Professional Documents
Culture Documents
X[d&{dXijsJfgZ7eZ>]Wj7WBX[d_d_ZJeYvnWj>hJftwcYZ7eYccBX[dk`*dew]5Z7eY_;j>hiWId&Z>]j_ fWIeBZ7{<dhiWYX[
_;j>eY<^kjJWYX[d.t0`<deY_ fcaej>`Nfj7WWId.tYt0cBZT_ad_Z7eYv¨\gZWj>c£fZJhit0XNfWIXXijsd{<ddh
eYd.WIdh[cw\gv#eYdI]5deYdhiWId.< ^kj7WBX[doWIZ>\p\pftfZJhitZWWIb[eX[dhjTt£d7b[dhiWIdZ>]~eYdI]5deYdhiWId.t
eYd.twZ>\gs7drcYZcYX[d#tYjO_d#Wj7WYX[d\pfgh[d7 X[d
V[^fgdercYX[dr`[eYZWId.tBtwZ7e.cYX[d#tufg_`N\gde
cYX[dWjJWYX[dtwcYeYbiWIcBb[eYd7j>hi#cBX[d;_ZJeYdsNbN\h[deIj>{N\gdfgcftcYZrWIZ>\p\pftfZJhit X[dtufg_
`N\d.t£c;Wj7WwX[d.tXNfWIX j>eBd;tw_;j\p\«5\gd.tYtcYXij>(h '*)+¬jOhi,JfgeYd.WIc0_;j>`[`<d.</`[eYd.twdh[c
cYX[dnl7eBd.j>cYd.twc`[eBZ7{N\gd_ ]5Z7e_0fWIeYZJ{dhiWIX[_j>eY[ttufghiWId0cYX[dvXijsdF\pfcBcw\gd`[eBZ7cYd.WIcwfgZ7h
j>lDjfghitwc~WIZO\æ\pftufgZ7hit
^kj7W£X[d WIZO\æ\pftufgZ7hit0Wj>hZWWIb[e){<dcÂ&ddhr_d_ZJeYvfghTcBX[d tBj>_djJ[NeYd.tYt)tw`ij7WId7
Z7e&{idcwddh_d_aZ7eYvfghoJ,f deYdhNcj7[NeYd.tYt&tw`ijJWId.t hcYX[d¦ietwcWj7twd7JcYX[d`de£]HZ7eB
_;j>hiWId)Z>]j0`ij>eYc£fWIbN\j>e}fhit£cj>hiWId«ucYXij>cåftij\pfgh[Dd.{Nfghij>eBvi¬ZO]cYX[d)_ fWIeBZ7{<dhiWYX[
_;j>eYrWj>h#{<d;twcjO{N\d7/{[b[ccYX[d`ide£]HZ7eB_;j>hiWIdZ>]J-f deBdh[c)s7detufgZ7hitFZ>]cYX[d;tYj>_ad
`[eYZ7l7ejO_¥Wj>hoj7WIcYbij\æ\gv{i.d JbNfgcYdns>j>ewfj>{N\gd7 hcYX[dt£d.WIZ7hioWj7t£d7[X[dhTWIZO\æ\pftufgZ7hit
ZWWIb[e{idcwddh _d_Z7e£fd.tfh twd`ij>ejOcYdoj7[NeYd.tYtatw`ij7WId.t&twbiWBXj7t0{<dcÂ&ddhcYX[d
7deYh[dI\Éj>hij>hjO`[`N\æfWj>c£fZJhicYX[dh`<dew]5Z7eY_;j>hiWId_;jv{ids7j>ewfj>{N\gd)ds7dha]HeYZJ_©eYb[h
cYZeYb[hiNd`<dhiJfgh[lZ7hX[Z> cYX[dntwv[twcYd_ XijJtj\p\gZiWj>cYd._d_ZJeYv7
X[dh_0fWIeYZ7{<dhiWBX[_;j>eY0`<dew]5Z7eY_;jOhiWId&ftbitwd.acYZncBb[h[d`Nfgd.WId.t&Z>]cYX[d~twv[twcYd_
{DvnWBXij>h[l>fgh[l)WIZiNdkj>hiFeYdeYb[h[hNfgh[l)cYX[d_ fWIeBZ7{<dhiWYX[_;jOeY)cYZds7j\gbij>cYdåcYX[dkWBXij>h[l7d7
