Department of Public Works and Highways

Cost Estimation Process

The Cost Esti mati on
Process as it evolves to
specific stages of project
development.
Planning Design Procurement
Identify and Prepare
Feasibility Studies
and Preliminary
Design
Perform
Detailed Design
Prepare
Bidding
Documents
Receive
and
Evaluate
Bids
BBPEE BBDEE
Estimate for
the ABC
Planning Service, PMO-
Feasibility Studies
Implementing Offices
PMOs, ROs and DEOs
POCW with the assistance
from PMOs, ROs, DEOs
Cost Estimation Process
Review/Study Design Drawings
Data Collection
Field Surveys
Labor Equipment Materials
Materials Sources Labor
Evaluation/processing of Data
Pay Item Quantity
Calculation (Bill
of Quantities)
Cost Estimate
Unit Price Analysis
Construction Pay
Items Unit Rates
Maintenance Unit
Rates
Maintenance
Activities
Project Cost Maintenance Cost
Project Estimate Components BBPEE BBDEE ABC
A. Direct Cost ! ! !
Materials ! ! !
Labor ! ! !
Equipment ! ! !
Dayworks ! Per DO 46 s2007
Provisional Sum ! Per DO 46 s2007
B. Indirect Cost Per DO 57 s2002 Per DO 57 s2002 Per DO 57 s2002
OCM ! ! !
Profit ! ! !
Mobilization/Demobilization ! ! !
C. VAT 12% (A+B) 12% (A+B) 12% (A+B)
D. Total Civil Works Cost A+B+C A+B+C A+B+C
E. Contingency 10% of D 10% of D 5% of D
F. Engineering Costs Per NEDA Per NEDA
Detailed Engineering 4-6% (D+E)
Construction Supervision* 8-10% (D+E) 8-10% (D+E)*
Administrative Cost 3.5% (D+E) 3.5% (D+E)
G. Feasibility Cost (Optional for Pre-FS) 1-3% (D+E)
H. IROW Acquisition Cost ! !
I. Total Estimated Project Cost D+E+F+G+H D+E+F+G+H D+E
Project Estimation Phase
*Construction Supervision only applies to foreign-assisted projects
Work type proposed improvement works of the project
Location of the project includes terrain types and
embankment and aggregate material sources
Design plans and specification working drawings and
DPWH Standard Specifications Vol. II, Ed. 2004
Equipment rental rates ACEL Guidebook, ed. 22, yr.
2003
Labor rates and fringe benefits DOLE, Regional Wage
Board, SSS, Philhealth, Pag-Ibig, & bonus
Construction Materials List and Material Sources Map
DPWH Department Orders DOs relevant to cost
estimation
NEDA Circular Circular/memo relevant to cost
estimation
Basic Consideration or Basis of Cost Estimate
Unit Price Analysis
Two Main Parts:
Direct Cost
Labor
Materials
Equipment
Indirect Cost (% of Direct Cost as defined in DO 57)
OCM (overhead, contingency & miscellaneous)
profit
Mobilization/Demobilization
Unit Price Analysis
Elements of the Direct Cost
Labor
basic wage
fringe benefits
bonuses
social security & other social charges
Equipment
bare hourly & rental operating cost
fuels & lubricants
repairs & maintenance
labor
Materials
labor
equipment
processing & transport
Production Rate
Unit Price Analysis
Labor Categories
Labor Category Labor Index
1. Foreman, construction
2. Leadman
3. Operator, Heavy
4. Operator, Light
5. Labor, Highly Skilled
6. Driver
7. Labor, Skilled
8. Labor, Unskilled
1.80
1.65
1.50
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.00
Basic Labor Rates Calculation
Monthly Wages based on 314 days per year, 8 hours per day (Basic Daily
Wage x (314/12))
Leave, vacation and sick = Basic Monthly Pay / 12
