OptiX OSN 500 Commissioning Guide (V100R006)

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical
Transmission System
V100R006C01
Commissioning Guide
Issue 02
Date 2013-01-18
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written
consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Trademarks and Permissions
and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders.

Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the
customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the
purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information,
and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representations
of any kind, either express or implied.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the
preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and
recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Address: Huawei Industrial Base
Bantian, Longgang
Shenzhen 518129
People's Republic of China
Website: http://www.huawei.com
Email: support@huawei.com
Issue 02 (2013-01-18) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
i
About This Document
Product Version
The following table lists the product versions applicable to this documentation.
Product Name Version
OptiX OSN 500 V100R006C01
iManager U2000 V100R008C00

Intended Audience
This document describes the OptiX OSN 500 in terms of network application, functions,
hardware structure, software architecture, features, and technical specifications.
This document is intended for:
l Network planning engineers
l Data configuration engineers
l System maintenance engineers
Symbol Conventions
The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
Symbol Description
DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level or medium
level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury.
WARNING indicates a hazard with a low level of risk
which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate
injury.
OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical Transmission
System
Commissioning Guide About This Document
ii
Symbol Description
CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation that,
if not avoided, could result in equipment damage, data loss,
performance deterioration, or unanticipated results.
Provides a tip that may help you solve a problem or save time.
Provides additional information to emphasize or supplement
important points in the main text.

GUI Conventions
Convention Meaning
Boldface Buttons, menus, parameters, tabs, window, and dialog titles are
in boldface. For example, click OK.
> Multi-level menus are in boldface and separated by the ">" signs.
For example, choose File > Create > Folder.

Change History
Changes between document issues are cumulative. The latest document issue contains all the
changes made in earlier issues.
Updates in Issue 02 (2013-01-18) Based on Product Version
V100R006C01
This is the fourth issue for V100R006C01. Compared with Issue 01, Issue 02 includes the
following updates in V100R006C01SPC100:
l Added "Testing ML-PPP Protection Switching".
V100R006C01
This document is the first issue for the V100R006C01 product version. Compared with the
V200R012C00 release, it adds or optimizes the following contents:
l In "System Commissioning", optimized titles and the architecture of "Testing Tunnel and
PW Connectivity", "Testing Tunnel and PW Performance", "Testing Packet Ethernet
Service Availability" and "Testing Packet Ethernet Service Performance".
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iii
l In "Testing Tunnel and PW Performance", added "Testing Tunnel Packet Loss Ratios Using
TST in MPLS-TP Tunnel OAM" and "Testing PW Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-
TP PW OAM".
l In "Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability", optimized the description about "Testing
Availability of Packet Ethernet Services Using LB in ETH OAM".
l In "Testing Packet Ethernet Service Performance", added "Testing Ethernet Service
Latency and Throughput" and "Testing Long-term Ethernet Packet Loss Ratio Using TP-
Assist".
l In "Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSN Network", added "Testing
Packet-based Linear MSP Switching".
l In "Testing Clocks", added "Testing CES ACR Clocks".
V100R006C00
This document is the first issue for the V100R006C00 product version.
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iv
Contents
About This Document.....................................................................................................................ii
1 Commissioning Preparations......................................................................................................1
2 Commissioning Procedure...........................................................................................................2
3 Configuring NEs and Networks.................................................................................................3
3.1 Checking the Connections Between the NMS Computer and the Equipment...................................................5
3.2 Searching for NEs...............................................................................................................................................6
3.3 Creating Fibers...................................................................................................................................................7
3.3.1 Creating Ethernet Cables in the Packet Domain by Searching for the Cables on the NMS......................8
3.3.2 Manually Creating Fibers/Cables..............................................................................................................8
3.4 Changing NE IDs..............................................................................................................................................10
3.5 Changing IP Address of an NE.........................................................................................................................10
3.6 Setting the NE Name, Date, and Time.............................................................................................................12
3.7 Configuring the LSR ID for an NE..................................................................................................................13
3.8 Configuring IP Addresses for NNI Ports..........................................................................................................14
3.9 Configuring the Inband DCN...........................................................................................................................15
3.9.1 Enabling the DCN Function for a Port....................................................................................................15
3.9.2 Setting the Protocol Stack Used by an Inband DCN...............................................................................15
3.9.3 Setting the VLAN ID and Bandwidth Used by an Inband DCN.............................................................16
3.9.4 Setting the Parameters for NMS Access..................................................................................................17
3.9.5 Setting Inband DCN Packet Priority.......................................................................................................17
3.9.6 Checking the DCN Routing Table...........................................................................................................18
3.9.7 Verifying the Inband DCN......................................................................................................................19
3.10 Configuring Clocks, Services, and Protection................................................................................................20
3.11 Enabling NE Performance Monitoring...........................................................................................................21
4 System Commissioning..............................................................................................................23
4.1 Querying Network-Wide Software Versions...................................................................................................25
4.2 Testing Tunnel and PW Connectivity..............................................................................................................27
4.2.1 Testing Tunnel Connectivity Using MPLS Tunnel Ping.........................................................................27
4.2.2 Testing PW Connectivity Using PW Ping...............................................................................................28
4.3 Testing Tunnel and PW Performance...............................................................................................................30
4.3.1 Testing Tunnel Performance Using LM/DM in MPLS-TP Tunnel OAM..............................................30
4.3.2 Testing Tunnel Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TP Tunnel OAM...........................................31
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Commissioning Guide Contents
v
4.3.3 Testing PW Performance Using LM/DM in MPLS-TP PW OAM ........................................................33
4.3.4 Testing PW Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TP PW OAM.....................................................34
4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability...................................................................................................36
4.4.1 Testing Availability of Packet Ethernet Services Using LB in ETH OAM............................................36
4.5 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Performance..................................................................................................38
4.5.1 Testing Ethernet Service Latency and Throughput Using TP-Assist......................................................38
4.5.2 Testing Long-term Ethernet Packet Loss Ratio Using TP-Assist...........................................................40
4.5.3 Testing Ethernet Packet Service Performance by Using SmartBits........................................................43
4.6 Testing CES Services.......................................................................................................................................44
4.7 Testing ATM/IMA Services.............................................................................................................................46
4.8 Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSN Network....................................................................48
4.8.1 Testing the MPLS Tunnel APS Protection Switching.............................................................................48
4.8.2 Testing the MPLS PW APS.....................................................................................................................50
4.8.3 Testing ERPS Switching.........................................................................................................................52
4.8.4 Testing Packet-based LMSP Switching..................................................................................................54
4.8.5 Testing ML-PPP Protection.....................................................................................................................55
4.9 Testing Clocks..................................................................................................................................................57
4.9.1 Testing CES ACR Clocks........................................................................................................................57
A Glossary........................................................................................................................................60
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Commissioning Guide Contents
vi
1 Commissioning Preparations
Before commissioning the equipment, you must be familiar with the relevant safety precautions.
In addition, you must ensure that the required tools, instruments, references, and engineering
design documents are available.
Making Documents Available
Equipment commissioning requires the following documents:
l Configuration Guide (Packet Transport Domain)
l Hardware Description
l Alarms and Performance Events Reference
l Feature Description
Making Tools Available
l U2000
l BER tester
l SDH analyzer
l SmartBits
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Commissioning Guide 1 Commissioning Preparations
1
2 Commissioning Procedure
This chapter describes necessary commissioning items and commissioning procedures for OptiX
OSN 500s in packet mode.
Table 2-1 Commissioning procedure
Mode Commissioning Task
Packet mode 3.1 Checking the Connections Between the NMS Computer
and the Equipment
3.2 Searching for NEs
3.3 Creating Fibers
3.4 Changing NE IDs
3.5 Changing IP Address of an NE
3.6 Setting the NE Name, Date, and Time
3.7 Configuring the LSR ID for an NE
3.8 Configuring IP Addresses for NNI Ports
3.9 Configuring the Inband DCN
3.10 Configuring Clocks, Services, and Protection
3.11 Enabling NE Performance Monitoring
4.1 Querying Network-Wide Software Versions
4.2 Testing Tunnel and PW Connectivity
4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability
4.6 Testing CES Services
4.7 Testing ATM/IMA Services
4.8 Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSN
Network
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Commissioning Guide 2 Commissioning Procedure
2
3 Configuring NEs and Networks
About This Chapter
This chapter describes the NE data and network data that a software commissioning engineer
must configure prior to equipment commissioning.
3.1 Checking the Connections Between the NMS Computer and the Equipment
When an NIC port on the NMS computer is connected to the NM port on the equipment over a
LAN, you need to confirm that the network cable is connected correctly. You also need to ensure
that the rates of NM port on the equipment and the port on the switching equipment in the LAN
are set to consistent values and the working mode of Ethernet port on the equipment and the port
on the switching equipment in the LAN are also set to consistent values.
After connecting the NMS computer to the equipment, a software commissioning engineer needs
to search for the NE in the data center before commissioning the equipment.
3.3 Creating Fibers
On the NMS, you can create fibers, Ethernet network cables, serial port cables, and virtual fibers.
3.4 Changing NE IDs
After logging in to an NE through the U2000, change the NE ID according to the plan of the
actual NE ID.
After logging in to an NE through the U2000, you need to change the IP address of the NE
according to the actual IP address of the NE to ensure the actual IP address of the NE is the same
as the specified IP address.
You can use U2000 to set the NE name, date, and time to ensure that the recorded and reported
alarms and performance events on the U2000 are correct.
Label switch router (LSR) IDs are used to identify nodes on the MPLS network. In the MPLS
network, LSR IDs are configured for identifying source and sink nodes of MPLS tunnels.
After setting the LSR ID of an NE, set the IP address of a port on the NE.
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Commissioning Guide 3 Configuring NEs and Networks
3
During network planning, you do not need to set up an independent DCN for management and
control. Instead, you can use certain bandwidths of a service network to set up a DCN.
Use the U2000 to configure clocks, services, and protection based on engineering documentation
to prepare for subsequent equipment commissioning.
This section describes how to enable and disable the performance monitoring function on the
U2000. The performance parameters are used to monitor the equipment, monitor the running
status of the services, and analyze the network.
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3.1 Checking the Connections Between the NMS Computer
and the Equipment
When an NIC port on the NMS computer is connected to the NM port on the equipment over a
LAN, you need to confirm that the network cable is connected correctly. You also need to ensure
that the rates of NM port on the equipment and the port on the switching equipment in the LAN
are set to consistent values and the working mode of Ethernet port on the equipment and the port
on the switching equipment in the LAN are also set to consistent values.
Prerequisites
l An IP address is assigned to the NE.
l The NMS computer and the relevant equipment are connected to the LAN through network
cables. The IP addresses of the NMS computer and the equipment are on the same network
segment.
l The U2000 is installed, and the computer is started.
l The port on the switching equipment in the LAN supports the adaptive mode.
l The rate and working mode are supported by the port on the switching equipment in the
LAN.
Tools, Equipment, and Materials
U2000
Precautions
l If a port on the switching equipment in the LAN supports the adaptive mode and can operate
at the same rate and in the same working mode as the NM port on the switching equipment,
both parties can communicate with each other after performing auto-negotiation.
l If a port on the switching equipment in the LAN does not support the adaptive mode, both
parties can communicate with each other only after you set the rate and working mode to
the same values for the NM port on the switching equipment and the port on the switching
equipment in the LAN.
NOTE
This topic considers the Windows OS as an example of NMS server.
Procedure
Step 1 Check the network cable. The NMS computer and the equipment are connected to the LAN
through a straight-through cable. The NM port of the equipment is on the PCX board.
Step 2 Remove the network cable and check the wire sequence at both ends of the network cable. The
network cable needs to be a straight-through cable because the NMS computer is connected to
the equipment through a LAN.
Step 3 Insert the network cable. Generally, the LINK indicators in green for the NIC port on the NMS
computer and the NM port on the PCX board are normally on, and the ACT indicators blink.
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ACT
LINK
Step 4 Test the connectivity between the NMS computer and the equipment.
1. On the NMS computer, choose Start > Run. In the Run dialog box, enter cmd and click
OK.
2. Enter a ping command, such as ping 192.168.0.101.
NOTE
l 192.168.0.101: indicates the IP address of the NE in the example.
3. Press Enter to run the ping command.
l If the statistical data in the DOS window contains Lost = 0 (0% loss), it indicates that
no packets are lost and the Ethernet communication is normal.
l If the statistical data in the DOS window contains Request timed out, it indicates that
the Ethernet communication is abnormal. Check whether the IP addresses of the NMS
computer and the NE belong to the same network segment and have the same mask;
check the connection of network cables. Rectify the fault, if any, before performing
another test.
TIP
l To browse the receive/transmit status without affecting the test, press Ctrl+Break.
l To stop the ping command and browse the receive/transmit status, press Ctrl+C.
----End
After connecting the NMS computer to the equipment, a software commissioning engineer needs
to search for the NE in the data center before commissioning the equipment.
Prerequisites
l You must be an NM user with "NE administrator" authority or higher.
l The U2000 must communicate with the gateway NE normally.
l The NE Explorer instance of the NEs must be created.
Procedure
Step 1 Choose File > Discovery > NE from the Main Menu. Then, the NE Discovery window is
displayed.
Step 2 Choose Transport NE Search tab, Click Add. Then, the Input Search Domain dialog box is
displayed.
Step 3 Set Address Type to IP Address Range of GNE, IP Address of GNE, or NSAP Address.
Enter Search Address. Then, Click OK.
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NOTE
You can repeat Steps 2 and 3 to add more search domains. You can also delete the system default search
domain.
l If you search for the NEs according to the IP address of the gateway NE and if the IP address of the
U2000 computer and the IP address of the gateway NE are within the same network segment, you can
set Address Type to IP Address Range of GNE or IP Address of GNE. The default value of Search
Address is 129.9.255.255.
l If the IP addresses of the gateway NE and the U2000 computer are in two different network segments,
you can set Address Type to IP Address of GNE only.
l If you search the NEs according to the NSAP addresses of the NEs, you can set Address Type to
NSAP address only.
Step 4 In the NE Discovery window, ClickNext.
Step 5 After the search is complete, select the uncreated NEs from the Result list and then click
Create. The Create dialog box is displayed.
Step 6 Enter the NE user name and password.
NOTE
l The default NE user is root.
l The default password is password.
Step 7 Click OK.
----End
Follow-up Procedure
If you fail to log in to the created NE, the possible causes are listed as follows:
l The password for the NE user is incorrect. In this case, enter the correct password for the
NE user.
l The NE user is invalid. Change to use a valid NE user.
3.3 Creating Fibers
On the NMS, you can create fibers, Ethernet network cables, serial port cables, and virtual fibers.
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3.3.1 Creating Ethernet Cables in the Packet Domain by Searching
for the Cables on the NMS
You can detect fiber connections on a specific optical port by performing link search on the
NMS. If a link does not exist on the NMS, you can create the link immediately. To create a
network on the NMS, you can search for fiber connections on all optical ports and create fibers
networkwide after board configuration is completed.
Prerequisites
l You must be an NM user with NE and network maintainer authority or higher.
l Fibers are connected to optical ports on all NEs.
NOTE
Specify the IP address range before IP addresses are automatically allocated to ports. For details on how
to specify the IP address range, see step 1.
Procedure
Step 1 Optional: Set the IP address range for ports.
1. Choose Configuration > Port IP Address Management from the Main Menu.
2. In the displayed dialog box, click New to set the IP address range for ports.
Step 2 Choose File > Discovery > Link from the Main Menu.
Step 3 Optional: In the Link Search window, select one or more options including Links not exist in
the NMS, Links exist in the NMS, and Conflicting links. (The first option is mandatory.)
Step 4 In the left pane, select the optical ports of one or more NEs and click . A progress bar is
displayed to show the link search progress.
Step 5 After the progress is 100% completed, a dialog box is displayed to indicate that the operation is
successful. Click Close.
Step 6 Select one or more links that do not exist on the NMS and click Create.
Step 7 After the creation is completed, a dialog box is displayed to indicate that the operation is
successful. Click Close. The Confirm dialog box is displayed to query "Are you sure to import
links as fibers/cables?"
Step 8 Click OK in the Confirm dialog box. In the displayed Import Link dialog box, select one or
more links.
Step 9 Click OK.
----End
3.3.2 Manually Creating Fibers/Cables
After searching for NEs, software commissioning engineers need to create fibers/cables in the
data center to commission the equipment.
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Prerequisites
l You must be an NM user with "NE maintainer" authority or higher.
l The required boards must be created on each NE.
Procedure
Step 1 Right-click in the Main Topology and choose New > Link from the shortcut menu. Then, the
Create Link dialog box is displayed.
Step 2 Choose Fiber/Cable > Fiber from the left pane.
Step 3 The parameter Create Ways can be set to Common Ways or Batch Ways. The default value
is Common Ways.
Step 4 Click the button in Source NE. Select the source board and source port in the Select Fiber/
Cable Source dialog box that is displayed.
Step 5 Click OK.
Step 6 Click the button in Sink NE. Select the sink board and sink port in the Select Fiber/Cable
Sink dialog box that is displayed.
Step 7 Click OK. Then, the created fiber is displayed between the source NE and the sink NE in the
Main Topology.
Step 8 Right-click the created fiber and choose Detect Link from the shortcut menu. The Result dialog
box is displayed, indicating the information on the fiber connections.
----End
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3.4 Changing NE IDs
After logging in to an NE through the U2000, change the NE ID according to the plan of the
actual NE ID.
Prerequisites
l The NE must be created.
l You must be an NM user with "NE operator" authority or higher.
Precautions
CAUTION
Changing the NE ID briefly interrupts the NE communication.
NOTE
Before the equipment is delivered out of factory, the default NE ID is generated and is a unique NE ID.
Obtain the default NE ID by performing the NE search function on the U2000.
Procedure
Step 1 In the Main Topology, select an NE that needs to change its ID, right-click it, and then choose
NE Explorer.
Step 2 Choose Configuration > NE Attribute from the Function Tree.
Step 3 Click Modify NE ID. Then, the Modify NE ID dialog box is displayed.
Step 4 Enter New ID and New Extended ID. Then, click OK.
Step 5 Click OK in the Warning dialog box that is displayed.
----End
After logging in to an NE through the U2000, you need to change the IP address of the NE
according to the actual IP address of the NE to ensure the actual IP address of the NE is the same
as the specified IP address.
Prerequisites
l The U2000 is started.
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l The U2000 user can log in to the NE.
l You must be an NM user with "network maintainer" authority or higher.
U2000
Precautions
CAUTION
If the U2000 server and gateway NE are not in the same network segment, ensure that the IP
routes of the network segments to which the U2000 server and gateway NE belong are configured
on the U2000 and related routers.
NOTE
l The default IP address of an NE is assigned according to the default NE ID. The default IP address is
within the following range: 129.9.0.0 to 129.9.255.255.
l Generally, do not change the IP address of a non-gateway NE.
l After the IP address of the NE is set, IP address is not affected when you change the NE ID.
Procedure
Step 1 In the Main Topology, select an NE that needs to change its IP address, right-click it, and then
choose NE Explorer.
Step 2 Choose Communication > Communication Parameters in the Function Tree.
Step 3 In Set NE Communication Parameters, change the IP address of the NE. Click Apply. Click
OK twice in the displayed dialog box.
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NOTE
On the OptiX OSN 500, the NE ID, extended ID, and IP address can automatically be saved in the backplane.
This function is enabled when Automatic DCN Recovery is set to Enabled.
Step 4 The Operation Result dialog box is displayed, indicating that the operation is successful. Click
Close.
----End
You can use U2000 to set the NE name, date, and time to ensure that the recorded and reported
alarms and performance events on the U2000 are correct.
Prerequisites
l You must be an NM user with "NE and network operator" authority or higher.
l The U2000 is started and you log in to the NE.
U2000
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Precautions
NOTE
Synchronizing the NE time does not affect services. Before synchronizing the NE time, ensure that the
time of the computer where the U2000 server is installed is correct. If the time of the computer needs to
be changed, log out of the U2000 and reset the time. Then, restart the U2000.
Procedure
Step 1 In the NE Explorer, choose Configuration > NE Attributes from the Function Tree.
Step 2 Change the NE name in NE Attributes. Then, click Apply.
NOTE
It is recommended that you set the NE name in the format: NE ID-Name, for example, 1-Beijing.
Step 3 In the displayed Operation Result dialog box, click Close.
Step 4 Choose Configuration > NE Time Synchronization from the Function Tree. Then, click
Query to display the current NE time information.
Step 5 Right-click the NE time below NE Current Time, and choose Synchronize with NM Time
from the shortcut menu.
NOTE
l To enable the NE to synchronize its time with the U2000 server, set Synchronous Mode to NM.
l If the NE need not synchronize its time with other servers or NEs, set Synchronous Mode to
NULL.
l If the NE needs to synchronize its time with the NTP server and the required time accuracy reaches
500 ms, set Synchronous Mode to Standard NTP.
Step 6 In the displayed Time Synchronization Operation dialog box, click Yes.
Step 7 In the displayed Operation Result dialog box, click Close.
----End
Label switch router (LSR) IDs are used to identify nodes on the MPLS network. In the MPLS
network, LSR IDs are configured for identifying source and sink nodes of MPLS tunnels.
Prerequisites
You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.
Context
When planning the LSR ID for an NE, adhere to the following principles:
l The IP address of an NNI port can be an IP address of standard class A, B, or C (namely,
an IP address within the range from 1.0.0.1 to 223.255.255.254). The IP address of an NNI
port cannot be a broadcast address (*.*.*.255), multicast address (224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255), reserved address (240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255), network address
(*.*.*.0), zero address (0.*.*.*), loopback address (127.*.*.*) or subnet address
(192.168.*.* or 192.169.*.*). The network segment 130.0.0.0 is recommended.
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l Each NE must have an independent and globally unique LSR ID on a network.
l The LSR ID of an NE and the IP address of the NE must be different from each other and
must be in different network segments.
l The SLR ID of an NE must be in a different network segment from the IP address of any
service port on the NE.
Procedure
Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the NE and choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > MPLS
Management > Basic Configuration from the Function Tree.
Step 2 Set LSR ID.
For details about LSR ID, see Basic Configuration.
NOTE
l When the LSR ID is specified for the first time, no warm-reset occurs on the NE. If the specified LSR
ID is then changed, a warm-reset occurs on the NE but does not affect services.
l If any tunnel exists, do not suggest to change the LSR ID.
----End
After setting the LSR ID of an NE, set the IP address of a port on the NE.
Prerequisites
l You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.
l The LSR ID of an NE is set.
l In Basic Attributes, Port Mode must be set to Layer 3.
Context
When planning the IP addresses for NNI ports, adhere to the following principles:
l The IP address of an NNI port can be an IP address of standard class A, B, or C (namely,
an IP address within the range from 1.0.0.1 to 223.255.255.254). The IP address of an NNI
port cannot be a broadcast address (*.*.*.255), multicast address (224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255), reserved address (240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255), network address
(*.*.*.0), zero address (0.*.*.*), loopback address (127.*.*.*) or subnet address
(192.168.*.* or 192.169.*.*).
l Each NNI port must have an independent and globally unique IP address in a network.
l The IP address of an NNI port must be different from the IP address of the NE. In addition,
the IP address of an NNI port and the IP address of the NE must be in different network
segments and must not overlap each other.
l The LSR ID of an NE and the IP address of the NE must be different from each other and
must be in different network segments.
l The IP addresses of different ports on an NE must be in different network segments.
l The IP addresses of the ports at both ends of a link must be in the same network segment.
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Procedure
Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the required NE, and then choose Configuration > Packet
Configuration > Interface Management > Ethernet Interface from the Function Tree.
Step 2 Click the Layer 3 Attributes tab. Then, set the IP Address and IP Mask parameters. For the
parameter description, see Layer 3 Attributes.
Step 3 Click Apply. In the Operation Result dialog box, which should display that the operation
succeeded, click Close.
----End
During network planning, you do not need to set up an independent DCN for management and
control. Instead, you can use certain bandwidths of a service network to set up a DCN.
3.9.1 Enabling the DCN Function for a Port
The network management information can be transmitted over the inband DCN when the DCN
function is enabled for the ports at both ends of a link.
Prerequisites
l You must be an NM user with "NE operator" authority or higher.
l When you configure an Ethernet service that exclusively occupies a port, disable the DCN
function of the port.
Procedure
Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the NE and choose Communication > DCN Management from the
Function Tree.
Step 2 Click the Port Settings tab.
Step 3 In the corresponding Enabled Status field of the related port, select Enabled.
Step 4 Click Apply.
----End
3.9.2 Setting the Protocol Stack Used by an Inband DCN
Inband DCN packets can be transmitted through the IP protocol or HWECC protocol.
Prerequisites
You must be an NM user with "NE operator" authority or higher.
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Procedure
Function Tree.
Step 2 Click the Protocol Settings tab. Set Protocol Type of the corresponding port.
NOTE
The HWECC protocol is an internal protocol of Huawei and is applicable to the Huawei equipment. When
inband DCN packets need to pass through the third-party network, you need to set Protocol Type to IP.
Step 3 Click Apply.
----End
3.9.3 Setting the VLAN ID and Bandwidth Used by an Inband DCN
If the equipment communicates with the NMS through the inband DCN, the network
management information is transmitted with the service information. In this case, the equipment
identifies the management information through a default VLAN ID. The bandwidth used by an
inband DCN can be adjusted according to the network status.
Prerequisites
Context
l If the default VLAN ID of the inband DCN conflicts with the VLAN ID used by the service,
you can manually modify the VLAN ID of the inband DCN. Ensure that the DCNs on the
entire network use the same VLAN ID.
l If the DCN packet does not use all the preset bandwidth, the idle bandwidth can be shared
with the service packet.
l It is recommended that you perform modification first on the non-gateway NEs and then
on the gateway NE to prevent the non-gateway NEs from being unreachable to the NMS.
Procedure
Function Tree.
Step 2 Click the Bandwidth Management tab, and set the required parameters.
NOTE
When you set these parameters, pay attention to the following points:
l Click Default, and the parameter takes the default value.
l Generally, use the default VLAN ID (4094). When the VLAN ID used by the service conflicts with
the VLAN ID used by a DCN channel, define another VLAN ID for the DCN channel. Ensure that the
DCN channels on the entire network use the same VLAN ID.
l The bandwidth ranges from 64 Mbit/s to 1000 Mbit/s. It is recommended that you set the bandwidth
to a value greater than 512 Mbit/s. Otherwise, the network management information is transmitted at
a low rate.
Step 3 Click Apply.
----End
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16
3.9.4 Setting the Parameters for NMS Access
On a traditional DCN, the equipment is connected to the NMS through the SCC board. The
OptiX OSN equipment can also be connected to the NMS through the NM interface on the
Ethernet board. In this case, set the parameters of the Ethernet board for NM access so that the
equipment can normally communicate with the NMS.
Prerequisites
Precautions
NOTE
l Set these parameters only when the equipment is connected to the NMS through the Ethernet service
board.
l By default, Enabled Status is set to Disabled.
CAUTION
When the DCN port is interconnected with the NMS, the IP address of the NMS and the IP
address of the NNI on the equipment must be set to the same segment.
Procedure
Function Tree.
Step 2 Click the Access Control tab, and set the required parameters.
Step 3 Click Apply.
----End
3.9.5 Setting Inband DCN Packet Priority
This section describes how to set the inband DCN packet priority. When a network congestion
occurs, DCN packets are forwarded based on priority to ensure the communication between the
equipment and the NMS.
Prerequisites
Procedure
Step 1 Select the NE in the NE Explorer. Choose Communication > DCN Management from the
Function Tree.
Step 2 Select the Packet Control tab, and set Packet Priority of corresponding ports. For how to set
the parameter, see Packet Control.
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Step 3 Click Apply.
----End
3.9.6 Checking the DCN Routing Table
After the inband DCN protocol is configured, check the DCN routing table to ensure that the
inband DCN configurations are consistent with DCN planning.
Prerequisites
l Protocol Stack Type of the inband DCN is set to IP.
U2000
Procedure
Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the NE and then choose Communication > IP Protocol Stack
Management from the Function Tree.
Step 2 Click the IP Route Management tab. In the tab page, click Query to query the IP routes.
NOTE
In the IP routing table, if all the NEs on which the protocol is set to the IP protocol on the same data
communication network (DCN) are displayed, it indicates that the NEs communicate with each other
normally. If some NEs are not displayed, handle the fault by referring to Troubleshooting.
Table 3-1 Parameters in the IP routing table
Parameter Description
Destination Address Display the destination address of the IP packet to be transmitted.
Mask Indicates the subnet mask of the destination address of the IP packet.
NOTE
The subnet masks of the NEs in the same network segment must be the same.
Otherwise, routing errors occur.
Gateway IP Address Indicates the IP address of the gateway NE for the NE, or the IP address
of the next hop for the IP packet.
Protocol "DIRECT" indicates that the route is between the local NE and the
neighboring NE.
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Parameter Description
Interface Indicates the interface that is used on the route.
l Ethernet1, the Ethernet interface on the SCC board. "1" indicates
the number of the Ethernet interface.
l InLoopBack0, the loopback interface (that is, the interface whose
IP address is 127.0.0.1).
l Serial3, the PPP interface. "3" indicates the number of the PPP
interface. If DCN routes are generated through Ethernet interfaces
on data boards, this parameter is displayed as "serial".
Metric Indicates the maximum number of routers that IP packets can travel
by.
Working Status Indicates the working status of an NE, for example, Working.