cYX[dsjOewfj>{Nfp\æfgcIvWj>bitwd.0{NvWj7WBX[dd d.WIctåWj>h;Wj>bitwdcYX[d&eYZ7h[lnWIZ7hiWB\gbitufgZ7hit}cYZ){id
eYd.j7WBX[d.< c{id.WIZ7_ad.tJfæ WIbN\cåcYZ)tYjv)X[dcBX[de`de£]HZ7eB_;j>hiWIdkWBXij>h[l7d.F{<d.Wj>bitwd&Z>]
cYX[d)cYb[hNfgh[li[Z7etBjv7[{*d.Wj>bitwd)cYX[d\pfgh[Ddej7tBtufgl7h[d.oJ-f deYdhNc}jJ[NeYd.tYtwd.t&cBZZJ{ d.WIc
¦[\d.t§
$&
%
mTjJWwXft)jrtw_j\p\deBh[dI\Z7`ideIj>cwfgh[lt£vtwcBd_¥XNfWIXr`[eYZs7fNd.tnt£b[`[`ZJeYc&]5Z7e]Âj7twc
WIeYZDtYtwÂjJ[NeYd.tYtnt£`ij7WId;WIZ7__b[hNfWj>cwfgZ73h 24ejsJd.t)dcnj\Â6 5¢8 7Â9
h9cYX[:d d.WV7cj>cwfgZ7h
[ y7y §XNfWIXft/jm V Jy7y7y 5{ij7t£d.)twvt£cYd_ eYb[h[hNfgh[l)j>c '[ '<;m
>=7hDbN\p\ ^kt
{dcu&ddh,cwZ#j7[NeBd.tYtntw`ijJWId.tnZJh,cYX[dtYj>_ad_;j7WwXNfgh[dcwvN`NfWj\æ\gvcjOdj>{*Z7b[?c 5 x
@ t£d.WtiZJe}jO{ZJb[c ' y7y WIvWB\gd.t
|]HcYdeaZ7h[do{[bNfp\ Z>]cBX[dTtwv[twcYd_ fgh XNfWBXcYX[deYd&deYdh[Z WBXij>h[l7d.t cYZ#cYX[d
7deYh[dI\0³t ^`ij>cYX ^ cwfg_d.tåfghiWIeYd.j7twd.cBZ jO{iZ7b[c)' y @ twd.Wt¢Z7ekj>{<Z7b[c ' x7y
WIvWB\gd.t X[d`[eYZ7{N\gd_ j7tcYXij>c0cYX[d_;jJWYXNfgh[dUfghiNd`ÉdhiNdh[c w ^WIZiNdfghZ7h[d
Z7{ wd.WIc¦[\dj7t)WIZ>\p\pfJfh[l fh9cYX[d;WjJWYX[d}fcBX#_;j7WwXNfgh[dÂNd`/dhiNdh[c]Hb[hiWIc£fZJhit)fgh
j>h[Z7cYX[de)Z7{ d.WIcF¦[\d7 X[d;WIZ>\p\pftufgZ7hZ[WWIb[eYeYd.r{<d.Wj>bitwdaZ>]}jWwXij>h[l7d0fgh9cYX[d;tuf =d
Z>]}j>hrb[h[eYdI\j>cBd.rZ7<{ d.WIc¦[\gd7V>fghiWId;Wj7WBX[d0_0ftYtwd.tFZ7hrcYX[d:d.WV7cj>cwfgZ7h#[ yJy j>eBd
eYd.twZ>\gs7d. fgh x WIvWB\gd.t/&d;WIZ7hiWB\gbiNd.9cYXij>c0j>{iZJb[c x jJ[Jfc£fZJhij\~Wj7WwX[d_0ftYtwd.t
ZWWIb[eYeBd.Z7hcYX[d)h[d&detwvt£cYd_ ³t ^`ij>cYX åv;eBd.j>eYej>h[lOfh[l0cYX[d)ZJeNde&Z>]ÉcYX[d
Z7{ wd.WIc&¦[\gd.t&]5Z7ecYX[d)JdeYh[dI\É{[bNfp\< ^c£f_ad.tå]HdI\p\{ij7WB;cY9Z 5 x @ t£d.Wt
]&dXij7 bitwd.cBX[d~{*dhiWYX[_;jOeY0cYZncYb[h[dcYX[d ^,`ijOcYX7cYZcYX[ddI¡iWB\gbitufgZ7hZ>]
