Setia City Final Report

BUILDING SERVICES [ARC 2423]
PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND

DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

SETIA CITY MALL

AHMAD RIDHWAN BIN AHMAD 0311384
ARIF ZAKWAN BIN ABDUL HAMID 0303736
AMIR HAKIM BIN SAZALI 0314707
PRESHANT RASU A/L BALA
SUBRAMANIAN
0312813
HANS HOSEA GONZA 0311772
ARYO DHANESWARA 0309093
USMAN FAROOQI 1102p11235

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY
MALLS BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture 1

Table of Contents Page

1.0 Literature Review ............................................................................................ 2

2.0 Fire Protection System ................................................................................. 12

3.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System .................................... 30

4.0 Electrical Supply System .............................................................................. 44

5.0 Cold Water Supply System ........................................................................... 62

6.0 Sewerage and Sanitary System .................................................................... 81

7.0 Mechanical Transportation System ............................................................... 89


1.0 Literature Review
1.1 Cold and Hot Water System

There are two types of water systems that can be used in a building and these are:

1. Direct water system
2. Indirect water system.

Direct water system follows the direct supply from the main and goes straight to the
tap without any stops or hindrance. On the other hand indirect water system follows
a few steps. Indirect system provides to store water in a tank first and then its
distributed to the taps around the building.
Setia mall uses indirect water system for its entire building and the flow of water
supply is maintained through electrical systems which perform regular check on the
storage and provision of water.

Direct water supply Indirect water supply
An indirect water supply system is the most common type found in modern houses.
The main water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds at least one cold tap
at the kitchen sink with 'potable' water, water which is fit for drinking, cooking, etc,
and may also feed a washing machine, a shower and an outside tap etc. The rising
main also feeds a storage tank at a high point in the building from where the water
is fed to all the other taps etc using gravity.
Direct water supply system is one where the raising main feeds directly the cold
water to taps and multi point water heate

Advantages Disadvantages
Direct cold water Can be cheaper to install than
a storage system
If cold mains fail there is no
emergency backup supply
No chance of water growing
harmful bacteria
More system noise as water is
under high
pressure
Can deal with large demand
more easily
Cannot always supply cold
water even if mains
water pressure is low
Indirect cold water Water supplied even if mains
stops working
Can be more expensive to
install
Less system noise as water is
under less
pressure
Greater chance of the water
growing harmful
bacteria
Can supply cold water even if
mains water
pressure is low
Cannot deal easily with large
demand

-
Green features used in Setia City Mall water systems

Rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation to all planter boxes
Bio waste composting to produce organic fertilizer for surrounding mall landscape
Siphonic drainage system
Building smoke spill to flush in fresh air
Educational environment clips on LCD boards
Electric car charging stations
Water saving fittings for toilet flush and hand basins
Water leak detection system
Saving 16% of water daily by recycling condensed water from air conditioners
Planting adaptive trees and plants with lower requirements for irrigation
Waste recycling by retailers and shoppers


1.2 Air Conditioning and Ventilation System

-
Duct Systems

Duct board and duct liner are widely used in duct systems because of their
excellent acoustic, thermal, and condensation control properties. If the HVAC
system is properly designed, fabricated, installed, operated and maintained, these
duct systems pose no greater risk of mold growth than duct systems made of
sheet metal or any other materials.

However, the very properties that make duct board and duct liner superior
insulators (e.g., a fibrous structure with large surface area that creates insulating
air pockets), also makes them capable of trapping and retaining moisture if they
do get wet (though the fibers themselves do not absorb moisture).

Different Types of air conditioners

-
Windows AC

These types of AC are designed to be fitted in window sills. A
single unit of Window Air Conditioner houses all the
necessary components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or
coil, evaporator and cooling coil enclosed in a single box. Since a window AC is a
single unit, it takes less effort to install as well as for maintenance.
Advantages:
Single unit air conditioner
Less effort needed for installation
Costs lesser in comparison to other varieties

-
Split AC

These are kits of 2 units, one internal and another external.
The indoor unit installed inside room intake warm air and
throws in cold air. The outdoor unit on the other hand is
installed out of the house. It contains the compressor and is linked to the internal
unit via drain pipes and electric cables. This external unit throws out the warm air.

Advantages
Internal unit takes up less space for installation
Usually more silent than window ACs
Minimally affect your home decor
Can be installed in room with no windows

-
Tower AC

These are also known as floor-standing air conditioners.
Like split ACs, a tower AC set consists of 2 units- one
internal and an external. However, the indoor unit does
not need wall installation. It rather occupies some space on the floor. Tower air
conditioners usually have high cooling capacity and suitable for very large rooms.
Advantages
Suitable for high capacity cooling
Ideal for large rooms at home and in offices
Doesn't need windows or wall installation

-
Cassette AC

These space-saving ACs are shaped like cassettes and
are designed to be installed on ceilings. The panel of these
air conditioners is designed to blend with all kinds of home
dcor. They are stylish, and are known to deliver fantastic performances. Most
cassette type air conditioners require no ducting. They are perfect for large spaces
where windows or split AC may not reach out.
Advantages
Best at saving space
Able to cool large areas where other ACs dont reach out
Blends with decor

-
Cube Air Conditioner

This fairly new design introduced by Panasonic can be mounted
close to a ceiling or at the window level. Basically, this is a smaller version of the
split type air conditioner and costs less than the former. The indoor unit features a
newly designed diagonal propeller fan for efficient and fast cooling. Improved
blade shape curvature and larger intake grill further aid for efficient performance.
Advantages
Can be mounted close to the ceiling or at window level
Newly designed diagonal propeller fan for fast cooling
Improved blade shape curvature for efficient performance

Key differences between "Window", "Split" and Cassette" air conditioners

AC Parameters Window AC Split AC Cassette AC
Suitable For Small rooms with a
window sill
Any room with or
without a window
Large indoor spaces
Noise Relatively on the
higher side
Minimal noise Silent operation
Capacity range 0.75 ton to 2 ton 0.8 to 2 ton 1 ton to 4 ton
Advanced features Humidity control, dust
filter
Humidity control, dust
filter, bacteria filter
Humidity control, dust
filter, bacteria filter
Interference with
home decor
Slight possibility to
interfere with window
curtains and drapes
Designer indoor units
blend well with wall
decor
Barely interferes with
interior decor
Ease of installation Minimal effort
required
Indoor and outdoor
units need some
amount of effort for
installation
Needs specialised
false ceiling

1.3 Fire Protection Systems

Fire safety is considered most essential in any form of construction. It can be
caused by the smallest and most unlikely reasons and can destroy to a limitless
approach. The control of a fire after its initiation is one of the major factors which
contribute in safety of a building under fire. After that comes the ventilation of the
smoke bad fumes. These issues can turn up to catastrophic matters if not taken
seriously.

-
Smoke Detector

Smoke detector is a device that detects the presence of smoke, which is typically
due to fire. The device will detect the smoke and also send signals to the control
room and trigger the fire alarm. So, this systems purpose is to provide safety
precautions and to avoid serious spread of fire in the future.

Sources of fire in a building:

Electric
Static electric
Spark
Friction
Mechanical heat
Chemical reactions
Compressed gas
Lightning
Flame

Smoke extract ventilation
Smoke control:
A well designed smoke extract ventilation system guarantees a smooth
evacuation in time of a hazardous situation. There are several ways to design
smoke extract ventilation system and the ones used in Setia City Mall are as
below:

-
Compartmentation

In this case a shop or a given space is provided an isolated zone in case of a fire
within its boundaries. This approach allows smoke to stay in one allocated region
and, not leave that affected area. Compartmentation provides a separate fully fir
resistant compartment so that smoke does not evade into other areas. This option
does not require smoke ventilation but requires expensive and restrictive
construction.

-
Shop extract

If smoke ventilation is to be provided, maximum protection is achieved if smoke is
not allowed to escape from the fire room but is directly extracted to outside.
However this requires either multiple individual systems or complex ducted
systems so is rarely used unless essential.

-
Mall extract

The simplest and most common system, this allows smoke to spill into the mall
and be extracted from under the roof.

Car park Ventilation

Enclosed or underground car parks need smoke clearance or smoke control
ventilation to assist fire-fighting operations. Such systems are often combined with
fume ventilation to prevent the build-up of vehicle
exhaust gases in normal day to day use of the car
park. More futuristic ideas would be impulse and
induction systems which ventilate the smoke and
fumes from a car park, to a directed and controlled
exhaust exit.

Impulse and induction system use large sized fans
or jet fans, as their capacity states. These fans
direct all the unwanted air towards one or more exhaust outlets fans. This process
allows a complete control over smoke and fumes during a fire. Furthermore, this
system is available easily and even can be assembled anywhere wanted. This all
factors contradict with a traditional ducting system. Induction and impulse system
is much more cost effective and much more efficient than duct ventilation.

Further features and benefits of impulse and induction systems compared to
traditional ducted systems:

Easier and quicker installation
Lower excavation costs
Lower maintenance
Cleaner, less cluttered ceilings

1.4 Electrical Systems and Supply
Electricity has become an essential of modern life; we have setup our cities,
houses and buildings to be dependent on electricity. Electricity is usually produced
by electromechanical generators in power plants, depending on the type of power
plant; they are either produced by chemical combustion or nuclear fission, which
the latter is not used in Malaysia. A more sustainable take on creating electrical
energy would be through the use of natural kinetic energy, coming from wind or
the flow of water (rivers).
Electricity is always considered as a main component for buildings, regardless of
its scale of development. In order to regulate and illuminate the internal building
environment, the use of lights, AC systems and water pumps all need access to
electricity, and enough of it to run properly. . The electrical supply system transfers
electrical power from power stations to consumers premises and it usually
consists of; the power station, the transmission lines (electrical pylons) and the
distribution system. Electrical networks can be broadly divided into two systems;
1) Transmission Systems and
2) Distribution systems.
These systems can again be sub-divided into;
1) Primary and Secondary transmission
2) Primary and secondary distribution.
In Malaysia, electrical power is distributed by the countrys main power supplier;
Tenaga Nasional berhad (TNB). They take care of the distribution in a nationwide
scale. TNB is the main body to approach for new buildings that are going to be
built, as permission is needed for new lines of supply to be connected to new
developments. Without their grant, a project will be impossible to proceed as
electricity is needed to run these buildings.

