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Test Module B Answers
AE1110X


Ir. Nando Timmer
Salomon Voorhoeve
Aero Icarus - CC BY - NC - SA 3.0

AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
Question 1
A) The temperature in the channel decreases. Using the energy equation: if the speed goes up,
the temperature must drop. Note that even for ows with friction the eect of the area increase
is big enough to counter the eect of friction.
Question 2
C) 5%, as has been treated in the lectures.
Question 3
C) Both 3 and 4 are true; see lecture 4 on ow separation.
Question 4
D) The pressure decreases and the temperature decreases. This can be seen from the graphs in
lecture 2, or calculated using the second form of the isentropic relations.
Question 5
D) Is dicult to establish without additional information. Due to the Mach number the lift curve
slope goes up. Due to the wing the lift curve slope goes down. As long as you do not have any
information of the aspect ratio of the wing and the span eectiveness factor you do not know how
much it goes down. (it may even very well remain constant).
Test Module B - Answers 1
AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
Cessna Grand Caravan
A) The Mach number can be calculated by calculating the speed in m/s and the speed of sound,
and dividing the two. The speed of sound is given by :
a =

RT =

1.4 287 268.67 = 328.56 m/s

The speed of the aircraft is:
V =
245
3.6
= 68.1 m/s
Then:
M =
V
a
=
68.1
328.56
= 0.207
So M < 0.3 and the ow is incompressible.
B) For this question, we can use Bernoullis equation:
p

+
1
2
V
2

= p
B
+
1
2
V
2
B
Rearranging for p
B
gives:
p
B
= p

+
1
2

V
2

V
2
B

= 70121 +
1
2
0.90926

68.1
2
85
2

= 68942 Pa
C) The pressure coecient is dened as:
C
p
=
p p
0
1
2
V
2
0
Substituting values:
C
p
=
68000 70121
1
2
0.90926 68.1
2
= -1.007
D) The critical Mach number can be found by taking the intersection of the airfoils-specic curve
(the Prandtl-Glauert correction) and the airfoil-independent curve (for the critical pressure coe-
cient, given the free-stream Mach number). We can solve this for the free-stream Mach number
using, for instance, a graphical calculator:
C
p,cr i t
=
2
M
2

2 + ( 1) M
2

+ 1

1
1

=
C
p,0

1 M
2

For C
p,0
= 2, we nd a critical Mach number of 0.4863.
2 Test Module B - Answers
AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
Boeing 727
A) For the Mach number we rst need the speed of sound, a =

RT =

1.4 287 255.7 = 320.5

m/s. We also need to convert the speed of the aircraft: V =
810
3.6
= 225 m/s.
Then the Mach number is M =
V
a
=
225
320.5
=0.702.
B) The lift gradient of the prole is simply a
0
=
C
l

=
0.60
4(2)
=0.10 /degree.
C) The airfoil is mounted on a aircraft, and then we start ying at a higher Mach number. It
is important to note this order: if you apply the corrections the other way around, you will get
incorrect results.
First, let us calculate the aspect ratio:
A =
b
2
S
=
34.5
2
149
= 7.988
Then, we apply a correction for a nite wing:
a
wi ng
=
a
0
1 +
57.3a
0
Ae
=
0.11
1 +
57.3 0.11
7.988 0.82
= 0.0842
Then, we apply the Prandtl-Glauert correction for the Mach number:
a
wi ng,M=0.6
=
a
wi ng

1 M
2
=
0.0842

1 0.6
2
= 0.10526
D) For the lift-to-drag ratio, we need the lift and the drag, or alternatively, the lift coecient and
the drag coecient. The lift coecient at 3 degrees can be found, using the zero-lift angle of -2
degrees:
C
L
= a (
0
) = 0.1179 (3 (2)) = 0.5895
The drag coecient is the sum of the prole drag and the induced drag:
C
D
= C
d
+
C
2
L
Ae
= 0.0062 +
0.5895
2
7.988 0.82
= 0.023088
The lift-drag ratio is then:
L
D
=
C
L
C
D
=
0.5895
0.023088
= 25.53
Test Module B - Answers 3
AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
E) In the stagnation point, the velocity is zero. Since the ow is compressible we can use the
energy equation:
C
p
T
0
+
1
2
V
2
0
= C
p
T
1
+
1
2
V
2
1
If we take the free-stream conditions for the point 1, we get:
T
0
=
C
p
T
1
+
1
2

V
2
1
V
2
0

C
p
=
1008 255.7 +
1
2

225
2
0
2

1008
= 280.8 K
F) An equation to relate temperatures and densities for compressible ows is one of the isentropic
relations:

1
=

T
2
T
1
1
1

2
=
1

T
2
T
1
1
1
= 0.736

250
255.7
1
1.41
= 0.6957
4 Test Module B - Answers