რელიგიის თავისუფლება

Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004
religiis
Tavisufleba
Tbilisi
2004
avtorTa jgufi: malxaz narindoSvili
vano gogelia
TaTia julayiZe
zurab jaSi
erekle glurjiZe
Semdgeneli da redaqtori: giorgi melaZe
redaqtori: nodar ladaria
stilis redaqtorebi: ana WabaSvili

lali qadagiZe
marika kveselava
dizaini: besik danelia
ISBN 999407147-5
gamocemulia aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos ((USAID))

da merilendis universitetis IRIS Center-is-is finansuri mxardaWeriT
(xelSekruleba #114- -00-01-00136-00). gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi
#114-C-00-01-00136-00).
ekuTvniT avtorebs da, SesaZloa, ar emTxveodes USAID-is -is Tvalsazriss.
winasityvaoba
Cemi cxovreba didwilad

marTulia keTilgonierebiT,
misi ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi ki _
uzenaesi ZaliT, rwmeniT.
mahaTma gandi
religiisa da rwmenis sakiTxebi adamianis yvelaze

Rrma sulier sferos ganekuTvneba da ganuyoflad aris
dakavSirebuli pirovnebis Rirsebisa da sindisis xel-
SeuxeblobasTan. saxelmwifos mier adamianis religiuri
uflebebis pativiscema individis pirovnuli xelSe-
uxeblobisadmi misi marTlzomieri damokidebulebis
demonstrirebaa. da piriqiT, adamianis religiuri uf-
lebebis ugulebelyofa da religiur niadagze diskri-
minacia demokratiuli saxelmwifos mTavari principis
uaryofaa, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisuflebis wyaro
xalxia. es principi avaldebulebs saxelmwifos, izru-
nos sakuTar moqalaqeebze da ar dauSvas maTi uflebe-
bis darRveva.
aRmsareblobisa da sindisis niadagze devnisa da
diskriminaciis dauSveblobis Taobaze debulebebi
msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynis konstituciaSi, maT
Soris saqarTvelos uzenaes kanonSic gvxvdeba. Tumca
am principis sruli realizaciisaTvis mxolod libe-
raluri kanonmdebloba sakmarisi ar aris. msoflio
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom religiisa da rwmenis Ta-
visuflebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT kvlav araerTi
problema arsebobs.
saqarTvelos dRevandeli mdgomareoba sxva ganvi-
Tarebad saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli viTarebis msgavsia. marTalia, xelisuflebis
cvlilebasTan erTad religiur niadagze vandaluri aqtebi TiTqmis aRikveTa, Tum-
ca kanonmdeblobasa da misi gamoyenebis praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
kvlavac aqtualuria.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aTeul welze mets iTvlis,
Cvens wamyvan saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi jer kidev SemorCenilia komunis-
tur ideologiaze dafuZnebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, rogorc politikuri mecni-
erebebis, ise samarTlebrivi gamocdilebis sferoSi. dRemde ar arsebobs lite-
ratura, romelic religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis sferoSi ZiriTadi saerTa-
Soriso aqtebis, precedentuli samarTlisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis uzrunvel-
yofis TvalsazrisiT warmatebul saxelmwifoTa samarTlebrivi gamocdilebis
yovlismomcvel analizs SesTavazebda sazogadoebas. wigns `religiis Tavisuf-
leba~ ZiriTadad saganmanaTleblo funqcia ekisreba da misi mizani am sferoSi
arsebuli informaciuli vakuumis Sevsebaa. mas wminda praqtikuli daniSnulebac
aqvs _ saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesabamisobaSi
moyvanisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis qarTul samarTlebriv sivr-
ceSi integraciis pirobebSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saerTaSoriso sa-
samarTloebis praqtikis codna da misi Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze gamoyeneba.
wigni `religiis Tavisufleba~ gamiznulia samarTlis sferoSi moRvawe praq-
tikosi iuristebis, advokatebisa da mosamarTleebisaTvis, studentebisaTvis.
Tumca, igi religiisa da rwmenis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli sxva mkiTxvelisTvi-
sac saintereso iqneba.
wignis pirveli Tavi mkiTxvels religiisa da rwmenis TavisuflebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi daexmareba: religiis raoba, reli-
giuri uflebebis warmoSobis istoria, religiis Tavisuflebis filosofiuri sa-
fuZvlebi da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.
adamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konvencia
araerTi avtorisa da mecnieris mier adamianis uflebebis sferoSi SemuSavebul
yvelaze qmediT saerTaSoriso aqtad aris miCneuli.
saqarTvelo 1999 wlidan evropis sabWos wevri qveyanaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebaze adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis de-
bulebebi da mis safuZvelze moqmedi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
precedentuli samarTali Cveni qveynisaTvis savaldebuloa. saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis me-6 muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an
SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, Sidasaxelmwi-
foebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT upiratesi Zala aqvs. es konstituciuri
debuleba naTlad metyvelebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo
praqtikis konvenciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis aucileblobaze. amis miuxedavad,
qarTuli sazogadoebis iuridiul wreebSi religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis
sferoSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis
codna nulovan zRvars utoldeba, risi ZiriTadi mizezic qarTul enaze saTanado
literaturis ararsebobaa.
wignis meore Tavi am danaklisis aRmofxvris mcdelobaa. masSi warmodgenilia
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis sakiTxebis Semcveli, konvenciis me-9 da sxva
momijnave muxlebis safuZvelze gadawyvetili saqmeebis analizi. garda amisa, am
TavSi detaluradaa ganxiluli adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi samar-
Talwarmoebis struqtura da sistema.
wignis mesame Tavi eZRvneba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religiisa da rwmenis
Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis istoriasa da sasamarTlo (umTavresad uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos) sistemis farglebSi miRebul mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs. amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi saxelwmifoTa Soris erT-erTi im mcireTagania, sadac ada-
mianis religiuri uflebebis dacva praqtikul doneze Seesabameba am qveynis kons-
tituciis Teoriul-deklaraciul debulebebs da erTaderTia, romelsac esoden
mdidari sasamarTlo praqtika aqvs religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis sferoSi.
amitomac, vfiqrob, udavod saintereso unda iyos aSS-s gamocdilebisaTvis Tvalis
gadavleba da misi gaazreba qarTul realobasTan mimarTebaSi.
zurab adeiSvili
sarCevi
Tavi I
Sesavali 19
1. religia 21
religiis gansazRvreba 21
religiis elementebi 22
religiaTa klasifikacia 22
religiaTa klasifikaciis veberis sistema 24
religiuri organizaciis formebi 24
2. religiuri uflebebi _
istoriuli mimoxilva 27
adreuli eklesia 29
eklesia da saxelmwifo 30
bunebiTi uflebebis idea 32
religiuri uflebebis aRmoceneba 34
3. adamianis religiur uflebaTa

apologia 41
adamianis religiuri uflebebi

da adreuli religiuri moZRvrebani 42
da religiis buneba 46
da adamianis Rirseba 48
da saero saxelmwifo 51
religiis Tavisufleba
da adamianis sxva uflebebi 55
da saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba 56
4. religiis Tavisuflebis perspeqtivebi 60
religiis Tavisuflebis teqtonika 61

religiis Tavisuflebis lokiseuli revolucia 64
religiis Tavisuflebis analizis pirobiTi modeli 67
religiis Tavisufleba da saxelmwifosa
da eklesiis gamijvna 69
5. SeniSvnebi 75
Tavi II
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba
adamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvis
evropis konvenciis safuZvelze 79
1. Sesavali 81
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb evropis
konvenciis ZiriTadi debulebebis mimoxilva 82
adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo da komisia 84
evropuli komisiis procedura 84
evropuli sasamarTlos procedura 85
evropuli komisiis gauqmeba da sxva cvlilebebi me-11 oqmis safuZvelze 85
saCivris dasaSveboba 86
saproceso uflebamosileba 87
eklesiebi da sxva religiuri organizaciebi 87
iuridiuli pirebi 88
2. religiisa da rwmenis gansazRvreba 91

konvenciis me-9 muxli 91
evropuli sasamarTlosa da komisiis praqtika 93
zogadi liberaluri midgoma 93
politikuri da filosofiuri mrwamsi 94
individualizebuli religia da rwmena 95
alternatiuli midgomebi religiisa da rwmenis definiciebis mimarT 96
saerTaSoriso samarTali 97
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTloebi 98
3. religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba 102

religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba 102
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba, rogorc pozitiuri ufleba 104
10
negatiuri valdebuleba 106
piradi sferos upiratesi xasiaTi 106
Forum internum-isa da forum externum-is gamijvna 108
saxelmwifos Careva forum internum-Si 109
saxelmwifo eklesia 112
finansuri garigebebi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris 113
kontroli saeklesio personalze 115
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba da forum internum ganaTlebaSi 118
skolis uflebamosilebis farglebi 119
skolis diskreciuli uflebamosilebis SezRudva 121
evropuli sasamarTlos bolodroindeli gadawyvetilebebi 121
religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis Tavisufleba 124
4. religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis ufleba 130

individualuri an jgufuri da sajaro an kerZo gamoxatva 130
RvTismsaxureba, swavleba, ritualebis Sesruleba
da wes-Cveulebebis dacva 132
gamoxatvis saxeebis eqskluziuri Tu inkluziuri buneba 132
RvTismsaxureba da ritualebis Sesruleba 133
swavleba 134
wes-Cveulebebis dacva 136
erousmitis saqme: gamoxatvis aucileblobis testi 137
faqtobrivi mimoxilva 137
komisiis gadawyvetileba 137
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi erousmitis saqmeSi 138
erousmitis testi 140
testis buneba 140
erousmitis testis gamoyeneba 140
testis gamoyeneba `wes-Cveulebebis dacvis~ farglebs gareT 141
erousmitis testis analizi 143
evropuli sasamarTlosa da komisiis meTodologia
aucileblobis gansazRvrisas 143
aucileblobis mtkicebuleba 144
upiratesoba erousmitis testis safuZvelze 144
alternatiuli midgomebi gamoxatvis saxeebis mimarT 145
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis dokumentebi 147
religiuri uflebebis nebayoflobiTi daTmoba 147
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nebayoflobiTi modeli saxelmwifo eklesiis farglebSi 148
nebayoflobiTi modeli sxva konteqstebSi 149
5. religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis SezRudva 152
evropuli sasamarTlos midgoma me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilisadmi 153
evropuli sasamarTlos uari me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilidan
gamomdinare sakiTxebis ganxilvaze 153
saqmeebi, romlebzec sasamarTlom me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis
darRveva daadgina 154
evropuli sasamarTlosa da komisiis zogadi midgoma
SemzRudveli pirobebis mimarT 155
kanoniT gansazRvruli SezRudvebi 156
evropuli sasamarTlosa da komisiis zogadi midgoma 156
kanoniT gansazRvruli SezRudvebi da konvenciis me-9 muxli 157
SezRudvis aucilebloba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi 159
saxelmwifos roli aucileblobis gansazRvraSi da misi diskrecia 159
diskreciuli uflebamosileba me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi 160
proporciulobis principi 161
legitimuri mizani 163
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis SezRudvis safuZvlebi 165
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis aucilebloba 165
janmrTelobis dacvis aucilebloba 168
moralis dacvis aucilebloba 171
sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis aucilebloba 172
gamoxatvis SezRudva omisa da sagangebo mdgomareobis dros 175
6. zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebi 178
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba samxedro samsaxuris mimarT 180
tradiciuli midgoma diskriminaciis saqmeebSi 182
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis aRiareba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi 183
alternatiuli midgoma keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis mimarT 184
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebi precedentul samarTalSi186
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebi da erousmitis testi 187
gansxvavebuli midgoma zogadi daniSnulebisa
da neitraluri kanonebis mimarT 187
precedentuli samarTlis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi 190
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis analizi 191
midgoma me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis safuZvelze 191
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religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis minimaluri SezRudva,
rogorc saxelmwifos valdebuleba 193
socialuri anarqiis argumenti 195
me-9 muxlis meore nawilis Sesustebis argumenti 198
religiuri umciresobebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba 199
7. daskvna 202
evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi 202
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobis araRiareba 203
Seusabamoba da sicxadis nakleboba 204
mtkicebuleba da obieqturoba 205
saxelmwifo interesebis pativiscema 206
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis rekonceptualizacia 206
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawili 206
me-9 muxlis meore nawili 208
sasamarTlo tendenciebi 209
8. SeniSvnebi 211
Tavi III
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba
aSS-s konstituciis safuZvelze 235
1. Sesavali 237
2. konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba da sxva samarTlebrivi debulebebi 240

religiuri testis klauzula 240
pirveli Sesworeba 240
pirveli Sesworebis inkorporacia 241
sxva debulebebi 242
3. religiuri klauzulebis interpretacia 243

gansxvavebuli midgomebi religiuri klauzulebis interpretaciisadmi 243
religiuri klauzulebis fuZemdebluri principebi 245
4. aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebisa da dawesebis klauzulebis

standartebis mimoxilva 252
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis standartebi 252
dawesebis klauzulis standartebi 254
lemonis testi 254
upiratesobis miniWebis dauSvebloba 255
aramxardaWera 256
13
araiZuleba 256
neitraloba 256
5. eklesiebsa da saxelmwifos Soris
urTierTobebis mokle istoria aSS-Si 258
gansxvavebuli koloniuri sistemebi:
dawesebuli eklesiebi religiis Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg 258
damfuZnebeli Taoba: religiis Tavisuflebis ganmtkiceba Statebis
konstituciaTa doneze, religiuri gadasaxadis gauqmeba da pirveli
Sesworebis miReba 260
me-19 saukune: protestantuli qristianobis de facto daweseba
da konstituciis me-14 Sesworebis miReba 265
religiuri pluralizmi, saxelmwifosa da eklesiebs Soris
Tanamedrove urTierTobebi 268
6. religiuri valdebulebebi 272
kardakar qadageba da religiuri literaturis gavrceleba 272
qenTveli koneqtikutis Statis winaaRmdeg 274
merdoki pensilvaniis Statis winaaRmdeg 278
jimi svogartis sazogadoeba kaliforniis Statis
Tanasworobis dacvis sabWos winaaRmdeg 282
qadageba sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi 284
hefroni kriSnas saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg 286
kerpis Tayvaniscema 288
minersvilis ganaTlebis sabWo gobitisis winaaRmdeg 289
dasavleT virjiniis ganaTlebis sabWo barnetis winaaRmdeg 292
uari mkvlelobaze, omis mxardaWerasa da masSi monawileobaze 294
SeerTebuli Statebi zigeris winaaRmdeg 298
uelSi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg 302
negri larsenis winaaRmdeg 305
tomasi sameTvalyureo sabWos winaaRmdeg 307
SabaTis wesis aRsruleba 308
Serberti verneris winaaRmdeg 308
religiis gamoxatva samuSao adgilze 311
dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofis komisia
Tounlis sainJinro-samrewvelo kompaniis winaaRmdeg 313
ùkanaskneli dRis wmindanebis~ ieso qristes eklesiis
arqiepiskoposis sazogadoeba da sxvebi amosisa da sxvebis winaaRmdeg;
SeerTebuli Statebi amosisa da sxvebis winaaRmdeg 315
bavSvTa ganaTleba 319
viskonsinis Stati ioderis winaaRmdeg 320
14
religiuri samosis tareba 325
goldmani uainbergeris winaaRmdeg 325
religiuri rituali cixeSi 328
o’lone `Sabazis sakuTrebis~ winaaRmdeg 329
peiotis moxmareba 333
dasaqmebis samsaxuri smitis winaaRmdeg 333
wminda miwisa da wminda adgilebis dacva 341
lingi Crdilo-dasavlel indielTa sasaflaos dacvis
asociaciis winaaRmdeg 343
qalaqi borni floresis winaaRmdeg 350
cxovelTa msxverplad Sewirva 356
lukumi babalu eis eklesia floridis Statis
qalaq haialeas winaaRmdeg 357
religiuri sazogadoebis wevrobis uflebis dacva 360
ucxoTa da CagrulTa daxmareba 363
mkurnaloba locviTa da rwmeniT 364
7. rwmena da rwmenis organizacia 366
rwmenis gamoZieba 366
SeerTebuli Statebi balardis winaaRmdeg 367
saientologiis fuZemdebeli eklesia
SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg 370
torkaso votkinsis winaaRmdeg 372
eklesiis statusis gansazRvra 372
iglsi samuelsis winaaRmdeg 373
koqsi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg 374
SeerTebuli Statebi munis winaaRmdeg 375
ufleba saeklesio sakuTrebaze 377
kedrofi CrdiloeT amerikis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis wminda nikolozis sakaTedro taZris winaaRmdeg 378
presbiterianuli eklesia SeerTebul StatebSi meri elizabet blus
memorialuri presbiterianuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg 379
uflis eklesiaTa merilendisa da virjiniis uxucesTa sabWo
Sarpsburgis uflis eklesiis winaaRmdeg 381
SeerTebuli Statebisa da kanadis serbuli marTlmadidebeli
eparqia milivoeviCis winaaRmdeg 383
jonsi volfis winaaRmdeg 385
8. ganaTleba 392
dawyebiTi da saSualo religiuri skolebi 392
15
eversoni euingis olqis ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg 392
lemoni kurcmanis winaaRmdeg; erli di Cenzos winaaRmdeg;
robinsoni di Cenzos winaaRmdeg 394
miuleri alenis winaaRmdeg 398
grend rapidis saskolo olqi bolis winaaRmdeg 400
agilari feltonis winaaRmdeg 401
reiCel agostini da sxvebi beti-luiz feltonisa da sxvebis
winaaRmdeg; qalaq niu-iorkis ganaTlebis sabWos kancleri
da sxvebi beti-luiz feltonisa da sxvebis winaaRmdeg 404
gai miTCeli meri l. helmsis winaaRmdeg 408
sajaro skolebi 411
religiuri swavlebisaTvis gamoyofili dro 411
makkolumi ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg 411
zoraxi klausonis winaaRmdeg 414
locva da bibliis kiTxva skolebSi 416
enjeli vitales winaaRmdeg 416
abingtonis saskolo olqi Sempis winaaRmdeg;
miurlei karletis winaaRmdeg 418
aTi mcnebis gamokvra skolis SenobebSi 422
stouni grehemis winaaRmdeg 422
locvisTvis gankuTvnili dro 423
uolasi jefris winaaRmdeg 424
moswavleebis mier inicirebuli da maT mier Catarebuli locva 426
vestsaidis sazogadoebis skolebis ganaTlebis sabWo
mergensis winaaRmdeg 426
locva gamosaSveb saRamoebsa da sportul Sejibrebebze 430
li vaismanis winaaRmdeg 431
santa-fes damoukidebeli saskolo olqi jein dous winaaRmdeg 437
mecniereba da religia saswavlo kurikulumSi 440
epersoni arkanzasis Statis winaaRmdeg 442
edvardsi agilaris winaaRmdeg 443
skolis sakuTrebis gamoyeneba religiaze sasaubrod 449
umaRlesi ganaTleba 450
instituciuri xelSewyoba da studentebis mxardaWera 450
tiltoni riCardsonis winaaRmdeg 451
Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba 454
16
vidmari vinsentis winaaRmdeg 455
rozenbergeri virjiniis universitetis winaaRmdeg 457
gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba 462
bob jonsis universiteti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg;
goldsboros qristianuli skolebi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg 463
9. ormagi efeqti 466
religiuri Sekrebebi sazogadoebriv parkebSi 466
fouleri rod ailendis Statis winaaRmdeg 466
kvira dRes vaWrobis akrZalva 468
makgoveni merilendis Statis winaaRmdeg 468
religiuri sakuTrebis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadebisagan 469
volci niu-iork sitis sagadasaxado komisiis winaaRmdeg 469
religiuri literaturis gavrcelebis dabegvra 474
jimi svogarti kaliforniis Statis marTvis sabWos winaaRmdeg 474
kapelanis samsaxuri 477
marSi Cembersis winaaRmdeg 477
ketkofi marSis winaaRmdeg 480
religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba saxelmwifo sakuTrebaze 483
linCi donelis winaaRmdeg 483
alegenis olqi amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebis
pitsburgis filialis winaaRmdeg; `Cabadi~ amerikis samoqalaqo
TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebis pitsburgis filialis winaaRmdeg;
qalaqi pitsburgi amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa
gaerTianebis pitsburgis filialis winaaRmdeg 487
religiuri organizaciebis monawileoba saxelmwifo
socialur programebSi 491
boueni kendrikis winaaRmdeg 491
10. politikuri monawileoba 495
eklesiaTa uflebebi 495
eklesiebisa da sasuliero pirebis mier saxelmwifo
uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba 496
makdanieli petis winaaRmdeg 497
moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis 501
abortis mxardamWeri da mowinaaRmdege moZraobebi 503
harisi makreis winaaRmdeg 506
daba forjis qristianuli koleji eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
separaciisaTvis gaerTianebuli amerikelebis winaaRmdeg 507
abortis uflebis mxardamWerTa moZraoba reganis winaaRmdeg 507
17
11. seqsualuri morali 510
poligamia 510
klivlendi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg 510
qorwineba 511
lovingi virjiniis Statis winaaRmdeg 511
sodomia 513
bouersi hardvikis winaaRmdeg 513
romeri evansis winaaRmdeg 516
12. SeniSvnebi 518
danarTi: terminTa ganmarteba 529
18
Sesavali
pirveli Tavi
19
20
religia
religia
xSirad amboben, rom stumrad yofnisas Tavi unda

avaridoT politikaze, seqssa da religiaze saubars. ra-
tom iqceva religia yovelTvis gaafTrebuli davis sag-
nad? maTTvis, vinc mas eziareba, sakiTxi Rrmad piradul
xasiaTs iZens — adamianebi wyveten, risi unda swamdeT
(Tuki saerTod apireben, risime swamdeT), maT aRaSfo-
TebT nebismieri eWvi maTi arCevanis marTebulobaze.
adamianis sicocxlisaTvis azris micema religiis erT-
erT umTavres funqcias warmoadgens. eWvqveS daayeneT
religiuri rwmena da Tqven mtkivneulad SeexebiT yve-
laze idumal azrebs samyaroSi adamianis daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb.
religiis gansazRvreba
ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi `religia?~ sociologi

gerhard lenski religias gansazRvravs, rogorc `sis-
temas rwmenaTa Zalebisa, romlebic, saboloo jamSi,
marTaven adamianis beds, da masTan dakavSirebuli ri-
tualebisa, romlebic gamoiyeneba gansazRvruli jgu-
fis wevri adamianebis mier.~ Tumca es gansazRvreba Zal-
ze farToa; igi moicavs rwmenaTa sxva tipis sistemeb-
sac, rogoricaa komunizmi, socializmi da humanizmi. mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom rwmenaTa es sistemebi umniSvnelo-
vanes rols asrulebs adamianTa cxovrebaSi, isini nak-
lebad Seesabameba Cveulebriv warmodgenebs religiaze.
sxva sociologis, ronald jonstounis gansazRvreba
ufro misaRebi Cans: `religia ewodeba rwmenaTa da ri-
tualTa sistemas, romelTa meSveobiT adamianTa jgufi
xsnis da reagirebs imaze, rasac zebunebrivad da sakra-
lurad miiCnevs~.
21
religiis elementebi
jonstounis mier CamoTvlilia xuTi ZiriTadi elementi, romelic gvexmareba

gavarkvioT, warmoadgens Tu ara religias rwmenaTa esa Tu is sistema. upirveles
yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, religia gulisxmobs morwmuneTa jgufis arsebobas. Tumca
is, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos Rrmad piradul gancdebTanac. jonstounis aseTi
warmodgenac axsnadia, vinaidan sociologiis interesis sagans Seadgens religiuri
jgufebi da is, riTac isini sxva socialuri jgufebisgan gansxvavdebian.
meore — religia asocirebulia warmodgenebTan, romlebic sakralurad iTvleba.
igi zRvars avlebs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sagnebsa da uCveulo movlenebs, saswa-
ulebs, Soris (magaliTad, locvis gziT adamianis gadarCena an iesos mier wylis Rvi-
nod qceva). aseTi movlenebi miiCneva sakralurad, vinaidan iTvleba, rom isini dakav-
Sirebulia raRac zebunebrivTan, iseT ZalasTan an arsebasTan, romlis SesaZleblo-
bebi ar aris SezRuduli bunebis kanonebiT. sxvadasxva religiaSi arsebobs gansxva-
vebuli sakraluri sagnebi da movlenebi. amerikelebis umravlesobisaTvis Zroxas
yoveldRiuri samomxmareblo mniSvneloba aqvs, indusebi ki mas wminda arsebad mi-
iCneven.
mesame elementis mixedviT, religia gulisxmobs rwmenaTa gansazRvrul erTob-
liobas — sarwmunoebas. es rwmenebi xsnis adamianur bunebas, garemomcvel garemosa
da zebunebriv Zalebs, romlebic sakralurad iTvleba. magaliTad, nixirenis seqtis
wevr budists swams, rom adamianTa sulebs SeuZliaT srulyofilebas miaRwion uwyvet
gardasaxvaTa gziT, amitom msoflmxedvelobaTa mis sistemaSi xoWos aranaklebi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba, vidre qveynis prezidents.
meoTxe — religia moicavs ritualebisa Tu sxva tipis qmedebebis gansakuTrebul
erTobliobas. ritualebs jonstouni ganmartavs rogorc qcevaTa saxeobas wminda
da zebunebriv ZalTa mimarT (magaliTad, eklesiasTan axlos gavlisas kaTolike qris-
tiani pirjvars iwers da locvas warmoTqvams). diurheimma ki ritualebi gansazRvra
Rirebulebebad, romlebic adamianebs udgenen qcevis wesebs sakraluri sagnebis max-
loblad yofnisas. Tavad ritualebi Tavis TavSi aucileblad ar moicavs religiur
azrs, Tumca isini religiur mniSvnelobas iZens, rodesac adamianebi gansazRvrul
situaciebSi iyeneben maT sakralur ZalebTan kavSiris gamoxatvis mizniT. magaliTad,
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi wyali gamoiyeneba Sxapis misaRebad Tu wyurvilis dasakma-
yofileblad, magram naTlobis wesis Sesrulebisas igi sakralur substanciad mi-
iCneva da religiur sazogadoebaSi axali wevris miRebis simbolizebas axdens.
dabolos, religia Tavis TavSi moicavs gansazRvrul warmodgenebs cxovrebis mar-
Tlzomier wesze. religiaTa umravlesoba morwmuneebs qcevis maregulirebel mcne-
baTa Tu normaTa sistemas uwesebs. es normebi adgens, Tu rogor unda moiqces mor-
wmune gansazRvrul garemoebebSi. iseT masobriv da rTul religiebSi, rogoricaa
qristianoba, islami an iudaizmi, formulirebulia mkafio moraluri principebi.
savaraudod, yvelaze naTel magaliTs warmoadgens mkvlelobis, mruSobisa da a. S.
amkrZalavi aTi bibliuri mcneba.
religiaTa klasifikacia
arsebobs mravali Teoria, Tu rogor unda moxdes religiaTa klasificireba; Se-
22
iZleba Tu ara qristianobisa da hare kriSnas moZRvrebis daxasiaTebisas identuri
terminebis gamoyeneba?
saukeTeso gamosavals am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens religiaTa klasificireba maTi
mimdevrebis mier miniWebuli saxelwodebebis Sesabamisad: protestantuli, marTlmadi-
debeli, kaTolikuri, iudaisturi, muslimuri da a. S. Tumca sociologiaSi miRebu-
lia aseve religiaTa klasificirebis sistema primitiulidan Tanamedrove moZRvre-
bebamde evoluciis mixedviT. es sistema me-19 saukunis bolos Camoyalibda. meoce
saukunis dasawyisSi igi mkacrad iqna gakritikebuli, sociologiaSi ki aRiareba mo-
ipova robert belaxis mier warmodgenilma axalma Teoriam.
belaxma warsulisa da Tanamedrove religiaTa klasificirebaSi gamoyo xuTi
kategoria:
1) primitiuli: magaliTad, avstraliuri; simboloTa sistema — adamianTa da
saganTa sagvareulo miTuri gamosaxva; religiuri qceva — identifikacia, sagvare-
ulo gamosaxulebebze istoriaTa `kvlavwarmoeba~; religiis organizacia — eklesiis
ararseboba, religiisa da sazogadoebis erTianoba; socialuri mniSvneloba — soci-
aluri solidarobis ganmtkiceba.
2) arqauli: magaliTad, polineziuri da afrikuli; simboloTa sistema — Zleva-
mosili miTuri arsebebi (RmerTebis msgavsi); religiuri qceva — Tayvaniscema da
msxverplSewirva; religiis organizacia — gansxvavebuli kultebi; socialuri mniSv-
neloba — socialuri konformizmis moTxovna.
3) istoriuli: magaliTad, Zvelebrauli; simboloTa sistema — kavSiris gawyveta
bunebrivsa da zebunebrivs Soris; religiuri qceva — sulis xsna keTili saqmeebis
safuZvelze, Tavisufali nebis koncefcia; religiis organizacia — eklesiebi: reli-
giuri organizaciebis gamoyofa sazogadoebis sxva aspeqtebisgan; socialuri mniSv-
neloba — daZabuloba religiasa da sazogadoebas Soris.
4) adreuli modernistuli: magaliTad, reformaciis epoqis protestantizmi;
simboloTa sistema — pirdapiri kavSiri zebunebriv Zalasa da individs Soris; reli-
giuri qceva — mTlianad moicavs cxovrebas, rwmenis koncefcia; religiis organi-
zacia — nebayoflobiTi wevroba religiur erTobaSi; socialuri mniSvneloba — Zi-
reuli cvlileba socialur sistemebSi.
5) modernistuli: magaliTad, Tanamedrove religiebi; simboloTa sistema — pi-
rovneba da misi valdebuleba; religiuri qceva — pirovnuli eTikuri principebis
Zieba; religiis organizacia — garkveulwilad eklesiis wevroba, Tumca umTavresad
piradi pasuxismgebloba; socialuri mniSvneloba — sazogadoebis kulturisa da
pirovnuli Rirebulebebis SesaZlo mudmivi srulyofa.
es kategoriebi ar aris dakavSirebuli `progresTan~. belaxi ar miiCnevda, rom
rTuli religiebi ufro srulyofilia, vidre primitiuli. kategoriebi ubralod
aRweren religiis martivi formebidan gadasvlas ufro rTulze. isini ar iTvalis-
wineben TiToeuli religiis TviTmyofadobas; aucilebeli ar aris, TiToeulma maT-
ganma ganviTarebis erTnairi etapebi gaiaros; calkeul religiebs SeiZleba hqondeT
niSnebi, romlebic ori an meti stadiisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. garda amisa, martiv
moZRvrebaTa safuZvelze yovelTvis ar xdeba ufro rTulis formireba; zogjer
SeiniSneba dabruneba ufro adreul stadiebSi an ganviTarebis sruli ararseboba.
23
religiaTa klasifikaciis veberis sistema
maqs veberi religiaTa klasificirebas sulis xsnisadmi maTi midgomis safuZvelze

axdenda: ra saxis qceva uzrunvelyofs samudamo netarebas sikvdilis Semdgom? ra
qmedeba wiravs adamians jojoxeTSi moxvedris an miviwyebisaTvis? veberma sulis
xsnasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis analizisas or ZiriTad momentze gaamaxvila
yuradReba:
1. moiTxovs Tu ara sulis xsna pasiur ganWvretas (misticizms) Tu adamianis mier
Tavisi nebis aqtiur marTvas (asketizms);
2. sulis xsna xorcieldeba amqveyniur Tu romelime sxva samyaroSi (adamianis
Sinagan samyaroSi Tu mis miRma, zeciur sasufevelSi).
aRmosavlur religiaTa umravlesobis Tanaxmad, sulis xsna misticizmis safuZ-
velze xdeba — induistebi ewevian meditacias an iogas, xolo budistebi sulis gasxi-
vosnebisken miiswrafvian. dasavlur religiebSi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba asketizms
eniWeba, romelic moiTxovs TviTSewirvasa da TviTdisciplinas uzenaesi idealis
misaRwevad. rodesac muslimebi uars amboben sayvarel sakvebze da ar ewevian yovel-
dRiur saqmianobas ramadanis dResaswaulis dros, isini asketizms avlenen.
sulis xsnis mimarT aRniSnuli midgomebis niadagze SesaZlebelia msoflios Zi-
riTad religiaTa klasificireba gamartivebuli wesiT. mxedvelobaSi miiReba gansx-
vavebebi, erTi mxriv, am da mis miRma arsebul samyaroebs, xolo meore mxriv — misti-
cizmsa da asketizms Soris. aseTi klasifikaciiT konfucianizmi, induizmi, iudaizmi
da kaTolicizmi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba imdenad, ramdenadac xsenebuli gansa-
kuTrebuli niSnebi dominirebs maT moZRvrebebSi.
konfucis swavleba sulis xsnas gvTavazobs amqveyniur samyaroSi. es mistikuri
moZRvreba Tavis mimdevrebs mouwodebs garemomcveli samyaros ganWvretisa da mas-
Tan harmoniis miRwevisken. induizmi aseve Seicavs mowodebas ganWvretisken, Tumca
masSi mTavaria imqveyniur samyaroSi sulebis gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb rwmena.
iudaizmSi xazgasmulia aqtiuri qmedebebis, mkacri ritualis mniSvneloba. sabo-
loo sazRauri gaicema am samyaroSi RvTis wyalobis an risxvis Sedegad. dabolos,
adreuli qristianebi umTavresad miiCneven saiqio cxovrebas; qristes mkvdreTiT
aRdgoma saiqio cxovrebis gansaxierebas warmoadgens; TviTSewirvisken es mowodeba
Semosilia asketizmis suliT.
religiuri organizaciis formebi
arsebobs religiuri organizaciis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi: eklesia, seqta, denomina-