j\p\Z7cYX[de_ad.j7twb[eYd_dhNct7t£biWYX;jJt/hDb[_0{ideåZ>]ifghitwcBeYbiWIcwfgZ7hitådI¡d.WIb[cBd.<7Z7ehNb[_0{de
Z>]n_d_Z7eBvj7WWId.tYtwd.tcYX[dh cYX[drsj>e£fjO{Nfæ\pfgcIvWIZ7bN\ Xijsd\gd.j7 cYZ9`<ZDZ7ecYb[hNfgh[l
Nd.WBftfZJhit ]cYX[d~j>`[`N\pfWj>cwfgZ7hoWIZ[Nd&fgctwdI\p]ÉXij7fh[cBdew]HdeBd.0&fgcYX7deBh[dI\WIZ[Nd77cYX[dh
sOjOewfj>{Nfp\æfgcYv&Z7bN\Xij§s7dnZ[WWIb[eYeYd.a]5eYZ7_ eBb[hcYZeYb[h
X[d{*d.twcj§vcBZnNd.j\&fgcYXacYX[dsjOewfj>{Nfp\æfgcIv0`[eYZ7{N\gd_ ]5Z7ecYb[hNfgh[lftcYZdI¡`N\pfWI
fc£\v ibitwXcYX[dWj7WBX[d~Nb[ewfgh[lnd.jJWYX0fgcYdeIj>cwfgZ7h0Z>]cBX[dcYewfj\i{*dhiWIX[_;j>eY<7j>hicYZ)cYX[dh
twb[{[cYej7WIc*Z cYX[d;Wj7WBX[d ibitwX#Z>s7deBX[d.j7]5eYZ7_ªcYX[d_ad.j7twb[eYd.r{<dhiWBX[_;j>eYrcwfg_d7
|\gcYX[Z7b[lJXcBXNft/cBd.WYX[hNf Jb[d&fp\p\ieYds7d.j\[&Z7etwcÉWjJtwd&`idew]5Z7eY_;jOhiWId7>cYX[d`<dew]5Z7eY_;jOhiWId
&fp\æ\j>c&\gd.j7t£c{ideYd`[eYZ[NbiWBf{N\gd7
mZ7eYdZsde[]5Z7ecYb[hNfgh[li*fgcft}fg_`<Z7eYcjOh7c~cBZWIZ7b[hNccYX[dnhNb[_0{deZ>]\gZDj7[tj>hi
twcYZ7eYd.t§.ejOcYX[deÉcBXij>h wbitwcfhit£cYeYbiWIcwfgZ7hit/dI¡[d.WIb[cYd.0Z7e/_0fWIeYZDt£d.WIZ7hi[t/_d.j7twb[eBd.nNb[eY
fh[ljreYb[h |t0`[eBZWId.tYt£Z7e;WIv[WB\dcwfg_d.tNd.WIeYd.jJtwd.t&cYX[d_;j wZ7e;NdcBdeY_0fghij>hNcZ>]
`de£]HZ7eB_;j>hiWIdft)cYX[dhNb[_0{<denZ>]&_d_Z7eYvrj7WWId.tYtwd.tFXNfWIX,Wj>h#h[ZJc){dtYj>cwftu¦id.
{Dv#cBX[dWj7WBX[d7#mrj>h7v#ZO]~cYX[d7fghi[t0Z>]{idhiWIX[_;j>eBtFXNfWIX j>e£ft£dfghZ7`<dej>c£fh[l
twvt£cYd_ `*dew]HZJeY_;j>hiWIdj>eYdtwcYeYd.tYtfh[lrWIZ7_`*Z7h[dhDcIt)Z>]&cYX[d;twv[twcYd_ªXNfWIX,jOeYd0dI¡
d.WIb[cYd.rfghN]5eYd Jb[dh[cw\gvTdh[ZJb[l7X,cBZ_;j>>dcYX[dIfge\gZ7h[locYdeB_ª`[eYd.twdhiWIdafh9cYX[d;WjJWYX[d
b[hN\æfg[dI\gvD X[deYdI]5Z7eYd7`*dew]5Z7eY_;j>hiWId0`[eYZO¦[\d.tFXNfWIXreYd id.WIc)_d_Z7eBvfgh[cYdej7WIc£fZJh
j>eYd)_Z7eBd\æfgNdI\gvcYZ0{d)lJZDZ[`[eYd.JfWIcYZ7etZ>]j7WIcYbij\`<dew]5Z7eY_;jOhiWId7
!"*!