Components of System
The basic components for an electrical system is constant throughout every
development, although some variables may occur depending on the scale of such
building, provided here are components that are essential for an electrical system
inside a building.

-
Distribution Board
A distribution board is an assemblage of fuses and circuit breakers that are
arranged to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or points in a
building. The board generally houses a
main circuit breaker and an earth
leakage protection device. The main
functions of all distribution boards are to
allow individual circuits to draw power
from circuit breakers. It also separates
all the circuits present in the system, this
greatly helps in situations where faults
can be found in any of the circuits, the
isolation would not cause any disruption
to the rest of the supply. Most
importantly, a distribution board offers
protection to the consumer from direct
electrical shock or fire.

-
Circuit Breaker
The circuit breaker is considered as an essential device when
electricity and safety is concerned. It is an absolutely essential
device in the modern world, and one of the most important
safety mechanisms in your home. Whenever electrical wiring in
a building has too much current flowing through it, these simple
machines cut the power until somebody can fix the problem.
Without circuit breakers (or the alternative, fuses), household
electricity would be impractical because of the potential for fires
and other mayhem resulting from simple wiring problems and
equipment failures. Basically electricity is produced from
Generating stations, which then transmits electricity to the
outskirts of cities through the primary transmission. The primary
transmission line ends at the receiving station, where electricity
is further stepped down to cater for distribution. Electricity is then
transmitted to various sub-stations that are placed around the
city, this becomes the secondary transmission.
The sub-stations then further distribute electricity to Distribution sub-stations through
lines that are usually placed along the important road sides of the city. Distribution
sub-stations (DS) then finally distributes electricity to domestic and commercial
areas.
-
Green electricity

Usage of power saving components leads to a much greener and safer environment
even in consumption of electricity. Introduction of components as light sensors
gauge when artificial illumination is needed such as during a storm or when
evening approaches ensures no power wastage due to unnecessary lighting. And
of course, the artificial lighting comes from energy-efficient light fixtures such as
LED, TF fluorescent lamps and ceramic metal halide bulbs. All these factors add up
to a greener consumption of electricity, which is practiced in Setia City Mall itself.

Diagram showing the
order of electrical
distribution.

2.0 Fire Protection System
2.1 Introduction of Fire Protection
Fire protection of building is a practice of preventing or reducing the damage of
properties and harm towards the occupants of a building from fire. In order to
achieve this laws and regulations has been implemented and buildings must be
constructed in accordance to those laws and regulations. Completed and fully
operational buildings must undergo maintenance in accordance to the fire code
that is issued by the fire officers of the local fire department.
2.2 Function of Fire Protection System
There are three major goals of fire protection which are continuity of operations,
property protection and life safety. Continuity of operations is to avoid the
interruption of critical services necessary for the welfare of the public such as
emergency help line. Property protection is the intention to avoid the spread of
damage that causes by the fire. Life safety is the means to avoid harm to the
occupants. In a case of a fire, the fire protection system of the building such as the
sprinklers, fire alarms and smoke curtains are at the front life in achieving those
goals.


2.3 Components of Fire Protection System
2.3.1 Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm system is a set of devices that its purpose is to alert the occupants
through audio appliances when smoke or fire is present within the building.

Types of fire alarm system:
1. Manually activated
2. Automatically activated

Manually activated fire alarms are available in many parts of the building, readily
to be activated by an occupant in a case of a fire.
Automatically activated fire alarms activated by smoke or heat detector, it does not
require a person to activate the system.

Parts of a fire alarm system:
1. Fire alarm control panel
2. Primary power supply
3. Backup power supply
4. Initiating devices
5. Notification appliances
6. Building safety interfaces

Fire alarm control panel is a component that receives information from the sensors
(e.g. smoke detector, manual alarm trigger).
Primary power supply is a power supply that is directly from the commercial power
utility. The backup power supply in the other hand is a power supply from
emergency sources such as diesel powered generator.
Initiating device is a component that acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit;
it can be operated automatically or manually.
Notification appliances are devices that trigger sound as a method to alert the
occupants.
Building safety interfaces controls the spread of smoke fumes and fire by
manipulating air movement, lighting, process control and occupants transport and
exit
.
Figure: example of a fire alarm interface

Figure: single line diagram for Setia City Mall

Figure: fire alarm bell / notification appliance

Figure: break glass device


2.3.2 Fire Pump
Fire pump is a component of a big fire extinguishing systems water supply of a
building. It is powered by diesel. The purpose of a fire pump is to increase
pressure of the water which for the water sprinklers and hose reels. Fire pump in
Setia City Mall is located in the lower ground floor along with the fire tank.

Figure: fire pump used at Setia City Mall

2.3.3 Sprinkler
Water sprinkler is a fire active protection measure. It works by dispersing water to
put out fire within the area where the sprinklers has been activated automatically
due to extensive heat. Water sprinkler is a fire active protection measure. It works
by dispersing water to put out fire within the area where the sprinklers has been
activated automatically due to extensive heat.

Figure: one of the water sprinkler heads in Setia City Mall

Components of water sprinkler are as follows:
1. Main water supply
2. Fire line / water pipeline for the fire system
3. Alarm bell
4. Central station monitoring system
5. Branch line
6. Sprinkler heads

Type Wet Pipe
Setia City Mall uses wet pipe fire sprinkler system. Wet pipe fire sprinkler system
is a fire sprinkler system type that contains water in the piping system which
allows immediate water discharge when activated. This is where it differs from the
dry pipe fire sprinkler system, which contain air or nitrogen under pressure in its
piping system, this type of system is usually used at places where temperature
can decline to freeze level to avoid water in the pipe to freeze.

Sprinkler Types
The way a fire sprinkler works is by the bulb that function as a plug to stop the
water from being dispersed will break at a certain temperature. Different coloured
bulb will break at different temperature, as shows in table 1:

Maximum Ceiling
Temperature (C)
Classification Liquid Alcohol in Glass
Bulb Colour
38 Ordinary Red
66 Intermediate Green
107 High Blue
149 Extra high Purple
191 Very extra high Black
246 Ultra high Black
329 Ultra high Black
Table: Sprinkler bulb specifications


Figure: schematic diagram of the sprinkler system at Setia City Mall

2.3.4 Gaseous Fire Suppression
Gaseous fire suppression is the use of inert gas and chemical agents for the
purpose of extinguishing a fire. This system is used at places where the use of
water is not suitable such as electrical room or server room.

Setia City Mall uses aragonite.

Figure: canisters containing argon gas for use in extinguishing fire


2.3.5 Smoke Detector
Smoke detector is a device that is used to detect the presence of smoke. In
functions by alerting the occupants by sounding the alarm as well as sending a
signal back to the control room.

Figure: smoke detector


2.3.6 Heat sensor
Heat sensor is a device that is used to detect high presence of heat. In functions
by alerting the occupants by sounding the alarm as well as sending a signal back
to the control room.

Figure: Heat sensor used in Setia City Mall

2.3.7 Fire Hose Reel
Fire hose reel is a high-pressure hose. Its purpose is to channel pressured water
to the place of fire to be extinguished. It can be found in many parts of the Setia
City Mall building.

Figure: fire hose reel and fire extinguisher as seen at Setia City Mall

2.3.8 Firemans Switch
Firemans switch is a device that its purpose is for the firemen to turn off neon
lighting or other electrical equipment during fire to prevent those equipment from
exploding.

Figure: firemans switch as seen in Setia City Mall

2.3.9 Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguisher is device that serve a purpose of extinguish small fires. Fire
extinguishers are placed in many parts of the building that are easily accessible.
Fire Class (Asia & Australia) Fuel/ Heat Source
Class A Ordinary combustibles
Class B Flammable liquids
Class C Flammable gases
Class D Electrical equipment
Class E Combustible metals
Class F Cooking oil or fat
Table: Fire extinguisher fire classes

Figure: fire extinguisher

2.3.10 Fire Exit
Fire exit or emergency exit in a building is an exit route dedicated for emergency
cases such as fire.


Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the malls lower ground floor

Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the malls upper ground floor

Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the malls 1
st
floor

Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the malls 2
nd
floor


2.4 Laws and Regulations
2.4.1 Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 (reference is also made to
the Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994)
The existing by-laws governing fire safety in buildings are the Uniform Building
By-Laws, 1984 under the Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974. The various
requirements in the design and construction of buildings are prescribed in nine
parts
as follows:
a) Part I: Preliminary
b) Part II: Submission of plans for approval
c) Part III: Space, light and ventilation
d) Part IV: Temporary works in connection with Building Operations
e) Part V: Structural requirements
f) Part VI: Constructional requirements
g) Part VII: Fire Requirements
h) Part VIII: Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting
Access
i) Part IX: Miscellaneous
In addition, there are also a total of ten schedules listing the details of design
requirements. However, only the following schedules relate to fire safety:
a) Fifth Schedule: Designation of Purpose Group
b) Seventh Schedule: Maximum Travel Distances
c) Eight Schedule: Classification of Flame Spread
d) Ninth Schedule: Limits of Compartmentation
e) Tenth Schedule: Requirements for Fire Fighting Systems
Together with Parts VII and VIII, these schedules determine all essential aspects
of
fire safety systems in buildings. Along with the codes and standards referred to in
the By-Laws, the standard of fire safety in this country is comparable to that of any
developed nation and is thus deemed adequate to ensure public life safety.
In terms of electrical installations relating to fire safety, the following specific By-
Laws are applicable:
a) By-Law 39 specifies the requirements for natural lighting and ventilation.
b) By-Law 154 specifies the requirements for emergency mode of operation in the
event of mains power failure.
c) By-Law 155 specifies the requirements for fire mode of operation.
d) By-Law 239 specifies the requirements for both fire brigade communication
system and public address system.
e) By-Law 240 specifies the requirements for fireman/electrical isolation switch.
f) By-Law 253 specifies the requirements for emergency power system for lighting,
fire detection and fire fighting system.
However, all these By-Laws and regulations listed above deal only with the design
and construction of a building before the Certificate of Fitness for Occupation
(CFO) is issued. Once the CFO is issued, the local authority including the FRDM
has little power under these sets of laws and regulations to continue to enforce
measures to be taken for safety of the occupants.
2.4.2 Fire Services Act, 1988
With the appreciation of the importance of proper usage and maintenance of
approved premises so as to ensure continuous fire safety, the Fire Services Act
was enacted in 1988. There are eight parts to this Act, namely:
a) Part I: Administration
b) Part II: Abatement of Fire Hazard
c) Part III: Water and Fire Hydrants
d) Part IV: Fire Certificates
e) Part V: Enforcement
f) Part VI: Enquiries into Fires
g) Part VII: Welfare Fund
h) Part VIII: Miscellaneous
Of the eight parts, the section with the most impact to building owners and
managers are Parts II, IV and V. Under Part IV, a building once classified as a
designated premise will be required to obtain a Fire Certificate for it to be
occupied.
This Fire Certificate is issued by the FRDM and shall be renewed annually upon
inspection by the Fire Authority to verify that the building is safe from fire hazards.
With this Act in place, the FRDM will be able to monitor and control the way the
buildings are managed and operated and most important of all, ensure that fire
safety equipment do not fall into a state of disrepair as has happened so often in
the past.