cia da kulti.
germaneli RvTismetyveli, ernst trelCi eklesias gansazRvravs rogorc reli-
giur organizacias, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sazogadoebis farTo maseb-
Tan da mis wiaRSi moqmedebs. praqtikulad, sazogadoebis yvela wevri avlens reli-
giur erTgulebas eklesiisadmi, romelic, Cveulebriv, saxelmwifosTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli. anglikanuri eklesia saxelmwifo eklesiad iTvleba inglisSi. mefe da dedo-
fali Tavs `rwmenis damcvelebad~ acxadeben. istoriulad kaTolicizmi safrangeTsa
da italiaSi saxelmwifo religias warmoadgenda, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, orive qveyana
eklesiisgan gamijnul saxelmwifod iqca.
24
trelCis Tanaxmad, seqta ewodeba organizacias, romelic uaryofs danarCeni
sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs da konfliqtSia mis kulturasa da tradiciebTan.
rogorc wesi, seqtebi warmoiqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac eklesiis warmomadge-
nelTa mcire jgufi ukmayofiloa tradiciuli ritualebiT, amitom Sordeba mas da
qmnis axal religias. vinaidan amgvari jgufi Tavis Tavs upirispirebs sazogadoebas,
sadac eklesiaa gabatonebuli, seqtis wevrebi xSirad ar monawileoben mis cxovreba-
Si. magaliTad amiSebi TavianTi Svilebis saojaxo ganaTlebas aniWeben upiratesobas
imis SiSiT, rom saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo sistema Selaxavs maTi rwmenis siwmindes.
analogiurad, rodesac `qristianuli mecnierebis~ swavlebis mimdevrebi simsivnis
mkurnalobisas uars amboben dasxivebaze da ewirebian daavadebas, romlis gankurneba
SesaZlebeli iyo, isini mxolod TavianTi seqtis miTiTebebs asruleben, romelTa mi-
xedviTac, RmerTis Rrma rwmena nebismier daavadebas gankurnavs.
denominacia, religiuri organizaciis mesame forma, warmoadgens Suamaval rgols
eklesiasa da seqtas Soris. denominaciebis saqmianobis arsebiT niSnad SeiZleba Ca-
iTvalos aqtiuri misioneruli moRvaweoba. isini konkurireben erTmaneTTan da ekle-
siasTan rac SeiZleba meti wevris mizidvis mizniT. seqtebsa da sazogadoebas Soris
urTierTobebi iZabeba, maSin, rodesac denominaciebi, imis miuxedavad, rom ar war-
moadgenen saxelmwifo religiebs, normalur urTierTobas inarCuneben sazogado-
ebasTan, radgan ar uaryofen masSi damkvidrebul tradiciul normebs. protestan-
tul denominaciebs miekuTvnebian baptistebi, presbiterianelebi, episkopaluri ek-
lesiis wevrebi, meTodistebi, kongregacionistebi da sxva mravali.
zogjer denominaciebis formireba seqtebis niadagze xdeba. martin luTeri aujan-
yda kaTolicizms 1517 wels, roca adgilobriv eklesiaSi Tavisi axali moZRvrebis 95
Tezisi Camoayaliba. dResdReobiT luTeranoba oficialuri religiaa skandinaviuri
qveynebis umravlesobaSi da amerikaSi protestantuli eklesiis mravali denominaci-
idan erT-erTs warmoadgens. aseTi evolucia xorcieldeba ramdenime faqtoris zegav-
leniT. pirvel rigSi, garkveuli drois gasvlasTan erTad adamianTa jgufSi yalib-
deba gansazRvruli ritualebi da wesebi. meore, liderebis Tanmimdevruli cvlile-
bis uzrunvelyofisaTvis seqtam unda Seqmnas Tavisi sulieri arsis, miznebisa da
amocanebis SenarCunebis sistema. es procesi aseve xels uwyobs ufro mkafio norme-
bisa da ritualebis Camoyalibebas. mesame, zrdasTan erTad seqtam unda daafinansos
Tavisi saqmianoba wevrebis Semowirulobebisa da saqvelmoqmedo bazrebis xarjze. es
faqtorebi xels uwyobs zogierTi seqtis gadaqcevas denominaciad, sadac yalibdeba
biurokratiuli wesrigi da ufro farTo urTierToba sazogadoebasTan. zogierTi
seqta iSleba, maTi gansazRvruli nawili ki (amiSebisa da kvakerebis saxiT) ar amJRav-
nebs denominaciad gadaqcevis survils.
religiuri organizaciis meoTxe formaa kulti. es aris seqtis yvelaze radika-
luri forma. sawyis etapze igi emijneba saxelmwifo eklesias specifikuri religi-
uri ritualebis garSemo warmoqmnili uTanxmoebis Sedegad. kultebi TavianT mimdev-
rebs individis, sazogadoebis an orives radikaluri Secvlisaken mouwodebs.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi iseTi kultebi, rogorebicaa ùnifikaciis ekle-
sia~ (munistebi), `qristianuli mecniereba~ da `RvTaebrivi ganaTlebis misia~ Tav-
dasxmis obieqtebad iqca axali wevrebis mozidvisa da SenarCunebisaTvis arazneob-
rivi meTodebis gamoyenebis gamo. religiis TavisuflebaSi mtkiced darwmunebuli
25
bevri adamiani amtkicebs, rom kulti srulebiT ar warmoadgens religias da mxolod
yalbi `mesiisaTvis~ saxelis moxveWas isaxavs miznad zedmetad mimndobi da cxovrebiT
ukmayofilo adamianebis motyuebis gziT. bolo wlebSi sakmaod gaxSirda kultis
mimdevarTa mSoblebis mier `sulier moZRvarTa~ daqiravebis praqtika TavianT Svi-
lebze kultis zegavlenis SewyvetisaTvis. Tavis mxriv, kultis liderebma da mimdev-
rebma aRZres mravali saqme mSoblebisa Tu sulier moZRvarTa winaaRmdeg, imis mtki-
cebiT, rom isini aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas xelyofdnen.1
26
religiuri
uflebebi _
istoriuli
mimoxilva
meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi religiis Tavi-

sufleba adamianis uflebebis nawilad iqna gacxadebu-
li gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mraval doku-
mentSi da TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadma qristianulma ek-
lesiam am idealis mxardaWera gamoxata. bunebrivia, yo-
velTvis aseTi viTareba ar yofila. aTaswleulebis gan-
mavlobaSi kacobriobis istoria religiuri Seuwynareb-
lobiTa da devniT iyo gamorCeuli. dasavluri gamoc-
dileba, romelsac wignis am nawilSi SevexebiT, garkve-
ulwilad paradigmatulia, radganac bunebiTi ufle-
bebis (adamianis uflebebis) doqtrina Tavdapirvelad
swored qristianul dasavleTSi aRmocenda. ra Tqma un-
da, msoflios yvela did religiur kulturaSi gamoxa-
tulia adamianebis cxovrebaSi samarTliani wesrigis
idealebi, magram ara subieqturi bunebiTi uflebebis
saxiT. TviT dasavleTSic religiuri uflebebi Zalze
gvian da mtkivneuli gzis gavlis Sedegad aRmocenda im
tradiciidan, romelic gacilebiT iolad aRiarebda
sxva tipis uflebebs. dResdReobiT ki Zalze banalurad
JRers ioane pavle I I -is bolodroindeli gancxadeba imis
Sesaxeb, rom religiuri uflebebi sxva yvela uflebis
`qvakuTxeds~ warmoadgens. Tumca, Tu istorias ga-
davavlebT Tvals, religiuri uflebebi yvelaze gvian
Camoyalibda; religiis Tavisufleba yvelaze rTuli
warmosadgeni da, miT umetes, cxovrebaSi yvelaze rTu-
lad gasatarebeli faseuloba aRmoCnda. kaTolikuri
eklesia ukanaskneli qristianuli aRmsarebloba iyo,
romelmac religiis Tavisuflebis principi aRiara. 1965
wels gamoqveynda vatikanis religiis Tavisuflebis
deklaracia, romlis Tanaxmadac:
vatikanis I I msoflio kreba acxadebs, rom
adamians aqvs ufleba religiis Tavisuflebaze.
aRniSnuli Tavisufleba gulisxmobs, rom yvela
27
adamiani Tavisufalia individebis, socialuri jgufebis an sxva nebismieri
adamianuri Zalis mxridan iZulebisagan ... religiis Tavisuflebis
safuZveli adamianis pirovnebis RirsebaSia, radganac es Rirseba uflis
gacxadebuli sityvis Tanaxmadaa cnobili.
deklaraciis es nawili, yovlismomcvelad Seexeba iZulebas ara marto saxelmwi-
fos, aramed `nebismieri adamianuri Zalis~ mxridan. igi religiis Tavisuflebas gan-
sazRvravs rogorc ùflebas~, romelic damaxasiaTebelia adamianis pirovnebisaT-
vis da, Sesabamisad, bunebiT, anu adamianis uflebas warmoadgens. vatikanis deklara-
ciiT, adamianuri sawyisis mqone es bunebiTi ufleba, rogorc qristianuli mrwamsi-
saTvis mniSvnelovani movlena, dakavSirebuli iqna saRvTo gamocxadebasTan. dek-
laracia aseve Seicavda erTgvar miniSnebas, rom masSi gamoxatuli mtkicebani war-
moadgenda religiuri represiis im politikis radikalur uaryofas, rasac kaToli-
kuri eklesia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi axorcielebda. miniSneba SeiZleba danaxuli
iqnes deklaraciaSi warmodgenil winadadebaSi, rom adamianuri Rirseba `mxolod mra-
valsaukuneobriv gamocdilebaTa Sedegad iqna ukeT gaazrebuli da Secnobili~. am
daskvnis utyuarobas adasturebs lateranis IV saeklesio krebis mier 1215 wels gamoq-
veynebuli dekreti,2 sadac vkiTxulobT:
Cven eklesiidan ganvkveTT da anaTemas gadavcemT mwvaleblobis yovel
gamovlinebas, romelic wminda, orTodoqsuli da kaTolikuri mrwamsis
winaaRmdeg gailaSqrebs ... saero xelisuflebmac, Tu surT, rom morwmuneTa
Soris iqnen ganxilulni, unda dadon fici, rom keTilsindisierad
ibrZoleben da yvelafers iRoneben, rac ZaluZT, eklesiis mier
miTiTebuli eretikosebis gasanadgureblad.
sainteresoa, rogor mivida dasavluri samyaro eretikosTa, anu mwvalebelTa, rep-
resiidan religiis Tavisuflebis deklarirebamde. am ori radikalurad gansxvavebuli
teqstis winaSe mdgomi skeptikosi ganacxadebda, rom religia erTs niSnavda 1215 wels
da meores _ 1965 wels. ufro keTilganwyobil mimomxilvels SeeZlo aReniSna, rom
eklesiam moaxdina swavlebaTa modificireba droTa ganmavlobaSi, magram mxolod
imitom, rom `saukuneobrivma gamocdilebam~, rogorc vatikanis krebam aRniSna, gamo-
iwvia eklesiis fuZemdeblis mier gacxadebul WeSmaritebaTa axleburad da gacile-
biT Rrmad gaazreba. Jak maritenis mtkicebiT, adamianis uflebebze saubrisas xdeba
maTi ukeT gaazreba, vinaidan `ganviTarda adamianis moraluri Segneba~.3
droTa ganmavlobaSi cnobierebis amaRleba ar aris mxolod Tanamedrove isto-
rizmze dafuZnebuli novatoruli koncefcia. me-13 saukuneSi franciskanelma Te-
ologma pietro olivam miuTiTa ùflis wminda eklesiaSi — droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro
da ufro metad — mrwamsis uzenaes WeSmaritebaTa axleburad gaazrebis~ aucileblo-
baze, olivas maswavlebelma, wmindanad Seracxulma bonaventurem ki bibliaSi WeSmari-
tebis `marcvlebis~ Sesaxeb, romlebic nel-nela momwifda adamianTa SegnebaSi, aR-
niSna, rom àr SeiZleba biblia da misi saidumloebani iqnes gagebuli manam, sanam
istoriis mimdinareobis gaazreba ar moxdeba~. aseTi avtorebi amtkicebdnen, RvTis
wyaloba ki ar icvleba, aramed bibliis gaazrebaa damokidebuli saukuneebzeo. SeiZ-
leba mxolod imis damateba, rom xSirad gaazreba SeiZleba miRweul iqnes mxolod
specifikur, umetesad sastik istoriul gamocdilebaTa sakuTar Tavze gadataniT.
es gansakuTrebiT marTldeba, rodesac religiuri uflebebis sakiTxs vexebiT.
28
adreuli eklesia
qristianobis dasawyisidanve mis tradiciaSi arsebobda elementebi, romlebsac

SeeZlo miveyvaneT rogorc religiis Tavisuflebis doqtrinamde, ise devnis praq-
tikamde. ieso, Tavis mxriv, sayovelTao siyvarulis moZRvrebas qadagebda: `xolo me
geubnebiT Tqven, giyvardeT Tqveni mterni; daloceT Tqveni mawyevarni; keTili uya-
viT Tqvens moZuleT da iloceT Tqvensav mdevnelTa da SeuracxmyofelTaTvis~.4
iesom uaryo iZulebaze dafuZnebuli politikuri mesiis roli, rodesac ganacxada:
`Cemi meufeba ar aris amqveyniuri~.5 da man axali tipis Tavisufleba SesTavaza Tavis
mimdevrebs: `da SeicnobT WeSmaritebas da WeSmariteba gagaTavisuflebT~.6 savara-
udod, sulieri Tavisuflebis ideali yovelTvis aSkara iyo adamianis pirovnebis,
rogorc sindisiT, inteleqtiTa da Tavisufali nebiT dajildoebuli moralurad
avtonomiuri individis iudaur-qristianul gaazrebaSi. Tumca, aseve, yovelTvis
arsebobda Seuwynareblobis potenciali adreuli qristianebis upativcemulo damo-
kidebulebaSi sxva religiebis mimarT da maT rwmenaSi, rom mxolod maTTvis iyo cno-
bili erTaderTi WeSmariti RmerTi, marto isini idgnen xsnis gzaze da yvela, vinc
eklesiis gareT imyofeboda, dakarguli iyo bneleTisa da codvis ufskrulSi.
amis miuxedavad, adamianis rwmena Tavisi arCevanis marTebulobisa srulebiT ar
gulisxmobs, rom man Tavis mrwamsze sxvebi iZulebiT unda gadmoibiros. eklesiis
adreul periodSi qristianebi, rogorc wesi, keTilganwyobil damokidebulebas iCen-
dnen religiuri Semwynareblobisadmi, albaT imitom, rom xSirad Tavad xdebodnen
devnis msxverplni. viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac imperatorebma
Tavad miiRes qristianuli sarwmunoeba. 313 wels konstantinem gamosca e. w. `milanis
ediqti~, riTac Seiwynara qristianuli eklesia da yvela sxva religia ìse, rom ne-
bismier adamians SeeZlo RvTismsaxureba Tavisi survilisamebr~. ufro mogvianebiT
imperatorebma SedarebiT mkacri da represiuli damokidebuleba gamoiCines araqris-
tianuli religiebis mimarT, Tumca me-4 saukuneSi qristianobis apologetebma hila-
rius puatielma da laqtanciusma kvlav daicves religiis Tavisuflebis principi.
ukve saukunis bolos ki kaTolikuri eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxulma martin
turelma sastikad dagmo episkoposTa jgufi, romelic eretikosebis sikvdiliT das-
jis aucileblobaSi arwmunebda imperators. savaraudod, yvelaze mWermetyvelurad
religiis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi laqtanciusis sityvebSia gamoxatuli:
Tavisuflebam religiaSi Casaxleba gadawyvita. araferia imdenad
Tavisufali nebis sakiTxi, ramdenadac religia da aravis SeiZleba
moeTxovos, rom aRasrulos is RvTismsaxureba, romelic ar surs.7
eklesiis mamebis azrovnebaSi Semobrunebis gadamwyvet wertilad SeiZleba CaiT-
valos avgustine avreliusis (354-430) swavleba. 395 wels avgustine CrdiloeT af-
rikaSi mdebare hiponas episkoposi gaxda, sadac eklesiaSi sastiki ganxeTqileba iyo
orTodoqs kaTolikeebsa da donatistebad cnobil disidentTa jgufs Soris. reli-
giuri SuRli xSirad masobriv samoqalaqo areulobaSi gadaizrdeboda xolme. wlebis
ganmavlobaSi avgustine amtkicebda, rom mxolod mSvidobiani darwmunebis gza unda
yofiliyo gamoyenebuli uTanxmoebis mogvarebisaTvis. Tumca, sabolood, man Tavisi
megobari episkoposebis mosazreba gaiziara, rom aucilebeli iyo saero xelisufle-
bisaTvis disidentebis represirebisken mowodeba. naSromebi, romlebic man amgvari
politikis dacvas miuZRvna, ewinaaRmdegeboda mis adrindel nawerebs, sadac avgus-
29
tine xazs usvamda Tavisuflebas religiur sakiTxebSi. avgustine yovelTvis acxa-
debda, rom igi eretikosebis gadarCenas cdilobda. ùmjobesia, giyvardes sisas-
tikiT, vidre SecdomaSi Sexvide mowyalebiT~ — dawera man. avgustine eretikosTa
mimarT iZulebis gamoyenebis dasabuTebisas eyrdnoboda qristes igavs mdidris Se-
saxeb, romelic didi dResaswaulisaTvis emzadeboda: rodesac arc erTi dapatiJe-
buli ar gamoexmaura gagzavnil mowvevebs, batonma Tavis xelqveiTebs sxva stumrebis
moyvana daavala. Tumca, rodesac mosamsaxureebma uTxres mas, rom magidasTan kidev
iyo darCenili Tavisufali adgilebi, maSin:
uTxra batonma monas: gadi gzebsa da SukebSi da ZaliT moreke wveulni,
raTa aivsos Cemi saxli.8
avgustinesaTvis ukanaskneli sityvebi gadamwyveti iyo. misi interpretaciiT,
stumrebi, romlebmac uari Tqves misvlaze, ebraelebi iyvnen, xolo vinc nebayof-
lobiT miiRo mowveva, _ araiudevelebi, romlebmac qristianoba miiRes; da isini, vinc
iZulebiT miiyvanes, iyvnen eretikosebi, romlebmac datoves eklesia da romelTa
iZulebis wesiT dabruneba sruliad dasaSvebi iyo. Tanamedrove istorikosebis gark-
veuli nawili, romelmac Seiswavla avgustine, keTilganwyobiT aRniSnavs, rom reli-
giur davebSi igi yovelTvis diskusiasa da darwmunebas aniWebda upiratesobas; rom
igi ar iwonebda eretikosebis mimarT sastiki sasjelis gamoyenebas — magaliTad, mxars
ar uWerda sikvdiliT dasjas; rom misTvis iZulebis mizans warmoadgenda ara dasja,
aramed eretikosTa dabruneba WeSmarit mrwamsSi da, Sedegad, maTi gadarCenis uz-
runvelyofa. avgustinesadmi naklebad simpaTiurad ganwyobili istorikosebi ki mas
`mdevnelTa princad da patriarqad~ da ìnkviziciis pirvel Teoritikosad~ moixse-
nieben. avgustines Sexedulebebs udavod didi gavlena hqonda Sua saukuneebSic.
aTaswleulis manZilze eklesia religiuri disidentebis represirebis politikas
misdevda.
eklesia da saxelmwifo
yvelaze aSkara gza, riTac Sua saukuneebis eklesiis mimdevrebma (ra Tqma unda,
Segnebuli ganzraxvis gareSe) xeli Seuwyves Tanamedrove religiis Tavisuflebis
warmoqmnas, mdgomareobda saero mmarTvelTa kontrolis sferodan eklesiis gamos-
vlis daJinebul moTxovnaSi. Sua saukuneebSi arasodes yofila absoluturi xeli-
suflebis ganmaxorcielebeli erTaderTi samTavrobo ierarqia, aramed yovelTvis
arsebobda ori — eklesia da saxelmwifo, xSirad erTmaneTTan dapirispirebaSi myofi
da erTmaneTis Zalauflebis SemzRudveli. xelisuflebis amgvari dualizmi kacob-
riobis istoriis sakmaod uCveulo movlena iyo. sagvareulo tomze an qalaq-saxelm-
wifoze did sazogadoebebSi yvelaze gavrcelebul mmarTvelobis formad gansazR-
vruli tipis Teokratiuli absolutizmi gvevlineboda. egviptis faraonebi, perus
inkebi da iaponiis imperatorebi _ yoveli maTgani RvTiur figurad ganixileboda.
sazogadoebis wesrigi kosmosSi arsebuli saRvTo wesrigis nawilad miiCneoda; mmarT-
veli uzrunvelyofda aucilebel kavSirs samoTxesa da dedamiwas Soris. aseT sazo-
gadoebebSi religiis Tavisufleba warmosaxvaSic ki ar arsebobda.
qristianoba imTaviTve gansxvavebulad viTardeboda. igi aRmocenda ucxo kultu-
raSi — romisa da saberZneTis ganviTarebul klasikur civilizaciaSi. qristianad
gaxdoma da am religiis wevrad Tavis SenarCuneba Tavisufali personaluri arCevanis
30
sakiTxi iyo, xSirad TavganwirvasTan dakavSirebuli. adreuli qristianebisaTvis im-
peratori iyo ara RvTiuri mmarTveli, aramed WeSmariti mrwamsis mdevneli. daZabu-
loba romaul saxelmwifosa da qristianul eklesias Soris TviT iesos sityvebSia
gamoxatuli: `miageT keisars keisrisa, xolo RmerTs RmrTisa~.9 qristianobis ganvi-
Tarebis yvela periodSi am mrwamsis mimdevrebi yovelTvis ixsenebdnen petres sity-
vebs: `morCileba RvTis mimarT ufro gvmarTebs, vidre kacTa mimarT~.10 konstantines
traqtatisa da qristianuli imperiis dafuZnebis Semdgom gansazRvruli drois
ganmavlobaSi iyo SesaZlebloba, rom eklesias religiur saqmeTa departamentis saxe
mieRo imperiul Teokratiul eklesia-saxelmwifoSi. Tumca aRmosavleTSi imperiuli
Zalauflebis damxobis Sedegad eklesiis damoukidebeli roli mtkiced iqna gacxa-
debuli imdroindeli papis, gelasiusis (492-496) mier: àmqveynad aris ori xelisuf-
leba...“; religiuri azrovnebisa da saqmianobis mTeli rigi sakiTxebi, gelasiusis
mtkicebiT, ar eqceoda saero mmarTvelis kontrolis sferoSi.
imperiisa da papebis sakiTxi axali simwvaviT wamoiWra germaniaSi otonTa dinastiis
mmarTvelobis periodSi. mefeebi amtkicebdnen, rom am qveyanaze RvTis nacvlebs isi-
ni warmoadgendnen da Tavis Tavze aiRes eklesiaTa kontroli; isini regularulad
niSnavdnen episkoposebs TavianT samflobeloebSi. rodesac germaniis imperatori
italiaSi SeiWra da romis okupacia moaxdina, man iseve daiwyo papebis SerCeva da
daniSvna, rogorc episkoposebisa.
eklesia TandaTanobiT erTi formis Teokratiidan meoreSi gadadioda. Tumca dra-
matulad ganviTarda movlenebi grigol V I I -is papobis periodSi (1073-1085). man
erTianad dagmo arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, rogorc RvTiur samarTliano-
basTan radikalurad winaaRmdegobaSi myofi. grigolma sakuTari Tavi sikvdilamde
èklesiis TavisuflebisaTvis~ mebrZolad gamoacxada. igi Seudga Tavisi politikis
cxovrebaSi gatarebas, akrZala mefeebis mier episkoposebis daniSvna da saTave daudo
brZolas, romelsac Tanamedrove istorikosebi sul ufro xSirad pontifikalur
revolucias uwodeben. hainrix IV-m, germaniis mefem da SemdgomSi imperatorma, gri-
gols brali dasdo fsevdopapobaSi da eretikosad gamoacxada; grigolma ki hainrixs
mefis titulis CamorTmeviT upasuxa. papsa da hainrix IV-s Soris dapirispireba iyo
rogorc propagandistuli orTabrZola, ise realuri samoqalaqo omi germaniasa da
italiaSi. erTxel hainrixs sakuTari Tavis damcireba mouxda da italiis qalaq
kanosaSi morCilad iTxova papisgan patieba, Tumca mogvianebiT misma jarebma romis
okupacia moaxdines da grigoli gandevnes. verc erTma mxarem ver SeZlo saboloo
gamarjvebis mopoveba. kompromisuli mSvidobis miRweva mxolod vormsis konkorda-
tis dadebiT moxerxda (1122).
brZola papebsa da mefeebs Soris momdevno saukuneebSic gagrZelda. mefeTa Te-
okratiuli pretenziebis dagmobis Semdeg papebi xSirad cdilobdnen Teokratiuli
funqciis miTvisebas. maTi Teokratiuli moTxovnebis umaRles wertilad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos bonifacius V I I -is gancxadeba: àucilebelia yvela daeqvemdebaros romis
paps~. Tumca bonifaciusi safrangeTis mefesTan brZolaSi damarcxda.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mudmivi urTierTqmedebis, gadakveTisa
da dapirispirebis miuxedavad, verc erTi mxare Tavisi moTxovnebis srul realize-
bas ver axdenda. Sedegad, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos dualizmi Sua saukuneebis da-
savlur sazogadoebaSi ucvlel movlenad darCa. ukve Sua saukuneebis bolosken
31
kaTolike mefeebma miaRwies farTo kontrols saeklesio daniSvnebze; Tumca refor-
maciis epoqaSi samefo titulis RvTiuri Camomavlobis Teoria daigmo protestis
axleburi formebis gamoyenebiT, ramac, saboloo jamSi, dasavluri civilizacia re-
ligiuri uflebebis mxardaWeris axal gzebamde miiyvana.
eklesiis Tavisufleba saxelmwifos kontrolisgan Tanamedrove religiis Tavi-
suflebis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. magram is mxolod nawilia. Libertas
Ecclesiae,11 rasac Sua saukuneebis papebi iTxovdnen, ar warmoadgenda religiis Tavi-
suflebas TiToeuli individisaTvis, aramed mxolod eklesiis, rogorc Tavisi saqmi-
anobis erTpirovnulad warmmarTveli institutis, Tavisufleba iyo. igi Riad to-
vebda eklesiis mier Tavisi disidenti wevrebis devnis SesaZleblobas. Sedegad, rode-
sac eklesiisa da saxelmwifos interesebi emTxveoda erTmaneTs, rasac Zalze xSirad
hqonda adgili mwvaleblobis mimarT, mniSvnelovani sivrce iqmneboda religiuri
disidentebis usastikesi SeviwroebisaTvis. Tumca, miuxedavad saukuneebis manZilze
warmoebuli devnisa, adgili hqonda Sua saukuneebis azrovnebisa da praqtikis iseT
aspeqtebs, romlebsac SeiZleboda xeli Seewyo religiuri Semwynareblobis alterna-
tiuli tradiciisTvis.
bunebiTi uflebebis idea
Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma safuZveli Cauyares doqtrinas, romelmac didi

gavlena iqonia religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb gviandeli Teoriebis Camoyalibebaze
— ideas, rom yvela adamiani flobs bunebiT uflebebs.
Tanamedrove mecnierTa Soris ar arsebobs Tanxmoba am doqtrinis wyaros Sesaxeb,
iseve, rogorc qristianuli azrovnebis tradiciasTan misi kavSiris Taobaze. Jak mari-
tenis mtkicebiT, adamianis uflebaTa ideas yovelTvis gamokveTili xasiaTi hqonda
TiToeuli individis pirovnebis Rirsebisa da Rirebulebis Taobaze iudaur-qristi-
anul swavlebaSi.12 leo Strausi ki, piriqiT, tomas hobsis aTeistur Teoriebze amaxvi-
lebda yuradRebas. is tomas hobss Tanamedrove uflebebis Teoriis fuZemdeblad
miiCnevda da acxadebda, rom bunebiTi uflebebis idea ucxo iyo qristianuli tradi-
ciisaTvis.13 Tumca es mosazreba ar Seefereba simarTles, vinaidan qristianuli bune-
biTi uflebebis Teoretikosebi hobsamdec arsebobdnen, magaliTad, suaresi da gro-
ciusi. farTod aRiarebuli, garkveulwilad Suamavluri Sexeduleba, maikl vilis
ekuTvnis. misi TqmiT, bunebiTi uflebebis idea modis qristianobidan, Tumca qristi-
anuli azrovnebis mrude formidan, kerZod ki, me-14 saukunis mecnieris, uiliam okamis
nominalisturi da voluntaristuli filosofiidan. vilis mtkicebiT, okamma `seman-
tikuri revoluciis~ inicireba moaxdina, rodesac laTinuri sityva ius (ufleba) gan-
marta `subieqturi Zalis mqoned~ (potestas).14 Tumca ufro gviandeli gamokvlevis
Sedegad dadginda, rom ùflebisa~ da `Zalis~ asociacia miRebuli iyo adreul Sua-
saukuneobriv iurisprudenciaSi. episkoposebis arCevis Taobaze 1200 wlamde moRvawe
kanonikosma huguciom dawera Semdegi: `mas aqvs marTvis Zala (potestas), rac marTvis
uflebaa (ius)~.15
bolodroindeli kvlevebis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT bunebiTi uflebebis uka-
naskneli Teoriebis wyaro moZiebul unda iqnes me-12 saukunis qristianul iuris-
prudenciaSi, gansakuTrebiT am epoqis kanonikosTa naSromebSi. me-12 saukunes ganax-
lebis dro SeiZleba ewodos cxovrebisa da azrovnebis araerT sferoSi. iqmneboda
32
axali savaWro qselebi. Seiqmna axali xelovneba, arqiteqtura da literatura (aris-
tokratiuli romantika). religiurma azrovnebam axali aqcenti gaakeTa adamianis
pirovnebaze — braleulobis dadgenisas individualur ganzraxvaze, qorwinebaSi in-
dividualur Tanxmobaze, sindisis individualur Sefasebaze. xolo saero sferoSi,
sazogadoebis TiToeul doneze, Cven ukve vxedavT dainteresebas adamianis uflebe-
biTa da TavisuflebebiT.
Tumca, pirvel rigSi, me-12 saukune samarTlebrivi renesansis periodi iyo, rome-
lic gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia klasikuri romauli samarTlis kanonTa mTeli er-
Tobliobis aRdgeniTa da eklesiaSi dagrovili kanonikuri samarTlis pirveli adek-
vaturi kodifikaciiT (1140). momdevno aTwleulebSi Zveli teqstebiT STagonebuli
iuristebis Tanmimdevrulobam gamoxatuleba hpova Tanamedrove iuridiul enaSi axa-
li impulsebis moZiebiT. CvenTvis yvelaze aRsaniSnavi albaT is iyo, rom religiur
cxovrebaSi axalma personalizmma da saero sazogadoebaSi samarTlebrivi sakiTxebiT
yoveldRiurma dainteresebam didi gavlena moaxdina kanonikosebis diskursze, rode-
sac isini miadgnen bunebiTi uflebebis, ius naturale, koncefciis ganxilvas. Tavdapir-
velad fraza ius naturale gagebuli iyo obieqtur WrilSi, rogorc bunebiTi samar-
Tali, anu ìs, rac bunebrivad uflebaa~. Tumca me-12 saukunis kanonikosebma moaxdi-
nes Zveli teqstebis gaazreba TavianT gacilebiT humanur da individualistur kul-
turaSi da mas sxva definiciac daumates. maT nawerebSi ius naturale zogjer gansaz-
Rvruli iyo subieqtur formaSi, rogorc individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ufleba,
uflebamosileba, Zala da unari. am sawyisi subieqturi definiciidan kanonikosebma
ganaviTares bunebiTi uflebebis mniSvnelovani erToblioba. 1250 wels romis papma
inokenti IV-m dawera, rom qonebis sakuTreba bunebiTi samarTlidan warmoebuli ufle-
ba iyo, riTac TviT urwmunoebic sargeblobdnen, sakuTar mTavrobaTa formirebis
uflebasTan erTad.16 sxva bunebiT uflebebs, romelTa mxardaWerac xdeboda me-13
saukuneSi, Seadgenda ufleba Tavisuflebaze, Tavdacvaze, RaribisaTvis mdidris na-
meti qonebidan daxmarebaze. Tumca religiuri uflebebis ganviTarebuli koncef-
ciis ararseboba kvlav SesamCnevi iyo.
1300 wlisTvis samarTlebrivi ena imdenad ganviTarda, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda
bunebiTi uflebebis doqtrinis gamoxatva. Semdgom nabijs warmoadgenda uflebaTa
iuridiuli ideebis asimilacia politikuri filosofiis naSromebSi. swored aq
Seasrula mniSvnelovani roli uiliam okamma. igi daeyrdno kanonikuri samarTlis
adreul tradicias, Tumca masze ar SeCerda. mis erT-erT yvelaze did miRwevad Se-
iZleba CaiTvalos saxarebiseuli Tavisuflebis bibliuri ideis bunebiTi uflebebis
doqtrinaSi gadatana. rodesac pavle mociquli qristianul Tavisuflebaze werda,
igi gulisxmobda Tavisuflebas Zveli aRTqmis samarTlisgan an Tavisuflebas cod-
visgan, Tumca okamma pavles teqsti gamoiyena nebismieri tiranuli xelisuflebis-
gan, gansakuTrebiT eklesiis farglebSi, Tavisuflebis mtkicebisaTvis. TviT paps,
werda igi, ara aqvs ufleba ziani miayenos ùflisa da bunebis mier marTlzomierad
aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs~. garda amisa, okamma ganaviTara `hipoTe-
zuri~ an SesaZlo bunebiTi uflebebis koncefcia adamianis ZiriTad moTxovnilebaTa
mimarT, romlebic gansxvavebuli garemoebebis pirobebSi sxvadasxva gziT vlindeba.
es idea, savaraudod, garkveulwilad relevanturia kulturuli mravalferovnebis
samyaroSi zogadi normebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul problemebTan mimarTebaSi.
33
okamis ideebi SemdgomSi ganavrco Jan Jersonma, saxelganTqmulma Teologma, ro-
melic 1400 wlisTvis moRvaweobda. Jersonma SeimuSava uflebis, ius, rogorc `keTil-
gonierebis diqtatebis Sesabamisi, TiToeulisaTvis kuTvnili Zalis an unaris~ Zalze
mniSvnelovani definicia da amtkicebda, rom adamiani, znedacemulic ki, inarCunebs
mraval aseT uflebas. Jersonma aseve ganaviTara idea, romlis mixedviTac qristes
samarTali Tavisuflebis samarTali iyo, rasac, misi mtkicebiT, aRar hqonda adgili
arsebul eklesiaSi. piriqiT, qristianebi Seviwroebulni iyvnen adamianuri xeli-
suflebis, imave eklesiuri ierarqiis mier dakisrebuli kanonebis, regulaciebisa
da valdebulebebis aratolerantuli tvirTiT. aseTi kanonebi, misi TqmiT, xafangis
funqcias asrulebda adamianis sulis SetyuebisaTvis. bunebiTi uflebebis sakuTar
ideasTan pavles qristianuli Tavisuflebis doqtrinis kombinirebiT Jersoni mivida
daskvnamde, rom TiToeuli qristianis valdebuleba iyo Tavisufali nebis safuZvel-
ze saRvTod gamxelili bibliuri samarTlisa da sakuTari gonebiTa da sindisiT Sec-
nobili bunebiTi samarTalis aRiareba. Jersonis mtkicebiT, ukanasknel saSualebad
adamians SeuZlia gamoiyenos Tandayolili bunebiTi ufleba Tavdacvaze nebismieri
tiranuli xelisuflebis, maT Soris despoti papis winaaRmdeg da misi warTmeva arc
erT amqveyniur samarTals ar xelewifeba. Jersonis sityvebs xSirad Tanamedrove
JReradoba aqvT da misma ideebma didi gavlena moaxdines bunebiTi uflebebis Semd-
gomi Teoriebis ganviTarebaze. isini aitaces Tanamedrove samyaros sawyis etapze,
me-16 saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT, espaneli sqolastikosebis mier amerikeli indielebis
uflebebze gamarTuli debatebis procesSi. kerZod, barTlome de las kasasi cdilob-
da indielebis dacvas qristianul religiaze iZulebis wesiT gadmobirebisagan Sua
saukuneebis Teologiur da samarTlebriv wyaroebze dafuZnebuli bunebiTi ufle-
bebis doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT.17
Sua saukuneebis azrovnebis yvela xsenebuli aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT — daJine-
buli moTxovna individualuri sindisis upirates xasiaTze, iZulebiTi konversiis
uaryofa, bunebiTi uflebebis aRmoceneba — vinmem SesaZloa, gonivrul niadagze iva-
raudos, rom Sua saukuneebis, sul mcire, ramdenime moazrovnem mainc ganavrco es
winapirobebi da religiis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebuli doqtrinis mtkicebamde mi-
aRwia. araferi amdagvari ar momxdara. yvela Suasaukuneobriv mwerals, romelic am
sakiTxs ganixilavda, mwvalebloba miaCnda codvad da danaSaulad, romelic sruliad
kanonierad samarTldeboda eklesiis mier da isjeboda saero xelisuflebis daxma-
rebiT. TviT Jersonsac ar hqonda religiis Tavisufleba gaazrebuli ise, rogorc
Cven vigebT mas; sinamdvileSi mas monawileoba aqvs miRebuli eretikosad Seracxuli
ian husis sasamarTlo processa da dawvaSi. Jersons SeeZlo daecva qristianebis
uflebebi eklesiis farglebSi, magram mas arasodes mosvlia azrad imis mtkiceba,
rom eretikosebsac hqondaT uflebebi eklesiis winaaRmdeg.
religiuri uflebebis aRmoceneba
Suasaukuneobrivi cxovrebis konteqstSi religiuri devna marTebulad da auci-