----End
3.9.7 Verifying the Inband DCN
To check whether the configured inband DCN functions normally, verify whether all the basic
functions of the inband DCN are available.
Prerequisites
The inband DCN must be configured.
Background Information
You can verify the MPLS APS in the following aspects:
l Create a non-gateway NE by using the U2000. After the creation, the user can log in to the
non-gateway NE and can upload the data of the NE to the U2000.
l Query the DCN management information about the non-gateway NE by using the
U2000. The inband DCN should be configured correctly.
l Change the parameters of the DCN, such as the protocol mode. The inband DCN should
function normally.
Procedure
Step 1 Create a non-gateway NE by using the U2000. After the creation, the user can log in to the non-
gateway NE and can upload the data of the NE to the U2000.
NOTE
Set Gateway Type to Non-Gateway, and then set Affiliated Gateway to the gateway NE on the inband
DCN.
Step 2 Query the DCN management information about the non-gateway NE by using the U2000. The
inband DCN should be configured correctly.
1. In the Main Menu, choose Administration > DCN Management.
2. Choose Filter Information in the Filter NE tab, then click OK.
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3. Click the NE tab.
4. Click Refresh to check whether the Communication Status of the non-gateway NE is
Normal.
Step 3 Change the parameters of the DCN, such as the protocol mode. The inband DCN should function
normally.
NOTE
On a network where the inband DCN communications are adopted, the parameters of all the NEs must be
the same. The parameters such as the DCN protocol mode of non-gateway NEs need to be changed before
the parameters such as the DCN protocol mode of the gateway NEs are changed.
1. In the Main Topology, right-click the NE to be configured, and then choose NE
Explorer from the shortcut menu.
2. In the NE Explorer, select the NE to be configured, and then choose Communication >
DCN Management from the Function Tree.
3. Change the parameters, such as Bandwidth and Protocol Type.
4. Click Apply.
----End
Follow-up Procedure
If testing the inband DCN fails, rectify faults by referring to Troubleshooting.
Use the U2000 to configure clocks, services, and protection based on engineering documentation
to prepare for subsequent equipment commissioning.
Prerequisites
l The connections of networkwide optical fibers are checked.
l The connections of NMS computer are checked.
U2000
Procedure
Step 1 Table 3-2 lists the configuration process. For details on the configuration, see the Configuration
Guide (Packet Transport Domain).
Table 3-2 Configuration process
Configuration
Task
Description
Configuring
synchronous
Ethernet clocks
This task describes how to configure synchronous Ethernet clocks on
the U2000. For details, see Configuring Synchronous Ethernet
Clocks.
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Configuration
Task
Description
Configuring IEEE
1588v2
This task describes how to configure IEEE 1588v2 on the U2000. For
details, see Configuring the IEEE 1588v2 Time Synchronization.
Configuring CES
ACR
This task describes how to configure CES ACR on the U2000. For
details, see Configuring the CES ACR Clock.
Configuring E-Line
services
This task describes how to configure E-Line services on the U2000.
For details, see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services.
Configuring CES
services
This task describes how to configure CES services on the U2000. For
details, see Configuring CES Services.
Configuring ATM
services
This task describes how to configure ATM services on the U2000.
For details, see Configuring ATM PWE3 Services.
Configuring MPLS
tunnel APS
protection
This task describes how to configure MPLS tunnel APS protection on
the U2000. For details, see Configuring Tunnel APS.

