DrivingForce

Module05

Lecture34

Module05:PinchDesignMethodforHENsynthesis
Lecture34:Drivingforceplot
Keywords:Drivingforceplot,HEN,

Ithasbeenseenthatifaproblemhasmorethanonefeasiblesolutionthenallsolutionsexhibit
differentareaofHEN.Toanswerwhythishappens,Lecture34isdeveloped.Theabovefactwill
be demonstrated through a three stream problem given in Table 5.12. The hot and cold
compositecurveoftheproblemisshowninFig.5.67.Fromthefigureitcanbeseenthatitisa
balancedcompositecurveanddonotrequireutility.Thisproblemhasthreefeasiblesolutions
namedDesign1,Design2andDesign3showninFig.5.68(a),(b)and(c)respectively..

Table5.12Athreestreamproblemtodemonstrate
StreamNo.&Type
Hot1
Hot2
Cold1
U=0.11kW/(m2C)

CP(kW/K)
2
4
5

ActualTemperatures(0C)
SupplyTemp.
TargetTemp.
180
140
165
105
80
144

Coldcomposite
CorrespondingHot
temp
comp.temp.

100
130
120
150

140
170
170

Datafordrivingforceplot

150

T=30
130

T=30

Fig.5.67Hot&ColdcompositecurvesforprobleminTable5.12

DrivingForce

Module05

Lecture34

180

HX4

CP(kW/C) H(kW)
140

2
80

HX3

165
105

Hot
3
4
240

Design1

144
80
Cold1a

Cold
4
5
320
CP=1.25

80
3 Cold1b

240kW

(a)
CP(kW/C) H(kW)
HX1

180
140
Hot
1
2
80

Design2

HX2
165
105
Hot

2
4
240

144
128
80
Cold 5

1
2
320

240kW
80kW
(b)

CP(kW/C) H(kW)
HX1
HX4

167.5
180
140
Hot
1
80
4
2

Design3

HX3
HX2
165
105
142.5
Hot
240
4
3
2

144
110
139154Cold1a
80
Cold 5

1
2
320
CP=1.25 4

55kW
150kW
25kW134 3
Cold1b

90kW

(b)

Fig.5.68ThreealternateHENdesignsforprobleminTable5.12

Hot

DrivingForce

Module05

Lecture34

ThetemperatureprofilesofheatexchangersofheatexchangersinDegin1,Design2and
Design3areshowninFigs.5.69to5.71.

T,C

T,C

180
165

144
144
HX4
140
HX3

105

80
80

80,kW
240kW

H,kW
150
0
50
100
200

Fig.5.69HENasperFig5.68(a)(Sl.No.1ofTableNo.5.13)

180

165

HX1
144
140

HX2
128
105

80

80,kW

240kW

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
H,kW

Fig.5.70HeatExchangerconfigurationinFig.5.68(b)(S.No.2ofTableNo.5.13)

DrivingForce

240
220
200

T,C

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
0

Module05

Lecture34

Cold1

Hot2

Cold1a
Hot
Hot
Hot
HX1
Hot1

HX4
HX3
Cold1b
Cold1

Hot2
Hot2
Cold1b

Cold1a
HX2
Cold1

Hot1

Cold1
25kW
55
150
90kW

50
100
150
200
250
300
350

H,kW

Fig.5.71HENconfigurationasper Fig.5.68(c)(
Sl.No.3 ofTableNo.5.13)

Table5.13VariationofHENareawithdifferentloadsoftheexchanger
S.No.

HXNo.

1
2
3

LoadsonHeatExchangers

Area(Sq.m)

(T)ln,C

0
80
25

0
240
150

240
0
90

80 0.0
0 21.8
55 32.1

0.0
30.6
28.6

22.9
0.0
29.1

47.0
0.0
29.2

0.0
33.3
7.1

0.0
71.3
47.7

Total
Area(m2)

95.1 15.5
0.0 0.0
28.1 17.1

110.6
104.6
100.0

ItcanbeseenthattheHENdesigninFig.5.68(a)requireshighestareafollowedbydeigngivenin
Fig.5.68(b).DesigninFig.5.68(c)showslowestarea.Thereasonforthisshouldbeinvestigated.
ThisphenomenacanbeexplainedthroughDrivingforceplot.