leblad moCanda. aravis SeeZlo warmoedgina, rom èklesiis Tavisufleba~ SesaZlebe-
lia gulisxmobdes TiToeuli qristianis sindisis Tavisuflebas, an rom Tavisufle-
bis bunebiTi ufleba sruliad ar aris sakmarisi, Tuki Tavis TavSi ar moicavs uf-
lebas religiis Tavisuflebaze. me-16 saukunis reformaciam axali istoriuli kon-
34
teqsti Seqmna, sadac yvela am sakiTxs xelaxali Sefaseba mieca qristianuli swavle-
bebis axleburi gaazrebis WrilSi, ris formirebazec udidesi gavlena iqonia martin
luTeris pirveli saprotesto gamosvlebis Semdgomi saukuneebis istoriulma gamoc-
dilebam.
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi ar iyo mxolod Seucnobeli `protestantizmis
sulis~ an pirveli didi reformistis specifikur swavlebaTa Sedegi. Znelia moiZeb-
nos religiis Tavisuflebis niSnebi martin luTeris mtrul damokidebulebaSi ka-
Tolikeebisa da ebraelebis mimarT, an kalvinis mier servetusis sikvdiliT dasjis
Semdgom religiuri devnis dacvaSi. luTeri, kalvini, beca, bulingeri, melanqtoni
_ yoveli maTgani aRiarebda maTi drois tradiciul Sexedulebebs, rom unda moxdes
eretikosebis Seviwroeba iseve, rogorc amas kaTolikeebi akeTebdnen. ufro metic,
luTeranobam evropas moutana `samarTliani mmarTvelis~ doqtrina, romlis funq-
ciebSic sxva yvelaferTan erTad kerpTayvanismcemlobisa da codvis aRmofxvrac
Sedioda. kalvinma ki warmoadgina axali tipis klerikaluri Teokratiis modeli,
romelsac SeeZlo, iseTive Seuwynarebeli yofiliyo rogoric Sua saukuneebis ekle-
siuri ierarqia iyo. religiis Tavisufleba aRmocenda SemTxveviTi movlenebis iseTi
kombinaciis Sedegad, romelic aravis daugegmavs da uwinaswarmetyvelia.
tomas karlailis Tanaxmad axali istoriuli movlenebi ar aRmocenebula mxolod
erTi konkretuli mizezis gamo, aramed grZeli mizezSedegobrivi jaWvis — rogorc
`Tanamedrove, ise winamdebare sxva yvela SemTxvevis~ _ Sedegad.18 SemdgomSi man aR-
niSna, rom axali movlena kombinirebulia yvela sxvasTan Semdgomi cvlilebis mosax-
denad. swored amgvari saxis viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac religiis Tavisuf-
lebaze vsaubrobT. me-16 da me-17 saukuneebSi kauzaciaTa axali qseli Seiqmna. ev-
ropa religiuri motiviT warmoebuli usastikesi omebis momswre gaxda, rasac Sede-
gad religiuri erTianobis darRveva mohyva uamravi seqtis Camoyalibebis saxiT. yo-
velive aman ki gamoiwvia im saxelmwifoTa raodenobis zrda, romelTac SeeZloT lo-
ialobis gamoCena mravalferovani religiuri mrwamsebis mimdevrebisadmi. Tumca, sa-
nam saboloo Sedegi dadgeboda, dawesebuli mrwamsis uarmyofeli religiuri jgu-
febis devna ganxorcielda mraval qveyanaSi — hugenotebi safrangeTSi, romaeli ka-
Tolikeebi da puritani separatistebi inglisSi, luTeranebi germaniis kaTolikur
sagrafoebSi da kaTolikuri eklesiis mowinaaRmdege disidentebi espaneTSi.
TiToeul qveyanaSi devnis msxverplni mxolod sakuTari mrwamsis mimarT iTxov-
dnen tolerantobis gamoCenas; Tumca Tavdapirvelad es moTxovnebi ar efuZneboda
religiis Tavisuflebis, rogorc aseTisadmi, erTgulebas. mmarTvelis ufleba da
valdebuleba religiuri codvis dasjaze RvTisgan miniWebulad ganixileboda; Ti-
Toeuli jgufi darwmunebuli iyo, rom mxolod is misdevda WeSmaritebas. 1615 wels
inglisSi anonimuri pamfleti mefe jeims I-s puritanTa mimarT kanonebis Semsubu-
qebasa da kaTolikeebisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis SemoRebis aucileblobaSi arwmuneb-
da. religiuri speqtris meore boloSi iezuiti robert parsonsi aprotestebda ka-
TolikeebisaTvis savaldebulo erTgulebis fics, zogadad iZulebis sawinaaRmdego
mWermetyveluri gancxadebebiT: èbraelisa da TurqisaTvis wminda samebaze ficis
dadebis iZuleba maTi sindisis sawinaaRmdegod ... autanel tanjvas miayenebs maT~.
Tumca, amave dros, parsonsi icavda eklesias, romelic devnida religiur disiden-
tebs, sadac amis unari Seswevda. TiToeuli religiuri jgufi Tvlida, rom igi unda
35
yofiliyo Sewynarebuli, vinaidan mxolod is iyo WeSmariti da, piriqiT, mowinaaRm-
degeebis devnas mxars uWerda, radganac isini aucileblad cdebodnen. oliver krom-
velma erTxel aRSfoTebulma ganacxada: `yvelas surs Tavisufleba, magram Tavad
aravin gascems mas~.19 j. n. fijisma warsuli drois daxasiaTebisas dapirispirebul
seqtebze dawera Semdegi: ès iyo ... erTi seqtis mier sxvaTa ganadgurebis SeuZleb-
loba, ramac sabolood uzrunvelyo Tavisufleba~.20
ra Tqma unda, aRniSnul gancxadebaSi WeSmaritebis gansazRvruli marcvlis povna
SesaZlebelia, Tumca igi ar Seesabameba srul simarTles. me-16 saukunis Sua periodi-
dan moyolebuli, ramdenimem marTlac aimaRla xma WeSmariti religiis Tavisufle-
bis dasacavad. protestantul jgufebs Soris anabaptistebi da baptistebi yovel-
Tvis gmobdnen iZulebas religiur sakiTxebSi. mwvaleblobis braldebiT servetusis
sikvdiliT dasjam kalvinistur JenevaSi (1553) gamoiwvia sebastian kastelios pasuxi,
romelmac Tavis naSromSi èretikosTa da maTi devnis aucileblobisTvis~ pirvelad
Camoayaliba yovlismomcveli argumenti sindisis Tavisuflebis sasargeblod.
saukunis Semdeg, puritanul parlamentsa da stiuartTa dinastiis mefeebs Soris
samoqalaqo omis dros arsebulma cvalebadma da kompleqsurma situaciam inglisi
drois garkveul monakveTSi religiis Tavisuflebis idealis forsirebis principul
niadagad aqcia. parlaments, romelmac Carlz I daamarcxa, akontrolebdnen presbite-
rianelebi, romelTac surdaT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki, mkacri
presbiterianuli disciplinis damyareba inglisis eklesiaSi. maTi pozicia tomas ed-
vardsis gancxadebaSi iyo reziumirebuli: `Semwynarebloba ewinaaRmdegeba refor-
maciis bunebas, reformacia da tolerantoba diametrulad sawinaaRmdego movlene-
bia.~21 amis miuxedavad saparlamento gamarjvebebis SemoqmedTa umravlesoba sxva-
dasxva seqtebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen — kongregacionistebi, baptistebi, unitari-
anelebi, mexuTe monarqiis xalxi da sxva mravali. yoveli maTgani iTxovda da, krom-
velis dros, sargeblobda kidec Semwynareblobis gansazRvruli doziT. ufro metic,
bevr literaturul gamocemaSi, romelTa raodenobac dRiTidRe izrdeboda, sul
ufro xSirad avtorebi ayalibebdnen argumentebs yvelasaTvis, da ara romelime erTi
jgufisaTvis, realuri religiis Tavisuflebis sasargeblod. presbiterianelma ri-
Card baqsterma, romelic kromvelis erT-erT samxedro polkSi msaxurobda kapela-
nad, gamkicxavi toniT aRniSna, rom jariskacebs Soris `yvelaze xSiri da mwvave dis-
putebi imarTeboda sindisis Tavisuflebis Temaze, rogorc Tavad uwodebdnen mas;
rom ... yvela adamians SeuZlia ara marto iqonios azri, aramed iqadagos da imoqmedos
religiis sakiTxebSi sakuTari survilisamebr~. savaraudod, yvelaze mgznebare gan-
cxadeba gaakeTa rojer uiliamsma, romlisTvisac devna kargad iyo nacnobi, rogorc
Zvel, ise axal inglisSi. Tavis naSromSi `devnis sisxliani dogmati~ uiliamsma dawera:
uflis nebasa da brZanebas warmoadgens (misi Zis, ufali iesos amqveynad
movlinebis Semdeg) nebarTvis miniWeba yvelaze warmarTuli, ebrauli,
Turquli da antiqristianuli sindisis qonaze da RvTismsaxurebis
uflebaTa miniWeba yvela adamianisaTvis yvela naciasa da qveyanaSi.
me-17 saukuneSi protestantis mxridan Turqebisa da ebraelebis mimarT toleran-
tobisaken mowodeba namdvilad ar yofila uCveulo movlena. es iyo iZulebiTi kon-
versiis sawinaaRmdego Suasaukuneobrivi doqtrinis morigi dadasturebis gza. Tumca
uiliamsi gamorCeuli iyo Tavisi miswrafebiT, Seewynarebina TviT romaeli kaToli-
36
keebi. misi TqmiT, TviT kaTolikeebsac hqondaT, `metad Tu naklebad~, sindisi, rom-
lis mimarTac aucilebeli iyo pativiscemis gamoCena. uiliamsis Tanaxmad, adamiani,
romelic keTilsindisierad gaxda kaTolike, sruliad SesaZlebelia, kvlavac iyos
èrTguli da mSvidobismoyvare~ pirovneba.
Tanamedrove samyaros adreul etapze devnis praqtikaze ganxorcielda Seteva,
romelic dafuZnebuli iyo skepticizmze, mizanSewonilobasa da Tavad qristianuli
mrwamsis ZiriTadi principebis gamoyenebaze sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebis argumen-
taciiT. es argumentebi ar iyo Tanabari Rirebulebis. maTgan pirveli oris gamoyeneba
mxolod SezRuduli donis tolerantobis mtkicebisaTvis iyo SesaZlebeli; marto
mesames SeeZlo safuZvlis Seqmna religiis Tavisuflebis idealisadmi principuli
erTgulebisaTvis.
skeptikur midgomas Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli renesansul humanizmSi. huma-
nistebma moRvaweoba Tavdapirvelad sqolastikuri filosofiis CaxlarTuli argu-
mentebis, rogorc mosawyeni nonsensis, uaryofiT daiwyes; SemdgomSi humanistebis
gansazRvrulma nawilma identuri mosazrebebis ganviTareba daiwyo im mwvave Teo-
logiuri disputebis mimoxilvisas, romlebmac qristianul eklesiebs Soris ganxeT-
qileba gamoiwvia. swored es gaxldaT kastelios poziciis safuZveli. humanistebis
skepticizmi ar warmoadgenda skepticizms qristianuli mrwamsis mimarT. rogorc
kasteliom dawera, àravis epareba eWvi RmerTis arsebobaSi, mis sikeTeSi, misadmi
siyvarulisa da msaxurebis aucileblobaSi...~22 meore mxriv, is Temebi, romlebzedac
qristianebi ver Tanxmdebodnen — bediswerasTan, Tavisufal nebasTan, naTlobasTan,
ziarebasTan dakavSirebuli doqtrinebi — davis sagans warmoadgenda, radganac bib-
liaSi ar iyo naTeli miTiTeba maT Sesaxeb. kastelios mosazrebiT, am sakiTxebis Sec-
noba da gaazreba sruli WeSmaritebiT SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom absoluturad usargeb-
lod da araadamianurad sastikad miaCnda mas qristianebis mier erTmaneTis devna am
sakiTxebze arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobis niadagze.
devnilma hugenotma piter beilma gacilebiT radikaluri Seteva miitana religiur
devnaze. man Tavis naSromSi zRvari gaavlo qristian humanistebsa da ganmanaTleblobis
ukompromiso skepticizms Soris. misi SexedulebiT, ar SeiZleba ganmanaTleblobis
wvlilis ardafaseba. udavoa, rom aucilebeli iyo volteris skeptikuri dacinva da-
wesebuli eklesiebis sisastikeTa da crurwmenaTa mxilebisaTvis. Tumca, saboloo jamSi,
skepticizmi ar aris sakmarisi. misi mosazrebiT, adamianebi religiuri cxovelebi arian
da maTi mrwamsis WeSmaritebaSi eWvis Setanisa da Sedegad misi gaxunebis SemTxvevaSi
isini, savaraudod, axal da ufro velur Semcvlelebs moigoneben. ganmanaTleblobam
ar moitana mSvidobisa da harmoniis axali era; man revoluciur safrangeTSi teroris
gabatonebamde da religiuri devnis axali raundis dawyebamde migviyvana, amtkicebda
beili.
tolerantobis sasargeblod argumentebis meore mimarTuleba ubralo mizanSe-
woniloba iyo. am poziciis gansaxierebas warmoadgenda safrangeTis mefe anri IV, ro-
melmac Tavisi religia, protestantizmi, samefo gvirgvinis mopovebis mizniT kaTo-
licizmze gacvla, Tumca Semdeg gamosca nantis ediqti (1598), romelic mniSvnelovan
Tavisuflebebs aniWebda protestantebs. anris mmarTvelobis periodSi inglisis
dedofali elisabedic religiur politikas misdevda saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. iyo ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobis magaliTebic. ni-
37
derlandebSi espaneTis wargzavnilma mmarTvelma, avstrielma don xuanma, 1577 wels
dawera: òraneli princi yovelTvis daJinebiT amtkicebda ... rom sindisis Tavi-
suflebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda komerciuli keTildReobisaTvis~. am argumen-
tis udidesi Teoriuli momxre iyo politikuri filosofosi Jan bodeni. igi adas-
turebda, rom religiuri erTianoba sasurveli iyo da arc imas ayenebda eWvqveS, rom
saxelmwifos sruliad kanonierad SeeZlo religiuri disidentebis Seviwroeba. Tum-
ca, amave dros, misi mtkicebiT, rodesac esa Tu is religia imdenad gaZlierdeba,
rom misi represireba SeuZlebeli iqneba samoqalaqo daZabulobis gamowvevis gareSe,
yvelaze gonivruli politika misi Sewynareba unda iyos.23 mizanSewonilobis argumen-
tTan dakavSirebuli problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mravali garemoebis arsebo-
bisas tolerantoba ar Cans yvelaze aSkarad mizanSewonil qmedebaTa mimarTulebad.
xSirad iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom wesrigisa da erTianobis SenarCunebis yvelaze
efeqturi gza disidentebis devnaze gadis. me-17 saukuneSi garemoebaTa sakmaod uC-
veulo erTobliobas hqonda adgili, rac xSirad devnas araefeqturs xdida. mizanSe-
wonilobiT argumentireba Riad tovebda garemoebaTa Secvlis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo
ganaxlebuli devnis sakiTxs.
Semwynareblobis mesame argumenti, rom devnis praqtika radikalurad ewinaaRmde-
geba Tavad qristes swavlebas, udavod yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo. am argumentma
mravali moazrovnis naSromSi hpova asaxva. magaliTad, kastelio devnis Sesaxeb wers:
`SeuZlebeli iyo satanis mier qristes nebasa da bunebasTan amaze sawinaaRmdegos
gamogoneba~. ase msjelobda pier beilic, man Semwynareblobis sasargeblo argumenta-
cia Camoayaliba, rogorc komentari teqstisaTvis `ZaliT moreke~, romelsac avgus-
tine da Toma akvineli devnis gamarTlebisaTvis iyenebdnen; Tumca beils gansxvave-
buli daskvna gamohqonda am sityvebidan da amtkicebda, rom qristes naTqvamis amgvari
gageba `TviT saxarebis suliskveTebas ewinaaRmdegeba~.24 marTalia, beili skeptikuri
temperamentis adamiani iyo, magram analogiuri argumentebi mohyavdaT mgznebare
religiuri mrwamsis mqone mwerlebsac. rojer uiliamsma mravali mtkicebuleba
warmoadgina religiis Tavisuflebis sasargeblod, Tumca maTgan yvelaze fundamen-
turi iyo devnis Seracxva `mSvidobis meufis sulTan, gonebasa da saqmianobasTan
pirdapir winaaRdegobaSi myofad~.25
drois moTxovnilebebma gonieri qristianebi Zveli rwmenis uaryofiTi Sedegebis
ufro Rrma gaazrebamde miiyvana. bevri avtori eklesiis mamebis citirebas axdenda
religiis Tavisuflebis sasargeblod. xSirad ifqlisa da RvarZlis igavi mohyavdaT
Semwynareblobis argumentad. 1661 wlis baptistur pamfletSi gacxadebuli iyo, rom
sindisis Tavisufleba `qristianuli religiis nawilia~. inglisel mwerlebs Soris,
jon miltonma gaaanaliza religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb pavle mociqulis teqste-
bi (teqstebi, romlebic Jersonma da okamma gacilebiT adre gamoiyenes) da gamoita-
na daskvna, rom mrwamsis sakiTxebSi Zalis gamoyeneba ewinaaRmdegeba `qristianuli
religiis yvelaze Rrma da mniSvnelovan safuZvlebs~.
azrovnebis axali klimatis pirobebSi, rodesac devna da Seviwroeba dagmobili iyo,
rogorc qristes swavlebis sawinaaRmdego movlena, xelaxla moxda yvela Zveli ar-
gumentis gaJRereba saero xelisuflebis kontrolidan eklesiis Tavisuflebis, sin-
disis uzenaesi avtoritetisa da bunebiTi uflebebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, oRond amjerad
ganaxlebul WrilSi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, yvela es argumenti SesaZlebelia reli-
giis Tavisuflebis doqtrinis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSemwyobi gamxdariyo, Tumca Sua
38
saukuneebis konteqstSi maT es Sedegi ar moitanes. Sua saukuneebis Semdgom samyaroSi,
axal istoriul konteqstSi, es argumentebi gaxda safuZveli im sasargeblo daskvnebis
gamotanis, romlebic yovelTvis aSkara iyo, Tumca gamokveTilad arasodes uRiarebiaT.
ZvelisZveli moTxovna, rom eklesia ar unda iyos saero mmarTvelTa kontrolis
qveS, axali kuTxiT ganimarta, rogorc saero magistratis mxridan pirovnebis religi-
ur arCevanze zemoqmedebis dauSvebloba. protestantebi yovelTvis miuTiTebdnen, rom
magistrati ar iyo romis papze da mis episkoposebze metad ucodveli da uSecdomo.
garda amisa, uiliam volvinis mtkicebiT, ìs, vinc cdeboda, SeiZleba WeSmaritebaSi
myofis damsjeli aRmoCeniliyo~.26 religiaSi samTavrobo iZulebis sawinaaRmdego sxva
argumentis Tanaxmad, progresi, gagebuli rogorc saRvTo wyaloba, SeiZleboda
miRweuli yofiliyo mxolod Tavisufali da motivirebuli diskursis gziT. rodesac
miltoni werda axal etapze `reformaciis reformirebis~ Sesaxeb, igi sagangebod moiT-
xovda presis Tavisuflebas.27 Sua saukuneebis Teologebi zogjer msjelobdnen droTa
ganmavlobaSi Tanmimdevrul progresze bibliis gaazrebaSi. axali TvalTaxedvis mi-
xedviT, aseTi progresi moiTxovda azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas.
Sexeduleba, rom eklesiis Tavisufleba moiTxovda saero magistratis mxridan
religiur sakiTxebSi Carevisgan Tavis Sekavebas, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli inglisSi
moqmedi separatistuli jgufebis wevrebs Soris. uaiTholSi 1648 wels gamarTuli
SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis dros erT-erTma maTganma ganacxada: àrc erT adamiansa
Tu magistrats am samyaroSi ar gaaCnia religiur sakiTxebSi Carevis ufleba~.28
momdevno wels daweril levelerebis pamfletSi Camoyalibebuli iyo analogiuri
doqtrina, rac, saboloo jamSi, amerikelebisaTvis gacxadebul iqna pirveli Seswo-
rebiT:
[Cven] ar vavalebT, arc nebas vrTavT Cvens warmomadgenlebs ... sasjelebis
gamoyenebiT an sxvagvarad nebismier adamians aiZulon raime mrwamsis,
religiis an RvTisadmi msaxurebis sakiTxebSi, an SezRudon nebismieri
adamiani Tavisi mrwamsis aRmsareblobaSi, an Tavisi religiis gamoxatvaSi
sakuTari sindisis Sesabamisad...29
rojer uiliamss, romelic nebismieri saxis erTiani eklesia-saxelmwifos mode-
lis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, ekuTvnis fraza: `wall of separation between the Garden of
the church and the Wilderness of the world~ — `separaciis kedeli eklesiis walkotsa da
amqveyniur velurobas Soris~.30
Sua saukuneebis argumentebis kidev erTi wyeba, romelic Tanamedrove epoqis ad-
reul etapze ganviTarda, Seexeboda individualuri sindisis mniSvnelobas. me-17 sauku-
nis Sua xanebSi gavrcelebul mosazrebas warmoadgenda religiuri uTanxmoebis amosa-
val wertilad `codvaSi fesvebgamdgari borotebis~ miCneva.31 Tumca im droisaTvis
gamoTqmuli iyo ramdenime alternatiuli Sexedulebac. inglisSi samoqalaqo omis
Semdgom wlebSi keTilsindisieri da saRad moazrovne adamianebisaTvis sakmaod rTuli
gaxda imis dajereba, rom maT mezoblebs, im mamakacebs, romlebTan erTadac isini
mxardamxar ibrZodnen saerTo miznisaTvis,zogjer marTlac demonebi STaagonebdnen,
rom avi saqmeebi ekeTebinaT mxolod Teologiis romeliRac bundovan sakiTxze uTan-
xmoebis gamo. swored es rwmena, rom gansxvavebuli azris mqone adamiani boroteba iyo,
mwvaleblobis mimarT Suasaukuneobrivi zizRis ZiriTad safuZvlad iqca. rodesac
SesaZlebeli gaxda religiur warmodgenebs Soris gansxvavebebi mxolod SecdomaSi
daenaxaT da ara borot ganzraxvaSi, gaixsna gza Semcdari sindisis mimarT marTebuli
damokidebulebis Seqmnisaken. uiliam volvinma ganixila teqsti `rac mrwamsidan ar
modis, is codvaa~ (igive teqsti, romelsac Sua saukuneebis avtorebi iyenebdnen
39
sindisis upiratesi xasiaTis dacvisaTvis) da mivida daskvnamde, romelic Sua saukune-
ebis arc erT Teologs ar mosvlia TavSi: `yvela adamians unda hqondes sindisis
Tavisufleba, rwmenis miuxedavad~.32 igi amtkicebda, rom pirovnebis sindisze gavlenis
moxdena mxolod misive gonebas ZaluZs. volvinis SexedulebiT, SeuZlebeli iyo pirov-
nebis iZuleba, erwmuna WeSmariteba, romelic mis Segnebasa da sindiss mcdarad miaCnda;
adamiani scodavs, Tuki iZulebis gziT sakuTari sindisis winaaRmdeg moqmedebs; Tumca
is, vinc aiZulebs mas, codvis Tanamonawilea da despotis msgavsad moqmedebs. es mosaz-
reba iqca saerTo argumentad maTTvis, vinc sindisis Tavisuflebis dacvas cdilobda.
TviT yvelaze ukiduresi roialisti maikl hadsonic amtkicebda, rom magistrati,
romelic aiZulebs adamians sakuTari sindisis winaaRmdeg imoqmedos, sicruis saxiT
codvis Cadenas aiZulebs mas; magistrati ki, Tavis mxriv, damnaSavea ìm sulier pre-
rogativebSi mkrexeluri Carevis gamo, romelic RmerTma sakuTari TavisTvis Semo-
inaxa~. anglikani Teologis mtkicebiT, pirovneba, romelic Tavis codvil sindiss
misdevs, ar scodavs: `Tuki RmerTi ar gabrazdeba gauazreblad Semcdar adamianze,
adamianebi ratom unda ganrisxdnen erTmaneTze?~33
sindisis Taobaze axali argumentis saboloo Sedegi mdgomareobda religiis Ta-
visuflebis idealis bunebiTi uflebebis gacilebiT Zvel doqtrinasTan SerwymaSi.
sindisis Tavisufleba ganixileboda bunebiTi samarTliT garantirebul adamianis
erT-erT bunebiT uflebad. uiliam peni wers: `me yovelTvis mesmoda, rom sindisis
Tavisufleba yvela adamianis bunebiT uflebas warmoadgens...~34 igi amtkicebs, rom
xalxi ar da ver dauTmobs am bunebiT uflebas arcerT xelisuflebas. Sesabamisad,
saxelmwifos ar SeiZleba hqondes kanonieri ufleba, individis am uflebis xelyofis.
rogorc kvakeri, peni Tavisi drois dominirebuli religiuri azrovnebis miRma imyo-
feboda, Tumca amave epoqaSi moRvawe uaRresad pativcemuli episkoposi barneti ana-
logiur Sexedulebas gamoxatavda: `me didi xania sindisis Tavisuflebas vuyureb,
rogorc adamianis erT-erT bunebiT uflebas, romelic win uswrebda politikuri
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas da romelsac arc erTi adamiani ar daTmobs ...~35 jon
lokic wers, rom `sindisis Tavisufleba yvela adamianis bunebiT uflebas warmoad-
gens~.36 inglisis farglebs gareT pier beili icavda sindisis Tavisuflebas37 , spinoza
ki bunebiTi uflebebis Tavis gansakuTrebul doqtrinas iyenebda religiis Tavisuf-
lebis xelSeuxeblobis mtkicebisas.38
me-17 saukunis bolos religiis Tavisuflebis adekvaturi Teoriebi iqna formu-
lirebuli, Tumca maTma implementaciam gacilebiT meti dro waiRo. ukve me-18 sauku-
neSi religiur niadagze devnis SemTxvevebis raodenoba erTeulebamde davida, Tumca
religiis Tavisufleba mxolod me-19 saukunis liberaluri revoluciebis Semdgom
gaxda farTod aRiarebuli dasavlur saxelmwifoTa konstituciebSi. ZiriTadma qris-
tianulma eklesiebma ki mxolod meoce saukuneSi aRiares religiuri uflebebi qris-
tianuli mrwamsis ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSnad.
40
adamianis
religiur
uflebaTa
apologia
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi adamianis religiur ufle-