----End
This section describes how to enable and disable the performance monitoring function on the
U2000. The performance parameters are used to monitor the equipment, monitor the running
status of the services, and analyze the network.
Prerequisites
l The U2000 server and client must be started normally.
l 3.6 Setting the NE Name, Date, and Time must be complete.
l The user must log in to the NE.
Tools, Equipment and Materials
U2000
Precautions
NOTE
In normal cases, all the performance parameters are set to the default values. You only need to enable the
performance monitoring function. You can also set the performance parameters depending on the actual
situations.
Procedure
Step 1 Choose Performance > Set NE Performance Monitoring Time from the Main Menu.
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Step 2 Select an NE and click .
Step 3 Select one or more NEs and set the 15-minute and 24-hour performance monitoring parameters
according to the requirements.
NOTE
l The start time must be later than the current time of the U2000 and the end time must be later than the start
time.
l If the end time is not set, it indicates that performance monitoring starts from the start time and does not
stop.
Step 4 Click Apply. A dialog box is displayed indicating that the operation is successful. Click
Close.
----End
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4 System Commissioning
About This Chapter
After the equipment is connected to the relevant network, test whether the equipment is
connected to the other equipment in the network properly and whether the indexes are normal.
Query and record the NE software versions to make sure that network-wide versions are
consistent. This section describes how to query the board versions.
When a network carries packet services, tunnel and PW connectivity need to be tested and
ensured.
4.3 Testing Tunnel and PW Performance
When a network carries packet services, you need to test and ensure the tunnel and PW
performance.
After configuring a packet Ethernet service on a PSN, you need to test whether the packet
Ethernet service is available.
4.5 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Performance
After configuring a packet Ethernet service on a PSN, you need to test the packet Ethernet service
performance.
After configuring CES services, you need to test connectivity of end-to-end CES services to
ensure that they work properly.
Use the ATM OAM function to test the connectivity of UNI-NNI ATM/IMA services in order
to ensure that ATM/IMA services are normal.
4.8 Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSN Network
The protection switching schemes configured for a PSN network protect the services on the
network. To ensure that the protection switching is normal in the case of a network fault, you
need to test the protection switching schemes on the PSN network.
4.9 Testing Clocks
System
Commissioning Guide 4 System Commissioning
23
Clock synchronization is critical to services on a network. To prevent service interruption due
to a clock failure, clock availability needs to be tested and ensured.
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Query and record the NE software versions to make sure that network-wide versions are
consistent. This section describes how to query the board versions.
Prerequisites
The U2000 server and U2000 client must be started normally.
Tools, Equipment and Materials
U2000
Procedure
Step 1 Log in to the U2000 client. Choose Inventory > Physical Inventory from the Main Menu.
Step 2 In the Physical Inventory tab displayed, choose Physical Inventory Type > Board on the left
of the tab.
Step 3 Click Filter. In the Filter dialog box, select the filter conditions. Then, click OK to query board
information.
NOTE
The software version information mainly includes:
l BIOS Version
l Software Version
l PCB Version
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Step 4 In Board List, select the required board and click Query. In the Please Select Query Scope
dialog box, select Selected rows or All rows, and click OK. In the Operation Result dialog
box, which should display that the operation succeeded, click Close.
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Step 5 Record the software versions of each board on the NEs. Compare the versions of these boards.
The software versions of the boards on the entire network should be the same. If the software
versions are not the same, contact the local Huawei office.
----End
When a network carries packet services, tunnel and PW connectivity need to be tested and
ensured.
4.2.1 Testing Tunnel Connectivity Using MPLS Tunnel Ping
The tunnel ping function provided by MPLS tunnel OAM allows you to test tunnel connectivity
with one click. No test instrument is required in the test.
Prerequisites
l MPLS tunnels have been created. For details on how to create MPLS tunnels, see
Configuring an MPLS Tunnel.
NOTE
Before managing an MPLS tunnel that is created on a per-NE basis, you need to search for the MPLS
tunnel. For details on how to search for MPLS tunnels, see Searching for MPLS Tunnels.
U2000
Only certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS OAM. For details about
applicable boards, see Availability in the Feature Description.
Procedure
Step 1 Choose Service > Tunnel > Manage Tunnel from the main menu.
Step 2 In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter conditions; for example, set Protocol Type to
MPLS and set Signaling Type to Static CR. Then, click Filter. Query all MPLS tunnels that
meet the filter conditions.
Step 3 Right-click the tunnel to be tested and choose Test and Check from the shortcut menu. The
Test and Check dialog box is displayed.
Step 4 Use the LSP ping function to test whether the tunnel is available.
1. On the Diagnosis Option pane (located in the lower left area), select LSP Ping and click
. In the Advanced Parameter dialog box that is displayed, set LSP ping parameters
and click OK.
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2. In the lower right area of the window, click Run.
3. View test results in the Result window. You can also view the number of packets
transmitted and received on the tunnel, packet loss ratio, and delay information by clicking
Details in the Check Result pane.
NOTE
If the number of transmitted packets and the number of received packets are different, packet loss
has occurred. Perform an LSP traceroute test to locate the fault.
Step 5 Optional: Perform an LSP traceroute test on the affected tunnel to locate the fault.
1. Click the Configuration tab.
2. On the Diagnosis Option pane (located in the lower left area), select LSP Traceroute and
click . In the Advanced Parameter dialog box that is displayed, set LSP traceroute
parameters and click OK.
4. View test results in the Result window. You can also view running status of the tunnel by
clicking Details in the Check Result pane.
----End
Follow-up Procedure
If the tunnel test fails, see Handling MPLS Tunnel Faults for troubleshooting measures.
4.2.2 Testing PW Connectivity Using PW Ping
The PW ping function in MPLS PW OAM allows you to check PW connectivity with one click.
No instrument is required in the test.
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Prerequisites
l A PWE3 service has been created. For details on how to create an PWE3, see Managing
PWE3 Services.
NOTE
Before managing a PWE3 service that is created on a per-NE basis, you need to search for the PWE3
service.
U2000
Only certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS OAM. For details about
Procedure
Step 1 Choose Service > PWE3 Service > Manage PWE3 Service from the main menu.
Step 2 In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter conditions; for example, set Protocol Type to PW
APS Protection. Then, click Filter. Query all PWE3 services that meet the filter conditions.
Step 3 Right-click the PWE3 service to be tested and choose Test and Check from the shortcut menu.
The Test and Check dialog box is displayed.
Step 4 Use the ping function to check whether the PW is available.
1. On the Diagnosis Option pane (located in the lower left area), select VCCV ping and click
. In the Advanced Parameter dialog box that is displayed, set PW ping parameters
and click OK.
3. View test results in the Result window. You can also view the number of packets
transmitted and received on the PW, packet loss ratio, and delay information by clicking
Details in the Check Result pane.
NOTE
If the number of transmitted packets and the number of received packets are different, packet loss
has occurred. Perform a VCCV traceroute test to locate the fault.
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Step 5 Optional: Perform a VCCV traceroute test on the affected PW to locate the fault.
1. Click the Configuration tab.
2. On the Diagnosis Option pane (located in the lower left area), select VCCV traceroute
and click . In the Advanced Parameter dialog box that is displayed, set VCCV
ping parameters and click OK.
4. View test results in the Result window. You can also view running status of the PW by
clicking Details in the Check Result pane.
----End
Follow-up Procedure
If the PW test fails, see Handling PW Faults for troubleshooting measures.
4.3 Testing Tunnel and PW Performance
When a network carries packet services, you need to test and ensure the tunnel and PW
performance.
4.3.1 Testing Tunnel Performance Using LM/DM in MPLS-TP
Tunnel OAM
The LM and DM functions in MPLS-TP tunnel OAM allow you to test tunnel performance
online with no need for any test instruments. The LM and DM functions do no affect services.
Prerequisites
l MPLS tunnels have been created and deployed. For details on how to create MPLS tunnels,
see Configuring an MPLS Tunnel.
NOTE
l MPLS-TP OAM has been configured, with the service sink OAM protocol being Y.1731.
NOTE
The Y.1731 OAM mode complies with ITU-T G.8113.1.
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30
U2000
Only certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS-TP OAM. For details about
Procedure
Step 3 Right-click the desired tunnel and choose Performance > Create Monitoring Instance from
the shortcut menu.
Step 4 In the displayed dialog box, click Next.
NOTE
In Template Details, you can view parameter settings of the LM/DM functions provided by MPLS-TP
tunnel OAM.
l MPLS_TUNNEL_FD(us): Tunnel delay.
l MPLS_TUNNEL_FDV(us): Tunnel delay variation.
Step 5 Click Next. Set Start Date and End Date for the monitoring instance.
Step 6 Click Next. Check the test result in Operation Result.
----End
4.3.2 Testing Tunnel Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TP
Tunnel OAM
The TST function in MPLS-TP Tunnel OAM allows you to test the tunnel packet loss ratios
online and offline, with no need for any test instruments. Currently, the OptiX OSN equipment
series support the packet loss ratios test online and offline without test instruments. The TST
function is generally used during deployment and commissioning.
Prerequisites
l MPLS tunnels have been created and deployed. For details on how to create MPLS tunnels,
see Configuring an MPLS Tunnel.
NOTE
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31
NOTE
U2000
Procedure
Step 3 Right-click the desired tunnel and choose OAM > MPLS-TP OAM Test from the shortcut
menu. The MPLS-TP OAM Test dialog box is displayed.
Step 4 Choose Test from the drop-down list, click Parameter, set test parameters.
Step 5 Select the desired NE, and click Run.
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Step 6 View the test result in Test Statistics.
----End
4.3.3 Testing PW Performance Using LM/DM in MPLS-TP PW
OAM
The LM and DM functions in MPLS-TP PW OAM allow you to test PW performance online
with no need for any test instruments. The LM and DM functions do not affect services.
Prerequisites
l PWE3 services have been created and deployed. For details on how to create PWE3
services, see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services.
NOTE
If the MPLS tunnel is created on a per-NE basis, search for the tunnel before performing other
operations. For details about how to search for an MPLS tunnel, see Managing PWE3 Services.
NOTE
U2000
Procedure
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33
Step 2 In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter conditions; for example, set Protocol Type to PW
APS Protection. Then, click Filter. Query all PWE3 services that meet the filter conditions.
Step 3 Choose the desired PWE3 service. On the Topology tab page, right-click the displayed PW and
choose View Real-Time Performance.
Step 4 In the displayed dialog box, check performance data of the PWE3 service.
NOTE
l PW_RCVPKTS(pkt): Packets received on PW.
l PW_RCVBYTES(byte): Bytes received on PW.
l PW_DROPPKTS(pkt): Packets discarded on PW.
l MPLS_PW_FLR(%): PW packet loss ratio.
l MPLS_PW_FL(pkt): Number of lost PW packets.
l MPLS_PW_FD(us): PW delay.
l MPLS_PW_FDV(us): PW delay variation.
----End
4.3.4 Testing PW Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TP PW
OAM
The TST function in MPLS-TP PW OAM allows you to test PW packet loss ratios online and
offline, with no need for any test instruments.Currently, the OptiX OSN equipment series support
the packet loss ratios test online and offline without test instruments. The TST function is
generally used during deployment and commissioning.
Prerequisites
l PWE3 services have been created and deployed. For details on how to create PWE3
services, see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services.
NOTE
If the MPLS tunnel is created on a per-NE basis, search for the tunnel before performing other
operations. For details about how to search for an MPLS tunnel, see Managing PWE3 Services.
NOTE
U2000
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34
Procedure
Step 2 In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter conditions; for example, set Service Name. Then,
click Filter. Query all MPLS PWs that meet the filter conditions.
Step 3 Right-click the desired PW and choose PW OAM > TP OAM Test from the shortcut menu.
The MPLS-TP OAM Test dialog box is displayed.
Step 4 Choose Test from the drop-down list, click Parameter, set test parameters.
Step 5 Select the desired NE, and click Run.
Step 6 View the test result in Test Statistics.
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35
----End
After configuring a packet Ethernet service on a PSN, you need to test whether the packet
Ethernet service is available.
4.4.1 Testing Availability of Packet Ethernet Services Using LB in
ETH OAM
The LB function provided by ETH OAM is used to test whether Ethernet services are available.
Prerequisites
l Ethernet services have been configured. For details on how to configure Ethernet services,
see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services in the Configuration Guide (Packet Transport
Domain).
Application Scenario
The LB function in ETH OAM can be used to test the following services (PW-carried E-Line
services, for example):
l Native ETH-carried E-Line and E-LAN services
l PW-carried E-Line (based on VLAN) and E-LAN services
Precautions
For details on the feature dependencies and limitationshow to configure ETH OAM services,
Please see Feature Dependencies and Limitations in the Feature Description.
U2000
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36
For details about the boards that support the ETH OAM function, see Availability of the ETH
OAM function in the Feature Description.
Huawei's Ethernet service processing boards can achieve ETH OAM in compliance with IEEE
802.1ag and IEEE 802.3ah. IEEE 802.1ag define the OAM standards for Ethernet services; IEEE
802.3ah defines the OAM standards for Ethernet ports. As shown in Figure 4-1, the two
recommendations are applied to provide a complete ETH OAM solution.
Figure 4-1 Application of IEEE 802.1ag and IEEE 802.3ah
Core layer
PE1
CE4
PE2
CE3
P
P
P
P
CE1
Router 3
Access layer
Access layer
Custom layer Custom layer
Router 1
Router 2
IEEE 802.1ag
IEEE
802.3ah
IEEE
802.3ah
CE2
OptiX NE

NOTE
The OptiX OSN 500 is usually applied to the access layer of networks.
l Ethernet service OAM achieves end-to-end maintenance for Ethernet links. It functions
based on "maintenance domains" which segment the trail that an Ethernet service travels
along.
l Ethernet port OAM achieves point-to-point maintenance for Ethernet links. It functions
based on the two directly-connected devices of Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM). Ethernet
port OAM can be performed by means of auto-discovery, link performance monitoring,
fault detection, remote loopback, and self-loop detection.
Procedure
Step 1 Optional: Convert the Ethernet services that are created in per-NE mode to end-to-end PWE3
services.
1. Choose Service > Search for IP Service from the main menu.
2. In the dialog box that is displayed, set the auto-discovery policies.
3. Click Start.
4. After the auto-discovery is finished, click Close.
Step 2 Choose Service > PWE3 Service > Manage PWE3 Service from the Main Menu.
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37
Step 3 In the dialog box that is displayed, set the filter conditions. For example, set Protocol Type to
PW APS. Then click Filter.
Step 4 After all the PWE3 services that meet the filter conditions are displayed, select the desired
service, right-click, and choose Ethernet OAM > LB Test from the shortcut menu.
Step 5 In the dialog box that is displayed, select the source NE and sink NE. Then click Run.
Step 6 After the test is finished, click the LB Statistic Information tab and check the test results.
NOTE
The service under test has normal connectivity if the number of transmitted packets equals the number of
received packets.
----End
4.5 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Performance
After configuring a packet Ethernet service on a PSN, you need to test the packet Ethernet service
performance.
4.5.1 Testing Ethernet Service Latency and Throughput Using TP-
Assist
The TP-Assist function allows you to test the latency and throughput of VLAN-based E-Line
services with different frame lengths, with no need for any test instruments.
Prerequisites
l The Ethernet service to be tested must be an E-Line service between two NEs that adopt
traffic classification based on VLAN tags, or a PORT+VLAN<->PORT+VLAN E-Line
service.
U2000
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38
CAUTION
l The ports at the ends of the Ethernet service to be tested must be Ethernet ports. During the
test, the other Ethernet services on the related ports are interrupted.
l If the tested service is configured with QoS, OAM, LAG, inband DCN or any data
transmission protocol, the precision of test results may be affected. To ensure the precision
of test results, it is recommended you delete the above configurations.
l If the enabled source port of the tested service also transmits other services, the precision of
test results may be affected. To ensure the precision of test results, it is recommended you
disconnect the port from the other services.
Connection Diagram for the Test
The test procedure takes the Ethernet service between NE A (PORT1) and NE B (PORT2), as
shown in Figure 4-2, as an example. Ethernet services on NE A and NE B are VLAN-based E-
Line.
Figure 4-2 Test connection diagram
NE B NE A
PORT 1
PSN
PORT 2
VLAN ID=100
NodeB
RNC VLAN ID=100

The Ethernet service between NE A and NE B has the VLAN ID of 100.
Procedure
Step 1 Modify the Tag attribute of the Ethernet service between NE A and NE B.
1. In the NE Explorer, select the desired NE from the Object Tree and choose
Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > Ethernet
Interface from the Function Tree.
2. Click the Layer 2 Attributes tab.
3. Set Tag to Access. Set Default VLAN ID to the VLAN ID of the tested E-Line service.
In this example, set Default VLAN ID to 100.
4. Click Apply.
Step 2 Set NE B as the sink node for the test.
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39
1. In the NE Explorer, select NE B from the Object Tree and choose
Diagnosis&Maintenance > Data Service Performance Test from the Function Tree.
2. Select the Ethernet service to be tested, enter Test Name, and set Test As to Sink.
3. In this example, port 2 is on the sink node and therefore Sink Status should be set to
Enabled.
NOTE
If port 2 is on the source node, Source Status should be set to Enabled.
4. Click Apply.
Step 3 Set NE A as the source node for the test. Then start the test.
1. In the NE Explorer, select NE A from the Object Tree and choose
2. Select the Ethernet service to be tested, enter Test Name as that on NE B, set Test As to
Source.
3. In this example, port 1 is on the source node and therefore Source Status should be set to
Enabled.
NOTE
l If port 1 is on the sink node, Sink Status should be set to Enabled.
l A maximum of five Ethernet services can be tested one time. Therefore, Source Status and Sink
Status should be set to Disabled for the other Ethernet services.
4. Click Apply.
5. Click Start.
NOTE
The test can be started on only the source node (NE A).
A confirmation dialog box is displayed.
6. Click OK.
The system starts the test and displays the test progress and test result.
NOTE
The system tests the following parameters:
l Throughput, Latency when Frame Length(Bytes) is 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280, and 1518
l Latency when Throughput Percentage(%) is 80, 90, and 100
7. Optional: After the progress bar indicates that the test is 100% complete, click Export
Report.
Data Service Performance Test Report is displayed.
NOTE
l Compared with a tool-based test, this test may have an error rate in its results.
l Compared with the throughput in practice, the throughput in test results of long-frame services has an
error rate lower than 5%.
Step 4 After the progress bar indicates that the test is 100% complete, set Source Status and Sink
Status to Disabled for the related ports (port 1 of NE A and port 2 of NE B in this example).
----End
4.5.2 Testing Long-term Ethernet Packet Loss Ratio Using TP-Assist
The TP-Assist function allows you to test the long-term packet loss ratio of VLAN-based E-
Line services with different frame lengths.
System
40
Prerequisites
l The Ethernet service to be tested must be an E-Line service between two NEs that adopt
traffic classification based on VLAN tags, or a PORT+VLAN<->PORT+VLAN E-Line
service.
U2000
CAUTION
l The ports at the ends of the Ethernet service to be tested must be Ethernet ports. During the
test, the other Ethernet services on the related ports are interrupted.
l If the tested service is configured with QoS, OAM, LAG, inband DCN or any data
transmission protocol, the precision of test results may be affected. To ensure the precision
of test results, it is recommended you delete the above configurations.
l If the enabled source port of the tested service also transmits other services, the precision of
test results may be affected. To ensure the precision of test results, it is recommended you
disconnect the port from the other services.
The test procedure takes the Ethernet service between NE A (PORT1) and NE B (PORT2), as
shown in Figure 4-3, as an example.
Figure 4-3 Test connection diagram
NE B NE A
PORT 1
PSN
PORT 2
VLAN ID=100
NodeB
RNC VLAN ID=100

The Ethernet service between NE A and NE B has the VLAN ID of 100.
Procedure
Step 1 Modify the Tag attribute of the Ethernet service between NE A and NE B.
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41
1. In the NE Explorer, select the desired NE from the Object Tree and choose
Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > Ethernet
Interface from the Function Tree.
2. Click the Layer 2 Attributes tab.
3. Set Tag to Access. Set Default VLAN ID to the VLAN ID of the tested E-Line service.
In this example, set Default VLAN ID to 100.
4. Click Apply.
Step 2 Set NE B as the sink node for the test.
1. In the NE Explorer, select NE B from the Object Tree and choose
2. Select the Ethernet service to be tested, enter Test Name, and set Test As to Sink.
3. In this example, port 2 is on the sink node and therefore Sink Status should be set to
Enabled.
NOTE
If port 2 is on the source node, Source Status should be set to Enabled.
4. Click Apply.
Step 3 Set NE A as the source node for the test. Then start the test.
1. In the NE Explorer, select NE A from the Object Tree and choose
2. Select the Ethernet service to be tested, enter Test Name as that on NE B, set Test As to
Source.
3. In this example, port 1 is on the source node and therefore Source Status should be set to
Enabled.
NOTE
l If port 1 is on the sink node, Sink Status should be set to Enabled.
l A maximum of five Ethernet services can be tested one time. Therefore, Source Status and Sink
Status should be set to Disabled for the other Ethernet services.
4. Click the Long-term Packet Loss Radio tab.
5. Set test parameters.
l Set Frame Length(Bytes) to 64.
l Set Throughput Percentage(%) to 80.
NOTE
To test the long-term packet loss ratio when the throughput percentage is 90%, set Throughput
Percentage(%) to 90. To test the long-term packet loss ratio at a specific traffic volume, configure a flow
whose C-VLAN ID is 100 in the port policy for PORT1, configure the specific CAR for the flow, and set
Throughput Percentage(%) to 100.
6. Click Start Long-term Test.
The system starts the test and displays the test progress and test result.
NOTE
After the test time lasts for 24 hours (commonly used test time), click Stop Long-term Test and check
the test result.
7. After the progress bar indicates that the test is 100% complete, click Export Report.
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42
Data Service Performance Test Report is displayed.
NOTE
Tests may have an error rate in the results. When the number of received packets is different from the
number of transmitted packets and the error rate is within one millionth, you can conclude that no service
packets are lost.
Step 4 Repeat Step 3.5 to Step 3.7 to test the long-term packet loss ratio when Frame Length
(Bytes) is 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280, and 1518.
Step 5 After the progress bar indicates that the test is 100% complete, set Source Status and Sink
Status to Disabled for the related ports (port 1 of NE A and port 2 of NE B in this example).
----End
4.5.3 Testing Ethernet Packet Service Performance by Using
SmartBits
You can check whether packet loss has occurred in an Ethernet packet service by looping back
the service at one end and testing packet loss with a SmartBits at the other end.
Prerequisites
l Ethernet services have been configured. For details on how to configure Ethernet services,
see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services in the Configuration Guide (Packet Transport
Domain).
l Data network performance analyzer
l U2000
Figure 4-4 shows a connection diagram for testing packet Ethernet services.
Figure 4-4 Connection diagram for testing packet Ethernet services
3-EM6F-1
NE1
NE2
SmartBits
3-EM6F-1
Dual-domain/
TDM domain/
Packet domain
network
MAC inloop
NOTE
The connection diagram is only an example. In this example, a MAC-layer inloop is performed on an
Ethernet port on NE1, and the SmartBits is connected to an Ethernet port on NE2. If required, you can
connect the SmartBits to any Ethernet board on the source or sink NE of a packet Ethernet service.