Bonus, 13th Month Pay = Basic Monthly Pay / 12
SSS, Medicare, Employer's Compensation = Amount Representing
Employer's Contribution, Graduated Scale
Pag-ibig, Employer's Compensation = Amount Representing Employer's
Contribution, (2% of Basic Monthly Wage or P100 max.)
Rate per Hour = Total rate per month x (12/314/8)
Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis
Take the value of
non-agricultural
sector
Unit Price Analysis
Take the values under the
column of total monthly
contributions in reference
with range of compensation
Unit Price Analysis
Take the values under the
column of total monthly
contributions
Unit Price Analysis
Equipment Category Sample Equipments
Earthmoving equipment
Compaction equipment
Lifting equipment
Excavating equipment
Foundation equipment
Asphalting equipment
Concreting equipment
Hauling equipment
Air equipment
Pumping equipment
Power generating equipment
Shop equipment
Special support equipment
Miscellaneous equipment
Plants
Offshore equipment
Cable stringing equipment
Others
wheel loader, grader, tractor dozer
vibratory steel drum, plate compactor
cranes, forklifts
backhoe, trenchers
pile vibratory driver, pile hammer, drill rig
asphalt paver/finisher, asphalt distributor
paver/finisher, mixer, transit mixer
dump truck, cargo truck, trailer
compressor, pneumatic breakers handheld
submersible pump, diaphragm pump
generator set
welding machine, shop machine
truck water wagon/pump
joint sealer, rebar cutter/bender
asphalt concrete plant, concrete batching plant
dredger, crane barge, tugboat
cable tensioner/puller, splicing machine
chip spreader, power broom
Unit Price Analysis
Equipment Unit Rate Analysis
Basic Calculation
Bare Month Rental Bare monthly rate 200h/mo.
Repair & Miscellaneous
Repair - 6.3% of Bare Rental
Spare Parts 5.1% of Bare Rental
Miscellaneous 0.6% of Bare Rental
Fuel
Fuel Price/lit. x HP x 0.1514
Oil & Lubricant Price/lit. x HP x 0.003
Labor
Operator or driver Labor rate/hr
Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis
Sample calculation of
adjusted equipment
rates in spreadsheet
Materials Category Sample Materials
Commercial Materials
Contractors processed materials
Portland Cement
Reinforcing Steel Bars (RSB or Rebars)
Lumber
Plywood
Tie Wire
Structural Steel
Common Wire Nails (CWN) assorted sizes
Emulsified Asphalt (SS-1)
Cut-Back Asphalt (MC-70/MC-250)
Asphalt Cement Penetration 85/100
Joint Sealer
Reflective Paints
Metal Beam Guard Rails,
Guard End Pieces
Reflective Pavement Stud (raised or low profile)
Fuel (Diesel/gasoline/premium gasoline
Lubricants
Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert (RCPC)
Base/Subbased Courses
Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis
Sample of contractors process
materials
Unit Price Analysis
Hauling Unit Rate Analysis
Basic Consideration
Terrain type
Road condition
Dump truck capacity
Selection of loader capacity, output, bucket fill factor and operating
factor (to estimate loader production rate)
Material type
Cycle time
Loader
Load bucket and shift gears
Turn and dump the load
Travel distance and time from dumping to loading position and return to
the loading position
T
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a
l

