BKF2422 HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER 3
Part 1
Principles of steady-state heat
transfer in convection

FORCED CONVECTION

TOPIC OUTCOMES
Define and differentiate between forced convection and
natural convection
Solve problems involve with forces convection inside pipe
Determine the heat transfer coefficient and solve problems
for heat transfer in system with fluid flow across plate, tube
cylinder, sphere and bank of tubes.
CONTENT
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipe
For laminar flow inside pipe
For turbulent flow inside pipe
For transition flow inside pipe
Entrance-region effect on heat transfer coefficient
Liquid-metal heat transfer coefficient
Log mean Temperature Difference
Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries In Forced Convection
Flow Parallel to Flat Plate
Flow Past Cylinder With Axis Perpendicular
Flow Past Single Sphere
Flow Past Banks of Tubes or Cylinders
Flow Past in Packed Beds


Natural convection
From planes and cylinders
In enclosed spaces
Boiling
Nucleate boiling
Film boiling
Condensation
Film-condensation coefficient for vertical surfaces
Film-condensation coefficient for horizontal cylinders

CONTENT
Convection: Heat transfer using movement of fluids.
Heat transfer is considered as convection with the presence of
bulk fluid motion. Fluid motion enhances heat transfer where
the higher the fluid velocity, the higher the rate of heat
transfer.
2 main classification of convective heat transfer;
1. Forced Convection : fluid flow by pressure differences, a
pump, a fan and so on
2. Natural Convection: motion of fluid results from the density
changes in heat transfer


CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
The rate of heat transfer :
T
w
= 80
o
C
T
o
= 30
o
C
q

q = Ah(T
w
T
o
)
The convection coefficient is
a measure of how effective
a fluid is at carrying heat to
and away from the surface.
h = heat transfer coefficient
(W/m
2
.K)
A= surface area (m
2
)
Fluid flow
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
Metal wall
Warm fluid A
Cold fluid B
q
Turbulence absent
T2
T3
Turbulence region
T1
q = hA (T-Tw)
FKKSA
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.





















FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE PIPES
Forced convection fluid forced to flow by pressure differences
Types of fluid, laminar or turbulent
great effect on heat-transfer coefficient
More turbulent greater heat-transfer coefficient
Reynolds number, N
Re


N
Re
=
Dv

where
v = velocity of fluid (m/s)
= viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)
= density of fluid (kg/m
3
)
D = diameter of pipe (m)
FKKSA
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.





















FORCED CONVECTION
where
= viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)
= density of fluid (kg/m
3
)
k = thermal conductivity of fluid (W/m.K)
c
P
= heat capacity of fluid (J/kg.K)
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m
2
.K)
D = diameter of pipe (m)
Prandtl number, N
Pr
Dimensionless numbers:
Nusselt number, N
Nu
k
c
c
k

N
P
P
Pr
= =
k
hD
N
Nu
=
FKKSA
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.





















LAMINAR FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE
where
D = inside diameter of pipe (m)
L = length of pipe (m)

b
= viscosity of fluid at bulk temperature (Pa.s)

w
= viscosity of fluid at wall temperature (Pa.s)
h
a
= average heat transfer coefficient (W/m
2
.K)


N
Nu
|
\

|
.
|
a
=
h
a
D
k
=1.86 N
Re
N
Pr
D
L
|
\


|
.
|
|
1
3
b

w
|
\


|
.
|
|
0.14
N
Re
< 2100 & N
Re
N
P r
> 100 :
L
D
All physical properties at except
w

2
bi
T
bo
T
mean b
T
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
q = h
a
AT
a
where
2
bo
T
w
T
bi
T
w
T
a
T
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
100
2100
Pr Re
Re
>
<
L
D
N N
N
Limitations
FKKSA
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.





















TURBULENT FLOW I NSI DE HORI ZONTAL PI PE
where


N
Nu
=
h
L
D
k
=0.027 N
Re
0.8
N
Pr
1
3

b

w
|
\


|
.
|
|
0.14
N
Re
> 6000 , 0.7 N
P r


16000 & > 60:
D
L
Rate of heat transfer is greater
c
P
= heat capacity of fluid (J/kg.K)
D = inside diameter of pipe (m)
k = thermal conductivity of fluid (W/m.K)

b
= viscosity of fluid at bulk average temperature (Pa.s)
h
L
= heat transfer coefficient based on the log mean driving force
T
lm
(W/m
2
.K)

w
= viscosity of fluid at wall temperature (Pa.s)
Many industrial heat transfer processes in the turbulent region
60
16000 7 . 0
6000
Pr
Re
>
s s
>
D
L
L
D
N
N
Limitations
FKKSA
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.





















