RudderSizingforPlaningandSemiPlaningCraft

Introduction
Therudderonmanyhighspeedcraftisdesignedorsizedbasedontheprojectedunderwaterprofile
areaofthehullatrest.Therudderissizedbasedonapercentageoftheprojectedareafrom2.5to5
percentbasedmainlyontheexperienceandpastdesignsoftheparticularnavalarchitectorboat
builder.Theruddersizingspreadsheetoffersamoreanalyticapproachthathasprovenvaluablein
solvingorimprovingthehandlingcharacteristicsofmanyhighspeedcraft.
Theanalysishasshownthatarudderneedstobesizedtoheeltheboatfivedegreesatatendegree
angleofattackatavesselspeedequivalenttoavolumetricFroudenumberof1.25.Theabilityofthe
ruddertoheeltheboatintotheturnwillensurethattherudderiseffectiveinafollowingseaandisable
tomaintainthedesiredtrackandheadingwhileonautopilot.Itiscommonwhilecruisinginafollowing
seaoffthequarter,theboatwillrollallowingthebowtodiginandgetpulledaround.Iftherudderis
notlargeenoughtooffsetthischangeinheading,theautopilotwilloversteercausingtheboattomake
aseriousofStracksuntilitgetsbackoncourse.Iftheseaislargeenoughortherudderistoosmall,
theboatwillneverconvergebackontheintendedcourse.Theoperatorwillbeforcedtotakeoverand
steertheboatmanuallywhichbecomesafatiqueandenduranceissueforthecreworowner.

Figure(1):RudderLayout

Thespreadsheetdefinestheprofileoftherudderbasedonasimilarlayouttofigure(1).The
spreadsheetresultsareshownintheattachedexample.Thespeedofthewaterovertherudderis
assumedtobe25%higherthatthespeedofthevesseltoaccountfortheslipofthepropeller.Theinput
dataishighlightedinyellowtohighlightthedatarequiredforanalysis.Thespreadsheetalsoprovided
thesteeringforcesandmomentsintheaheaddirectionaswellastheasterndirection.Thesteering
systemshouldbesizedtobeabletoturntherudderatonehalftheratedspeedastern.Forthe
sportfishermanthesteeringsystemshouldsizedfortwothirdsorthreequartersofthespeedahead.
Oncetherudderhasbeensizedproperly,thewideopenspeedofthevesselcanbeusedtosizethe
rudderstock.Thepositionoftheupperbearingandthesizeoftherudderstockarepartoftheinput
data.Theslipshouldalsobeadjustedtobetweentenandfifteenpercentdependingonthetopspeed
andsizeofthevessel.Aslipfigureof1.10isgenerallyagoodestimateforspeedsover25knots.The
maximumangleofattackassumedfortherudderistendegreesataspeedover20knotssincethe
rudderwouldnormallystallaftertendegrees.ThestresscriteriaisthevonMisesmethodconsidering
thebendingandtorsionalsheerinthestock.Thecombinedstressshouldnotexceedtwothirdsofthe
yieldstressforthewideopenspeedconditionatatendegreeangleofattack.

RUDDER DATA
CUSTOMER:
VESSEL:

SABRE YACHTS
DATE:
BACKCOVE 41: PROPOSED RUDDER

BASIC DIMENSIONS

Vk=

11.56

13-Nov-13

KNOTS

SLIP=

1.25

HEIGHTS:

LEAD=

34.000

TRAIL=

34.000

AVE HGT

34.000

inches

STOCK=

2.500

CHORDS

ROOT=

21.000

TIP=

13.100

AVE C =

17.050

inches

AREA=

4.026

LE: - d =

5.500

LE - d =

3.310

TAPER=

0.624

Cm=

0.210

THICKNESS

0.150

4.500

0.100

1.310

SWEEP ANGLE=

0.362

ASPECT RATIO=

3.988

STOCK

LIFT SLOPE=

0.063
0.067

Cdc=

0.522

inches
ft2

BEARING SPACING=

12.00

AHEAD CONDITION AT FULL SPEED

ANGLE
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

Cl
0.3152
0.6324
0.9517
1.2729
1.5961
1.9213
2.2485

Cd
0.0153
0.0420
0.0869
0.1503
0.2325
0.3340
0.4551

Cn
0.3154
0.6301
0.9417
1.2475
1.5448
1.8309
2.1029

Cm
0.0020
0.0005
-0.0020
-0.0054
-0.0099
-0.0154
-0.0219

CPc
4.37
4.28
4.23
4.19
4.15
4.12
4.08

CPs
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43

LIFT
752
1 509
2 271
3 038
3 809
4 585
5 366

DRAG
37
100
207
359
555
797
1 086

FORCE
753
1 513
2 281
3 059
3 849
4 654
5 475

TORQUE FRICTION MOMENT

-2
45
906
-16
90
1 819
-34
136
2 742
-55
183
3 678
-81
230
4 629
-111
278
5 596
-146
327
6 583

Cm
0.0020
0.0005
-0.0020
-0.0054
-0.0099
-0.0154
-0.0219

CPc
4.15
4.25
4.30
4.34
4.37
4.41
4.44

CPs
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43

LIFT
120
241
363
486
609
734
859

DRAG
6
16
33
57
89
128
174

FORCE
121
242
365
489
616
745
876

TORQUE FRICTION MOMENT

85
7
145
169
14
291
254
22
439
339
29
589
425
37
741
511
44
895
599
52
1 053

ASTERN CONDITION AT 1/2 SPEED

ANGLE
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

Cl
0.3152
0.6324
0.9517
1.2729
1.5961
1.9213
2.2485

Cd
0.0153
0.0420
0.0869
0.1503
0.2325
0.3340
0.4551

Cn
0.3154
0.6301
0.9417
1.2475
1.5448
1.8309
2.1029

RUDDER MOMENTS AND STRESS

RUDDER FORCES

TORQUE=

-193.64

RUDDER STRESS

SHEAR STRESS =
VON MISES =

IN-LBS

BENDING MOMENT =

21827.44 IN-LBS

-63

PSI

BENDING STRESS =

14229

PSI

14230

PSI

(MAXIMUM ANGLE OF ATTACK IS 10 DEGREES)

MINIMUM RUDDER SIZE

LWL=
38.4
FT
VCG=
4
FT ABL
14235
HEELING MOMENT =
NO. OF RUDDERS =
2
DEADRISE ANGLE =
18.5

BEAM=
11.90
KMt=
9.83
FT-LBF
DRAFT =
3.25
DEG
BMt=

FT (WL)
FT-ABL

DISPLACEMENT=
SPEED =
LIFT REQ'D=
FT ABL RUDDER LVR =
7.78
VCB=
2.05

28000
11.56
2034
3.5
FT ABL

LBF
KNOTS
LBF
FT

DESIGN CRITERIA
RUDDER SIZING IS BASED ON THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE RUDDERS WILL CAUSE THE BOAT TO HEEL
FIVE DEGREE INTO A TURN WHEN THE HELM IS AT 15 DEGREES AND THE VESSEL HAS A SPEED OF 1.25
TIMES THE VOLUMETRIC FROUDE NUMBER.
STOCK DIAMETER IS BASED ON MAXIMUM SPEED AND THE STRESS LEVEL IS LESS THAN 0.8 YIELD
USING THE COMBINED BENDING AND TORSIONAL STRESSES

RUDDER DATA
CUSTOMER:
VESSEL:

DATE:

14-Nov-13

41 FT SINGLE: PROPOSED RUDDER

BASIC DIMENSIONS

Vk=

30

KNOTS

SLIP=

1.10

HEIGHTS:

LEAD=

34.000

TRAIL=

34.000

AVE HGT

34.000

inches

STOCK=

2.500

CHORDS

ROOT=

21.000

TIP=

13.100

AVE C =

17.050

inches

AREA=

4.026

LE: - d =

5.500

LE - d =

3.310

TAPER=

0.624

Cm=

0.210

THICKNESS

0.150

4.500

0.100

1.310

SWEEP ANGLE=

0.362

ASPECT RATIO=

3.988

STOCK

LIFT SLOPE=

0.063
0.067

Cdc=

0.522

inches
ft2

BEARING SPACING=

12.00

AHEAD CONDITION AT FULL SPEED

ANGLE
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

Cl
0.3152
0.6324
0.9517
1.2729
1.5961
1.9213
2.2485

Cd
0.0153
0.0420
0.0869
0.1503
0.2325
0.3340
0.4551

Cn
0.3154
0.6301
0.9417
1.2475
1.5448
1.8309
2.1029

Cm
0.0020
0.0005
-0.0020
-0.0054
-0.0099
-0.0154
-0.0219

CPc
4.37
4.28
4.23
4.19
4.15
4.12
4.08

CPs
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43

LIFT
3 924
7 872
11 845
15 843
19 866
23 914
27 986

DRAG
191
523
1 081
1 870
2 894
4 157
5 664

FORCE
3 928
7 889
11 894
15 953
20 076
24 273
28 554

TORQUE FRICTION MOMENT

-11
235
4 724
-84
471
9 487
-176
710
14 303
-288
953
19 183
-422
1 199
24 141
-579
1 449
29 187
-762
1 705
34 335

Cm
0.0020
0.0005
-0.0020
-0.0054
-0.0099
-0.0154
-0.0219

CPc
4.15
4.25
4.30
4.34
4.37
4.41
4.44

CPs
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43
14.43

LIFT
811
1 626
2 447
3 273
4 105
4 941
5 782

DRAG
39
108
223
386
598
859
1 170

FORCE
812
1 630
2 458
3 296
4 148
5 015
5 900

TORQUE FRICTION MOMENT

574
48
976
1 141
97
1 960
1 709
147
2 955
2 282
197
3 963
2 860
248
4 988
3 443
299
6 030
4 034
352
7 094

ASTERN CONDITION AT 1/2 SPEED

ANGLE
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

Cl
0.3152
0.6324
0.9517
1.2729
1.5961
1.9213
2.2485

Cd
0.0153
0.0420
0.0869
0.1503
0.2325
0.3340
0.4551

Cn
0.3154
0.6301
0.9417
1.2475
1.5448
1.8309
2.1029

RUDDER MOMENTS AND STRESS

RUDDER FORCES

TORQUE= -1009.92 IN-LBS

BENDING MOMENT =

RUDDER STRESS

SHEAR STRESS =

-329

PSI

BENDING STRESS =

74215

PSI

(MAXIMUM ANGLE OF ATTACK IS 10 DEGREES)

VON MISES =

113840.03 IN-LBS
74212

PSI

MINIMUM RUDDER SIZE

LWL=
38.4
FT
VCG=
4
FT ABL
14235
HEELING MOMENT =
NO. OF RUDDERS =
2
DEADRISE ANGLE =
18.5

BEAM=
11.90
KMt=
9.83
FT-LBF
DRAFT =
3.25
DEG
BMt=

FT (WL)
FT-ABL

DISPLACEMENT=
SPEED =
LIFT REQ'D=
FT ABL RUDDER LVR =
7.78
VCB=
2.05

28000
11.56
2034
3.5
FT ABL

LBF
KNOTS
LBF
FT

DESIGN CRITERIA
RUDDER SIZING IS BASED ON THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE RUDDERS WILL CAUSE THE BOAT TO HEEL
FIVE DEGREE INTO A TURN WHEN THE HELM IS AT 15 DEGREES AND THE VESSEL HAS A SPEED OF 1.25
TIMES THE VOLUMETRIC FROUDE NUMBER.
STOCK DIAMETER IS BASED ON MAXIMUM SPEED AND THE STRESS LEVEL IS LESS THAN 0.8 YIELD
USING THE COMBINED BENDING AND TORSIONAL STRESSES