C
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c
l
e

T
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m
e
,

T

Hauling Unit Rate Analysis (cont.)
Cycle time
Dump Truck
Average hauling distance
Terrain type
Loading time
Loaded travel time
Initial traveled distance during acceleration
Succeeding traveled distance at an average speed
Final speed at a distance until it stops
Unload and maneuver
Return empty
Same as loaded but at a greater speed
Allowance for delay
Number of dump truck trips, n
Unit Price Analysis
T
o
t
a
l

C
y
c
l
e

T
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m
e
,

T

Unit Price Analysis
Hauling Unit Rate Analysis (cont.)
Number of dump trucks

Average hauling output
Total hauling cost per hour
Equipment
1 Wheel loader, ___ m
3
/hr -------------- _____ P/hr
N Dump trucks, ___ m
3
------------------ _____ P/hr
Labor
1 Leadman, rate --------------------------- _____ P/hr
2 Laborers, rate --------------------------- _____ P/hr
Total Cost per hour _____ P/hr
Total unit cost per m
3
, (loose volume)
Sample of hauling cost analysis using spreadsheet
Unit Price Analysis
Production Rate Derivation of a Pay Item
Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis
Elements of the Indirect Cost
Profit contractors profit
Overhead Expenses
Office Expenses (office equipment and supplies)
Engineering and Administrative Cost
Transportation allowances
Contractors All Risk Insurance
Premiums on Bid Security and Performance Security
Premium/charges/fees on credit lines
Contingencies
Miscellaneous Expenses
Laboratory Tests
Other expenses
Mobilization/Demobilization
Estimated
Direct Cost
(EDC)
Indirect Cost % for OCM
and Profit (Maximum
Ranges)
% Cost for
Mob/Demob
(Maximum)
Total
Maximum
Indirect
Cost % for
OCM, Profit
and Mob/
Demob
OCM (% of
EDC)
Profit (% of
EDC)
Up to P1Million
13 15 1 29
Above P1M to
P5M
12 14 1 27
Above P5M to
P10M
12 13 1 26
Above P10M to
P20M
11 12 1 24
Above 20M to
P50M
11 11 1 23
Above P50M
10 10 1 21
Unit Price Analysis
DO 57 s 2002
Unit Price Analysis
Cost Currency Components:
Foreign Cost Component
imported equipment & spare parts
foreign currency component of locally goods
& services
wages of expatriate personnel
foreign overheads & profits
Local Cost Component
local materials
equipment & supplies
wages, local supervision
transport & freight
overhead & profits
Tax Component
revenue for the government derived from each item
Cost Component of Selected Construction Items
Unit Price Analysis
Description
Components
Foreign Local Tax
(%) (%) (%)
Heavy Equipment
Light Equipment
Reinforcing Steel
Structural Steel
Lumber
Asphalt
Cement
Diesel fuel
Engine oil
Tires
Imported Miscellaneous Materials
Locally Produced Miscellaneous Materials
Skilled Foreign Labor
Unskilled Labor
Royalty
68
65
54
85
33
76
40
60
60
47
64
17
65
0
0
10
15
35
4
57
2
45
13
13
43
7
69
25
90
90
22
20
11
11
10
22
15
27
27
10
29
14
10
10
10
Quantity Calculations for Pay Items Bill of Quantities
Pointers in the conduct of quantity calculations:
Based on the design plans and specifications
Units of measurement are all in metric based on
DPWH Standard Specifications.
Solid mensuration is extensively used and other
mathematical formulae.
Used of computer softwares in calculations.
Used of calculators (simple or scientific)
Conversion factors
Rates of application of materials such as, liquified
asphalt materials, paints, etc.
Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis
Sample Formula of Plane Shapes & Figures
Area of a Triangle
A = " x base x height = " (bh)
Perimeter of a Triangle
P = side
1
+ side
2
+ side
3

Area of a Parallelogram
A = ! x base x height = ! (bh)
Perimeter of a Parallelogram
P = 2a + 2b
Area of a Rectangle
A = width x length = (wl)
Perimeter of a Rectangle
P = 2(lwidth) + 2(length) = 2(w) + 2(l)
Area of a Circle
A = !r
2
Circumference of a Circle
C = 2!r = !D ! = 3.14 159
Sample Formula of Solid Geometric Figures
Unit Price Analysis
Volume of Rectangular Solid
V = abc
Surface Area
SA = 2(ab + ac + bc)
Volume of Cube
V = a
3

Surface Area
SA = 6a
2

Volume of Sphere
V = 4/3 !r
3
Surface Area
SA = 4!r
2
Volume of Circular Cone
V = 1/3 !r
2
h

