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Shivaji
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For other uses, see Shivaji (disambiguation).
Shivaji Bhosale
Chhatrapati

Reign 16421680 CE
Coronation 6 June 1674
Full name Shivaji Bhosle
Marathi

(Chhatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosale)
Titles Kshatriya Kulavataunsha .
Born 19 February 1630
[1][2]

Birthplace Shivneri Fort, near Pune, India
Died 3 April 1680, Tuesday
Place of
death
Raigad Fort
Successor Sambhaji
Wives
Sai bai (Nimbalkar)
Soyarabai (Mohite)
Putalabai (Palkar)
Laxmibai (Vichare)
Kashibai (Jadhav)
Sagunabai (Shirke)
Gunvantibai (Ingale)
Sakavaarbai (Gaikwad)
[3][4]

Offspring
Sambhaji, Rajaram, and six
daughters Sakhubai Nimbalkar,
Ranubai Jadhav, Ambikabai
Mahadik, Deepabai, Rajkunvarbai
Shirke, Kamlabai Palkar.
Father Shahaji
Mother Jijabai
Religious
beliefs
Hinduism
Shivaji Bhosle (Marathi: [iairae bos()le]; 19 February 1630 3
April 1680), with the royal title Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (Marathi:
) was a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhosle clan who founded the Maratha empire.
[5][6]

Shivaji led a resistance to free the Maratha kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur, and establish
Hindavi Swarajya ("self-rule of Hindu people"
[7]
). He created an independent Maratha kingdom
with Raigad as its capital,
[6]
and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his
kingdom.
[5]
He was crowned as Chhatrapati - the Sovereign- of the Maratha Kingdom in
1674.
[5][6]

He achieved the re-establishment of Hindu rule on their homeland after being ruled and
dominated by various foreign Muslim dynasties for a few hundred years. He established a
competent and progressive civil rule with the help of a well-regulated and disciplined military
and well-structured administrative organizations. The prevalent practices of treating women as
spoils of war, destruction of religious monuments, slavery and forceful religious conversions
were firmly opposed under his administration. Shivaji was a religious Hindu.
[8]
He also
innovated rules of military engagement of that era, pioneering the "Shiva sutra" or Ganimi Kava
(guerrilla tactics), which leveraged strategic factors like geography, speed, surprise and focused
pinpoint attacks to defeat his larger and more powerful enemies
[8]
and built many sea-forts.
[9][10]

Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Confrontation with the regional sultanates
o 2.1 Battles
2.1.1 Pratapgad
2.1.1.1 Adilshah's attack and negotiations
2.1.1.2 Afzal Khan and Shivaji conference
2.1.1.3 Battle of Pratapgarh
2.1.1.4 Fall of Bijapur Army
2.1.1.5 Battle of Kolhapur
o 2.2 Siege of Panhala
2.2.1 Pavan Khind
3 Clash with the Mughals
o 3.1 Battle of Umberkhind
o 3.2 Shaista Khan
o 3.3 Trip to Agra and escape
4 Battle of Nesari
5 Coronation and Southern Expedition
6 Rule and Administration
o 6.1 Rule
o 6.2 Administration
7 Character
8 Military
o 8.1 Forts
o 8.2 Navy
9 Promotion of Sanskrit
10 Religion
11 Death and legacy
12 Contemporary foreign accounts
13 Depiction in popular culture
o 13.1 Films
o 13.2 Literature
o 13.3 Poetry and music
o 13.4 Theatre
o 13.5 Television
14 References
15 Further reading
[edit] Early life
Main article: Early life of Shivaji


Chhatrapati's birthplace on Shivneri Fort
Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri near the city. While his mother Jijabai was pregnant,
she had prayed to the local deity Shivai for blessings for her expected child. Shivaji was named
after this local deity.
[11]

There are no contemporary records of Shivaji's exact birthdate and boyhood.
[11]
The birthdates of
Shivaji given by various records include:
the 3rd day of the dark half of Phalguna, 1551 of Shaka calendar (Friday, 19 February
1630).
[2]
This date is accepted by the Maharashtra state government as the official
birthdate of Shivaji.
[12]

the second day of the light half of Vaisakha in the year 1549 of Saka calendar.
[2]

(Thursday, 6 April 1627), or other dates near this day.
[11][13]

Shivaji's father Shahaji Bhosale served alongside Malik Ambar, who defended the Deccan region
against the Mughals. His mother Jijabai was the daughter of Lakhujirao Jadhav of Sindkhed.
During the period of Shivaji's birth, the power in Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates
Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and Golconda. Shahaji kept changing his loyalty between the
Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, Adil Shah of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his ''jagir
(fiefdom) at Pune and his small army with him. Gomaji Naik Pansambal, a trusted master of
state-craft, was deputed by Lakhuji Jadhavrao to look after Jijabai. He remained with Jijabai and
Shivaji throughout his life. He advised Shivaji in making certain crucial decisions which had far-
reaching effects on the character of the Maratha empire. Gomaji also taught the art of
swordsmanship to Shivaji, and especially the effective use of lance, the characteristic Maratha
weapon. Further Shahaji placed his jagir in the poona region under Dadoji Konddev, who had
shown good administrative skills as the kulkarni (land-steward) of Malthan. In a short time,
Shivaji became a skilled swordsman, strategist and an accomplished horseman, trained
rigorously by Maratha warriors like Baji Pasalkar. At the age of 12, Shivaji was taken to
Banglore where he was formally trained further. At age of 14, he returned to Pune with a
rajmudra (soveriegn seal) and council of minister.
[citation needed]



Shivaji with Jijamata
Shivaji was extremely devoted to his mother Jijabai, who lead a deeply religious. This religious
environment had a profound influence on Shivaji. He carefully studied the two great Hindu
epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata. The morality and spiritual messages of the epics made a
great impression on him. Throughout his life he was deeply interested in religious teachings, and
sought the company of Hindu and Sufi (an esoteric Muslim sect) saints throughout his life.
[11]

Shivaji drew his earliest trusted comrades and a large number of his soldiers from this region,
including Yesaji Kank, Baji Pasalkar, Baajiprabhu Deshpande and Tanaji Malusare. In the
company of his Maval comrades, a young Shivaji wandered over the hills and forests of the
Sahyadri range, hardening himself and acquiring first-hand knowledge of the land. By 1639, he
commanded a hardy and loyal band of officers and soldiers.
[citation needed]

