Andrew Gabriel Roth The First Step Many people in Hebrew Roots today of course came out of the church tradition which seemsat best greatly confused about the year and day that Yshua died and at worst is actively deceiving their members about the matter for political reasons. Today though we are going to separate the myths to get to the truth. 2 The First Step Some of these myths are 1) That Yshua died on a Friday afternoon and that 2 days can be understood as three days and three nights between death and resurrection. 2) That Yshua died on the 14 th of Abib because at 3 PM they slaughter the Passover lamb. 3 The First Step Some of these myths are 3) That the year Yshua died had to be 33 CE, because in that year the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread is a Friday afternoon when the sabbath was dawning. 4) That a Sunday dawn resurrection is proof that the Shabbat was moved from Saturday to Sunday. 4 The First Step But what may also be surprising is that even in Hebrew Roots, they also have a few incorrect ideas as well, like 1) They also say Yshua died on the 14 th
of Abib, and add it must be a Wednesday. 2) And he could NOT rise on a Sunday because thats pagan sun-worship, right? Well, not so fast there. 5 The First Step So we need to see clearly then, what is faith, what is fact, and what is out and out fantasy. In order to do so, we need to go back to the REAL Hebrew roots in Tanakh and also look at the known historical record (Josephus, Philo, Talmud), astronomy and cutting edge calendar research, so this a complete answer. 6 List of Steps and Topics 1) Proving the precise timing of the ministry years through Daniel, Luke and Yochanan. 2) Decoding alleged chronological difficulties in the Gospels through proper historical sources. 3) Proving other parts with clues from Yshuas own mouth, as well as those of other NT writers.
7 List of Steps and Topics 4) Making use of the best linguistic research from both NT Aramaic and Greek to put all facts in proper context. 5) Combining all the data with confirming evidence from science and astronomy that backs up both the original Biblical calendar used in Israel in the First Century and also the Rabbinic calendar as well, though it was not in use then.
8 Lets Start with Daniel Daniel is the only prophet who actually hits the exact right days of his prophecies on the nosetwice. He did this with the famous 2300 evenings and mornings prophecy and with the 70 weeks in his 9 th chapter. But in order to understand 9:24-27, it might be best to read for context earlier in that same chapter
9 Yahweh has watched for the right moment to bring disaster on us, since Yahweh our God is just in all his dealings with us, and we have not listened to his voice. And now, Lord our God, who by your mighty hand brought us out of Egypt -- the renown you won then endures to this day -- we have sinned, we have done wrong. (Daniel 9:14- 15 NJB) 10 YHWHs Punishment Clock You shall bear your punishment for forty years, corresponding to the number of days -- forty days -- that you scouted the land: a year for each day. Thus you shall know what it means to thwart Me. (Numbers 14:34 1985 JPS Tanakh)
11 'Seventy weeks are decreed for your people and your Set-Apart city, for putting an end to transgression, for placing the seal on sin, to forgive sin, for bringing in everlasting righteousness and for setting the seal on vision and on prophecy, for anointing the most Set-Apart. (Daniel 9:24-Matara 12 I will show the documentation for the timeline more thoroughly in Daniels 70 th Week in Prophetic Time, coming up later on. For now it is important to understand that Daniel has targeted a very specific and indisputable series of years: From 457 BCE to 26 CE (483 years) for weeks 1 through 69 and 27 CE to 33 CE for week #70 13 70 weeks multiply by 7 days (where 1 day=1 year) equals 490 years Daniel 9:24 14 Issuing of the decree to rebuild all Jerusalem = 457 BCE Time until the Anointed Prince (Messiah) comes = 7 + 62 weeks = 483 years Temple rebuilt in time of trouble = Reign of Herod the Great who began rebuilding it. 15 Know this, then, and understand: From the issuing of the decree to return and restore Jerusalem to the coming of an Anointed Prince, seven weeks and sixty-two weeks, it will be rebuilt with a trench and with a moat, but in a time of trouble. (Daniel 9:25 -Matara) 16
And after the sixty-two weeks an Anointed One will be cut off and be no more, and the city and the sanctuary will be ruined by the people of the prince to come and the end shall be as a flood. And to the end of the war desolations have been decreed. (Daniel 9:26-Matara) 17 Start clock At 457BCE 7 + 62=483years 27CE Year of Baptism Also: 15 th year of Tiberius And 46 years from temple rebuilding 18
He will confirm a covenant with many during that week, but in the middle of that week he will be cut off and cause the sacrifice and offering to cease. And on the wing of abominations shall come one that makes desolation and the destruction shall continue it is complete, and until the end. (Daniel 9:27-Matara)
19 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time But when does a prophetic week actually begin? The Scripture gives us at least two places from which to count regular yearseither from Tishri in the fall or Abib in the spring. Sometimes it seems both systems are in force togethersuch as when in the 49 th year on Yom Kippur it is announced next spring starts Jubilee.
