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PREAMBLE
WE, THE SOVEREIGN FILIPINO PEOPLE, IMPLORING THE AID OF
ALMIGHTY GOD, IN ORDER TO BUILD A JUST AND HUMANE SOCIETY
AND ESTABLISH A GOVERNMENT THAT SHALL EMBODY OUR IDEALS AND
ASPIRATIONS, PROMOTE THE COMMON GOOD, CONSERVE AND DEVELOP
OUR PATRIMONY, AND SECURE TO OURSELVES AND OUR POSTERITY THE
CONSTITUTION.
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The use of the first person stresses the active and sovereign
role of the Filipino people as author of the Constitution. The
language thus differs from that of the 1935 Constitution which
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The phrase common good projects the idea of a social order that
enables every citizen to attain his or her fullest development
economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. The phrase
general welfare was avoided because it could be interpreted
as the greatest good for the greatest number even if what
the greater number wants does violence to human dignity,
as for instance when the greater majority might want the
extermination of those who are considered inferior.
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It adds the final phrase under the rule of law and a regime
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace. Love is
inserted as a monument to the love that prevented bloodshed
in the February Revolution. The mention of truth is a protest
against the deception which characterized the Marcos regime.
And peace is mentioned last as the fruit of the convergence of
truth, justice, freedom, and love.
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ARTICLE I
PHILIPPINE
ARCHIPELAGO, WITH ALL THE ISLANDS AND WATERS EMBRACED THEREIN, AND
ALL OTHER TERRITORIES OVER WHICH THE
THE
WATERS
PHILIPPINES.
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CONTENTS
Preamble.......................................................................................
8
13
14
15
15
15
State Policies
Section 7 .......................................................................................
Section 8 .......................................................................................
Section 9 .......................................................................................
Section 10 .....................................................................................
Section 11 .....................................................................................
Section 12 .....................................................................................
Section 13 .....................................................................................
Section 14 .....................................................................................
Section 15 .....................................................................................
Section 16 .....................................................................................
Section 17 .....................................................................................
Section 18 .....................................................................................
Section 19 .....................................................................................
Section 20 .....................................................................................
Section 21 .....................................................................................
Section 22 .....................................................................................
iii
15
16
17
17
17
17
18
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
Section 23 .....................................................................................
Section 24 .....................................................................................
Section 25 .....................................................................................
Section 26 .....................................................................................
Section 27 .....................................................................................
Section 28 .....................................................................................
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
Police Power.........................................................................
Protected rights; life ............................................................
Right to property .................................................................
Right to liberty ....................................................................
Two kinds of due process ....................................................
Procedural due process in courts in non-criminal cases ...
Procedural due process in administrative cases ................
Substantive due process......................................................
Equal protection ..................................................................
24
25
26
28
28
29
30
32
35
Section 2 .......................................................................................
39
41
44
46
49
50
56
Section 3 .......................................................................................
Section 4 .......................................................................................
59
62
63
68
69
73
74
74
76
77
79
Section 5 .......................................................................................
82
83
iv
87
Section 6 .......................................................................................
Section 7 .......................................................................................
Section 8 .......................................................................................
Section 9 .......................................................................................
92
93
95
98
Taking .................................................................................. 98
Public use ............................................................................. 100
Just compensation ............................................................... 100
Judicial review..................................................................... 102
Section 10 ..................................................................................... 104
Section 11 ..................................................................................... 106
Section 12 ..................................................................................... 107
General matters...................................................................
When and in what circumstances the rights
are available ................................................................
Circumstances not covered .................................................
Right to be informed of his rights .......................................
Right to competent and independent counsel ....................
Waiver of rights ...................................................................
Admissible and inadmissible evidence ...............................
Confessions and admissions ...............................................
Termination of Section 12(1) rights....................................
107
109
111
112
113
117
117
118
119
119
120
120
127
127
128
129
131
133
135
138
140
141
142
144
145
Section 16 .....................................................................................
Section 17 .....................................................................................
Section 18 .....................................................................................
Section 19 .....................................................................................
Section 20 .....................................................................................
Section 21 .....................................................................................