' 0"0*
($ 00 $& $&
",
mTjJWwXtwb[`[`<Z7eYct_0bN\gcwfg`N\gdTcBX[eYd.j7[tZ>]WIZ7hNcYeYZO\}`*de;j7[NeYd.tBttw`ij7WId7 s7dhZ7hj
[b hNf`[eBZiWId.tYtwZ7e.cYX[d.twdcYX[eYd.j7[tabitwd#tufg_`N\gd,tw`NfghN\gZWBtacYZ9dhitwb[eYdr_nb[cBbij\dI¡iWB\gb[
tufgZ7h9fghcYX[d;`[eBd.twdhiWIdoZ>]&fgh[cYdew\gd.js7d.¨dI¡d.WIb[c£fZJhV7ZJ_d;eBd.WIdhDc0&Z7eY#j>c^kmrq
]HZ[WIbitwd.rZ7h f_a`[eYZ>s7fgh[locBX[d`idew]5Z7eY_j>hiWIdZ>]&cYd.twcYÂj>hiNÂt£dc)`[ewfg_0fgcwfgsDd.t]HZ7enjOeWYXNfg
cYd.WIcYb[eYd.tXNfWYXrNZh[Z7cXijs7dXij>eN&j>eYdt£b[`[`ZJeYcå]HZ7ej>cYZ7_0fWFeYd.j7N5_Z[Jfp]HvN5ewfgcYd
twd 7b[dhiWId.t 2 ådetwXij79 5[8 7Â| tufg_`N\gd)_0fWIeYZ7{<dhiWBX[_;j>eY0ds7j\gbij>cwfgh[l0cYX[dh[d \Z[WBD
fh[l`[ewfg_0fgcwfgsNd.t&Xij7cBX[d]HZ>\p\gZ>&fgh[l]5Z7eY_
!"#%$'&()**
)+,-..0/ 1
243 ),
5*
+46789:/;
<= 0>4?!4?>
@AB;>
C =<
243 ),
5
DC,*0+E6789:/;
F
qhN]HZ7eBcYb[hij>cYdI\gv7*cYX[dj>{iZs7d\ZNZ7`&fp\æ\Z>s7deBd.twcwfg_;j>cYdcYX[dn`<dew]5Z7eY_j>hiWIdnZ>]cYX[d
\ZiWBJfh[l)`[e£f_ fc£fsNd.t{*d.Wj>bitwd7OfhaeYd.j\pfgcv77t£biWYX`[e£f_ fc£fsNd.tj>eYdj\gjv[t/bitwd.Ffgh;WIZ7h[
b[hiWIcwfgZ7h¨&fgcYXrewfgcYd.tcYZ;_ad_Z7eYvXNfWIXft)twXij>eYd.{*dcåddh#_nbN\gcwfg`N\gdcYX[eYd.j7[t
^Z7hitwd Jb[dh[cw\gv7<cYX[d;j>{*Z>sdacYd.twcftZ7`[cwfg_0ftwcwfWa{id.Wj>bit£d0fgc)fghiWB\gbiNd.t0h[ZewfgcYd.tcYZ
_d_Z7eYv)dI¡iWId`[ccYX[då\gZWB)fgct£dI\æ]Y ]ikdåfghiWB\gbiNdjtwcYZJeYdcYZ)twXij>eBd.)_d_ZJeYv)&fgcYXNfgh
cYX[d\gZ[Z7`/&dj7[#ZJh[dfghitwcYeBbiWIcwfgZ7hcYZocBX[dWIZiNd`ij>cYX]5Z7ejcYZ7cIj\kZ>]hNfgh[dfgh[
twcYeYbiWIcwfgZ7hitj>hicÂ&Zd d.WIcwfgs7dt£cYZ7eYd.t d.WjObitwd0cYX[d d.WV7cj>cwfgZ7hr[ y7y Wj>heYdcwfgeYd
Z7hN\gvoZ7h[dtwcYZJeYdn`*dentufp¡TWIvWB\gd.tcYX[dj>b[l7_dh7cBd.o_ fWIeBZ7{<dhiWYX[_;jOeYcj>>d.tcÂ&dI\gs7d
WIvWB\gd.t*h[Z7chNfgh[d7
XNftdI¡ij>_`N\gd_Z7cwfgs7j>cYd.t/cwåZWIZ7hiWB\gbitufgZ7hit z fgetwc.JZ7h[d~Wj>hbitwd_ fWIeBZ7{<dhiWYX[
_;j>eY[tåcYZ0`[eYd.JfWIc~{ij7t£dI\æfgh[d`de£]HZ7eB_;j>hiWIdZ7hN\gvfp]cYX[d)_d.j7twb[eBd.{idXijs7fgZ7e_0fgl7XDc