20 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time And in this case, for Daniel to use a 3 year period at all, argues strongly that he also uses both fall and spring timings to start from one and end on the other. But we also have other clues, both from this and other parts of Daniel, to help nail down the timing. 21 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time In the first episode of Men Are From Jerusalem, Women Are From Galilee, we focused on the 2300 evenings and mornings prophecy. The only way we got to the right number of daysit was actually AFTER 2300 evenings and mornings were COMPLETED or 2301 days was by counting by the full moon. 22 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time Daniel had counted his time from the 15 th of Kislev in 165 BCE to the 12 th of Adar 2 in 159 BCE, starting from the full moon and ending close to the time of another full moon. Within that time frame, Daniels Prophetic Week Clock was still revealed, counting from the full moon, but which full moon for Yshua? 23 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time He will confirm a covenant with many during that week, but in the middle of that week he will be cut off and cause the sacrifice and offering to cease. (Daniel 9:27) The verse could be read, confirm a covenant in the middle of the SEVEN and this I believe is the key clue. Daniel means also the 7 th MONTH! 24 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time The middle of the seventh month is the time of the full moon. So with the half year ending in the spring, the full count must have begun 3 years earlier, in the fall, but from the middle of Tishri, the SEVENTH month. By the old countingpre-Exodus Abib used to be the 7 th month and the 15 th was the middle there as well! 25 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time So doesnt it make sense that Daniel would start counting from the middle of one 7 th month and end counting in the middle of the other 7 th month? Daniel of course also knows that each 7 th month has a Great Feast in it that lasts 8 days and that is fixed to the equinoxes, so this is beautiful way to synchronize stars, sun and moon. 26 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time The only reason the 2300 evenings and mornings didnt finish also at the full moon is that he was counting days rather than prophetic weeks, but it still shows us he chose prophecies that began with the full moon. Then the sevens that are all over 9:24- 27 dictated to us when that kind of count should start from. 27 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time The Gospel of Yochanan also hints at this by saying Yshua tabernacled among us, and indeed he was born just before the Feast of Tabernacles started, on Friday night, Tishri 14, but thats another story. Thats also during a lunar eclipsefull moonborn in the middle of one 7 and dies in the middle of the other 7. 28 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time So going by the full moon of the seventh month15 Tishri or Sukkot we find this clock starts at sunset on October 12 th , 26 CE. The 3-year mark will obviously be Sukkot in 29 CE, or sunset on the evening of October 8 th . Now all we have to do is count 6 full cycles from the Tishri 15 to the next 15 th
29 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time 1) Heshvan 15November 7 th , 29 CE. 2) Kislev 15December 6 th , 29 CE. 3) Tevet 15January 5 th , 30 CE. 4) Shevat 15February 3 rd , 30 CE. 5) Adar 15March 5 th , 30 CE. 6) Abib 15April 4 th , 30 CE, the day Yshua died, 3 years to the day. Darkness falls at mid-day! 30 Daniels 70 th week in Hebrew time That darkness, between the 6 th and 9 th
hours, marked the middle of the day and the 15 th marked the middle of the month, and the middle of the prophetic week at the same time! But there must also be prophetic significance to counting the individual days of this prophetic week, and pattern is anything but ordinary! 31 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time We need to go a little deeper now into the time frame given by Daniel 9:24- 27. The clock begins as we saw before, with the timing of the only decree to restore and rebuild all of Jerusalem, not just her Temple. That decree was issued in 457 BCE (the 7 th year of Artaxerxes), per Ezra 7 and 9:1-10. 32 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time From here we count 7 weeks and 62 weeks = 69 weeks = 483 years. The prophetic day = year formula is previewed in Daniel 9:14-15, referring to the spies being punished a year for each day they scouted out the land in fear. The same method was followed by Daniels contemporary (Ezekiel 4:1-8). 33 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time The 483 rd year from Daniels clock would begin in the fall of 26 CE. In February of 27 CE, Yshua makes his public debut at the immersion given by John the Baptist. Since we are talking about a 3 year (half-week) ministry, this means Yshua must die in the spring of 30 CE. 34 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time The year 27 is confirmed by two other Biblical sources. There has been a lot of debate about the 15 th year of Tiberius quote in Luke 3:1, as some historians counted from the year an emperor ruled on his own (which makes the 15 th year 29 CE) and others count co-regencies, from when old and new king co-ruled. 35 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time If Luke is counting then from when Tiberius and Augustus ruled together for 2 years before Augustus death, this would put the 15 th year in 27 CE. Fortunately, Lukes own writings prove he did count co-regencies. Technically speaking only 1 high priest was supposed to rule at a time, but Caiaphas was not popular 36 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time And so, according to both Josephus and the NT, Caiaphas got help from his powerful and popular father in law, Annas, who co-ruled with him. From the years 18-36 CE, Caiaphas was the high priest of record, so if Luke is counting solo rule through Yshuas ministry, he should only refer to Caiaphas. 37 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Officially also Annas retired in 15 CE and 3 years later came back to help his son in law. Therefore, when Luke says during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas (3:2), it is clear he prefers to count co-regencies and thus did so with Tiberius, putting the 15 th year in 27 CE. 38 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time The other reference to 27 CE is in John 2:20: It has taken us 46 years to build this Temple and now you will rebuild it in 3 days, but the Temple he spoke of was his body. Josephus tells us Herod began the rebuilding of the Temple in 20 BCE, so it takes 19 years to go from 20 BCE to 1 BCE (no year 0) + 27 CE = 46. 39 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time The 3 year timeline (fall 26- spring of 30) is confirmed with the Feasts/seasonal references mentioned in Yochanans Gospel. 1) Yshua is immersed by John 57 days before the 1 st Passover, or February 10-11, 27 CE. Matthew, Mark and Luke say there must be 40 days and 40 nights of fasting by Yshua
40 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 2) On the 41 st day, haSatan tempts Yshua all day. Exhausted, Messiah collapses and is ministered by angels until the start of the 42 nd day (Matthew 4:1-11). 3) For the next 3 days, Tuesday through Thursday, March 23-25, Yshua is walking back to Galilee from Jerusalem, which brings us to day 45.
41 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 4) The Cana Wedding is on the third day (John 3:1), meaning the third day of the week, Monday night to Tuesday night, the feast happening during Tuesday daylight hours. 6) Since the earliest Yshua could have returned to Galilee is 3 days after Temptation (day 45), the wedding had to happen the next Tuesday (day 50).