147
148
152
153
159
161
161
163
168
169
174
182
189
190
199
199
ARTICLE V SUFFRAGE
Section 1 ....................................................................................... 203
Section 2 ....................................................................................... 207
ARTICLE VI THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1 .......................................................................................
Section 2 .......................................................................................
Section 3 .......................................................................................
Section 4 .......................................................................................
Section 5 .......................................................................................
210
218
218
218
218
226
228
229
229
230
231
Section 12 .....................................................................................
Section 13 .....................................................................................
Section 14 .....................................................................................
Section 15 .....................................................................................
Section 16 .....................................................................................
Section 17 .....................................................................................
Section 18 .....................................................................................
Section 19 .....................................................................................
Section 20 .....................................................................................
Section 21 .....................................................................................
Section 22 .....................................................................................
Section 23 .....................................................................................
Section 24 .....................................................................................
Section 25 .....................................................................................
Section 26 .....................................................................................
Section 27 .....................................................................................
Section 28 .....................................................................................
Section 29 .....................................................................................
Section 30 .....................................................................................
Section 31 .....................................................................................
Section 32 .....................................................................................
234
234
235
236
236
240
245
248
248
248
253
253
255
256
258
261
266
272
275
275
275
277
277
284
284
288
288
288
289
291
292
292
293
294
295
296
296
302
307
314
Section 20 .....................................................................................
Section 21 .....................................................................................
Section 22 .....................................................................................
Section 23 .....................................................................................
320
321
324
325
326
331
332
332
335
336
337
337
339
341
343
346
346
347
Section 7 .......................................................................................
Section 8 .......................................................................................
Section 9 .......................................................................................
Section 10 .....................................................................................
Section 11 .....................................................................................
Section 12 .....................................................................................
Section 13 .....................................................................................
Section 14 .....................................................................................
Section 15 .....................................................................................
Section 16 .....................................................................................
353
355
356
356
357
359
360
361
363
364
365
365
365
365
366
366
372
373
377
380
383
383
Section 3 .......................................................................................
Section 4 .......................................................................................
Section 5 .......................................................................................
Section 6 .......................................................................................
Section 7 .......................................................................................
Section 8 .......................................................................................
384
385
385
385
386
387
389
391
402
403
405
405
406
406
407
407
408
ix
408
408
412
412
414
415
417
418
420
423
425
426
429
429
431
434
434
435
Autonomous Regions
Section 15 .....................................................................................
Section 16 .....................................................................................
Section 17 .....................................................................................
Section 18 .....................................................................................
Section 19 .....................................................................................
Section 20 .....................................................................................
Section 21 .....................................................................................
435
436
436
437
439
440
441
ARTICLE XI ACCOUNTABILITY
OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
Section 1 .......................................................................................
Section 2 .......................................................................................
Section 3 .......................................................................................
Section 4 .......................................................................................
Section 5 .......................................................................................
Section 6 .......................................................................................
Section 7 .......................................................................................
Section 8 .......................................................................................
Section 9 .......................................................................................
Section 10 .....................................................................................
Section 11 .....................................................................................
Section 12 .....................................................................................
x
442
442
443
445
447
447
448
450
450
450
450
450
Section 13 .....................................................................................
Section 14 .....................................................................................
Section 15 .....................................................................................
Section 16 .....................................................................................
Section 17 .....................................................................................
Section 18 .....................................................................................
451
455
455
455
455
456
457
458
467
471
471
473
473
473
479
479
481
484
485
485
485
485
486
486
487
489
490
490
xi
494
499
500
500
500
508
511
512
513
516
Language
Section 6 ....................................................................................... 521
xii
523
523
523
523
524
524
524
524
524
Sports
Section 19 ..................................................................................... 524
ARTICLE XV THE FAMILY
Section 1 .......................................................................................
Section 2 .......................................................................................
Section 3 .......................................................................................
Section 4 .......................................................................................
525
525
526
527
xiii
528
528
528
536
536
537
537
538
538
538
538
539
540
540
540
540
xiv
552
552
553
553
553
553
553
553
553
554
554
554
554
554
555
555
556
556
556
556
556
556
557
557
557
558
562