TURBULENT FLOW I NSI DE HORI ZONTAL PI PE
where
D = inside diameter of pipe (m)
u = velocity of fluid (m/s)


h
L
=
3.52u
0.8
D
0.2


h
L
=1429 1+0.0146 T
o
C
|
\

|
.
|
u
0.8
D
0.2


h
L
=423
u
0.8
D
0.2
Air at 1 atm total pressure (N
Re
> 2100) :
Water at T = 4 to 105
o
C :
Organic liquids :
Flow inside helical coils :
H
coil
= h
straight pipes
+ (1 + 3.5D/D
coil
)
2100
Re
> N
Limitations
C T
o
105 to 4 =
Limitations
4
Re
10 > N
Limitations
EXAMPLE 4.5-1 Page 262: Heating of Air in
Turbulent Flow

Air at 206.8 kPa and an average of 477.6 K is being heated as
it flows through a tube of 25.4mm inside diameter at velocity
of 7.62 m/s. The heating medium of 488.7 K steam
condensing on the outside of the tube. Since the heat-transfer
coefficient of condensing steam is several thousand W/m
2
.K
and the resistance of the metal wall is very small, it will be
assumed that the surface wall temperature of the metal in
contact with the air is 488.7 K. Calculate the heat-transfer
coefficient for an L/D > 60 and also the heat-transfer flux q/A.
bo
T
K 7 . 488 Steam, =
w
T
steam o
h h =
L
mm 5.4 2
air
bi
T
kPa 8 . 206
m/s 62 . 7
K 6 . 477
=
=
=
P
v
T
ave
3
Pr
5
kg/m 74 . 0
W/m 03894 . 0
686 . 0
Pa.s 10 6 . 2
K 477.6 kPa, 101.32 at A.3, Appendix From
=
=
=
=
= = =

k
N
T T P
b
bm ave
Pa.s 10 64 . 2
K 7 . 88 4 at A.3, Appendix From
5
=
=
w
w
T

( )
3
kPa 8 . 206
2 1
1
2
1
2
1 2
kg/m 509 . 1
35 . 101
8 . 206
74 . 0
on depend is
, For
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =

T T
T
T
P
P
P & T
RT
PM
RT PM RT
V
m
PM
RT
M
m
PV nRT PV
) 6000 ( 10 122 . 1
10 6 . 2
) 509 . 1 )( 62 . 7 ( 10 4 . 25

4
5
3
Re
> =

=
=

u D
N
( ) ( )
.K W/m 2 . 63
0264 . 0
0260 . 0
686 . 0 10 122 . 1 027 . 0
03894 . 0
) 10 4 . 25 (
027 . 0
2
14 . 0
3
1
8 . 0
4
3
14 . 0
3
1
Pr
8 . 0
Re
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

L
L
w
b L
Nu
h
h
N N
k
D h
N

( )
( )
2
W/m 1 . 701
6 . 477 7 . 488 2 . 63
=
=
=
bm w L
T T h
A
q
FKKSA
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.





















TRANSITION FLOW INSIDE A PIPE
2100 < N
Re
< 6000 :
where
G = mass velocity of fluid (kg/s.m
2
) = u
EXAMPLE 4.5-2 Page 264: Water Heated by
Steam and Trial and error Solution