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43
Precautions
CAUTION
l Keep irrelevant personnel away from the testing environment during a test.
l Do not touch fibers, electrical wires, or cables unless necessary.
Procedure
Step 1 According to the test connection diagram, connect the SmartBits to the Ethernet port on NE2.
Step 2 Log in to the U2000. Follow instructions in 3.11 Enabling NE Performance Monitoring to
enable 15-minute and 24-hour performance monitoring for NE1 and NE2.
NOTE
Performance monitoring needs to be enabled in case that a fault detected in the test can be located.
Step 3 Log in to the U2000 and set a MAC-layer inloop for the Ethernet port on NE1.
1. In the Workbench view, double-click Main Topology to display the main topology.
2. Right-click the NE to be looped back on the Main Topology of the U2000, and choose NE
3. Select the Ethernet board to be looped back, and choose Configuration > Interface
Management > Ethernet Interface from the Function Tree.
4. Select Advanced Attributes.
5. In the list, select an Ethernet interface, and then double-click PHY Loopback or MAC
Loopback to select a loopback mode.
6. Click Query. After the Prompt dialog box is displayed, click OK.
7. After the Operation Result dialog box is displayed, click Close.
Step 4 Use the SmartBits to perform tests on packet receiving and transmission.
NOTE
l Packets with all 0s are regarded as special packets. Therefore, do not use packets of all 0s for testing
transmitted and received packets.
l When the SmartBits transmits and receives packets for the first time, packet loss occurs due to MAC
address learning. Therefore, it is normal that the number of transmitted packets is different from the
number of received packets.
l In the tests after the first time, if the number of transmitted packets is the same as the number of received
packets, the cross-domain service channels are normal.
l If packet loss occurs during the tests, troubleshoot the fault and then perform 24-hour tests until the
channels pass the tests.
----End
After configuring CES services, you need to test connectivity of end-to-end CES services to
ensure that they work properly.
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44
Prerequisites
l CES services must be configured as required. For details, see "Configuring CES Services"
in the Configuration Guide (Packet Transport Domain).
BER tester or SDH analyzer, the U2000
Test Connection Diagram
Figure 4-5 shows the connection diagram for testing connectivity of CES service. You can
replace the BER tester with a SDH analyzer.
Figure 4-5 Connection diagram for testing connectivity of CES services
Inloop
NE1 NE2
Packet
domain
DDF
BER tester

WARNING
l Only commissioning engineers are present during the test.
l Do not touch the cable, unless necessary.
Procedure
Step 1 As shown in Figure 4-5, connect the CES service interface on NE1 to the BER tester.
Step 2 Perform an inloop for the UNI that receives CES services on NE2 on the U2000.
1. In the Main Topology of the U2000, right-click the required NE and then choose NE
Explorer from the shortcut menu. The NE Explorer window is displayed.
2. Select the board that provides CES services.
3. In the Function Tree, select the type of the interface that receives the CES services.
If an E1 interface receives the CES services, choose Configuration > Packet
Configuration > Interface Management > PDH Interface from the Function Tree.
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45
4. Click the Advanced Attributes tab and then select the interface to perform a loopback.
5. Right-click the Loopback Mode field, and then choose Inloop from the shortcut menu.
6. Click Apply.
Step 3 Perform a 24-hour bit error test.
NOTE
Set the coding to HDB3 and pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) to 2
15
-1 for the signals transmitted
by the BER tester.
Set the BER tester according to the encapsulation method that the CES services adopt and the frame format
that the E1 interface adopts.
l If the CES services adopt the SATop method, you need to enable the BER tester to transmit unframed
signals, double-frame signals, or CRC-4 multiframe signals.
l If the CES services adopt the CESoPSN method and the interface adopts the double-frame format, you
need to enable the BER tester to transmit double-frame signals.
l If the CES services adopt the CESoPSN method and the interface adopts the CRC-4 multiframe format,
you need to enable the BER tester to transmit CRC-4 multiframe signals.
Step 4 Test the performance of the CES services. That is, check whether bit errors occur in the CES
services in the 24-hour period.
Step 5 Check for the alarms associated with the CES services. If there is any, see the Alarms and
Performance Events Reference and Troubleshooting to clear the alarms.
Step 6 Repeat Step 3 to Step 4 to perform the 24-hour bit error test again.
Step 7 Release the inloop that is set on the interface on NE2. For details, see Step 2.
Step 8 Reconnect the cable to the CES service interface on NE1.
Step 9 Repeat Step 1 to Step 8 to test the CES services on all the other 2 Mbit/s interfaces on NE1 and
NE2.
Step 10 Repeat Step 1 to Step 9 to test connectivity of the CES services on the other NEs.
----End
Use the ATM OAM function to test the connectivity of UNI-NNI ATM/IMA services in order
to ensure that ATM/IMA services are normal.
Prerequisites
l End-to-end UNI-NNI ATM/IMA services are configured.
l You must be an NM user with "NE and network operator " authority or higher.
U2000
Figure 4-6 shows the connections for testing the connectivity of ATM/IMA services.
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46
Figure 4-6 Connections for testing the connectivity of ATM/IMA services
PSN
NE2
Inloop
NE1
Inloop
Procedure
Step 1 On NE1 and NE2, set the automatic loopback release function of the UNI ports receiving ATM/
IMA services to Disabled.
1. On the left side of the Automatic Disabling of NE Function window, select NE1 and NE2
in the Object Tree. Then, click . The Automatic Disabling of NE Function window
lists the selected NEs.
2. For SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback of NE1 and NE2, set Auto Disabling
to Disabled.
NOTE
When Auto Disabling of SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback on an NE is set to
Disabled, the automatic loopback release function is disabled for all SDH optical ports, PDH
electrical ports, and ATM/IMA groups on the NE.
Step 2 On NE1, set an inloop for the UNI port receiving ATM/IMA services as shown in the test
connection diagram.
1. In the Main Topology of the U2000, right-click NE1. Then, choose NE Explorer from the
shortcut menu. The NE Explorer window is displayed.
2. In the NE Explorer window, select NE1 and then choose Configuration > Packet
Configuration > Interface Management > ATM IMA Management from the Function
Tree.
3. Click the ATM Interface Management tab, and then select the IMA group carrying the
ATM/IMA service to be tested.
4. Double-click Loopback of the IMA group. In the menu that is displayed, select Inloop.
5. Click Apply.
Step 3 On NE2, set an inloop for the UNI port receiving ATM/IMA services as shown in the test
connection diagram with reference to Step 2.
Step 4 Select NE1 in the NE Explorer, and then choose Configuration > Packet Configuration >
ATM OAM Management from the Function Tree.
Step 5 Click the Remote Loopback Test tab, and select the ATM/IMA services to be tested.
Step 6 For the ATM/IMA services whose Connection Direction is Source, set Segment and End
Attribute to Endpoint.
NOTE
Segment and End Attribute of an ATM/IMA service specifies the type of ATM OAM cells transmitted
during an LB test.
l If Segment and End Attribute is set to Segment point, seg_LB cells will be transmitted.
l If Segment and End Attribute is set to Endpoint, e-t-e_LB cells will be transmitted.
Step 7 Set Loopback Point NE of the ATM/IMA services to be tested to NE2.
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47
Step 8 Click Test to start an LB test. The test progress bar is displayed. In the Operation Result dialog
box that is displayed upon the completion of the test, click Close.
Step 9 Check Test Result of the tested ATM/IMA service.
1. Normally, Test Result should be Test Succeeded. If such is the display, view the new
performance events to verify that the LB test succeeded.
a. On the Main View, click the shortcut icon. In the Query Event Logs window
that is displayed, select Reporting of LB status information about the new
performance events.
b. Right-click Reporting of LB status information, and select Details .... from the
shortcut menu. In the window, view the additional information to confirm the test
result.
c. Normally, the test result should be a success. If it is a failure, handle the problem
according to the ATM/OAM service fault handling description in the Troubleshooting
Guide.
2. If the test result is Test Failed or other failure information, handle the problem according
to the ATM/OAM service fault handling description in the Fault Handling.
Step 10 On NE1 and NE2, release the inloops for the UNI ports receiving ATM/OAM services with
reference to Step 2.
Step 11 Repeat Step 2 to Step 10 to test the connectivity of the other ATM/OAM services on NE1 and
NE2.
Step 12 For SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback on NE1 and NE2, set Automatic
Disabling to Enabled with reference to Step 1.
Step 13 Repeat Step 1 to Step 12 to test the connectivity of the ATM/IMA services on the other NEs.
----End
4.8 Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSN
Network
The protection switching schemes configured for a PSN network protect the services on the
network. To ensure that the protection switching is normal in the case of a network fault, you
need to test the protection switching schemes on the PSN network.
4.8.1 Testing the MPLS Tunnel APS Protection Switching
On the U2000, you can perform the MPLS Tunnel APS protection switching. The protection
switching operations include the forced switching, exercise switching, manual to working, and
manual to protection.
Prerequisites
l The MPLS Tunnel APS must be configured.
U2000
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NOTE
After the MPLS tunnel APS protection scheme is configured, the ping test function and traceroute test
function in MPLS OAM cannot be used for the protection channel. Therefore, you need to ensure that the
working tunnel and protection tunnel are normal.
Protection switching includes forced switching, manual switching, and exercise switching.
l In the case of forced switching, the state of the protection channel is not considered, unless
the protection channel is responding to the bridge request of a higher priority. When the
automatic switching fails due to some reason, the forced switching can be performed to
restore the services.
l Commands for manual switching are valid only when there is no signal failure or signal
degradation on the protection tunnel. In the case of manual switching, services can be
manually switched to a working or protection tunnel.
l The exercise switching is used to test the APS protocol. In fact, the services are not switched,
and only the computation result of the protocol is displayed.
You can verify the MPLS Tunnel APS function according to the following aspects:
l If a fault is generated on the network, the MPLS Tunnel APS can still be performed
normally.
l If the protection group is set to the revertive mode, the service can be switched from the
protection tunnel to the working tunnel after the WTR time expires.
l All the commands that trigger manual switching can be issued correctly.
see Figure 4-7, a 2 Mbit/s service is present between Node B and RNC. After the 2 Mbit/s service
is encapsulated, it is transmitted through the working tunnel NE1-NE4-NE3 as shown in Figure
1. Because the 2 Mbit/s service has a high requirement for safety, a protection tunnel NE1-NE2-
NE3 is created to protect the working tunnel. Then, the 1:1 protection is established between the
two tunnels.
Figure 4-7 MPLS test connection diagram
NE1
NE2
NE3
NE4
Protection Tunnel
Working Tunnel
NodeB
PSN
RNC

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Procedure
Step 1 If a fault is generated on the network, the MPLS tunnel APS can still be performed normally.
1. Disconnect the working fiber. For example the fibre between NE1 and NE4.
2. In the Main Topology, right-click the NE that you want to verify and choose NE
3. Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > APS Protection Management in the
Function Tree. In the pane on the right side, select the protection group that you want to
verify. Then, click Function > Query Switching Status to check whether the service is
switched from the working tunnel to the protection tunnel.
Step 2 If the protection group is set to the revertive mode and if the working tunnel recovers, the service
can be switched from the protection tunnel to the working tunnel after the WTR time expires.
1. Reconnect the fiber that is disconnected in Step Step 1. After the WTR time expires, click
Function > Query Switching Status to check whether Active Tunnel is the specified
Working Tunnel.
Step 3 All the commands that trigger manual switching can be issued correctly.
1. Select the protection group that you want to verify and click Clear under Function. Then,
click Query Switching Status under Function to check whether the command is issued
successfully.
2. Repeat the preceding steps to check whether all commands that trigger manual switching,
such as Force Switching, Manual Switching to Working, Manual Switching to
Protection, Exercise Switching, and Lockout of Protection are issued successfully.
----End
Follow-up Procedure
If testing MPLS tunnel APS protection switching fails, rectify faults by referring to
Troubleshooting.
4.8.2 Testing the MPLS PW APS
The equipment supports MPLS PW APS. The switching commands include forced switching,
exercise switching, manual switching to working, and manual switching to protection.
Prerequisites
l The MPLS PW APS protection scheme is configured.
U2000
NOTE
After the MPLS PW APS protection scheme is configured, the ping test function in PW OAM cannot be
used for the protection channel. Therefore, you need to ensure that the working PW and protection PW are
normal.
Switching commands include forced switching, manual switching, and exercise switching.
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l In the case of forced switching, the state of the protection channel is not considered, unless
the protection channel is responding to the bridge request with a higher priority. When the
automatic switching fails due to some reason, the forced switching can be performed to
restore the services.
l Commands for manual switching take effect only when there is no signal failure or signal
degradation on the destination PW of the protection switching. In the case of manual
switching, services can be manually switched to a working or protection channel.
l Exercise switching is used to test the APS protocol. In fact, the services are not switched,
and only the computation result of the protocol is displayed.
You can verify the MPLS PW APS function in the following aspects:
l When a fault is generated on the network, MPLS PW APS can be performed normally.
l All the commands that trigger manual switching can be issued correctly.
l When the protection group is set to the revertive mode, the service can be switched from
the protection channel to the working channel after the WTR time expires.
A 2 Mbit/s service is present between the Node B and the RNC. After being encapsulated, the
2 Mbit/s service is transmitted through the working PW of NE1-NE4-NE3, as shown in Figure
4-8. A protection PW of NE1-NE2-NE3 is created to protect the working PW because the 2
Mbit/s service has a high requirement for safety. The two PWs form MPLS APS 1:1 protection.
Figure 4-8 MPLS test connection diagram
NE1
NE2
NE3
NE4
Protection PW
Working PW
NodeB
PSN
RNC
Tunnel

Procedure
Step 1 When a fault is generated on the network, MPLS PW APS can be performed normally.
1. Remove the optical fibers on the working channel, such as the optical fibers from NE1 to
NE4.
2. Right-click the required NE in the Main Topology, and choose NE Explorer from the
shortcut menu.
3. Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > APS Protection Management from
the Function Tree.
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4. Click the PW APS Management tab. In the tab page, select the required protection group
and choose Function > Query Switching Status to check whether the switching is normal.
Step 2 When the protection group is set to the revertive mode and the working PW recovers, the service
can be switched from the protection PW to the working PW after the WTR time expires.
1. Reconnect the optical fibers that are disconnected in Step 1. After the WTR time expires,
choose Function > Query Switching Status to check whether the value of Working PW
ID is the same as that specified.
Step 3 All the commands that trigger manual switching can be issued correctly.
1. Select the protection group to be verified, and click Clear below Function. Then, click
Query Switching Status below Function to check whether the command is issued
successfully.
2. Repeat the preceding steps to check whether all commands that trigger manual switching
are issued successfully, such as Forced Switching, Manual Switching to Working,
Manual Switching to Protection, Exercise Switching, and Lockout of Protection.
----End
4.8.3 Testing ERPS Switching
You can verify whether the ERPS function is in the normal state by checking the port status of
the ERPS protection group before and after the switching.
Prerequisites
l The equipment is configured with ERPS.
l The network cable for carrying the working and protection Ethernet services of ERPS is
properly connected.
U2000
As shown in Figure 4-9, the following procedures use the Ethernet services that are configured
with ERPS between NE A and NE D as an example. The RPL owner node is NE D.
Figure 4-9 Configuration for testing ERPS
NE A, NE B, NE C, and NE D are configured as follows:
l West ETH board: 3-EM6F-1
l East ETH board: 3-EM6F-2
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Working channel
NE B
Protection channel
West
East
West
West
East
East
East
West
NE A
NE C
NE D

Procedure
Step 1 Before the switching, query the status of the protection group that is configured on NE D.
1. Select the NE from the Object Tree in the NE Explorer of NE D, and choose
Configuration > Packet Configuration > Ethernet Protection > ERPS Management
from the Function Tree.
2. Select the ERPS protection group to be queried, and click Query.
3. The value of State Machine Status should be Idle.
Step 2 Refer to 4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability to test availability of the Ethernet
services.
The LossRate in the Detection Result should be 0.
Step 3 Disable the west Ethernet port 3-EM6F-1 on NE A.
1. In the NE Explorer of NE A, select the desired Ethernet board and choose
2. Click the Basic Attributes tab.
3. Select the desired port and set Enable Port to Disabled.
4. Click Apply.
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53
Step 4 After the switching, query the status of the protection group that is configured on NE D.
1. Select the NE from the Object Tree in the NE Explorer of NE D, and choose
Configuration > Packet Configuration > Ethernet Protection > ERPS Management
from the Function Tree.
2. Select the ERPS protection group to be queried, and click Query.
3. The value of State Machine Status should be Protection.
Step 5 Refer to 4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability to test availability of the Ethernet
services.
The LossRate in the Detection Result should be 0.
Step 6 Enable the west Ethernet port 3-EM6F-1 on NE A.
1. In the NE Explorer of NE A, select the desired Ethernet board and choose
2. Click the Basic Attributes tab.
3. Select the desired port and set Enable Port to Enabled.
4. Click Apply.
----End
4.8.4 Testing Packet-based LMSP Switching
For a chain network, packet-based linear MSP can be configured to improve link transmission
reliability.
Prerequisites
l You must be an NM user with NE operator authority or higher.
l The Packet-Based linear MSP must be created and configured on the U2000.
U2000
Procedure
Step 1 Check the switching status of the Packet-Based Linear MSP protection group under test.
1. On the Main Topology of the U2000, right-click the NE configured with Packet-Based
Linear MSP. Choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu to display the NE Explorer
window.
2. In the Function Tree of NE Explorer, choose Configuration > Packet Configuration >
Packet-based Linear MS.
3. Click Query and choose Query Protection Group from the shortcut menu to refresh the
configuration of protection groups on the NE.
4. Click Query and choose Query Switching Status from the shortcut menu. Then, check
West Switching Status of the working and protection units in the protection group under
test. West Switching Status of both units should be Idle.
Step 2 Disable the working port of the LMSP protection group under test.
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54
1. In NE Explorer, select the board configured with the LMSP protection and choose
Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > SDH Interface from
the Function Tree.
2. On the General Attributes tab, select the working port in the Packet-Based Linear MSP
protection group and set Laser Interface Enabling Status to Close.
Step 3 Check the switching status. If West Switching Status of either the working unit or protection
unit is Switching, it indicates a successful switching.
Step 4 Disable the working port of the Packet-Based Linear MSP protection group under test with
reference to Step 2.
Step 5 Revert the services to the working tunnel of the LMSP protection group.
l If Revertive Mode of the Packet-Based Linear MSP protection group is set to Revertive,
the services are reverted to the working tunnel when WTR expires.
l If Revertive Mode of the Packet-Based Linear MSP protection group is set to Non-
Revertive, select the protection group and click the Inter-Board Mapping Relation tab,
right-click Protection Unit in Protection Unit, and choose Manual Switching to
Working from the shortcut menu.
----End
4.8.5 Testing ML-PPP Protection
This section describes how to test Multi-Link Point-to-Point Protocol (ML-PPP) protection on
the U2000.
Prerequisites
l ML-PPP protection has been configured for NE 1 and NE 2 on the U2000.
U2000
Context
NE 1 and NE 2 are interconnected using their CQ1 boards and configured with ML-PPP
protection.
Procedure
Step 1 Check the encapsulation attributes of serial interfaces configured for NE 1 and NE 2.
1. In the main topology, right-click NE 1 and choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu.
The NE Explorer window is displayed.
2. Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > Serial
Interface from the function tree.
3. Click Query. Information about the serial interface configured for NE 1 is displayed on
the General Attributes tab page.
4. Check Port Mode. The expected value is Layer 3. Then, check Encapsulation Type. The
expected value is PPP.
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5. Repeat Step 1.1 to Step 1.4 to check the encapsulation attributes of the serial interface
configured for NE 2.
Step 2 Check information about maintenance point (MP) groups configured for NE 1 and NE 2.
1. Enter NE 1's NE Explorer and choose Configuration > Packet Configuration >
Interface Management > MP Group Management from the function tree.
2. Click Query. Information about the MP group configured for NE 1 is displayed on the
General Attributes tab page. Then, check Enable Tunnel. The expected value is
Enable.
3. Repeat Step 2.1 to Step 2.2 to check information about the MP group configured for NE
2.
Step 3 Change the frame mode of NE 1's port connecting NE 1 to NE 2, and ensure that the
interconnected ports on NE 1 and NE 2 use different frame modes.
1. Enter NE 1's NE Explorer, select the CQ1 board from the object tree, and choose
Configuration > Interface Management > Path Configuration from the function tree.
2. In the Path Configuration dialog box, right-click Frame Mode of the port connecting NE
1 to NE 2 and choose 30 from the drop-down list. At this time, the interconnected ports on
NE 1 and NE 2 use different frame modes, because NE 2's port connecting NE 2 to NE 1
takes the default value 31.
NOTE
The default value of Frame Mode is 31. As Frame Mode is not changed for NE 2, Frame Mode
of NE 2's port connecting NE 2 to NE 1 takes the default value 31.
3. Click Apply.
Step 4 Check the status of the PPP link on NE 1.
1. In NE 1's MP Group Management window, select the desired MP group. Information
about members of the MP group is displayed on the Member Attribute tab page. Then,
check PPP Link Status. The expected value is DOWN, indicating that ML-PPP fails.
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Step 5 Change the frame mode of NE 1's port connecting NE 1 to NE 2 and ensure that the
interconnected ports on NE 1 and NE 2 use the same frame mode.
1. In NE 1's Path Configuration dialog box, right-click Frame Mode of the port connecting
NE 1 to NE 2 and choose 31 from the drop-down list. At this time, the interconnected ports
on NE 1 and NE 2 use the same frame mode.
2. Click Apply.
Step 6 Check the status of the PPP link on NE 1 again.
1. In NE 1's MP Group Management window, select the desired MP group. Information
about members of the MP group is displayed on the Member Attribute tab page. Then,
check PPP Link Status. The expected value is UP, indicating that ML-PPP is operating
normally.
----End
4.9 Testing Clocks
Clock synchronization is critical to services on a network. To prevent service interruption due
to a clock failure, clock availability needs to be tested and ensured.
4.9.1 Testing CES ACR Clocks
The circuit emulation service (CES) adaptive clock recovery (ACR) clock adopts the ACR
technology to recover the clock synchronization information transmitted in CES services. It
ensures the ACR clock synchronization of all NEs in the PSN, which is very important to CES
services. CES ACR clocks are classified into two types: standard CES ACR clock and enhanced
CES ACR clock. To ensure that all the clocks on the PSN are synchronous, you must test the
CES ACR clocks.
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57
Prerequisites
l All CES ACR clock parameters must be configured properly on each NE. For details, see
Configuring the CES ACR Clock in Feature Description.
BER tester or SDH analyzer.U2000
Figure 4-10 shows the connection diagram for testing CES ACR clocks.
Figure 4-10 Connection diagram for testing CES ARC clocks
BTS1
NE1
(Slave)
BTS2
CES
NE2
(Master)
BSC
PSN
E1
E1 E1
E1