[edit] Confrontation with the regional sultanates
In 1645, at the age of 16, Shivaji carried out his first military action by attacking and capturing
Torna Fort of the Bijapur kingdom. By 1647 he had captured Kondana and Rajgad forts and had
control of much of the southern Pune region. By 1654 Shivaji had captured forts in the Western
Ghats and along the Konkan coast. In a bid to contain Shivaji, Adilshah imprisoned Shivaji's
father in 164849 and sent an army led by Farradkhan against Shahji's other son Sambhaji at
Bangalore, and another army led by Fattekhan against Shivaji at Purandhar. Both Bhosle
brothers defeated the invading armies. Shivaji petitioned Emperor Shahjahan's son, Dara Shikoh,
who was governor of Deccan, pledging his loyalty to the Mughals to seek his support in securing
the release of his father. The Mughals recognised Shivaji as a Mughal sardar and pressured
Adilshah to release Shahaji. In return Shivaji had to cede a fort and Sambhaji had to cede
Bangalore city and a fort to Adilshah.
[edit] Battles
[edit] Pratapgad
Main article: Battle of Pratapgarh


Goddess Bhavani giving 'Bhavani Talwar' to Shivaji, at Tuljapur
[edit] Adilshah's attack and negotiations
Adilshah sent Afzal Khan, an experienced and veteran general to destroy Shivaji in an effort to
put down what he saw as a regional revolt. Afzal Khan desecrated Hindu temples at Tuljapur and
Pandharpur hoping to draw Shivaji to the plains to retaliate with his limited military resources
and thus lead him and his budding military power to easy destruction by the numerically bigger,
better-armed and more professional Bijapur army. Afzal Khan may have expected Shivaji to
meet his army in the plains, however Shivaji, upon carefully weighing his options, decided to
meet Afzal Khan on his home turf on pretext of diplomatic negotiations. Shivaji sent a letter to
Afzal Khan stating that he was eager for a meeting. The meeting was arranged between Afzal
Khan and Shivaji at the foothills of Fort Pratapgad.
[8]

[edit] Afzal Khan and Shivaji conference
This event is one of the most important in Shivaji's life. Shivaji got a pledge from ministers to
never submit in case he fell. It is said that during this period, Shivaji had a vision of Goddess
Bhavani promising full protection on the confrontation and victory.
[14]

Shivaji armed himself with a concealable weapons: bichhwa (dagger) and wagh nakh (tiger
claws) and wore a chilkhat (chain-mail armour) under his clothing for the meeting. What
transpired during the meeting was not recorded by scribes, but folklore has it that per then
custom they embraced and Afzal Khan stabbed Shivaji in the back. Shivaji survived the attack,
protected by the chain mail armour and his agility. He counterattacked and disembowled Afzal
Khan with wagh nakh and bichwa which made Afzal Khan stumble on to his knees and then out
the tent, collapsing into a waiting palanquin, where he was slain before he could raise the alarm.
Meanwhile Krishna Bhasker Kulkarni - Afzal Khan's legal representative and Sayyed Banda - a
body guard, attacked Shivaji. He responded by killing Bhasker Kulkarni while Jiva Mahal
(Shivaji's bodyguard) severed Banda's arm with a slash of his sword.
[citation needed]

Soon after the slaying of Afzal Khan, Shivaji sped up the slope towards the Pratapgarh fort with
his lieutenants and ordered cannons to be fired. This was a signal to his infantry, which had been
strategically placed under the cover of the densely vegetated valley, to immediately attack Afzal
Khan's forces.
[8]

[edit] Battle of Pratapgarh
In the ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh fought in the dense forest of Javli on 10 November 1659,
Shivaji's armies attacked Vijapur's (Afzal Khan's) forces and engaged them in swift flanking
maneuvers. Maratha troops under Kanhoji Jedhe attacked Afzal Khan's 1,500 strong musketeers
and routed them at the foothills of the fort. Then in a rapid march, a section of Adilshahi forces
commanded by Musekhan was attacked. Musekhan was wounded and subsequently fled,
abandoning his soldiers who were subsequently decimated by the Marathas.
Commander Moropant Pingale led the infantry in a lighting attack on to the left flank of the
Adilshahi troops. Adilshah's artillery was rendered ineffective by the suddenness of this attack at
close quarters. At the same time commander Ragho Atre swiftly attacked Adilshahi cavalry
before it was fully prepared for battle and almost completely wiped it out. Shivaji's cavalry
headed by Netaji Palkar rushed towards Wai in hot pursuit of retreating Adilshahi forces who
were attempting to join reserve forces stationed there. The retreating forces of Afzal Khan were
engaged in battle and were routed.
[8]

[edit] Fall of Bijapur Army
This unexpected and unlikely victory made Shivaji a hero of Maratha folklore and a legendary
figure among his people. The large quantities of captured weapons, horses, armour and other
materials helped to strengthen the nascent and emerging Maratha army. The Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb now identified Shivaji as a major threat to the mighty Mughal Empire. Soon
thereafter Shivaji, Shahaji Raje and Netaji Palkar (the chief of the Maratha cavalry) decided to
attack and defeat the Adilshahi kingdom at Bijapur. But things did not go as planned as Shahaji's
health deteriorated and they were forced to postpone the planned attack. However, Netaji Palkar
undertook this mission mounting smaller scale attacks and military harassment of the Adilshahi
kingdom.
Subsequently, the Sultan of Bijapur sent an army composed mainly of Afghan mercenaries to
subdue and defeat Shivaji before he could substantially expand his army. In the ensuing battle,
Bijapur's army was defeated by the Maratha troops. This intense and bloody battle ended in the
unconditional surrender of the Bijapuri forces to Shivaji.
[edit] Battle of Kolhapur
Main article: Battle of Kolhapur
To counter the loss at Pratapgad and to defeat the newly emerging Maratha power, another army,
this time numbering over 10,000, was sent against Shivaji, commanded by Bijapur's renowned
Abyssinian general Rustamjaman.
[citation needed]
With a cavalry of 5,000 Marathas, Shivaji attacked
them near Kolhapur on 28 December 1659. In a swift movement, Shivaji led a full frontal attack
at the center of the enemy forces while other two portions of his cavalry attacked the flanks. This
battle lasted for several hours and at the end Bijapuri forces were soundly defeated and
Rustamjaman ignominiously fled the battlefield.
[8]
Adilshahi forces lost about 2,000 horses and
12 elephants to the Marathas.
[citation needed]
This victory alarmed the mighty Mughal empire who
now derisively referred to Shivaji as the "Mountain Rat". Aurangzeb the Mughal emperor was
now actively preparing to bring the full might and resources of the Mughal Empire to bear down
on the potential Maratha threat.
[edit] Siege of Panhala


M.V. Dhurandhar's painting of Shivaji.
Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb sent his maternal uncle (brother of late
Queen Mumtaz Mahal) Shaista Khan, with an army numbering over 100,000 along with a
powerful artillery division in January 1660 to defeat Shivaji. Khan was accompanied by eminent
commanders like Turktaj, Hussain, Haider, Naamdar Khan, Kartalab Khan, Uzbek Khan, Fateh
Jung and Rajputs namely Bhau Singh, Shyam Singh, Rai Singh Sisodiya, Pradyuman and many
more.
[15]
Khan was an experienced commander who had defeated Shahaji in the same region in
1636.
[8]
He was ordered to attack the Maratha kingdom in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by
Siddi Jauhar. Aurangzeb ordered Shaista Khan to capture the Maratha kingdom to add to the
empire (he intended to deceive the Adilshah), after Shivaji's expected defeat by Jauhar. Shivaji
now prepared to face a combined attack of Mughals and Adilshahi forces.
[15]