Water is flowing in a horizontal 1-in schedule 40 steel
pipe at an average temperature of 65.6
o
C and a velocity of
2.44 m/s. it is being heated by condensing steam at
107.8
o
C on the outside of pipe wall. The steam side
coefficient has been estimated as h
o
= 10500 W/m
2
.K.
a) Calculate the convective coefficient hi for water inside
the pipe
b) Calculate the overall coefficient U
i
based on the inside
surface area
c) Calculate the heat-transfer rate q for 0.305m of pipe with
the water at an average temperature of 65.6
o
C
bo
T
C 8 . 107 Steam,
o
=
w
T
.K W/m 10500
2
=
o
h
m 305 . 0
mm 6.64 2
water
bi
T
m/s 44 . 2
C 6 . 65
o
=
=
v
T
bm
mm 3.4 3
3
Pr
3
o
kg/m 9 . 981
W/m 6629 . 0
72 . 2
Pa.s 10 432 . 0
C, 5 . 5 6 at A.3, Appendix From
=
=
=
=
=

k
N
T
b
bm
Pa.s 10 56 . 3 C 80 at
C 80 l, first tria for C 80 or 107.8 and 65.5 between way the
third one about as assumed be will and needed is metal inside of re temperatu The
4 o
o o

= =
=
w w
w
T
T

) 6000 ( 10 473 . 1
10 32 . 4
) 980 )( 44 . 2 ( 0266 . 0

5
4
Re
> =

=
=

u D
N
( ) ( )
.K W/m 13324
10 56 . 3
10 32 . 4
72 . 2 10 473 . 1 027 . 0
663 . 0
) 0266 . 0 (
027 . 0
2
14 . 0
4
4
3
1
8 . 0
5
14 . 0
3
1
Pr
8 . 0
Re
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

L
L
w
b L
Nu
h
h
N N
k
D h
N

again. re temperatu for the make we assumption check the to have We

2
m 0255 . 0
) 305 . 0 )( 0266 . 0 (
=
=
=
t
t L D A
i i
2
m 032 . 0
) 305 . 0 )( 0334 . 0 (
=
=
=
t
t L D A
o o
: follow as are areas various The
002633 . 0
) 305 . 0 ( ) 45 ( 2
) 0266 . 0 / 0334 . 0 ln(
2
) ln(
1 / 2
= = =
t t kL
r r
R
pipe
002976 . 0
) 032 . 0 ( 10500
1 1
= = =
o o
o
A h
R
002943 . 0
) 0255 . 0 ( 13324
1 1
= = =
i i
i
A h
R
008552 . 0 = R
necessary. not is trial Second
C. 80 of estimate original the to close quite is C.This 1 . 80 5 . 14 5 . 65 T Hence,
C 14.5 K 5 . 14 ) 2 . 42 (
008852 . 0
002943 . 0
) 2 . 42 ( drop e Temperatur
is film water the across drop re temperatu The
C 42.2 65.6) (107.8 is difference re temperatu overall The
o o
w
o
o
= + =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
=
R
R
i
(b)
( )
.K W/m 4586
) 008552 . 0 ( 0255 . 0
1

1
2
=
=

=
=

=
R A
U
T T A U
R
T T
q
i
i
i o i i
i o
(c)
( )
W 4935
) 2 . 42 )( 0255 . 0 ( 4586
C 2 . 42 6 . 65 8 . 107
C, 65.6 of re temperatu average an at with water
o
o
=
=
=
= =
i o i i
i o
T T A U q
T T
FKKSA
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.





















ENTRANCE-REGION EFFECT ON HEAT-
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
At entrance, h =
0.7
L
L
D
1
h
h
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
L
D
6 1
h
h
L
2 < < 20
D
L
20 < < 60
D
L
h = average heat transfer coefficient for a tube of finite length L
h
L
= heat transfer coefficient for a very long tube
where
At L/D ~ 60, h = h
L
20 2 < <
D
L
Limitations
60 20 < <
D
L
Limitations
FKKSA
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.





















LI QUI D METAL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFI CI ENT
N
Pe
= Peclet number = N
Re
N
Pr
where
Turbulent flow, N
Re
> 6000 :
0.4
Pe
N 625 0
k
D
L
h
Nu
N . = =
0.8
Pe
N 025 0 5.0
k
D
L
h
Nu
N . + = =
Constant wall temperature ( > 60, N
Pe
> 100 ) :
D
L
D
L
Uniform heat flux, 100 <

N
Pe
> 10
4
& > 60 :
4
Re
10 100
60
2100
< <
>
>
Pe
N
D
L
N
Limitations
100
60
>
>
Pe
N
D
L
Limitations
EXAMPLE 4.5-3 Page 266: Liquid-metal Heat
Transfer Inside a Tube