2.5 References
Setiacitymall.com,. (2014). Sustainability | Setia City Mall. Retrieved 26 June
2014, from http://www.setiacitymall.com/sustainability.aspx

Siva, K. (2013). Lecture: Sewarage. Retrieved from
https://times.taylors.edu.my/course/view.php?id=46841on 23th June 2014.

Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and
electrical equipment for buildings. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

Unknown. (2010). Fire Sprinkler Wet & Dry Pipe Systems. Retrieved from
http://www.dynamicpiping.com/Systems.html


3.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
3.1 Introduction
An air conditioning system can be used for cooling or heating for a particular
object or building environment (structure) in order to obtain thermal comfort within
the vicinity. Heat transfers from a cooler low - energy reservoir to a warmer high
energy reservoir. Due to the fact that Malaysia has a warm and humid climate
(tropical), Air conditioning will mostly be used for cooling, factors that mainly
contribute to heat gain in this instance are machines, people, lights, and solar
radiation, hence the need for cooling.

Air conditioning is necessary to provide an optimum interior temperature and
humidity that would be suitable for the comfort of the inhabitants. Setia City Mall
uses the centralized air conditioning system as well as a backup system known as
the split air conditioning system, though the secondary system is part of the air-
conditioning used in this case study, the focus is on the centralized cooling
system.

3.2 Function
The centralized air conditioning system is basically a system that has only one
central source of conditioned air that is then distributed around the structure
through a distributed network of ducts. Within this system there is a plant room
where there is a large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and
also where the evaporator is kept. These factors perform all functions that are
similar to a typical refrigeration system, though some parts may be much larger
that usual and have higher abilities. The compressor is the open reciprocating
type; where them are multiple cylinders and is cooled by water. The compressor
and condenser are of shell and tube type. The chilled air is then spread around via
the ducts to all the halls and distributed to areas inside the mall, as other spaces
that require cooling. There is also a component known as the AHU (air handling
unit), which is basically a blower; though there are two types of centralized air
conditioning systems, Setia City Mall uses different kinds of air-conditioning
system for the whole building, one of which is the Direct Expansion system.


3.2 Components of System

Direct Expansion Air Conditioning system (DX):

This system has a large compressor and condenser, which are housed in the
plant room whilst an expansion valve, cooling coil and AHU are housed in
separate rooms. The cooling coil is basically fixed in the AHU; which also has a
large blower housed within the same section. The blower's job is to suck hot air
from the rooms via the ducts and blows it over the cooling coil, which comprises of
the refrigerant. Cool air is then supplied through various ducts into spaces, which
need to be cooled. Below is as diagram of an Air Handling Unit (AHU).

Expansion valve:
This controls liquid refrigerant flow in the evaporator with the aid of a remote bulb,
capillary/feeler tube, 00/(thermostatic expansion valve) body. As the refrigerant is
emitted through the expansion valve, pressure is downgraded abruptly and it then
vaporizes and inflates. The expansion valve id then controlled by the capillary tube
and a temperature-sensing bulb.

Condenser:
Both sensible and latent heal of vapor absorbed the air conditioner units are
rejected by the condenser. The air propelling across the condenser fins removes
the heat from the refrigerant thus its cause to condense back to liquid.

Evaporator:
It acts as a heat exchanger that attracts heat into the air conditioner system. and
release cool an into the air-conditioning space, done by using a refrigerant?

Air Ducting:
These are known as either high-pressure or low-pressure systems - high or low
velocity systems. Supply ductwork will usually be designed to operate at low
velocity and pressure unless the building constraints command otherwise. Setia
City Mall's air duct is rectangular in shape: these are being used to collect air from
conditioned rooms to the AHU. The air duct is covered with aluminum sheet for
temperature insulation. After air is processed by AHU, fresh air is then sent to
rooms through the rectangular air ducts.

3.3 Benefits direct expansion air conditioning (DX) system

DX systems less expensive to install, and uses less space in mechanical and
electrical rooms than centralized cooling systems
It can expand in an incremental fashion matching changed building
requirements
Packaged Systems have standardized operating performances per unit, to
allow extra accurate system sizing
Packaged Systems commonly demand less ventilation, and do not want
devoted condensate lines
Packaged Systems dominate less space than equivalent to split system.

Case Study: Setia City Mall

Setia City Malls air conditioning system is considered by consultants to be at a
higher efficiency level than that of typical malls (IEN Consultants). It is the first
Malaysian mall accorded the Malaysian Green Building Index Silver Award (Star)
due to its sustainable design. Their holistic approach toward design of the overall
building system is seen in their high efficiency air conditioning system with the
chiller plant of the building achieving a minimum SCOP (System Coefficient of
Performance) of at least 4.0 throughout the year (IEN Consultants).

3.3 Operation of System

The air-conditioning system in Setia City Mall requires equipment that is needed to
support the operational of the system, both the air conditioning and the
mechanical ventilation system. Below is listed the number of equipment and
system description that can be found in the building:

Chiller System Centrifugal chiller with total capacity of
5000RT
Cooling Tower with total capacity of
7000TR
Air Distribution System 63 units of AHU
158 units of Fan Coil Unit
19 units of Air Cooled Split unit
Mechanical Ventilation 13 units of Kitchen Exhaust fan
13 units of Kitchen Make Up Fresh Air
fan
23 units of Smoke Make Up fan
45 units of Smoke Extraction Fan
36 units Pressurization Fan
30 units of Toilet Exhaust Fan
9 units of Fresh Air Fan

The floor plan below shows where the Air Handling Unit (AHU) room is located
in the building. Just like any other AHU rooms in general, it is located in service
area. The Make Up Water Tanks are located on the Level 2 (Roof Level)
alongside the Domestic Water Tanks. Situated on the same floor are the
cooling towers, AHU for general tenants as well as the chiller plant room.

Setia City Mall features an energy efficient structure in their air conditioning
system. A holistic approach toward the design of the overall building system is
undertaken to ensure that setia city mall can be a very energy efficient mall.
One of their approach is applying a Carbon Dioxide Monitoring and Control
system in their air conditioning and ventilation system. The following diagram is
showing how the system is applied in the building

Figure: Distribution diagram throughout the building in Setia City Mall
Source: Setia City mall management.

A/C Make-Up Water Tank

The water tank in Setia City Mall is used only for the chiller plant for air
conditioning purpose. Making it energy efficient and effective for the system.

Figure: A/C Make Up Water Tank located on the roof level

These A/C Make-Up Tanks has a capacity of storing 240 m3 of water. The
tanks are located beside the Domestic Water Tanks. The water sit on plinths to
avoid ground contact as it may lead to corrosion. Another reason for the
undercoat space is to allow for maintenance works as well as create sufficient
pressure from its outlets to distribution pipes.

Cooling Tower

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to the
atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. The
type of heat rejection in a cooling tower is termed "evaporative" in that it allows
a small portion of the water being cooled to evaporate into a moving air stream
to provide significant cooling to the rest of that water stream.

Figure 1: How cooling tower works

Setia City Mall has 6 units of cooling tower with a capacity of 7000RT which
also located on the same level as the chiller water tanks and the domestic water
tanks. The cooling tower is activated when water is transferred from the A/C
Make-Up Water tank to the cold water basin. Cooling tower will work when the
water is pumped from water storage tank to the water basin. Then water is
pumped to the top of the cooling tower. The sprinkler pipers will pour the water
out through the PVC filter. At this moment, the fan will start to open to cool
down the water. Then the cool water is sent to water chiller plant by chilled
water supply (CWS) pipe.


Figure: Cooling Tower

Centrifugal Chiller

Centrifugal liquid chiller is located on the same floor as the main air-conditioning
plantroom of Setia City Mall. Chillers are basically a refrigeration unit that is
designed to produce chilled water to treat air meant for distribution. The main
components of a chiller are the compressor, evaporator, condenser and
monitoring meters. A centrifugal liquid chiller has a higher efficiency and
therefore lower long term operating costs. Since the centrifugal liquid chiller in
Setia City mall is located inside a plantroom, there will be minimum cost of
maintenance as it is away from the weather element. The building is equipped
with 6 units of centrifugal chillers that have a total capacity of 5000RT. Although
only two of these chillers are sufficient to serve the all the AHUs in the building,
the additional numbers spread the load and ensure maximum efficiency.


Figure: Centrifugal Water Chiller, located in plantroom

Chiller Control Panel

Chiller control panel can be found in the air-conditioning platroom. The air
conditioning systems are controlled using a Building Automated System known
as BAS, which is linked to the control room. The system allows operation and
monitoring to the air conditioning much easier. It also allows the system to be
switched off at this point in order to minimize the consumption of energy.