bebs mcire adgili eTmoboda msoflio masStabiT adami-
anis uflebebisaTvis brZolasa Tu masze gamarTul de-
batebSi. am qveTavis mizans adamianis religiur ufle-
baTa apologiis mcdeloba warmoadgens, vinaidan isini
adamianis uflebebisaTvis brZolis safuZvelSi Zevs da
pirovnebis sulier sferos moicavs. adamianis religiur
uflebaTa apologia aseve zogadad, adamianis uflebaTa
safuZvlis ganmtkicebas isaxavs miznad.
termini àdamianis religiuri uflebebi~, rogorc
wesi, monacvleobiT gamoiyeneba terminTan `religiis
Tavisufleba~. Cvenc ase moviqceviT. adamianis religi-
ur uflebebSi igulisxmeba pirovnebisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli ufleba kerZo Tu sajaro RvTismsaxurebaze an
RvTismsaxurebaSi monawileobis armiRebaze; ama Tu im
mrwamsis aRmsareblobasa Tu gadacemaze; erTmorwmu-
neTa gaerTianebis wevrobaze; da religiuri identuro-
bis Secvlaze — yovelgvari dabrkolebis da diskrimi-
naciis gareSe. adamianis religiuri uflebebi moiTxovs
kanonis winaSe yvela religiaTa Tu arareligiaTa Tanas-
worobas; arc erTi moqalaqe ar unda sargeblobdes ra-
ime upiratesobiT da arc ziani unda miadges gansazR-
vruli religiuri mrwamsisa Tu identurobis gamo.
adamianis religiuri uflebebis samarTlis kanoni-
er principad aRiareba msoflio Tanamegobrobis qvey-
nebis universalurad gaziarebul aqsiomur movlenad
iqca da es aRiareba meoce saukunis erT-erTi udidesi
miRwevaa. uamravi mtkicebulebis miuxedavad, romlebic
miuTiTebs, rom Tanamedrove samyaros mraval wertilSi
religiis Tavisufleba jer kidev Sors aris egzisten-
cialuri realobisgan, adamianis religiuri uflebebi
normatiul principad iqca msoflio masStabiT saxel-
mwifoTa umravlesobaSi da, Sesabamisad, maT realiza-
41
ciaze uari TiTqmis yvelgan gaumarTleblad miiCneva rogorc moralurad, ise samar-
Tlebrivad. Sedegad, religiuri uflebebisa da religiis Tavisuflebis garantiebi
dResdReobiT erovnul konstituciaTa umravlesobaSi gvxvdeba, TviT iseT qveyneb-
Sic ki, sadac xelisufleba komunisturi aTeizmis mimdevaria. amis miuxedavad, reli-
giuri uflebebis pativiscema — kerZod, religiaze an rwmenaze damyarebuli diskrimi-
naciis ararseboba da yvela religiis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe — Tanamedrove msof-
lios mraval qveyanaSi Sorsaa realobisgan.
miuxedavad adamianis religiuri uflebebisadmi TiTqmis universaluri erTgu-
lebisa, romelic gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier 1948 wels miRebul ada-
mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSia gamoxatuli da kidev ufro naTlad Ca-
moyalibebuli religiasa da rwmenaze dafuZnebuli Seuwynareblobisa da diskrimi-
naciis nebismieri formis aRmofxvris 1981 wlis deklaraciaSi, ar arsebobs universa-
luri konsensusi maTi inteleqtualuri da filosofiuri safuZvlis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma
unda, arsebobs mniSvnelovani praqtikuli da politikuri mizezebi religiuri ufle-
bebisa da religiis Tavisuflebis argumentirebisaTvis, magram TviT isinic saWiroebs
garkveul filosofiur principebze dayrdnobas da ar aris damokidebuli mxolod
politikur mizanSewonilobaze.
adamianis religiuri uflebebi da adreuli religiuri moZRvrebani
adamianis religiur uflebaTa apologia, pirvel rigSi, SesaZlebelia danaxul

iqnes TviT religiaTa Tavdapirvel swavlebebSi. maSin, roca religiuri uflebebis
aRmoceneba SedarebiT Tanamedrove fenomenia, religiis Tavisuflebis koncefcias
xangrZlivi, Tumca araerTgvarovani istoria aqvs. religiuri uflebebis cneba msof-
lios udides religiaTa swavlebebSi iCens Tavs, Tumca, rogorc wesi, praqtikaSi igi
naklebad TvalsaCino iyo Tavad am religiaTa mTeli istoriis manZilze. vinaidan
zogadad religia Seadgenda pirovnebis, rogorc gvaris, Temis Tu naciis wevris iden-
turobis safuZvels, individis religiuri identuroba qmnida safuZvels misi gansxva-
vebisa sxva gvaris, Temisa Tu naciis da, Tu ufro farTod mivudgebiT sakiTxs, mTeli
danarCeni samyaros wevrobisagan. xSirad religia iqceoda jgufebs Soris konfliqtis
safuZvlad — magaliTad, qristianebsa da romael warmarTebs, siqebsa da induistebs,
muslimebsa da ebraelebs, marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikeebs, kaTolikeebsa da pro-
testantebs Soris da a. S. Sedegad, religia xels uwyobda daqsaqsvas da ara gaerTiane-
bas, konfliqts da ara Tanxmobas da yvela am konfliqtisa Tu daqsaqsvis siRrmeSi
ido sxvadasxva religiebis warmodgenebi WeSmaritebaze, dafuZnebuli winaswarmety-
velur gamocxadebaze, garkveul mistikur gamocdilebaze an cxovrebis racionalur
gaazrebaze. religiis amgvari istoriulad damaxasiaTebeli niSani namdvilad ar uw-
yobda xels Semwynareblobas an adamianis religiuri uflebebis aRiarebas gansazR-
vruli religiuri tradiciis farglebs gareT. zogadad, yvela religia amtkicebda
an, sul mcire, gulisxmobda sakuTar uzenaesobas, inkluziurobas da sargeblobda
sinkretizmis garkveuli formiT WeSmaritebis Taobaze Tavis filosofiur an Teolo-
giur koncefciebSi.
amis miuxedavad, unda aRiniSnos, rom Seuwynareblobis sawinaaRmdego da adamianis
religiuri uflebebis pativiscemisaken mowodebis kvali, SesaZloa, uZveles msofli-
oSic iqnes aRmoCenili. jer kidev ocdasami saukunis win budizmis mimdevarma mefe
42
aSokam mosaxleobas Semwynarebluri cxovrebisken mouwoda. misi sityvebi dResac
iseve aqtualuria, rogorc maSin:
ùjeroa martooden Tvisi Temis pativgeba an upirobod sxvisi Temis
SebRalva. mxolod raime nakli SeiZleba iyos Seginebis safuZveli, raki
nebismieri Temi ama Tu im mizeziT pativis Rirsia. roca amgvarad iqceva
adamiani sakuTar Tems ganadidebs da imavdroulad sakadrisad epyroba
sxvisas. sxvagvarad moqcevisas adamiani Tavis Tavs vnebs da daumsaxureblad
amcirebs sxvisas. vinaidan, vinc pativs miagebs Tavis Tems da sxvas ki
martooden sakuTaris erTgulebisa da gandidebis ganzraxviT
Seuracxyofs, sinamdvileSi udides zians gvris mSobliur Tems.~.
msoflios yvela ZiriTadi religia Seicavs swavlebas Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb,
gmobs religiur iZulebasa da religiuri Sexedulebebis upativcemulobas. es swav-
lebebi mudmivi Sexsenebaa Sesabamisi religiis mimdevrebisTvis. adamianis religiuri
uflebebis mxardamWerma, maTive religiuri tradiciebis wminda werilebma, SesaZloa,
Seqmnan urTierTpativiscemis, keTilganwyobisa da dialogze dafuZnebuli mrwamsebs-
Sorisi urTierTobis safuZveli. garda amisa, es swavlebani uzrunvelyofen rogorc
erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso doneze religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb konstituciuri
da samarTlebrivi debulebebis mxardaWeras.
induizmis uZveles swavlebaSi gamokveTilad aris dagmobili sxva mrwamsebis mim-
devarTa religiuri uflebebis Seuwynarebloba da Seuracxyofa. induisturi tradi-
ciis safuZvels warmoadgens Semdegi gancxadeba: `WeSmariteba erTia; brZenni mas
sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT moixsenieben.~39 induizmis wminda werilSic vkiTxulobT:
ùvicia is, vinc ambobs: rasac vambob, WeSmaritebaa, sxvebi ki cdebiano. swored uvicTa
aseTi damokidebulebis Sedegia, rom arsebobs eWvebi da gaugebrobebi RmerTTan
dakavSirebiT. swored amgvari damokidebuleba iwvevs davas adamianebs Soris. Tumca
yvela eWvi qreba, rodesac adamiani TviTkontrols moipovebs da simSvides miaRwevs
WeSmaritebis sulis realizebiT. amis Sedegad davac dasruldeba.~40 induizmis uZveles
wminda teqstebSi Cans ara marto sxvebis religiuri tradiciebisadmi Semwynareblobasa
da pativiscemaze miTiTeba, aramed dasturdeba, rom am Semwynareblobis da pativiscemis
safuZvels warmoadgens rwmena, romlis mixedviTac yvela religiaSia SesaZlebeli kargis
monaxva: `sxvadasxva yvavilebidan Taflis Semgrovebeli futkris msgavsad, brZeni
miiRebs gansxvavebul moZRvrebaTa arss da yvelafer kargs dainaxavs yvela religiaSi~.
meoce saukunis induizmis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili moazrovnis sarvepali
radhakriSnanis Tanaxmad, `sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo sxvaTa mrwamsebs surT pativcemulni
iyvnen. maT mimarT pativiscemiT adamiani amaRlebs Tavisas da, amave dros, samsaxurs
uwevs sxvaTa mrwamss. sxvanairad moqcevisas adamiani zians ayenebs Tavisas da cud
samsaxurs uwevs sxvaTa mrwamss. Tuki adamiani xotbas asxams Tavis mrwamss da Seuracx-
yofs sxvisas sakuTari mrwamsis sadideblad, sinamdvileSi mZime zians ayenebs mas.~41
analogiurad, budizmic aRiarebs religiis Tavisuflebisa da religiuri ufle-
bebis pativiscemis koncefcias. masSi waxalisebulia guluxvi damokidebuleba yvela
religiuri warmodgenisa da maTi mimdevrebisadmi. budizmis fuZemdebeli sidhartha
gautama arwmunebda Tavis mimdevrebs, ar hqonodaT mtruli ganwyoba maT mimarT,
vinc maTze cuds ityoda. gautama acxadebs: `Tu vinme Cemze, Cems swavlebaze an miTi-
Tebebze cudad ilaparakebs, ar ganewyoT uaryofiTad mis mimarT, ar gauwyreT, arc
43
gulis siRrmeSi aRSfoTdeT, Torem sakuTar Tavs avnebT~.42 da isev budisturi
teqstebis citatebs moviyvanT. `buda ambobs, rom gansazRvruli mosazrebebisadmi
kuTvnilebas, xolo sxva SexedulebebisaTvis zemodan yurebas brZeni borkilebs
uwodebda43 . yvela morwmunis Sesaxeb moZRvrebisas gautamam ganacxada: `Tuki adamiani
ambobs, es aris Cemi mrwamsio, igi WeSmaritebas inarCunebs. magram amiT is ar SeiZleba
mivides absolutur daskvnamde _ mxolod es aris WeSmariteba da yvela danarCeni
mcdaria~.44 iaponiaSi erT-erTi budisturi seqtis, omoto kios wminda teqstSi vkiT-
xulobT: àrc erTi kuTxe ar arsebobs samyaroSi, sadac ar iyos RmerTi~.45 msofli-
os udides religiebs Soris budizmi gaxda pirveli saerTaSoriso religia, da mTeli
Tavisi istoriis manZilze sxva mrwamsebTan damokidebulebiT moaxdina toleran-
tobisa da pativiscemis sulis demonstrireba.
sxva religiuri tradiciebic mouwodeben gansxvavebuli mrwamsebis mimdevarTa
mimarT pativiscemisken. budizmis msgavsad, qristianuli epoqis dawyebamde 6 sauku-
niT adre dafuZnebuli jainizmis wminda teqstebis Tanaxmad: ìsini, vinc TavianT
doqtrinebs xotbas asxamen da sxvebisas Seuracxyofen, ver gadaWrian verc erT sir-
Tules~.46 jainistebis wminda werilebSi maT miTiTebuli aqvT, `Caswvdnen erT filo-
sofiur Sexedulebas meoris srulfasovani Seswavlis gziT~.47 aseTi damokidebuleba
sxva religiuri tradiciebisadmi aRiarebulia konfucianizmSic. konfucis Tanaxmad,
`samyaroSi mravali gansxvavebuli gzaa, Tumca daniSnulebis adgili erTia~.48
iudaizmis tradicia xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda adamianis religi-
uri uflebebisaTvis. iudaizmSi, WeSmariti aRTqmis Tanaxmad, uflis siyvaruli
gankuTvnilia yvela adamianisaTvis da am aRTqmiT `samyaroSi yvela ojaxi daloc-
vilia~.49 iudaizmis wminda wignSi, romelic qristianebis wminda werilicaa, vkiTxu-
lobT: `radgan didi iqneba Cemi saxeli xalxebSi mzis aRmosavleTidan dasavlamde;
yvelgan daukmeven sakmevels Cems saxels da wminda ZRvens Semomwiraven; radgan didi
iqneba Cemi saxeli xalxebSi, ambobs ufali sabaoT~.50 toseftaSi rabini joSua acxa-
debs: àrseboben RvTismosavi adamianebi erebs Soris, romlebic samyaros inawile-
ben~.51 iudaizmSi yvela adamianuri uflebis pativiscema gansakuTrebiT Cans mis swav-
lebaSi, romelic TiToeuli pirovnebis usazRvro Rirsebasa da yoveli adamianuri
sicocxlis siwmindes Seexeba. pativiscema gansxvavebuli mrwamsebis mimarT aSkarad
da naTlad ikveTeba iudaistur TalmudSi. miSnaSi vkiTxulobT: `da qmnili iqna ada-
miani erTi (pirveli), rom gaswavlos, Tuki vinme moklavs erT adamians ... wminda weri-
li mas miusjis qveynierebis mkvlelobas, da vinc gadaarCens erT suls ... wminda we-
rili mas qveynierebis gadarCenas miawers ... amitom yvelam unda Tqvas, CemTvis yofila
samyaro Seqmnilio.~52 meoce saukunis iudaizmis erT-erT yvelaze pativsacem mecni-
ers, mogvianebiT rabins, abraam heskels uyvarda Tqma: `RmerTis xma mraval enaze ismis~
— Sexeduleba, romelic farTod aris gaziarebuli iudaizmSi.
qristianobaSi, iudaizmis msgavsad, religiuri Semwynarebloba da religiuri uf-
lebebis siwminde SesaZlebelia yvelaze gamokveTilad davinaxoT gancxadebaSi, rom
ufalma Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmna adamiani. biblia aseve aRiarebs da gamoxatavs
tolerantobis ideas ucxoelTa mimarTac, rodesac acxadebs:
`Tu ucxoeli mova SenTan, nurafers dauSaveb. miiRe, rogorc Seni naTesavi
da Seiyvare, rogorc Tavi Seni, radgan ucxoni viyaviT egviptelTa miwaze,
me var ufali RmerTi Seni.~53
44
garda amisa, axali aRTqmis mixedviT, ufals ùmowmeblad arasodes dautovebia
Tavisi Tavi~54 . aq vkiTxulobT `naTeli WeSmaritis~ Sesaxebac, `romelic gaanaTlebs
yvela kacs, momavals qveynad~.55 religiuri Semwynarebloba da pativiscema religi-
uri uflebebisadmi SeiZleba davinaxoT bibliaSi moyvanil uflis mier yvela adami-
anisadmi mopyrobis magaliTebSi. petre, romelic iesos mowafe iyo da adreuli qris-
tianobis liderad iqca, ambobs: `WeSmaritad vrwmundebi, rom miukerZoebelia Rmer-
Ti, aramed yvela xalxSi misi moSiSi da simarTlis moqmedi sandoa misTvis.”56 ebra-
elebsa da araebraelebs Soris gansxvavebaze saubrisas pavle mociquli aRniSnavs:
`mikerZoeba ucxoa RmerTisTvis~.57 bibliis Tanaxmad adamians Tavisuflebis unari
uflisgan aqvs boZebuli. rogorc pavle ambobs, `sadac aris suli uflisa, iqvea
Tavisufleba~.58 maTes saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT: `Tu gsurs, rom srulqmnili iyo, wadi,
gayide, rac gabadia, mieci glaxakT da geqneba saunje caSi~. ieso yoveli aseTi
mowvevisas iyenebda sityvebs: `Tu gsurs...~59 — im sityvebs, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT
pativiscemas gamoxatavs adamianis arCevanisadmi religiuri mrwamsis sakiTxebSi.
RmerTis damokidebuleba yvela adamianisadmi qristianul wminda werilebSi arsad
ise kargad ar Cans, rogorc axali aRTqmis bolo wignSi apokalifsi, sadac gamokve-
Tiladaa warmodgenili pativiscema TiToeuli pirovnebis religiuri uflebebis
xelSeuxeblobisadmi: àha, karTan vdgavar da vakakuneb. Tu vinme gaigebs Cems xmas da
kars gamiRebs, Seval misas da masTan vWam purs, xolod is — CemTan~.60
islamis fuZemdebelma, muhamedma, Tavis mimdevrebs dauwera eTikis kodeqsi, sa-
dac aRniSna: `RmerTisa da misi mociqulis, muhamedis saxeliT vacxadeb, rom yvela
qristians najransa da mis mezobel teritoriebze aqvT usafrTxod cxovrebis ufleba
da daculi iqneba, rogorc maTi sicocxle, aseve rwmena, maTi miwa da qoneba. aseve
eqnebaT usafrTxo gadaadgilebis ufleba da xeli ar SeeSlebaT sakuTari rwmenis
qonaSi. arc erT mRvdels ar aekrZaleba mrevlTan urTierToba; arc erTi beri ar
iqneba gaZevebuli monastridan da arc darajs aekrZaleba eklesiis meTvalyureoba.
da pirobis aRsrulebis sawindaria RvTis neba da misi mociqulis muhamedis sityva.
qristianebis ufleba ar iqneba SezRuduli manam, sanam isinic daicaven da keTilsin-
disierad Seasruleben sakuTar valdebulebebs muslimi mezoblebis mimarT.~
yurani kategoriulad acxadebs, rom `dauSvebelia religiuri iZuleba~.61 yuranSi
aseve gacxadebulia, rom rwmena ukiduresad personaluri arCevanis sakiTxia: `Tqvi:
WeSmariteba RvTisgan modis; visac unda, morwmune iyos, irwmunos da visac unda,
urjulo iyos, iyos.~62 Semwynarebloba sxva religiaTa mimarT nabrZanebia maTTvis,
vinc yurans misdevs: `nu agineb RmerTebs, romelTac mouwodeben RvTisa Tanaswor~.63
yuranis swavlebaTa Sesabamisad pirovnebis arCevanis Tavisufleba mrwamsis winapi-
robas warmoadgens. da kvlav yuranis sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT, `RmerTs rom enebe-
bina, yoveli qveynieri adamiani iwamebda. gwadia, eri aiZulo morwmune gaxdes? ro-
gor SeuZlia suls iwamos RvTis uneburad?”64
msgavsi swavlebani gvxvdeba aseve siqizmSi, romlis fuZemdebeli, nanaki acxadeb-
da: `nu eZieb WeSmaritebas Sors; igi TiToeul gulSia~.65 siqizmis Tanaxmad, uflis
xalxis moZebna SesaZlebelia yvela religiaSi. siqizmis wminda werilebis mixedviT,
àrseboben isini, vinc kiTxulobs vedas da sxvebi — qristianebi, muslimebi, ebraelebi
— romlebic swavloben semitur werilebs. zogs lurji, zogsac TeTri perangi acvia.
zogi Tavis Tavs uwodebs muslims, zogic — induss. zogi miiswrafvis bahiSatisken
45
(muslimTa samoTxe), zogic svargasken (indusTa samoTxe). nanaki acxadebs: is vinc
gaacnobierebs RvTis nebas, gaigebs uflis saidumloebebs!~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom religiuri swavlebebis zemoT moyvanil citatebs mniSvne-
lovani roli eniWeba adamianis religiur uflebaTa apologiis formulirebaSi, ki-
dev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom religiuri uflebebisadmi Semwynareblobisa da
pativiscemis suliskveTeba srulebiT ar iyo istoriulad damaxasiaTebeli am reli-
giebisaTvis. samwuxarod, arc erT ZiriTad religias ar umoqmedia mTlianad Tavisi
swavlebebis Sesabamisad adamianis religiur uflebaTa mimarT. Seusabamoba swavle-
bebsa da istoriul gamocdilebas Soris udavoa. msgavsi winaaRmdegoba rwmenasa da
praqtikas Soris damaxasiaTebeli iyo msoflios yvela religiisaTvis da, Sedegad,
isini xSirad mxolod TavianTi realuri arsis aCrdilebi Tu iyvnen. simarTlea isic,
rom TiToeuli pirovnebis uflebaTa xelSeuxeblobas da adamianis ZiriTad uflebas
religiur identurobaze gamudmebiT da usastikesi formebiT arRvevdnen Tavad
religiebi. faqtobrivad, religiis istoriis ZiriTad niSnebs warmoadgens Seuwyna-
rebloba da ara Semwynarebloba, morCileba da ara daumorCilebloba, azrTa erTi-
anoba da ara mravalferovneba.
SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom aTaswleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi qristiano-
bis istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ebraelebisa da eretikosebad Seracxuli sxva
religiuri disidentebis intensiuri devna. ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli, Tu vityviT,
rom istoriis sakmaod didi nawilis manZilze imaze meti omi gaimarTa da devna gan-
xorcielda religiis saxeliT, vidre sxva nebismieri deviziT. rogorc erT-erTma
istorikosma gadmosca lakonurad, àrsad RmerTisa da samarTlianobis saxelwodeba
ise xSirad ar gamoCenila, rogorc dampyroblis droSebsa da farebze.~66 religiebis
istoriasa da mrwamss Soris Seusabamobis miuxedavad, adamianis religiuri uflebe-
bis apologia moiTxovs religiuri uflebebis koncefciis aRiarebas Tavdapirve-
lad swored Tavad religiaTa wminda werilebSi, vinaidan isini avtoritetul moZ-
Rvrebebs warmoadgens TiToeuli religiuri tradiciisa da misi mimdevrebisTvis.
TviT aq moyvanili mwiri informaciidanac kargad Cans, rom religiur uflebaTa kon-
cefcia ar yofila ucxo msoflios ZiriTadi religiebisaTvis da waxalisebulic kia
maT swavlebebSi.
adamianis religiuri uflebebi da religiis buneba
adamianis religiuri uflebebis apologia ar unda iqnes danaxuli mxolod msof-

lios ZiriTad religiaTa wminda werilebSi, igi pirdapir kavSirSia religiis bune-
basTan. amitom religiuri Seuwynarebloba religiis antiTezaa da misi yvelaze da-
uZinebeli mteria. rwmenis qona nebayoflobiTi aqtia. imisaTvis, rom religia saku-
Tar TavTan marTali iyos, igi unda daelodos imaT nebayoflobiT gamoxmaurebas,
vinc Tavisufalia iZulebisgan. mxolod am SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, religiuri
mrwamsi gulwrfeli iyos. es kargad hqondaT gaazrebuli adreuli eklesiis mamebs.
me-2 saukunis bolos qristianma mweralma, iustine mowamem, romelic mxars uWerda
princips logos spermatikos, kerZod ki, RvTiuri sityvis Canasaxovan arsebobas qris-
tianuli tradiciis farglebs gareT, dawera Semdegi: àraferi ar aris iseT winaaRm-
degobaSi religiasTan, rogorc iZuleba~. me-3 saukuneSi, rodesac imperatorma lu-
cius septimius severusma 202 wels gamosca qristianobaze iZulebiT moqcevis amkr-
46
Zalavi dekreti, tertulianem67 dawera, rom religiis Tavisufleba fundamentur
uflebas warmoadgens. misi gancxadebiT, `rogorc adamianuri, ise bunebiTi samarTlis
sakiTxia is, rom yvela adamians SeuZlia RmerTis Tayvaniscema ise, rogorc amas Tavad
moisurvebs ... iZulebiTi Tavs moxveva ar devs religiis bunebaSi ... igi nebayoflobiT
unda iqnes miRebuli~. TiTqmis saukunis Semdgom aTanasiusma68 ganacxada: àra xmliTa
da laxvriT, ara meomrebiT Tu samxedro ZalebiT, aramed saubriTa da keTili darw-
munebiT unda moxdes WeSmaritebis gavrceleba~. analogiurad laqtanciusi,69 impera-
tor konstantines Svilis aRmzrdeli moZRvari amtkicebda, rom àraferia ise axlos
adamianis Tavisufal nebasTan, rogorc religia, da dauSvebelia, adamians moeTxovos
RvTismsaxureba, Tuki mas es ar surs. mas SeuZlia Tavi moikatunos, magram SeuZle-
belia undodes~.
Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac evropaSi arsad ar arsebobda religiis Tavisufleba,
kaTolike iuristi marsilius padueli me-14 saukuneSi mWermetyvelurad amtkiceb-
da, rom iZuleba sruliad ucxoa religiis WeSmariti bunebisaTvis da SeuZlebelia
religiuri warmodgenebis gaziarebis daZaleba. religiur xelisuflebas ara aqvs
vinmes mier religiuri miTiTebebisadmi morCilebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT iZule-
bis gamoyenebis ufleba, acxadebda padueli. misi TqmiT, `pirvel rigSi es usargeblo
iqneba TviT adamianisaTvis, vinaidan pirovneba, romelic daemorCileba iZulebis sa-
fuZvelze, ar dgams nabijs saukuno xsnisken~.70 `qristes ar miuTiTebia, rom misi sa-
marTlisadmi damorCilebis mizniT vinme unda aiZulon da mas amqveynad arc mosa-
marTle dauniSnavs, romelsac Zalaufleba eqneboda qristes samarTlis damrRvev-
ze~.71 religiis Tavisuflebis mxardamWeri misi winamorbedebis msgavsad marsiliusi
religiis Tavisuflebas principis sakiTxad da WeSmariti religiis ZiriTad niSnad
ganixilavda.
ori saukunis Semdgom udidesi kaTolike humanisti erazmus roterdamelic, igive
dezideriusi werda, rom iZuleba ewinaaRmdegeba religiis bunebas da amtkicebda
`devnis unayofobas~. Tavis werilSi ioane karondoletis misamarTiT, igi acxadebs:
`rodesac mrwamsi ufro bageebSia, vidre gulSi, rodesac bibliis codna gvRalatobs,
Cven vaiZulebT adamians irwmunos is, risic ar sjera, uyvardes is, rac ar uyvars,
icodes is, rac ar icis. visac aiZuleben, is SeuZlebelia gulwrfeli iyos da vinc ar
aris moxalise, is ver aamebs qristes~.72
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos radikali reformistebis roli, romelTac daic-
ves nebayoflobiTobis principi religiaSi da misi Sedegi, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
gamijvnis saxiT. es niSnavda religiuri saqmeebis gamijvnas saero xelisuflebisagan
da uars saero xelisuflebis gamoyenebaze religiur sakiTxebSi. religiis Tavisuf-
lebaze reformistebis am radikaluri frTis moTxovnebi efuZneboda saxarebaze
araiZulebiTi reagirebis princips. maTi mtkicebiT, swored es principi iyo WeSmari-
ti eklesiis ZiriTadi niSani. Sesabamisad, isini mZafr oponirebas uwevdnen iZulebis
gamoyenebas religiaSi. baltazar hubmaieris gancxadebiT, `Turqs an eretikoss ver
davarwmunebT cecxliTa da maxviliT, aramed mxolod locviTa da moTminebiT: ami-
tom Cven moTminebiT unda davelodoT RmerTis gadawyvetilebas~.73
saukunis Semdgom tomas helvisi wignSi, romelSic inglisis istoriaSi pirvelad
iqna Camoyalibebuli ufleba religiis universalur Tavisuflebaze, amtkicebda, rom
religiis bunebam gamoitana igi saero mmarTvelobis iurisdiqciidan:
47
Cveni batoni mefea, magram mas aqvs Zalaufleba mxolod amqveyniur
saqmeebSi ... adamianTa religia aris maTsa da RmerTs Soris; mefe pasuxs
ver agebs masze, arc samarTlis gaCena SeuZlia adamiansa da RmerTs Soris.
eretikosebi, Turqebi, ebraelebi, an vinc ar unda iyvnen isini, ar unda
daisajon amqveyniuri ZaliT.74
analogiurad, ramdenime wlis Semdeg leonard buSeri, inglisSi pirveli baptis-
turi kongregaciis wevri, wers religiaSi saero Zalauflebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb:
ès marto sisastike ki ar aris, es arabunebrivi da sazarelicaa, diax, saSinelebaa,
erTi qristianis mier meoris xelyofa da ganadgureba religiaSi gansxvavebebis
gamo~.75
religiuri mrwamsis nebayoflobiTobis aRiareba Tanamedrove azrovnebis mzardi
tendenciaa. religiaSi voluntarizmis xelaxali gaazreba naTlad gamoCnda, magali-
Tad, meoce saukunis qristianul ekumenur azrovnebaSi. eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos
mravaljer gamouxatavs Tavisi xedva religiis Tavisuflebis, rogorc religiisa da
religiuri mrwamsis ganuyofeli nawilis Sesaxeb. `RmerTis macxovnebeli zrunva
adamianebis mimarT ar aris iZulebiTi xasiaTisa. Sesabamisad, adamianebis mcdelobani,
sakanonmdeblo an socialuri tradiciis zewoliT Zaladoba ixmaron an gaanadguron
mrwamsi, RmerTisken mimavali adamianis fundamenturi gzebis xelyofas warmoadgens.
Tavisufleba, romelic RmerTma mogvaniWa, ... gulisxmobs RmerTis siyvarulze Tavi-
sufal gamoxmaurebas...~76
imisaTvis, rom religia iyos WeSmariti, igi unda iyos nebayoflobiTi, personalu-
ri da Tavisufali aqtis Sedegi. mrwamsi aRar aris mrwamsi, Tu misi nebayoflobiToba
xelyofilia iZulebiT. rogorc kaTolike Teologi avgustine leonardi wers, `da-
kisrebuli mrwamsi winaaRmdegobaSia religiis bunebasTan. mrwamsi Tavisufali unda
iyos, Tu ar surs, gaanadguros sakuTari Tavi.~77 religiis Tavisuflebis aRiarebas
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc TviT religiuri, ise sxva yvela uflebis uzrun-
velyofis TvalsazrisiT. eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos religiis Tavisuflebis mdivnis,
karilo albornozis sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT, àraviTar inteleqtualur goneba-
maxvilobas an religiur dawesebulebas, aranairi saxis iZulebas an darwmunebis Zalas
ar SeuZlia imis Secvla, rom RmerTi adamianebs epyroba, rogorc Tavisufal da pasu-
xismgebel arsebebs da rom igi maTgan nebayoflobiT gamoxmaurebas moelis~.78 an,
rogorc albert hartmani acxadebs, `RmerTis nebis SecnobisaTvis adamianis erTa-
derT saSualebas warmoadgens sakuTari sindisis xma~.79 ufleba religiur identu-
robasa da personalur religiur mrwamsze, erTmorwmuneebTan gaerTianebis CaTvliT,
moiTxovs nebayoflobiTobas. Sesabamisad, adamianis religiuri uflebebis xelyofa
gardauvalia, rodesac xdeba individis nebismieri saxiT iZuleba.
adamianis religiuri uflebebi da adamianis Rirseba
adamianis religiuri uflebebis dauZlevadi argumenti danaxuli unda iqnes ada-