42 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 7) Since Yshua though also needs 3 days to get back to Jerusalem for Pesach, he is not going to travel back immediately after the wedding. John 4:12 says Yshua stayed with his mother and brothers in Capernaum for a few days, so this would be from after the wedding (Wednesday) to after Shabbat (Saturday), so days 51 through 54. 43 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 8) That gives him just 3 days to return to Jerusalem to arrive comfortably before Passover, from Sunday morning (day 54), arriving either Tuesday April 6 th (day 56) or Wednesday April 7 th (day 57), at which point sunset that day will begin the Feast of Unleavened Bread. 9) Therefore the time from February 10 th
to April 7 th is accounted for. 44 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Our next challenge though is to find out when the Baptist was thrown into jail. He is definitely free on February 10- 11, 27 CE, when he immerses Yshua. Matthew 4:12 though tells us that right after Yshua returns from Temptation, he hears that John is in jail, so this had to happen while he was away 45 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Mark 4:14 says Now after John had been taken into custody, Yshua returned to Galilee, proclaiming the Good News of Elohim. But at the Cana Wedding, Yshua told his mother, my time has not yet comeand only reluctantly did the water into wine miracle, meaning Johns arrest is after this time. 46 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time But the 3 year timeline is confirmed with other Feasts/seasonal references mentioned in Yochanans Gospel. 1) Passover #1, 57 days after immersion-John 2:13-25. 2) 4 months and then the harvest can only mean Jan-Feb, because if it was the fall harvest, 4 months earlier is still the spring harvest!-John 4:35
47 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 3) Working slightly backwards, Yshua begins a stay in Aenon near Salim and doesnt leave for Samaria where he says four months and then the harvest until Jan-Feb in the year 28 CE. So, from mid- April of 27, when Pesach ends, until the time he leaves for Galilee, he must have stayed in NE Judea for 9 months, except for Great Feasts in Jerusalem. 48 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 4) There is another Great Feast mentionedprobably Passover in the year 28 but it could also be Tabernacles later that yearin John 4:45. By that feast it was well known that Yshua said a prophet is not welcome in his hometown (John 4:44), but we need to understand exactly when he said that famous phrase! 49 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 5) While it is likely Yshua said the famous prophet has no honor phrase at least twice (Matthew 13:57 is the second time) 6)we can definitely be sure when he did NOT say it, which is to say, he did NOT say it at the first Passover in John 2 because he was a hit at that feast and it wasnt necessary 50 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time And during the feast, while Y'shua was in Urishlim at the Paskha, many believed in him when they saw the miracles that he did. But Y'shua did not entrust himself to them, because he understood every man. And he did not rely on men to testify to him concerning anyone, for he knew what was in man. (John 2:23-25-AENT)
51 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 7) So if he was welcome at the first Feastprobably even a novelty to those who would oppose him later-- this saying must have been before the 2 nd Passover (or Tabernacles) in the year 28. By the time he says it again in Matthew 13:57, it reads he could not do many miracles there due to lack of faithso his popularity took a hit in the meantime.
52 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time 8) That brings us to John 5 and the feast of the Jews, which is most likely Purim in the year 29. This is the only feast of the Jews in the time frame of 28-29 CE that hits on a Shabbat day (John 5:9) before the feeding of the 5,000 near Passover (John 6:4). 9) After the Passover in 29 ends, we next get the following occasions
53 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Sukkot (John 7-8). Hanukkah (John 10:22-42). Early spring (30 CE), with the Are there not 12 hours of daylight comment in John 11:9, just before he raises Lazarus. And that brings us of course to the last Passover, and the 15 th of Abib, the day Yshua dies. 54 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Finally though we need to look at the end of the Gospels as a partial fulfillment of Daniel 12. In Matthew 27:52, it is reported that many righteous souls were raised from the dead, just as Daniel predicts on a macro-scale in our future, at a time when an abomination is set up after 1,290 days 55 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time but blessed are those who reach 1,335 days. Again, these are future numbers, but they also have been fulfilled in the past by Yshua and his ministry. Lets go back to the first Hebrew year Messiah started, Sunday, Sep 27 th , 26 CE, or 1 Tishri/Yom Teruah, 2 weeks before the Sukkot clock began... 56 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time From Sunday, September 27 th , 26 CE to Sunday, September 26 th , 27 CE: 365 days. From Sunday, September 27 th , 27 CE to Tuesday, September 26 th , 28 CE (has a leap year): 366 days. From Wednesday, September 27 th , 28 CE to Wednesday, September 26 th , 29 CE: 365 days. Subtotal: 1,096 days. 57 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Now lets add the remainder of the year 29 to the 1,096 days Thursday, September 27 th to 30 th
inclusive: 4 All of October: 31 All of November: 30 All of December: 31 SUBTOTAL: 1,096 + 96 = 1,192 days 58 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time And to the 1,192 days as of December 31 st , 29, we add this time 30 CE: All of January: 31 All of February: 28 All of March: 31 To resurrection: 7 TOTAL: 1,188 + 101 = 1,289 days
59 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time This means that the day after the Resurrection, Monday April 8 th , an abomination was set up per the pattern of the 1,290 days in Daniel 12:11. Not coincidentally, the 1,290 th day from Yom Teruah in the year 26 had the setting up of an abomination 60 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Then Y'shua said to them, "Do not fear. Rather, go and tell my brothers to go to Galeela, and there they will see me." Now when they had departed, some men came from those soldiers to the city and told the chief priests everything that happened. And they were assembled with the elders and they took counsel and they gave 61 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time not a small amount of money to the soldiers. And they said to them, "Say that his disciples came and stole him in the middle of the night while we were sleeping. And if this is heard before the governor, we will persuade him to not make trouble for you. And when (the soldiers) took the money, they did as (the Yehudeans) had instructed 62 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time them. And this word has gone out among the Yehudeans to this day. Now the eleven disciples went to Galeela to the mountain where Y'shua had arranged for them to meet. (Matthew 28:10-16-AENT) As that Resurrection Day drew on, Yshua appeared to two men at Emmaus, and they said
63 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time among them, he took bread and blessed it and broke it and gave it to them. And immediately their eyes were opened, and they recognized him and he was taken from them. And they were speaking one to another, "Was not our heart heavy within us while he spoke with us on the road and expounded the Scriptures to us? (Luke 24:28-32 AENT
64 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time And they were approaching to the village that which they were going to, and he did make suppose them that he was going to a distant place. And they urged him and said to him, "Remain with us because the day is now ending and it is becoming dark. And he entered to stay with them. And it happened that when he reclined 65 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time So in synching the details between Matthew and Luke, it becomes clear that the Jewish and Roman authorities conspire to deny the resurrection on day 1,290, or Monday April 8 th , 30 CE. Since without the resurrection our faith is useless (1 Corinthians 15:16-17), I cant think of a greater abomination that is desolation for them to set up! 66 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time So much for 1,290, but what about blessed is he who attains to 1,335 days (Dan 12:12) with a partial Yshua basis? From Sunday, September 27 th , 26 CE to Monday, April 8 th , 30 CE: 1,290 April 9-30 inclusive: 22 May 1-23: 23 TOTAL 1,290 + 45 = 1,335 days 67 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Daniel though seems to be saying, blessed is he who completes 1,335 days, so this may be a reference to day 1,336, or May 24 th , 30 CE. The question is, what happened on that day? And the answer is this And after the (fifty) days of Shavuot (Pentecost) were fulfilled, all were assembled as one. All of a sudden
68 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time there was a sound from heaven like a roaring wind and all that House in which they were sitting was filled. (Acts 2:1-2-AENT) The omer count in 30 CE, the year Yshua died, ended at sunset on Friday night, May 23 rd . The actual time the disciples were assembled as one was a day later, Saturday morning.