According to MS1525: 2007 Standard 8.2.2
Where chillers are used and when the design loads is greater than 1000kWr,
A minimum of two chillers or a sing multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the require load.

Figure: Chiller Control Panel
Condenser Water Pump & Chilled Water Pump:

Condenser Water Pumps

The condenser water is cooled from 36C to 31C at the cooling tower first, then is
supplied to the refrigerant condenser by gravity at the chiller plant. Before entering
the refrigerant condenser, condenser water supply pressure is boosted up by the
condenser water pump to overcome the high pressure drop in the condenser and to
reach the cooling tower located at the rooftop.

A single unit of condenser water pump will serve one unit of chiller.

According to MS1525:2007 Standard 8.5 Piping Insulation
All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately insulated to
prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers may be required to
prevent condensation under some conditions.

Figure: Condenser Water Pump

Chilled Water Pump

The chilled water pumps circulate the returned chilled water at 14C to the
evaporator at the plantroom to be cooled


Figure: Chilled Water Pump

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Air handling unit is the most common system for cooled air distribution in a
centralized air-conditioning system.

There is a total of 63 air handling unit (AHU) distributed throughout the whole
building. Each is situated near the service are and does not take much space.

Some of the components of the Air Handling Unit (above):

a) Supply Duct: The ducting supplies cool air form the AHU to the rooms
b) Fan Component: Creates a current of air
c) Filter compartment: A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles
from the air that passes through it.
d) Return Air Duct: A duct that carries conditioned air from air supply units to
room diffusers or grille
e) Filter: A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from the air that
passes through it

Function of AHU is to filter out the solid substances and also to extract the returned
air outside through the ductwork to deliver fresh air into the space. The outside fresh
air is drawn into AHU duct by the forced of draught fan by controlling the opening of
air control dampers. Unwanted solid particles will be removed before it reaches the
chilled water coil which is made up of copper as it has a good heat conductance.

Return warm air from the space is blown into the AHU through the return grilles by
the induced draught fan which some of the warm air will bi exhausted out from the
building and some will be recycled back to be filtered together with the outside air.
The filtered air is moved towards the chilled water coil in order to exchange heat with
the chilled water and causes the warm air to become cold fresh air. The cold fresh
air will go through the final filter before it is distributed to the space through diffuser.

According to Third Schedule (By Law 41)
Filtration unless otherwise specified, where air-conditioning is mention herein, it
shall be deemed to include air filtration down to a particle size of ten microns with an
efficiency of not less than 70% arrestance.

According to Third Schedule (by Law 41)
3. Filter for exhaust air
(1) Filter for the removal of airborne bacteria shall be provided for all exhaust air discharge points to
requirements of governing health authority.
(2) Exhaust air discharge points shall be at high or roof level and shall not in any case be lower than 5
meters from the external ground or pavement level.


Figure:

Ducting

Air conditioning duct is used to distribute air throughout a building. The system
of intake grilles pulls fresh air from outside into the central air unit. Air is cooled,
then blow into air conditioning duct system, where it is distributed to various
rooms. Cool air enters the rooms through air terminal units installed at the end
of each duct line, which generally take the form of diffusers or grilles.

Ductwork systems are usually classified as either high-pressure or low-pressure
systems, or another classification of high-velocity systems, depends on their
static pressure and air speed design parameters. Increasing air flow velocity
allows the use of smaller duct cross-sections, which may be necessary in
buildings with constricted distribution spaces.

Setia City Mall uses a shape of air duct which is circular shape. Air was
distributed along the perimeter of building and branches towards the distribution
spaces. The further the air duct to the AHU, the size of air duct is smaller, so
that the speed and pressure of air can be maintained along the air duct.


Figure:

5. UBBL Requirements

a. The underside of openings for the entry into any mechanical ventilation or
air-conditioning plant shall not less than 1 meter from any external
pavement, road way, ground level or similar external surface.

b. According to the guide, the AHU room on every level is of equal sizes and
dimensions.

c. The Size of Make Up Water Tank need to be determined by considering
below formula Total Size of Cooling Tower (CT-T.R) X 3.0 U.S Gallons X 8
hours of pump operations.

d. Cooling Tower Unit need to be determined by adding up 25% (i.e. multiply
by factor of 1.25) from the total Chiller Cooling Unit. (T.R unit)

e. AHU Fan Power Rated; Air Flow Rates (m/s) X Total Pressure Losses (mm
wg)/102 X motor effieciency (65%)

f. The selection of Chiller Unit is firstly to Determine the tentative heat loads for
Chiller Condensing unit by doing the estimation on the Average between
maximum and minimum of Grand Total Cooling Load/effective area, square feet

References:

Gandy, M. (2011, February 5). Basic Design Guidelines for Mechanical Engineering
Systems. . Retrieved , from http://leonim.blogspot.com/

Code of Practice for Water-cooled Air Conditioning Systems. (2006, February 5). . Retrieved
, from http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pee/wcacsCoP_Part_1.pdf

Gallagher, J. (2013, March 4). . . Retrieved , from http://www.electrical-
knowhow.com/2012/03/in-previous-air-conditioning-system.html


4.0 Electrical Systems and Supply

4.1 Introduction
Electricity has become an essential of modern life; we have setup our cities,
houses and buildings to be dependent on electricity. Electricity is usually produced
by electromechanical generators in power plants, depending on the type of power
plant; they are either produced by chemical combustion or nuclear fission, which
the latter is not used in Malaysia. A more sustainable take on creating electrical
energy would be through the use of natural kinetic energy, coming from wind or
the flow of water (rivers).
Electricity is always considered as a main component for buildings, regardless of
its scale of development. In order to regulate and illuminate the internal building
environment, the use of lights, AC systems and water pumps all need access to
electricity, and enough of it to run properly. . The electrical supply system transfers
electrical power from power stations to consumers premises and it usually
consists of; the power station, the transmission lines (electrical pylons) and the
distribution system. Electrical networks can be broadly divided into two systems;
1) Transmission Systems and
2) Distribution systems.
These systems can again be sub-divided into;
1) Primary and Secondary transmission
2) Primary and secondary distribution.

In Malaysia, electrical power is distributed by the countrys main power supplier;
Tenaga Nasional berhad (TNB). They take care of the distribution in a nationwide
scale. TNB is the main body to approach for new buildings that are going to be
built, as permission is needed for new lines of supply to be connected to new
developments. Without their grant, a project will be impossible to proceed as
electricity is needed to run these buildings.

4.2 Components of System
The basic components for an electrical system is constant throughout every
development, although some variables may occur depending on the scale of such
building, provided here are components that are essential for an electrical system
inside a building.


-Distribution Board
A distribution board is an assemblage of
fuses and circuit breakers that are arranged
to distribute electrical power to numerous
individual circuits or points in a building. The
board generally houses a main circuit
breaker and an earth leakage protection
device. The main functions of all distribution
boards are to allow individual circuits to draw
power from circuit breakers. It also separates all the circuits present in the system, this
greatly helps in situations where faults can be found in any of the circuits, the isolation
would not cause any disruption to the rest of the supply. Most importantly, a
distribution board offers protection to the consumer from direct electrical shock or fire.

-Circuit Breaker
The circuit breaker is considered as an essential
device when electricity and safety is concerned.
Whenever there are excessive amounts of current
flowing through, this simple mechanism automatically
stops the power before any life threatening accident
happens; once the power is cut it enables the user to
fix the problem without getting fatally harmed from
electricity current. Without these circuit breakers, the
potential of fires and other life threatening mayhem
would spark from the simplest wiring problem or
failure, making the electrical system very unsafe and
useless.

-Fuse
A fuse also accomplishes the same thing as a circuit breaker, but through a
different method. The way it stops overflowing current is
by having a wire that melts whenever it reaches a certain
temperature, once the wire melts the connection breaks
and the current will stop flowing. Fuses, unlike circuit
breakers need to be changed once the wires are broken.

-A.C Power Sockets
Power sockets are the safest point of where a user can fully access and utilize
electrical power, the point allows electrical operated equipment to be connected
to the A.C supply of the building. Depending on countries, some sockets can
have three pinned or two pinned slots, a standard power socket that is used in
Malaysia would be the three rectangular pinned sockets ( type BF).

-Circuit wire / Electrical wiring
Electrical wiring transmits
electricity from one point to
another; it is used throughout a
building and enables electricity power to reach different places in the building so
that the user can have access to electricity via sockets. An electric cable is
made up of a conductor, usually copper, which channels electricity flow, and an
insulation that protects the electricity flow from consumers (safety).

-Electric Meter
The primary function of an electric meter is to measure the amount of electricity
used by the consumer; it is usually measured by kilo watt / hour (kWh). Meters
can come in analog or digital format, the format TNB currently uses now for all
buildings are the digital meters.

Operation of system
The electric supply system can be broadly classified into
1. d.c. or a.c. system
2. overhead or underground system.

TNB Electricity System:
According to TNB specification, the transmission voltage networks in Malaysia
are 500kV, 275kV and 132kV, while distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV and
400/230 volts.
High Voltage and Extra High Voltage
Uses the 3 phase configuration
Solidly earthed or impedance earthed
Overhead lines and underground cable are used only for high and extra
high voltage distribution only (economical).
Low Voltage - 400/230V
A general schematic
of an Electric
System
3 phase 4 wire system
Neutral point solidly earthed mixture of overhead lines, underground cables and
aerial insulated cables
Mixture of overhead lines, underground cables and aerial insulated cables

Substations
An electrical sub-station is an assemblage of electrical components
including power transformers, switchgears, busbars, auxiliaries etc.

Types of Substations:
Transmission Substation: These substations are usually placed near
Generating stations; their main task is to increase voltage for
widespread distribution, as higher voltage is more economical for
longer distances.
Distribution Substation: These substations act as the
distributor of electricity to an area; it receives power from two or more
transmission lines and reduces incoming voltage to a suitable level for
local distribution, ranging from 33 kV for premises that need it to as
low as 400 V for domestic uses. Distribution substations also isolate
faults in either the transmission or distribution systems, which means
easier identification of problems if any occurred.
Collector Substation: Collector substation may be required if
electricity is also obtained from projects such as wind farms or river
plants. Their function is to step up electricity that is produced from
such means to transmission rate voltages so that they can be on the grid.