mianis Rirsebisa da individis sindisis xelSeuxeblobis pativiscemaSi, vinaidan orive
maTgani Seadgens SezRuduli saxelmwifosa da Tavisufali da demokratiuli sa-
zogadoebis safuZvels. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi (1948) marTe-
bulad aris moxseniebuli `sakacobrio ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Rirseba~ da àdamianis pirovnebis Rirseba da Rirebuleba~. rogorc samoqalaqo da
48
politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtisaTvis (1966), ise ekonomikuri, socialu-
ri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtisaTvis (1966) saerTo preambulaSi
vkiTxulobT: ès uflebebi pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebidanaa warmoebu-
li~. pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli, rogorc adamianis
yvela uflebis safuZveli. Tumca misi mniSvneloba albaT religiuri mrwamsis mimar-
Taa yvelaze aqtualuri.
adamianis pirovnebis Rirebuleba ubralod Zalian wmindaa imisaTvis, rom moxdes
misi Selaxva religiuri iZulebiT an iZulebiTi morCilebiT. imisaTvis, rom adamianis
religiur uflebebs realuri mniSvneloba hqondes, aucilebelia saxelmwifos mxri-
dan arsebobdes rwmenis sakiTxebSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaze adamianis Tandayo-
lili uflebis samarTlebrivi aRiareba. rogorc eklesiaTa msoflio sabWom aRniSna
Tavisi dafuZnebisas TiTqmis ormoci wlis win, àdamianis buneba da bediswera ... awe-
sebs zRvars, romlis miRmac saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia dausjelad wavides~.80 aseve,
rogorc vatikanis meore saeklesio krebam ganacxada, àdamianis xelSeuvali ufle-
bebis dacva da xelSewyoba mTavrobis erT-erT ZiriTad valdebulebas warmoadgens~.81
adamianis pirovnul RirsebasTan mWidro kavSirSia sindisis Tavisuflebis kon-
cefcia. savaraudod, marsilius padueli iyo pirveli, vinc sindisis Tavisufleba
aRiara rogorc bunebiT, ise politikur uflebad. imis miuxedavad, rom religiis
Tavisufleba dRevandel msoflioSi religiur azrovnebasTan Rrmad dakavSirebul
movlenad ganixileba, igi swored `sindisis Tavisuflebis~ koncefciidan gamomdina-
reobs. protestantuli reformacia zogadad religiis Tavisuflebisa da adamianis
religiuri uflebebis mxardamWerad ar gamosula, Tumca es iyo amboxi, rogorc dawe-
sebuli religiebis, ise politikuri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da, Sesabamisad, xeli
Seuwyo axali nacia-saxelmwifoebis da erovnuli sulis warmoqmnas evropasa da did
britaneTSi. reformacia iyo pirveli amboxi dawesebuli religiuri xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg. rodesac martin luTeris Sexedulebebi bibliaze gaakritika misi drois
eklesiurma xelisuflebam, man ganacxada: `me ar SemiZlia da ar msurs uarvyo raime,
vinaidan sindisis winaaRmdeg wasvla arc marTebulia da arc usafrTxo~; radgan `me
ufro sakuTari gulisa meSinia, vidre papisa da misi yvela kardinalisa~. renesansuli
humanizmiT xelSewyobili, Tavisuflebis axali mamaci suli gamoCnda religiaSi,
romelmac gardauvalad daudo saTave princips: `rwmena Tavisufalia~. religiis
Tavisuflebis principi TandaTanobiT sajarod iqna gacxadebuli, ramac, saboloo
jamSi, migviyvana religiur sakiTxebSi individis RvTisgan boZebuli kompetenciis
daJinebul moTxovnamde. religiis Tavisufleba gacxadebuli iqna, rogorc bunebiT,
ise saRvTo uflebad. amiT safuZveli Caeyara mtkicebas, rom religiis Tavisufleba
moiTxovda samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas, es ukanaskneli ki — sindisis Tavisuflebas.
`sxva yvela Tavisuflebaze upiratesad momeciT codnis miRebis, azrovnebis, rwmenisa
da Tavisuflad gamoTqmis Tavisufleba, sindisis Sesabamisad~, _ wers jon miltoni
Tavis didebul wignSi Areopagitica 1644 wels.
religiis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi Tavisufalma eklesiebma mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrules sindisis Tavisuflebis, rogorc religiis Tavisuflebis safuZv-
lis, warmoqmnaSi. franklin litelis sityvebs Tu davesesxebiT, `Tavisufali eklesi-
ebis yvelaze didi daxmareba individualuri moqalaqeebis mimarT, miuxedavad imisa,
eklesiis wevrebs warmoadgenen Tu ara isini, mdgomareobs sindisis Tavisuflebis
49
dawesebaSi~.82 sindisis TavisuflebaSi moiazreboda TiToeuli pirovnebis ufleba
Tavisi sindisis miTiTebebis mimdevari yofiliyo samoqalaqo xelisuflebisgan yo-
velgvari Carevis gareSe. Tavis ukvdav naSromSi, History of Freedom, lordi aqtoni
acxadebs: sindisis Tavisufleba aris `garantia, rom yoveli adamiani iqneba daculi
imis keTebisas, rac Tavis valdebulebad miaCnia xelisuflebaTa da umravlesobaTa
tradiciebisa da mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdegod~.
dasavlur samyaroSi sindisis Tavisufleba or fundamentur princips emyareba.
pirveli — sindisis Tavisufleba yvela adamianis bunebiTi da saRvTo uflebaa. es is
sferoa, romelic WeSmaritad demokratiulma saxelmwifom unda daicvas da romelSic
gaumarTleblad ar unda Caerios. iq, sadac religiis saboloo mizans WeSmariteba
warmoadgens, saxelmwifos mizani unda iyos Tavisufleba, an, rogorc mas benediqte
spinozam uwoda, `mTavrobis WeSmariti mizani~.83 meore aqsioma imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom, vinaidan sindisis Tavisufleba bunebiTi da saRvTo, Tandayolili da universa-
luri uflebaa, dauSvebelia erTi pirovneba meoreze maRla iqnes dayenebuli misi
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT. yvela adamiani Tanasworia uflebebSi iseve,
rogorc valdebulebebSi da, Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia xelisuflebis mier
maTi warTmeva, bolo SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba — raodenobis diskriminaciuli zrda.
sindisis Tavisuflebaze religiuri uflebis aRiareba gulisxmobs adamianis uf-
lebis dadasturebas, iwamos an ar iwamos esa Tu is religiuri dogma; erTi an ramde-
nime RmerTis msaxureba Seasrulos, an saerTod ar CaerTos RvTismsaxurebaSi; iyos
an ar iyos religiuri gaerTianebis wevri; gamoxatos Tavisi religia yovelgvari
samoqalaqo tipis xelis SemSleli garemoebebis gareSe iqamde, sanam aseTi gamoxatva
ar aris zianis momtani sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis.
etimologiurad sindisi axlosaa moralur msoflmxedvelobasa da cnobierebas-
Tan, romlis mixedviTac adamiani ganicdis impulss, moiqces sworad da Tavs ikavebs
cudis keTebisagan. religiis buneba moiTxovs, rom igi Rrmad iyos gamjdari sindisSi,
romelsac Teologebi axasiaTeben uflis `niWad~ an `xmad~. naxevari saukunis win aSS-s
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare harlenma gobitisis saqmeSi ganacxada, rom, Tu-
ki Tavisuflebis konstituciur garantiebs `raime mniSvneloba aqvs, maT unda ... Se-
akavon saxelmwifos zegavlena rwmenis an misi gamoxatvis iZulebaze, Tu es gamoxatva
ewinaaRmdegeba pirovnebis religiur Sexedulebebs~.84 saxelmwifos mxridan sindi-
sis xelSeuxeblobis xelyofa faqtobrivad warmoadgens mis mier im uzenaesi Zala-
uflebis misakuTrebas, romelic mxolod RmerTs ekuTvnis. SeuZlebelia, adamianis
religiuri uflebebi daculi iyos im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki, Tundac umravlesobaTa ko-
leqtiuri nebiT mxardaWeril saxelmwifos da mis institutebs nebadarTuli aqvT
sindisidan gamomdinare uflebaTa ignorireba. sindisis Tavisuflebis aRiareba Ta-
visufali da demokratiuli sazogadoebis siRrmeSi Zevs da politikuri absolu-
tizmis dabrkolebas warmoadgens. rogorc henri devid torom dawera TiTqmis sa-
ukunis win, `saxelmwifo arasodes iqneba WeSmaritad Tavisufali, sanam ar aRiarebs
individs masze maRal da damoukidebel Zalad, saidanac mTeli misi Zalaufleba da
xelisuflebaa miRebuli da jerovnad ar moepyroba mas. me maxarebs Tundac iseTi
saxelmwifos warmodgena, romelic, sul mcire, yvela adamianisTvis iqneba Seqmnili~.85
50
adamianis religiuri uflebebi da saero saxelmwifo
adamianis religiur uflebaTa apologia unda davinaxoT saero saxelmwifos kon-

cefciaSi. arsebobs rogorc istoriuli, ise filosofiuri kavSiri religiur ufle-
bebsa da saero saxelmwifos Soris. saero aris is saxelmwifo, sadac xelisuflebis
Zalaufleba sekularuli sferoTi Semoifargleba; saxelmwifo Tavisufalia insti-
tuciuri religiis an eklesiis zegavlenisgan da piriqiT, instituciuri religia
damoukidebelia saxelmwifo an politikuri kontrolisgan. es aris saxelmwifo,
romelsac ar gaaCnia iurisdiqcia religiur saqmeebze, ara imitom, rom isini saxel-
mwifos interesis miRmaa, aramed ufro imitom, rom religiuri interesebi ganixileba
Zalze wmindad imisaTvis, rom iqces Secdomebisaken midrekili samoqalaqo xelisuf-
lebis warmomadgenelTa nebis obieqtad. praqtikaSi saeroa is saxelmwifo, romelic
uars ambobs politikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebaze religiuri miznebis misaRwevad
an religiuri SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobaze politikuri miznis ganxorcielebi-
saTvis. vinaidan misi xelisufleba saero saqmeebiT izRudeba, urTierToba saxelm-
wifosa da religias Soris neitraluri unda iyos, rogorc mravalricxovan morwmu-
neTa sazogadoebebis, ise arareligiebis mimarT, anu saero saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi
ar unda sargeblobdnen xelisuflebis mxridan keTilganwyobiT an uaryofiTi damo-
kidebulebiT religiur niadagze. es aris saxelmwifo, sadac xelisuflebas ar gaaC-
nia religiis institutebze dominirebis ufleba da arc religiur institutebs aqvT
msgavsi ufleba saxelmwifos mimarT.
religiis Tavisuflebis msgavsad saero saxelmwifos warmoqmnasac Rrma fesvebi
aqvs istoriaSi. Tanamedrove epoqamde saero saxelmwifos idea mWidrod iyo dakav-
Sirebuli dasavlur civilizaciasTan. istoriulad igi gulisxmobda qristianul an
zogadad religiur saxelmwifoze uaris Tqmas, rac, Sesabamisad, ewinaaRmdegeboda
gansakuTrebul religiur tradiciaze dafuZnebul erovnuli identurobis koncef-
cias. saero saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sekularul da sulier xelisufle-
basa da, zogadad, religiur da saxelmwifo institutebs Soris mkafio separacia.
saero saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis safuZvels warmoadgens
samoqalaqo da bunebiTi samarTali da ara religiuri dekreti an saRvTo samarTali.
gansazRvruli politikuri xelisuflebis, rogorc monarqis, ise sxva politikuri
subieqtis mxridan xdeba Tavis arideba mtkicebisaTvis, rom misi Zalaufleba saRvTo
samarTals efuZneba. analogiurad, nebismieri gancxadeba ama Tu im naciis religiur
saxelmwifod yofnaze srulebiT ewinaaRmdegeba saero saxelmwifos koncefcias.
saero saxelmwifos erT-erT mTavar arqiteqtorad moiazreba marsilius padueli,
me-14 saukunis saxelganTqmuli romaeli kaTolike moazrovne. 1324 wels gamoqvey-
nebul mis didebul samecniero naSromSi Defensor Pacis man mZafrad gaakritika sa-
xelmwifoze eklesiis uzenaesobis Sesaxeb mtkicebani da uaryo qristianuli saxel-
mwifos ideac,_ mundus Christianus. man es gaakeTa mkacri gansxvavebis safuZvelze,
romelic, marsiliusis mosazrebiT, aucileblad unda ganisazRvros saRvTo da ada-
mianur samarTals Soris. igi daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom saxelmwifo dafuZnebuli
yofiliyo bunebiT samarTalze da eklesias ar hqonoda iurisdiqcia saxelmwifoze.
marsiliusma aSkarad gauswro Tavis dros. man ganacxada:
kanonebi Zalauflebas iZenen erisgan da misi mowonebis gareSe kanonieri
Zala ar gaaCniaT. vinaidan mTeli yovelTvis ufro didia, vidre misi
51
nebismieri nawili, ar aris swori, rodesac nawili kanons iRebs mTelisTvis;
vinaidan adamianebi Tanasworni arian, arasworia, rom erTi iyos SeboWili
meoris miRebuli kanoniT. im kanonebisadmi damorCilebiT, romlebzedac
yvela adamiani SeTanxmda, yvela maTgani realurad marTavs sakuTar Tavs
... igi (monarqi) pasuxismgebelia erze da eqvemdebareba am kanons; da erma,
romelic niSnavs mas da aniWebs valdebulebebs, meTvalyureoba unda
gauwios mis mier konstituciis Sesrulebas da daiTxovos, Tuki daarRvevs
mas!86
marsiliusi ara marto mxars uWerda saero saxelmwifos ideas, aramed uaryofda
eklesiis uflebas sekularuli Zalauflebis qonaze an ganxorcielebaze. igi Tvlida,
rom, vinaidan qriste da misi mociqulebi ar iTxovdnen saero Zalauflebas, arc ek-
lesias hqonda amis ufleba. igi aseve amtkicebda, rom dauSvebeli iyo saRvTo sa-
marTlis cxovrebaSi gatareba an daweseba saero xelisuflebis daxmarebiT; mxolod
RmerTia saRvTo samarTlis ganmsjeli. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia saero iZulebis
nebismieri formis gamoyeneba religiisadmi morCilebis miRwevis mizniT. saero sfe-
roTi SezRuduli sekularuli saxelmwifosa da saRvTo samarTlis bunebaTa gaTva-
liswinebiT, SeuZlebelia iZulebis gamoyeneba religiur sakiTxebSi. rogorc marsi-
liusma dawera, `moqalaqeTa uflebebi damoukidebelia maTi aRmsareblobisagan; da-
uSvebelia adamianis dasja misi religiisaTvis~. saxelmwifos Sesaxeb igi amtkicebda,
rom `samarTlis wyaro unda veZioT ara saRvTo uflebaSi an mmarTvelebSi, arc ne-
bismieri klasis an sazogadoebis uzenaes sibrZneSi, aramed mis yvela moqalaqeSi~.87
marsiliusis ideebi saero saxelmwifosa da religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb absolu-
turi ignorirebis obieqti iyo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca, rogorc konsti-
tuciuri samarTlis erTma mecnierma aRniSna, isini `gamiznuli iyo, gavlenis mosaxde-
nad ara mxolod maTze, vinc reformaciaze iyo pasuxismgebeli, aramed Tanamedrove
konstituciuri samarTlis fuZemdeblebzec~88 .
marsiliusis ideebis gacxadebidan ori saukunis Semdgom radikaluri reforma-
ciidan aRmocenda reformistuli moZraoba, dafuZnebuli qristesadmi araiZulebis
safuZvelze erTgulebis gamomxatveli adamianebisgan Semdgari nebayoflobiTi ek-
lesiis koncefciaze da ara qristianul samyaroze, sadac eklesiisa da sazogadoebis
an saxelmwifos wevroba faqtobrivad Tanmxvedr movlenebad iTvleboda. protestan-
tuli reformaciis es memarcxene frTa mxars saero saxelmwifos ideas uWerda. isini
ibrZodnen religiaSi voluntarizmis, morwmuneTa naTlobisa da qristesadmi WeSma-
ritad erTgulTagan Semdgari voluntaruli eklesiis principebisaTvis. am principebis
realizaciis Sedegs ki, bunebrivia, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis separacia warmoadgenda.
mrwamsi, romelsac isini acxadebdnen, da misi gavrceleba efuZneboda religiis ara-
iZulebiT gaziarebas. es, radikali reformistebis mtkicebiT, WeSmariti religiis
aucilebeli elementi iyo. 1549 wels miTiTebaSi iakob Sturmisadmi kaspar Svenkfeldma,
romlis sulier STamomavalTa umravlesobam mogvianebiT amerikas miaSura, dawera Sem-
degi: `samoqalaqo xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia iurisdiqcia uflis sasufevelze; xeli-
sufleba uflis mier kurTxeulia erTaderTi miznis, sazogadoebaSi adamianTa mSvido-
biani Tanacxovrebis SenarCunebisaTvis, magram ar gaaCnia religiur warmodgenebze
zegavlenis moxdenisa da arc maTSi Carevis ufleba; individi angariSvaldebulia mxo-
lod ieso qristes, rogorc saRvTo sasufevlis meufisadmi.~
52
radikali reformistebis interesis sagans warmoadgenda ara adamianis uflebebi,
rogorc aseTi (romlebic mogvianebiT jon lokis, ganmanaTleblebisa da jon stiuart
milis mier iqna mxardaWerili), aramed saxelmwifo xelisuflebis CamoSoreba reli-
giisgan. saero saxelmwifos idealis realizacia — didi xnis ganmavlobaSi propagan-
direbuli sxvadasxva politikuri Tu socialuri filosofosebis, anabaptistebisa
da sxva religiuri jgufebis mxridan — sabolood mxolod rod ailendis eqsperi-
mentis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli. aq, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriis manZilze,
rojer uiliamsis wyalobiT dafuZnda arsebiTad sekularuli saxelmwifo, sadac yve-
la politikuri ufleba religiuri mrwamsis miuxedavad garantirebuli iyo.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis amerikuli tradiciis aRiarebuli arqiteq-
tori, rojer uiliamsi cdilobda Teologiuri safuZveli moeZebna saero saxelmwi-
fosaTvis. misi TqmiT, saxelmwifo xelisufleba àr aris religiuri, qristianuli
da a. S., aramed bunebiTi, adamianuri da samoqalaqoa~; da, Sesabamisad, ùkanonoa~
saxelmwifos mier sindisisa da religiis sakiTxebis gansazRvra an akrZalva. `yvela
saero saxelmwifo, Tavis sasamarTlo CinovnikebTan erTad Tavs saerod acxadebs
Tavisive konstituciasa da administraciaSi da ara sulieri an qristianuli saxel-
mwifos mosamarTled, mmarTvelad an damcvelad~. `Sesabamisad~ _ uiliamsis mtkice-
biT _ `SeuZlebelia saero saxelmwifo an qveyana WeSmaritad qristianulad iqnes
wodebuli, imis miuxedavad, rom iq SeiZleba WeSmariti qristianebi cxovrobdnen~.89
uiliamsisTvis eklesia da saxelmwifo erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli unda iyos ara mxo-
lod imitom, rom eklesia darCes eklesiad, aramed imitomac, rom saxelmwifo darCes
saxelmwifod, RmerTi iyos RmerTi da qristiani iyos qristiani. uiliamsis gancxade-
biT, `cxovrebaSi iZulebiT gatarebuli religiis erTianoba mTeli eris an samoqa-
laqo saxelmwifos masStabiT erTmaneTSi urevs saeros da religiurs da amiT uar-
yofs qristianobisa da civilurobis principebs...~90 yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan ga-
momdinare, uiliamsma daaskvna, rom iZulebiTi da gadasaxadebiT mxardaWerili reli-
gia araqristianulia; bibliuri israeli ar aris saxelmwifo modeli qristianebisaT-
vis da yvela adamianisa da jgufis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe samoqalaqo xelisuf-
lebis fundamentur pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgens.
jon lokis mier saxelmwifos ideis SedarebiT ufro srulfasovani formulireba
moxda ara Tavisuflebis qristianul-Teologiuri, aramed konstituciuri xelisuf-
lebis safuZvelze. lokis politikuri azrovnebis aTvlis wertili iyo ara saxelm-
wifo, aramed individi. lokis Tanaxmad, yvela individs aqvs Tandayolili uflebebi
sicocxleze, Tavisuflebasa da sakuTrebaze; saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcielde-
ba misi mmarTvelobis qveS myofTa Tanxmobis, magaliTad, urTierTSeTanxmebis an sa-
zogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, da saeklesio Zalauflebas ar eqvemde-
bareba. WeSmariteba, lokis azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifo Seiqmna indi-
videbis mier maTive interesebisaTvis — kerZo sakuTrebis dacvisa da sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobisaTvis kanonTa aRsrulebis mizniT. misi mtkicebiT, yvela kanoni anga-
riSvaldebulia moqalaqeebis winaSe, politikuri absolutizmi ki `Seusabamoa samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis cnebasTan~. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela xelisuflebis Zalauf-
leba SezRudulia pirovnebis, rogorc individis, bunebiTi uflebebiT.91 lokisTvis
`saero~ niSnavs arsebiTad SezRudul saxelmwifos — Sexeduleba, romelic kvlavac
rCeba saero saxelmwifos ganmartebis kvintesenciad.
53
miuxedavad imisa, rom sekularuli saxelmwifos koncefciam ganmanaTleblobis
periodSi didi gavlena iqonia inglissa da safrangeTze, amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-
tebi iqca pirvel saxelmwifod msoflio istoriaSi, romelmac konstituciurad aRi-
ara saero saxelmwifos sistema, sadac xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia iurisdiqcia reli-
giur sakiTxebze, anu akrZaluli aqvs àRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis~ uaryofa; da-
uSvebelia religiuri testis gamoyeneba sajaro Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad; yvela
religiuri jgufi Tanasworia kanonis winaSe, Tavisufalia nebismieri saxis diskri-
minaciis an gamorCeuli mopyrobisgan; saxelmwifos mier yvela religiuri dajgufeba
ganixileba kerZo da nebayoflobiT gaerTianebad. sekularulma saxelmwifom ne-
itraloba unda gamoiCinos rogorc religiaTa, ise arareligiaTa mimarT da aRiaros
sruli arakompetenturoba religiur sakiTxebSi. WeSmaritad saero saxelmwifo
cdilobs, arc Seuwyos xeli da arc ziani miayenos religias da religiur identuro-
bas moqalaqis uflebebis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelod miiCnevs. 130
wlis win, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobasTan dakavSirebul pirvel saqmeSi
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada:
am qveyanaSi nebismieri religiuri mrwamsis aRiarebis, nebismieri
religiuri principis gamoxatvisa da nebismieri religiuri doqtrinis
swavlebis sruli da Tavisufali ufleba, romelic ar arRvevs zneobisa da
sakuTrebis normebs da romelic ar xelyofs personalur uflebebs,
yvelas aqvs miniWebuli. kanoni ar icnobs mwvaleblobas da ar aris
midrekili, mxari dauWiros nebismier dogmas an romelime seqtis
dawesebas. ufleba nebismieri religiuri doqtrinis gamoxatvasa da
gavrcelebaSi daxmarebis mizniT nebayoflobiTi religiuri gaerTianebis
organizebaze, mis farglebSi mrwamsis sadavo sakiTxebis gadaWrisa da
yvela individualuri wevris, kongregaciisa da Tanamdebobis piris
erTiani eklesiuri xelisuflebisadmi daqvemdebarebisaTvis tribunalebis
Seqmnaze udavo xasiaTs atarebs.92
sekularuli saxelmwifos koncefciis Taobaze aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom igi
ar aRmocenebula religiisadmi mtrobis safuZvelze. piriqiT, religiisadmi mtroba
Seusabamoa sekularuli saxelmwifos bunebasTan, vinaidan is Tavisufalia nebismieri
religiis Tu uzenaesi rwmenis sakiTxebisgan; saero saxelmwifos idea Rrmad aris
gamjdari sindisis Tavisuflebis ganuyofel uflebasa da religiuri voluntarizmis
principSi. is, rom arsebobs daZabuloba da konfliqtic ki eklesiasa da saxelmwifos
Soris — religiur sazogadoebasa da politikur xelisuflebas Soris — ara marto
gardauvali, aramed misasalmebelicaa. es aris konfliqti, romlis sruli mogvarebac
SeuZlebelia swored religiis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic efuZneba religiur
TvalTaxedvas rogorc pirovnebis, ise sazogadoebis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTare-
baze. amave dros, sekularuli saxelmwifos koncefcia harmoniaSia rogorc religiis,
ise saxelmwifos (religiisgan) TavisuflebasTan. aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, saero
saxelmwifo saukeTesoa rogorc Tavad saxelmwifos, ise religiisaTvis da mniSvne-
lovnad uzrunvelyofs orives Tavisuflebas. Tu istorias gadavxedavT, sekularuli
saxelmwifos warmoqmnas udidesi istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove msof-
lioSi adamianis religiuri uflebebisa da religiis Tavisuflebis warmoSobisaTvis.
54
religiis Tavisufleba da adamianis sxva uflebebi
adamianis religiur uflebaTa apologia unda veZioT religiuri uflebebis gan-

sakuTrebul kavSirSi adamianis sxva, rogorc individualur, ise socialur uf-
lebebTan. is gamomdinareobs im Sinagani Rirebulebidan, rac adamianis pirovnebas
miewereba da rac, saboloo jamSi, individis yvela uflebis safuZvels qmnis. swored
pirovnebis Sinagani Rirebuleba, imis miuxedavad, gamokveTilad aRiarebulia Tu ara
igi, axdens demokratiisa da konstituciuri xelisuflebis safuZvlis formirebas,
sadac adamianis uflebaTa gansazRvruli principebi miCneulia Tandayolil da,
Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis mavaldebulebel faseulobebad. adamianis religiuri uf-
lebebi mWidro kavSirSia adamianis sindisis xelSeuxeblobasTan da maTi garantirebis
gareSe adamianis yvela uflebas safrTxe emuqreba.
religiis Tavisufleba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebis sa-
fuZvlad. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, religiis Tavisufleba, faqtobrivad, yvela na-
ciisTvis iqca konstituciaSi gamoxatul normatiul principad. imis miuxedavad, rom,
garkveuli mosazrebiT, adamianis uflebebi ganuyofelia, sruliad naTelia re-
ligiuri uflebebis gansakuTrebuli adgili msoflio masStabiT Tanamedrove samya-
roSi adamianis uflebebis gaazrebis horizontebis gafarToebaSi. es, ra Tqma unda,
srulebiT ar niSnavs ekonomikuri da socialuri, iseve, rogorc sxva samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis mniSvnelovani rolis dakninebas adamianis uflebebisaTvis
sayovelTao brZolaSi, sadac yvela ufleba mWidro urTierTkavSirSia. religiuri
uflebebis arsebiTi mniSvneloba adamianis uflebebis xelSewyobis saqmeSi maT Sina-
gan safuZvelSi mdgomareobs, adamianuri pirovnebis bunebisa da Rirebulebis saxiT.
swored amitom, rogorc amerikul iurisprudenciaSi, ise ekumenuri azrovnebis udi-
des nawilSi, religiis Tavisufleba adamianis yvela uflebis faqtobriv qvakuTxe-
dad aris miCneuli. meore msoflio omis Semdgom TviT dasavleTis farglebs gareT
Catarebul ekumenur konferenciebSi `religiis Tavisufleba yvelaze fundamentur~
Tavisuflebad iqna aRiarebuli.93
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos gancxadebiT, `religiis Tavisufleba yvela WeSmariti
Tavisuflebis sawyisi da damcvelia~.94 cxadia, rom religiis Tavisuflebis gareSe
aSkara safrTxe emuqreba rogorc sityvis, ise presis, Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Ta-
visuflebas. aseve naTelia, rom adamianis religiuri uflebebis aRiarebis gareSe
safrTxis qveS dgas zogadad ufleba gansxvavebulobaze. rogorc SeerTebuli Sta-
tebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos yofilma Tavmjdomarem Carlz evans hiuzma aRniSna, `ro-
desac vkargavT uflebas, viyoT gansxvavebulni, Cven vkargavT uflebas, viyoT Tavi-
sufalni~.
pativiscema religiuri uflebebisadmi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adamianis
sxva uflebebze saxelmwifos mxridan zrunvisa da individualuri moqalaqeebis Ri-
rebulebaze misi Sexedulebis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT. sinamdvileSi, rodesac
saxelmwifo pativs scems religiur uflebebs, igi Tavisi moqalaqeebis Rirsebaze
realur zrunvas gamoxatavs. aseTi aRiareba ara mxolod saxelmwifos SezRuduli
xelisuflebis dadasturebaa, aramed, savaraudod, adamianis sxva, rogorc politi-
kuri da samoqalaqo, ise socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis gacilebiT farTo
aRiarebaSi gadaizrdeba. Tu karilo albronozis sityvebs moviSveliebT, savsebiT
logikuria imis mtkiceba, rom
55
adamianis uzenaesi Rirebulebebis (religiuri xasiaTis) pativiscema iqneba
adamianis yvela sxva Rirebulebis daskvniTi `testi~ da saukeTeso garantia.
Tuki, magaliTad, totalitaruli saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs TviT religiis
yvelaze sulier sferos da adamianis Sinagan avtonomias, is, savaraudod,
arc sxva naklebad mniSvnelovani faseulobebisa da Sinagani sferoebis
winaSe daixevs ukan. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, savsebiT sworia Sexeduleba, rom,
Tu sazogadoeba pativs ar scems religiasa da mis Tavisuflebas, aravinaa
uzrunvelyofili, rom maT mimarT gamoiCenen pativiscemas.95
religiisa da rwmenis niadagze Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis nebismieri
formis aRmofxvris deklaraciis miRebiT gaerom aRiara, rom aseTi diskriminacia
ganxiluli unda iqnes rogorc ara mxolod adamianis Rirsebis damcireba, aramed
rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebaSi ganmtkicebuli principebis
uaryofa da adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi garantirebuli uflebe-
bis darRveva. rogorc qvemoT ukve aRiniSna, religiuri uflebebi ar aris mxolod
individualuri, aramed korporatiuli da socialuricaa, amitomac isini unda mo-
icavdes uflebas Sesabamis socialur konteqstSi religiur gaerTianebasa da reli-
giis gamoxatvaze. religiuri uflebebis, rogorc adamianis yvela sxva uflebis —
samoqalaqo, ekonomikuri da socialuri — qvakuTxedad aRiareba Tavisufali da plu-
ralisturi nacia-saxelmwifos warmoqmnaze mianiSnebs, sadac SesaZlebelia individu-
aluri da socialuri uflebebisadmi pativiscemis realizeba.
adamianis religiuri uflebebi da saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
dabolos, adamianis religiuri uflebebis apologia SegviZlia davinaxoT saerTa-

