Professional Documents
Culture Documents
=
= e
From the previous table, the density, , for diesel is 7.2 lbm/gal and the heating value, H, is
19,000 Btu/lbm. Thus, the fuel consumption rate w
f
is:
( ) min / 78 . 3
60
1
/ 2 . 7 / 5 . 31 lbm
minutes
hour
gal lbm hr gal w
f
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
The total heat energy consumed by the engine is given as:
% 4 . 23 234 . 0
4 . 695 , 1
5 . 397
or
Q
P
E
i
t
= = =
( )( )
hp Q
hp lbf ft
Btu lbf ft lbm Btu lbm
Q
H w Q
i
i
f i
4 . 695 , 1
min/ / 000 , 33
/ 779 / 000 , 19 min / 78 . 3
=
=
=
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at
1,200 rpm is calculated as
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
Rig Power System-Example Problem
Example: A drilling rig is working in an arid climate (85F) at an elevation of 3,600 ft.
During the day, the peak temp. is 105oF. The min. temperature (prior to dawn) is 45F.
The rig has three 1,000 HP prime movers. Determine the min. and max. HP available
during the 24-hr period.
Solution
The total available HP from the prime movers is 3 x 1000 HP = 3,000 HP
The loss in HP due to altitude =3% loss/1000 ft x 3600 ft x3000 HP= 324 HP
Hence, available HP at an altitude of 3,600 ft = 3,000 HP-324 HP = 2676 HP
Minimum HP will occur at the max. temp. = 2676 HP - loss to increase in temp.= 2676
HP - 1% loss/10oF x (105-85) F x 2676
= 2676 HP - 53.5 HP = 2622 HP
Maximum horsepower will occur at the minimum temp.
= 2676 HP + increase due to decrease in temp.
= 2676 HP + 1% gain/10F x (85-45)F x 2676 =2676 HP+107 HP
= 2783 HP
92
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93
Example: A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power
to the block and tackle system of 500 hp. Eight lines are strung between the crown block
and traveling block. Calculate (1) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending, (2) the maximum hook horsepower available, (3) the maximum hoisting speed,
(4) the actual derrick load, (5) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and (6) the derrick
efficiency factor. Assume that the rig floor is arranged as shown previously.
(1) The power efficiency for n = 8 is given as 0.841.
The tension in the fast line is calculated as follows: ( )
lbf
n E
W
F
f
590 , 44
8 841 . 0
000 , 300
= = =
(2) The maximum hook horsepower available is
( ) hp p E P
i h
5 . 420 500 481 . 0 = = =
(3) The maximum hoisting speed is given by
min / 3 . 46
000 , 300
min / 000 , 33
5 . 420
ft
lbf
hp
lbf ft
hp
W
P
h
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = u
Time to pull a 90-ft stand would require min 9 . 1
min / 3 . 46
90
= =
ft
ft
t
continued
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
94
Example: A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power
to the block and tackle system of 500 hp. Eight lines are strung between the crown block
and traveling block. Calculate (1) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending, (2) the maximum hook horsepower available, (3) the maximum hoisting speed,
(4) the actual derrick load, (5) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and (6) the derrick
efficiency factor. Assume that the rig floor is arranged as shown previously.
Solution:
(4) The actual derrick load is calculated as follows:
(5) The maximum equivalent load is calculated as follows:
(6) The derrick efficiency factor is
( )
( )
( ) lbf W
n E
n E E
F
d
090 , 382 000 , 300
8 841 . 0
8 841 . 0 841 . 0 1 1
=
|
|
.
|
\
| + +
=
|
|
.
|
\
| + +
=
( ) lbf W
n
n
F
de
000 , 450 000 , 300
8
4 8 4
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
% 9 . 84 849 . 0
000 , 450
090 , 382
or
F
F
E
de
d
d
= = =
continued
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
Projection of Drilling Lines on Rig Floor
The drilling lines usually
are arranged as in the
plan view of the rig floor
shown.
For this arrangement:
All legs equally support
the load on the traveling
block each having one
fourth of the hook load.
Derrick legs C and D
share the load imposed
by the tension in the fast
line.
Leg A assumes the full
load imposed by the
tension in the dead line.