Procedure
Step 1 Right-click NE1 and choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu.
Step 2 Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > PDH Interface
from the Function Tree and check whether Clock Mode is Slave Mode.
Step 3 Choose Configuration > Clock > ACR Clock from the Function Tree and check the settings
of CES Service, Track Mode and Lock Status. The Track Mode of NE1 should be Slave
Mode and Lock Status should be Locked.
NOTE
A CES ACR clock is locked 15 minutes after it is configured.
Step 4 Choose Configuration > Clock > Clock Domain from the Function Tree to check the setting
ofClock Domain, Clock Domain Board and Clock Port.
Step 5 Choose Fault > Browse Current Alarm from the Main Menu.
Step 6 In the Filter window, click the Alarm Source tab and click Custom. Click Add and choose
NE to add NE1 to Selected Alarm Source. Then, click OK to start the filter.
System
58
Step 7 Check the alarms reported by NE1. If the CES ACR clock is locked abnormally, a
CES_ACR_LOCK_ABN alarm is reported.
NOTE
If the CES_ACR_LOCK_ABN alarm persists 15 minutes after the configuration, the CES ACR
configuration is incorrect. Refer to Alarm and Event Handling for possible causes and troubleshooting
procedures.
Step 8 Right-click NE2 and choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu.
Step 9 Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > PDH Interface
from the Function Tree and check whether Clock Mode is Master Mode.
Step 10 Test the CES ACR clock of NE2 by following instructions in Step 3 to Step 7.
Step 11 Test bit errors in the CES services using the BER tester or SDH analyzer. In normal situation,
no bit error is tested. If bit errors are tested, it indicates that the CES ACR clock configuration
fails.
----End
Follow-up Procedure
None
System
59
A Glossary
Numerics
2DM two-way delay measurement
3G See 3rd Generation.
3R reshaping, retiming, regenerating
3rd Generation (3G) The third generation of digital wireless technology, as defined by the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU). Third generation technology is expected to deliver
data transmission speeds between 144 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, compared to the 9.6 kbit/s to
19.2 kbit/s offered by second generation technology.
802.1Q in 802.1Q
(QinQ)
A VLAN feature that allows the equipment to add a VLAN tag to a tagged frame. The
implementation of QinQ is to add a public VLAN tag to a frame with a private VLAN
tag to allow the frame with double VLAN tags to be transmitted over the service
provider's backbone network based on the public VLAN tag. This provides a layer 2
VPN tunnel for customers and enables transparent transmission of packets over private
VLANs.
A
AAL See ATM Adaptation Layer.
ABR See available bit rate.
AC alternating current
ACH associated channel header
ACL See access control list.
ACR allowed cell rate
ADM add/drop multiplexer
ADMC automatically detected and manually cleared
ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line
AF See assured forwarding.
AGC automatic gain control
AIS alarm indication signal
System
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60
ALC See automatic level control.
ALS See automatic laser shutdown.
AM See adaptive modulation.
AMI See alternate mark inversion.
AMU ATM cell multiplex unit
ANSI See American National Standards Institute.
APD See avalanche photodiode.
APS automatic protection switching
ARP See Address Resolution Protocol.
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASK amplitude shift keying
ATM asynchronous transfer mode
ATM Adaptation
Layer (AAL)
An interface between higher-layer protocols and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
The AAL provides a conversion function to and from ATM for various types of
information, including voice, video, and data.
ATPC See automatic transmit power control.
AU See administrative unit.
AUG See administrative unit group.
AWG arrayed waveguide grating
Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
An Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. It allows hosts and
routers to determine the link layer addresses through ARP requests and ARP responses.
American National
Standards Institute
(ANSI)
An organization that defines U.S standards for the information processing industry.
ANSI participates in defining network protocol standards.
access control list
(ACL)
A list of entities, together with their access rights, which are authorized to have access
to a resource.
adaptive modulation
(AM)
A technology that is used to automatically adjust the modulation mode according to the
channel quality. When the channel quality is favorable, the equipment uses a high-
efficiency modulation mode to improve the transmission efficiency and the spectrum
utilization of the system. When the channel quality is degraded, the equipment uses the
low-efficiency modulation mode to improve the anti-interference capability of the link
that carries high-priority services.
administrative unit
(AU)
The information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layer
and the multiplex section layer. It consists of an information payload (the higher order
VC) and an AU pointer which indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative to
the multiplex section frame start.
administrative unit
group (AUG)
One or more administrative units occupying fixed, defined positions in an STM payload.
An AUG consists of AU-4s.
alternate mark
inversion (AMI)
A synchronous clock encoding technique which uses bipolar pulses to represent logical
1 values.
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assured forwarding
(AF)
One of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by the Diff-Serv workgroup of IETF.
It is suitable for certain key data services that require assured bandwidth and short delay.
For traffic within the bandwidth limit, AF assures quality in forwarding. For traffic that
exceeds the bandwidth limit, AF degrades the service class and continues to forward the
traffic instead of discarding the packets.
automatic laser
shutdown (ALS)
A technique (procedure) to automatically shutdown the output power of laser transmitters
and optical amplifiers to avoid exposure to hazardous levels.
automatic level control
(ALC)
A feature that identifies speech signals and adjusts the sound volume to stay within a
comfortable range, improving user experience.
automatic transmit
power control (ATPC)
A method of adjusting the transmit power based on fading of the transmit signal detected
at the receiver
available bit rate (ABR) A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. ABR only provides possible
forwarding service and applies to the connections that does not require the real-time
quality. It does not provide any guarantee in terms of cell loss or delay.
avalanche photodiode
(APD)
A semiconductor photodetector with integral detection and amplification stages.
Electrons generated at a p/n junction are accelerated in a region where they free an
avalanche of other electrons. APDs can detect faint signals but require higher voltages
than other semiconductor electronics.
B
B-ISDN See broadband integrated services digital network.
BA booster amplifier
BBE background block error
BC boundary clock
BCD binary coded decimal
BDI See backward defect indication.
BE See best effort.
BER bit error rate
BFD See Bidirectional Forwarding Detection.
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
BIOS See basic input/output system.
BIP See bit interleaved parity.
BIP-8 See bit interleaved parity-8.
BIP-X bit interleaved parity-X
BITS See building integrated timing supply.
BMC best master clock
BNC See bayonet-neill-concelman.
BPDU See bridge protocol data unit.
BPS board protection switching
BRAS See broadband remote access server.
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BSC binary synchronous communication
BSS base station subsystem
BTS base transceiver station
BWS backbone wavelength division multiplexing system
Bidirectional
Forwarding Detection
(BFD)
A fast and independent hello protocol that delivers millisecond-level link failure
detection and provides carrier-class availability. After sessions are established between
neighboring systems, the systems can periodically send BFD packets to each other. If
one system fails to receive a BFD packet within the negotiated period, the system regards
that the bidirectional link fails and instructs the upper layer protocol to take actions to
recover the faulty link.
backplane An electronic circuit board containing circuits and sockets into which additional
electronic devices on other circuit boards or cards can be plugged.
backward defect
indication (BDI)
A function that the sink node of a LSP, when detecting a defect, uses to inform the
upstream end of the LSP of a downstream defect along the return path.
basic input/output
system (BIOS)
A firmware stored in the computer mainboard. It contains basic input/output control
programs, power-on self test (POST) programs, bootstraps, and system setting
information. The BIOS provides hardware setting and control functions for the computer.
bayonet-neill-
concelman (BNC)
A connector used for connecting two coaxial cables.
best effort (BE) A traditional IP packet transport service. In this service, the diagrams are forwarded
following the sequence of the time they reach. All diagrams share the bandwidth of the
network and routers. The amount of resource that a diagram can use depends of the time
it reaches. BE service does not ensure any improvement in delay time, jitter, packet loss
ratio, and high reliability.
bit interleaved parity
(BIP)
A method of error monitoring. With even parity an X-bit code is generated by equipment
at the transmit end over a specified portion of the signal in such a manner that the first
bit of the code provides even parity over the first bit of all X-bit sequences in the covered
portion of the signal, the second bit provides even parity over the second bit of all X-bit
sequences within the specified portion, and so on. Even parity is generated by setting the
BIP-X bits so that there is an even number of 1s in each monitored partition of the signal.
A monitored partition comprises all bits which are in the same bit position within the X-
bit sequences in the covered portion of the signal. The covered portion includes the BIP-
X.
bit interleaved parity-8
(BIP-8)
Consists of a parity byte calculated bit-wise across a large number of bytes in a
transmission transport frame. Divide a frame is into several blocks with 8 bits (one byte)
in a parity unit and then arrange the blocks in matrix. Compute the number of "1" or "0"
over each column. Then fill a 1 in the corresponding bit for the result if the number is
odd, otherwise fill a 0.
bridge protocol data
unit (BPDU)
The data messages that are exchanged across the switches within an extended LAN that
uses a spanning tree protocol (STP) topology. BPDU packets contain information on
ports, addresses, priorities and costs and ensure that the data ends up where it was
intended to go. BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in a
network topology. The loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridges
interfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state.
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63
broadband integrated
services digital network
(B-ISDN)
A standard defined by the ITU-T to handle high-bandwidth applications, such as voice.
It currently uses the ATM technology to transmit data over SONNET-based circuits at
155 to 622 Mbit/s or higher speed.
broadband remote
access server (BRAS)
A new type of access gateway for broadband networks. As a bridge between backbone
networks and broadband access networks, BRAS provides methods for fundamental
access and manages the broadband access network. It is deployed at the edge of network
to provide broadband access services, convergence, and forwarding of multiple services,
meeting the demands for transmission capacity and bandwidth utilization of different
users. BRAS is a core device for the broadband users' access to a broadband network.
building integrated
timing supply (BITS)
In the situation of multiple synchronous nodes or communication devices, one can use
a device to set up a clock system on the hinge of telecom network to connect the
synchronous network as a whole, and provide satisfactory synchronous base signals to
the building integrated device. This device is called BITS.
built-in WDM A function which integrates some simple WDM systems into products that belong to the
OSN series. That is, the OSN products can add or drop several wavelengths directly.
C
CAR committed access rate
CAS See channel associated signaling.
CAS multiframe A multiframe set up based on timeslot 16. Each CAS multiframe contains 16 E1 PCM
frames. Among the 8 bits of timeslot 16 in the first frame, the first 4 bits are used for
multiframe synchronization. The multiframe alignment signal (MFAS) for
synchronization is 0000. The last 4 bits are used as the not multiframe alignment signal
(NMFAS). The NMFAS is XYXX. For the other 15 frames, timeslot 16 is used to
transmit exchange and multiplexing (E&M) signaling corresponding to each timeslot.
CAU See client automatic upgrade.
CBR See constant bit rate.
CBS See committed burst size.
CC See continuity check.
CDVT cell delay variation tolerance
CE See customer edge.
CES See circuit emulation service.
CFM connectivity fault management
CFR cell fill rate
CGMP Cisco Group Management Protocol
CIR committed information rate
CISPR International Special Committee on Radio Interference
CIST See Common and Internal Spanning Tree.
CLEI common language equipment identification
CLNP connectionless network protocol
CLP See cell loss priority.
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64
CMI coded mark inversion
CRC See cyclic redundancy check.
CRC-4 multiframe A multiframe recommended by ITU-T G.704 and set up based on the first bit of timeslot
0. The CRC-4 multiframe is different from the CAS multiframe in principle and
implementation. Each CRC-4 multiframe contains 16 PCM frames. Each CRC-4
multiframe consists of two CRC-4 sub-multiframes. Each CRC-4 sub-multiframe is a
CRC-4 check block that contains 2048 (256 x 8) bits. Bits C1 to C4 of a check block can
check the previous check block.
CSA Canadian Standards Association
CSES consecutive severely errored second
CSF Client Signal Fail
CSMA/CD See carrier sense multiple access with collision detection.
CSPF constraint shortest path first
CST See common spanning tree.
CV connectivity verification
CW control word
CWDM See coarse wavelength division multiplexing.
Common and Internal
Spanning Tree (CIST)
The single spanning tree jointly calculated by STP and RSTP, the logical connectivity
using MST bridges and regions, and MSTP. The CIST ensures that all LANs in the
bridged local area network are simply and fully connected.
Coordinated Universal
Time (UTC)
The world-wide scientific standard of timekeeping. It is based upon carefully maintained
atomic clocks and is kept accurate to within microseconds worldwide.
carrier sense multiple
access with collision
detection (CSMA/CD)
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a computer
networking access method in which:
l A carrier sensing scheme is used.
l A transmitting data station that detects another signal while transmitting a frame,
stops transmitting that frame, transmits a jam signal, and then waits for a random
time interval before trying to send that frame again.
cell loss priority (CLP) A field in the ATM cell header that determines the probability of a cell being dropped
if the network becomes congested. Cells with CLP = 0 are insured traffic, which is
unlikely to be dropped. Cells with CLP = 1 are best-effort traffic, which might be
dropped.
channel associated
signaling (CAS)
A signaling system in which signaling information is transmitted within a dedicated voice
channel. China Signaling System No. 1 is a type of CAS signaling.
circuit emulation
service (CES)
A function with which the E1/T1 data can be transmitted through ATM networks. At the
transmission end, the interface module packs timeslot data into ATM cells. These ATM
cells are sent to the reception end through the ATM network. At the reception end, the
interface module re-assigns the data in these ATM cells to E1/T1 timeslots. The CES
technology guarantees that the data in E1/T1 timeslots can be recovered to the original
sequence at the reception end.
client automatic
upgrade (CAU)
A function that enables a user to automatically detect the update of the client version and
upgrade the client. This keeps the version of the client is the same as that of the server.
System
65
coarse wavelength
division multiplexing
(CWDM)
A signal transmission technology that multiplexes widely-spaced optical channels into
the same fiber. CWDM widely spaces wavelengths at a spacing of several nm. CWDM
does not support optical amplifiers and is applied in short-distance chain networking.
collision A condition in which two packets are being transmitted over a medium at the same time.
Their interference makes both unintelligible.
committed burst size
(CBS)
A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket C, that is, the maximum burst
IP packet size when the information is transferred at the committed information rate.
This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be
not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.
common spanning tree
(CST)
A single spanning tree that connects all the MST regions in a network. Every MST region
is considered as a switch; therefore, the CST can be considered as their spanning tree
generated with STP/RSTP.
constant bit rate (CBR) A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. CBR transfers cells based on
the constant bandwidth. It is applicable to service connections that depend on precise
clocking to ensure undistorted transmission.
continuity check (CC) Ethernet CFM can detect the connectivity between MEPs. The detection is achieved after
MEPs transmit Continuity Check Messages (CCMs) periodically.
customer edge (CE) A part of BGP/MPLS IP VPN model. It provides interfaces for direct connection to the
Service Provider (SP) network. A CE can be a router, switch, or host.
cyclic redundancy
check (CRC)
A procedure used in checking for errors in data transmission. CRC error checking uses
a complex calculation to generate a number based on the data transmitted. The sending
device performs the calculation before transmission and includes it in the packet that it
sends to the receiving device. The receiving device repeats the same calculation after
transmission. If both devices obtain the same result, it is assumed that the transmission
was error free. The procedure is known as a redundancy check because each transmission
includes not only data but extra (redundant) error-checking values.
D
DC direct current
DC-C See DC-return common (with ground).
DC-I See DC-return isolate (with ground).
DC-return common
(with ground) (DC-C)
A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited with
the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and also on the line between
the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment.
DC-return isolate (with
ground) (DC-I)
A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited with
the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and is isolated from the PGND
on the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment.
DCC See data communications channel.
DCE data connection equipment
DCM See dispersion compensation module.
DCN See data communication network.
DDF digital distribution frame
DDN See digital data network.
System
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DE discard eligible
DEI device emulation interrupt
DHCP See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
DIP switch dual in-line package switch
DLAG See distributed link aggregation group.
DM See delay measurement.
DNI dual node interconnection
DRDB dynamic random database
DSCP See differentiated services code point.
DSL See digital subscriber line.
DSLAM See digital subscriber line access multiplexer.
DTE See data terminal equipment.
DTMF See dual tone multiple frequency.
DVB-ASI digital video broadcast-asynchronous serial interface
DVMRP See Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
DWDM See dense wavelength division multiplexing.
DiffServ See Differentiated Services.
Differentiated Services
(DiffServ)
An IETF standard that defines a mechanism for controlling and forwarding traffic in a
differentiated manner based on CoS settings to handle network congestion.
Distance Vector
Multicast Routing
Protocol (DVMRP)
An Internet gateway protocol mainly based on the RIP. The protocol implements a typical
dense mode IP multicast solution. The DVMRP protocol uses IGMP to exchange routing
datagrams with its neighbors.
Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)
A client-server networking protocol. A DHCP server provides configuration parameters
specific to the DHCP client host requesting, generally, information required by the host
to participate on the Internet network. DHCP also provides a mechanism for allocation
of IP addresses to hosts.
data communication
network (DCN)
A communication network used in a TMN or between TMNs to support the data
communication function.
data communications
channel (DCC)
The data channel that uses the D1D12 bytes in the overhead of an STM-N signal to
transmit information about operation, management, maintenance and provision
(OAM&P) between NEs. The DCC channels that are composed of bytes D1D3 are
referred to as the 192 kbit/s DCC-R channel. The other DCC channels that are composed
of bytes D4D12 are referred to as the 576 kbit/s DCC-M channel.
data terminal
equipment (DTE)
A user device composing the UNI. The DTE accesses the data network through the DCE
equipment (for example, a modem) and usually uses the clock signals produced by DCE.
delay measurement
(DM)
The time elapsed since the start of transmission of the first bit of the frame by a source
node until the reception of the last bit of the loopbacked frame by the same source node,
when the loopback is performed at the frame's destination node.
System
67
dense wavelength
division multiplexing
(DWDM)
The technology that utilizes the characteristics of broad bandwidth and low attenuation
of single mode optical fiber, employs multiple wavelengths with specific frequency
spacing as carriers, and allows multiple channels to transmit simultaneously in the same
fiber.
differentiated services
code point (DSCP)
According to the QoS classification standard of the Differentiated Service (Diff-Serv),
the type of services (ToS) field in the IP header consists of six most significant bits and
two currently unused bits, which are used to form codes for priority marking.
Differentiated services code point (DSCP) is the six most important bits in the ToS. It is
the combination of IP precedence and types of service. The DSCP value is used to ensure
that routers supporting only IP precedence can be used because the DSCP value is
compatible with IP precedence. Each DSCP maps a per-hop behavior (PHB). Therefore,
terminal devices can identify traffic using the DSCP value.
digital data network
(DDN)
A high-quality data transport tunnel that combines the digital channel (such as fiber
channel, digital microwave channel, or satellite channel) and the cross multiplex
technology.
digital subscriber line
(DSL)
A technology for providing digital connections over the copper wire or the local
telephone network. DSL performs data communication over the POTS lines without
affecting the POTS service.
access multiplexer
(DSLAM)
A network device, usually situated in the main office of a telephone company that
receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and
puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing techniques.
dispersion The maximum error of the local clock compared with the reference clock.
dispersion
compensation module
(DCM)
A module, which contains dispersion compensation fibers to compensate for the
dispersion of transmitting fiber.
distributed link
aggregation group
(DLAG)
A board-level port protection technology used to detect unidirectional fiber cuts and to
negotiate with the opposite end. Once a link down failure occurs on a port or a hardware
failure occurs on a board, the services can automatically be switched to the slave board,
achieving 1+1 protection for the inter-board ports.
dual tone multiple
frequency (DTMF)
In telephone systems, multifrequency signaling in which standard set combinations of
two specific voice band frequencies, one from a group of four low frequencies and the
other from a group of four higher frequencies, are used.
E
E-Aggr See Ethernet aggregation.
E-LAN See Ethernet local area network.
E-Line See Ethernet line.
EBS See excess burst size.
ECC See embedded control channel.