69 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time So if Daniel is referencing on the day of day 1,335, then he has predicted the end of the 50 day omer count on Friday, May 23 rd . But if Daniel means instead that 1,335 days have been completed, and that only after that completion is one blessed, then thats a day later, when the Ruach came at Pentecost!
70 Daniels 70 th week in Prophetic time Either way, Daniel is keyed in directly to both abomination day when the resurrection is denied and the Shabbat attached to the end of the omer count, when the Ruach haKodesh does one of the greatest miracles in all of the Scripture! Therefore, the partial fulfillment to Yshuas milestones is proven a fact!
71 Summing up so far To this point, we have seen chronological data in Daniel, Luke and Yochanan all point to the 3 year period of Yshuas ministry starting in our calendar in 27 CE. Daniels count works in Hebrew and Prophetic time. Luke and Yochanan point to the actual time in that Hebrew year that Yshua began preaching. 72 Summing up so far
But now we need to go deeper! In Part 2, we will also address some long standing misconceptions that arise either from bad translations or bad Biblical assumptions. 73 When Did Yshua Die?
Sifting Truth from Tradition, Part 2 Andrew Gabriel Roth
Misconception #1:
Yshua died on a FridaY and rose 2 days later
75 Yshua Died on a Friday? For as Yonan was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights, likewise will the Son of man be in the heart of the earth three days and three nights. (Matthew 12:40-AENT) Its a matter of simple math: There is no way that 1 days from Friday afternoon to Sunday dawn can be stretched to fit this Scripture.
76 Yshua Died on a Friday? Also the astronomical cycles for this year that Daniel, Luke and John all agree onstarting from 27 and ending in the spring of 30simply forbid this idea. It is certain that the 15 th of Abib fell on a Thursday (April 4 th ) that year, and counting from there will yield 3 days and 3 nights, as we will see later.
77 Yshua Died on a Friday? But some may ask: Isnt the day of preparation (Mark 15:42, Luke 23:54, John 19:14,31) that is always referenced a Friday afternoon? The answer is YES, that is true, but NO, it doesnt apply here. Reason being, there are two explanations, 1 Greek, 1 Aramaic, that show how confusion crept in here.
78 Matthew 28:1 (literal word order) Now in the closing (evening) of the Sabbath, as the first of the week was dawning, came Maryam of Magdala and the other Maryam that they might see the grave. ramsha (lit. evening but here means closing or setting)shabta (the Shabbat) was dnagha (that is spending the night)
79 Ramsha and Erubata can mean Closing, setting, concluding, wrapping up, transitioning away from (as an adverb). The phrase breaks down as: The afternoon (noun) was (verb) setting/concluding (adverb). To set, conclude, end (as a verb). Describing the day during afternoon, close to sunset (as a noun).-Compendious Syriac, by Payne Smith, p. 427, 544.
80 Greek Version of Luke 23:54a (Thayer Lexicon) It was the preparation day () (Luke 23:54 NAU) paraskeue, literally preparation; in Jewish, NT, and early Christian usage, only of a definite day, the sixth day of the week, the term for the Friday preceding the Sabbath, when all preparation for the Sabbath had to be completed and after which no work was permitted (MK 15.42; LU 23.54; JN 19.31, 42)
81 Aramaic Matthew 26:17
Now on the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the disciples drew near to Yshua and said to him, Where do you want us to prepare ( ) for you to eat the Paskha? (Matthew 26:17-AENT)
82 Luke 23:54 (Greek) and the Sabbath was about to begin (). (Luke 23:54 NAU)
; (imperfect );epiphosko, to grow light, to dawn (cf. Buttmann, 68 (60)): Luke 23:54; Matt. 28:1-Thayer NT Lexicon
New Aramaic Readings vs. the Greek So when we read in the Greek that it was the Preparation Day in places like Mark 15:42, Luke 23:54 and Yochanan 19:31 1) There is no place in the Aramaic NT where the word Friday or Preparation Day appears! 2) Where the Greek says the Sabbath was dawning/beginning the Aramaic says the Sabbath is closing/going to bed!
84 New Aramaic Readings vs. the Greek And when the afternoon was setting (ramsha derubata- ) on the [Annual] Shabbat (Mark 15:42-AENT) And the day was setting/ending and the [Annual] Shabbat was closing [or, spending the night- ]. (Luke 23:54)
85 New Aramaic Readings vs. the Greek And they returned and prepared spices and perfume and rested on the (weekly) Shabbat as was commanded. (Luke 23:56) And the Pesach (the 14 th day) had closed ( ), and it was the sixth hour (daybreak). (Yochanan 19:14)
86 New Aramaic Readings vs. the Greek These bodies should not remain on stakes because the (Annual) Shabbat was closing ( ) (Yochanan 19:31) So explanation #1 (Aramaic) is that a process of mistranslation from Aramaic into Greek occurred. I will give the Greek explanation later on.
87
Misconception #2:
Yshua died on the 14 th of Abib
88 Yshua Died on 14 Abib? Purge out from you the old leaven that you may be a new mass, as you are unleavened. For our Paskha (Passover) is the Mashiyach, who was slain for us.