A liquid metal flows at a rate of 4.00kg/s through a tube
having an inside diameter of 0.05m. The liquid enters at 500K
and is heated to 505K in the tube. The tube wall is maintained
at a temperature of 30K above the fluid bulk temperature and
constant heat flux is maintained. Calculate the required tube
length. The average physical properties are as follows: = 7.1
x 10-4 Pa.s, = 7400 kg/m3, c
p
= 120 J/kg.K, k = 13 w/m.K
kg/s 4 = m
K 30 =
bm w
T T
metal liquid
K 500 =
bi
T
K 505 =
bo
T
? = L
m 05 . 0 =
i
D
3
4
kg/m 7400
W/m.K 13
kJ/kg.K 120
Pa.s 10 1 . 7
K, 5 . 502 at A.3, Appendix From
=
=
=
=
=

k
c
T
p
b
bm
K 5 . 502
2
505 500
2
=
+
=
+
=
bo bi
bmean
T T
T
w
T
bm
T
q
( ) ( ) | |
c or h
bi bo p bmean w
T T c m T T hA q

= =
L D A
i i
t =
K 30 =
bm w
T T
) 2000 ( 10 435 . 1
05 . 0
4
10 1 . 7
) 4 ( 05 . 0

5
2 4
Re
> =
|
.
|

\
|

=
=

x
A
m D
N

bm
T
w
T
4
2
i
x
D
A
t
=
) 10 100 ( 940
) 10 55 . 6 ( 10 435 . 1
4
3 5
Pr Re
< < =
=
=

Pe
Pe
N
N N N
3
4
Pr
10 55 . 6
13
) 10 1 . 7 ( 120

=
=
k
c
N
p

.K W/m 2512
) 940 ( 625 . 0
13
) 05 . 0 (
625 . 0
2
4 . 0
4 . 0
=
=
= =
i
i
Pe
i i
Nu
h
h
N
k
D h
N
( )
W 2400
) 500 505 )( 120 ( 4
=
=
=
bi bo p
T T c m q
( )
2
m 10 185 . 3
2400
) 30 ( 2512
2400
2
=
=
= =
i
i
bmean w i
i
A
A
A
T T h
A
q
m 203 . 0
) 05 . 0 ( 10 185 . 3
2
=
=
=

L
L
L D A
i i
t
t
bm o o bm i i
T A U T A U q A = A =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ci co
c
p hi ho
h
p
T T c m T T c m q = =

|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A A
= A
1
2
1 2
2
1
2 1
ln ln
T
T
T T
T
T
T T
T
lm
flow rent countercur
flow parallel
ho
T
hi
T
hi
T
ho
T
co
T
co
T
ci
T
ci
T
1
T A
1
T A
2
T A
2
T A
hi
T
hi
T
ho
T
ho
T
ci
T
ci
T
co
T
co
T
|
.
|

\
|
+
= A =
2
bo bi
w i ai a a
T T
T A h T A h q
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A A
= A =
2
1
2 1
ln
T
T
T T
A h T A h q
i ai lm a
EXAMPLE 4.5-4 Page 268: Heat Transfer Area and
Log Mean Temperature Difference

A heavy hydrocarbon oil which has a c
pm
= 2.30kJ/kg is
being cooled in a heat exchanger from 371.9 K to 349.7 K
and flows inside the tube at a rate of 3630 kg/h. A flow of
1450kg water/h enters at 288.6K for cooling and lows
outside the tube.
a) Calculate the water outlet temperature and heat-transfer
area if the overall U
i
= 340 W/m2.K and the streams are
countercurrent
b) Repeat for parallel flow
flow rent countercur (a)
1
T A
2
T A
hi
T = K 1 . 397
K 7 . 349 =
ho
T
K 6 . 288 =
ci
T
co
T
kg/h 3630 oil, = m
kg/h 1450 water, = m
( ) ( )
| |
W 51490
3600 / ) 7 . 349 9 . 371 )( 3 . 2 ( 3630
=
=
=
hi ho
h
p
T T c m q
( )
( )
?
.K W/m 340
kJ/kg.K 187 . 4
kJ/kg.K 3 . 2
2
=
=
=
=
i
i
water
p
oil
p
A
U
c
c
( ) ( )
K 1 . 319
) 6 . 288 )( 187 . 4 ( 1450 51490
=
=
=
co
co
ci co
c
p
T
T
T T c m q
K 9 . 56
8 . 52
1 . 61
ln
8 . 52 1 . 61
ln
2
1
2 1
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A A
= A
T
T
T T
T
lm
2
m 66 . 2
) 9 . 56 ( 340 51490
=
=
A =
i
i
lm i i
A
A
T A U q
K 1 . 61 6 . 288 7 . 349
K 8 . 52 1 . 319 9 . 371
2
1
= = A
= = A
T
T
flow parallel (b)
K 3 . 83 6 . 288 9 . 371
K 6 . 30 1 . 319 7 . 349
2
1
= = A
= = A
T
T
K 7 . 52
6 . 30
3 . 83
ln
6 . 30 3 . 83
ln
2
1
2 1
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A A
= A
T
T
T T
T
lm
2
m 87 . 2
) 7 . 52 ( 340 51490
=
=
A =
i
i
lm i i
A
A
T A U q
forces. driving perature larger tem
gives ws counterflo because occurs This w. counterflo for than area larger a is This
EXAMPLE 4.5-5 Page 269 : Laminar Heat
Transfer and Trial and Error