EDFA See erbium-doped fiber amplifier.
EEPROM See electrically erasable programable read-only memory.
EF See expedited forwarding.
EFM Ethernet in the First Mile
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68
EFM OAM Ethernet in the first mile OAM
EIA See Electronic Industries Alliance.
EIR See excess information rate.
EMC See electromagnetic compatibility.
EPD early packet discard
EPL See Ethernet private line.
EPLAN See Ethernet private LAN service.
EPON See Ethernet passive optical network.
ERPS Ethernet ring protection switching
ESC See electric supervisory channel.
ESCON See enterprise system connection.
ESD electrostatic discharge
ESN See equipment serial number.
ETS European Telecommunication Standards
ETSI See European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
EVC Ethernet virtual connection
EVPL See Ethernet virtual private line.
EVPLAN See Ethernet virtual private LAN service.
Electronic Industries
Alliance (EIA)
An association based in Washington, D.C., with members from various electronics
manufacturers. It sets standards for electronic components. RS-232-C, for example, is
the EIA standard for connecting serial components.
EoD See Ethernet over dual domains.
Ethernet A LAN technology that uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection. The
speed of an Ethernet interface can be 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1000 Mbit/s or 10000 Mbit/
s. An Ethernet network features high reliability and is easy to maintain.
Ethernet aggregation
(E-Aggr)
A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-point EVC (Ethernet virtual
connection).
Ethernet line (E-Line) A type of Ethernet service that is based on a point-to-point EVC (Ethernet virtual
connection).
Ethernet local area
network (E-LAN)
A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-multipoint EVC (Ethernet
virtual connection).
Ethernet over dual
domains (EoD)
A type of boards. EoD boards bridge the PSN and TDM networks, enabling Ethernet
service transmission across PSN and TDM networks.
Ethernet passive
optical network
(EPON)
A passive optical network based on Ethernet. It is a new generation broadband access
technology that uses a point-to-multipoint structure and passive fiber transmission. It
supports upstream/downstream symmetrical rates of 1.25 Gbit/s and a reach distance of
up to 20 km. In the downstream direction, the bandwidth is shared based on encrypted
broadcast transmission for different users. In the upstream direction, the bandwidth is
shared based on TDM. EPON meets the requirements for high bandwidth.
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Ethernet private LAN
service (EPLAN)
A type of Ethernet service provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS networks. This
service is carried over a dedicated bridge and point-to-multipoint connections.
Ethernet private line
(EPL)
A type of Ethernet service that is provided with dedicated bandwidth and point-to-point
connections on an SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer network.
Ethernet virtual
private LAN service
(EVPLAN)
service is carried over a shared bridge and point-to-multipoint connections.
Ethernet virtual
private line (EVPL)
service is carried over a shared bridge and point-to-point connections.
European
Telecommunications
Standards Institute
(ETSI)
A standards-setting body in Europe. Also the standards body responsible for GSM.
eSFP enhanced small form-factor pluggable
electric supervisory
channel (ESC)
A technology that implements communication among all the nodes and transmission of
monitoring data in an optical transmission network. The monitoring data of ESC is
introduced into DCC service overhead and is transmitted with service signals.
electrically erasable
programable read-only
memory (EEPROM)
A type of EPROM that can be erased with an electrical signal. It is useful for stable
storage for long periods without electricity while still allowing reprograming. EEPROMs
contain less memory than RAM, take longer to reprogram, and can be reprogramed only
a limited number of times before wearing out.
electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC)
A condition which prevails when telecommunications equipment is performing its
individually designed function in a common electromagnetic environment without
causing or suffering unacceptable degradation due to unintentional electromagnetic
interference to or from other equipment in the same environment.
embedded control
channel (ECC)
A logical channel that uses a data communications channel (DCC) as its physical layer,
to enable transmission of operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM)
information between NEs.
encapsulation A technology for layered protocols, in which a lower-level protocol accepts a message
from a higher-level protocol and places it in the data portion of the lower-level frame.
Protocol A's packets have complete header information, and are carried by protocol B
as data. Packets that encapsulate protocol A have a B header, an A header, followed by
the information that protocol A is carrying. Note that A could equal to B, as in IP inside
IP.
enterprise system
connection (ESCON)
A path protocol which connects the host with various control units in a storage system.
It is a serial bit stream transmission protocol. The transmission rate is 200 Mbit/s.
equalization A method of avoiding selective fading of frequencies. Equalization can compensate for
the changes of amplitude frequency caused by frequency selective fading.
equipment serial
number (ESN)
A string of characters that identify a piece of equipment and ensures correct allocation
of a license file to the specified equipment. It is also called "equipment fingerprint".
erbium-doped fiber
amplifier (EDFA)
An optical device that amplifies the optical signals. The device uses a short length of
optical fiber doped with the rare-earth element Erbium and the energy level jump of
Erbium ions activated by pump sources. When the amplifier passes the external light
source pump, it amplifies the optical signals in a specific wavelength range.
System
70
excess burst size (EBS) A parameter related to traffic. In the single rate three color marker (srTCM) mode, the
traffic control is achieved by the token buckets C and E. Excess burst size is a parameter
used to define the capacity of token bucket E, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size
when the information is transferred at the committed information rate. This parameter
must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the
maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.
excess information rate
(EIR)
The bandwidth for excessive or burst traffic above the CIR; it equals the result of the
actual transmission rate without the safety rate.
exercise switching An operation to check whether the protection switching protocol functions properly. The
protection switching is not really performed.
expedited forwarding
(EF)
The highest order QoS in the Diff-Serv network. EF PHB is suitable for services that
demand low packet loss ratio, short delay, and broad bandwidth. In all the cases, EF
traffic can guarantee a transmission rate equal to or faster than the set rate. The DSCP
value of EF PHB is "101110".
F
FC See fiber channel.
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FDD See frequency division duplex.
FDDI See fiber distributed data interface.
FDI See forward defect indication.
FDI packet See forward defect indication packet.
FDV See frame delay variation.
FEC See forwarding equivalence class.
FFD fast failure detection
FIB See forward information base.
FICON See Fiber Connect.
FIFO See first in first out.
FLR See frame loss ratio.
FPGA See field programmable gate array.
FPS See fast protection switching.
FRR See fast reroute.
FTN FEC to NHLFE
FTP File Transfer Protocol
Fiber Connect
(FICON)
A new generation connection protocol which connects the host to various control units.
It carries single byte command protocol through the physical path of fiber channel, and
provides higher rate and better performance than ESCON.
fast protection
switching (FPS)
A type of pseudo wire automatic protection switching (PW APS). When the working
PW is faulty, the source transmits services to the protection PW and the sink receives
the services from the protection PW. FPS generally works with the interworking function
(IWF) to provide end-to-end protection for services.
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fast reroute (FRR) A technology which provides a temporary protection of link availability when part of a
network fails. The protocol enables the creation of a standby route or path for an active
route or path. When the active route is unavailable, the traffic on the active route can be
switched to the standby route. When the active route is recovered, the traffic can be
switched back to the active route. FRR is categorized into IP FRR, VPN FRR, and TE
FRR.
fiber channel (FC) A high-speed transport technology used to build storage area networks (SANs). Fiber
channel can be on the networks carrying ATM and IP traffic. It is primarily used for
transporting SCSI traffic from servers to disk arrays. Fiber channel supports single-mode
and multi-mode fiber connections. Fiber channel signaling can run on both twisted pair
copper wires and coaxial cables. Fiber channel provides both connection-oriented and
connectionless services.
fiber distributed data
interface (FDDI)
A standard developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for high-
speed fiber-optic local area networks (LANs). FDDI provides specifications for
transmission rates of 100 megabits (100 million bits) per second on networks based on
the token ring network.
field programmable
gate array (FPGA)
A type of semi-customized circuit used in the application specific integrated circuit
(ASIC) field. It is developed on the basis of the programmable components, such as the
PAL, GAL, and EPLD. It not only remedies the defects of customized circuits but also
overcomes the disadvantage of the original programmable components in terms of the
limited number of gate arrays.
first in first out (FIFO) A stack management mechanism. The first saved data is first read and invoked.
forward defect
indication (FDI)
A packet generated and traced forward to the sink node of the LSP by the node that first
detects defects. It includes fields to indicate the nature of the defect and its location. Its
primary purpose is to suppress alarms being raised at affected higher level client LSPs
and (in turn) their client layers.
forward defect
indication packet (FDI
packet)
A packet that responds to the detected failure event. It is used to suppress alarms of the
upper layer network where failure has occurred.
forward information
base (FIB)
A table that provides information for network hardware (bridges and routers) for them
to forward data packets to other networks. The information contained in a routing table
differs according to whether it is used by a bridge or a router. A bridge relies on both the
source (originating) and destination addresses to determine where and how to forward a
packet.
forwarding equivalence
class (FEC)
A class-based forwarding technology that classifies the packets with the same forwarding
mode. Packets with the same FEC are processed similarly on an MPLS network. The
division of FECs is flexible, and can be a combination of the source address, destination
address, source port, destination port, protocol type, and VPN.
frame delay variation
(FDV)
A measurement of the variations in the frame delay between a pair of service frames,
where the service frames belong to the same CoS instance on a point to point ETH
connection.
frame loss ratio (FLR) A ratio, is expressed as a percentage, of the number of service frames not delivered
divided by the total number of service frames during time interval T, where the number
of service frames not delivered is the difference between the number of service frames
arriving at the ingress ETH flow point and the number of service frames delivered at the
egress ETH flow point in a point-to-point ETH connection.
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frequency division
duplex (FDD)
An application in which channels are divided by frequency. In an FDD system, the uplink
and downlink use different frequencies. Downlink data is sent through bursts. Both
uplink and downlink transmission use frames with fixed time length.
G
G-ACH generic associated channel header
GAL generic associated channel header label
GCC general communication channel
GCP GMPLS control plan
GCRA generic cell rate algorithm
GFC generic flow control
GFP See Generic Framing Procedure.
GMPLS generalized multiprotocol label switching
GNE See gateway network element.
GPON gigabit-capable passive optical network
GPS See Global Positioning System.
GRE See Generic Routing Encapsulation.
GSM See Global System for Mobile Communications.
Generic Framing
Procedure (GFP)
A framing and encapsulation method which can be applied to any data type. It has been
standardized by ITU-T SG15.
Generic Routing
Encapsulation (GRE)
A mechanism for encapsulating any network layer protocol over any other network. GRE
is used for encapsulating IP datagrams tunneled through the Internet. GRE serves as a
Layer 3 tunneling protocol and provides a tunnel for transparently transmitting data
packets.
Global Positioning
System (GPS)
A global navigation satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, and
timing services to worldwide users.
Global System for
Mobile
Communications
(GSM)
The second-generation mobile networking standard defined by European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). It is aimed at designing a standard for
global mobile phone networks. The standard allows a subscriber to use a phone globally.
GSM consists of three main parts: mobile switching subsystem (MSS), base station
subsystem (BSS), and mobile station (MS).
gain The difference between the optical power from the input optical interface of the optical
amplifier and the optical power from the output optical interface of the jumper fiber,
which expressed in dB.
gateway network
element (GNE)
A network element that is used for communication between the NE application layer and
the NM application layer.
H
HCS higher order connection supervision
HD high definition
HD-SDI See high definition-serial digital interface signal.
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HDB3 See high density bipolar of order 3 code.
HDLC High-Level Data Link Control
HDTV See high definition television.
HEC See header error control.
HPA high order path adaptation
HPT higher order path termination
HQoS See hierarchical quality of service.
HSDPA See High Speed Downlink Packet Access.
HSI high-speed Internet
HSL See high-level script language.
High Speed Downlink
Packet Access
(HSDPA)
A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the requirement
for asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It enables the
maximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without changing the
WCDMA network topology.
header error control
(HEC)
A field within the ATM frame whose purpose is to correct any single bit error in the cell
Header and also to detect any multi-bit errors. It actually performs a CRC check in the
first four header bits and also at the receiving end.
hierarchical quality of
service (HQoS)
A type of QoS that controls the traffic of users and performs the scheduling according
to the priority of user services. HQoS has an advanced traffic statistics function, and the
administrator can monitor the usage of bandwidth of each service. Hence, the bandwidth
can be allocated reasonably through traffic analysis.
high definition
television (HDTV)
A type of TV that is capable of displaying at least 720 progressive or 1080 interlaced
active scan lines. It must be capable of displaying a 16:9 image using at least 540
progressive or 810 interlaced active scan lines.
high definition-serial
digital interface signal
(HD-SDI)
High definition video signal transported by serial digital interface.
high density bipolar of
order 3 code (HDB3)
A code used for baseband transmissions between telecommunications devices. The
HDB3 code has the following feature: high capability of clock extraction, no direct
current component, error-checking capability, and a maximum of three consecutive
zeros.
high-level script
language (HSL)
A script language. Based on python, the HSL syntax is simple, clear, and extendable.
hot patch A patch that is used to repair a deficiency in the software or add a new feature to a program
without restarting the software and interrupting the service. For the equipment using the
built-in system, a hot patch can be loaded, activated, confirmed, deactivated, deleted, or
queried.
I
IAE incoming alignment error
IANA See Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
IC See integrated circuit.
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ICC See ITU carrier code.
ICMP See Internet Control Message Protocol.
ICP IMA Control Protocol
IEEE See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IETF See Internet Engineering Task Force.
IF See intermediate frequency.
IGMP See Internet Group Management Protocol.
IGMP snooping A multicast constraint mechanism running on a layer 2 device. This protocol manages
and controls the multicast group by listening to and analyzing Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP) packets between hosts and Layer 3 devices. In this
manner, the spread of the multicast data on layer 2 network can be prevented efficiently.
IGP See Interior Gateway Protocol.
ILM incoming label map
IMA See inverse multiplexing over ATM.
IN intelligent network
IP Internet Protocol
IPA See intelligent power adjustment.
IPTV See Internet Protocol television.
IPv4 See Internet Protocol version 4.
IPv6 See Internet Protocol version 6.
IS-IS See Intermediate System to Intermediate System.
ISDN integrated services digital network
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISP See Internet service provider.
IST internal spanning tree
ITC independent transmit clock
ITU See International Telecommunication Union.
ITU carrier code (ICC) A code assigned to a network operator/service provider, maintained by the ITU-T
Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB).
ITU-T See International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization
Sector.
Institute of Electrical
and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
A society of engineering and electronics professionals based in the United States but
boasting membership from numerous other countries. The IEEE focuses on electrical,
electronics, computer engineering, and science-related matters.
Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP)
A routing protocol that is used within an autonomous system. The IGP runs in small-
sized and medium-sized networks. The commonly used IGPs are the routing information
protocol (RIP), the interior gateway routing protocol (IGRP), the enhanced IGRP
(EIGRP), and the open shortest path first (OSPF).
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Intermediate System to
Intermediate System
(IS-IS)
A protocol used by network devices (routers) to determine the best way to forward
datagram or packets through a packet-based network.
International
Telecommunication
Union (ITU)
A United Nations agency, one of the most important and influential recommendation
bodies, responsible for recommending standards for telecommunication (ITU-T) and
radio networks (ITU-R).
International
Telecommunication
Union-
Telecommunication
Standardization Sector
(ITU-T)
An international body that develops worldwide standards for telecommunications
technologies. These standards are grouped together in series which are prefixed with a
letter indicating the general subject and a number specifying the particular standard. For
example, X.25 comes from the "X" series which deals with data networks and open
system communications and number "25" deals with packet switched networks.
Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority
(IANA)
A department operated by the IAB. IANA delegates authority for IP address-space
allocation and domain-name assignment to the NIC and other organizations. IANA also
maintains a database of assigned protocol identifiers used in the TCP/IP suite, including
autonomous system numbers.
Internet Control
Message Protocol
(ICMP)
A network-layer (ISO/OSI level 3) Internet protocol that provides error correction and
other information relevant to IP packet processing. For example, it can let the IP software
on one machine inform another machine about an unreachable destination. See also
communications protocol, IP, ISO/OSI reference model, packet (definition 1).
Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF)
A worldwide organization of individuals interested in networking and the Internet.
Managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), the IETF is charged with
studying technical problems facing the Internet and proposing solutions to the Internet
Architecture Board (IAB). The work of the IETF is carried out by various working groups
that concentrate on specific topics such as routing and security. The IETF is the publisher
of the specifications that led to the TCP/IP protocol standard.
Internet Group
Management Protocol
(IGMP)
One of the TCP/IP protocols for managing the membership of Internet Protocol multicast
groups. It is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish and maintain
multicast group memberships.
Internet Protocol
television (IPTV)
A system in which video is transmitted in IP packets. Also called "TV over IP", IPTV
uses streaming video techniques to deliver scheduled TV programs or video-on-demand
(VOD). Unlike transmitting over the air or through cable to a TV set, IPTV uses the
transport protocol of the Internet for delivery and requires either a computer and software
media player or an IPTV set-top box to decode the images in real time.
Internet Protocol
version 4 (IPv4)
The current version of the Internet Protocol (IP). IPv4 utilizes a 32bit address which is
assigned to hosts. An address belongs to one of five classes (A, B, C, D, or E) and is
written as 4 octets separated by periods and may range from 0.0.0.0 through to
255.255.255.255. Each IPv4 address consists of a network number, an optional
subnetwork number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers together
are used for routing, and the host number is used to address an individual host within the
network or subnetwork.
Internet Protocol
version 6 (IPv6)
An update version of IPv4, which is designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) and is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). It is a new version of the Internet
Protocol. The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address has 32 bits while
an IPv6 address has 128 bits.
Internet service
provider (ISP)
An organization that offers users access to the Internet and related services.
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integrated circuit (IC) A combination of inseparable associated circuit elements that are formed in place and
interconnected on or within a single base material to perform a microcircuit function.
intelligent power
adjustment (IPA)
A mechanism used to reduce the optical power of all the amplifiers in an adjacent
regeneration section in the upstream to a safety level if the system detects the loss of
optical signals on the link. If the fiber is broken, the device performance degrades, or the
connector is not plugged well, the loss of optical signals may occur. With IPA,
maintenance engineers will not be hurt by the laser sent out from the slice of broken
fiber.
intermediate frequency
(IF)
The transitional frequency between the frequencies of a modulated signal and an RF
signal.
inverse multiplexing
over ATM (IMA)
A technique that involves inverse multiplexing and de-multiplexing of ATM cells in a
cyclical fashion among links grouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link whose rate
is approximately the sum of the link rates.
L
L2VPN Layer 2 virtual private network
L3VPN Layer 3 virtual private network
LACP See Link Aggregation Control Protocol.
LACPDU Link Aggregation Control Protocol data unit
LAG See link aggregation group.
LAN See local area network.
LAPD link access procedure on the D channel
LAPS Link Access Protocol-SDH
LB local battery
LC Lucent connector
LCAS See link capacity adjustment scheme.
LCK See Locked signal function.
LCN local communications network
LDP Label Distribution Protocol
LED See light emitting diode.
LER See label edge router.
LIFO See last in first out.
LLC See logical link control.
LLID local loopback ID
LM See loss measurement.
LMP link management protocol
LOC loss of clock
LOM loss of multiframe
LOP loss of pointer
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LOS See loss of signal.
LPA low order path adaptation