Soriso samarTalSi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT religiuri uflebebisaTvis
miniWebul aRiarebaSi, kerZod, adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciaSi (1948),
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtSi (1955), helsinkis dask-
vniTi aqtis principebSi (1975) da religiisa da rwmenis niadagze nebismieri formis
Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris deklaraciaSi (1981).
imis miuxedavad, rom religiis Tavisufleba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mxar-
daWerili iyo calkeuli individebisa da religiuri disidentebis mier, romlebic,
sul mcire, TavisTvis moiTxovdnen mas, religiis Tavisuflebis sruli realizeba
ar momxdara Tanamedrove epoqamde da, dResac ki, igi Sors aris realobisgan msofli-
os mraval qveyanaSi. amis miuxedavad, religiis Tavisufleba saerTaSoriso samarT-
lis aRiarebuli postulatia. udidesi istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom gaerTi-
anebuli erebis organizaciis formirebidan (1945) sul mcire droSi gadaidga Tan-
mimdevruli nabijebi religiis Tavisuflebis principis, rogorc fundamenturi uf-
lebis, formulirebisaTvis. gaeros wesdebaSi mocemuli erT-erTi fuZemdebluri
principia `yvela adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirseba da Tanasworoba~. aqedan
gamomdinare, yvela wevr-saxelmwifos mier aRebuli iqna valdebuleba, `ganexorci-
elebina, rogorc erToblivi, ise damoukidebeli qmedebani adamianis uflebaTa da
fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvisadmi sayovelTao pativiscemis, xelSewyobisa
da mxardaWerisaTvis, miuxedavad rasisa, sqesisa, enisa da religiisa~.
dafuZnebidan sami wlis Semdgom gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo àdamianis
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba iqna gamaxvi-
56
lebuli religiis Tavisuflebaze, rogorc adamianis fundamentur uflebaze. meore
muxlis Tanaxmad, deklaraciaSi gacxadebuli yvela ufleba da Tavisufleba mini-
Webuli aqvs TiToeul adamians, miuxedavad religiisa da rwmenisa. me-18 muxlis mi-
xedviT ki, `yvela adamians aqvs ufleba azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufle-
baze; es ufleba moicavs religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis, erTpirovnulad an sazoga-
doebaSi sxvebTan erTad, kerZod an sajarod religiis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, swav-
lebiT, RvTismsaxurebiT, religiur da ritualur wes-CveulebaTa SesrulebiT.~ dek-
laraciis es nawili sxvadasxva formiT iqna inkorporirebuli mravali saxelmwifos
erovnul konstituciaSi.
TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi molaparakebebisa da konsultaciebis Se-
degad gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo `deklaracia religiisa da rwmenis ni-
adagze Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis nebismieri formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~,
sadac aseve ganmtkicebuli iqna àdamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT~ gaT-
valiswinebuli religiuri uflebebi. garda amisa, 1981 wlis deklaracia kategori-
ulad acxadebs, rom àravin ar SeiZleba gaxdes nebismieri saxelmwifos, dawesebu-
lebis, adamianTa jgufis an pirovnebis mxridan diskriminaciis msxverpli religiis
an sxva mrwamsis safuZvelze~. aseTi diskriminacia, deklaraciis mixedviT, aris ara
mxolod adamianis Rirsebis `Selaxva~, aramed gaeros wesdebaSi ganmtkicebul prin-
cipTa ùaryofa~ da àdamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi~ garantirebul
uflebaTa darRveva~. aqedan gamomdinare, religiuri uflebebi samudamod iqna aRi-
arebuli erTa TanamegobrobaSi, rogorc adamianis xelSeuvali ufleba.
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi religiis Tavisuflebis mzard aRiarebas Tan sdevda
eklesiaTa mxridan misi farTo ekumenuri mxardaWera. eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos
pirveli asambleis mier 1948 wels religiis Tavisuflebis gamokveTilad mxardamWe-
ri mosazreba iqna gatarebuli Sedgenil dokumentSi, romelsac ewoda `religiis
Tavisuflebis deklaracia~. deklaracia eklesiebs mouwodebda, mxari daeWiraT `ne-
bismieri mcdelobisaTvis, romelic mimarTuli iyo adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSo-
riso aqtis farglebSi religiisa da sindisis Tavisuflebis adekvaturi dacvis ga-
rantirebisaken~, rac moicavda `yvela adamianis uflebas mrwamsis qonasa da Secvlaze,
mis gamoxatvaze RvTismsaxurebisa da ritualebis gziT, sxvebis damoZRvrasa da dar-
wmunebaze, sakuTari Svilebis religiuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRe-
baze.~ deklaraciaSi SemdgomSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom religiis Tavisufleba `saerTaSo-
riso wesrigis arsebiTi elementia ... romelic yvelgan unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili.~96
deklaracia mouwodebda yvela qristians, ar moeTxovaT maTTvis im privilegiebis
miniWeba, romlebic sxvebisTvis ar iqneboda xelmisawvdomi. amsterdamSi miRebuli
deklaracia kvlav rCeba religiis Tavisuflebis istoriaSi Semobrunebis wertilad
da, savaraudod, didi gavlena iqonia gaeros mier àdamianis uflebaTa sayovelao
deklaraciis~ saboloo variantis miRebaze (ramdenime Tvis Semdgom amsterdamis dek-
laraciis miRebidan).
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos momdevno Sekrebebi ara mxolod adasturebs amsterda-
mis deklaraciis mniSvnelobas, aramed agrZelebs religiuri uflebebisa da religiis
Tavisuflebisadmi sabWos erTgulebas. analogiurad, gansakuTrebulad aRsaniSnavia
religiis Tavisuflebis mxardaWera romis kaTolikuri eklesiis mier. korporaciul
Tavisuflebaze bunebiTi uflebis, iseve, rogorc individualuri religiis Tavisuf-
lebis aRiarebisas, vatikanis meore saeklesio krebam ganacxada: `religiis Tavisuf-
lebaze adamianis uflebis safuZveli adamianis pirovnebis RirsebaSia; dauSvebelia
57
adamianis iZuleba, imoqmedos Tavisi sindisis sawinaaRmdegod; religiur sazogadoebebs
aqvT TavianTi mrwamsis daubrkoleblad, rogorc beWdviTi, ise zepiri formiT sajaro
swavlebisa da gacxadebis ufleba.~97
aqve aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom istoriulad religiis Tavisuflebisa da
Semwynareblobis moTxovnebi religiis niadagze uflebaCamorTmeuli da devnili re-
ligiuri umciresobebisa da disidentebis mxridan modioda. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom
Tanamedrove samyaroSi ZiriTadi progresuli nabijebi adamianis religiuri ufle-
bebisa da religiis Tavisuflebis aRiarebis mimarT gadaidga ara religiuri konfesi-
ebis, sabWoebisa da sinodebis, aramed konstituciebis, sakanonmdeblo organoebisa da
sasamarTloebis mier. Sua saukuneebis Semdgom axali nacia-saxelmwifoebisa da axali
erovnuli sulis aRmocenebam ise Seasusta uZvelesi eklesiebis politikuri Zala-
ufleba, rom maT ver SeZles avtoritetis aRdgena. TandaTanobiT religiis Tavi-
sufleba Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifos daukavSirda. meoce saukuneSi
msoflio masStabiT rogorc rwmenaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebebs, ise nacia-saxel-
mwifoebs Soris, sul mcire, garkveul doneze mainc, Camoyalibda farTo konsensusi
religiis Tavisuflebis principis mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT.
religiis Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv aRiarebas, rogorc principis doneze, ise
praqtikaSic, gansakuTrebiT daexmara saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, rac gadaizar-
da saxelmwifoebs Soris xelSekrulebaTa ratifikaciaSi. ormocdaaTi wlis win da-
weril religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb erT-erT ZiriTad swavlebaSi aRniSnuli iyo,
rom `saerTaSoriso samarTali da religiis Tavisufleba mWidro urTierTkavSirSi
viTardeboda~.98 swavlebaSi naTlad Cans, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTad xel-
SekrulebaTa avtorebis didi umravlesoba, saerTaSoriso samarTlis kodifikator,
hugo grociusis droidan moyolebuli, sakuTar dokumentebSi exeboda religiis Ta-
visuflebas. me-19 saukuneSi, romelic gansxvavebul religiur tradiciebTan iden-
tificirebuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebiT xasiaTdeboda, xelSekrulebaTa SemuSa-
vebisas wesad iqca maTSi im debulebebis Setana, romlebic religiis gamoxatvis uf-
lebas aniWebda TiToeuli monawile mxaris moqalaqeebs sxva kontraqtorTa teri-
toriaze.
arsebobs saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebiT religiis Tavisuflebis xelSewyobis
mravali magaliTi. ruseT-TurqeTis omis dasasruls miRebuli berlinis SeTanxmeba
(1878), religiuri umciresobebis Tanabari uflebebis Sesaxeb Tavisi debulebebiT,
aRiarebuli iqna, `religiis Tavisuflebaze saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis yvelaze mniSv-
nelovan gamoxatvad~ pirvel msoflio omamde. religiis Tavisuflebis erTgvarad
msgavsi garantiebi iqna Setanili afrikul teritoriebTan dakavSirebul generalur
aqtsa (romelsac xeli moewera berlinSi 1885 wels) da umciresobaTa xelSekrulebebSi
1919-23 wlebSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom. ufro mogvianebiT, 1975 wels, ocda-
TxuTmetma saxelmwifom moawera xeli helsinkis daskvniT aqts (evropaSi uSiSroebasa
da TanamSromlobaze gamarTuli konferenciis daskvniTi aqti), sadac religiuri
uflebebi iqca evropis, kanadisa da amerikis 35 saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli Ziri-
Tadi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis ganuyofel nawilad. dokumentis me-7 principi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs àdamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur Tavi-
suflebaTa pativiscemaze, azris, sindisis, religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis CaT-
vliT~. amave periodSi meti da meti qveyana kisrulobda konstituciur da saxelSek-
rulebo valdebulebebs sakuTari moqalaqeebis, iseve, rogorc ucxoeli reziden-
tebis religiis Tavisuflebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. msoflios
58
ZiriTad religiaTa mimdevrebis farTo geografiuli ganawilebis wyalobiT ukve Ta-
vad religiebi aprotestebdnen im saxelmwifo politikas, romelic uaryofda maTi
mrwamsis mimdevarTa da sazogadoebaTa religiur uflebebs.
Tanamedrove realobaSi religiis Tavisuflebis principi iqca TiTqmis univer-
salurad aRiarebul erT-erT aqsiomatur valdebulebad. garkveuli modificire-
buli formiT religiis Tavisuflebis principi, faqtobrivad, yvela erovnulma xeli-
suflebam ganamtkica Tavisi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi. Tumca uaRresad SezRuduli,
magram religiis Tavisuflebis garkveuli garantiebi msoflios masStabiT TiTqmis
yvela qveynis konstituciaSi gvxvdeba.
amis miuxedavad, religiis Tavisufleba da adamianis religiuri uflebebis pa-
tiviscema Sors aris srulad realizebisgan Tanamedrove msoflios mraval nawilSi.
gasakviria, Tumca swored meoce saukuneSi, roca saerTaSoriso samarTlis normad
da, faqtobrivad, universalurad aRiarebul principad religiis Tavisuflebisa da
adamianis religiuri uflebebis aRmocenebis momswre gavxdiT, ganxorcielda xse-
nebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis mravaljeradi da sastiki Selaxva. pirvelad
samyaros istoriaSi qveynebis saTaveebSi movidnen xelisufalni, romlebic ucvlelad
mtrul damokidebulebas iCendnen religiis mimarT da gamokveTilad moqmedebdnen
yvela religiis Zirfesvianad aRmofxvris ganzraxviT.
rogorc Zveli, ise axali nacia-saxelmwifoebis demokratiebSi adamianis religi-
uri uflebebi — religiis Tavisufleba — Tavisufali sazogadoebis umniSvnelova-
nes faqtorebad aris miCneuli. magaliTad, evropis masStabiT konstituciur re-
formaTa komisiebi CarTulni arian religiuri uflebebisa da religiis Tavisuf-
lebis garantiebis uzrunvelyofaSi. zogierT qveyanaSi Seiqmna mudmivmoqmedi sapar-
lamento komitetebi mimdinare reJimSi religiasTan SexebaSi myof axal kanonebTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlav gadauWrelia
mravali kompleqsuri da rTuli sakiTxi, religiis Tavisuflebam, ise rogorc aras-
dros, demokratiisa da Tavisuflebisaken saxelmwifoTa msvlelobis procesSi fun-
damenturi mniSvneloba SeiZina.
59
religiis
Tavisuflebis
perspeqtivebi
adamianis ufleba religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufle-

baze, bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT
ki meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, msoflio mas-
StabiT saxelmwifoTa konstituciebis umravlesobaSi
aisaxa. Tumca Cvens mzardad saero samyaroSi am Rire-
bulebam ukana planze gadaiwia da Tavisi interesis sfe-
ro Semofargla mxolod adamianuri Rirsebis iseTi ar-
sebiTi xelyofis, rogoricaa wameba da sxva arahumanu-
ri da damamcirebeli mopyroba, aRkveTis amocaniT. erT-
erTi avtoris mtkicebiT, religiis Tavisufleba iqca
àdamianis uflebaTa moZraobis ugulebelyofil ge-
rad~. imis miuxedavad, ra metaforas gamoviyenebT Ta-
visuflebis arsebuli mdgomareobis dasaxasiaTeblad
yofil iugoslaviaSi, irlandiasa Tu libanSi, arc Tu
ise Soreul warsulSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi imis
naTel Sexsenebas warmoadgens, rom religiuri konf-
liqtebi, SesaZloa, krizisul sazogadoebriv proble-
mebSi gadaizardos.
sul ufro izrdeba fundamenturi erovnuli samar-
Tlis sakiTxidan religiis Tavisuflebis WeSmaritad
saerTaSoriso uflebad rekonceptualizaciis auci-
lebloba. garemomcvel samyarosTan dakavSirebuli sa-
kiTxebis msgavsad, religiuri identurobis problema
scdeba erovnul sazRvrebs. erT qveyanaSi religiur sa-
zogadoebebze mZime tvirTis dakisrebas an maTTvis zi-
anis miyenebas mwvaved ganicdian sxva saxelmwifoSi myo-
fi imave religiis mimdevrebi. ufro metic, globaluri
perspeqtiva xels uwyobs wonasworobis aRdgenas da,
Sesabamisad, SurisZiebis waxalisebas. globalur doneze
yvela — qristiani, muslimi, ebraeli, budisti, indusi,
nebismieri sxva religiis mimdevari an aramorwmune —
umciresobis jgufis nawils warmoadgens. rac unda do-
minantur poziciaSi imyofebodes gansazRvruli jgufi
60
erT qveyanaSi, Cveni pluralisturi samyaros romelime sxva adgilas is umciresobis
nawilia. swored aRniSnuli realobebi qmnis im saerTo suraTs, romelTan Sepirispi-
rebaSic unda moxdes religiis Tavisuflebis da gaazreba.
religiis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi dacva mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxva-
dasxva saxelmwifoSi da damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, maT Soris politikuri
reJimis stabilurobaze, saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris tradiciuli urTierTobis
bunebasa da istoriaze, adgilobriv doneze religiuri pluralizmis xarisxze, do-
minanti religiis (an religiebis) xasiaTze da mis (maT) Sinagan damokidebulebaze
religiis Tavisuflebisa da Semwynareblobisadmi, religiuri jgufebis urTierT-
kavSiris istoriasa da sxva mraval garemoebaze. kulturuli mravalferovnebis
WrilSi religiis Tavisuflebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas mravali Seusabamoba iCens Tavs
am Tavisuflebis uflebaTa bunebis mimarT. es gansakuTrebiT dasturdeba evropasa
da amerikaSi, sadac dasavlurma konstituciurma tradiciebma da adamianis uflebaTa
uamravma saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebam udidesi gavlena iqonia religiis Tavisuflebis
normaTa artikulaciaze. Tumca, imis miuxedavad, rom religiis Tavisuflebis ganm-
sazRvreli verbaluri formulebi Tanmxvedri xasiaTisaa, mniSvnelovani sxvaoba
arsebobs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis institu-
cionalizaciisa da religiis Tavisuflebis miRwevis gzebSi.
wignis mocemuli qveTavi mowodebulia, SeimuSaos struqtura, romlis fargleb-
Sic SesaZlebeli iqneba ama Tu im samarTlebriv sistemaSi religiis Tavisuflebis
implementaciis instituciuri saSualebebis dasaxva da am procesSi mocemuli struq-
turis calkeul aspeqtebTan kavSirSi myofi filosofiuri da praqtikuli sakiTxebis
mimoxilva.
religiis Tavisuflebis teqtonika
uaxloes warsulSi msoflios araerT qveyanaSi ganxorcielda eqstraordinaruli

konstituciuri cvlilebebi. meoce saukunis bolos mravali movlenis momswreni gav-
xdiT berlinis kedlis ngrevidan komunizmis kolafsamde. es kolafsi da misi tal-
Rovani zemoqmedeba, ara marto yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT-centralur
evropaSi, aramed samyaros sxva nawilebSic, Tan sdevda konstituciuri cvlilebebis
uprecedento process. axali konstituciebi iqna SemuSavebuli postkomunistur
blokSi. samxreT afrikaSi aparTeidis institutebi aRmoifxvra, religiuri daZabu-
loba irlandiaSi ki ganmuxtvisaken warimarTa.
am periodis eiforiam progresulad imoqmeda religiis Tavisuflebis samarTal-
ze. axali konstituciebi Tanabrad Seicavs debulebebs religiis Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb.99 garda amisa, gvaqvs sindisis Tavisuflebisa da religiuri gaerTianebis
Sesaxeb àRmasrulebeli~ kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebis magaliTebi, romelic didi av-
toritetiT sargeblobs konstituciur sivrceSi moqmedebis gamo. analogiuri tipis
samarTlebriv reformebs adgili hqonda ara marto yofili komunisturi blokis
qveynebSi, aramed laTinur amerikaSic, sadac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia meqsikis
konstituciis antiklerikaluri debulebebis gauqmeba.100
mokled rom vTqvaT, es periodi eqstraordinaruli iyo zogadad konstituci-
onalizmis, gansakuTrebiT ki religiis TavisuflebisaTvis. Tumca, 1989 wlis Sem-
dgomi eiforiis ZiriTadi elementebis TandaTanobiT gaqrobasTan erTad, naTeli
61
xdeba, rom religiis Tavisuflebas kvlav uamravi problema Sexvdeba gzad da am sir-
TuleTa gadalaxvas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebisa
da sayovelTao mSvidobisaTvis. amis safrTxe sul ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu saerTa-
Soriso daZabulobis wyaroebs mimovixilavT. komunizmis kolafsTan erTad Cven mow-
meni gavxdiT uZvelesi kulturuli gansxvavebebis naTlad warmoCenisa, rasac profe-
sorma hantingtonma `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ uwoda.101 fundamenturad gansxvave-
bul civilizaciebs Soris daZabuloba safuZvlad udevs da umeteswilad xsnis Tana-
medrove msoflioSi arsebul dapirispirebebs. msgavsi konfliqtebis umravlesoba
mxolod mowinaaRmdege civilizaciebs Soris xangrZlivi brZolis ukanasknel seis-
mur aqtivobebs warmoadgens.
savaraudod, civilizaciaTa xsenebuli Sejaxebis yvelaze axalgazrda nairsaxe-
obas warmoadgens dapirispireba protestantizmsa da kaTolicizms Soris. es kul-
turuli gansxvaveba kvlav Zalze mwvaved warmoCndeba CrdiloeT irlandiaSi da da-
savleT naxevarsferoSi CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris urTierTobisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebel faqtorad rCeba. Tu ufro farTod ganvixilavT mocemul dapirispirebas,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiis Tavisuflebis Tanamedrove koncefciebi swored am
fundamenturi kulturuli ganxeTqilebidan gamomdinare brZolisa da sazogadoeb-
rivi mRelvarebis Sedegia. Tavdapirvelad, roca maTi implementacia ganxorcielda
amerikis miwaze, religiis Tavisuflebis am aqsiomaturma cnebebma daadastura, rom
dapirispirebul civilizaciebs Soris religiurad motivirebuli daZabulobis gan-
muxtvis saSualebas warmoadgenen.
Tu istoriaSi ufro Rrmad da politikuri geografiis aRmosavleTiT gadavinac-
vlebT, sxva umniSvnelovanes kulturul wyalgamyofs mivadgebiT, romelic aRmosav-
luri (marTlmadidebeli) da dasavluri qristianobis separacias axdens. saxarebis
qadagebisa da prozelitizmisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomebi dapirispirebis umniSvne-
lovanes wyarod iqca. marTlmadidebluri aRmosavleTi qristianul mrwamsze gadmo-
birebis dasavlur mcdelobebs kulturul Seuracxyofad ganixilavs: ès adgilebi
qristianuli iyo aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi; ratom unda movidnen aq misionerebi?~
dasavluri religiuri jgufebi ki gacilebiT pluralisturi samyarodan modian da
SezRudvebs maT saqmianobaze ganixilaven imis damadasturebel mtkicebulebad, rom
yofil komunistur qveynebs jer kidev sakmarisad kargad ar auTvisebiaT Tavisuf-
lebis Tanamedrove koncefciebi. es sapirispiro warmodgenebi kidev ufro mwvavdeba
ekonomikuri da politikuri sxvaobiT. ormocdaaT, Tu samocdaaTwliani komunisturi
mmarTvelobis qveS dasustebuli marTlmadidebluri tradicia safrTxed ganixilavs
eqspansiur evangelistur kampaniebs, romlebsac efeqturi sareklamo teqnologi-
ebisa da Tanamedrove mediis gamoyeneba TavianTi `mesijis~ gasavrceleblad SeuZ-
liaT. meore mxriv, dasavluri jgufebi eWvis TvaliT uyureben nacionalizmiT gan-
mtkicebul marTlmadideblur gavlenas, romelsac SeuZlia usamarTlo da xSirad
faruli kontroli ganaxorcielos biurokratiul aparatebze, romelTa uflebamosi-
lebasac miekuTvneba, miiRon gadawyvetilebebi religiur muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tu mo-
xaliseTa unarze, SeaRwion marTlmadidebluri qveynebis teritoriaze da sakuTari
religiuri gaerTianebebis registracia moaxdinon. savaraudod, am konfliqtebis
umravlesoba gardamavali periodis travmebis Sedegia da droTa ganmavlobaSi reli-
giis Tavisuflebisa da ormxrivi pativiscemis principebis implementacia im mdgrad
62
urTierTobebSi gadaizrdeba, romlebic dResdReobiT dasavleT evropaSi domini-
rebs.
kidev ufro Zveli da dResdReobiT yvelaze kritikulia daZabuloba islamsa da
qristianobas Soris. kolizia dasavlur, aRmosavlur da muslimur msoflmxedvelo-
bas Soris naTlad gamoCnda bosniaSi. unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavluri qveynebis mier
dasavleTTan kavSiris ganmtkicebiT, saerTaSoriso doneze qristianul-muslimuri
mimarTulebebis polarizacia sul ufro Zlierdeba. amave dros, mosalodnelia situ-
aciis garTuleba rogorc erovnul, ise adgilobriv doneze. muslimuri umcireso-
bebis raodenobis zrdam evropaSi SesaZloa Seqmnas niadagi politikuri partiebis
moqmedebisaTvis. droTa ganmavlobaSi aman SeiZleba migviyvanos religiur mimarTu-
lebebs Soris winaaRmdegobis zrdamde da, Sesabamisad, dasavlur qveynebSi qris-
tianul-muslimuri daZabulobis warmoqmnamde. aRniSnuli sirTuleebi kidev ufro
kompleqsuri xdeba imis gamo, rom liberaluri politikuri kulturis iseTi funda-
menturi aqsiomebi, rogorebicaa Tanasworoba da saxelmwifos neitraloba religiis
mimarT xSirad sruliad ucxo xilia islamur konteqstSi. zogadad, islams Semwyna-
reblobis gacilebiT ukeTesi istoria aqvs, vidre qristianobas, Tumca Sewynarebu-
lebi yovelTvis meorexarisxovan poziciaSi imyofebodnen da arc yuranSia raime
naTqvami imis Taobaze, rom sxva religiebi islamTan gaTanabrebul mdgomareobaSi
unda iqnen Cayenebulni. nawilobriv, islamur qveynebSi dasavluri imperializmis
Zalisxmevisa da TeologiaSi arsebuli arsebiTi gansxvavebebis gamoc mravali musli-
mani lideri adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso normebs dasavluri neoimperializmis
moqnil formad ufro ganixilavs, vidre WeSmaritad universalur Rirebulebebad.
am problemebs damatebuli mwvave ekonomikuri sirTuleebi da islamuri fundamenta-
lizmis gaRviveba civilizaciaTa dapirispirebas yvelaze Znelad mosagvarebels xdis.
istoriulad ganxeTqilebis sxva kulturuli wyaroebi iCens Tavs aRmosavleTiT.
grZeldeba ebrauli konfliqti sxva msoflio religiebTan, ramac ukve gamoiwvia
msoflio mSvidobis darRveva Sua aRmosavleTSi. Tumca am konfliqtis ZiriTad gamo-
xatulebas mainc saukunis yvelaze didi tragedia, ebraelebis genocidi warmoadgens.
msoflios sxva ZiriTadi religiebi da msoflmxedvelobebi qmnian sxva ZiriTad kul-
turebs. am WrilSi kvlevas eqvemdebareba aseve induizmi, siqizmi, budizmi, konfuci-
anizmi da a. S. modernizaciis gavlenis miuxedavad, es tradiciebi kvlav ganagrZoben
sxvadasxva kulturis formirebas msoflios mraval nawilSi. azrTa sxvaoba maT Soris
iseTsave daZabulobis keras qmnis, rogorc qristianul ganStoebebs Soris.
dReisaTvis, rodesac marqsizmma dro moWama an, sul mcire, ganiaraRebul iqna,
daZabulobis ukanasknel keras, romlis aRniSvnac Rirs, warmoadgens saganmanaTleb-
lo sekularizmi. es msoflmxedveloba xSirad `neitraluri~ da `mecnieruli~ pozi-
ciis mantiaSi gvevlineba, Tumca msoflios araerTi religiis mier igi ukiduresi
safrTxis Semcvelad ganixileba. unda iTqvas, rom postsaganmanaTleblo antikle-
rikalizms usastikesi formebi miuRia. qristianuli da muslimuri fundamentalizmis
aRzeveba SesaZloa nawilobriv ganmartebuli iqnes, rogorc sapasuxo reaqcia am gav-
rcelebul axal kulturul Zalaze. sociolog jeims devison hanteris mtkicebiT,
Tanamedrove SeerTebul StatebSi ZiriTadi kulturuli omebi moicavs dapirispire-
bas ara kaTolicizms, protestantizmsa da iudaizms, aramed am tradiciaTa orTodoq-
sul Zalebsa da saganmanaTleblo sekularizmTan dakavSirebul `progresul~ orien-
63
tacias Soris.102 igive iTqmis samyaros sxva nawilebzec: dapirispireba sxvadasxva
religiur msoflmxedvelobas Soris daCrdilul iqna daZabulobiT tradiciul
religiur warmodgenebsa da ufro sekularistul orientaciebs Soris.
xSirad religiis Tavisuflebis ideali ganixileba saganmanaTleblo sekulariz-
midan warmoqmnil movlenad, gansakuTrebiT sakuTari homogenurobis SenarCunebisaken
midrekil tradiciul kulturebSi. mniSvnelovanwilad swored amiT aixsneba adamianis
religiur uflebaTa normebis aRiarebisadmi islamuri kulturebis winaaRmdegoba.
gamosavals mocemul SemTxvevaSi religiis Tavisuflebis imgvari gaazrebis miRweva
warmoadgens, romlis farglebSic Tavisufleba rogorc religiuri, ise saero tra-
diciebisaTvis saerTo faseulobad iqneba aRiarebuli. Tumca am sferoSi konsensusis
miRweva uCveulod rTuli amocanaa.
problemis kompleqsurobis miuxedavad, religiis Tavisuflebis idealebis prog-
resuli implementacia (Tundac umniSvnelo sxvaobis mqone idealebisa, romlebic
gansxvavebuli religiuri da saero tradiciebidan momdinareobs) Tanamedrove msof-
lioSi dapirispirebul civilizaciaTa daZabulobis aSkara kerebis aRmofxvris gasa-
Rebia.
religiis Tavisuflebis lokiseuli revolucia
`religiuri pluralizmis teqtonikis~ Semadgeneli uZvelesi kulturuli sxva-

obebis zedapirze gamoCena uzrunvelyofs safuZvels religiis TavisuflebaSi lo-
kiseuli revoluciis axleburad gaazrebisaTvis. msoflios mTeli istoriis ganmav-
lobaSi dominirebda warmodgena, rom religiuri WeSmariteba moiTxovda religiuri
mrwamsis saxelmwifo implementacias da politikur stabilurobaSi moiazreboda
religiuri da kulturuli homogenuroba. religiuri warmodgenebis gansazRvruli
erTobliobis WeSmaritebad ganxilva zogadad qmnida maTi implementaciis logikur
safuZvels. ufro metic, gabatonebuli iyo varaudi, rom SeuZlebeli iyo sazogado-
ebaSi stabilurobis miRweva dawesebuli homogenuri religiis gareSe, romelic Semk-
vreli socialuri rgoli da arsebuli reJimisadmi erTgulebisa da morCilebis
mZlavri motivacia iqneboda. es warmodgena ganmtkicebuli iyo evropis damangre-
veli religiuri omebiT.
sul mcire, Teoriis doneze, Tavis naSromSi Letter Concerning Toleration103 (werili
Semwynareblobis Taobaze) jon lokma warmoadgina zemoxsenebuli Sexedulebisgan
STambeWdavad gansxvavebuli mosazreba. lokis Sexedulebebi, savaraudod, yvelaze
metad aRsaniSnavia im myari argumentebis gamo, romelTa mixedviTac saxelmwifo
iZulebis manqana araefeqturia religiur sferoSi: saxelmwifos Zalebs aRemateba,
vinmes iZulebiT RmerTisken Semobruneba. maqsimumi, risi gakeTebac mas xelewifeba,
garegani TvalTmaqcobis stimulirebaa. religiis Tavisuflebis Tanamedrove reJimebi-
saTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania lokis werilis bolo nawilSi Cadebuli azri:
Tu eklesia, romlis religiasac eTanxmeba xelmwife, isargeblebs
samoqalaqo xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT, es mxolod imitom moxdeba, rom
xelmwife keTili, xolo kanonebi mis mimarT keTilganwyobilia; raoden
ufro didi iqneba xelisuflebis usafrTxoeba, sadac yvela kargi subieqti,
miuxedavad misi religiisa da religiis mniSvnelobis niadagze yovelgvari
gansxvavebis gareSe, isargeblebs xelmwifisa da kanonebis mxardaWeriT, am
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ukanasknelTa saerTo mxardamWerad da damcvelad gadaiqceva; aq aravis eqneba
kanonebis simkacrisadmi SiSis safuZveli, imaT garda, vinc zians ayenebs
mezoblebs da danaSauls sCadis samoqalaqo mSvidobis winaaRmdeg!
lokis am gancxadebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Semwynareblobasa da pativis-
cemas politikuri reJimis destabilizaciis nacvlad sruliad sapirispiro Sedegis
motana SeuZlia. pluralisturi sazogadoebis konteqstSi, reJimi, romelic pativs
scems gansxvavebul mrwamsebs, maT mxardaWeras moipovebs, rac ufro myar stabilu-
robaSi gadaizrdeba, vidre erTi dominanti jgufisadmi keTilganwyobiTaa SesaZle-
beli. lokis mosazrebis idea is aris, rom umciresobebi imdenad madlobelni iqnebian
maT mimarT gamJRavnebuli pativiscemisaTvis, rom ganxeTqilebisa da socialuri
dezintegraciis centrebad gadaqcevis sanacvlod madlierebis grZnobiT da, Sesa-
bamisad, arsebuli reJimisadmi loialuri damokidebulebiT ganimsWvalebian, rac
gacilebiT mtkice socialuri stabilurobis safuZvels Seqmnis, vidre sazogadoebis
mZlavri elementebis hegemoniis ganmtkiceba.
msgavsi msoflmxedvelobiT safuZveli Caeyara religiis Tavisuflebas Tanamedrove
politikur reJimebSi. imis sapirispirod, rasac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi miiCnevdnen,
lokis mtkicebiT, religiur sakiTxebSi arCevanis Tavisufleba warmoadgens politikuri
reJimebisaTvis rogorc legitimurobis, ise stabilurobis wyaros. amgvari Sexeduleba
Seadgenda kopernikul revolucias politikur TeoriaSi, romelic udrida kantis ko-
pernikul revolucias epistemologiasa da eTikur filosofiaSi. Tu kantma filoso-
fiaSi revolucia moaxdina gare obieqtidan Sinaganze yuradRebis centris gadataniT
rogorc empiriuli samyaros, ise eTikis safuZvlebis gagebaSi, lokma Tavisi warmodge-
niT, Tu rogor SeiZleba religiurma (ufro zogadad ki politikurma) Tavisuflebam,
romelsac yovelTvis anarqiis wyarod ganixilavdnen, daTesos politikuri wesrigi,
politikur azrovnebaSi revolucias daudo saTave. Sesabamisad, lokis warmodgenebma
SesaZlebloba mogvca, axali perspeqtivis WrilSi dagvenaxa politikuri kosmosi. fa-
seulobaTa Tanavarskvlavedis centrSi Tavisuflebis moTavsebiTa da imis aRiarebiT,
rom pativiscema individis Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebisadmi, Tavis mxriv, umaRlesi rangis
moralur da religiur WeSmaritebas warmoadgens, lokma politikuri sazogadoebebis
stabilizebisa da legitimaciis safuZvlebis transformireba moaxdina.
Tavdapirvelad dawesebuli eklesiebis mqone Semwynarebluri reJimebis, xolo
SemdgomSi religiurad neitralur qveynebSi religiis Tavisuflebis gamocdilebam
lokiseuli midgoma daadastura. idea Tavidan, ra Tqma unda, Teoriul xasiaTs ata-
rebda, magram igi religiis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli `cxovrebiseuli eqspe-
rimentis~ centralur aspeqtad iqca SeerTebul StatebSi. bolo ori saukunis gan-
mavlobaSi religiis Tavisuflebis idealma sayovelTao aRiareba moipova msoflio
masStabiT. igi gamokveTilad aris aRiarebuli adamianis uflebaTa yvela ZiriTad
saerTaSoriso deklaraciasa104 da konvenciaSi105 , iseve, rogorc msoflio konstitu-
ciebis umravlesobaSi. evropuli konstituciebis umravlesoba da dasavleT naxevar-
sferos yvela konstitucia gamokveTilad uzrunvelyofs religiis Tavisuflebis
dacvas, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi am
faseulobis implementaciis meTodebsa da masStabebSi.
mravlismetyvelia is, rom religiis Tavisuflebis principi sul ufro met mxarda-
Weras iZens religiur tradiciebSi, iseve, rogorc pluralistul sazogadoebebSi,
65
maT xelisuflebasa da konstituciebSi. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia romis
papis enciklika106 Dignitatis Humanae Personae (pirovnebis RirsebisaTvis), sadac xazgas-
muli iyo kaTolikuri tradiciis Sinagani dadastureba adamianis Rirsebis aspeqtad
religiis Tavisuflebis aRiarebis mniSvnelobisa. vatikanis magaliTi mraval religiur
tradiciaSi arsebuli tendenciis msgavsia.107 zogadad, arsebobs mzardi konsensusi
imis Taobaze, rom aucilebelia religiis Tavisuflebis pativiscema da rom adamianis
am fundamenturi uflebis dacva stabilurobasa da mSvidobas ganapirobebs.
religiis Tavisuflebis sakiTxze arsebuli konsensusi asaxavs globalur ganzomi-
lebaSi pluralizmis sakiTxis ganxilvis ufro zogad aucileblobas. emigrantebisa
da Tavisufali SromiTi moZraobis wyalobiT Zalze maRali demografiuli plura-
lizmia msoflios mraval wertilSi. homogenurobis rRvevis garda, rasac aseTi moZ-
raobebi iwvevs, globalizacia TavisTavad afarToebs pluralizmis gagebas. Tumca
arsebiTi religiuri homogenurobis anklavebi kvlavac SemorCenilia samyaros cal-
keul nawilebSi, an, sul mcire, aris adgilebi, sadac erTi religiuri jgufi aSkarad
umravlesobaSi imyofeba. amis miuxedavad, globalur doneze ar arsebobs umravle-
sobaTa religiebi. mWidrod SekavSirebul samyaroSi religiuri tradiciebis mim-
devrebs erT qveyanaSi Zlieri da pirdapiri kavSirebi aqvT msoflios sxvadasxva wer-
tilSi myof erTmorwmuneebTan. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela religiuri tradicia mar-
to umciresobis poziciaSi ki ar aris, aramed ufro metic, erTgan umravlesobis
tradiciebis mimdevrebma kargad ician, rogoria umciresobis poziciaSi yofna. glo-
baluri demografiuli pluralizmis damaxasiaTebeli es niSnebi, savaraudod, re-
ligiis Tavisuflebis cxovrebaSi gatarebisa da lokiseuli warmodgenebis gamoye-
nebis xelisSemwyob faqtorebs warmoadgens.
yvelafris miuxedavad, lokiseuli revoluciis gavlena kvlavac SezRudulia.
mas ar SeuRwevia yvela samarTlebriv da religiuri mrwamsis sistemaSi. nacionalis-
turi, religiurad eqstremistuli da sxva antiliberaluri Zalebi xSirad mis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeben. iqac ki, sadac man fesvebis gadgma moaxerxa, ufleba re-
ligiis Tavisuflebaze kvlav davis sagnad rCeba. religiis Tavisuflebis interpre-
tireba mravalmxriv aris SesaZlebeli, dawyebuli uaRresad sekularistuli versi-
idan, romelic saxelmwifos neitralobas religiis Tavisuflebis fundamentur dac-
vad miiCnevs, damTavrebuli iseTi midgomiT, romlis mixedviTac umciresobaTa reli-
giebisaTvis nebadarTulia RvTismsaxurebis gancalkevebiT Sesruleba, Tumca, sxva
mxriv, isini naklebad sargebloben Semwynarebluri damokidebulebiT.
Tavad loki ar ganixilavda religiis Tavisuflebas usazRvro movlenad. mTeli
rigi istoriuli Tu kulturuli mizezebis gamo mis mier Camoyalibebuli sazRvrebi
metismetad SezRuduli iyo; igi miiCnevda, rom religiuri Semwynareblobis miseuli
zogadi principebis gamoyeneba ar unda momxdariyo kaTolikeebis, muslimebisa da
aTeistebis mimarT. imis miuxedavad, rom lokma garkveulwilad arasworad gaiazra
Tavisive sabaziso principebi, man, sul mcire, sami ZiriTadi kiTxva aRiara marTebu-
lad. es kiTxvebi moiTxovs gare sazRvrebis dawesebas rogorc religiis Tavisufle-
baze, ise zogadad pluralizmzec: 1) ramdenad tolerantuli unda iyos sazogado-
eba maT mimarT, vinc ar iziarebs urTierTSemwynareblobisa da urTierTpativiscemis
principebis mxardaWeras? 2) ramdenad tolerantuli unda iyos sazogadoeba maT
mimarT, vinc ar Seasrulebs dadebul fics an micemul dapirebas (maT Soris danapi-
66
rebs, daemorCilos sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas)? 3) ramdenad tolerantuli unda
iyos sazogadoeba maT mimarT, vinc miiswrafvis, gaanadguros sazogadoeba Sinagani
amboxisa Tu saerTaSoriso omebis gziT? es sami kiTxva moiTxovs im sazRvrebis dawe-
sebas, romliTac TviT yvelaze liberalurma da Semwynareblurma sazogadoebamac
unda SeizRudos Tavi. kerZod, isini moiTxoven, Sesabamisi TanmimdevrobiT, urTier-
TSemwynareblobis, valdebulebaTa Sesrulebisa da sazogadoebrivi TviTgadarCenis
normebis formulirebas. gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebi udavod gansxvavebul midgo-
mebs SeimuSaveben am sakiTxebisadmi. Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovania swored is, rom
isini sakmaris sivrces toveben sxvadasxva perspeqtividan momdinare gansxvavebuli
jgufebis mxridan sazogadoebrivi principebis mxardaWerisa da sazogadoebaSi am
jgufebis maTive pirobebis safuZvelze miRebis SesaZleblobis aRiarebisaTvis. aseTi
mravalferovnebisadmi maqsimaluri pativiscemis gamoCenas SeuZlia umniSvnelovanesi
roli Seasrulos sazogadoebrivi wesrigis miRwevasa da dapirispirebaTa im kerebis
aRmofxvraSi, rasac Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturuli gansxvavebebi iwvevs.
religiis Tavisuflebis analizis pirobiTi modeli
wina or paragrafSi Cven mier identificirebul iqna, rogorc calkeuli kultu-