Therefore let us celebrate the festival, not with the old leaven, nor with the leaven of wickedness and bitterness, but with the leaven of purity and sanctity. (1 Corinthians 5:7-8-AENT)
89 Yshua Died on 14 Abib? The theory goes something like this 1) The Passover lamb is sacrificed late in the afternoon on the 14 th of Abib. 2) Messiah dies around 3 PM, the 9 th
hour of the day, which is also the time of the evening sacrifice. 3) So since he IS our Passover lamb, he had to die right at that time!
90 Yshua Died on 14 Abib? 3) Passover lasts a total of 8 Hebrew days, running concurrently with the Feast of Unleavened Bread. 4) Each day, from the evening of the 14 th to the evening of the 21 st , has a Passover sacrifice (Leviticus 23:8). Also the details of the lamb and Yshuas sacrifice dont match.
91 Yshua Died on 14 Abib? 5) The Passover lamb is killed quickly on the altar on the 14 th ; Yshua dies in agony after being scourged, whipped and tortured, and then is put on the stake for 6 hours. 6) The details reveal that the lamb is actually roasted and eaten on the night of the 15 th
92 Yshua Died on 14 Abib? 5) and anything left is destroyed on the altar at daybreak on the 15 th . The slow roasting followed by annihilation is a much closer metaphor to Yshuas suffering on the torture stake than slitting a lambs throat and having it bleed out and die within a few minutes. All of the cruel stuff happens on the 15 th !
93 Yshua Died on 14 Abib? 6) If Yshuas death was meant to bring us freedom from condemnation, it doesnt match the time of the actual Exodus! The Hebrews had to wait for the slaying of the Egyptian first born which was after midnight (Exodus 12:29), so whether they left in the dead of night or dawn, its the 15 th day they are freed, not the 14 th !
94 Yshua Died on 14 Abib? 7) Not surprisingly, the details dont match the Gospels either! The Passover begins late in the afternoon of the 14 th (more on this later) and the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread is that sunset, the start of the 15 th . Since Yshua clearly had his Passover seder, he is arrested after dark, on the 15 th !
95
Misconception #3:
Yshua died in the Year 33 ce
96 Yshua Died in 33 CE? The strength of this idea is it seems to be part of some of the earliest church traditions, at least from the 4 th century onwards. By this time in history, the Catholic Church was relying almost entirely on Greek and Latin versions of Scripture to produce their Biblical traditions and chronologies. 97 Yshua Died in 33 CE? What is very curious however is that even earlier traditions suggestat a minimumthat Matthew and Pauls letters were composed in the Hebrew dialect which most scholars agree refers to the Aramaic language. Also, centuries of anti-Semitic ideas had crept into their traditions. This made Jewish study very un-cool for the Church. 98 Yshua Died in 33 CE? As more time went on, the Catholics had little to no appreciation of the fact that while all Friday nights are Sabbaths, not all Sabbaths are Friday nights, and this we went over earlier. So because day of preparation was misunderstood, a Friday death date for Messiah tradition took hold. 99 Yshua Died in 33 CE? That bad tradition of course also goes against Matthew 12:40, which we reviewed at the start of this section. Therefore, the 33 CE date coalesced behind the Friday death date tradition, because in that year the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread fell on a Friday afternoon. 100 Yshua Died in 33 CE? From there, Catholic historians overlooked clear evidence of Luke counting co-regencies for the 15 th year of Tiberius and didnt even mention the 46 th year from rebuilding the Temple reference from John, since both facts proved them wrong. They focused only on counting Tiberius 15 th year from his solo rule, giving a 29-33 ministry range for Messiah.
101 Yshua Died in 33 CE? Centuries later, the Catholic Church continued shooting the arrow and drawing the target after it lands. They did this by trying to suggest that 95% of historians were wrong about Herod the Great dying in 4 BCE and made a ton of other errors, because the fact the church itself was off by 4-5 years on when most scholars believed Yshua was bornbad history! 102 Yshua Died in 33 CE? That error came about because a monk named Dionysus Exigius (Dennis the Little) couldnt even get the reigns of Roman Emperors right! He mad what I call a grade school mistake, and attributed 4 years to Octavian and about 55 years to Augustus. In reality, Octavian and Augustus were one and the same man, reigning right at Yshuas birth! 103
Misconception #4:
Passover starts after sunset on the 13 th of Abib
104 Passover begins sunset on the 13 th ? This idea also seems to make a lot of senseat first glance. Most of you know that the Hebrew day begins with sunset, therefore, it would make sense that all Appointed Times/Feasts would also start at sunset. While that is generally true, there are at least two exceptions 105 Passover begins sunset on the 13 th ? 'But the 10 th day of this 7 th month will be the Day of Expiation (or, Atonement). You will hold a sacred assembly. You will fast and offer food burnt for Yahweh. You will do no work that day, for it is the Day of Expiation, on which the rite of expiation will be performed for you before Yahweh your God. Anyone 106 Passover begins sunset on the 13 th ? who fails to fast that day will be outlawed from his people; anyone who works that day I shall eliminate from his people. No work will be done -- this is a perpetual law for your descendants wherever you live. It must be a day of complete rest for you. You will fast; on the evening of the 9 th day of the month, from this 107 Passover begins sunset on the 13 th ? evening till the following evening, you will rest completely.' (Leviticus 23:27-32 NJB) So while the 10 th day of the 7 th
month is the time of Yom Kippur, the fast that is attached to it actually begins late in the afternoon, on the 9 th day of Tishri, and then takes over for all of the 10 th day. 108 Passover begins sunset on the 13 th ? The second exception is Passover itself, because like Yom Kippur, there was a ritual attached to before it started. Lets see this up close! You shall keep it until the 14 th day of the same month, then the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel is to kill it at twilight (erev). (Exodus 12:6-NJB)
109 Passover begins sunset on the 13 th ? So while the Hebrew day, the 14 th of Abib, started at sunset on the 13 th , the time of the Passover offering is very late in the day21 hours after the 14 th started. Like Yom Kippur, it is the remaining hours before sunset on the official day, that begins the offering, and then the Feast begins and runs 7 more days. 110 Passover begins sunset on the 13 th ? The key to seeing this more clearly is the more precise timing given in Deuteronomy You shall sacrifice the Passover in the evening at sunset (baarev kivoa ha- shemesh/ ) at the time that you came out of Egypt. (Deuteronomy 16:6 NAU)
111 Passover begins sunset on the 13 th ? baarev kivoa ha-shemesh = Literally, through the afternoon, (at) the going down of the sun. This is absolutely precise and indisputable language. Once the sun set on the 13 th of Abib, another sunrise and another afternoon happened, and only then is the sun going down. Its the 14 th going into the 15 th , not the 13 th into the 14 th . 112