LPT link-state pass through
LSP See label switched path.
LSR See label switching router.
LT linktrace
LVDS See low voltage differential signal.
Layer 2 switching A data forwarding method. In a LAN, a network bridge or 802.3 Ethernet switch
transmits and distributes packet data based on the MAC address. Since the MAC address
is at the second layer of the OSI model, this data forwarding method is called Layer 2
switching.
Link Aggregation
Control Protocol
(LACP)
A dynamic link aggregation protocol that improves the transmission speed and
reliability. The two ends of the link send LACP packets to inform each other of their
parameters and form a logical aggregation link. After the aggregation link is formed,
LACP maintains the link status in real time and dynamically adjusts the ports on the
aggregation link upon detecting the failure of a physical port.
Locked signal function
(LCK)
A function administratively locks an MEG end point (MEP) at the server layer, informs
consequential data traffic interruption to the peer MEP at the client layer, and suppresses
the alarm at the client layer.
label edge router (LER) A device that sits at the edge of an MPLS domain, that uses routing information to assign
labels to datagrams and then forwards them into the MPLS domain.
label switched path
(LSP)
A sequence of hops (R0...Rn) in which a packet travels from R0 to Rn through label
switching mechanisms. A label-switched path can be chosen dynamically, based on
common routing mechanisms or through configuration.
label switching router
(LSR)
Basic element of an MPLS network. All LSRs support the MPLS protocol. The LSR is
composed of two parts: control unit and forwarding unit. The former is responsible for
allocating the label, selecting the route, creating the label forwarding table, creating and
removing the label switch path; the latter forwards the labels according to groups
received in the label forwarding table.
last in first out (LIFO) A play mode of the voice mails, the last voice mail is played firstly.
light emitting diode
(LED)
A display and lighting technology used in almost every electrical and electronic product
on the market, to from a tiny on/off light to digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights and
perimeter lighting. LEDs are also used as the light source in multimode fibers, optical
mice and laser-class printers.
linear MSP linear multiplex section protection
link aggregation group
(LAG)
An aggregation that allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a link
aggregation group so that a MAC client can treat the link aggregation group as if it were
a single link.
link capacity
adjustment scheme
(LCAS)
LCAS in the virtual concatenation source and sink adaptation functions provides a
control mechanism to hitless increase or decrease the capacity of a link to meet the
bandwidth needs of the application. It also provides a means of removing member links
that have experienced failure. The LCAS assumes that in cases of capacity initiation,
increases or decreases, the construction or destruction of the end-to-end path is the
responsibility of the network and element management systems.
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local area network
(LAN)
A network formed by the computers and workstations within the coverage of a few square
kilometers or within a single building. It features high speed and low error rate. Ethernet,
FDDI, and Token Ring are three technologies used to implement a LAN. Current LANs
are generally based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and running at 1,000 Mbit/
s (that is, 1 Gbit/s).
logical link control
(LLC)
According to the IEEE 802 family of standards, Logical Link Control (LLC) is the upper
sublayer of the OSI data link layer. The LLC is the same for the various physical media
(such as Ethernet, token ring, WLAN).
loss measurement (LM) A method used to collect counter values applicable for ingress and egress service frames
where the counters maintain a count of transmitted and received data frames between a
pair of MEPs.
loss of signal (LOS) No transitions occurring in the received signal.
low voltage differential
signal (LVDS)
A low noise, low power, low amplitude method for high-speed (gigabits per second) data
transmission over copper wire.
M
MA maintenance association
MAC See Media Access Control.
MADM multiple add/drop multiplexer
MAN See metropolitan area network.
MBS maximum burst size
MCF message communication function
MCR minimum cell rate
MD See maintenance domain.
MDF See main distribution frame.
MDP message dispatch process
MDU See multi-dwelling unit.
ME See maintenance entity.
MEG See maintenance entity group.
MEL maintenance entity group level
MEP maintenance end point
MFAS See multiframe alignment signal.
MIB See management information base.
MIP maintenance intermediate point
MLD See multicast listener discovery.
MP maintenance point
MPLS See Multiprotocol Label Switching.
MPLS TE multiprotocol label switching traffic engineering
MPLS TP See Multiprotocol Label Switching traffic policing.
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MPLS VPN See multiprotocol label switching virtual private network.
MPLS-TP See multiprotocol label switching transport profile.
MS multiplex section
MSA multiplex section adaptation
MSB most significant bit
MSOH multiplex section overhead
MSP See multiplex section protection.
MST See multiplex section termination.
MSTI See multiple spanning tree instance.
MSTP See Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol.
MTBF See mean time between failures.
MTTR See mean time to repair.
MTU See maximum transmission unit.
MUX See multiplexer.
Media Access Control
(MAC)
A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of the
data link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connecting
the physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocol
checks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain control
information is added to the data, and then the data and the control information are
transmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MAC
protocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmitted
correctly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the control
information is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer.
Multiple Spanning
Tree Protocol (MSTP)
A protocol that can be used in a loop network. Using an algorithm, the MSTP blocks
redundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmed as a tree network. In this case,
the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoided in the loop network. The
protocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs and multiple spanning trees. This
solves the problem that data cannot be normally forwarded in a VLAN because in STP/
RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs.
Multiprotocol Label
Switching (MPLS)
A technology that uses short tags of fixed length to encapsulate packets in different link
layers, and provides connection-oriented switching for the network layer on the basis of
IP routing and control protocols. It improves the cost performance and expandability of
networks, and is beneficial to routing.
Multiprotocol Label
Switching traffic
policing (MPLS TP)
It is a scheme that supervises the specific traffic entering the communication devices.
By policing the speed of traffic that enters the network, it "punishes" the traffic out of
the threshold, so the traffic going into network is limited to a reasonable range, protecting
the network resources and the interests of the carriers.
main distribution
frame (MDF)
A device at a central office, on which all local loops are terminated.
maintenance domain
(MD)
The network or the part of the network for which connectivity is managed by connectivity
fault management (CFM). The devices in a maintenance domain are managed by a single
Internet service provider (ISP).
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maintenance entity
(ME)
An ME consists of a pair of maintenance entity group end points (MEPs), two ends of a
transport trail, and maintenance association intermediate points (MIPs) on the trail.
maintenance entity
group (MEG)
A MEG consists of MEs that meet the following criteria:
l Exist within the same management edges.
l Have the same MEG hierarchy.
l Belong to the same P2P or P2MP connection.
management
information base (MIB)
A type of database used for managing the devices in a communications network. It
comprises a collection of objects in a (virtual) database used to manage entities (such as
routers and switches) in a network.
maximum transmission
unit (MTU)
The largest packet of data that can be transmitted on a network. MTU size varies,
depending on the network576 bytes on X.25 networks, for example, 1500 bytes on
Ethernet, and 17,914 bytes on 16 Mbit/s token ring. Responsibility for determining the
size of the MTU lies with the link layer of the network. When packets are transmitted
across networks, the path MTU, or PMTU, represents the smallest packet size (the one
that all networks can transmit without breaking up the packet) among the networks
involved.
mean time between
failures (MTBF)
The average time between consecutive failures of a piece of equipment. It is a measure
of the reliability of the system.
mean time to repair
(MTTR)
The average time that a device will take to recover from a failure.
metropolitan area
network (MAN)
A network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or
region larger than that covered by even a large LAN but smaller than the area covered
by an WAN. The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single
larger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network).
It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging
them with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus
network.
mirror An action to store a copy of a file to another archive site to release the load of the original
site, or to provide an archive site closer to the users geographically.
mirroring The duplication of data for backup or to distribute network traffic among several
computers with identical data.
multi-dwelling unit
(MDU)
A network access unit used for multi-dwelling units. It provides Ethernet and IP services
and optionally VoIP or CATV services; has multiple broadband interfaces on the user
side and optionally POTS ports or CATV RF ports. It is mainly applicable to FTTB,
FTTC, or FTTCab networks.
multicast listener
discovery (MLD)
A protocol used by an IPv6 router to discover the multicast listeners on their directly
connected network segments, and to set up and maintain member relationships. On IPv6
networks, after MLD is configured on the receiver hosts and the multicast router to which
the hosts are directly connected, the hosts can dynamically join related groups and the
multicast router can manage members on the local network.
multiframe alignment
signal (MFAS)
A distinctive signal inserted in every multiframe or once in every n multiframes, always
occupying the same relative position within the multiframe, and used to establish and
maintain multiframe alignment.
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multiple spanning tree
instance (MSTI)
A type of spanning trees calculated by MSTP within an MST Region, to provide a simply
and fully connected active topology for frames classified as belonging to a VLAN that
is mapped to the MSTI by the MST Configuration. A VLAN cannot be assigned to
multiple MSTIs.
multiplex section
protection (MSP)
A function, which is performed to provide capability for switching a signal between and
including two multiplex section termination (MST) functions, from a "working" to a
"protection" channel.
multiplex section
termination (MST)
A function, which is performed to generate the MSOH during the process of forming an
SDH frame signal and terminates the MSOH in the reverse direction.
multiplexer (MUX) Equipment which combines a number of tributary channels onto a fewer number of
aggregate bearer channels, the relationship between the tributary and aggregate channels
being fixed.
multiprotocol label
switching transport
profile (MPLS-TP)
A packet transport technology proposed by IETF that combines the packet experience
of MPLS with the operational experience of transport networks.
multiprotocol label
switching virtual
private network
(MPLS VPN)
An Internet Protocol (IP) virtual private network (VPN) based on the multiprotocol label
switching (MPLS) technology. It applies the MPLS technology for network routers and
switches, simplifies the routing mode of core routers, and combines traditional routing
technology and label switching technology. It can be used to construct the broadband
Intranet and Extranet to meet various service requirements.
N
NAS network access server
NDF new data flag
NHLFE next hop label forwarding entry
NMC network management center
NNI network-to-network interface
NPC See network parameter control.
NPE network provider edge
NRT-VBR non-real-time variable bit rate
NRZ non-return to zero
NRZI non-return to zero inverted
NSAP See network service access point.
NSF non-stop forwarding
NTP Network Time Protocol
network parameter
control (NPC)
During communications, UPC is implemented to monitor the actual traffic on each virtual
circuit that is input to the network. Once the specified parameter is exceeded, measures
will be taken to control. NPC is similar to UPC in function. The difference is that the
incoming traffic monitoring function is divided into UPC and NPC according to their
positions. UPC locates at the user/network interface, while NPC at the network interface.
network service access
point (NSAP)
A network address defined by ISO, at which the OSI Network Service is made available
to a Network service user by the Network service provider.
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O
O&M operation and maintenance
OA optical amplifier
OADM See optical add/drop multiplexer.
OAM See operation, administration and maintenance.
OAMPDU operation, administration and maintenance protocol data unit
OAU See optical amplifier unit.
OC ordinary clock
OCP optical channel protection
OCS optical core switching
ODF optical distribution frame
ODU See outdoor unit.
OLT optical line terminal
ONT See optical network terminal.
ONU See optical network unit.
OPEX operating expense
OPU optical channel payload unit
OSC See optical supervisory channel.
OSI See open systems interconnection.
OSN optical switch node
OSNR See optical signal-to-noise ratio.
OSPF See Open Shortest Path First.
OTDR See optical time domain reflectometer.
OTM optical terminal multiplexer
OTN optical transport network
OTU See optical transponder unit.
OTUk optical channel transport unit-k
Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF)
A link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing. Dijkstra's
algorithm is used to calculate the shortest path tree. It uses cost as its routing metric. A
link state database is constructed with the network topology which is identical on all
routers in the area.
open systems
interconnection (OSI)
A framework of ISO standards for communication between different systems made by
different vendors, in which the communications process is organized into seven different
categories that are placed in a layered sequence based on their relationship to the user.
Each layer uses the layer immediately below it and provides a service to the layer above.
Layers 7 through 4 deal with end-to-end communication between the message source
and destination, and layers 3 through 1 deal with network functions.
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operation,
administration and
maintenance (OAM)
A group of network support functions that monitor and sustain segment operation,
support activities that are concerned with, but not limited to, failure detection,
notification, location, and repairs that are intended to eliminate faults and keep a segment
in an operational state, and support activities required to provide the services of a
subscriber access network to users/subscribers.
optical add/drop
multiplexer (OADM)
A device that can be used to add the optical signals of various wavelengths to one channel
and drop the optical signals of various wavelengths from one channel.
optical amplifier unit
(OAU)
A board that is mainly responsible for amplifying optical signals. The OAU can be used
in both the transmitting direction and the receiving direction.
optical network
terminal (ONT)
A device that terminates the fiber optical network at the customer premises.
optical network unit
(ONU)
A form of Access Node that converts optical signals transmitted via fiber to electrical
signals that can be transmitted via coaxial cable or twisted pair copper wiring to
individual subscribers.
optical signal-to-noise
ratio (OSNR)
The ratio of signal power and noise power in a transmission link. OSNR is the most
important index of measuring the performance of a DWDM system. OSNR = signal
power/noise power.
optical supervisory
channel (OSC)
A technology that uses specific optical wavelengths to realize communication among
nodes in optical transmission network and transmit the monitoring data in a certain
channel.
optical time domain
reflectometer (OTDR)
A device that sends a very short pulse of light down a fiber optic communication system
and measures the time history of the pulse reflection to measure the fiber length, the light
loss and locate the fiber fault.
optical transponder
unit (OTU)
A device or subsystem that converts the accessed client signals into the G.694.1/G.694.2-
compliant WDM wavelength.
orderwire A channel that provides voice communication between operation engineers or
maintenance engineers of different stations.
outdoor unit (ODU) The outdoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements frequency
conversion and amplification for radio frequency (RF) signals.
P
P2MP point-to-multipoint
P2P See point-to-point service.
PADR PPPoE active discovery request
PBS See peak burst size.
PCB See printed circuit board.
PCM See pulse code modulation.
PCR See peak cell rate.
PDH See plesiochronous digital hierarchy.
PDU See power distribution unit.
PE See provider edge.
PHB See per-hop behavior.
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PHP penultimate hop popping
PIM-DM Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode
PIM-SM Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode
PIR peak information rate
PLL See phase-locked loop.
PM performance monitoring
PMS Product Management System
POH path overhead
PON passive optical network
POS See packet over SDH/SONET.
PPD partial packet discard
PPI PDH physical interface
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
PPS port protection switching
PQ See priority queuing.
PRBS See pseudo random binary sequence.
PRC primary reference clock
PRI primary rate interface
PSD See power spectrum density.
PSN See packet switched network.
PSTN See public switched telephone network.
PSU power supply unit
PT payload type
PTI payload type indicator
PTN packet transport network
PTP See point to point.
PVID See port default VLAN ID.
PVP See permanent virtual path.
PW See pseudo wire.
PWE3 See pseudo wire emulation edge-to-edge.
packet over SDH/
SONET (POS)
A MAN and WAN technology that provides point-to-point data connections. The POS
interface uses SDH/SONET as the physical layer protocol, and supports the transport of
packet data (such as IP packets) in MAN and WAN.
packet switched
network (PSN)
A telecommunications network that works in packet switching mode.
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packet switching A network technology in which information is transmitted by means of exchanging
packets and the bandwidth of a channel can be shared by multiple connections.
parity check A method for character level error detection. An extra bit is added to a string of bits,
usually a 7-bit ASCII character, so that the total number of bits 1 is odd or even (odd or
even parity). Both ends of a data transmission must use the same parity. When the
transmitting device frames a character, it counts the numbers of 1s in the frame and
attaches the appropriate parity bit. The recipient counts the 1s and, if there is parity error,
may ask for the data to be retransmitted.
peak burst size (PBS) A parameter that is used to define the capacity of token bucket P, that is, the maximum
burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the peak information rate. This
parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that PBS should be not less than the
maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded. See also CIR, CBS, and PIR.
peak cell rate (PCR) The maximum rate at which an ATM connection can accept cells.
per-hop behavior
(PHB)
IETF Diff-Serv workgroup defines forwarding behaviors of network nodes as per-hop
behaviors (PHB), such as, traffic scheduling and policing. A device in the network should
select the proper PHB behaviors, based on the value of DSCP. At present, the IETF
defines four types of PHB. They are class selector (CS), expedited forwarding (EF),
assured forwarding (AF), and best-effort (BE).
permanent virtual path
(PVP)
Virtual path that consists of PVCs.
phase-locked loop
(PLL)
A circuit that consists essentially of a phase detector which compares the frequency of
a voltage-controlled oscillator with that of an incoming carrier signal or reference-
frequency generator; the output of the phase detector, after passing through a loop filter,
is fed back to the voltage-controlled oscillator to keep it exactly in phase with the
incoming or reference frequency.
plesiochronous digital
hierarchy (PDH)
A multiplexing scheme of bit stuffing and byte interleaving. It multiplexes the minimum
rate 64 kit/s into the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s, and 565 Mbit/s rates.
point to point (PTP) A type of service in which data is sent from a single network termination to another
network termination.
point-to-point service
(P2P)
A service between two terminal users. In P2P services, senders and recipients are
terminal users.
port default VLAN ID
(PVID)
A default VLAN ID of a port. It is allocated to a data frame if the data frame carries no
VLAN tag when reaching the port.
power distribution unit
(PDU)
A unit that performs AC or DC power distribution.
power spectrum
density (PSD)
The power layout of random signals in the frequency domain.
printed circuit board
(PCB)
A board used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components
using conductive pathways, tracks, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto
a non-conductive substrate.
priority queuing (PQ) A queue scheduling algorithm based on the absolute priority. According to the PQ
algorithm, services of higher priorities are ensured with greater bandwidth, lower
latency, and less jitter. Packets of lower priorities must wait to be sent till all packets of
higher priorities are sent. In this manner, services of higher priorities are processed earlier
than others.
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provider edge (PE) A device that is located in the backbone network of the MPLS VPN structure. A PE is
responsible for managing VPN users, establishing LSPs between PEs, and exchanging
routing information between sites of the same VPN. A PE performs the mapping and
forwarding of packets between the private network and the public channel. A PE can be
a UPE, an SPE, or an NPE.
pseudo random binary
sequence (PRBS)
A sequence that is random in a sense that the value of an element is independent of the
values of any of the other elements, similar to real random sequences.
pseudo wire (PW) An emulated connection between two PEs for transmitting frames. The PW is established
and maintained by PEs through signaling protocols. The status information of a PW is
maintained by the two end PEs of a PW.
pseudo wire emulation
edge-to-edge (PWE3)
An end-to-end Layer 2 transmission technology. It emulates the essential attributes of a
telecommunication service such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a packet switched network
(PSN). PWE3 also emulates the essential attributes of low speed time division
multiplexing (TDM) circuit and SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates to the real
situation.
public switched
telephone network
(PSTN)
A telecommunications network established to perform telephone services for the public
subscribers. Sometimes it is called POTS.
pulse code modulation
(PCM)
A method of encoding information in a signal by changing the amplitude of pulses.
Unlike pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), in which pulse amplitude can change
continuously, pulse code modulation limits pulse amplitudes to several predefined
values. Because the signal is discrete, or digital, rather than analog, pulse code
modulation is more immune to noise than PAM.
Q
QAM See quadrature amplitude modulation.