A hydrocarbon oil at 150
o
F enters inside a pipe with an
inside diameter of 0.0303 ft and a length of 15 ft with a
flow rate of 80 Ibm/h. The inside pipe surface is assumed
constant at 350
o
F since steam is condensing outside the
pipe wall and has a very large heat-transfer coefficient.
The properties of the oil are c
pm
= 0.5 btu/Ibm.
o
F and k
m
=
0.083 btu/h.ft.
o
F. The viscosity of the oil varies with
temperature as follows: 150
o
F, 6.50 cp; 200
o
F, 5.05 cp;
250
o
F, 3.80 cp; 300
o
F, 2.82 cp; 350
o
F, 1.95cp. Predict the
heat-transfer coefficient and the oil outlet temperature, T
bo
Ibm/h 80 = m
F 350
o
=
w
T
oil
F 150
o
=
bi
T
? =
bo
T
ft 15
ft 0303 . 0
4
2
D
A
x
t
=
( )
F btu/h.ft. 083 . 0
F btu/Ibm. 5 . 0
o
o
=
=
m
oil
p
k
c
Ib/ft.h 23 . 12
cp 1
Ib/ft.h 2.4191
5.05cp
F 200
2
150 250
F 250 if value Assume
o
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
+
=
=

bmean
bo
T
T
) 2100 ( 5 . 275
0303 . 0
4
23 . 12
) 80 ( 0303 . 0

2
Re
< =
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
t

x
A
m D
N

7 . 73
083 . 0
) 23 . 12 ( 5 . 0

Pr
=
=
=
k
c
N
p

41
15
0303 . 0
) 7 . 73 ( 5 . 275
Pr Re
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
D
N N
( )
F . btu/h.ft 1 . 20
4191 . 2 95 . 1
23 . 12
41 86 . 1
083 . 0
) 0303 . 0 (
86 . 1
o 2
14 . 0
3
1
14 . 0
3
1
Pr Re
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
h
h
L
D
N N
k
hD
N
w
b
Nu

again. re temperatu for the make we assumption check the to have We

( ) ( ) 150 ) 5 . 0 ( 0 . 80 = =
bo bi bo pm
T T T c m q
a a
T A h q A =
bo
bo bo bi
w a
T
T T T
T T 5 . 0 275
2
150
350
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
= A
( )
( )
F 255
5 . 0 275 150 ) 5 . 0 ( 0 . 80
o
=
=
A = =
bo
bo bo
a a bi bo pm
T
T T
T A h T T c m q
correct. is F 255 of perature outlet tem the Hence, l. first tria
for 5.05 with compared cp 5.0 is viscosity new The F. 202.5 or 255)/2 (150 be would boil the of
rature bulk tempe mean the trial, second For the F. 250 of value assumed n the higher tha is This
o
1
o
o
=
+
T
) 2100 ( 5 . 275
0303 . 0
4
23 . 12
) 80 ( 0303 . 0