Misconception #5:
Yshua died on a WednesdaY and rose on/after shabbat
113 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? Often in Hebrew Roots studies we find a very strong reaction against western Christian tradition which in many cases is justified. Yshua wasnt born on December 25 th , pagan false deities Mithras and Invictus were; Yshua and Paul were condemning Oral Law, not Torah, and so on down the list. 114 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? But in at least one case (IMHO) we in HR may have reached a bit too far, by promoting the idea that Yshua died on a Wednesday and rose after Shabbat concluded Saturday night. Others in HR say Yshua rose technically while that Shabbat was still going on, so I will deal with that variation first 115 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? Now in the closing (evening) of the Sabbath, as the first of the week was dawning, came Maryam of Magdala and the other Maryam that they might see the grave. (Matthew 28:1-AENT) And when the Shabbat had passed, Maryam of Magdala and Maryam the mother of Ya'akov and Shalom 116 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? bought spices that they might come to anoint him. And at early morning on the first of the week, they came to the cemetery as the sun was rising. (Mark 16:1-2-AENT) Now on the first day of the week, at dawn while still dark, they came to the tomb and brought the spices. (Luke 24:1-AENT)
117 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? On the first of the week, in the morning while it was dark, Maryam of Magdala came to the tomb and saw that the stone was removed from the grave. (John 20:1-AENT) Okay so step 1 is easy enough. All four Gospels call the resurrection on the first day of the weekno earlier than sunset on Saturday night.
N 118 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? But what about the contention that the Saturday sun had just set at resurrection, and that Yshua was risen 12 hours before his empty tomb was discovered? As one friend pointed out to me some years ago, there were no apostles actually at the tomb the moment he rose in real time.
119 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? Fair enoughbut there were two witnesses to the resurrection time Then again Y'shua cried out with a loud voice and gave up his spirit. And immediately, the curtains at the door of the temple were torn in two from the top to the bottom. And the earth was shaken and the rocks were split. (Matthew 27:51-52- AENT)
120 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? Fair enoughbut there were two witnesses to the resurrection time Now in the closing (evening)of the Sabbath, as the first of the week was dawning, came Maryam of Magdala and the other Maryam that they might see the grave. And behold a great earthquake occurred for a Messenger of Master YHWH
121 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? descended from heaven and came and rolled away the boulder from the entrance, and he was sitting upon it. (Matthew 28:1-2-AENT) In the case of earthquake #1, we are given a precise time of day (3 PM) and it happens immediately after an important event (Yshuas death). So if one earthquake marks his death.
122 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? why wouldnt the second earthquake mark the precise timing of his rising from the dead?!? The Gospels totally support this idea 1) All four Gospels say the first day of the week had already started. 2) All agree the sun rose as the women were on the way, even if they began in darkness (John 20:1).
123 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? 3) Therefore the darkness must be at the end of the night, not at the beginning of Saturday night. 4) Women would not travel generally without male escort after dark, but they might do it if the dark was about to give way to dawn, as Mark 16:2 indicates. Also, all agree that the dawn came AFTER the first day of the week started!
124 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? The principal objection to this very clear calendar info in the Gospels is a resentment towards the Church erroneously changing the Shabbat from Saturday to Sunday, chiefly on the basis of the resurrection timing. If the Christians could be convinced it was really Saturday night, the hope is they would see the Shabbat never changed.
125 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? Another source of annoyance in HR circles is that Sunday also was linked to paganism and Constantine, which is widely held to have perverted the Gospel message and taught the lie that Torah had passed away. Therefore a Saturday resurrection just after Shabbatthey said would even the playing field.
126 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? And, as much as I also hate those same excesses on the Christian side and love my Hebrew Roots family, sorry guys, you are wrong and the Christians are right hereYshua rose at dawn on Sunday morning. Also, the first day of the week isnt always about paganismkosher things happen then too!
127 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? The other major problem is at the beginning of the timelineYshua laid in the tomb Wednesday afternoonwhich would have to be true to support a Saturday night resurrection. But astronomy and the calendar forbids this, and ironically for some of the same reasons that caused the Church to be wrong earlier!
128 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? We saw before how Yshua was alive all day on 14 Abibgiving his seder before the sun set and he was arrestedin the early hours of the 15 th . The same facts disprove a Wednesday death, because in 30 CE Wednesday was the 14 th of Abib, meaning Yshua had to die the following afternoon.
129 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? I have personally run the numbers for every possible calendar calculation school except the Karaites because there is no way to know when they thought the barley was ripe 2,000 years ago, though we can make a highly probable and educated guess. In every case, the date of the 14 th is immovable: Wednesday night even by the crescent.
130 Wednesday to Saturday Passion? Therefore, Yshua cannot die on a Wednesday, just as a Friday death is also impossible. That leaves only one possible date because only 30 CE lines up with data in Daniel, Luke and John: Yshua must die on the afternoon of Thurs, April 4 th and resurrect at dawn, Sun, April 7 th .
131 When Did Yshua Die?
Sifting Truth from Tradition, Part 3 Andrew Gabriel Roth
Misconception #6:
3 days and 3 nights must equal exactly 72 hours
133 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours? The first thing we need to realize is that an hour in ancient times was not always equal to 60 minutesin fact it would almost NEVER be exactly that long! This is because the hour was intended to be 1/12 th of the period of time between sun rise and sunset, and the lengths of days varied throughout the year.
134 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours? For example, for my little part of Georgia in 2014, the sun sets on June 21 st at 8:51 PM and the day is 14 hours, 24 minutes and 0 seconds long but on December 21 st the sun will set in the Atlanta area at 5:33 PM, and this day is only 9 hours, 54 minutes and 31 seconds long.