Order of Electricity System
Basically electricity is
produced from Generating stations,
these stations transmits electricity to
the outskirts of cities through the
primary transmission using overhead
lines. The primary transmission line
ends at the receiving station, where
electricity is further stepped down to
cater for distribution. Electricity is then
transmitted to various sub-stations that are placed around the city, this
becomes the secondary transmission.
The sub-stations then further distribute electricity to Distribution sub-
stations through lines that are usually placed along the important road sides of
the city. Distribution sub-stations (DS) then finally distributes electricity to
domestic and commercial areas.

Zoning ( Lower Ground Floor Level Only)
1) Main Switch Board room (Red)
located at Lower Ground Level
2) Consumer Transformer 33 kV Room
(Blue)
Located at Lower Ground Level
3) 33 kV TNB SSU (Yellow)
Located at Lower Ground Level


Main Switchboard Room

The main switch rooms are located at Lower Ground level of Setia City Mall. A
distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides
into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the fuses or
switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a
number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical
elements that contribute to the fulfilment of a given function.
Consumer Transformer 33 kV Room (Blue)
The consumer transformer rooms are also located at Lower Ground Level.
Setia city mall receives electricity at 33 kV, but it is then stepped down to 11 kV.
Transformers play a vital role along the distribution and transmission stages of
the system.Transformers are devices that transfer electric energy from one
circuit to another, usually with a change in voltage. Transformers work only with
a varying electric current, such as alternating current (AC). Transformers are
important in the distribution of electric power. They raise the voltage of the
electricity generated at a power plant to the high levels needed to transmit the
electricity efficiently. Other transformers reduce the voltage at the locations
where the electricity is used. Many household devices contain transformers to
raise or lower house-current voltage as needed. Television sets and stereo
equipment, for example, require high voltages; doorbells and thermostats, low
voltages.


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TNB Substation
Setia city mall also houses its own receiving substation, also located at Lower
Ground floor. It receives 33 kV of electricity, and then the substation
transformer will step down to 11 kV.


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Observations

Energy sub- meters (digital power meters, DPM) are provided for all major
building equipments energy uses, such as chillers, pumps, cooling towers,
AHUs, FCUs, lifts, escalators and carparks. For common areas, separate sub-
metering is provided for lighting and small power at eachy floor. Separate kWh
meters have also been provided for all tenanted area. All these digital power
meters are linked to a Central Energy Management System (CEMS). Actual
building energy uses and energy savings can then be monitored, recorded and
controlled as scheduled.

Energy Saving Features
Lux sensors installed at common areas such as main entrances, corridors,
public corridor and back of house will automatically turn the lights off when the
lighting level goes above 50 lux, thus saving energy.
The Carpark lighting is also automatically reduced after the Mall closes for
business. To complement the employment of daylight efficiency of artificial
lighting, the ceiling and columns of the carpark are painted white to optimize
their reflective luminousity.
Motion sensors are installed for all back of building area corridors, lift lobbies,
toilets and staircases to switch off lighting when the space is not occupied after
normal operation hours.


UBBL
Restriction of connection with the earth
No person shall, in the generation, transmission, supply or use of
electricity, permit any part of his supply lines to be connected with the
earth except as may be prescribed by regulations under this Act or be
expressly permitted by the Commission.
In the event of any breach of subsection (1), the Commission may by
written order require the licensee or owner to remove the connection
and may prohibit the use of any supply line or works or installation until
the order is complied with, and every such order shall be complied with
by the person concerned.
Charge for supply of electricity to be ascertained by appropriate meter
Where a consumer is to be charged for his supply of electricity whether
wholly or partly by reference to the quantity of electricity supplied, the
supply shall be given through, and the quantity of electricity shall be
ascertained by, an appropriate meter.
The meter shall be provided by the licensee, whether by way of sale,
hire or loan.
The meter shall be installed on the consumers premises in a position to
be determined by the licensee, unless in certain circumstances it is
more reasonable to place it outside the premises or in some other
position

References
Electrical Supply System. (2011, August 8). . Retrieved June 22, 2014, from
http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/08/28/electric-supply-system/
TNB Electricity System. (n.d.). . Retrieved , from
http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-housing-developers-electrical-contractors/tnb-
electricity-system.html
Electrical Substation. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 26, 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation
Kuppusammy, S. (Director) (2014, March 16). Electrical Systems. Lecture
conducted from , Selangor.


5.0 Cold Water Supply
The general purpose of fresh water piping in a building is to provide for a safe,
healthy supply
of potable water (water fit for use) which is delivered effectively to plumbing
fixtures throughout
a building at a suitable pressure and temperature.
( R.Barry.(1998).The construction of buildings.UK.BlackweelScienceLtd)
JBA (Jabatan Bekalan Air) is the statutory water undertaker for Malaysia.
The distribution of water to Shah Alam through JBA is via Syarikat Bekalan Air
(SYABAS),
Formerly known as PUAS and it is the source of water supply for Setia City Mall.


Water Collection
Water is collected in by two methods in Malaysia. As rain water that is collected in
dams and
fresh water that flows from rivers .This water is then pumped to the water
treatment plant.
Here the unprocessed water is treated by a 7 stage process which includes
aeration,
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and conditioning.
Successful completion of the treatment process ensures that water will be safe for
general
Purpose use under the National drinking Water Quality Standards issued by the
Ministry of
Health (MOH), Malaysia

External Distribution
There are instances when the service reservoirs will need to utilizes a
booster pumping system to the water to the respective service reservoirs.
This occurs when the service reservoirs are located at a high elevation or
further away than usual. The starting pressure is usually generated at the
city main (located beneath the street in front of the building) or through an
elevated pressure tank or booster pump.Water is then supplied to
consumers. The pressure of the water needs to be adequate enough to
ensure a desirable output and should not exceed more than 80 psi to avoid
rupture of fittings. (Wentz.T(1997).Plumbing Systems.Analysis,design and
construction.NJ.PrenticeHall)

Internal distribution
Setia city mall employs an indirect water system Where water is guided
along plumbing systems due to a
Pressure Differential directed from a point of high pressure to a point of
low pressure
Gravity Feed water is directs downwards by the laws of gravity from a high
point to a low point of elevation
Both systems are equally important and most water distributions use both
mechanism. The water distribution in Setia City Mall benefits from
combining the two mechanisms to deliver water efficiency to its entire 4
floor. The water distribution within a building therefore needs to be well
coordinated well and all these factors provide a sufficient amount of water
around the shopping mall


Schematic Water Supply Diagram

Location of Water tanks and the distribution of water

Domestic Water tank 1

Domestic Water tank 2

Drink water tank


Internal distribution within the building
JBA (Jabatan Bekalan Air) is the statutory water undertaker for Malaysia.The
distribution of water to Kuala Lumpur through JBA is via Syarikat Bekalan Air
(SYABAS) and it is the source of water supply for the Kananga Whole Sale City
Centre. The water is delivered (under pressure) from below the ground level
through a network of pipes that form a grid. (Main) Connections to the existing
Main are made through communication pipes from below the ground outside
the boundary line of the site away from the loading bay the location is such that
that the supply pipes are situated away from the main entrances as they are not
aesthetically pleasing to the eye. Water can therefore be cut off at the
communication pipe to prevent water flow into the building during the case of
maintenance or repair in the mains. A bulk meter is used to monitor the volume
of water that is being supplied for water supply, it is mandatory for the meter to
be monitored every day in order to make sure the water supply has not been
tampered with. Once water comes from the main, it is separated into the fire
tanks and the RC domestic storage tanks which located at the lower ground
floor. The usage of the Fire tank is to make sure it provides water supply for the
fire protection system in case of emergencies. The rest of the water is is stored
in RC domestic Water Storage Tanks which has a capacity of 1220 m3 . The
usage of this tank is to offer storage for the water supply that will be distributed
to all F & B . While the remainder of the tanks water is collected and pumped up
to roof level to serve for other functions. The float valves have three primary
parts: the valve, the stem and the float. The float is a round airtight device and
is therefore buoyant. It is found on the surface of the water. The stem is
connected to the float device and rises with the float as the water level rises.
The stem also connects the valve to the float device. The valve constricts the
flow of water when the water level exceeds a predetermined level. When the
water enters the tank the float device drops, opening the valve opening the
valve. The valve remains open until the float device is raised to the pre-
determined level by the rising water. Water from the RC tank is then directed to
the common pipes , a stopper valve is attached to the pipe should the need to
cut off water supple arises. A strainer is used to clean foreign matter and debris
before the water reaches the three common pipes. The straines has a flexible
joint made of plastic that vibrates this make debris difficult to stick to the pipes.
As the common pipes come down, is connected to a booster pump via a
transformer. The common pipes are used to pump the pressure generated into
main distributions pipe. This helps by ensuring that the pressure is not too low.
One pipe from the RC tank is also used to distribute water to the cooling tower
through which the HVAC systems of the building are facilitated.Setia City Mall
does not employ a separate system for cold or hot water storage. This means
that space is saved as water cisterns do not have to be used and it also means
that energy is also conserved within the water supply system. As Setia City Mall
is only a commercial building, the need for hot or cold water only arises in the
kitchen stalls in the cafeteria in which case individual electrical appliances(water
heaters ,fridge) are used to facilitate their needs. Most of the toilets although
varied in design are placed one above the other in all the separate flows this
also means that the water supply is efficient and water pressure is not lost due
to long lengths of piping. This also means that the cost of piping is reduced.

Components
R. C Water Storage Tank
Reinforced concrete tanks have been used for water and wastewater storage
and treatment for decades. Design of reinforced concrete tanks requires
attention not only to strength requirements, but also to crack control and
durability. The challenge is to design concrete liquid containing structures that
will resist the extremes of seasonal temperature changes and a variety of
loading conditions, and remain watertight.