ruli dapirispirebis kerebi, romlebic religias SuRlis gaRvivebis potencials ani-
Weben, ise lokiseuli Sexedulebani, romlebic Tanamedrove sazogadoebas daexmara
imis gaazrebaSi, Tu rogor SeiZleba pativiscema religiisadmi gadaizardos stabi-
lizaciaSi da ara sazogadoebisa da misi politikuri institutebis dezintegraciaSi.
axla ki SevecdebiT religiis TavisuflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis uzrun-
velmyofi religiuri da saxelmwifo institutebis SesaZlo konfiguraciis pirobiTi
struqturis dasaxvas.
religiis Tavisuflebis sawyisi pirobebi

arsebobs gansazRvruli sawyisi pirobebi, romelTa arsebobac aucilebelia re-
ligiis Tavisuflebis warmoqmnisaTvis; unda arsebobdes 1) pluralizmis, 2) ekonomi-
kuri stabilurobisa da 3) politikuri legitimurobis garkveuli done. damatebiT,
4) aseve aucilebelia gansxvavebuli religiuri jgufebisa da maTi mimdevrebis neba,
icxovron erTad. TiToeuli am sawyis pirobaTagan farTo analizs saWiroebs, Tumca
Cven calkeuli komponentebis mimoxilviT SemovifarglebiT.
minimaluri pluralizmi. sazogadoebaSi mrwamsebis fundamentur sistemebs So-
ris garkveuli dapirispirebis warmoqmnamde religiis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi arc ki
dgeba dRis wesrigSi. adamianis miswrafeba fundamenturi sakiTxebis garSemo uTan-
xmoebisa da Tavisive msgavsebTan brZolisaken gamoricxavs sazogadoebaSi iseTi soci-
aluri homogenurobis didxans SenarCunebas, rodesac misi yvela wevri iziarebs iden-
tur warmodgenebs fizikuri da moraluri samyaros bunebis Taobaze. meore mxriv,
SeiZleba iseTi sazogadoebis warmodgena, sadac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dominantur
religiur Sexedulebebze efeqturi konsensusia miRweuli. zogierTi Suasaukuneob-
rivi evropuli sazogadoeba udavod amgvarad funqcionirebda.
amis msgavsad aseve SesaZlebelia iseTi sazogadoebis warmodgena, romelic Tavis
homogenurobas inarCunebs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqoneTa ucxoebad an ucxo-
elebad SeracxviT. swored jgufebis diferencirebas SeuZlia gadafaros sawyisi plu-
67
ralizmis warmoSoba. TiToeul jgufs Tavisi warmodgena aqvs samyaroze. dapirispi-
reba mowinaaRmdege jgufebs Soris erTis Sexedulebis meorisaze dominirebisaTvis
brZolad ganixileba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakmaod iolia jgufis datoveba, pirveladi
jgufi inarCunebs Tavis homogenurobas da arc religiuri pluralizmis moTxovnile-
baa aRqmadi. gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone moRalated, an, sul mcire, ucxod
ganixileba. religiis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dgeba, rodesac
gansxvavebebi warmodgenebs Soris seriozulad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, rogorc
Sesabamisi sazogadoebis gardauvali nawili.
kulturulma sibecemac SeiZleba analogiuri roli Seasrulos religiis Tavi-
suflebis dacvis moTxovnilebis daCrdilvaSi. kolonizaciis periodSi Zalze xSi-
rad dominanti evropuli jgufebi ar iCendnen adekvatur pativiscemas aborigeni
mosaxleobis rwmenaTa sistemisadmi. amis msgavsad, TviT keTilSobiluri miznebis
mqone biurokratebic ver amCneven, erTi SexedviT standartul regulacias, ra mZime
Sedegebis motana SeuZlia garkveuli religiuri sazogadoebisaTvis.
ekonomikuri stabiluroba. ukiduresi siRaribis pirobebSi religiis Tavisuf-
lebis interesebi naklebi prioritetiT sargeblobs, vidre ekonomikuri problemebi.
aRmosavleT evropaSi, magaliTad, ekonomikuri problemebis mogvareba ufro saswra-
fo interess warmoadgens, vidre religiis Tavisufleba. Tumca is, rom am ukanaskne-
lis arseboba SesaZlebelia ekonomikurad Zalze sust qveynebSic, imaze miuTiTebs,
rom es piroba arc ise mZlavri xasiaTisaa da SesaZlebelia, formulirebuli iqnes
Semdegnairad: rodesac ekonomikuri krizisi gansakuTrebulad mwvavea, arsebuli
reJimi ar aris imdenad myari, rom uzrunvelyos religiis Tavisuflebis garantiebi.
politikuri legitimuroba. vinaidan religia sazogadoebaSi legitimaciis (de-
ligitimaciis) mZlavr Zalas warmoadgens, religiis Tavisuflebis miRwevis SesaZ-
lebloba mcirdeba imdenad, ramdenadac sustia reJimis politikuri legitimuroba.
aseTi reJimi, savaraudod, an isargeblebs dominanti religiis legitimaciis Zala-
uflebiT (gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone jgufebis represirebis Tanmdevi ris-
kiT), an zogadad religias safrTxed Seracxavs.
pativiscema gansxvavebuli mrwamsis mqoneTa uflebebis mimarT. religiis
Tavisuflebis arseboba zogadad SeuZlebelia, Tu erTi jgufi ara marto uaryofs
meoris mrwamss, aramed ar surs masTan erTad cxovreba. Tu aratolerantuli jgufi
dominirebs sazogadoebaSi, rogorc wesi, xdeba sxva jgufebis mimdevarTa devna. Tuki
igi ar aris dominanturi poziciis mqone, maSin igi Tavad iqneba devnili Tavisi reli-
giuri Sexedulebebis realizebis mcdelobisaTvis. orive SemTxvevaSi ar moxdeba sa-
zogadoebaSi religiis Tavisuflebis idealis sruli ganxorcieleba, vinaidan iarse-
bebs, sul mcire, erTi jgufi, romelic xelyofili iqneba Tavisi religiuri warmod-
genebis realizebisaTvis.
am problemis mogvareba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoebis
religiur tradiciaSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mqoneTa uflebebisadmi
Semwynareblobis an pativiscemisadmi mowodebis safuZvlebi. sabednierod, arsebobs
sxvaTa mimarT pativiscemis sakmarisi resursebi religiur tradiciaTa umravlesoba-
Si. kaTolikur tradiciaSi arsebobs romis papis enciklika Dignitatis Humanae Personae;
islamSi arsebobs `bibliuri erebisadmi~ Semwynareblobis doqtrina; religiis Tavi-
suflebis Sesaxeb mravali gancxadeba aqvs gakeTebuli eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos.
68
religiis Tavisufleba da
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvna
sazogadoebaSi religiis Tavisuflebis xarisxi SeiZleba Sefasdes ori aspeqtis

mixedviT: 1) saxelmwifos qmedebiT religiur mrwamssa da mis gamoxatvaze tvirTis
dakisrebis doniT, 2) saxelisuflebo da religiur institutebs Soris urTierTobis
formiT. SeerTebul StatebSi qveynis konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis religiuri
klauzulebis teqstis108 safuZvelze am or aspeqtad, Sesabamisi TanmimdevrobiT, mi-
iCneva àRmsareblobis Tavisufleba~ da `religiis daweseba~. Tumca SedarebiTi miz-
nebisaTvis umjobesia maTi ufro farTo cnebebis saxiT (religiis Tavisuflebisa da
saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris identifikaciis done) ganxilva.
diletanturi mosazrebiT, arsebobs pirdapirproporciuli kavSiri am or fase-
ulobas Soris, rac SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad gamoisaxos: totaluri religiis Ta-
visufleba — sruli araidentifikacia, aradaweseba (separacia); da piriqiT, religi-
is Tavisuflebis ararseboba — sruli identifikacia, daweseba. Tumca aseTi midgoma
Zalze amartivebs gansaxilvel sakiTxebs. mxolod religiaTa Zalze mcire raode-
noba Tu yofila odesme iseTi totalitaruli, rom saxelmwifosTan sruli iden-
tifikaciisTvis mieRwios. ra Tqma unda, am kuTxiT, ukidures situaciamde misvla
TavisTavad religiis Tavisuflebis ararsebobaze miuTiTebs. es gansakuTrebiT Se-
efereba simarTles umciresobaTa religiebis mimdevarTa mimarT. Tumca SeiZleba
igive iTqvas umravlesobis religiis mimarTac, vinaidan es ukanaskneli mniSvnelov-
nad dazaraldeba saxelmwifos mxridan misi saqmianobis regulirebis, mis saqmeebSi
saxelmwifos gadaWarbebuli monawileobis an religiuri institutebis saxelmwifoze
mniSvnelovnad damokidebulebis Sedegad. garda amisa, mxolod is, rom saxelmwifos
ar gaaCnia formalurad dawesebuli eklesia, srulebiT ar gulisxmobs, rom mas iseTi
separaciuli reJimi aqvs, romelic SeiZleba mtkiced daxasiaTdes, rogorc araiden-
tifikacia religiasTan. ufro metic, arsebobs mniSvnelovani uTanxmoeba saxelmwi-
fosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis zust konfiguraciasTan dakavSirebiT, ro-
melic religiis Tavisuflebis zrdas uwyobs xels da savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom
erTi kulturisaTvis optimaluri konfiguracia gamousadegari iyos meorisaTvis.
sirTule kidev ufro izrdeba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aseve gaurkvevelia àra-
identifikaciis~ saboloo Sedegi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aradaweseba da separacia
gadaizardos negatiur identifikaciaSi: SuRlsa da devnaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu
SesaZlebelia arsebobdes religiur niadagze devna saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTi-
erTdamokidebulebis kontinuumis orive boloSi, arsebiTad gaurkveveli xdeba sa-
kiTxi, rogor urTierTkavSirSia religiis Tavisufleba xsenebul kontinuumTan.
gacilebiT progresulad gamoiyureba Semdegi modeli, romlis mixedviTac saxel-
mwifosa da eklesias Soris rogorc Zlieri pozitiuri, ise Zlieri negatiuri iden-
tifikacia religiis Tavisuflebis dabal dones gulisxmobs. orive SemTxvevaSi sa-
xelmwifo Zalze mkveTr damokidebulebas iCens erTi an meti religiisadmi, gansxva-
vebuli azrisaTvis SemWidrovebuli sivrcis datovebiT.
unda iTqvas, rom xSirad politikuri reJimebis cvla ukiduresi poziciebis urTi-
erTCanacvlebaSi gadaizrdeba. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens saxelmwifo-eklesiis
urTierTobis espaneTis istoria, sadac asaxulia radikaluri cvlilebebi dawesebuli
eklesiis mtkiced mxardamWeri reJimidan sekularistul, antiklerikalur reJimebamde.
69
ukanaskneli modelis upiratesobaze isic metyvelebs, rom misi mixedviT ar arse-
bobs pirdapiri kavSiri saxelmwifosa da eklesiis separaciasa da religiis Tavisuf-
lebas Soris. gansazRvrul doneze agresiuli gamijvna gadaizrdeba religiisadmi
dapirispirebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, meqanikuri separaciis nebismier fasad miRwevis
mcdelobam, SesaZloa, sistemas ubiZgos Seuwynareblobisa da mizanmimarTuli dev-
nisken. stalinisturi konstituciebi, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijv-
nis mZlavr debulebebs Seicavda, Tumca veravin ityvis, rom aman religiis Tavisuf-
lebis zrdas Seuwyo xeli sabWoTa kavSirSi. es debulebebi ganmartebuli iyo rogorc
saxelmwifo moqmedebis yvela sferodan religiis gamoricxvis moTxovna. Tumca
totalitarul saxelmwifoSi igi religiis TiTqmis arsebobis Sewyvetis donemde
marginalizaciis moTxovnad gadaiqca. sxva qveynebSi religiis mxolod SeuzRudavi
`piradi sferoTi~ SemosazRvris sekularistuli moTxovnebi, Tumca naklebi simwva-
viT, magram aseve SesaZlebelia gadaizardos religiuri cxovrebis marginalizaciasa
da, Sesabamisad, religiis Tavisuflebis SemcirebaSi.
religiis Tavisuflebisa da identifikaciis zemoT moyvanili zogadi niSnebis Sem-
deg upriani iqneba, gadavideT am ori kontinuumis urTierTkavSiris konkretuli
struqturebis daxasiaTebaze, rasac SeiZleba saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTi-
erTobis sxvadasxva reJimebis wardgenac ewodos.
dawesebuli eklesiebi. termini `dawesebuli eklesia~ sakmaod bundovania da re-
alurad SeiZleba moicvas saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis SesaZlo konfigu-
raciaTa farTo speqtri. dawesebuli eklesiis ukidures models, romelic Teokra-
tiuli mmarTvelobis wesTan mWidro kavSiriT xasiaTdeba, warmoadgens iseTi reJimi,
sadac mas miniWebuli aqvs sruli, mkacri iZulebiT uzrunvelyofili monopolia
religiur saqmeebSi. italia da espaneTi TavianTi istoriis gansazRvrul etapebze
swored aseTi modelis klasikur magaliTebs warmoadgendnen. dawesebuli religiis
Semdegi modelia iseTi reJimi, romelic Semwynarebluria gansxvavebuli mrwamsebis
SezRuduli erTobliobisadmi, magaliTad, islamuri qveyana, romelic tolerantu-
lia bibliuri erebis da araviTar SemTxvevaSi sxvebis mimarT. sxva modeli SesaZloa
iyos dawesebuli qristianuli eklesia, romelic Semwynareblobas iCens ramdenime
ZiriTadi mrwamsisadmi, magram gmobs sxvebs. Semdegi modelia iseTi qveyana, sadac
SenarCunebulia dawesebuli eklesia, magram uzrunvelyofilia Tanabari mopyroba
yvela religiuri mrwamsisadmi. didi britaneTi am modelis Sesaferisi magaliTia.
mxardaWerili eklesiebi. es kategoria Sedgeba iseTi reJimebisgan, romlebic Tum-
ca formalurad ar aRiareben erT gansazRvrul eklesias qveynis oficialur reli-
giad, magram adastureben, rom Sesabamis eklesias gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
qveynis kulturaSi. aseTi reJimebi ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia iseTi qveynebisaTvis,
sadac kaTolicizmi dominantur poziciaSia, xolo konstituciebi uaxloes warsulSi
iqna miRebuli.109 mxardaWerili eklesia specialuri aRiarebiT sargeblobs, Tumca
konstituciiT sxva jgufebsac Tanabari dacva aqvT miniWebuli. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
mxardaWerili eklesiis pirobebSi arsebuli reJimi SedarebiT usafrTxoa da mxolod
saxelmwifos istoriasa da kulturaSi ama Tu im religiuri tradiciis mniSvnelovani
rolis aRiarebiT Semoifargleba. sxva SemTxvevebSi mxardaWeris reJimi moqmedebs,
rogorc dawesebuli eklesiis prerogativebis SenarCunebis TvalTmaqcuri meTodi,
liberaluri modelis formalurad SenarCunebis fonze.
70
urTierTTanamSromlobis reJimebi. reJimis Semdegi kategoria ar aniWebs domi-
nant eklesiebs specialur statuss, Tumca saxelmwifo agrZelebs maTTan TanamSrom-
lobas sxvadasxva gziT. aseTi reJimis pirobebSi saxelmwifo sxvadasxva eklesiasTan
dakavSirebuli tipis iseT saqmianobas afinansebs, rogoricaa religiuri ganaTleba
an eklesiaTa Senaxva, sasuliero pirTa saqmianobis anazRaureba da a. S. Zalze xSirad
amgvari urTierToba mowesrigebulia specialuri SeTanxmebebis, konkordatebis da
sxva aseT safuZvelze. espaneTi, italia, poloneTi, saqarTvelo da ramdenime samxreT-
amerikuli qveyana misdevs aseT wess. saxelmwifos aseve SeuZlia daxmareba gauwios
religiuri tipis organizacias SemowirulobaTa akrefaSi (magaliTad, saeklesio ga-
dasaxadis amoReba germaniaSi). amis miuxedavad, urTierTTanamSromlobiTi reJimis
mqone qveynebi arc erTi religiis mimarT ar iCenen specialur mxardaWeras da TiTo-
eul maTgans Tanabari mopyrobiT uzrunvelyofen. Tumca, vinaidan sxvadasxva reli-
giur sazogadoebebSi gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebebia, urTierTTanamSromlobiTi
programebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia Tanabar mopyrobasTan dakavSirebuli mrava-
li interdenominaciuri problemis warmoqmna. arsebobs potencialis maRali done
TanamSromlobiTi programebis saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli religiuri mimdina-
reobebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebaSi gadazrdisa. garda amisa, ufro separaciuli
reJimebis mimarT gacilebiT kompleqsuri problemebi iwevs wina planze, religiuri
organizaciebis TviTgansazRvrebisa da Sinagani avtonomiis dacvis saxiT.
adaptaciuri reJimebi. aRniSnuli reJimis moTxovnas SesaZloa warmoadgendes
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvna, Tumca, imavdroulad, keTilganwyobili neitralobis
SenarCuneba religiisadmi. SesaZloa, adaptaciuri midgoma ganxilul iqnes rogorc ur-
TierTTanamSromlobiTi modeli religiisa Tu religiuri ganaTlebis pirdapiri fi-
nansuri subsidirebis gareSe. adaptaciuri reJimis pirobebSi, erovnuli Tu adgilob-
rivi kulturis nawilad religiis aRiarebis yovelgvari ganzraxvis gareSe xorcieldeba
sazogadoebriv garemoSi religiuri simboloebis adaptacia, sagadasaxado, dieturi,
sadResaswaulo, SabaTis wesis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli da sxva msgavsi gamonaklisebis
daSveba zogadi daniSnulebis kanonmdeblobidan. aseTi reJimis magaliTs warmoadgens
SeerTebuli Statebi.110
separaciuli reJimebi. rogorc eklesiisa da saxelmwifos stalinisturi separaci-
is daxasiaTebisas aRiniSna, èklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciis~ lozungis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia urTierTsapirispiro reJimebis farTo wris mimarT. keTili miznebisaTvis
separaciuli reJimi Zalze mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeba adaptaciuri modelisgan. mTavari
gansxvaveba mdgomareobs separaciuli reJimis ufro mkacr moTxovnaSi saxelmwifos
eklesiisgan gamijvnaze. nebismieri winadadeba religiis saxelmwifo mxardaWeraze
Seusabamod miiCneva aseTi reJimis pirobebSi; akrZalulia religiuri simboloebis, maT
Soris qristes Sobis scenis demonstrireba saxelmwifo Senobeba-nagebobebSi.111 TviT
religiebis arapirdapiri saxiT subsidireba sagadasaxado gamoqviTvebis an gadasaxa-
debisagan gaTavisuflebis gziT akrZalulia an, sul mcire, sadavod ganixileba. reli-
giis niadagze gamonaklisebis daSveba zogadi daniSnulebis saxelmwifo kanonebidan re-
ligiisadmi dauSvebel favoritizmad iTvleba. ar aris daSvebuli aranairi saxis reli-
giuri swavleba an indoqtrinaciis mcdeloba saxelmwifo (sajaro) skolebSi (Tumca
religiis swavleba obieqtur formaSi SesaZloa daSvebuli iyos). sasuliero pirTa wris
warmomadgenlebs ar aqvT saxelmwifo (sajaro) Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba.112
71
separaciis ukiduresi formebis pirobebSi aqtiurad xorcieldeba sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebidan religiis gandevnis mcdelobebi. erT-erTi saxe, rac am mcdelobeb-
ma SeiZleba miiRos, aris saxelmwifo monopoliis gaZliereba gansazRvruli saxis
saganmanaTleblo da socialur momsaxurebaze. saganmanaTleblo sferoSi saxelmwi-
fos SeuZlia erTianad akrZalos saojaxo swavleba da kerZo skolebi an akreditaciis
miRebisaTvis aucilebeli iseTi mkacri moTxovnebi daadginos, rom faqtobrivad
SeuZlebeli gaxdeba damoukidebeli religiuri ganaTlebis funqcionireba. rac
Seexeba religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebas, sxvadasxva reJims gansxvavebuli midgoma
aqvs am sakiTxTan. mTeli rigi socialuri da saqvelmoqmedo momsaxurebani (janmrTe-
lobis dacvis saxiT) SesaZloa regulirebuli iqnes iseTi gziT, rac gaarTulebs
religiuri organizaciebis mxridan TavianTi valdebulebebis Sesrulebas mocemul
sferoebSi. `separacia~ Tavis yvelaze arasasurvel formaSi moiTxovs religiis Se-
viwroebas nebismier sferoSi, romlis okupaciasac saxelmwifo moindomebs, Tumca
aTavisuflebs mas saxelmwifos mxridan Tavs moxveuli regulaciebisa da religiur
saqmeebSi Carevisgan.
aragamiznuli gulgriloba. xSirad Cinovnikebi ar ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisgan
ama Tu im qmedebis regulirebas saero da religiur ganzomilebaSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi
samarTliani religiuri adaptaciebi damakmayofileblad moqmedebs amgvari prob-
lemebis mogvarebaze. es regulaciebi Zalze xSirad ar aris ama Tu im religiis sawina-
aRmdegod gamiznuli; maTi avtorebisTvis, SesaZloa, arc ki iyo cnobili religiaze
maTi potenciurad uaryofiTi zegavlena. zogjer aragamiznuli tvirTiT dazara-
lebulebi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs awvdenen xmas TavianTi problemebis Se-
saxeb. aq ki ukve an gonivruli adaptaciis SemuSaveba xdeba, an aragamiznuli gulg-
riloba gadaizrdeba Segnebul devnaSi. aragamiznul gulgrilobas meore mxarec aqvs.
SesaZlebelia is Zalze moqnilad (an mouqnelad) gadaizardos ZiriTadi mimarTu-
lebis an dominanti religiuri jgufebis privilegirebaSi. Zalze iolia im Tanamde-
bobis pirebisaTvis, romlebic ZiriTad religiur jgufebTan muSaoben, naklebi da-
intereseba gamoiCinon mcire jgufebis moTxovnilebebisadmi da maT Sesaxeb disk-
reditaciulad isaubron.
SuRli da Ria devna. tests am sferoSi Seadgens damokidebuleba mcire religi-
uri jgufebisadmi. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi iSviaTad devnian msxvil reli-
giur jgufebs. devna SeiZleba gamoixatos im pirTaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTaSi,
romlebic cdiloben imoqmedon TavianTi gansxvavebuli religiuri mrwamsis Sesaba-
misad. Tumca Tavis yvelaze mwvave formaSi igi moicavs èTnikur wmendas~ an, SesaZ-
loa, genocidsac ki. ufro tipuri problemebi ki am kuTxiT ZiriTadad naklebad
aSkara biurokratiul barierebs moicavs, romlebic religiis Tavisuflebis mniSv-
nelovan Selaxvas iwvevs. es SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc registraciaSi gatarebaze
(samarTlebrivi statusis mimniWebeli registracia) uaris TqmaSi an dayovnebaSi, ise
miwis sakuTari miznebis Sesabamisad gamoyenebisaTvis xelis SeSlaSi.
arsebobs argumentaciis sakmaod didi sivrce imis gadasawyvetad, zemoT moyva-
nili reJimebidan romeli uwyobs maqsimalurad xels religiis Tavisuflebis ganmt-
kicebasa da ganviTarebas. istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom religiis Tavisuf-
lebis maqsimaluri donis miRweva yvelaze metad maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac
eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba gamoixateba adaptaciur an keTilganw-
72
yobil separaciul formaSi. religiis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani done aseve SeiZ-
leba arsebobdes urTierTTanamSromlobiT an mxardaWerili eklesiis reJimebSi, Tu
realurad moqmedebs religiuri Tanasworobis principi. Tumca msgavsi tipis reJi-
mebSi igrZnoba, rom mcire religiuri sazogadoebebi meorexarisxovani statusiT
sargebloben da, Tu saxelmwifo saxsrebiT pirdapiri gziT xorcieldeba ZiriTadi
eklesiebis programebis dafinanseba, religiuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs yo-
velTvis eqnebaT SegrZneba, rom saxelmwifo maT aiZulebs, mxari dauWiron im reli-
giur programebs, romlebsac ar eTanxmebian. rac Seexeba separaciul da adaptaciur
modelebs, adaptacias Tanamedrove wyobaSi aqvs zRvari, romlis miRmac saero saxel-
mwifo moqmedebs sayovelTao keTildReobis sasicocxlo interesebidan gamomdinare.
iq, sadac saxelmwifos gavlena aRwevs socialuri cxovrebis sul ufro met sfero-
ebSi, separaciis meqanikuri moTxovna Zalze iolad gadaizrdeba religiis marginali-
zaciaSi. ufro metic, regulaciebis momravlebasTan erTad izrdeba religiuri
moTxovnilebebis adaptaciisaTvis aucilebeli gamonaklisebis daSvebis moTxovna.
aseT pirobebSi ki reJimi, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs adaptaciis principis cxov-
rebaSi gatarebas, religiis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovnad dabali doniT SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes.
mkacri separaciis mimarTulebis momxreni adaptaciis winaaRmdeg Tanasworobis
principiT operireben. maTi mtkicebiT, religiuri moTxovnilebis adaptacia moqmedi
kanonmdeblobis farglebSi gardauvlad iwvevs religiuri individis an jgufisadmi
gansakuTrebul mopyrobas, rac saxelmwifos neitralobisa da Tanabari dacvis
moTxovnebis darRvevas warmoadgens. msgavsi xedva uyuradRebod tovebs imas, rom
gansxvavebuli mopyroba ar aris aucileblad Tanasworobis normebis darRveva, rode-
sac arsebobs gonivruli safuZveli aseTi diferencirebisaTvis. religiis Tavisuf-
lebis uflebaTa dacva uzrunvelyofs ara marto racionalur safuZvels, aramed
gonivruli adaptaciebis dauZlevad gamarTlebasac. zemoT moyvanil analizSi adap-
taciebis daSveba (an alternatiulad, saxelmwifo miznebis miRwevis procesSi nak-
lebad SemzRudveli saSualebebis gamoyeneba im religiuri praqtikis poziciidan
gamomdinare, romelzedac saxelmwifo axdens zegavlenas) saukeTeso gzas warmoad-
gens imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom religiurad gansxvavebuli pirovnebebis Rirseba
Tanabari pativiscemiT sargeblobdes. gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqoneTa mimarT
damokidebuleba maTi gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT gacilebiT Rrma pitiviscemis
demonstrirebaa, vidre yvelas Tanabrad morgeba prokrustes sarecelze.
kulturulma an istoriulma sxvaobebma SeiZleba aseve gavlena iqonion im midgo-
maze, romelic konkretul qveyanaSi maqsimalurad uwyobs xels religiis Tavisuf-
lebis ganviTarebas. magaliTad, religiuri swavlebis adaptacia SesaZloa gacilebiT
mniSvnelovani iyos iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa germania, sadac skolis sekularizacia
istoriulad religiur devnasTanaa asocirebuli. amis sapirispirod, SeerTebul
StatebSi indoqtrinaciuli stilis swavlebis Setana sajaro skolebSi iqneboda
saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis myarad damkvidrebuli tradiciis dar-
Rveva. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom arsebiTad identuri saxis qme-
debas gansxvavebuli kulturuli mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxva erovnul wyobilebaSi.
amitom aucilebelia, religiis Tavisufleba mgrZnobiare iyos aseTi tipis socialuri
realobebis cvalebadobisadmi.
73
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTdamokidebulebis saxeebis mimoxilva sasar-
gebloa ara mxolod instituciuri konfiguraciebis sxvadasxva tipebis Sedarebis,
aramed calkeuli reJimebis instituciuri perspeqtivebis gansazRvrisaTvis. gansxva-
vebuli SesaZlo konfiguraciebis erTad Tavmoyra iZleva SesaZleblobas, amocno-
bili iqnes is gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac erTi tipis reJimi, romelic gamiznulia,
xeli Seuwyos religiis Tavisuflebis zrdas, SesaZloa TandaTanobiT gadaizardos
umciresobaTa SeviwroebaSi an, zogadad, religiis devnaSi. samwuxarod, vinaidan re-
ligiuri saxelisuflebo institutebi gavlenisa da prestiJisken miiswrafvian da
radganac adaptaciis miRweva ar aris mxolod susti winaaRmdegobis `biurokratiuli
biliki~, mraval sistemaSi arsebuli tendenciebi arsebiTad scildeba religiis Ta-
visuflebis optimalur pativiscemas. es niSnavs, rom aucilebelia sifxizle, xolo
samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba am tendenci-
ebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevis TvalsazrisiT.
74
SeniSvnebi
1
erT-erTi aseTi saqme adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
sasamarTlomac ganixila. Riera Blume and others v. Spain,
Eur. Ct. H.R., 9 marti, 1999. saqmeSi mopasuxes warmoadgenda
espaneTis saxelmwifo, romelmac neba darTo mSoblebs,
iZulebiT daekavebinaT kultis mimdevari Svilebi,
radikaluri religiuri mimdinareobis zegavlenisagan
maTi gaTavisuflebis mizniT. sasamarTlom adamianis
uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-5 muxli specialur
normad (lex specialis) miiCnia da daadgina, rom espaneTis
qmedeba am muxlis pirveli nawilis (romelic krZalavs
Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTas) darRvevas
warmoadgenda. sasamarTlom saWirod aRar CaTvala
me-9 muxlis (religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba)
safuZvelze saqmis ganxilva.
2
W. H. Abbot, trans., The Documents of Vatican (New York,
1966).
3
Jacques Maritain, The Rights of Man and Natural Law (New
York, 1943).
4
saxareba maTesi 5:44.
5
saxareba ioanesi 18:36.
6
7
Lactantius, De divinis institutionibus.
8
saxareba lukasi 14:23.
9
saxareba markozisa 12:17.
10
mociqulTa saqme 5:29.
11
eklesiis Tavisufleba (laT.).
12
Maritain, The Rights of Man.
13
Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (1950).
14
Michael Villey, La Formation de la pensee juridique moderne.
15
R. L. Benson, The Bishop-Elect: A Study in Medieval
Ecclesiastical Office.
16
Commentaria Innocentii ... super quinque libros decretalium.
17
Brian Tierney, “Aristotle and the American Indians-Again”,
Cristianesimo nella storia 12 (1991).
18
Thomas Carlyle, “On History”, in Critical and Miscellaneous
Essays: Collected and Republished (London, 1872).
75
19
W. Abbott, ed., The Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell (Cambridge, MA, 1937-47).
20
J. N. Figgis, Churches in the Modern Srtate (London, 1913).
21
Thomas Edwards, Antapologia (London, 1641).
22
Sebastian Castellio, On Heretics, Roland H. Bainton, trans. (New York, 1935).
23
Jean Bodin, Six Books of the Commonwealth, M. J. Tooley, trans. (Oxford, 1955).
24
Castellio, On Heretics, 123; Pierre Bayle’s Philosophical Commentary, A.G. Tannenbaum, trans.
(New York).
25
Williams, “Bloudy Tenet”, in id., Complete Writing, 3:219.
26
W. B. Haller, Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution, 1638-47 (New York, 1934).
27
John Milton, Milton: Areopagitica, J. W. Hales, ed. (Oxford, 1904).
28
Woodhaouse, Puritanism and Liberty.
29
“An Agreement of Free People”, in W.B. Haller and G.Davies, ads., The Leveller Tracts, 1647-1653.
30
Williams, Writings.
31
Haller, Liberty and Reformation.
32
Haller, Tracts of Liberty.
33
Jordan. Toleration.
34
M. Searle Bates, Religious Liberty: An Inquiry (New York, 1945), 297, quoting William Penn,
England’s Present Interest Discovered (London, 1679).
35
Gilbert Burnet, History of My Own Times.
36
John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration.
37
Bayle, Philosophical Commentary.
38
“A Theologico-Political Treatise”, in R.H.M. Elwes, ed., The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza,
2 vols. (London, 1883).
39
Rig Veda Book 1, Hymn 164:46.
40
Srimad Bhagavatam 11:15.
41
S. Radhakrishnan, Religion in a Changign World (London, 1967).
42
Digha Nikaya 1:3.
43
Sutta Nipata 798.
44
Majjhima Nikaya 2:176.
45
Michi-no-Shiori.
46
Sutrakritanga 11:50.
47
Acarangasutra 5:113.
48
I Ching, 2:5.
49
Genesis 12:3.
50
malaqia winaswarmetyveli 1:11
51
Tosefta Sanhedrin, 13.2.
52
M. Sanhedrin, 4:5.
53
leviaTani (19:33-4).
54
mociqulTa saqme 14:17.
55
56
mociqulTa saqme 10:34,35.
57
pavle mociqulis epistoleni, romaelTa mimarT 2:11.
58
pavle mociqulis epistoleni, meore korinTelTa mimarT 3:17.
59
maTes saxareba 19:21,22.
60
ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadeba (apokalifsi) 3:20.
61
yurani 2:256.
62
yurani 18:28.
63
yurani 6:108.
76
64
yurani 10:99,100. sxva Targmanis mixedviT winadadeba mTavrdeba Semdegnairad: “mainc
daaZaleb kacobriobas Tavisi nebis sawinaaRmdegod irwmunos?”.
65
M.A. MacAuliffe, The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings, and Anthems, 1:328.
66
Hubert Müller, Religion and Freedom in the Modern World (1963).
67
Tertullian, Ad Scapulam, 2, in Migne, Patrologia Latina, 1:699.
68
Athanasius, Divina Instituta, 2, in Migne, Patrologia Latina, 6:1061.
69
Lactantius, Divina Instituta, 54, in Migne, Patrologia Latina, 6:516.
70
Marselius, Defencor Pacis, Alan Gewirth, trans. (New York, 1956).
71
72
Desiderius Erasmus, Opus epistolarum, 5:11.
73
Balthasar Hubmier, Theologian of Anabaptizm.
74
Thomas Helwys, A Short Declaration of the Mistery of Iniquity.
75
Leonard Busher, Religious Peace or Plea for Liberty of Conscience.
76
“gancxadeba religiis Tavisuflebaze”, delis moxseneba, eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos
mesame asamblea, 1961.
77
Augustin Leonard, Freedom of Faith and Civil Toleration.
78
A.F. Carrillo de Albornoz, The Basis of Religious Liberty (New York, 1963).
79
Albert Hartmann, Toleranz and christlicher Glaube (Frankfurt am Main, 1955).
80
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos pirveli asamblea, amsterdami, 1948.
81
“De Liberate Religiosa”, in Documents of Vatican.
82
Franklin H. Littell, The Free Church (Boston, 1957).
83
Baruch Spinoza, Tractatus-Teologica-Politicus (1670).
84
Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1940).
85
Henry David Thoreau, “Essay on Civil Disobedience”.
86
87
88
Leo Pfeffer, Church, State, and Freedom (Boston, 1967).
89
Roger Williams, The Bloody Tenet of Persecution i (1644).
90
Roger Williams, The Bloody Tenet of Persecution i (1644).
91
Jhon Lock, Two Treaties of government (1989).
92
Watson v. Jones, 669 (1872).
93
aRmosavleT aziis konferencia, bangkoki, 1949.
94
“Statement on religious Liberty”, in Minutes and Reports, Central Committee of the World Council
of Churches (Chichester, 1949).
95
Albornoz, The Basis of Religious Liberty.
96
Visser’t Hooft, ed., The First Assembly of the World Council of Churches.
97
“A Declaration on Religious Freedom”, in Document of Vatican.
98
Bates, Religious Freedom, “A review of the fortyseven writers of the more important treaties on
international law”.
99
ruseTis federaciis konstituciis me-14, me-19, 28-e, 29-e, 55-e, 56-e muxlebi (1993);
bulgareTis konstituciis me-6, me-13 da 37-e muxlebi (1991); sloveniis konstituciis
me-7, me-14 da 41-e muxlebi (1991).
100
meqsikis konstituciaSi Sesuli SesworebebiT akrZalul iqna religiis damwesebeli da
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli kanonebis miReba; religiur gaerTianebebs
mieniWa samarTlebrivi statusi da qonebis SeZenisa da gankargvis ufleba; arameqsikel
sasuliero pirebs qveynis teritoriaze Semosvlis neba daerToT; aRdga meqsikel
RvTismsaxurTa ufleba arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebaze; legalizebul iqna samrevlo
skolebi da berebis ordeni; aseve nebadarTul iqna RvTismsaxureba saeklesio Senoba-
nagebobebis gareT.
77
101
Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations”, Foreign Affairs 72 (1993).
102
James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to define America (New York, 1991).
103
John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (First Published in 1689; cited edition: Bufalo, NY, 1990).
104
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, me-18 muxli; adamianis uflebaTa da
valdebulebaTa amerikuli deklaracia, me-3 muxli; gaeros deklaracia religiisa da
rwmenis niadagze Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
Taobaze.
105
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, me-18 muxli; adamianis
uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konvencia, me-9 muxli;
adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia.
106
enciklika — romis papis mimarTva, werili yvela kaTolikesadmi politikis, religiis,
moralis da misT. sakiTxebze.
107
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos pirveli asamblea, “Declaration on Religious Liberty”, amsterdami,
4 seqtemberi, 1948; eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos mesame asamblea, “Statement on Religious
Liberty”, deli, 5 dekemberi, 1961; eklesiaTa saerTaSoriso saqmeebis komisiis
aRmasrulebeli komiteti, meoce aRmasrulebeli komiteti, eklesiaTa msofilio sabWo,
“Human Rights and Religious Liberty”, Jeneva, 12 ivlisi, 1965.
108
aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad: `kongresi ar miiRebs religiis
damwesebel an aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis SemzRudvel kanons~.
109
bolivia, kosta-rika, panama, paragvai, espaneTi da a. S.
110
aq, peiotis (kanoniT akrZaluli narkotikuli saSualeba) moxmareba nebadarTuli iqna
indieli amerikelebis mier sakraluri miznebisaTvis; federaluri kanonmdeblobiT
religiuri organizaciebi gaTavisuflebulni arian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan.
111
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT aikrZala qristes
Sobis scenis amsaxveli skulpturis demonstrireba saolqo sasamarTloSi. County of
Allegheny v. Aclu, Greater Pitsburg Chapter; Chabad v. ACLU, Greater Pittsburg Chapter;City of
Pittsburg v. ACLU, Greater Pittsburg Chapter, 492 U.S. 573 (1989).
112
Tumca arsebobs gansxvavebuli midgomebic: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT sasuliero pirebis mier politikuri Tanamdebobis
dakavebaze arsebuli Statis konstituciuri debuleba ewinaaRmdegeboda federaluri
konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas. McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618 (1978). SeerTebul
Statebze naklebad separaciuli laTinuri amerikis ramdenime qveyanaSi sasuliero
pirebi ar daiSvebian arCeviT maRal Tanamdebobebze, mag. argentinaSi, boliviaSi,
salvadorSi, gvatemalasa da panamaSi.
78
religiisa da
rwmenis Tavisufleba
adamianis uflebaTa
da fundamentur
TavisuflebaTa
dacvis evropis
konvenciis
safuZvelze meore Tavi
79
80
Sesavali
azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba,