QPSK See quadrature phase shift keying.
QinQ See 802.1Q in 802.1Q.
QoS See quality of service.
quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM)
Both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. It conveys two analog message signals,
or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves,
using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude
modulation (AM) analog modulation scheme. These two waves, usually sinusoids, are
out of phase with each other by 90 and are thus called quadrature carriers or quadrature
components hence the name of the scheme.
quadrature phase shift
keying (QPSK)
A modulation method of data transmission through the conversion or modulation and
the phase determination of the reference signals (carrier). It is also called the fourth period
or 4-phase PSK or 4-PSK. QPSK uses four dots in the star diagram. The four dots are
evenly distributed on a circle. On these phases, each QPSK character can perform two-
bit coding and display the codes in Gray code on graph with the minimum BER.
quality of service (QoS) A commonly-used performance indicator of a telecommunication system or channel.
Depending on the specific system and service, it may relate to jitter, delay, packet loss
ratio, bit error ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio. It functions to measure the quality of the
transmission system and the effectiveness of the services, as well as the capability of a
service provider to meet the demands of users.
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R
RADIUS See Remote Authentication Dial In User Service.
RAN See radio access network.
RDI remote defect indication
RED See random early detection.
REG See regenerator.
REI remote error indication
RIP See Routing Information Protocol.
RMEP remote maintenance association end point
RMON remote network monitoring
RNC See radio network controller.
ROPA See remote optical pumping amplifier.
RPR resilient packet ring
RSOH regenerator section overhead
RST regenerator section termination
RSTP See Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol.
RSVP See Resource Reservation Protocol.
RSVP-TE See Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering.
RTN radio transmission node
RTP real-time performance
RTS request to send
Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP)
An evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol, providing for faster spanning tree
convergence after a topology change. The RSTP protocol is backward compatible with
the STP protocol.
Remote Authentication
Dial In User Service
(RADIUS)
A networking protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting (AAA) management for computers to connect and use a network service.
Resource ReserVation
Protocol-Traffic
Engineering (RSVP-
TE)
An extension to the RSVP protocol for setting up label switched paths (LSPs) in MPLS
networks. The RSVP-TE protocol is used to establish and maintain the LSPs by initiating
label requests and allocating label binding messages. It also supports LSP rerouting and
LSP bandwidth increasing.
Resource Reservation
Protocol (RSVP)
A network control protocol like Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and designed
for Integrated Service and used to reserve resources on every node along a path. RSVP
operates on the transport layer; however, RSVP does not transport application data.
RoHS restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances
Routing Information
Protocol (RIP)
A simple routing protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route
based on the smallest hop count between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector
protocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and is
known to waste bandwidth.
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radio access network
(RAN)
The network that provides the connection between CPEs and the CN. It isolates the CN
from wireless network.
radio network
controller (RNC)
A piece of equipment in the RNS which is in charge of controlling the use and the integrity
of the radio resources.
random early detection
(RED)
A packet loss algorithm used in congestion avoidance. It discards the packet according
to the specified higher limit and lower limit of a queue so that global TCP synchronization
resulting from traditional tail drop can be prevented.
real-time variable bit
rate (rt-VBR)
A parameter intended for real-time applications, such as compressed voice over IP
(VoIP) and video conferencing. The rt-VBR is characterized by a peak cell rate (PCR),
sustained cell rate (SCR), and maximum burst size (MBS). You can expect the source
device to transmit in bursts and at a rate that varies with time.
receiver sensitivity The minimum acceptable value of average received power at point R to achieve a 1 x
10-12 BER (The FEC is open).
reflectance The ratio of the reflected optical power to the incident optical power.
regenerator (REG) A piece of equipment or device that regenerates electrical signals.
remote optical
pumping amplifier
(ROPA)
A remote optical amplifier subsystem designed for applications where power supply and
monitoring systems are unavailable. The ROPA subsystem is a power compensation
solution to the ultra-long distance long hop (LHP) transmission.
rt-VBR See real-time variable bit rate.
S
SAI service area identifier
SAN storage area network
SAToP Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing over Packet
SC square connector
SCR sustainable cell rate
SD See signal degrade.
SD-SDI See standard definition-serial digital interface signal.
SDH See synchronous digital hierarchy.
SDI See serial digital interface.
SDP serious disturbance period
SDRAM See synchronous dynamic random access memory.
SELV safety extra-low voltage
SEMF synchronous equipment management function
SES severely errored second
SF See signal fail.
SFP small form-factor pluggable
SFTP See Secure File Transfer Protocol.
SHDSL See single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line.
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SLA See service level agreement.
SLIP See Serial Line Interface Protocol.
SMB Server Message Block
SMSR side mode suppression ratio
SNCMP subnetwork connection multipath protection
SNCP subnetwork connection protection
SNCTP subnetwork connection tunnel protection
SNMP See Simple Network Management Protocol.
SOH section overhead
SONET See synchronous optical network.
SP See service provider.
SPC soft permanent connection
SPE See superstratum provider edge.
SPI SDH physical interface
SRG See shared risk group.
SRLG shared risk link group
SSH See Secure Shell.
SSL See Secure Sockets Layer.
SSM See Synchronization Status Message.
SSMB synchronization status message byte
SSU synchronization supply unit
STP Spanning Tree Protocol
Secure File Transfer
Protocol (SFTP)
A network protocol designed to provide secure file transfer over SSH.
Secure Shell (SSH) A set of standards and an associated network protocol that allows establishing a secure
channel between a local and a remote computer. A feature to protect information and
provide powerful authentication function for a network when a user logs in to the network
through an insecure network. It prevents IP addresses from being deceived and plain text
passwords from being captured.
Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL)
A security protocol that works at a socket level. This layer exists between the TCP layer
and the application layer to encrypt/decode data and authenticate concerned entities.
Serial Line Interface
Protocol (SLIP)
A protocol that defines the framing mode over the serial line to implement transmission
of messages over the serial line and provide the remote host interconnection function
with a known IP address.
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Simple Network
Management Protocol
(SNMP)
A network management protocol of TCP/IP. It enables remote users to view and modify
the management information of a network element. This protocol ensures the
transmission of management information between any two points. The polling
mechanism is adopted to provide basic function sets. According to SNMP, agents, which
can be hardware as well as software, can monitor the activities of various devices on the
network and report these activities to the network console workstation. Control
information about each device is maintained by a management information block.
Synchronization Status
Message (SSM)
A message that carries quality levels of timing signals on a synchronous timing link.
Nodes on an SDH network and a synchronization network acquire upstream clock
information through this message. Then the nodes can perform proper operations on their
clocks, such as tracing, switching, or converting to holdoff, and forward the
synchronization information to downstream nodes.
serial digital interface
(SDI)
An interface that transmits data in a single channel in sequence.
service level agreement
(SLA)
A service agreement between a customer and a service provider. SLA specifies the
service level for a customer. The customer can be a user organization (source domain)
or another differentiated services domain (upstream domain). An SLA may include
traffic conditioning rules which constitute a traffic conditioning agreement as a whole
or partially.
service provider (SP) An entity that offers service subscriptions to individual subscribers and contracts with
carriers to implement services for a specific DN. A service provider may contract with
more than one carrier.
shared risk group
(SRG)
A group of resources that share a common risk component whose failure can cause the
failure of all the resources in the group.
signal degrade (SD) A signal indicating that associated data has degraded in the sense that a degraded defect
condition is active.
signal fail (SF) A signal indicating that associated data has failed in the sense that a near-end defect
condition (non-degrade defect) is active.
single-pair high-speed
(SHDSL)
A symmetric digital subscriber line technology developed from HDSL, SDSL, and
HDSL2, which is defined in ITU-T G.991.2. The SHDSL port is connected to the user
terminal through the plain telephone subscriber line and uses trellis coded pulse
amplitude modulation (TC-PAM) technology to transmit high-speed data and provide
the broadband access service.
span The physical reach between two pieces of WDM equipment. The number of spans
determines the signal transmission distance supported by a piece of equipment and varies
according to transmission system type.
standard definition-
serial digital interface
signal (SD-SDI)
Standard definition video signal transported by serial digital interface.
superstratum provider
edge (SPE)
Core devices that are located within a VPLS full-meshed network. The UPE devices that
are connected with the SPE devices are similar to the CE devices. The PWs set up
between the UPE devices and the SPE devices serve as the ACs of the SPE devices. The
SPE devices must learn the MAC addresses of all the sites on UPE side and those of the
UPE interfaces that are connected with the SPE. SPE is sometimes called NPE.
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synchronous digital
hierarchy (SDH)
A transmission scheme that follows ITU-T G.707, G.708, and G.709. It defines the
transmission features of digital signals such as frame structure, multiplexing mode,
transmission rate level, and interface code. SDH is an important part of ISDN and B-
ISDN. It interleaves the bytes of low-speed signals to multiplex the signals to high-speed
counterparts, and the line coding of scrambling is used only for signals. SDH is suitable
for the fiber communication system with high speed and a large capacity since it uses
synchronous multiplexing and flexible mapping structure.
synchronous dynamic
random access memory
(SDRAM)
A new type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventional
memory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU's bus and is capable of
running at 100 MHz, about three times faster than conventional FPM RAM, and about
twice as fast as EDO DRAM or BEDO DRAM. SDRAM is replacing EDO DRAM in
computers.
synchronous optical
network (SONET)
A high-speed network that provides a standard interface for communications carriers to
connect networks based on fiber optical cable. SONET is designed to handle multiple
data types (voice, video, and so on). It transmits at a base rate of 51.84 Mbit/s, but
multiples of this base rate go as high as 2.488 Gbit/s.
T
TCI tag control information
TCM See trellis coded modulation scheme.
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDC tunable dispersion compensator
TDM See time division multiplexing.
TE See traffic engineering.
TFTP See Trivial File Transfer Protocol.
TIM trail trace identifier mismatch
TLV See type-length-value.
TM See terminal multiplexer.
TMN See telecommunications management network.
TOD time of day
TPID tag protocol identifier
TPS See tributary protection switching.
TST See Test.
TTI trail trace identifier
TTSI See trail termination source identifier.
TUG tributary unit group
Telnet A standard terminal emulation protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Telnet allows users
to log in to remote systems and use resources as if they were connected to a local system.
Telnet is defined in RFC 854.
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Test (TST) A function which is used to perform one-way on-demand in-service or out-of-service
diagnostics tests. This includes verifying bandwidth throughput, frame loss, bit errors,
and so on.
Trivial File Transfer
Protocol (TFTP)
A small and simple alternative to FTP for transferring files. TFTP is intended for
applications that do not need complex interactions between the client and server. TFTP
restricts operations to simple file transfers and does not provide authentication. TFTP is
small enough to be contained in ROM to be used for bootstrapping diskless machines.
tail drop A congestion management mechanism, in which packets arrive later are discarded when
the queue is full. This policy of discarding packets may result in network-wide
synchronization due to the TCP slow startup mechanism.
telecommunications
management network
(TMN)
A protocol model defined by ITU-T for managing open systems in a communications
network. An architecture for management, including planning, provisioning, installation,
maintenance, operation and administration of telecommunications equipment, networks
and services.
terminal multiplexer
(TM)
A device used at a network terminal to multiplex multiple channels of low rate signals
into one channel of high rate signals, or to demultiplex one channel of high rate signals
into multiple channels of low rate signals.
throughput The maximum transmission rate of the tested object (system, equipment, connection,
service type) when no packet is discarded. Throughput can be measured with bandwidth.
time division
multiplexing (TDM)
A multiplexing technology. TDM divides the sampling cycle of a channel into time slots
(TSn, n=0, 1, 2, 3), and the sampling value codes of multiple signals engross time slots
in a certain order, forming multiple multiplexing digital signals to be transmitted over
one channel.
traceroute A program that prints the path to a destination. Traceroute sends a sequence of datagrams
with the time-to-live (TTL) set to 1,2, and so on, and uses ICMP time exceeded messages
that return to determine routers along the path.
traffic engineering (TE) A technology that is used to dynamically monitor the traffic of the network and the load
of the network elements, to adjust in real time the parameters such as traffic management
parameters, route parameters and resource restriction parameters, and to optimize the
utilization of network resources. The purpose is to prevent the congestion caused by
unbalanced loads.
trail termination source
identifier (TTSI)
A TTSI uniquely identifies an LSP in the network. A TTSI is carried in the connectivity
verification (CV) packet for checking the connectivity of a trail. If it matches the TTSI
received by the sink point, the trail has no connectivity defect.
trellis coded
modulation scheme
(TCM)
A modulation scheme which allows highly efficient transmission of information over
band-limited channels such as telephone lines.
tributary protection
switching (TPS)
A function that uses a standby tributary processing board to protect N tributary
processing boards.
tunnel A channel on the packet switching network that transmits service traffic between PEs.
In VPN, a tunnel is an information transmission channel between two entities. The tunnel
ensures secure and transparent transmission of VPN information. In most cases, a tunnel
is an MPLS tunnel.
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type-length-value
(TLV)
An encoding type that features high efficiency and expansibility. It is also called Code-
Length-Value (CLV). T indicates that different types can be defined through different
values. L indicates the total length of the value field. V indicates the actual data of the
TLV and is most important. TLV encoding features high expansibility. New TLVs can
be added to support new features, which is flexible in describing information loaded in
packets.
U
UART universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
UAS unavailable second
UAT See unavailable time event.
UBR unspecified bit rate
UBR+ Unspecified Bit Rate Plus
UDP See User Datagram Protocol.
UNI See user-to-network interface.
UPC See usage parameter control.
UPE user-end provider edge
UPI user payload identifier
UPM uninterruptible power module
UPS uninterruptible power supply
UTC See Coordinated Universal Time.
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
A TCP/IP standard protocol that allows an application program on one device to send a
datagram to an application program on another. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses IP
to deliver datagram. UDP provides application programs with the unreliable
connectionless packet delivery service. There is a possibility that UDP messages will be
lost, duplicated, delayed, or delivered out of order. The destination device does not
confirm whether a data packet is received.
unavailable time event
(UAT)
An event that is reported when the monitored object generates 10 consecutive severely
errored seconds (SES) and the SESs begin to be included in the unavailable time. The
event will end when the bit error ratio per second is better than 10-3 within 10 consecutive
seconds.
usage parameter
control (UPC)
During communications, UPC is implemented to monitor the actual traffic on each virtual
circuit that is input to the network. Once the specified parameter is exceeded, measures
will be taken to control. NPC is similar to UPC in function. The difference is that the
incoming traffic monitoring function is divided into UPC and NPC according to their
positions. UPC locates at the user/network interface, while NPC at the network interface.
user-to-network
interface (UNI)
The interface between user equipment and private or public network equipment (for
example, ATM switches).
V
V-NNI virtual network-network interface
V-UNI See virtual user-network interface.
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VB virtual bridge
VBR See variable bit rate.
VCC See virtual channel connection.
VCCV virtual circuit connectivity verification
VCG See virtual concatenation group.
VCI virtual channel identifier
VDSL very-high-data-rate digital subscriber line
VDSL2 See very-high-speed digital subscriber line 2.
VLAN virtual local area network
VOA variable optical attenuator
VP See virtual path.
VPI See virtual path identifier.
VPLS See virtual private LAN service.
VPN virtual private network
VPWS See virtual private wire service.
VRRP See Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.
VSI See virtual switch instance.
Virtual Router
Redundancy Protocol
(VRRP)
A protocol used for multicast or multicast LANs such as an Ethernet. A group of routers
(including an active router and several backup routers) in a LAN is regarded as a virtual
router, which is called a backup group. The virtual router has its own IP address. The
host in the network communicates with other networks through this virtual router. If the
active router in the backup group fails, one of the backup routers in this backup group
becomes active and provides routing service for the host in the network.
VoIP See voice over IP.
variable bit rate (VBR) One of the traffic classes used by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Unlike a
permanent CBR (Constant Bit Rate) channel, a VBR data stream varies in bandwidth
and is better suited to non real time transfers than to real-time streams such as voice calls.
very-high-speed digital
subscriber line 2
(VDSL2)
An extension of the VDSL technology, which complies with ITU G.993.2, supports
multiple spectrum profiles and encapsulation modes, and provides short-distance and
high-speed access solutions to the next-generation FTTx access service.
virtual channel
connection (VCC)
A VC logical trail that carries data between two end points in an ATM network. A point-
to-multipoint VCC is a set of ATM virtual connections between two or multiple end
points.
virtual concatenation
group (VCG)
A group of co-located member trail termination functions that are connected to the same
virtual concatenation link
virtual path (VP) A bundle of virtual channels, all of which are switched transparently across an ATM
network based on a common VPI.
virtual path identifier
(VPI)
The field in the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell header that identifies to which
virtual path the cell belongs.
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virtual private LAN
service (VPLS)
A type of point-to-multipoint L2VPN service provided over the public network. VPLS
enables geographically isolated user sites to communicate with each other through the
MAN/WAN as if they are on the same LAN.
virtual private wire
service (VPWS)
A technology that bears Layer 2 services. VPWS emulates services such as ATM, FR,
Ethernet, low-speed TDM circuit, and SONET/SDH in a PSN.
virtual switch instance
(VSI)
An instance through which the physical access links of VPLS can be mapped to the
virtual links. Each VSI provides independent VPLS service. VSI has Ethernet bridge
function and can terminate PW.
virtual user-network
interface (V-UNI)
A virtual user-network interface, works as an action point to perform service
classification and traffic control in HQoS.
voice over IP (VoIP) An IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voice
information over the Internet. VoIP involves sending voice information in a digital form
in discrete packets rather than by using the traditional circuit-committed protocols of the
public switched telephone network (PSTN).
W
WAN See wide area network.
WCDMA See Wideband Code Division Multiple Access.
WDM wavelength division multiplexing
WEEE waste electrical and electronic equipment
WFQ See weighted fair queuing.
WLAN See wireless local area network.
WRED See weighted random early detection.
WRR weighted round robin
WTR See wait to restore.
Wideband Code
Division Multiple
Access (WCDMA)
A standard defined by the ITU-T for the third-generation wireless technology derived
from the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology.
wait to restore (WTR) The number of minutes to wait before services are switched back to the working line.
weighted fair queuing
(WFQ)
A fair queue scheduling algorithm based on bandwidth allocation weights. This
scheduling algorithm allocates the total bandwidth of an interface to queues, according
to their weights and schedules the queues cyclically. In this manner, packets of all priority
queues can be scheduled.
weighted random early
detection (WRED)
A packet loss algorithm used for congestion avoidance. It can prevent the global TCP
synchronization caused by traditional tail-drop. WRED is favorable for the high-priority
packet when calculating the packet loss ratio.
wide area network
(WAN)
A network composed of computers which are far away from each other which are
physically connected through specific protocols. WAN covers a broad area, such as a
province, a state or even a country.
wireless local area
network (WLAN)
A hybrid of the computer network and the wireless communication technology. It uses
wireless multiple address channels as transmission media and carriers out data interaction
through electromagnetic wave to implement the functions of the traditional LAN.
System
96
Z
Z interface extension Extending the analogue subscriber to another place by extending the Z interface.
System
97

OptiX OSN 500 Commissioning Guide (V100R006)

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OptiX OSN 500 Commissioning Guide (V100R006)

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OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical

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