RC Storage tanks used in Setia City Mall
Storage tank with a ball cock float valve to control the water stored. This tank
will typically hold from 230 to 360 liters (50 to 80 gallons) of water at the highest
part of the building the higher it is, the better the gravity feed pressure at the
taps. Any overflow of water from the storage tank is deposit out of the building
from the overflow pipe. It is positioned in a way that if water flow can be
immediately noticed as it would indicate a problem.

Fire Water Storage Tank
Fire water storage tanks have been an important feature of industrial fire
protection system over the last 30 years. Elevated gravity tanks were once the
earliest tanks used and were once a common sight at industrial buildings.
Tanks may be built of steel, wood, concrete, coated fabric or even fiberglass-
reinforced plastic tank. Fire water tank can also be based on the ground.

Fire water Tank used in Setia City Mall
Due do the Fire tank being in the basement of setia city mall its safe to say that
the material used for its fire tanks will be Fiberglass. Its recognized in NFPA 22
standard,Water Storage Tanks for Fire Protection Systems, as well as NFPA
1142 standard, Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting.
Features of fiber glass fire protection water tanks:

Corrosion-resistance - long-term storage of water requires a tank material like
fiberglass which is immune to rust.
Buried design - eliminates the need to add expensive protection measures to
prevent freezing, while removing the aesthetic problems of an aboveground tank.
Strong H20 structural design - necessary for locations where vehicle traffic is a
factor, such as parking lots.
Gate valve
It is usually desirable to valve every riser. The branches that serve bathrooms
or kitchens, and the run outs to individual fixtures. This facilitates repairs at any
location with a minimum of shutdown within a system. Pumps and other devices
that may need repair should be able to disconnect by using it.

Valves used in supplying water to Setia City Mall

A gate valve with a retractable leaf machined to seal tighly against two
sloping metal surfaces when closed. Offers the least resistance to
water flow when open. It is usually chosen for locations where it is left
completely open most of the time.

The Compression type globe valve is usually used for the closing
or throttling or flow near a point of occasional use.

Angle valve similar to compression type glove valve

Check valve when it is necessary to prevent flow in a
direction opposite to that which is planned a check valve is
introduced

Stop cock
A stopcock, not to be confused with a gate valve or a DiCiaccio branch, is used
to prevent flow of water into a domestic water system. There are usually two
stopcocks for a building. One is usually found just outside the property
boundary and can be used to isolate the building from the water supply. The
other is inside the property where the supply enters the property. These valves
are provided to allow maintenance and prevent flooding if the domestic water
system is pierced.

Fittings
A fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing
sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as
regulating or measuring fluid flow. The term plumbing is generally used to
describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in ordinary domestic or
commercial environments,


Meter
Water meter is use in all buildings to measure the amount of consumption of
water use.
In many developed countries water meters are used to measure the volume of
water used by residential and commercial building that are supplied with water
by a public water supply system. Water meters can also be used at the water
source, well, or throughout a water system to determine flow through a
particular portion of the system.

Pump
Pumps are used every day to move fluid from one location to another , they
come in all kinds of shapes and sizes, and may be operated by electric motor,
engine , or even by hand solar power, the can be turned on and off by timers,
detectors and other time and property saving feature.

Consideration of these factors for performance when choosing the right pump
for a peculiar building.
Capacity and power capacity is how much fluid the pump can move,
which is measured in gallons per minute or gallons per hour, power is
measured in horsepower. Pumps with higher capacities and horsepower
are suited to larger tasks.
Materials- pumps are designed for long life, and are made of variety of
sturdy materials, including sheet metal, cast iron, stainless steel and
various other materials.

Pump used in Setia City Mall

Circulation Water Pump (CWP)
The water taken from the R.C Water Storage Tank is directed towards a pump.
This pump is then force water up to the roof level of the building where the other
large water tanks located. Besides the on-duty pumps which mainly contribute
in pushing the water up, there are also standby pumps that only function during
the peak hours or in emergency cases. At times of low traffic, the standby
pumps are usually shut down to save energy

Water Pressure Booster Pump
Water pressure booster pumps are used to provide more pressure in the water
pipes for better cleaning, flushing and irrigation. It is driven by electric motor.

Water pressure booster pump are useful in this case where Setia City Mall
needs regular supply of water for irrigation. It pushes the water with great
pressure toward the hoses, at the same time provide adequate water supply to
all taps and outlets.

UV (Ultraviolet) Water Filter
The water from the domestic tank is pumped to the UV Water Filters before
being delivered to the consumer through the drinking taps. Particulate matters
that are harmful to our health such as bacteria and virus are removed in order
to meet the drinking water standard. The water passes through a clear tube and
is irradiated by the ultraviolet light


Piping
PVC stand for Polyvinyl Chloride. This type of pipe has a wide variety of
plumbing uses from drainage pipe to water mains. It is most commonly used for
irrigation piping, home, and building supply piping. PVC is also very common in
pool and spa systems. PVC is often white but it can also come in a wide variety
of colors. You can often tell what it is used for by the colors and marking on the
pipe. For example purple pipe with black lettering is used for reclaimed water.
PVC also comes in a variety of thicknesses called schedules. Schedules 40
being the most common for water distribution.
PVC pipe should always be clearly labeled if it is used for both potable
(drinkable) and non potable water in the same building. PVC joins are made by
using a primer that softens the PVC and then applying PVC glue that melts the
joints and pipe together.

Pipes Used in Setia City Mall
Most of the plastic pipes and fitting in Setia city mall are produced from
synthetic resin derived from such materials as coal and petroleum. These
corrosion resistant materials are widely used in water supply piping, fittings, and
drainage system. Most of the piping are thermoplastics and will repeatedly
soften under the application of heat. PVCD material can carry water at 80 C but
plastic pipes should not be subjected to temperatures higher than this.

Water quality
Water supplied by SYABAS meets with the approved drinking water quality
standards set by MOH, but sometimes other factors may result in the
contamination of the water supply.
Contamination of the water supply and backflow of water is prevented by the
use of air gaps in the plumbing fixtures where the gap between the water tap
and optimum water level in the sink is 5cm.Water quality may also be
compromised due to corrosion pipes of pipe and improper maintenance of the
internal piping system, water tanks and water filters.
There are also instances where residual contents are captured by the
household filters causing them to precipitate and form a slimy and brown to
black colour layer on the surface of filters.
These residuals however are in fact permitted by the MOH in a limited amount
as treated water supplied by water treatment operators has a limited content of
aluminum, iron, and manganese that is not visible to the naked eye but still safe
for consumption under the World Health Organizations (WHO) standards.
Disruptions in water supply or other disturbance in the distribution systems may
also cause these sediments to get churned up and carried to the customers tap
causing the water to temporarily appear discolored.
Generally SYABAS recommends that any commercial building should make
periodical bi-annual maintenance of their internal plumbing system and internal
storage tanks by hiring only licensed plumbers to ensure professional
inspection, cleaning and professional installations carried out as approved by
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)- Malaysia national water
services commission.


UBBL

Setia City Mall not only has an effective water supply system but it also
complies with the Uniform Building By laws ( UBBL ). ( as an effective water
supply should )
The main water storage tank is located at the roof level conforming to clause
247 ( 1) which states that
Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel system
shall be located in the top most floor of the building "

The design, dimensions and allocation of the utility rooms are also well
separated , with enough space to house the distribution pipes conforming with
clause 123 (1) which states that ,
where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate
piping, cables or
Conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be
adequate for the accommodation of the pipes,cables or conduits and for
crossing of
Branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and
sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes,stop cocks and other
controls there to
Enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all
of the services
Accommodated.
The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and
suitably placed to
enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.


Conclusion

The toilets on each floor are situated one above the other and therefore
make water distribution efficient. Even the plumbing fixtures installed have a
design which takes the backflow of water into consideration. The design of the
building not only takes functionality into account it also takes into account the
aesthetics of the building. The water tanks are located on the basement and
roof away from human activity (uninterrupted space) so that they are not visible
as they take up a lot of floor area and are not aesthetically pleasing.
Even the communication pipes are located away from the main entrances and
utility rooms are used to conceal the distribution pipes.All these factors
contribute to creating a well-designed water supply system which serves well
both functionally and aesthetically. Setia City mall applies only
straightforward layout of the water supply system thus is easy to
understand. Based on the observation, the system seems well
maintained with no signs of leakage or rust. Overall, the system
implemented is highly effective due to its high storage capacity which is
large enough to store and cater to the needs of its occupants. The piping
used in the distribution line is designed with minimal angular turns which
may reduce the pressure of water. There is also a wide number of water
pumps which provides sufficient water pressure to distribute the water to
all levels


Referencing

R.Barry.(1998).The construction of buildings.UK.BlackweelScienceLtd
Wentz.T(1997).Plumbing Systems.Analysis,design and
construction.NJ.PrenticeHall
Woodson.R(1994).The plumbers troubleshooting guide.US.McGraw-Hill
Sahoo.N
(2008).Design of a Water Tank.Retrieved
from:http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/108/1/10401010.pdf
Raley.T. (2012).How does a float valve work.Retrieved from:
http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4966369_float-valve-work.html
Your Water.(2012)Retrieved from:http://www.syabas.com.my/corporate/about-
us-syabas-operation
The homeowners guide to maintain your water supply pipe.(2012).Retrieved
from:http://www.yourwatersupplypipe.com/


5.0 Sanitary and Sewerage System
Sewerage system are designed to collect, transfer, treat and dispose off
domestic waste and wastewater from the building. The system range from simple
toilet providing little or no treatment to modern sewage treatment plants that
employ mechanical means to treat large volume of sewage to acceptable
environment standards. There are two type of stack system, which is the single
stack system and two-pipe system. In single stack system all soil and waste water
discharge into one common pipe and all branch ventilating pipes into one main
ventilating pipe. This system largely replaces the two pipe system and lent itself
very well to use in multi storey developments. It is far more economical than the
two pipe system. The other one is two pipe systems where the waste stack
received the discharge ablutionary fitments and conveyed this to the ground level
where it was delivered above the water seal in a trapped gully connected to the
drainage system. The soil stack receives the discharge from soil appliances and
delivers it direct to the underground drainage system. The waste and soil water
did not combine until they reached the below ground drainage system.