eYd.j\p\gvTZ[WWIb[e. h#eBd.j\pfcwv7<h[Z_0bN\gcwfgcYX[eYd.j7Nd. `[eYZ7l7ejO_¥&Z7bN\rds7denjJW 7bNfgeYdj>hi
cYX[dhfg__d.Jfj>cBdI\veBdI\d.jJtwdjt£`NfhN\gZiWB X[deYd)&Z7bN\oj\g&j.v[t&{*dj>hafgh[cYdeYs>dhNfgh[l
_d_Z7eYvj7WWId.tYt§ij>hicYXNfttwX[Z7bN\{*d)fghiWB\gbiNd.fghocYX[d)_d.jJtwb[eYd_dhNct
V7d.WIZ7hi<<b[hiNdet£cj>hiJfgh[lrcYX[dn{<dXijs7fgZ7enjOhio`*dew]5Z7eY_;j>hiWId0Z>]kj_ fWIeBZ7{<dhiWYX[
_;j>eY0_;jv0Z>]5cYdh;eBd 7bNfgeYd)b[hiNdet£cj>hiJfgh[l;twb[{[cw\gdcwfgd.tåfghcYX[d)j>eW£XNfcBd.WIcYb[ej\<fg_`N\gd
_dhDcIj>cwfgZ7h«Âd7 ligDNd`[cBX;Z>]e£fcBd{[b de.[j>{Nfp\æfgcYvacYZWIZDj\d.tBWId>¬ cWj>htwZ7_dcwfg_d.t
{d0Jfp WIbN\gcncYZdsJdh JftYWIZJsdecYX[d.twdNdcjfæ\tjJtcYX[dv_j.v{*dWIZ7hitufNdeYd.WIZ7h[
¦Ndh[cwfj\j>hi`[eYZJ`[ewfgdcj>eYv[0{NvfghiNbitwcYeBvD
) 0&$%F
ewfgcwfgh[l#j>hirfghNcYdeY`[eYdc£fh[lr_0fWIeYZJ{idhiWIX[_;j>eBtWIZ7eYeYd.WIcw\gv#Wj>h9{idJfp WIbN\gc. X[d
tufgcYbij>cwfgZ7h ft Z7hN\gv,l7ZOfh[l¨cYZ#l7dc0&Z7etwdj7t0cBX[dlDj>`9{dcwåddh`[eYZ[WId.tYtufgh[l,tw`<dd.
j>hi#_ad_Z7eYv#tw`*dd.#&fNdhitmfWIeYZJ{dhiWBX[_;j>eBT`<dew]5Z7eY_j>hiWId_;j§vTh[ZJcn{<deYd
id.WIcwfgsDd0Z>]kj7WIcBbij\{*dXijs7fgZ7e.jOhiods>dhreYb[h[5cYZJ5eYb[hreYd.twbN\gct)Wj>hrXijs7dnXNfgl7X¨sj>ewfg
j>hiWId7 z \gbitwXNfgh[l9cYX[dTWjJWYX[dXNfp\gdreYb[h[hNfgh[ljr_0fWIeYZ7{*dhiWIX[_;j>eYj>hiWIZ7b[hNcwfgh[l
_d_Z7eYvojJWWId.tYtwd.t*ej>cYX[decYXij>hfghitwcBeYbiWIcwfgZ7hit<j>eYdcÂ&Z;cBd.WYX[hNf Jb[d.t]HZ7eeYd.NbiWBfgh[l
cYX[d0sOjOewfj>{Nfp\æfgcYvZ>]keBd.twbN\gct z fhij\æ\gv[*fgcn&fp\p\{<d.WIZ7_dfghiWIeYd.j7tufgh[l>\gvrfg_`<Z7eBcj>h7c)cYZ
b[hiNdetwcj>hi\Z>U\gdsNdI\Ndcjfp\tj>{*Z7b[cj>eWBXNfgcYd.WIcYb[ej\[f_a`N\d_adh[cj>cwfgZ7h0X[dh0fgh[cYdeB
`[eYdcwfgh[l;_ fWIeBZ7{<dhiWYX[_;jOeYt§
&-k
0&
2 ådetwXij7 5[& d7 `<Z7eYdceItwXi^&j7mT<q w^ V70 5[m§Y7b[cYbi'[&j\ VD/WBX[¡iZNWB\Z>bi\~tfZ>ZJ]nh^å]5Z7Z7e_q`[hNb[fcY`[deBeZiVDWId.WBtYfgdtwhiZ7eWIt§d7 F^kd.j>WBX[eYh[hNdfWl>jfgd \