2
Re
< =
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
t

x
A
m D
N

7 . 73
083 . 0
) 23 . 12 ( 5 . 0

Pr
=
=
=
k
c
N
p

41
15
0303 . 0
) 7 . 73 ( 5 . 275
Pr Re
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
D
N N
( )
F . btu/h.ft 1 . 20
4191 . 2 95 . 1
23 . 12
41 86 . 1
083 . 0
) 0303 . 0 (
86 . 1
o 2
14 . 0
3
1
14 . 0
3
1
Pr Re
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
h
h
L
D
N N
k
hD
N
w
b
Nu

again. re temperatu for the make we assumption check the to have We

( ) ( ) 150 ) 5 . 0 ( 0 . 80 = =
bo bi bo pm
T T T c m q
a a
T A h q A =
bo
bo bo bi
w a
T
T T T
T T 5 . 0 275
2
150
350
2
=
|
.
|

\
| +
=
+
= A
( )
( )
F 255
5 . 0 275 150 ) 5 . 0 ( 0 . 80
o
=
=
A = =
bo
bo bo
a a bi bo pm
T
T T
T A h T T c m q
correct. is F 255 of perature outlet tem the Hence, l. first tria
for 5.05 with compared cp 5.0 is viscosity new The F. 202.5 or 255)/2 (150 be would boil the of
rature bulk tempe mean the trial, second For the F. 250 of value assumed n the higher tha is This
o
1
o
o
=
+
T
3
1
Pr Re
N CN N
m
Nu
=
( ) 1 - 4.6 table from m & C
( )
re temperatu fluid bulk average the and re temperatu or wall surface the is where
, 2 / re, temperatu film at the evaluated are properties fluid The
b w
b w f
T T
T T T + =
3
1
Pr
5 . 0
Re
664 . 0 N N N
Nu
=
7 . 0
10 3
Pr
5
Re
>
<
N
N
3
1
Pr
8 . 0
Re
0366 . 0 N N N
Nu
=
7 . 0
10 3
Pr
5
Re
>
>
N
N
Limitations
Limitations
EXAMPLE 4.6-1 Page: 272 Cooling a Copper Fin

A smooth, flat, thin fin of copper extending out from a
tube is 50 mm by 51 mm square. Its temperature is
approximately uniform at 82.2
o
C. Cooling air at 15.6
o
C
and 1 atm abs flows parallel to the fin at a velocity of
12.2 m/s.
a) For laminar flow, calculate the heat-transfer coefficient,
h
b) If the leading edge of the fin is rough so that all of the
boundary layer o film next to the fin is rough so that alls
o the boundary layer or film next to the fin is completely
turbulent, calculate h
mm 1 5
mm 1 5
q
C 2 . 82
o
=
w
T
C 6 . 15
o
=
bi
T
m/s 2 . 12 air, = v
atm 1 = P
C 49 C 9 . 48
2
6 . 15 2 . 82
2
o o
~ =
+
=
+
=
b w
f
T T
T
3
Pr
5
o
kg/m 097 . 1
W/m.K 028 . 0
704 . 0
Pa.s 10 95 . 1
C, 49 at A.3, Appendix From
=
=
=
=
=

k
N
T
b
f
) 10 3 ( 10 49 . 3
10 95 . 1
) 097 . 1 )( 2 . 12 ( 10 51

5 4
5
3
Re
< =

=
=

u L
N
.K W/m 7 . 60
) 704 . 0 ( ) 10 49 . 3 ( 664 . 0
028 . 0
) 10 51 (
664 . 0
2
3
1
5 . 0 4
3
3
1
Pr
5 . 0
Re
=
=

= =

h
h
N N
k
hL
N
Nu
( )
( )
W 51 . 10
6 . 15 2 . 82 ) 10 51 ( 7 . 60
6
=
=
=

bm w
T T hA q
3
1
Pr
5 . 0
Re
60 . 0 2 N N N
Nu
+ =
400 to 6 . 0
0000 7 to 1
Pr
Re
=
=
N
N
Limitations
EXAMPLE 4.6-2 Cooling of a Sphere