Surface Area
SA = !r
2
+ !rl
Volume of Circular Cylinder
V = !r
2
h or !D
2
4

Surface Area
SA = 2 !rh + 2!r
2
Unit Price Analysis
Sample Typical Road Sections
# Estimating the work output of a piece of equipment is determined in 2 ways:
Using work output formula based on the cycle of operation and other factors which
controlled production.
Using tables based on past experiences of average work output under varying conditions for
different operations.
# To calculate earthmoving equipment consider the volume changes in earth caused by
handling. These volume changes have the following terms, to wit:
Swell increase in volume of earth that results when it is dug from its natural position.
Shrinkage decrease in volume of earth when compacted.
Loose yards volume of earth after it has been removed from its natural location and swell
has taken place.
In-place yards volume of earth in its natural location before handling.
Compacted yards volume of earth that has been properly compacted in embankment on
fill.
# Basis of calculations for excavation and fill
Loose yards are used to express the carrying capacity of earth moving equipment.
In-place yards are converted to compacted yards to determine the volume of materials in a
fill that will be realized from a given amount of materials in its natural location.
In-place yards are converted to loose yards to determine the amount of earth moving
equipment required to handle the materials.
The output of equipment in loose yards must be converted to compacted yards to determine
the final volume of fill
Methods of Estimating Work Output
Unit Price Analysis
1.0 m
3
in natural condition
(in-place yards)
1.25 m
3
after digging
(loose yards)
0.9 m
3
after compaction
(compacted yards)
Volume Changes in Common Earth Caused by Handling
Bowl Capacity of Dozer
Illustrations of Soil Handling
Unit Price Analysis
Formula for Earthmoving Equipment Work Output
where:
Q = bowl capacity in loose cubic meters
f = soil conversion factor
60 = minutes per hour
E = efficiency factor
Cm = total cycle time in minutes
The working capacity of construction equipment is expressed by
the work practically done by the operation of equipment per unit
time ( 1 hour or day)
Unit Price Analysis
Conversion Factors, f
Soil Type
Present
Condition
Converted to
In-place Loose Compacted
Sand
Common Earth
Clay
In-place
Loose
Compacted
In-place
Loose
Compacted
In-place
Loose
Compacted
1.00
0.90
1.05
1.00
0.80
1.11
1.00
0.70
1.11
1.11
1.00
1.17
1.25
1.00
1.39
1.43
1.00
1.59
0.95
0.86
1.00
0.90
0.72
1.00
0.93
0.63
1.00
Tractor Model Bulldozer Angle Dozer
D4
D6
D7
D8
1.25 m
3
1.44 m
3
2.20 m
3
2.40 m
3
1.82 m
3
2.01 m
3
2.58 m
3
2.97 m
3
Bowl Capacity of Dozers (loose yards)
Unit Price Analysis
Source: Construction Equipment Manual, BRS/DPWH
Sample Calculation for Work Output
Given: Average haul distance one way 30 m
Soil type - common earth
Efficiency factor (E) - 80%
Speed - 2.5 kph
Required: Determine in place cubic meters moved per hour if D7 tractor dozer is to be used.
Solution:
Step 1. From conversion factor table, the soil conversion factor (f), soil type common earth loose to in-place,
f = 0.80
From dozer bowl capacity table, D7 tractor dozer, Q = 2.2 m
3
Step 2. Determine fixed time
@ 2 gear shift @ 10 sec. per shift = 20 sec = 0.33 min
Step 3. Determine variable time
Travel forward 30 m @ 2.5 kph
Travel backward 30 m @ 5.0 kph
Step 4. Add fixed and variable time
Total cycle time, Cm = 0.33 + 0.72 + 0.36 = 1.41 min.
Step 5. Substitute in work output formula
Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis
Sample Typical Cross-Section of Drainage Structures
Sample Quantity Calculation for Volume of Excavation:
Sample: Given a RCPC 1220mm and a length of 5.0 meters, compute volume of excavation.
Solution: Size of excavation as given from the above drawings for 1220mm:
width = 1.60m, height = 2.0 m, length = 5.0 m
Volume = w x h x l = 1.6 x 2 x 5 = 16 m
3
compacted volume (stated in the plans)
Applying the soil conversion factor, common earth from compacted to loose, use
factor, f = 1.39 the excavated loose volume = 16 x 1.39 = 22.24 m
3

Volume of Backfill and Bedding Materials:
Sample: Using the same sample, calculate backfill and bedding materials
Solution: Size of excavation as given from the above drawings for 1220mm:
width = 1.60m, height = 2.0 m, length = 5.0 m
Volume of trench = w x h x l = 1.6 x 2 x 5 = 16 m
3


Volume of bedding materials at compacted state, using thickness of 15cm
= 1.6 x 0.15 x 5 = 1.2 m
3

Using soil conversion factor, compacted to loose, f = 1.17
Volume of bedding materials required to purchase = 1.2 x 1.17 = 1.404m
3

Volume of backfill = Vol
trench
(Vol
RCPC
+ Vol
bedding
) = 16 (7.371+1.2) = 7.429 m
3

Applying conversion factor, compacted to loose, f = 1.39
Volume of backfill required = 7.429 x 1.39 = 10.326 m
3

Sample Quantity Calculation
Unit Price Analysis
Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures
This composition of concrete is used for concrete batching plant.
Unit Price Analysis
Mixture
Class of
Concrete
Proportion
Cement
in Bags
Sand
cu. m.
Gravel
cu. m.
AA
A
B
C
1:1":3
1:2:4
1:2":5
1:3:6
12.0
9.0
7.5
6.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Concrete Proportion
This concrete proportion is used for manual mix.
Unit Price Analysis
Mixture
Class of
Concrete
Proportion
Cement
in Bags
40 kgs.
Sand
cu. m.
A
B
C
D
1:2
1:3
1:4
1:5
18.0
12.0
9.0
7.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Cement and Sand Proportion for Mortar and Plastering
Unit Price Analysis
Sample Calculation:
Given: Volume = 10 m
3
of mortar, use class A
Solution: Refer to the above table
Cement = 10 x 18 = 180 bags
Sand = 10 x 1.0 = 10 m
3