135 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours? The difference between the hours of daylight on these two days is 4 hours, 29 minutes and 29 seconds, so lets round up to 4 hours, or 270 minutes. Divide 270 by 12 and you get a maximum variance of an hour as 22 minutes, 30 seconds; meaning an hour as long as 71 minutes and short as 48 minutes.
136 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours? The point is of course we cannot take our hours and apply them as only 60 minutes long to those in the ancient world. 60 minutes is an average for them only. In fact, only near the equinoxes will the hours they knew match the time we now measure as an hour, and even then, it is not perfect.
137 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours?
The other issue is that Scripture uses something I call fractional reckoning, which means that any part of a day before sunset, counts as 1 day in a series of days. Lets see this up close 138 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours? 'You must not exploit a poor and needy wage-earner, be he one of your brothers or a foreigner resident. You must pay him his wages each day, not allowing the sun to set before you do, since he, being poor, needs them badly; otherwise he may appeal to Yahweh against you, and you would incur guilt. (Deuteronomy 24:14-15 NJB) 139 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours? 'If a man guilty of a capital offense is to be put to death, and you hang him from a tree, his body must not remain on the tree overnight; you must bury him the same day. (Deuteronomy 21:22-23 NJB) Also noting the parable in Matthew 20, where even workers who came at the 11 th hour were paid on the day for the full day.
140 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours? Therefore the timeline from death to resurrection is as follows Day 1: Thurs at 3 PM to sunset. Night 1: Thurs sunset to Fri dawn. Day 2: Fri dawn to sunset. Night 2: Fri sunset to Sat dawn. Day 3: Sat dawn to sunset. Night 3: Sat sunset to Sun dawn.
141 3 Days and 3 Nights always 72 hours?
And remember Its 3 days and 3 nights, not 3 nights and 3 days!
142
Misconception #7:
There is no way to reconcile johns timeline (18:28) With the other gospels
143 Johnny Come Lately? Here is the problem in a nutshell Matthew, Mark and Luke share the same timeline: The disciples make preparations for the Passover on the afternoon of the 14 th , Yshua does the seder well into the start of the 15 th , when he is arrested and judged early that morning. But John seem to rebel from the others
144 Johnny Come Lately? And they brought Y'shua from the presence of Qayapa into the Praetorium, and it was morning and they did not enter into the Praetorium, that they not be defiled before they had eaten the Paskha. (John 18:28-AENT) So 15 hours after Pesach started, the Pharisees had not ate their lamb! 145 Johnny Come Lately? This was also in direct violation of Exodus 34:25 and Deuteronomy 16:4, which specified that none of the sacrifice was to be left over or eaten past daybreak on the 15 th . So knowing that, why would some leading teachers in Israel assemble just past daybreak in John 18 and not eat the Passover lamb? First, Oral Law allowed an extension 146 Johnny Come Lately? A festal offering derives from the flock of sheep or from the herd of oxen, from lambs or from goats, from males or from females, and is eaten for two days and the intervening night, to the night of the 15 th of Nisan. The Mishnah by Jacob Neusner, Pesachim 6:4, p. 240. Josephus explains a little further
147 Johnny Come Lately? So these high priests, upon the coming of that feast which is called the Passover, when they slay their sacrifices, from the 9 th hour till the 11 th , but so that a company not less than 10 belong to every sacrifice, (for it is not lawful for them to feast singly by themselves,) and many of us are 20 in a company, found the number of sacrifices was 256,500 148 Johnny Come Lately? which, upon the allowance of no more than ten that feast together, amounts to 2,700,200 persons that were pure and holy. (Josephus, The Jewish War, 6:423-425) So these priests have 2 hours to help slaughter more than a quarter of a million lambsleaving precious time for them to do so for themselves before sunset. 149 Johnny Come Lately? I believe this was one of the reasons for extending the rule and allowing the Pharisees to also wait until sunset on the 15 th to slaughter the lamb they were supposed to have had the night before, when Yshua and the rest of Israel was doing the feast at the right time! However, other factors and explained by this man. 150 Johnny Come Lately? Few expressions have given rise to more earnest controversy than this. On two things at least we can speak with certainty. Entrance into a heathen house did Levitically render impure for that day - that is, till the evening. The fact of such defilement is clearly attested both in the New Testament and in the Mishnah, though its reasons might be various. A person who had 151 Johnny Come Lately? so become Levitically unclean was technically called tebul yom (bathed of the day). The other point is, that, to have so become impure for the day, would not have disqualified for eating the Paschal Lamb, since the meal was partaken of after the evening, and when a new day had begun. In fact, it is distinctly laid down that the bathed of the day, that is, he who had been 152 Johnny Come Lately? impure for the day and had bathed in the evening, did partake of the Paschal Supper, and an instance is related, when some soldiers who had guarded the gates of Jerusalem immersed, and ate the Paschal Lamb. It follows that those Sanhedrists could not have abstained from entering the Palace of Pilate because by so doing they would have been disqualified for 153 Johnny Come Lately? the Paschal Supper. The point is of importance, because many writers have interpreted the expression the Passover as referring to the Paschal Supper, and have argued that, according to the Fourth Gospel, our Lord did not on the previous evening partake of the Paschal Lamb, or else that in this respect the account of the Fourth Gospel does not accord with
154 Johnny Come Lately? that of the Synoptists. But as, for the reason just stated, it is impossible to refer the expression Passover to the Paschal Supper, we have only to inquire whether the term is not also applied to other offerings. And here both the Old Testament and Jewish writings show, that the term pesah, or Passover, 155 Johnny Come Lately? was applied not only to the Paschal Lamb, but to all the Passover sacrifices, especially, to, what was called the hagigah, or festive offering (from hag, or hagag, to bring the festive sacrifice usual at each of the three Great Feasts). Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, Bk V, Ch 14
156 Johnny Come Lately? Edersheim, an Orthodox Jew and Talmudic scholar who converted to Christianity, concludes: We can therefore quite understand that, not on the eve of the Passover, but on the first Paschal day, the Sanhedrists would avoid incurring a defilement which, lasting till the evening, would not 157 Johnny Come Lately? only have involved them in the inconvenience of Levitical defilement on the first festive day, but have actually prevented their offering on that day the Passover, festive sacrifice, or hagigah. John is therefore not running behind. Most did their Pesach on the 14 th and rules exist to explain why some may have waited a day.