TheDrivingForcePlotprovidesarapidandeasytouseguidelinefordesigningnetworkswhich
areclosetominimumarea.However,itisonlyaguidelineanddoesnotprovidequantitative
information.

Fig.5.72showsthedrivingforceplotcreatedbyHINTsoftware.Themethodofitsdrawingisto
someextentshowninFig.5.67&5.72.Nowthisdrawingwillbeusedtoshowinwhichdesign
howmuchavailabledrivingforcehasbeenutilizedbytheheatexchangers.

DrivingForce

Module05

Lecture34

Availabledrivingforcetobe
utilizedthroughpropermatch
placement
T=30

T=30

45line

Fig.5.72DrivingforceplotforprobleminTable5.12

180
165

HX4(80kW)
HX3(240kW)

105

Design1

DrivingForce

Module05

Lecture34

HX1

80kW

140

180

HX2(240kW)

105
165

144

Fig.5.74DrivingforceplotforexchangersgiveninFig.5.68(b)

FromFigs.5.72to5.75itisclearthattheexchangersinDesign3(Fig.5.68(c))utilizethedriving
availableforceproperlyandthusresultsinminimumareaof100m2.Theareatargetforthe
aboveproblemtakingverticalheattransferpredicts99.937m2.Thisareaisquiteclosetothe
areaofdesign3.Further,theareaisnotonlydependsonthedrivingforceutilizationbutalso
ontheloadofheatexchangerwhichisutilizingit.Adequatedrivingforceutilizationbyasmall
heat exchanger does not contribute much towards the total area as can be seen from the
Fig.5.73 in which the exchanger 4 (80 kW) is utilizing, in fact, more than the available driving
forcebutthetotalareaofthedesign1is110.6m2.

Further, area targeting is based on vertical heat transfer from hot composite curve to cold
compositecurve.Ifthefilmsideheattransfercoefficientsofstreamsdonotdifferappreciably,
as in the present case, this method predictsminimum area for most cases. Under the above
condition matches placed in the HEN will mimic vertical heat transfer between composite
curvesanditsareawillbeclosetotheareatargetasobservedinthiscaseinTable5.13.

Design2

DrivingForce

Module05

Lecture34

180

Hx1(25kW)

167.5

Hx4(55kW)
165

142.5

Hx3(90 kW)

105
Hx2(150kW)

140

Fig.5.75DrivingforceplotforexchangersgiveninFig.5.68(c)

Example2[6]
TheexampleshownbelowinTable5.14isconsideredtoexhibittheroleofdrivingforceplotto
diagnosetheeffectofpoorandproperutilizationofavailabledrivingforceanditseffectonHEN
area.

Table5.14Afivestreamproblem
ActualTemperatures(0C)
StreamNo.&Type
CP(kW/K)
SupplyTemp.
TargetTemp.
Hot1
3.8
200
35
Hot2
2.0
200
20
Cold1
4.0
30
180
Cold2
532
50
51
Cold3
2.2
10
180
U=0.100kW/(m2C);Hotutility(hotoil)=230C200C;Coldutility(Chilledwater)=1C15C
Hotutilityrequirement=534kW;Coolingduty=15kW