95
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Double-Acting Duplex Pump
Has two pistons and it both sucks and
discharges on every stroke
Pump factor, Fp = pump displacement
per complete cycle (or stroke)
Fp = (t/4)(2)(Ls)[(2(DL
2
)) - Dr
2
)]Ev
DL = liner diameter
Dr = rod diameter
Ls = stroke length
Ev = pump volumetric efficiency
Hydraulic pump horse power
HHP= (AP)(Q)/1714
AP = differential pressure, psi
(P
out
- P
inlet
)
Q = flow rate, gal/min
96
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
The following slides may be used to illustrate drill line
capacity and contains an exercise
97
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Schematic of Block and Tackle
1. Comprised of crown
block, traveling block,
and drilling line.
2. Provides a mechanical
advantage, which
permits easier handling
of large loads.
3. Generally mechanical
advantage is less than
n (i.e. less than 100%)
due to friction.
4. As n increases, the
mechanical advantage
increases.
98
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Drilling Line
The drilling line is subjected to fatigue and wear when in service during
normal tripping operation.
Failure of the line may result in injury to personnel, damage to the rig,
and loss of the drilling string.
Hence, drilling line tension is always maintained less than the yield strength of the
line.
The greatest wear occurs at pickup points on the traveling and crown
blocks and the drawworks.
These wear locations must be changed regularly by following a
preventative maintenance program called a SLIP and CUT Program
(similar to oil change for your car).
99
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Drilling Line
Steel construction 6x19
6 pieces or strands
19 wires in each piece
Rope lays
The lay of a wire rope is the way the
wires and strands are placed during
manufacture.
Right and Left lay refers to the
direction in which the strands of the
rope are wound around the core.
Regular and Langs lay refers to the
way the wires in the strand are wound
in relation to the strands
Refer to API Spec 9A (ISO 10425) for details as well
as API RP9B for recommended practices
100
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Slip and Cut Program
Slip and Cut involve:
Suspend the traveling block.
Loosen the dead line at the wire line anchor.
Slip in a few feet of new line into service from the storage reel.
Disconnect the drill line from the drawworks drum.
Cut off a section of the line from the drawworks end, pull through an amount equal to
the amount cut off and reconnect the drill line to the drawworks spool.
A Slip and cut program is conducted based on a unit of service called the
ton-mile method.
Based on the assumption that a line will safely perform so much work (ton-mile).
A line has rendered 1 ton-mile when the traveling block has moved 2,000 lbf a
distance of 1 mile.
Must keep a record of ton-miles the drill line has experienced.
Ton-miles vary with drilling conditions.
101
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Exercise: Calculate Desired Drawworks Horsepower
Using this equation:
Drawworks HP = (W x Vh)/(33000 x E); W is lbf and Vh is in ft/min, E is traveling assembly
(block and tackle) efficiency
Calculate the needed horsepower to move a drillstring weighing
225,000 pounds at a rate of 150 feet per minute, use an
efficiency factor of 0.85.
102
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103
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104
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Exercise: Calculate wire rope capacity
Using the previous 2 slides and a design factor of 3.5.
Determine the maximum load that may be supported if a 1-1/2
inch EIP wire rope is used as a drilling line. Use load case A
strung up with 10 lines.
Consider that the tension in the fast line is calculated as follows:
FL Tension = Fast Line Factor x Load
The Fast Line Factor for 10 lines is 0.123
What is the maximum load that can be lifted with this drilling
line?
105
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106
Example: Compute the pump factor in units of barrels per stroke for a duplex pump
having 6.5-in. liners, 2.5-in. rods, 18-in. strokes, and a volumetric efficiency of 90%.
Solution:
The pump factor for a duplex pump can be determined as follows using
the equation for duplex-double-acting pump
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) | |
stroke in F
d d E L F
p
r
l
s p
/ 2 . 991 , 1
5 . 2 5 . 6 2 9 . 0 18
2
2
2
3
2 2 2 2
=
= =
t t
u
Recall that there are 231 in
3
in a U.S. gallon and 42 U.S. gallons in a U.S.
barrel. Thus, converting to the desired field units yields
stroke bbl
gal
bbl
in
gal
stroke
in
/ 2052 . 0
42
3
231
3
2 . 991 , 1 =
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
The following slides discuss solids control equipment, this is
covered in detail later in the course, however these slides may
be used to illustrate or respond to questions at this time.