Sample Calculation for Asphalt Concrete Pavement:
Given: Carriageway width = 6.7m, Length = 1 km., thickness = 50cm,
use 301(1) - MC-70 Cut-Back Asphalt
Solution:
Determine Item 301(1) - Bituminous Prime Coat
Determine Item 310 Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid (AC Asphalt Concrete)
The derived quantities are then summarized in the bill of quantities and subsequently,
manually entered in the estimated construction cost spreadsheet which are multiplied by
the unit prices to come up with total cost of that item and summed up all the pay items to
calculate the total direct cost. After which, indirect cost is applied to determined the total
estimated project cost.
Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis
Item Number Description Unit Quantity
100(1)
102(1)
102(2)
103(3)
103(6)
104(1)
105(1)
105(3)
200
201
301(1)
310
500(1)
Clearing and Grubbing
Unsuitable Excavation
Surplus Common Excavation
Foundation Fill
Pipe Culverts and Drainage Excavation
Embankment
Subgrade Preparation (Common Material)
Subgrade Preparation (Unsuitable Material)
Aggregate Subbase Course
Aggregate Base Course
Bituminous Prime (MC-70 Cut-Back Asphalt)
Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid
RCPC 610mm
ha.
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
2
m
2
m
3
m
3
ton
m
2
l.m.
20
1,000
11,000
2,000
1,858
7,500
3,000
5,000
10,455
12,156
30,780
5,689
3,105
Sample of Bill of Quantities
Sample of unit
price analysis in
spreadsheet
Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis
Sample of Summary of Construction Pay Items Unit Prices
Unit Price Analysis
Sample of Total Estimated Project Cost
Unit Price Analysis
Sample of the Program of Work (POW)
Unit Price Analysis
Sample of the Approved Budget for the Contract (ABC)
Unit Price Analysis
Sample of the Minimum Equipment Requirement
Maintenance Cost
Highway Maintenance
- is defined as the act of preserving and keeping each
highway type of highway as nearly as possible in its
original conditions as constructed or as subsequently
improved. It does not include rehabilitation, betterment
and improvement
Two calculation methods for maintenance cost
- EMK (Equivalent Maintenance Kilometrage)
- Traffic Dependent Method
Two Categories:
Routine Maintenance
vegetation control
cleaning and repairing culverts
cleaning ditches
cleaning and repairing traffic signs
climatic loss of gravel on shoulder
Periodic Maintenance
road surface repairs
resurfacing
shoulder repair & resurfacing
General Cost
Maintenance Cost
Maintenance Cost
EMK Factors
Source: BOM/
DPWH
0
AADT
AADT
Basic Formula:
Road:
MC
R
= EMK
budget
x F
t
x F
w
x Length
where:
MC
R
= maintenance cost for road
EMK
budget
= annual allocation
F
t
= factor for surface type
F
w
= factor for carriageway width
Length = in kilometer
Bridge:
MC
B
= EMK
budget
x F
b
x Length
where:
MC
B
= maintenance cost for bridge
EMK
budget
= annual allocation
F
b
= factor for bridge type
Length = in meter
Traffic Dependent Method
Traffic volume in terms of vehicle units:
Light vehicles ! 0.4 vehicle units
Buses ! 2.5 vehicle units
Trucks ! 3.0 vehicle units
Maintenance Cost
Maintenance Cost
Basic assumptions in calculating routine maintenance unit rates :
Vegetation Control
0.5 ha/km/year
400 m2/crew day
2 - knapsack movers
2 - unskilled laborers
Cleaning and Repair of Culverts
1 4 number units/day/km
1 dump truck
3 unskilled laborers
Materials
Replace, Clean and Repair Traffic Signs
2 5 units repaired, repainted or replace daily
1 pick-up vehicle
Materials
Clearing Side Ditches
40 1000 l.m./day (half by grader and half by hand or manual)
1 grader
3 unskilled laborers
Source: Road Maintenance Manual, BOM-DPWH
Maintenance Cost
Periodic Maintenance
Road Surface Repair
Regravelling gravel road and gravel shoulder
Grading & reshaping gravel road
Joint & crack sealing for PCCP
Pothole repair (spot regravel) for gravel road
Patch potholes for ACP
Crack sealing for ACP
Edge break for ACP
Resurfacing
Asphalt Concrete Overlay
Shoulder Repair & Resurfacing
Regravelling
Grading and reshaping
Asphalt Concrete Overlay
Maintenance Cost
Sample of routine maintenance unit
price analysis
Maintenance Cost
Periodic Maintenance Task
Maintenance Cost
General Formula for Maintenance Cost Calculations
Routine Maintenance (peso/km)
Maintenance Task = Qty
table
x L
shoulder
x W x 365 days x unit rate
activity
General Cost
Periodic Maintenance (peso-vehicle unit/km)
Maintenance Task = (Qty
table
x L x W x 365 days x unit rate
activity
) Frequency
vehicle