Figure 1.1 Single Stack
System
Figure 1.2 Two Pipe
System

5.2 COMPONENTS OF STACK SYSTEM
RELIEF VENT: A vent is a vent primary function of which is to provide circulation
of air between drainage and vent systems.
RISER: A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full storey or more to
convey water to branches or fixtures.
SANITARY SEWER: A pipe which carries sewage and excludes storm, surface,
and ground water.
INTERCEPTOR: Device designed and installed so as to separate and retain
deleterious hazardous or undesirable matter from normal wastes and permit
normal or liquid wastes to discharge in to disposal terminal by gravity.
STACK: The main vertical of a system of soil, waste, or vent piping.
STACK VENT: Extension of soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack (sometimes called a waste vent or soil vent)
SULLAGE: The discharge from wash basins, sinks and similar appliances, which
does not contain human or animal excreta.
SUMP: A tank or pit which receives sewage or liquid waste, located below the
normal grade of the gravity system, and which must be emptied by mechanical
means.
TRAP: Fitting or device designed and constructed as to provide, when properly
vented, a liquid seal which will prevent the back passage of air or gas without
materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.
TRAP SEAL: The trap seal is the maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will r
etain, measured between the crown weir and the top of the dip of the trap.
WASTE PIPE: A waste pipe is a pipe which conveys only liquid waste free of faec
al matter.
MANHOLE: An opening through which a man may enter or leave a drain, a sewe
r or other closed structure for inspection, cleaning and other maintenance operatio
ns, fitted with a suitable cover.

5.3 OPERATING OF SYSTEM
The arrangement of washroom in Setia City Mall is spread out through-out the
plan for one single floor but the layout are the same for every each level so it can
use the Stack System, which the system need to keep the pipes vertical and align
to really optimize the disposal efficiency. It also minimize the used of pipes where
it can saves some space.

Figure 1.4 Upper Ground Level
Figure 1.5 First Floor Level
Figure 1.3 Ground Level
The mall use the stack system in to remove odor but to ensure it will be removed
completely, a motion triggered toilet exhaust fans is installed to absorb and
dispose them to the masonry shaft through an air duct. The fan are installed at the
end of every stack pipe located on the roof where it will release the odor out of the
mall. Besides that, other mechanism been used such non-return dampers and
volume control dampers.

Figure 1.6 Stack System in
Diagrammatic Layout
The soil and waste management been installed a
lot around the mall surroundings where all of it
are connected. All the waste products or disposal
water pass through the sewerage system before
it finally disposed into the main sewer. The waste
that coming from the sanitary appliances are
discharged to the soil stack pipe, where it be
directed to the nearest manhole inspection
chamber.

Large numbers of sewage fixture are installed to accommodate large amount of
waste from all the facilities from the mall. All of this will flow to the grease
interceptor for it to reduce the speed of waste water flow, by doing that it can
separate all the debris from the waste water. From there on it will move to
inspection chamber.

Figure 1.7
Manhole
Figure 1.8 The Connection of Sewerage System
Setia City Mall use a different kind of system from the other building for flushing
rainwater from the roof, which is the Siphonic Drainage. Unlike traditional roof
drainage, it operates at full capacity, when water is sucked or syphoned from
the roof down into the drain at high velocity. It allows to minimize the number of
roof outlet drains and have them flow into a single downpipe. The symphonic
drain incorporates an anti-vortex plate act as a baffle, allowing only water to be
drawn of the roof. When heavy rainfall the outlet drain fills to above the anti-
vortex, cutting off air flow into the pipe Then, it flow at 100% full over the entire
system.

v
Figure 1.9 Shallow trough to direct the rainwater to roof drain
5.4 UBBL
UBBL By Laws - Section 123
(1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate
pipes, cables or
conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall be -
(a) adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and the
crossings
of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and
(b) sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other
controls
there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of
the
services accommodated.
(2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitable
places to
enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

UBBL by Laws - Section 115
All roofs of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectively to suitable and
sufficient
channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with
the
requirements of these By-Laws for receiving and conveying all water which may
fall on and from
the roof.

5.4 REFERENCES
Setia City Mall websites - http://www.setiacitymall.com/green-features.aspx
Public Resource Sanitary Drainage -
https://law.resource.org/pub/bd/bnbc.2012/gov.bd.bnbc.2012.08.06.pdf
Sephonic Drainage System - http://www.fullflow.com/pages/syphonic-explained/
Drainage System - http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/drain4.htm


6.0 Mechanical Transportation System
6.1 Introduction of Lifts
Setia City mall has four floor levels in total. Two levels below ground and two
levels above ground, and four levels of car parking area. There are a total of nine
pairs elevators provided, with the first and second floor having 7 pairs of elevators
and the ground and upper ground floors having 9 pairs of elevators. 2 pairs of the
elevators provide a dedicated connection to the parking areas

Figure 1.1: plan showing lift locations

The type of lifts used are machine-room less (MRL) traction lifts with
Regenerative drive lift system. These lifts do not have a fixed machine room on
the top of the hoist-way, instead the traction hoisting machine is installed on the
top side wall of the hoist-way. The motor is installed using a permanent magnet
which "sticks" the motor permanently.


Figure 1.2:showing lift system
I. Regenerative drive
II. Gearless machine
III. Polyurethane steel
belt
IV. Speed governor
V. Door system
VI. Safety gear
VII. buffer
Counter weights

6.1.1 Components
Regenerative driver
Regenerative drives are an energy-efficient elevator technology. The energy
generated when the cab goes into braking mode is converted into electricity and
fed into the buildings system. They recycle energy rather than wasting it as heat.
The permanent magnet motors in the Re-Gen drives are capable of bidirectional
energy flow acting both as a motor and a generator.

Figure 1.3: showing Regenerative driver

Gearless synchronous machine
Electric gearless AC machines are compact minimizing space requirements
by eliminating the traction machine gearbox while efciently delivering torque-
optimizing power for powerful acceleration and smooth, superior ride comfort.
Unlike traditional induction motors that lose efciency at lower speeds, electric
gearless AC machines provide unusually capable low speed, high torque
operation. This machine is equipped with a highly efficient permanent magnet
synchronous motor of radial construction. The result is a machine which is up to
50% more efficient than conventional geared machines and 10% more efficient
than conventional gearless machines with induction asynchronous motors

Figure 1.4: showing the gearless-synchronous machine

Polyurethane coated steel belt
Elevator belts raise and lower the cab in action of the motor. This Polyurethane-
coated steel belt eliminates the metal-to-metal effect of conventional ropes
results in quieter operation and removes need for lubrication of the belt due to
the polyurethane coating unlike conventional belts. The polyurethane coating
also increases the contact area between the motor and the belt reducing wear
and tear to the belt.

Figure 1.5: showing polyurethane coated steel belt
Polyurethane-coated steel elevator belt.

Governor
An over speed governor is an elevator device which act as a stop device in
case the elevator runs beyond the rated speed. The governors designs
includes a sheave coupled to a rope attached to the elevator car, whereby the
sheave moves in response to rope movement indicative of elevator car
movement. The sheave drives a shaft or spindle coupled to an actuation
mechanism. The actuation mechanism is set of flyweights adapted to extend
radially when a predetermined level of centrifugal force is applied to them.
Radial extension of the flyweights causes them to contact an over-speed switch
when the over-speed switch is actuated, power to the motor and motor brake is
cut, thereby causing the motor brake to apply a braking force on the motor
shaft.

Figure 1.6: showing Speed governor

Lift door system
The automatic doors in an elevator are essential to keep people from falling
down an open shaft. These Elevators use two different sets of doors, doors on
the cars and doors opening into the elevator shaft. The doors on the cars are
operated by an electric motor, which is hooked up to the elevator computer. The
electric motor turns a wheel connected to a winding cable. The cable is hooked
to one side of the door which is in turn connected to the second leaf of the door.
The doors are connected such that movement of one door causes movement of
the second door. The doors slide back and forth on a metal rail.

Figure 1.7: showing elevator door system

motor
belt
doors
Counterweight
A counterweight is used to balance the weight of an elevator so that the
elevator motor only has to apply enough force to raise the weight of the
passengers inside. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled
to 40-percent capacity. The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With
equal loads on each side, it takes a less energy to tip the balance one way or
the other. This means the motor has to carry only a fraction of the weight added
to the cabin and hence reduced motor size and power consumption.

Figure 1.8: showing counter weight operation

Control system
The controller is a device which manages the visual monitoring, interactive
command control and traffic analysis system to ensure the elevators are
functioning efficiently. The function of the elevator controller is essentially to
receive and process a variety of signals from several different components of a
whole elevator system. It is able to send signals in response to the ones it
receives in order to operate all of the other components in the system. This
exchange of signals is how the elevator controller is able to keep the elevators
running smoothly on a day-to-day basis. Setia city mall uses a PLC controller
which uses microprocessor technology to control the logic of more complex jobs

Figure 1.9: showing PlC control system

Buffer
A buffer is a device which reduces mechanical shock due to impact from the
elevator. It is located at the bottom of the elevator hoist way, designed to stop a
car or counter-weight from descending beyond its normal limit of travel; motion
beyond this limit is taken up by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the
kinetic energy of the car or counterweight. For operation, during the buffer
impact stroke the piston rod is pushed into the cylinder tube. The hydraulic oil is
displaced and pressed through a series of small metering orifices in the cylinder
jacket. Inside the outer jacket the oil is collected. At the same time the gas
volume above the hydraulic oil is compressed. The hard chrome-plated piston
rod is sealed. After release of the piston rod the compressed gas volume
presses the hydraulic oil back into the cylinder, pushing the piston rod out
again.

Figure 1.10: showing the buffer mechanism

6.1.2 Operation of System
In these roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes
rather than pushed from below like in hydraulic lifts. The ropes are attached to the
elevator car, and looped around a sheave. A sheave is a pulley with a grooves
around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when you rotate
the sheave, the ropes move too.