Per the terms of the Mughal-Adilshahi plan, Adil Shah in 1660 sent Siddi Jauhar, an
accomplished general to attack Shivaji on his southern borders, preceding the expected major
Mughal attack from the north. He ordered his army of 40,000 north to Kolhapur to confront and
defeat Shivaji as a part of their grand alliance with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. He secured
the support of local chieftains such as Jasvantrao Dalvi of Palavani and Suryarao Surve of
Sringarpur to defeat Shivaji.
[8]
At that time, Shivaji was camped at the Panhala fort near present
day Kolhapur with 8,000 Marathas.
Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala on 2 March 1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort.
[15]

Helping with siege were Baji Ghorpade and Siddi Masud from the west, Sadat khan and Bhai
khan from the north, Rustam Zaman and Bade khan from the east, Siddi Jauhar and Fazal Khan
from the south. Netaji Palkar, the Commander of the Maratha forces was on a mission away from
Panhala harassing and attacking Adilshahi territory and was not able to come to the aid of
Shivaji. At this point of time, Shaista Khan had moved from Baramati to Shirwal.
[15]

Panhala was a formidable fort and Adilshahi army was repulsed repeatedly by effective cannon
fire and heavy rock-pelting.
[15]
Siddi Jauhar approached Henry Revington, the British chief at the
Rajapur port to seek long-range and more powerful cannons. Henry decided to help him in return
for future favours, and began pounding Panhala fort. In spite of this Marathas continued
defending Panhala and persevered in keeping Siddi Jauhar at bay.
[15]

Marathas even raided the Adilshahi camp a few times but without much success. However, in
one such raid, Tryambak Bhaskar and Kondaji Farzand presented themselves as allies of the
British and Adlishahi forces. They came down to the Adilshahi camp and met Henry Revington
and his associates. They managed to kill one British officer and injured Henry. Thereafter, they
sabotaged the cannons and made them ineffective. Jauhar, livid at this, tightened the siege
further.
[15]

Jauhar did not leave any stone unturned to ensure that the siege around Panhala was unyielding,
he personally took utmost care that no one in his army was complacent. He even braved the
tumultuous monsoon season and continued the siege even during heaviest downpours.
[15]
On
hearing about the ever tightening siege of Panhala, Netaji Palkar returned from Bijapur and
attacked the Adilshahi forces surrounding Panhala. He tried to break the siege but his smaller
forces were pushed back by a much larger Adilshahi army.
[15]

Thereafter, Shivaji decided to escape to a nearby fort Vishalgad, where he could regroup his
soldiers. He then sent misleading messages to Siddi Jauhar indicating that he was willing to
negotiate and was looking for accommodation and mutual understanding. With this news,
Adilshahi soldiers relaxed somewhat and Shivaji escaped under the cover of a stormy night on
12 July 1660.
[15]

Meanwhile Jauhar's soldiers captured a small group of Marathas apparently including Shivaji
only to realize he was a look-alike named Shiva Kashid dressed like Shivaji and sent out to
create a diversion and facilitate the real Shivaji's escape. Siddi Johar's soldiers realized that the
imposter was Shivaji's barber and that Shivaji and his army were headed to Vishalgad,
immediately thereafter a massive chase was undertaken to intercept Shivaji and deal with him
and his army, once and for all.
[8]

[edit] Pavan Khind
Main article: Battle of Vishalgarh


Plaque to commemorate the entrance to Pavankhind
Observing that enemy cavalry was fast closing in on them, Shivaji sought to avoid defeat and
capture. Baji Prabhu Deshpande, a Maratha sardar of Bandal Deshmukh along with 300 soldiers,
volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind (a mountain pass in
Gajapur which is 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Vishalgad) to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a
chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.
[8][15]

In the ensuing Battle of Pavan Khind, Baji Prabhu Deshpande fought relentlessly. He was
wounded but he held on and continued the fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from
Vishalgad, signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort. The result of this intense and heroic
battle was the death of 300 Marathas and 1,286 of Adilshah's troops who were engaged in an
fierce combat, they fought till Shivaji reaches the fort and they were fighting continuously for 7
hours using 2 swords each
[8]
allowing Shivaji to reach the fort safely on 13 July 1660. .
[15]

Thereafter a truce was made between Shivaji and Adilshah through Shahaji Raje.
In addition, as the terms of this accord, Panhala Fort was awarded to Siddi Johar.
[8]
Ghod Khind
(khind = " a narrow mountain pass") was renamed Pavan Khind (Sacred Pass) in honor of
Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, people from Bandal community and all other
soldiers who fought in Ghod Khind (People from Bandal community were specially selected by
Shivaji while escaping from Panhala for their knowledge of the region, rock climbing skills,
martial qualities).
[15]

[edit] Clash with the Mughals
[edit] Battle of Umberkhind
An Uzbek general, Kartalab Khan, was sent by Shaista Khan on a mission to attack and reduce
the number of forts under Shivaji's control in the Konkan region on 3 February 1661. He left his
camp near Pune with 30,000 troops. This time the Mughals did not march openly and took
circuitous back country routes, as they sought to surprise Shivaji.
[15]
But instead Shivaji surprised
them at a pass known as Umber Khind (in a dense forest, near present-day Pen), and attacked
them from all sides. Marathas hidden in the dense forest executed a well co-ordinated ambush
attack on the Mughal army.
[15]
Shivaji himself took the forward position with an elite cavalry
unit. The other three sides were flanked by Shivaji's light infantry.
In a well co-ordinated movement of light infantry and cavalry, Shivaji prevailed over the
attackers. A Maratha lady commander, Raibagan, who co-led the Mughal forces, analyzed the
situation and realised that defeat was imminent and advised Kartalab Khan to accept defeat and
initiate a compromise with Shivaji.
[8][15]
Within four hours into the attack the enemy accepted
defeat and surrendered all the supplies, arms and assets. The Mughal army suffered high
casualties. The defeated army was allowed a safe passage. Kartalab Khan and Raibagan were
released with honour in accordance with Shivaji's terms and his long standing policy towards
women and unarmed civilians.
[8]