158
Misconception #8:
Even if aramaic explains preparation daY is not a Friday, I believe in the greek NT and it disagrees with you!
159 No Explanation from the Greek? Here is, I believe, the most remarkable Messianic prophecy that you have never heard of before Yahweh has sworn by the pride of Jacob, 'Never will I forget anything they have done. Will not the earth tremble for this and all who live on it lament, as it all rises together like the Nile in Egypt, it swells and then 160 No Explanation from the Greek? subsides like the Egyptian Nile? 'On that Day- declares the Lord Yahweh- I shall make the sun go down at noon and darken the earth in broad daylight. I shall turn your festivals into mourning and all your singing into lamentation; I shall make you all wear sacking round your waists and have all your heads shaved. I shall make it like the 161 No Explanation from the Greek? mourning for an only child, and it will end like the bitterest of days. 'The days are coming- declares the Lord Yahweh- when I shall send a famine on the country, not hunger for food, not thirst for water, but famine for hearing Yahweh's word. People will stagger from sea to sea, will wander from the north to the east, searching for Yahweh's word, but will not find it. 162 No Explanation from the Greek? Also notice the reference to the Nile rising and falling? While that normally happens at the start of summer with the annual inundation, the Nile also overflowedwith blood and frogs spilling on to the landjust before Exodus. And of course Exodus (and the plagues) are commemorated at Pesach!
163 No Explanation from the Greek? 'That Day, fine girls and stalwart youths will faint from thirst. The people who swear by the Sin of Samaria, who say, "Long live your god, Dan!" and "Hurrah for the pilgrimage to Beersheba!" will all fall, never to rise again.(Amos 8:7-14 NJB) So first of all, Abba YHWH declared He will never forget His people. Similar words preceded Exodus
164 No Explanation from the Greek? Then Abba YHWH says He will make the sun go down at noonthe 6 th hourand three Gospels tell us the sun got darkened at noon and didnt come back until the 9 th hour. I will come back to that fact, but lets look at the rest of the prophecy first. Turn festivals into mourning = Yshua dies at the Feast of Unleavened Bread and says
165 No Explanation from the Greek? Women, dont weep for meweep for yourselves and your children. (Luke 23:28) I shall make it like the mourning for an only childand they are mourning the death of the Only Begotten Son who is pierced while containing Abba YHWHs Ruach (Zechariah 12:10, Isaiah 11:1-2)!
166 No Explanation from the Greek? famine for hearing Elohims word = Because the Word made flesh who said my food is to do the will of my Father (John 6:34) has died, resurrected and ascended to heaven. Without the spiritual revelation from the Father, no one can hear the Word made flesh speak!
167 No Explanation from the Greek? And finally the death of Dan and Beersheba is about several things. First, Yshua went through Samaria in John 4 to bring the Gospel to Beersheba (Jacobs well, probably dug by his father IsaacGenesis 26, 46), and this also involved the purging of paganism (like Dan), by calling people to worship the Father in spirit and in truth! (John 4)
168 No Explanation from the Greek? In any case, the next three slides will tell this story in great detail. I encourage all of you to take your time in reviewing them at your own pace, but heres the headlines for now. Amos said the sun would grow dark at noonwhich happened at the execution site of Yshua.
169 No Explanation from the Greek? Then, when it happens it looks like the day ended early, sunset at noon. So while the Pharisees and others started their Thursday, once the sun goes down, it is thought to be the next Hebrew day (Friday/day 6). When the sun returns at 3 PM, it is thought to now be Friday afternoon!
170 No Explanation from the Greek? The reality is the sun didnt actually go down and end the day, but Abba YHWH put His hand over it and covered it. And so when its 3 PM, the sun just keeps going down as it normally would as Yshua dies and then is taken for burial. So now folks think the week is ending and the Shabbat is dawning/beginning!
171 No Explanation from the Greek? Later of course the people there would realize their mistake, that the miracle was only a local one, but the Gospels still recorded what the people there actually thought at that moment. Then when the original witnesses died, and most of these were against Messiah, confusion crept in. The slides follow right now
172
Misconception #10:
Sunday dawn resurrection proves the Sabbath was moved to sunday
176 Sunday Resurrection = Sunday Sabbath Move? As I indicated earlier, there are many places where Yshua commanded Torah observance (Matthew 5:17-19, Mark 12:28-34, Luke 16:17 and John 5:45-47; 7:19). Paul also was a great advocate for Torah as showing the boundary of righteous and wicked behavior (Acts 24:12-14, Romans 3:31; 7:12-14)
177 Sunday Resurrection = Sunday Sabbath Move? And even in places when the disciples did get together on the first day of the week, nowhere do they say the Shabbat was moved or replaced. Instead, it was customary to close out the Shabbat with an evening meal called havdilah which started Saturday sunsetthe first day of the week (Acts 20:7).
178 Sunday Resurrection = Sunday Sabbath Move? So just as many in my faith walk err IMHO that Yshua could NOT have rose on a Sunday because thats paganism, so too have many Christians fell into error by declaring the Shabbat switched over or irrelevant. Often what seems to be NT statements against Torah are actually against Oral Law.
179 Sunday Resurrection = Sunday Sabbath Move? Getting in to many specifics on this point goes outside our scope, but some relevant examples of Oral Law not written Torahas being made obsolete include: Matthew 15:1-2, Mark 7:9-13 (which is not about kosher food), 1 Peter 1:16-18 and many others that I will be happy to go over at another time. Meanwhile it is time for
180
conclusions
181 Conclusions And so, when we put it all together, I believe the picture becomes crystal clear and beautiful. The only confusion that comes about then is through a lack of study of both the Scripture and the historical backdrop that surrounds it. But Abba YHWH has left enough witnesses to let us know what really happened! Praise YAH!