1

Reservoir Simulation
Khaled FEKI
K.FEKI
2
THE CHALLENGE OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION
K.FEKI
3
DYNAMIC RESERVOIR SIMULATION
K.FEKI
4
Incentives for running a flow simulation
K.FEKI
5
Computer Modeling
The reservoir model Fluid flow Equation within the reservoir
The reservoir is modeled by subdividing the reservoir
volume into an array, or grid, of smaller volume
elements, which called: gridblock, cell, or node.

The well model Fluid flow that represents the extraction of fluids from
the reservoir or the injection of fluids into the reservoir

The well bore mode Fluid flow from the sand face to the surface

The surface model constraints associated with surface facilities, such
as platform and separator limitations
K.FEKI
6
Reservoir simulator
K.FEKI
7
Reservoir simulation model
K.FEKI
8
Reservoir simulation model
K.FEKI
9
Main modeled phenomena
K.FEKI
10
Definitions
K.FEKI
11
Types of models
K.FEKI
12
Types of simulators
K.FEKI
13
Types of simulators
K.FEKI
14
Black Oil model
K.FEKI
15
NUMERICAL MODELS: DISCRETIZATION
K.FEKI
16
Reservoir Simulation PLANNING
K.FEKI
17
A question of Scale
K.FEKI
18
Prediction Future performance
History Matching
Prediction
Geological Model
Reservoir Simulation Model
Reduce Operation Expenses
Increase Recovery
K.FEKI
19
Problem definition
K.FEKI
20
Data review
K.FEKI
21
Main Types of Data
K.FEKI
22
Study approach
K.FEKI
23
Study approach
K.FEKI
24
GRID TYPES
K.FEKI
25
GRID TYPES
K.FEKI
26
Sugar box geometry
K.FEKI
27
Sugar box geometry
K.FEKI
28
Corner point geometry
K.FEKI
29
Reservoir description : PROPERTIES
K.FEKI
30
Reservoir description : PROPERTIES
K.FEKI
31
Reservoir Discritization

Defination: the reservoir is described by a set of gridblocks (or
gridpoints) whose properties, dimensions, boundaries, and locations in the
reservoir are well defined.

Block centered grid
Point distributed grid
X
Y
i i+1 i-1
X
K.FEKI
32
Block Identification and Ordering
K.FEKI
33
Block Identification and Ordering
Natural ordering
Zebra ordering
Diagonal D2 ordering
Alternating diagonal
D4 ordering
Cycle ordering
Cycle-2 ordering
K.FEKI
34
GRID SIZE SELECTION
K.FEKI
35
ACTIVE and DEAD CELLS
K.FEKI
36
GEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS
K.FEKI
37
CHOICE OF VERTICAL DISCRETIZATION
K.FEKI
38
Using LGR to model gas coning
K.FEKI
39
Block-centered grid
K.FEKI
40
Block-centered grid
K.FEKI
41
Block-centered grid
K.FEKI
42
Dip or fault ?
K.FEKI
43
CPG grid intercell flow
K.FEKI
44
Fault description in CPG grid
K.FEKI
45
Example of CPG reservoir model
K.FEKI
46
Fault description in CPG grid
K.FEKI
47
Reservoir layering: Use of log Correlation
K.FEKI
48
Upscaling
Optimum level of
and techniques
for upscaling to
minimize errors
Gurpinar, 2001
Khalid Aziz, Petroleum reservoir simulation
K.FEKI
49
Rock properties: Main parameters
K.FEKI
50
Rock properties: Net thickness and porosity
K.FEKI
51
Rock properties: Compressibility
K.FEKI
52
Rock properties: Compressibility
K.FEKI
53
Horizontal & Vertical Permeability
K.FEKI
54
Horizontal Permeability
K.FEKI
55
Vertical Permeability
K.FEKI
56
History Matching
K.FEKI
57
History Matching
K.FEKI
58
History Matching
K.FEKI
59
FIRST STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 1
K.FEKI
60
FINAL STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 3
K.FEKI
61
Predictions
K.FEKI
62
Predictions
K.FEKI
63
Predictions
K.FEKI
64
Fluid flow equations
Conservation laws
Conservation in mass
Assume:
Isothermal condition
complete and instantaneous phase equilibration in each cell
Conservation in energy
Conservation in momentum
Additional constraints
Wells and facilities
Large number of non-linear equations
K.FEKI
65
Fluid flow equations
Type of fluid in the reservoir
Flow regimes
Reservoir geometry
Number of flowing fluids in the reservoir
Incompressible
Slightly compressible
Compressible
Steady State flow
Unsteady State flow
Pseudo Steady State flow
Radial flow
Linear flow
Spherical and Hemispherical flow
Single Phase flow
Two phase flow
Three phase flow
K.FEKI
66
IN OUT
Reservoir Simulator
Pressure
Saturation
Newton-Raphson (IMPLICIT)
all primary variables are calculated at the same time.

IMplicit Pressure Explicit Saturation (IMPES)
The IMPES procedure solves for pressure at the new time level using
saturations at the old time level, and then uses the pressures at the
new time level to explicitly calculate saturations at the new time level
K.FEKI
67
Numerical Models
Black oil model
Depletion
Water Injection
o Component: oil water gas
o Phase: Oil water gas
Gas injection to increase or maintain reservoir pressure
Miscible flooding as the injection gas goes into solution with oil
Carbon dioxide flooding, with the gas soluble in both oil and water
Thick reservoirs with a compositional gradient caused by gravity
Reservoirs with fluid compositions near the bubblepoint
High-pressure, high temperature reservoirs
Natural-fracture reservoir modeling.
o Component: C1,C2, .So2,H2S,N2,..
o Phase: Oil water gas
Polymer and surfactant injection
o Component: Water oil surfactant alcohol
o Phase: Agues oleic microemulsion
Compositional model
Chemical model
K.FEKI
68
Reservoir simulators
ECLIPSE
GPRS
SENSOR
NEXUS
UTCHEM
Boast 3
COMET3

Objective
Accuracy
Time
Limitations
User friendly
Easy to integrate

K.FEKI
69
Commercial reservoir simulator for over 25 years

Black-oil
Compositional
Thermal
Streamline


Eclipse reservoir simulator
K.FEKI
70
Eclipse reservoir simulator
Local Grid Refinement
Gas Lift Optimization
Gas Field Operations
Gas Calorific Value-Based
Control
Geomechanics
Coalbed Methane
Networks
Reservoir Coupling
Flux Boundary
Environmental Traces
Open-ECLIPSE Developer's Kit
Pseudo-Compositional
EOR Foam
EOR Polymer
EOR Solvent
EOR Surfactant
Wellbore Friction
Multisegmented Wells
Unencoded Gradients
Parallel ECLIPSE
K.FEKI
71
Grid definition : Example
K.FEKI
72
Grid definition: Quiz
K.FEKI
73
Reservoir layering: Quiz
K.FEKI
74
Rock properties: Main parameters
K.FEKI
75 K.FEKI