where:
L = length in meters
W = width in meters
Qty
table
= Periodic Maintenance Task Table
unit rate
activity
= maintenance unit price analysis
Frequency = benchmark of traffic volume in terms of v.u. as shown in Periodic
Maintenance Task Table
Maintenance Cost
Routine Maintenance Unit Cost
Road Segment Economic Financial
a. Vegetation control
b. Cleaning and repair culverts
c. Replace, clean and repair traffic signs
d. Clearing side ditches
P 5,312.58/km
4,880.19/km
5,384.64/km
10,813.92/km
P 6,498.57/km
7,055.90/km
6,667.53/km
13,250.68/km
Total per annum P 26,391.34/km P 33,472.67/km
Routine Maintenance Unit Cost
Bridge Segment Economic Financial
a. Concrete bridge
b. Steel bridge
P 568.79/l.m.
3,714.14/l.m.
P 721.41/l.m.
4,710.72/l.m.
Sample of Summary Routine Maintenance Unit Cost
Maintenance Cost
Maintenance Tasks Unit Cost
Economic Financial
1. Gravel ( Surface )
2. Regrade and Reshape
a. Carriageway
b. Shoulder
3. AC Resurfacing ( 3 cm.)
4. AC Overlay ( 5 cm. )
5. Replacement of Failed Bay
a. t = 230 mm
b. t = 200 mm
6. Repair of Cracks/Joints
7. Patching and Pothole Repair
a. Pothole Repair ( Gravel )
b. Pothole Repair (AC)
c. Sealing and Patching (AC)
8. Road Stripping (painted lines)
P 481.87/m
3
5.14/m
2
15.41/m
2
94.36/m
2
135.51/m
2
2,527.25/m
2
2,197.69/m
2
18,066.78/m
2
498.56/m
3
494.06/m
2
510.81/m
2
48.53/m
P 579.45/m
3
6.29/m
2
18.87/m
2
113.28/m
2
162.25/m
2
3,089.00/m
2
2,686.20/m
2
22,123.42/m
2
598.08/m
3
597.05/m
2
617.50/m
2
57.48/m
Sample of Summary of Periodic Maintenance Unit Cost
Summary of Maintenance Costs
Road Type
Maintenance Category
Routine Periodic
Economic Financial Economic Financial
Gravel Roads (5.0m roadway)
AC with gravel shoulders
a. 0.5+6.1+0.5
b. 1.0+6.1+1.0
c. 1.5+6.1+1.5
d. 3.0+6.7+3.0
PCC with gravel shoulders
a. 0.5+6.1+0.5
t = 230 mm
t = 200 mm
b. 1.0+6.1+1.0
t = 230 mm
t = 200 mm
c. 1.5+6.1+1.5
t = 230 mm
t = 200 mm
d. 3.0+6.7+3.0
t = 230 mm
t = 200 mm
49,521.08
31,210.03
36,028.73
40,847.42
55,303.51
31,210.03
31,210.03
36,028.73
36,028.73
40,847.42
40,847.42
55,303.51
55,303.51
61,286.05
39,267.13
45,061.58
50,856.03
68,239.39
39,267.13
39,267.13
45,061.58
45,061.58
50,856.03
50,856.03
68,239.39
68,239.39
737.36a
80.05a
100.55a
121.06a
186.01a
62.77a
62.12a
83.27a
82.62a
103.77a
103.12a
166.34a
165.69a
896.59a
96.33a
121.40a
146.47a
225.81a
75.81a
75.01a
100.88a
100.08a
125.95a
125.15a
202.43a
201.63a
Maintenance Cost
Sample of Summary Maintenance Cost
Note: a = vehicle unit, v.u.
Sample of Summary of
Work Unit Cost used
in HDM-4