[edit] Shaista Khan
Shaista Khan was ordered by Aurangzeb to attack Shivaji per the Mughal-Adilshahi accord.
Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and provisioned army of 150,000 that was many times the
size of the Maratha forces, seized Pune and the nearby fort of Chakan. At the time, Firangoji
Narsala was the killedar (commander) of fort Chakan, which was defended by 300350 Maratha
soldiers. They were able to withstand the Mughal attack on the fort for one and a half month.
Then, a burj (outer wall) was blown up with explosives. This created an opening to the fort
allowing hordes of Mughals to breach the exterior portion of the fort. Firangoji, himself led the
Maratha counter attack against a larger Mughal army.
[8][15]
Eventually, the fort was lost with the
capture of Firangoji, who then was brought before Shaista Khan, who, appreciating his bravery,
offered him a jahagir (military commission) on the condition that he join the Mughal forces,
which Firangoji declined. Admiring his loyalty, Shaista Khan pardoned Firangoji and set him
free. Firangoji returned home and Shivaji awarded him a fort named Bhupalgad.
[15]

Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army
and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory. Although he held Pune for almost a year,
he had little further success. He had set up his residence at Lal Mahal, Shivaji's palace, in the city
of Pune.
[8]

Shaista Khan kept a tight security in Pune. However, Shivaji planned an attack on Shaista Khan
amidst tight security. In April 1663, a wedding party had obtained special permission for a
procession; Shivaji planned an attack using the wedding party as cover. The Marathas disguised
themselves as the bridegroom's procession and entered Pune. Shivaji, having spent much of his
youth in Pune, knew his way around the city and his own palace of Lal Mahal.
[8]
Chimanaji
Deshpande- one of the childhood friends of Shivaji aided him in this attack offering his services
as a personal bodyguard. According to Babasaheb Purandare, since Mughal army also consisted
of Maratha soldiers, it was difficult for someone to distinguish between Shivaji's Maratha
soldiers and the Maratha soldiers of the Mughal army. Thus, taking advantage of this situation,
Shivaji, along with a few of his trusted men, infiltrated the Mughal camp.
[citation needed]

After overpowering and slaying of the palace guards, the Marathas broke into the mansion by
breaching an outer wall. Chimnaji and Netaji Palkar entered first along with Babaji Deshpande,
another of Shivaji's long time loyal associates, they approached Shaista Khan's quarters. Shivaji
then personally confronted Shaista Khan in a face to face attack. Meanwhile, perceiving danger,
one of Shaista's wives turned off the lights. Shivaji pursued Shaista Khan and severed three of
his fingers with his sword (in the darkness) as he fled through an open window. Shaista Khan
narrowly escaped death and lost his son and many of his guards and soldiers in the raid.
[8]

Within twenty-four hours of this attack, Shaista Khan left Pune and headed North towards Agra.
An angered Aurangzeb transferred him to distant Bengal as a punishment for bringing
embarrassment to the Mughals with his ignoble defeat in Pune.
[citation needed]

Main article: Battle of Surat
Main article: Treaty of Purandar (1665)
In 1664 Shivaji invaded Surat, an important and wealthy Mughal trading city, and looted it to
replenish his now depleted treasury and also as a revenge for the capture and looting of Maratha
territory by Shaista Khan. (Surat was again sacked by Shivaji in 1670.)
[8]

Aurangzeb was enraged and sent Mirza Raja Jai Singh I with an army numbering well over
150,000 to defeat Shivaji. Mirza planned and executed his battle stratergies so well with his vast
army that the Mughal forces under him made significant gains and captured many Maratha forts.
Shivaji came to terms with Aurangzeb rather than lose more forts and men.
[citation needed]

In the ensuing treaty of Purander, signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji
agreed to give up 23 of his forts and pay compensation of 400,000 rupees to the Mughals. He
also agreed to let his son Sambhaji become a Mughal Sardar, serve the Mughal court of
Aurangzeb and fight with Mughals against Bijapur. He actually fought along side Raja Jai
Singh's Mughal forces against Bijapur's forces for a few months. His commander, Netaji Palkar,
joined Mughals, was rewarded very well for his bravery, converted to Islam, changed his name
to Quli Mohammed Khan in 1666 and was sent to the Afghan frontier to fight the restive tribes.
He returned to Shivaji's service after ten years in 1676 and was accepted back as a Hindu on
Shivaji's order.
[citation needed]

[edit] Trip to Agra and escape
In 1666, Aurangzeb invited Shivaji to Agra, along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji.
Aurangzeb's plan was to send Shivaji to Kandahar, modern day Afghanistan to consolidate the
Mughal Empire's north-western frontier. However in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb
made Shivaji stand behind mansabdrs (military commanders) of his court.
[8]
Shivaji took
offense at this seeming insult and stormed out of court and was promptly placed under house
arrest, under the watch of Faulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra. From his spies, Shivaji learned that
Aurangzeb planned to move his residence to Raja Vitthaldas's Haveli and then to possibly kill
him or send him to fight in the Afghan frontier. As a result Shivaji planned his escape.
He feigned almost fatal sickness and requested to send most of his contingent back to the
Deccan, thereby ensuring the safety of his army and deceiving Aurangzeb. Thereafter, on his
request, he was allowed to send daily shipments of sweets and gifts to saints, fakirs, and temples
in Agra as offerings for getting well.
[8]
After several days and weeks of sending out boxes
containing sweets, Shivaji and his nine year old son Sambhaji hid themselves in two of the boxes
and managed to escape. Shivaji and his son fled to the Deccan disguised as sadhus (holy men).
After the escape, rumours of Sambhaji's death were intentionally spread by Shivaji himself in
order to deceive the Mughals and to protect Sambhaji.
[8]

Dr. Ajit Joshi in the Marathi book Agryahun Sutka, after evaluating all available evidence on the
event and reconstructing it, concluded that Shivaji most likely disguised himself as a Brahmin
priest after performance of religious rites at the haveli grounds and escaped by mingling in
within the departing priestly entourage of Pandit Kavindra Paramananda.
[16]
The thesis also
discusses inadequacies of all other theories and stories of Shivaji's escape.
[edit] Battle of Nesari

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (June 2011)
In 1674, Prataprao Gujar, the then Commander-in chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push
back the invading force led by the Adil Shahi general, Bahlol Khan. Shivaji had directed
Prataprao to finish off Bahlol Khan, who had proved to be treacherous in the past. The Maratha
army surrounded the camp of Bahlol Khan at the village of Nesari. Prataprao's forces defeated
and captured the opposing general in the battle after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a
strategically located lake, which prompted Bahlol khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's
specific warnings against doing so Prataprao released Bahlol Khan. Days after his release Bahlol
Khan started preparing for a fresh invasion.
[17]