Design3

DrivingForce

Module05

Lecture34

Fig5.76GriddiagramofstreamincludingutilitiesforprobleminTable5.14

(CPH/CPC)abovepinch =((3.8+2)/(4+2.2))=0.935

Streamsthatstartorcrossthepinchareconsidered

Tmin=10C

Pinch

Fig.5.77HotandcoldbalancedcompositecurveforprobleminTable5.14

DrivingForce

Module05

Fig.5.78DrivingforceplotforprobleminTable5.14

Lecture34

The grid diagram of the problem in Table 5.14 is shown Fig. 5.76. This includes the utility
streams.ThebalancedhotandcoldcompositecurvesareshowninFig.5.77.Itindicatesthatthe
(CPH/CPC)abovepinch=((3.8+2)/(4+2.2))=0.935,Forthecomputationofaboveresultthestreams
whicheitherstartfrompinchorcrossthepinchareconsidered.Fig.5.78showsthedrivingforce
plot for the problem in Table 5.14 drawn using software HINT. The above pinch ( Hot end)
regionoftheproblemconsideredforthedesignandtwofeasibledesignsonecalledDesignA
andotherDesignBaregenerated.Fig.5.79showsDesignAandthatFig.5.80showsDesign
B.DesignAclaimsareaof3975m2whereasforDesignBitis7130m2,asincreaseof79%.
Tofigureoutthepossiblereasonsforthisincrease,thedrivingforceconsumptionofexchangers
inthesedesignsareplottedonthedrivingforceplot.FromFig.5.81,whichisforDesignAit
canbeseenthattheexchangersareutilizingtheavailabledrivingforceproperly,whereasfor
DesignB the exchangers EX1(600 kW) and EX2(320kW) having fairly large duty are under
utilize driving forces away from the pinch. Away from the pinch, DesignB shows a poorer
overallfittothedrivingforceplot.Thesematchesaretheirdutieswereestablishedusingthe
tickoff heuristic [3] for obtaining minimum number of units in the design. Due to this, the
areaoftheHENrepresentingDesignBis79%largethanDesignA.

TheDrivingForcePlotprovidesarapidandeasytouseguidelinefordesigningnetworkswhich
are cIose to minimum area. However, it is only a qualitative tool and does not provide
quantitative information due to the fact that it works in temperatures only, neglecting the
effectofdutyonheatexchangearea.

DrivingForce

Area=
2

3975m

AbovePinch

(HotEnd)
NHNC
CPHCP
C
3.8
532

2.0
4.0

2.2
HOT
COLD

240

Module05
pinch
40C 30C
EX1

PinchExchanger
EX4

200

Lecture34

60

35

EX3 62 EX2

200

180

H1

118

76

276

248

50
532

180

20

49

51

H2

44

2.0

320

4.0

600

532

532

5 2.2

330

30 3

(CPH/CPC)EX1=0.950
(CPH/CPC)EX2=0.909
10

50

CP(kW/C)H(kW)
Hotend
3.8
608

DesignA

286
Fig.5.79Alternatedesign,DesignAforprobleminTable5.14

EX4

H1
EX3
H2

EX2
EX1

DesignA
Properutilizationofdriving
forcebyexchangers
decreaseareaofHEN

Fig.5.81HeatExchangersplottedonaDrivingforcediagramforFig.5.79

190

DrivingForce

Area=
2

7130m

AbovePinch
(HotEnd)
NHNC
CPHCPC

3.8
532
2.0
4.0

2.2
HOT
COLD

240

Module05

Lecture34

pinch
40C 30C
EX1

PinchExchanger
EX3 197.89

200

EX2

200

2.0

320

4.0

600

532

532

5 2.2

330

30 3
600
H1
524

180

35

20

180

51

CP(kW/C)H(kW)
Hotend
3.8
608

H2

50.02

50

08

(CPH/CPC)EX1=0.950
(CPH/CPC)EX2=0.909
10

175.45
320

DesignB

10
Fig.5.80Alternatedesign,DesignBforprobleminTable5.14

H1
EX3

H1
EX2

EX1

DesignB
Poorutilizationofdriving
forcebyexchangers
increasesareaofHEN
190

Fig 5 81 Heat Exchangers plotted on a Driving force diagram for Fig 5 80

DrivingForce

Module05

Lecture34

Refernces
1. AngelMartn*,FidelA.Mato,Hint:Aneducationalsoftwareforheatexchanger
networkdesignwiththepinchmethod,educationforchemicalengineers3(2008)e6
e14
2. Linnhoff,B.andFlower,J.R.,1978,Synthesisofheatexchangernetworks,AIChEJ,24(4):
633.
3. Linnhoff,B.andHindmarsh,E.,1983,Thepinchdesignmethodforheatexchanger
networks,ChemEngSci,38(5):745.
4. Linnhoff,B.,Townsend,D.W.,Boland,D.,Hewitt,G.F.,Thomas,B.E.A.,Guy,A.R.and
Marsland,R.H.,1994,AUserGuideonProcessIntegrationfortheEfficientUseof
Energy.(TheInstitutionofChemicalEngineers,Rugby,Warks,UK).
5. Smith,R.2005,ChemicalProcess:DesignandIntegration(seconded.),(J.Wiley,JWiley.
6. B.LINNHOFFandS.AHMAD,Costoptimumheatexchangernetworksl.minimumenergy
andcapitalusingsimplemodelsforcapitalcost,Computersthem.Engng,Vol.14,No.7,
pp.729750,1990