into several main sections
depending on their functions and are discussed below.


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MONOCHROME TV RECEIVER

IMPORTANT SECTIONS IN THE RECEIVER ARE:
Antenna section
RF tuner section
Video signal and AGC section
Audio signal section
Sync separator section
ANTENNA SECTION
Mounted top of the building
TUNED ANTENNAS: to receive good signal strength
FOLDED DIPOLE TYPE ANTENNAS: good reception
A folded dipole with one reflector and more directors called as yagi-uda
antenna
RF TUNER SECTION
RF tuner: RF amp., mixer and local osc. Collectively called RF tuner
To amplify the weak signal RF amp. is used
Amplified signal is given as one i/p to mixer.
Other i/p of mixer is from L.O
o/p of mixer is IF of audio and video signal
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L.O produces freq. equal to channel picture freq. of +38.9 Mhz or channel
audio freq. of +33.4 Mhz
SO THE O/P OF MIXER FOR ANY CHANNEL SELECTION
Picture IF = 38.9 Mhz and
Sound IF = 33.4 Mhz
VIDEO SIGNAL AND AGC SECTION
Video section: (IF amplifiers, video detector, video amplifier and picture tube
The signal amplitude obtained at the o/p of mixer is very small so 2 or 3
stages of IF signal amplification is necessary.
After amplification they are given to the video detector
Video detector: demodulation takes place and CVS is obtained ,
VIDEO SIGNAL AND AGC SECTION
To produce picture with good contrast about 80 to 100 volts are needed. But
the o/p of video detector is only about 2 volt peak to peak.
Therefore a video amplifier is used at the o/p of video detector.
To adjust the contrast b/w black and white parts of the picture, a contrast
control is provided at the front panel.
The amplified signal is given to cathode or control grid depending upon the
picture tube
Signals received from long distance transmitter are very weak so, maximum
gain is required and the signals received from near by transmitters are
strong and reduced gain for amplifier is needed.
But it is not possible to change the gain by selecting different channels. So an
automatic gain control (AGC) circuit is used to automatically control the gain
of the amplifiers
AUDIO SIGNAL SECTION
Combination of IF amplifier, FM demodulator, audio amplifier and loud
speaker.
Using 5.5 Mhz sound trap circuit, the audio signal is separated from the
video detector section.
The IF (5.5 Mhz) of audio signals are amplified and fed to FM discriminator
for demodulation.
Demodulation signals are given to audio amplifier and finally loud speaker
for the reproduction of sound
SYNC SEPARATOR SECTION
Combination of sync separator, integrator and differentiator.
The o/p of video detector (CVS) is given i/p to the sync separator. This
separates both horizontal and vertical sync pulses.
Integrator(LPF) is used to separate the vertical sync pulses having field freq.
of 50 Hz for triggering vertical oscillator.
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Differentiator(HPF) is used to separate the horz. Sync pulses having line
freq. of 15625 Hz for triggering horz. Oscillator
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL OSCILLATOR SECTION
Combination of vertical oscillator, o/p amplifier and vertical deflection coil.
Vert. osc is synchronised by the trigger pulses from the integrator.
Then the saw tooth signal is given to deflection coil, after proper
amplification by vert. o/p amplifier
Horz. osc is synchronised by the trigger pulses from the differentiator.
Then the saw tooth signal (15625 Hz) is given to deflection coil, after proper
amplification by horz. o/p amplifier.
To maintain the freq. at 15625 Hz, an automatic freq. control (AFC) circuit is
used
EXTRA HIGH TENSION (EHT)
High voltages needed by final anode are developed.
Voltages of 15 to 20 KV are developed by an auto transformer.
After rectification, the high voltages are applied to final anode and aquadag
coating.
NOTE: Aquadag is a trade name for a graphite based coating commonly
found in cathode ray tubes.The coating can be on the inside of the tube,
where it helps to maintain a constant electrical field near the screen.

31. Draw a block diagram of a monochrome TV receiver and explain the function
of each block? (16)
In a TV Transmitter, we have to transmit both video and audio signal. So we
have 2 types of transmitter within the TV main transmitter. They are
Visual transmitter
Aural transmitter
VISUAL TRANSMITTER is used for transmitting video signals and aural
transmitter is used for transmitting audio or sound signal.
o/p of these two transmitters are combined before transmitting through
common antenna. The combining network is called diplexer.
Before transmission, the video signal is amplitude modulated (AM) and audio
signal is frequency modulated (FM). After modulation and proper power
amplification they are fed to a common antenna through the diplexer.
Initially a camera is used to convert optical image into electrical signal. After
adding sync pulses and blanking pulses we get composite video signal which
is to be AM modulated

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MONOCHROME TV RECEIVER

Similarly, a microphone (MIC) is used to convert audio signal into electrical
signal.
After pre-emphasis and proper amplification we have to FM modulate the
audio signal
IN THE SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MONOCHROME TELEVISION
TRANSMITTER, THE MAIN SECTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOW:
Video and audio processing unit
Video signal modulation unit and
Audio signal modulation unit
VIDEO AND AUDIO PROCESSING UNIT
In video processing unit, the camera o/p signal having 1 volt p-p amplitude is
converted into standard form by eliminating hum and noise.
If necessary, linearity correction can also be done. This correction is done
during the back porch by clamping the video signal.
Controlling facilities for linearity correction, gain, black setup, sync level,
picture to sync ratio, sync stretching are also available in this unit
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Sync pulses and blanking pulses are added to the camera signal to get CVS.
Several cameras are used to telecast the scene from different angles.
In audio processing unit we have microphone, which convert the audio
signals into electrical signal. Here pre-emphasis circuit is used, which will
give necessary frequency compensation for the audio signal.
To pickup audio signals from different locations associated with the program,
large number of microphones are provided
VIDEO SIGNAL MODULATION UNIT OR PICTURE SIGNAL
MODULATION OR VISUAL EXCITER
Amplified CVS signals are fed to the modulation unit through the distributor
and switcher.
The distributer is used to receive the signals from other studios also.
CVS and picture carrier signal are fed as i/p to the modulator unit. Crystal
controlled oscillator is used for generating the picture carrier signal
VISUAL EXCITER
After AM modulation, it is power amplified and fed as i/p to the modulator
unit.
Crystal controlled oscillator is used for generating the picture carrier signal.
After AM modulation, it is power amplified and fed to the combining network.
To save the power, VSB technique is used in TV transmitters.
Before combining with the audio signal, the video signals are passed through
the VSB filters .
AUDIO SIGNAL MODULATION OR AURAL EXCITER
FM modulation is used for audio signals in TV transmitter. This frequency
modulator is a crystal controlled one.
Here the FM modulation of audio signal takes place with a carrier signal
from crystal oscillator.
To have an automatic frequency control (AFC) facility, phase detector and
CPF stages are used.
If there is any change in frequency of carrier signal, then phase detector will
produce a dc correcting voltage. This dc voltage is used to automatically
correct any change in carrier frequency
AURAL EXCITER
To increase the power level, audio power amplifiers are used. To up convert
the frequency level, frequency multipliers are used.
Turnstile antenna array is used to broadcast the TV signals from the
combining network.
The combining network is used to combine the audio and video signal,
without any interference between them
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