When Shivaji heard of Prataprao's decision he was greatly displeased and sent a letter to
Prataprao refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Prataprao realised the full
extent of his strategic error and was so upset about it, that he now desperately wanted to redeem
himself. In the ensuing days, he learnt of Bahlol Khan having camped nearby. Prataprao decided
to confront Bahlol Khan at Nesari near Kolhapur.
The potential battle would have had Gujar with 1,200 troops facings Khan with 15,000. Given
the uneven match Prataprao reasoned that there was no point in leading his 1,200 cavalrymen
into a suicide charge. So in a fit of desperation and anguish and in an over-reaction to Shivaji's
letter, he left by himself, without asking his cavalry to accompany him. It was his personal honor
at stake, not his army's. On seeing their leader head to certain death six other Maratha sardars
joined him in the charge, they attacked the enemy camp and were cut down before they could
reach Bahlol Khan.
Anandrao Mohite, though, stayed back. The seven Maratha officers were Prataprao Gujar, Visaji
Ballal, Dipoji Rautrao, Vithal Pilaji Atre, Krishnaji Bhaskar, Siddi Hilal and Vithoji Shinde. It
was an impulsive and seeemingly irrational decision, and the loss of Prataprao Gujar was a big
loss to the Marathas. Anandrao Mohite managed to withdraw the army to safer areas.
[18]

This event was retold in the Marathi poem "Saat" (Seven). The poem was written by a well
known poet, Kusumagraj and was also sung by the great Indian songtress Lata Mangeshkar.
Shivaji's army then avenged the death of their general, by defeating Bahlol Khan and capturing
his jagir (fiefdom) under the leadership of Anaji and Hambirao Mohite. Shivaji was deeply
grieved on hearing of Pratprao's death. He arranged for the marriage of his second son, Rajaram,
to the daughter of Prataprao Gujar, who was later to be the Queen of the Maratha Empire,
Maharani Tarabai. Anandrao Mohite became Hambirrao Mohite, the new sarnaubat
(Commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces).
[edit] Coronation and Southern Expedition


Chhattrapati Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Confederacy
Shivaji was formally crowned Chhatrapati (chief, or king of the Kshatriyas), on 6 June 1674 at
Raigad fort, and given the title Kshatriya Kulavantas Sinhasanadheeshwar Chhatrapati Shivaji
Mahrj.
According to some theories, Shivaji's original ancestors had migrated from Mewar to
Deccan.Eminent Historian ,Sir Jadunath Sarkar has always contested the half Rajput Claim .
During the times of 16th/17th century and even later , when caste segregation was an integral
part of the Indian society ; the Brahmins of Maharashtra refused to coronate Shivaji ; Hence the
Marathas got Pandit Gaga Bhatt of Varanasi and he presented a genealogy declaring that
Shivaji's ancestors were Kshatriyas.
As per " Raja Shivchatrapati" - Balasaheb Purandare , Shreeman Yogi - Dr Ranjeet Desai (
Shivaji The great - Mr.V.D.Katamble ) , Shahaji decends from the Marathas of Ellora/ Satara.
Gaga Bhatt officially presided over the ceremony, and had a gold vessel filled with the seven
sacred waters of the rivers Yamuna, Sindhu, Ganga, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. He held the
vessel over Shivaji's head and chanted the coronation mantras, as the water kept dripping from
the several tiny holes in the vessel. After the abulation, Shivaji bowed before Jijamata and
touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.
[8]
Shivaji
was bestowed with the sacred thread jaanva, with the Vedas and was bathed in an abhisheka. He
had insisted on an Indrabhishek ritual, which had fallen into disuse since the 9th century. Shivaji
then had the title of "shakakarta" conferred upon him.
[citation needed]

His mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674 within a few days of the coronation. This was
considered a bad omen. Therefore a second coronation was carried out in September 1674, this
time according to the Bengal school of Tantricism and presided over by Nischal Puri.
[citation needed]

In October 1674, the Marathas raided Khandesh. On 17 April 1675 Shivaji captured Phonda
from Bijapuris. Karwar was occupied by mid 1675 and Kolhapur in July 1675. There were naval
skirmishes with the Siddis of Janjira in November 1675. In early 1676, Peshwa Pingale engaged
Raja of Ramnagar in battle en route to Surat. Shivaji raided Athni in March 1676. By the end of
1676, Shivaji besieged Belgaum and Vayem Rayim in current day northern Karnataka.
[citation
needed]

At the end of 1676, Shivaji Maharaj launched a wave of conquests in southern India with a
massive force of 50,000 (30,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry).
[8]
He captured the forts at Vellore
and Jinji that belonged to the sultanate of Bijapur and are in modern-day Tamilnadu. In the run-
up to this expedition Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotsm, that the "Deccan" or
Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.
[19]
His appeal was
somewhat successful and he entered into a treaty with the Qutubshah of the Golconda sultanate
that covered the eastern Deccan. Shivaj's conquests in the south proved quite crucial during
future wars.
[citation needed]

Jinjee served as Maratha capital for nine years during the War of 27 years. However, his main
intention was to reconcile with his stepbrother Vyankoji (his father Shahaji's son from his second
wife, who came from the Mohite family) who ruled Thanjavur after Shahaji. They had talks,
Venkoji (Ekoji I) showed signs of uniting with Shivaji but then no concrete result was
obtained.
[8]
On return to Raigad, Shivaji seized most of Ekoji's possessions in the Mysore
plateau. Ekoji's wife brought reconciliation between the two brothers so they were not enemies
and maintained the status quo of co-existing independently.
[citation needed]

[edit] Rule and Administration
[edit] Rule


Shivaji statue at Raigad, the capital of Maratha Empire
Shivaji was an able administrator who established a government that included modern concepts
such as cabinet (Ashtapradhan mandal), foreign affairs (Dabir) and internal intelligence.
[20]

Shivaji established an effective civil and military administration. He also built a powerful navy.
Maynak Bhandari was one of the first chiefs of the Maratha Navy under Shivaji, and helped in
both building the Maratha Navy and safeguarding the coastline of the emerging Maratha Empire.
He built new forts like Sindhudurg and strengthened old ones like Vijaydurg on the west coast.
[8]

The Maratha navy held its own against the British, Portuguese and Dutch.
[21]

Shivaji is well known for his benevolent attitude towards his subjects. He believed that there was
a close bond between the state and the citizens. He encouraged all accomplished and competent
individuals to participate in the ongoing political/military struggle. He is remembered as a just
and welfare-minded king. He brought revolutionary changes in military organisation, fort
architecture, society and politics.
[8]

[edit] Administration
See also: Ashtapradhan
The organization of Shivaji's administration was composed of eight ministers of pradhaanas,
as:
[22]

1. Peshwa : Mukhya (main) Pradhan, next to the King, for supervising and
governing under King's orders in his absence. King's all orders had Peshwa's seal.
2. Mazumdar : As an uditor, to take care of income and expenditure checks, keep the
King informed of finances and sign districts-level accounts.
3. Navis or Waqia Mantri : To record daily activities of the royal family and to
master of ceremony.
4. Shru Navis or Sachiv : As King's correspondence to ensure letter and style
adherence to wishes of the King and check accounts of palace and Parganas.
5. Sumant or Dabir : For foreign affairs and to receive ambassadors.
6. Senapati or Sir-nobut : To keep troops on their toes and King fully informed.
7. Panditrao : To promote learning, spirituality and settle religious disputes.
8. Nyayadhish : As the highest judicial authority.
[edit] Character
During his long military career and various campaigns he was influenced by religion and a
warrior code of ethics. He would offer protection to houses of worship, non-combatants, women
and children.
He risked his life challenging his enemies to defend and liberate his country. He overcame
difficulties and challenges
[8]
whilst not spending resources on projects designed for self-
aggrandizement. He was propelled by his deeply held sense of Dharma (sacred duty) to his
people and country.
[8]