Using same condition as Example 4.6-1, where air at 1 atm
abs pressure and 15.6
o
C is flowing at velocity of 12.2 m/s,
predict the average heat-transfer coefficient for air flowing
by a sphere having a diameter of 51mm and an average
surface temperature of 82.2
o
C. Compare this with the value
of h = 77.2 W/m
2
.K for the flat plate in turbulent flow.
mm 1 5
C 2 . 82
o
=
w
T
3
Pr
5
o
kg/m 097 . 1
W/m.K 028 . 0
704 . 0
Pa.s 10 95 . 1
C, 49 at A.3, Appendix From
=
=
=
=
=

k
N
T
b
f
C 49 C 9 . 48
2
6 . 15 2 . 82
2
o o
~ =
+
=
+
=
b w
f
T T
T
.K W/m 56.1
) 704 . 0 ( ) 10 49 . 3 ( 60 . 0 2
028 . 0
) 10 51 (
60 . 0 2
2
3
1
5 . 0 4
3
3
1
Pr
5 . 0
Re
=
+ =

+ = =

h
h
N N
k
hD
N
Nu
) 10 3 ( 10 49 . 3
10 95 . 1
) 097 . 1 )( 2 . 12 ( 10 51

5 4
5
3
Re
< =

=
=

u L
N
EXAMPLE 4.6-3 Page 273: Heating Air by a Bank of
Tubes

Air at 15.6
o
C and 1 atm abs flows across a bank of tubes
containing four transverse rows in the direction of flow and 10
rows normal to the flow at a velocity of 7.62 m/s as the air
approaches the bank of tubes. The tube surfaces are maintained
at 57.2
o
C. The outside diameter of the tubes is 25.4mm and the
tubes are in-line to the flow. The spacing S
n
of the tubes normal
to the flow is 38.1mm and also S
p
is 38.1mm parallel to the
flow. For a 0.305m length of the tube bank, calculate the heat-
transfer rate
mm 1 . 38 =
n
S
mm 1 . 38 =
p
S
mm 4 . 25 = D
C 2 . 57
o
=
w
T
1
2
3
9
10
C 6 . 15
o
=
bi
T
m/s 6 . 7 air, = v
atm 1 = P
C 7 . 37
2
3 . 18 2 . 57
2
o
=
+
=
+
=
b w
f
T T
T
3
Pr
5
o
kg/m 137 . 1
W/m.K 027 . 0
705 . 0
Pa.s 10 904 . 1
C, 7 . 37 at A.3, Appendix From
=
=
=
=
=

k
N
T
b
f
2 3 4
) 10 3 ( 10 47 . 3
10 90 . 1
) 137 . 1 )( 86 . 22 ( 02547 . 0

5 4
5
max
Re
< =

=
=

u L
N
m/s 86 . 22
47 . 25 1 . 38
1 . 38
6 . 7
max
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
D S
vS
v
n
n
620 . 0 , 278 . 0 5 . 1 line, In
251) (pg 2 - 4.6 Table From
= = = = m c
D
S
D
S
p
n
.K W/m 8 . 171
) 705 . 0 ( ) 10 47 . 3 ( 278 . 0
027 . 0
) 0254 . 0 (
2
3
1
620 . 0 4
3
1
Pr Re
=
=
= =
h
h
N cN
k
hD
N
m
Nu
3 - 4.6 Table in given as
0.9, by multiplied be must the direction, e transvers in the rows 4 only For rows. 10 for is This h h
.K W/m 62 . 154 ) 8 . 171 ( 9 . 0
2
= = h
2
m 973 . 0 ) 305 . 0 )( 0254 . 0 ( 40 40 = = = t tDL A
kg/s 084 . 1 ) 1162 . 0 )( 224 . 1 ( 6 . 7 ) 3600 ( = = =
t
A v m
2
m 1162 . 0 ) 305 . 0 )( 0381 . 0 ( 10 10 = = = L S A
n t
( )
C 20
) 6 . 15 )( 10 0048 . 1 ( 084 . 1
2
6 . 15
2 . 57 ) 973 . 0 ( 62 . 154
2
o
3
=
= |
.
|

\
| +

= |
.
|

\
| +
=
bo
bo
bo
bi bo p
bi bo
w
T
T
T
T T c m
T T
T hA q
C 17.8 or 20)/2 (15.6 be would use be to average new the made, be to ware trial second If
o
+
b
T
35 . 0
Re
Re
3
2
3023 . 0 876 . 2
'
N
N k
c
c
h
f
p
p
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|

u
c
0000 1 to 10
Gases
Re
= N
Limitations
Note : All properties are at T
bmean
, except for those with
subscript f