Realize though that these same slides will be shown later in the
course.
107
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Example Solids Processing Layout
108
Degasser
Centrifuge
To Trip Tank
Gumbo Slide (optional)
Gas
Buster
Removal Section
Hopper
Additions Section
S
u
c
t
i
o
n
&
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
Treated Fluid to Well
Returns
from Well
Choke
From
Trip
Tank
Scalping Shaker (optional)
Desilter or
Mud Cleaner
Desander
Sand Trap
Main Shaker
Hopper
Mud Pump(s)
Well
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Shale Shaker
109
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Shale Shaker
110
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Components of a Shale Shaker
111
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Inside a Hydrocyclone
112
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Desander
113
Inside diameter larger
than six inches.
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Desilter
114
Inside cone diameter less than 6 inches
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Centrifuges
In weighted drilling fluid systems,
decanting centrifuges recover as
much as 95% of barite, which is
returned to the active system, while
also discarding finer, lower-gravity
solids. In chemically enhanced
dewatering systems, centrifuges
significantly reduce liquid
discharge volumes and appreciably
enhance total solids control system
efficiency.
115
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Example Solids Processing Layout - Review
116
Degasser
Centrifuge
To Trip Tank
Gumbo Slide (optional)
Gas
Buster
Removal Section
Hopper
Additions Section
S
u
c
t
i
o
n
&
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
Treated Fluid to Well
Returns
from Well
Choke
From
Trip
Tank
Scalping Shaker (optional)
Desilter or
Mud Cleaner
Desander
Sand Trap
Main Shaker
Hopper
Mud Pump(s)
Well
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
The following slides may be useful to support your lecture or
respond to questions related to well control topics, well control
is covered in more detail later in this course.
117
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Two alternative trip-tank arrangements for kick detection
during tripping operations
While making a trip, circulation is stopped
and a significant volume of pipe is
removed from the hole. Hence, to keep
the hole full, mud must be pumped into
the hole to replace the volume of pipe
removed.
Hole-fill up indicator is used during trip
operations. Used to measure accurately
the mud volume required to fill hole.
Trip tanks - small tanks holds 10 - 15
gauge makers - provide the best means of
monitoring hole fill - up volume.
Pump stroke counters - use if no trip tanks
on the rig to determine hole fill - up
volume.
Never use active pits as hole fill-up
volume indicators because it is too large
to provide sufficient accuracy.
118
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Components of a Kick Detection System
Mud flow indicator - detects a kick more quickly, sees the kick first
Pit volume indicator - indicates the active pit volume and presets at
high & low levels; an alarm turns a light or a horn on when the levels
are below or above set levels
Gain in pit volume = kick volume !!!
Hole fill-up indicator - used while tripping to measure accurately the
fluid required to fill the hole
Trip tanks - usually very small (10 - 15 bbl capacity) and provide the
best way to monitor hole fill-up volumes
When the trip tanks are not available, use pump strokes
Never use active tanks as hole fill-up volume indicator
119
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Blowout Preventers
Types of BOP - ram and annular preventers
Three types of ram: pipe; blind; and shear
Pipe closes against the drill pipe.
Blind closes the well when there is no drill pipe in hole.
Shear, is a special blind ram as it shears the drill pipe.
Usually only used when all pipe ram and annular preventers have failed.
Annular preventer, also called a bag preventer uses an
elastomer ring to close against the drill string.
BOP working pressures
2,000, 3,000, 5000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 psi.
120
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Annular Blowout Preventer
121
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Choke and Kill lines
122
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Choke Manifold
123
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Typical Arrangements of Blowout Preventers
The arrangement is defined
starting at the casing head and
proceeding up to the bell
nipple.
Thus, arrangement RSRRA
denotes the use of a BOP stack
with a ram preventer, attached
to the casing head, a drilling
spool above the ram preventer,
two ram preventers in series
above the drilling spool and
annular preventer above the
ram preventer
124