[edit] Military


Sindhudurg fortress from mainland, a sea fort constructed by Shivaji
Shivaji's genius is most evident in his military organisation, which lasted till the demise of the
Maratha empire. He was one of the pioneers of commando actions, Ganimi Kava a term used for
such a warfare, (though the term "commando" is modern).
[23]
His Mavala army's war cry was
'Har Har Mahadev' (Hail Lord Our God, Har and Mahadev being common names of Shiva).
[8]

Shivaji was responsible for many significant changes in military organization. These include
A standing army belonging to the state called paga;
All war horses belonged to the state; responsibility for their upkeep rested on the
Sovereign.
Creation of part time soldiers from peasants who worked for eight months in their fields
and supported four months in war for which they were paid.
Highly mobile and light infantry and cavalry were his innovations and they excelled in
commando tactics;
The introduction of a centralized intelligence department, (Bahirjee Naik was the
foremost spy who provided Shivaji with enemy information in all of Shivaji's campaigns)
A potent and effective navy.
Introduction of field craft viz. Guerrilla warfare, commando actions, swift flanking
attacks;
Innovation of weapons and firepower, innovative use of traditional weapons like tiger
claw or 'Vaghnakh'. 'Vita' was a weapon invented by Shivaji ;
Militarisation of almost the entire society, including all classes, with the entire peasant
population of settlements and villages near forts actively involved in their defence.
[8]

Shivaji realized the importance of having a secure coastline and protecting the western Konkan
coastline from the attacks of Siddi's fleet.
[8][24][25]
His strategy was to build a strong navy to
protect and bolster his kingdom, he was also concerned about the growing dominance of foreign
British India naval forces in Indian waters and actively sought to resist it. For this very reason he
is also referred to as the "Father of Indian Navy".
[26]

[edit] Forts
Main article: Shivaji's Forts


Suvela Machi, view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from Ballekilla, Rajgad
Shivaji captured strategically important forts at Murumbdev (Rajgad), Torana, Kondana
(Sinhagad) and Purandar and laid the foundation of swaraj - self rule. Toward the end of his
career, he had a control of 360 forts to secure his growing kingdom. Shivaji himself constructed
about 15-20 totally new forts (including key sea forts like Sindhudurg), but he also rebuilt or
repaired many strategically placed forts to create a chain of 300 or more, stretched over a
thousand kilometres across the rugged crest of the Western Ghats. Each were placed under three
officers of equal status lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The
officers (sabnis, havladar, sarnobhat) acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balance.
[edit] Navy
Shivaji built a strong Naval presence across long coast of Konkan and Goa to protect sea trade,
to protect the lands from sack of prosperity of subjects from coastal raids, plunder and
destruction by Arabs, Portuguese, British, Abyssinians and pirates. Shivaji built ships in towns
such as Kalyan, Bhivandi, Goa, etc. for building fighting navy as well as trade. He also built a
number of sea forts and bases for repair, storage and shelter. Shivaji fought many weary battles
with Siddis of Janjira on coastline. The fleet grew to reportedly 160 to 700 merchant, support and
fighting vessels. He started trading to foreigners on his own after possession of 8 or 9 ports in the
Deccan.
[27][28][29]

[edit] Promotion of Sanskrit
The house of Shivaji was one of the Indian royal families who were well acquainted with
Sanskrit and promoted it. The root can be traced from Shahaji who supported Jayram Pindye and
many like him. Shivaji Maharaj's seal was prepared by him. Shivaji continued this trait and
developed it further. He named his forts as Sindhudurg, Prachandgarh, Suvarndurg etc. He
named the Ashta Pradhan (council of ministers) as per Sanskrit nomenclature viz. Nyayadhish,
Senapati etc. He got Rajya Vyavahar Kosh (a political treatise) prepared. His Rajpurohit Keshav
Pandit was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet.
[30]

A significant aspect of Shivaji's rule was his attempt to revive ancient Hindu political tradition
and court conventions. He introduced Marathi in the place of Persian as the court language,
revived Sanskrit administrative nomenclature and compiled a dictionary of official terms, 'The
Rajyavyavahar Kosh', to facilitate change over.
- The great Moguls(1997), Arli Abraham"
[edit] Religion
Shivaji was a devout Hindu and he respected all religions within the region. Shivaji had great
respect for other contemporary saints, most notably Tukaram and also holy men of other faiths,
such as Sufis.
He is said to have met Samarth Ramdas in 1672 and accepted him as his mentor. Later on he
even requested Ramdas to shift his residence to Sajjangadh. .
[31]

Shivaji allowed his subjects freedom of religion and opposed forced conversion.
[8][32]
The first
thing Shivaji did after a conquest was to promulgate protection of mosques and Muslim tombs.
He commanded the respect and fealty of the Muslims under his command by his fair treatment of
his friends as well as enemies.
[8]
Kafi Khan, the Mughal historian and Bernier, a French traveler,
spoke highly of his religious policy. He also brought converts like Netaji Palkar and Bajaji back
into Hinduism. He prohibited slavery in his kingdom.
[8]
Shivaji Maharaj applied a humane and
liberal policy to the women of his state.
[33]
There are many instances in folklore which describe
Shivaji's respect for women, irrespective of their religion, nationality, or creed.
Shivaji's sentiments of inclusivity and tolerance of other religions can be seen in an admonishing
letter to Aurangzeb, in which he wrote:'
[33][34][35]

Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for
blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in
remembrance of Him. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for Him alone.
[edit] Death and legacy
See also: Maratha War of Independence


Statue of Shivaji mounted on a horse at the Gateway of India
Because of his struggle against an imperial power, Shivaji became an icon of freedom fighters in
the Indian independence struggle that followed two centuries later. He is remembered as a just
and wise warrior-king. School texts in India describe Shivaji Maharaj's rule as heroic, exemplary
and inspiring and he is considered the founder of the modern Hindu nation; his policies were
instrumental in building a distinct Hinduism identity and infusing it with strong martial and
moral traditions.
Shivaji died in April 1680, and his eldest son Sambhaji took power after being challenged by his
stepmother Soyarabai. Meanwhile, emperor Aurangzeb's son had a falling out with his father and
joined forces with Sambhaji, thereafter Aurangzeb personally lead his imperial army to attack
and to completely destroy the Maratha threat once and for all. He threw the full might of the
Mughal empire toward this goal and for a while it seemed that he would achieve his objective.
Especially after the capture, torture and the murder of Sambhaji for his refusal to bow down
before him and convert to Islam. At this point turmoil and uncertainty gripped the Maratha
Confederacy and they were on the run and were forced to move their capital from Raigad near
Pune to Jingee in the south in current day state of Tamil Nadu.
At his death, Shivaji's army consisted of thousands of cavalry, infantry, horses and camels and
hundreds of elephants, fighting vessels in his naval fleet and artillery pieces., about a hundred
forts built by him(including naval) and a number of commanders and senior generals of all castes
including Muslims.
[10]