Figure 1.11: showing the motor, sheave and belt

The sheave is connected to an electric motor. When the motor turns one way,
the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave
lowers the elevator. In these gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves
directly unlike in geared elevators where the motor turns a gear train that
rotates the sheave. In machine-room less elevators, the sheave, the motor and
the control system are all housed in the hoist way above the elevator and a
machine room above the elevator shaft is not required.
The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight, which hangs
on the other side of the sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as
the car filled to 40-percent capacity. , when the car is 40 percent full (an
average amount), the counterweight and the car are perfectly balanced.
The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each
side of the sheave, it only takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or
the other. Basically, the motor only has to overcome friction -- the weight on the
other side does most of the work. The balance maintains a near constant
potential energy level in the system as a whole. Using up the potential energy in
Sheave
Belt
Motor
the elevator car (letting it descend to the ground) builds up the potential energy
in the weight (the weight rises to the top of the shaft). The same thing happens
in reverse when the elevator goes up.

Figure 1.12:showing counter weight action

Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails. Along the sides of
the elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back
and forth, and they also work with the safety system to stop the car in an
emergency.

Counter
Cab

6.1.3 System Safety
These elevators are built with several redundant safety systems that keep them
in position.
The first line of defense is the rope system itself. Each elevator rope is made
from several lengths of steel material wound around one another and
additionally coated with polyurethane. With this sturdy structure, one rope can
support the weight of the elevator car and the counterweight on its own. But
these elevators are built with multiple ropes (four). In the unlikely event that one
of the ropes snaps, the rest will hold the elevator up.
Even if all of the ropes were to break, or the sheave system were to release
them, it is unlikely that an elevator car would fall to the bottom of the shaft, the
elevator cars have built-in braking systems, that grab onto the rail when the car
moves too fast.
The Safeties are activated by a governor when the elevator moves too quickly.
The governor ropes are connected to the elevator car via a movable actuator
arm attached to a lever linkage. When the governor ropes can move freely, the
arm stays in the same position relative to the elevator car (it is held in place by
tension springs). But when the governor sheave locks itself, the governor ropes
jerk the actuator arm up. This moves the lever linkage, which operates the
brakes. In this design, the linkage pulls up on a wedge-shaped safety, which
sits in a stationary wedge guide. As the wedge moves up, it is pushed into the
guide rails by the slanted surface of the guide. This gradually brings the
elevator car to a stop

Figure 1.1: showing the braking mechanism

6.1.4 Control System
The elevator is controlled by a computer whose job is to process all of the relevant
information about the elevator and turn the motor the correct amount to put the
elevator car where it needs to be. In order to do this, the computer needs to know
at least three things. Where people want to go, where each floor is and where the
elevator car is.
The buttons in the elevator car and the buttons on each floor are all wired to the
computer and these inform where people are going. The lifts have magnetic
sensor on the side of the car reads a series of holes on a long vertical tape in the
shaft. By counting the holes speeding by, the computer knows exactly where the
car is in the shaft. The computer uses a strategy to keep the cars running as
efficiently as possible. the strategy is to avoid reversing the elevator's direction.
That is, an elevator car will keep moving up as long as there are people on the
floors above that want to go up. The car will only answer "down calls" after it has
taken care of all the "up calls." But once it starts down, it won't pick up anybody
who wants to go up until there are no more down calls on lower floors. The
drawing below is an illustration of how the system works:

Figure 1.13: showing lift control flow chart

6.1.5 Sustainability
The lifts at Setia city mall are equipped with a regenerative drive system to save
on energy use.

Figure 1.14: showing the regenerative drive system

With the RE-GEN drive, Electrical power is generated when a heavily-loaded
car travels in a down direction or a lightly-loaded car travels in an up direction
(green area of graph). With a non-regenerative drive the energy generated is
dissipated in a set of resistors creating a waste-heat load in the building. With a
regenerative drive, the energy generated is fed back into the buildings grid
where it can be used by other loads connected to the same network. The
energy consumed with a non-regenerative drive is represented by the yellow
area while with a regenerative drive the energy consumed is just the difference
between the yellow and green areas.
RE-GEN drive system
Power back to the
Cab

Figure 1.15: showing energy saving chart

It can be seen from this graph that the energy generated is almost equal to the
energy consumed by the system during different stages.

6.1.5 UBBL Requirements
Under UBBL 1984 section 123-128 lifts.
124. For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stores above or below the
main access level at least one lift shall be provided.
Under UBBL 1984 section 153-155, ventilation to lift shafts.
152(1) every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected
lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the
satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not
apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be
approved by the D.G.F.S.


6.2 Introduction of Lifts
Setia City mall has four escalator locations. At each of these locations the,
there are two escalators connecting each floor, from lower ground to upper ground,
upper ground t first floor and first floor to second floor. The escalors are organized
in a parallel layout and positioned at centers of four equal quadrants of the building
this is so that they can easily be seen by the public and open up to large clear
spaces.
Figure 1.16: showing escalator positions

Setia city mall uses Otis escalators with trusses designed to save up on space
requirements and set to a speed of rate to 27 meters (90 ft.) per minute, fast
enough to provide rapid travel from one level to another while still being leisurely
enough for customers in a department store to survey the merchandise on the
sales floor. These escalators use small efficient machines to run them and hence
do not need special machine rooms provided


6.2.1 Components
Electric motor
Escalators at Setia City Mall use automatic AC electric motors rated at 7.5 kW
which use a self-cooling, six pole, three-phase, AC induction motor providing high
performance, high starting torque, and long term reliability along with low noise
and low vibration. The electric motor turns the drive gears at the top, which rotate
the chain loops which move the steps and handrails.

Figure 1.17: showing the electric motor

Truss
The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings.
It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the
bottom and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and
bottom landing platforms via steel or concrete supports.
The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower
sections.

Figure 1.18: showing the escalator truss

Hand rail
This escalator has hand rails to provide support and balance for persons
moving up and down. It uses a tension-driven rubber and canvas handrail that
is guided in a simple unlubricated channel. These handrails are pinch-resistant
to prevent the possibility of passengers fingers from getting caught

Truss
Steps
The steps are solid, one-piece, die-cast aluminium. Rubber mats are affixed to
their surface to reduce slippage, and yellow demarcation lines may be added to
clearly indicate their edges. The leading and trailing edges of each step are
cleated with comb-like protrusions that mesh with the comb plates on the top
and bottom platforms. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain so they
form a closed loop with each step able to bend in relation to its neighbours. The
front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels. The rear
wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have
shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. The position of the tracks
controls the orientation of the steps

Figure 1.19: showing escalator steps

Comb plate
A comb plate is a steel plate with teeth that mesh with the Step cleats at the
boarding and landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects from
getting caught between the moving Steps and Floor Plate.

Figure 1.20:showing the steel comb plate

Tracks
The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which
continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an
endless loop. There are two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called
the step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the
trailer-wheel track). The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to
form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. Along the straight
section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This
configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to
the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a shape resembling a
staircase. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so
that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. This
causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet like arrangement, one after another, so
they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track. The tracks
carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the
bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before
exiting the bottom landing. At this point the tracks separate and the steps once
again assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as
the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.


6.2.1 Operations of System
The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs of gears. An
electric motor turns the drive gears at the top, which rotate the chain loops. The
escalator uses a 100 horsepower motor to rotate the gears. The motor and chain
system are housed inside the truss, a metal structure extending between two
floors. The chain loops move a series of steps. As the chains move, the steps
always stay level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps collapse on
each other, creating a flat platform. This makes it easier to get on and off the
escalator. Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two
separate tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected
to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the
escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following behind
the first set.

Figure 1.21: showing the escalator system
Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate
tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected to the
rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the escalator.
The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following behind the first
set
The tracks are spaced apart in such a way that each step will always remain
level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the tracks level off to a horizontal
position, flattening the stairway. Each step has a series of grooves in it, so it will
fit together with the steps behind it and in front of it during this flattening.
In addition to rotating the main chain loops, the electric motor in an escalator
also moves the handrails. A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is
looped around a series of wheels. This belt is precisely configured so that it
moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to give riders some stability.

6.2.2 Sustainability
The escalator has a power saving feature that Cuts power consumption by
detecting the weight of the passengers riding the escalator at any given moment.
The function automatically slows the escalator when it carries fewer passengers.
Operating an escalator at high speed consumes more power; the key to saving
energy lies in determining how to reduce escalator speed..

Figure 1.16: showing slow down mechanism

To further this, the escalator has an extra power saving feature that runs the
escalator at a slow 10 m/min when carrying no passengers. When a sensor
detects an approaching passenger, the escalator gently accelerates to 30 m/min.
When no passengers use the escalator for a specified duration, the escalator
returns to the slower speed of 10 m/min, thereby reducing energy use.

Figure 1.16: showing slow down mechanism

6.3 Conclusion
Setia city mall was designed to fully encompass sustainability. For all
mechanical systems choices were made for the most energy efficient types and
system components were also chosen to reduce on energy use.
This is can be clearly seen in the use of the regenerative drive system in the
elevators that uses the elevators energy lost during braking to power other
components of the elevators and s also fed back into the grid. The escalators also
encompass multiple energy saving features such to reduce energy consumption
during light loads and speeds when it is idle.
Also multiple elevators where provided at many different locations easing on traffic
on the elevators as its properly distributed. The escalators are also positioned
such that they serve specific quadrants of the building equally.
6.4 References
Stein, B., & Reynolds, J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for
buildings (8th ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from
http://www.otis.com/site/eg/OT_DL_Documents/OT_DL_DownloadCenter/Specific
ations/Specs%201-%20GeN2-Regen%20Brochure.pdf

Elevator Control System. (n.d.). ~ Electrical Knowhow. Retrieved June 28, 2014,
from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-control-system.html

Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators. (n.d.). Machine-Room-Less (MRL)
Elevators. Retrieved June 28, 2014, from http://www.buildings.com/article-
details/articleid/3076/title/machine-room-less-mrl-elevators.aspx

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from https://www.asme.org/engineering-
topics/articles/elevators/energy-efficient-elevator-technologies

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BUILDING SERVICES [ARC 2423]

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND

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