Marathas, now stabilised and better organised began to undertake fast raids on the slow moving
Mughal columns. Able generals such as Dhanaji Jadhav and Santaji Ghorpade were able to take
the initiative and effectively bogged down the powerful Mughal army in to an protracted 27 year
war. In the last few years of this war both the Maratha generals delivered severe body blows to
the Mughals on the shifting battlefieds in Maharashtra. And in 1697 Aurangzeb withdrew from
the Deccan for the last time in sickness and thereafter recalled his full army a few years later.
After this time the Mughals never again posed a great danger to the Marathas.
In fact the Mughals had depleted their vast treasuries in trying to subjugate the Marathas but had
instead weakened their empire and were then only a shadow of their former glory. And within
sixty years of Auragzeb's death the Marathas under the Peshwa's leadership soundly defeated the
Mughals and forced them to sign the Ahmedia treaty whereby they relinquished their vast empire
in the sub-continent to the Marathas. They were allowed to keep nominal control of Delhi while
the Marathas were able to collect taxes from vast swaths of present day India and Pakistan, down
all the way to the Southern tip of the sub continent.
A regional sectarian political party, the Shiv Sena, claims to draw inspiration from Shivaji
Maharaj. The World Heritage site of Victoria Terminus and Sahar International Airport in
Mumbai were renamed Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport
respectively in Shivaji Maharaj's honour, as have many public buildings and spaces in recent
years. The School of Naval Engineering of the Indian Navy is named as INS Shivaji.
Shivaji was the greatest Hindu king that India had produced within the last thousand years; one
who was the very incarnation of lord Siva, about whom prophecies were given out long before
he was born; and his advent was eagerly expected by all the great souls and saints of
Maharashtra as the deliverer of the Hindus from the hands of the Mlecchas, and as one who
succeeded in the reestablishment of Dharma which had been trampled underfoot by the
depredations of the devastating hordes of the Moghals.
Swami Vivekananda

Shivaji was one of the greatest national saviors who emancipated our society and our Dharma
when they were faced with the threat of total destruction. He was a peerless hero, a pious and
God-fearing king and verily a manifestation of all the virtues of a born leader of men described
in our ancient scriptures. He also embodied the deathless spirit of our land and stood as the light
of hope for our future.
-Swami Vivekananda
Such was the good treatment Shivaji accorded to people and such was the honesty with which he
observed the capitulations that none looked upon him without a feeling of love and confidence.
By his people he was exceedingly loved; both in matters of reward and punishment he was so
impartial that while he lived he made no exception, for any person no merit was left unrewarded,
no offence went unpunished, and this he did with so much care and attention that he specially
charged his Governors to inform him in writing of the conduct of his soldiers, mentioning in
particular those who had distinguished themselves, and he would at once order their promotion,
either in rank or in pay according to their merit. He was naturally loved by all men of velour and
good conduct.
- Garda (Portugeese Traveller)
[edit] Contemporary foreign accounts
Many foreign travellers who visited India during Shivaji Maharaj's time wrote about him.
Abbe Carre was a French traveller who visited India around 1670; his account was
published as Voyage des Indes Orientales ml de plusieurs histories curieuses at Paris in
1699. Some quotes:
[citation needed][36]

"Hardly had he won a battle or taken to town in one end of the kingdom than he was at the other
extremity causing havoc everywhere and surprising important places. To this quickness of
movement he added, like Julius Caesar, a clemency and bounty that won him the hearts of those
his arms had worsted." "In his courage and rapidity he does not ill resemble the king of Sweden,
Gustavus Adolphus."
The French traveller Francois Bernier wrote in his Travels in Mughal India:
[citation needed][37]

"I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-ji, the Holy Seva-ji! Respected the
habitation of the reverend father Ambrose, the Capuchin missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are
good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or
Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive."
Warriors and statesmen in India, Sir E.Sullivan:
[38]

Shivaji possessed every quality requisite for success in the disturbed age in which he lived:
cautious and wily in council, he was fierce and daring in action; he possessed an endurance that
made him remarkable even amongst his hardy subjects, and an energy and decision that would in
any age raised him to distinction.
Cosme da Guarda says in "Life of the Celebrated Sevaji":
[citation needed][39]

Such was the good treatment Shivaji accorded to people and such was the honesty with which he
observed the capitulations that none looked upon him without a feeling of love and confidence.
By his people he was exceedingly loved. Both in matters of reward and punishment he was so
impartial that while he lived he made no exception for any person; no merit was left unrewarded,
no offence went unpunished; and this he did with so much care and attention that he specially
charged his governors to inform him in writing of the conduct of his soldiers, mentioning in
particular those who had distinguished themselves, and he would at once order their promotion,
either in rank or in pay, according to their merit. He was naturally loved by all men of valor and
good conduct."
[edit] Depiction in popular culture
Shivaji is a source of inspiration for a number of artists, directors, actors, writers, shahirs (ballad
composers), poets and orators.
[edit] Films
Raja Shivaji (Marathi), directed by Bhalaji Pendharkar and the main role was played by
Marathi actor Chandrakant Mandare.
Maratha tituka melawawa (Marathi)
Gad ala pan sinh gela (Marathi)
Mi ShivajiRaje Bhosale Boltoy (Marathi), a film with thoughts of Shivaji with respect to
current social, political and cultural situation
[edit] Literature
Shivaji, a biography authored by Setu Madhavrao Pagdi
Shriman yogi, a novel written on Shivaji Maharaj's life by Ranjit Desai.
Shivaji The Great: English translation of Shriman Yogi, by Dr. V. D. Katamble
Raja Shivchatrapti, a novel written on Shivaji's life by Babasaheb Purandare.
Shivchatraptiche Charitra (also known as Sabhasadachi Bakhar), the first biography of
Shivaji written by Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad as per the order of Shivaji's younger son
Rajaram.
"Shakkarte Shivray" Volume 1&2 by Vijay Deshmukh
[edit] Poetry and music
'Shivraj Bhushan' (Hindi) by Kavi Bhushan
Vedat Marathe vir daudale sat, poem composed by Kusumagraj on Shivaji's general
Prataprao Gujar, performed Lata Mangeshkar and Hridayanath Mangeshkar.
ballads by Tulsidas and Agandas
Jay Dev, Jay Dev Jay Jay Shivraya and He Hindu Nrusinha Prabho Shivaji Raja
composed by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, performed by Lata Mangeshkar and
Hridayanath Mangeshkar.
[edit] Theatre
Raigadala Jevha Jaag Yete (When Raigad Awakes), by Marathi playwright [Vasant
Kanetkar] based on the complex relationship between Shivaji Maharaj and Sambhaji.
Jaanata Raja ( ), a musical tale of Shivaji's life, by historian Babasaheb
Purandare.
[edit] Television
Raja ShivChhatrapati: TV serial on Star Pravah, a Marathi channel of Star India
Network. The serial was launched in November 2008 and is expected to run for more
than 100 one-hour episodes, in which the role of Raja Shivaji is played by Dr. Amol
Kolhe
Veer Shivaji: a Hindi TV series on Colors TV channel, The serial was launched in
September 2011.
Preceded by Chhatrapati of the Succeeded by
new state Maratha Empire
16741680
Sambhaji
[edit] References
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Jayanti". Pune: The Times of India. 4 February 2003. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
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Sameer series. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.. p. 11. ISBN 9788128808265.
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Ltd.. p. 18. ISBN 8128808265.
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1997. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
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p. 665. ISBN 9788190200004. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
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Press, 2009), 153190.
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2002, ISBN 8177552864, ISBN 9788177552867
23. ^ Kasar, D.B. (2005). Rigveda to Raigarh making of Shivaji the great. Manudevi
Prakashan.
24. ^ edited by Om Prakash., Om (2001) (in Prakash). Encyclopaedic History of Indian
Freedom Movement. Anmol Publications. p. 274. ISBN 8126109386.
25. ^ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, Jadunath (1920) (in Sarkar). Shivaji and His Times. Longmans,
Green and co. p. 294.
26. ^ Setumadhavarao S. Pagadi., Setumadhavarao S (1993) (in Pagadi). SHIVAJI.
NATIONAL BOOK TRUST. p. 21. ISBN 8123706472.
27. ^ Shivaji and his times, p-192, Jadunath Sarkar, Orient Blackswan, 1992, ISBN
8125013474, ISBN 9788125013471
28. ^ Shivaji, Volume 3 of Shivaji: The Great Maratha, p-619, H. S. Sardesai, Genesis
Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002, ISBN 8177552872, ISBN 9788177552874
29. ^ Indian Armed Forces, Bharat Verma, Lancer Publishers, 2008, ISBN 0979617421,
ISBN 9780979617423
30. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,
ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.609,634
31. ^ Kincaid, Charles; Parasnis, Dattaray (1918). A History of the Maratha People. 1.
London: Oxford University Press. pp. 183194
32. ^ Mughal Rule in India By Stephen Meredyth Edwardes, Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett,
ISBN 81-7156-551-4, 9788171565511
33. ^
a

b
Zakaria, Rafique, "Communal Rage in Secular India", Popular Prakashan, Mumbai
(2003)
34. ^ Central Chronicle Letter D. Pande. Retrieved on 2007-03-07
35. ^ Book Review IMC India. Retrieved on 2007-03-07
36. ^ Shivaji, The great Maratha, Volume 2, H. S. Sardesai, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd,
2002, ISBN 8177552864, ISBN 9788177552867
37. ^ The great Maratha, Volume 2, H. S. Sardesai, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002, ISBN
8177552864, ISBN 9788177552867
38. ^ The conquerors, warriors, and statesmen of India: an historical narrative of the
principal events from the invasion Mahmoud of Ghizni to that of Nader Shah, Sir Edward
Robert Sullivan, John Murray, 1866, the New York Public Library
39. ^ The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Maratha supremacy, Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, Bhratya Itihsa Samiti, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, G. Allen & Unwin,
1951, the University of Michigan
[edit] Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shivaji
Gajanan Mehendale. Shri Raja Shiv Chhatrapati. 1, 2.
H. S. Sardesai (2002). Shivaji, the great Maratha. Cosmo Publications.
ISBN 9788177552867. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
Babasaheb Purandare. Raja Shivachhatrapati.
Jysingrao Bhausaheb Pawar. Shivchatrapati- Ek Magowa.
Apte, B.K. (editor) (197475). Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary
Commemoration Volume. Bombay: University of Bombay.
Duff, Grant (1826). History of Marhattas. London: Oxford University Press.
V.D.Katamble. Shivaji the Great. Pune: Balwant Printers.
Kasar, D.B. (2005). Rigveda to Raigarh Making of Shivaji the Great. Mumbai:
Manudevi Prakashan.
Vishwas Patil (2006). Sambhaji. Pune: Mehta Publishing House. ISBN 81-7766-651-7.
Joshi, Ajit (1997). Agryahun Sutka. Marathi, Pune: Shivapratap Prakashan.
Parulekar, Shyamrao (1982). Yashogatha Vijaya durg. Vijaydurg.
Jyotirao Phule (1869). Chatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle Yanche Powade. Marathi.
Jadunath Sarkar. Shivaji and his times. Calcutta. ISBN 1178011569.
Rafique Zakaria (2003). Communal Rage in Secular India. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.
Mahesh Tendulkar. Runzunjar Senapati Santaji Ghorpade.
Atul Nene. Shivaji, 'The' Personality (Marathi PDF, 'shiva vyaktimatva').
[hide]v d eMaratha Empire

Rulers
Shivaji I Rajaram I Sambhaji Rajaram I restored Tarabai Shahu I
Rajaram II Shahu II

Peshwas
Moropant Pingle Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bahiroji Pingale
Parshuram Tribak Kulkarni Balaji Vishwanath Bajirao Balaji Bajirao
Madhavrao Ballal Narayanrao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji
Rao II Amrutrao Nana Sahib

Maratha
Confederacy
(Subsidiary or
Feudatory states)
Bhonsle of Nagpur Gaekwad of Baroda Sindhia of Gwalior Holkar of
Indore


Battles
Pratapgarh Kolhapur Pavan Khind Surat Sinhagad Palkhed
Mandsaur 1st Delhi Vasai Trichinopoly Expeditions in Bengal 3rd
Panipat Rakshabhuvan Panchgaon Gajendragad Lalsot Patan
Kharda Poona 2nd Delhi Assaye Laswari Farrukhabad Bharatpur
Khadki Koregaon Mahidpur Maratha-Mysore War full list

Wars
Maratha War of Independence Maratha-Mysore War First Anglo-
Maratha War Second Anglo-Maratha War Third Anglo-Maratha War

Adversaries
Adilshahi Mughal Empire Durrani Empire British Empire Portuguese
Empire Hyderabad Kingdom of Mysore

Forts
Panhala Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Shivneri Sindhudurg
Sinhagad Torna
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Categories: People in the history of Maharashtra | 1630 births | 1680 deaths | Indian monarchs |
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