savaraudod, adamianis yvelaze Zvirfas
uflebaTagania da misi realobad qceva
dRevandeli dRis imperatiul aucileblobas
warmoadgens nebismieri individisaTvis,
miuxedavad misi religiisa an rwmenisa, statusisa
Tu sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa.
am uflebiT sargeblobis survilma daamtkica,
rom is erT-erT yvelaze mZlavr da gadamdeb
politikur Zalas warmoadgens, rac ki msoflios
odesme uxilavs. Tumca misi sruli realizacia
SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod maSin, roca moxdeba
im represiuli qmedebebis gamovlena, Seswavla,
gaazreba da aRkveTa kooperatiuli meTodebiT,
romlebiTac igi SezRudulia bevrgan da roca
am umTavresi Tavisuflebis gafarToebisaTvis
aucilebeli meTodebisa da saSualebebis
realizeba moxdeba rogorc saerTaSoriso,
ise erovnul doneze.
arkot kriSnasvami1
religia da rwmena saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi disku-

siis sagani iyo evropaSi. romis imperiis epoqidan moyo-
lebuli, umciresobebi idevnebodnen religiisa Tu
rwmenis niadagze. wameba da mkvleloba eretikosebisa
da aramorwmuneTa mimarT mopyrobis ordinarul gzebs
warmoadgenda, xolo XX saukuneSi kontinenturi evro-
pa ebraeli xalxis genocidis mcdelobis momswre gaxda.
omi yofil iugoslaviaSi2 imis Sexsenebaa, rom, dResac
ki, adamianebs xelewifebaT religiur niadagze usasti-
kesi qmedebebis Cadena sxvaTa winaaRmdeg. Tumca droTa
ganmavlobaSi evropelma xalxebma dainaxes religiuri
Semwynareblobis aucilebloba da daiwyes religiisa da
rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacvaze zrunva.
81
wignis es Tavi Seexeba evropaSi religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacvis erT
formas, adamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis kon-
vencias. am konvenciaSi Camoyalibebulia rogorc uflebebi, romlebiTac aRWurvilni
arian xelSemkvreli mxareebis iurisdiqciis qveS myofi pirebi, ise am uflebaTa dacvis
meqanizmebi. mravali avtorisa Tu mecnieris mier es konvencia aris miCneuli ada-
mianis uflebaTa sferoSi SemuSavebul yvelaze efeqtur saerTaSoriso aqtad. or-
ganoebma, romlebic uflebamosilni arian, ganixilon saqmeebi konvenciis safuZvel-
ze, ganaviTares farTo precedentuli samarTali religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufle-
bis kompleqsur da sakamaTo sakiTxebze.
wignis am TavSi mocemulia religiis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli konvenciis
muxlebis detaluri gamokvleva da maT safuZvelze ganviTarebuli precedentuli
samarTlis kritikuli analizi.
am nawilSi mocemuli masalebis or ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens konvenciis travaux
preparatoires3 da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisiisa da sasamarTlos mier ganxi-
luli saqmeebi religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebaze. ra Tqma unda, mraval qveyanaSi
arsebobs farTo precedentuli samarTali religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebaze,
magram winamdebare Tavi ar isaxavs miznad nebismieri saxelmwifos an saerTaSoriso
organizaciis poziciis yovlismomcvel analizs. miuxedavad amisa, calkeul Temebze
moyvanilia konvenciis precedentuli samarTlis Sedareba sxva sasamarTloebisa da
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis organoebis praqtikasTan (ZiriTadad igulisxmeba gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis patronaJiT dafuZnebuli organoebi da aSS-s uze-
naesi sasamarTlo).
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb evropis

konvenciis ZiriTadi debulebebis mimoxilva
konvenciis nebismieri interpretacia misi debulebebis ganmartebiT unda daiwyos.

konvencia Seicavs religiisa da rwmenis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul sam ZiriTad
da ramdenime sxva muxls, romelTa gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia religiis Tavisufle-
bis dasacavad, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi ZiriTadi mizani ar aris pirdapir kavSirSi
religiasTan. religiis Tavisuflebis mimarT konvenciis yvelaze mniSvnelovan de-
bulebas warmoadgens me-9 muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac:
yvelas aqvs azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba; es ufleba moicavs
religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas da, aseve, adamianis
Tavisuflebas marto an sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan erTad da sajarod
an kerZod gamoxatos Tavisi religia da rwmena RvTismsaxurebiT,
swavlebiT, ritualebis SesrulebiT an wes-Cveulebebis dacviT.
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros
mxolod kanoniT gansazRvrul SezRudvebs, romlebic aucilebelia
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebidan
gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobis, moralis, an
sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvisaTvis.
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis mniSvnelovan meore debulebas
warmoadgens konvenciis me-14 muxli, romelic adgens konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul
uflebaTa dacvas religiur an sxva niadagze yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe. am
muxlis Tanaxmad:
82
konvenciaSi mocemuli uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT sargebloba
uzrunvelyofili iqneba nebismier safuZvelze yovelgvari diskriminaciis
gareSe, sqesis, rasis, kanis feris, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu
sxva Sexedulebis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmoSobis, umciresobisadmi
kuTvnilebis, sakuTrebis, dabadebisa Tu sxva statusis miuxedavad.
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovan dacvas uzrunvelyofs konven-
ciis kidev erTi debuleba, kerZod, pirveli oqmis meore muxli, romlis mixedviT:
aravis ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas ganaTlebis miRebaze. saxelmwifom,
nebismieri funqciis Sesrulebisas, romelsac igi Tavis Tavze iRebs
ganaTlebisa da swavlebis dargSi, pativi unda sces mSoblebis uflebas,
uzrunvelyon iseTi ganaTleba da swavla Tavisi SvilebisaTvis romelic
SesabamisobaSi iqneba maT religiur da filosofiur mrwamsTan.
konvenciis es muxli yvelaze sakamaTo aRmoCnda da damoukidebel oqmSi Seitanes,
vinaidan mis teqstze ZiriTadi dokumentis xelmoweris droisaTvis SeTanxmeba ver
iqna miRweuli.
konvencia Seicavs sxva muxlebsac, romelTa gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia religiisa
da rwmenis Tavisuflebis calkeuli aspeqtebis dacvisaTvis, am uflebasTan pirdapi-
ri kavSiris ararsebobis miuxedavad. aRniSnuli muxlebis CamonaTvali moicavs me-8
(piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba), me-10 (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba)
da me-11 muxlebs (mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisufleba). aSkaraa sxvadasxva muxlebis
gadakveTis potenciuri SesaZlebloba. jgufs, romelsac religiuri procesiis or-
ganizeba surs, SeuZlia waradginos Tavisi saCivari, rogorc religiis Tavisuflebis,
ise Sekrebis Tavisuflebis safuZvelze.4 garda amisa, pirs, romelic iTxovs religi-
uri sityviT gamosvlas, SeuZlia daeyrdnos gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis zogad uflebas,
iseve, rogorc religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis specifikur Tavisuflebas.5 religi-
uri devnis iseTi mcdeloba, rogoricaa adamianTa wameba an maTTvis Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa religiis an rwmenis Secvlis iZulebis mizniT, aseve iqneba safuZveli saCiv-
rebisa konvenciis sxvadasxva muxlebze dayrdnobiT.6
sawyis etapze adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo da komisia damoukideb-
lad ganixilavdnen im muxlebs, romlebsac eyrdnoboda esa Tu is saCivari. magaliTad,
saqmeSi erousmiti gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,7 sadac pacifisti msjavrde-
buli iqna lifletebis garcelebisaTvis, romlebiTac samxedro mosamsaxureebs mo-
uwodebda, uari eTqvaT staJirebaze CrdiloeT irlandiaSi. momCivnis moTxovna
ganixiles cal-calke, orive (me-9 da me-10) muxlis mixedviT. msgavsi midgomis po-
tenciuri mniSvneloba SeiZleba danaxuli iqnes mosamarTle opsalis gadawyvetile-
baSi, romlis Tanaxmadac gaerTianebuli samefos qmedebebiT me-10 muxli dairRva,
Tumca ar momxdara me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis xelyofa. miuxedavad
amisa, xSirad sasamarTlo da komisia wyvetda, rom esa Tu is muxli warmoadgens sa-
Civris lex specialis8 da Sesabamisad xdeboda sxva muxlebidan gamomdinare sakiTxebis
ignorireba.9 magaliTad, saqmeSi riera blumi da sxvebi espaneTis winaaRmdeg10 sasa-
marTlom daadgina, rom espaneTis mxridan mSoblebisaTvis nebis darTva, iZulebiT
daekavebinaT TavianTi Svilebi (romlebic kultis wevrebi iyvnen) maTi religiuri
mrwamsis Secvlis mizniT, warmoadgenda konvenciis me-5 muxlis pirveli nawilis dar-
Rvevas (es muxli Seexeba Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTas) da, Sesabamisad, miiCnia,
83
rom aRar iyo saWiro imis garkveva, hqonda Tu ara adgili me-9 muxlis darRvevasac.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovani winsvla iyo religiis Tavi-
suflebis dacvis sferoSi, sasamarTlom airCia arapirdapiri gza da kultis wevrebze
gaavrcela konvenciis dacva, ise rom Tavidan airida rTuli, Tumca mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebi, romelTa gamokvlevac aucilebeli gaxdeboda momCivnebis im argumentTa
ganxilvisas, romlebic religiis Tavisuflebaze iyo dafuZnebuli. mravali momCivani
Tavis saCivars konvenciis muxlebis did raodenobas ukavSirebs da sasamarTlos
mxridan marTlac keTilgonivruli praqtikaa, fokusireba moaxdinos mxolod yvela-
ze mniSvnelovan moTxovnebze. Tumca lex specialis doqtrinis Zalze farTo gamoyenebam
SesaZloa Seusabamod SezRudos sasamarTlos mier gansaxilveli sakiTxebis nusxa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis Tavisuflebis dacva SesaZlebelia konvenciis sxva
muxlebis safuZvelze, wignis es Tavi koncentrirebulia me-9 muxlis mimoxilvaze.
me-14 muxlidan gamomdinare diskriminaciul sakiTxebs SevexebiT mxolod imdenad,
ramdenadac es me-9 muxlisaTvis aris relevanturi. pirveli oqmis meore muxli kom-
pleqsuri xasiaTisaa da didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakiTxebis farTo speqtrisaTvis, ro-
melTa umravlesobac mxolod zedapirulad aris dakavSirebuli religiisa da rwme-
nis TavisuflebasTan. miuxedavad amisa, ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli saq-
meebi marTlac relevanturia am dargSi religiisa da rwmenis TavisuflebisaTvis da
xSirad momCivanTa moTxovna aRniSnul sferoSi swored me-9 muxls efuZneba. Sesa-
bamisad, am TavSi mimoxiluli iqneba mxolod mocemuli tipis saqmeebi. rac Seexeba
sxva muxlebze dafuZnebul saCivrebs, maT mxolod im donemde SevexebiT, rac sakma-
risia religiis TavisuflebasTan pirdapir dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gamosakvle-
vad.
adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo da komisia
preambulis Tanaxmad, konvenciis erT-erT ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens `pirveli

nabijis gadadgma sayovelTao deklaraciaSi gacxadebuli gansazRvruli uflebebis
cxovrebaSi koleqtiurad gatarebisaTvis~. konvenciis safuZvelze Seiqmna adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli komisia11 da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo,12 xel-
Semkvrel mxareTa mier àRebul valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis miz-
niT~.13 1998 wlis pirvel noembramde, sanam me-11 oqmis14 mixedviT Seicvleboda kon-
venciis safuZvelze saCivrebis miRebis sistema, es ori organo asrulebda ZiriTad
rols konvenciiT ganmtkicebuli uflebebis darRvevis arsebobis Taobaze gadawy-
vetilebaTa miRebis sferoSi. aqedan gamomdinare, me-9 muxlis qvemdebare preceden-
tuli samarTlis didi nawili Zveli sistemis safuZvelze iqna gadawyvetili.
evropuli komisiis procedura
1998 wlis pirvel noembramde komisias SeeZlo saCivrebis miReba `nebismieri piris,
arasamTavrobo organizaciis an individebis jgufis mxridan, romlebic Tavs erT-erTi
xelSemkvreli mxaris mier konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis darRvevis msxverp-
lad acxadebdnen~.15 komisia uflebamosili iyo, ar mieRo saCivari, Tuki ar iyo amowu-
ruli saxelmwifos qmedebis gasaCivrebis yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualeba,16 sa-
Civari anonimur xasiaTs atarebda an arsebiTad imave sakiTxs warmoadgenda, romelic
84
ukve gamokvleuli iqna komisiis an sxva saerTaSoriso sagamoZiebo struqturis mier.17
aRniSnuli uflebamosileba ar aris dakavSirebuli raime gansakuTrebul sakiTxTan
religiis Tavisuflebis konteqstSi. Tumca 27-e muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze
komisia uflebamosili iyo, aseve dauSveblad mieCnia is saCivari, `romelic Seusabamoa
konvenciis moqmed debulebebTan, aSkarad dausabuTebelia an peticiiT mimarTvis uf-
lebis borotad gamoyenebas warmoadgens~. saCivris aSkarad dausabuTeblad miCnevis
ufleba komisias nebas rTavda, gamartivebuli wesiT uareyo ara marto is saCivrebi,
romlebic procedurulad iyo dauSvebeli, aramed isinic, romlebic ganwiruli iyo
warumateblobisaTvis ukve arsebiTi ganxilvis stadiaze. es ki komisias saSualebas
aZlevda, gamoerCia uimedo da susti saCivrebi procedurebis daCqarebisa da usafuZv-
lo moTxovnebze drois dakargvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu komisia daadgenda, rom saCivari dasaSvebi iyo, is SemdgomSi
ukve cdilobda megobruli SeTanxmebis miRwevas mxareebs Soris18 da, unda aRiniSnos,
rom religiis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul ramdenime saqmeSi miRweuli iqna
amgvari tipis morigeba.19 Tuki SeTanxmeba ver iqneboda miRweuli, komisia adgenda
moxsenebas, sadac ayalibebda saqmeSi arsebul faqtebsa da Tavis pozicias konvenciis
debulebebis darRvevis arsebobis Taobaze.20 vinaidan komisia ar warmoadgenda sasa-
marTlo organos, misi moxseneba ar atarebda savaldebulo xasiaTs saxelmwifoebi-
saTvis, Tumca sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi saqme gansaxilvelad gadaecemoda ministrTa
komitets an sasamarTlos.21 ministrTa komitetis gadawyvetileba konvenciis darR-
vevis Taobaze savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebda saxelmwifoebisaTvis, Tumca, vinaidan
komiteti, ZiriTadad, politikuri organo iyo da ar gadauxvevia komisiis pozici-
idan me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeTa mimarT, misi praqtikis mimoxilva irelevantu-
ria amave muxlis interpretaciis miznebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, ministrTa ko-
mitets aRar SevexebiT.
evropuli sasamarTlos procedura
Tavdapirvelad mxolod komisia da Sesabamisi saxelmwifoebi flobdnen sasamarT-

losaTvis mimarTvis uflebamosilebas.22 aqedan gamomdinare, miRebuli gadawyveti-
lebiT ukmayofilo Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi damokidebulni iyvnen komisiaze an Ta-
vis mSobliur saxelmwifoze. me-9 oqmis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda momCivnis mier
sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva, Tumca sasamarTlos Semadgenlobas mieniWa uflebamo-
sileba, gamoekvlia msgavsi saCivrebi, raTa darwmunebuliyo, rom isini `konvenciis
interpretaciasTan an mis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs Se-
exeboda~.23 amis Semdeg sasamarTlos hqonda ufleba, gamoetana saboloo gadawyveti-
leba24 saxelmwifos mier konvenciis safuZvelze aRebuli valdebulebebis darRvevis
da dazaralebuli mxarisaTvis `samarTliani dakmayofilebis~ miniWebis Taobaze.25
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba savaldebulo iyo xelSemkvreli mxareebisaTvis26 da misi
Sesruleba umaRles valdebulebas warmoadgenda.
evropuli komisiis gauqmeba da sxva cvlilebebi me-11 oqmis safuZvelze
miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli sawyisi sistema

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis yvelaze warmatebul saerTaSoriso reJims warmoadgenda,
85
garkveulwilad igi Tavisive warmatebis msxverplad iqca. wardgenili saCivrebis ra-
odenoba imdenad swrafad izrdeboda, rom xSirad mravali weli gadioda, sanam saqme
komisiamde miaRwevda. procedurebis daCqarebisa da ufro sasamarTlo, vidre poli-
tikuri sistemis Seqmnis mizniT, SemuSavebuli iqna me-11 oqmi.27 me-11 oqmis SemoRe-
bis umTavres mizans warmoadgenda komisiis gauqmeba, ministrTa komitetis rolis
Semcireba da iseTi axali sasamarTlos dafuZneba, romelic SeZlebda SedarebiT
mcire palatebis saSualebiT saqmeTa gacilebiT didi raodenobis ganxilvas.
me-11 oqmis mixedviT, sasamarTlo plenumi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval mo-
samarTleTa raodenoba xelSemkvreli mxareebis raodenobis Sesabamisia, mxolod iseT
administraciul sakiTxebs wyvets, rogorebicaa prezidentisa da vice _ prezi-
dentebis arCeva, anda sasamarTlos reglamentis miReba.28 Sesabamisad, saqmeTa mos-
mena xdeba sasamarTlos SedarebiT mcire qvedanayofebSi. sami mosamarTlisagan Sem-
dgar komitetebs xmebis erTsulovnebiT saCivris dauSveblad gamocxadebis ufleba-
mosileba aqvT.29 Tuki aseTi gadawyvetileba ar iqneba miRebuli, dasaSvebobis Taobaze
gadawyvetilebas miiRebs Svidi mosamarTlisagan Semdgari palata, romelic aseve
arsebiTad ganixilavs saqmeebs.30 Tuki palata miiCnevs, rom misi ganxilvis qveS myofi
saqme warmoqmnis konvenciis interpretirebasTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan sakiT-
xebs, mas SeuZlia iurisdiqcia gadasces Cvidmeti mosamarTlisagan Semdgar did pa-
latas.31 didi palata aseve uflebmosilia, erT-erTi mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze
ganixilos palatebis mier ukve gadawyvetili saqmeebi, Tuki CaTvlis, rom saqme exeba
konvenciis interpretirebasTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.32
saCivris dasaSveboba
komisiis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes funqcias warmoadgenda konvenciis safuZvel-

ze warmodgenili saCivrebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxis gadawyveta. miuxedavad amisa, wi-
namdebare TavSi ar iqneba ganxiluli saCivrebis dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebuli
calkeuli SemTxvevebi. magaliTad, komisias SeeZlo uareyo saCivari warmodgenil
mtkicebulebaTa ukmarisobis33 an dacvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualebebis bolom-
de gamouyeneblobis34 safuZvelze. garda amisa, calkeul saqmeebSi, sadac momCivnebma,
romlebic me-9 muxlis darRvevas amtkicebdnen, ver SeZles xelisuflebisagan maTi
religiuri valdebulebebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli saSualebebis gamoTxo-
vis,35 aseve xelisuflebis mxridan religiis Tavisuflebaze maTi uflebis xelmyofi
qmedebis damtkiceba. erT-erT saqmeSi ebraeli patimari amtkicebda, rom mas ar aZlev-
dnen koSeruli sakvebis miRebis SesaZleblobas, Tumca cixis administraciam warmo-
adgina imis mtkicebuleba, rom msgavsi sakvebi xelmisawvdomi iyo da rom TviT ebra-
uli saTvistomos warmomadgenlebTanac ki ganxorcielda konsultacia maTi Tana-
moZme patimris dietasTan dakavSirebiT.36 sxva saqmeSi momCivanma ar daakmayofila
komisiis ramdenjerme gameorebuli moTxovna saqmesTan dakavSirebiT damatebiTi in-
formaciis warmodgenis Taobaze da, Sedegad, misi saCivari dauSveblad iqna miCne-
uli.37 msgavsi tipis saqmeebs komisia Zalze operatiuli wesiT umklavdeboda. isini
zogadi bunebisaa da, Sesabamisad, naklebad mniSvnelovania me-9 muxlis mimarT komi-
siisa da sasamarTlos midgomis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT.
miuxedavad xsenebuli saCivrebis gamartivebuli wesiT uaryofisa, isini garkveul
analizs imsaxureben. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is saCivrebi, rom-
86
lebic dauSveblad iqna cnobili aSkara dausabuTeblobis niadagze, vinaidan is, rom
komisiam ver SeZlo saTanado seriozulobis gamoCena xsenebuli tipis saCivrebisadmi,
naTlad cxadyofs mis konservatiul midgomas me-9 muxlisadmi. garda amisa, sasamarT-
los calkeuli wevrebis mtkicebiT, saCivris dauSveblad cnobis teqnikuri safuZv-
lebi (mag. dacvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualebebis srulad gamouyenebloba) sa-
samarTlos rTuli da sakamaTo sferoebis ganxilvisaTvis Tavis aridebis mizniTac
gamouyenebia.38 am TavSi ganxilulia mxolod is SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs mtki-
cebuleba sasamarTlosa da komisiis mier msgavsi teqnikuri safuZvlebis xsenebuli
miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis Taobaze.
saproceso uflebamosileba
dasaSvebobis teqnikur sferos, sadac yvelaze xSirad wamoWrila religiis Tavi-

suflebisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, miekuTvneba saproceso uflebamosileba.
konvenciis 39-e muxlis mixedviT, sasamarTlo komitets SeuZlia miiRos `nebismieri
piris, arasamTavrobo organizaciisa da individebis jgufis saCivari, romlebic Tavs...
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli erT-erTi uflebis darRvevis msxverplad acxadeben~.
amis Sesabamisad, komisiac regularulad ismenda calkeuli individebisa Tu jgufur
saCivrebs me-9 muxlis safuZvelze.
eklesiebi da sxva religiuri organizaciebi
eklesiebis saproceso uflebamosileba Zalze problemur sakiTxs warmoadgenda

komisiisaTvis. rogorc wesi, komisiis gadawyvetilebaTa mixedviT eklesiebs da sxva
religiur organizaciebs ar hqondaT saCivris wardgenis ufleba me-9 an pirveli
oqmis meore muxlis safuZvelze. religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba hqondaT ekle-
siis mimdevrebs da ara TviT am religiur organizaciebs. saqmeSi eklesia X gaerTi-
anebuli samefos winaaRmdeg39 gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobam ganacxada, rom gan-
sazRvruli jgufi an `kulti~ sazogadoebisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgenda. mTavrobam
marTlac operatiul da farTomasStabian zomebs mimarTa eklesiis saqmianobis Sez-
Rudvis mizniT, misTvis registraciis gauqmebis, eklesiaSi muSaobisa da swavlebis
msurvelebis, aseve saerTaSoriso konferenciaSi monawile 800 delegatisaTvis bri-
taneTis sazRvrebis gadakveTaze uaris gacxadebis da jgufis qmedebebis limitire-
bisaTvis gamiznuli sxva RonisZiebebis saxiT. eklesiam, romelic asociacias warmo-
adgenda, saCivari Seitana sakuTari da eklesiis wevrebis saxeliT. komisiam uaryo
saCivari imis safuZvelze, rom `sazogadoebas, romelic warmoadgens iuridiul da
ara fizikur pirs, ar SeuZlia konvenciis me-9 da pirveli oqmis meore muxlebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT sargebloba. man ar gaiTvaliswina is, rom eklesia gar-
kveulwilad gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi komerciuli iuridiuli pirisagan da, SesaZ-
loa, Zalze efeqturi organizaciac iyos religiis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli
debulebebis cxovrebaSi gatarebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac mTav-
roba yvela zomas iRebs religiuri jgufis efeqturobis da ara misi individualuri
wevrebis uflebaTa SezRudvis mizniT.40 komisiis mier identuri gadawyvetileba iqna
miRebuli saqmeSi X SvedeTis winaaRmdeg,41 sadac wina saqmis msgavsi argumentaciis
safuZvelze uaryves SvedeTis evangelistur-luTeranuli eklesiis ufleba, wared-
gina saCivari skolebSi religiur ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT.
87
mogvianebiT komisiam Secvala Tavisi gadawyvetileba, eklesiebisaTvis saproce-
so uflebamosilebis miniWebaze uaris Sesaxeb. saqmeSi X da saientologiis eklesia
SvedeTis winaaRmdeg,42 saCivari iqna Setanili SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, am ukanasknelis
mier akrZaluli eleqtrofsiqometris reklamasTan dakavSirebiT. saientologiis
eklesiis mtkicebiT, meqanizmi gankuTvnili iyo adamianis mentaluri keTildReobis
gansazRvrisaTvis. saCivrebi (me-9 da me10 muxlebis safuZvelze) wardgenili iqna
erToblivad eklesiis winamZRvrisa da TviT eklesiis, rogorc Tavisi wevrebis warmo-
madgenlis mier. Tuki adre komisia uaryofda eklesiebis aseT warmomadgenlobiT
statuss, am saqmeSi man Secvala adrindeli midgoma.
komisia dRes im poziciazea, rom ... gansxvaveba eklesiasa da mis wevrebs
Soris me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis safuZvelze xelovnuri xasiaTisaa.
rodesac eklesia waradgens saCivars me-9 muxlis safuZvelze, realurad
igi amas akeTebs Tavisi wevrebis saxeliT. aqedan gamomdinare, aRiarebuli
unda iqnes, rom eklesiuri tipis organizacias SeuZlia me-9 muxlis
pirveli nawiliT gansazRvruli uflebebis floba da maTi gamoyeneba,
rogorc Tavisi wevrebis warmomadgenels.
komisiam aseve aRiara, rom zogierT eklesias SeuZlia iyos arasamTavrobo orga-
nizacia da, Sesabamisad, hqondes uflebamosileba 25-e muxlis safuZvelze.43 es ga-
cilebiT srulfasovani midgomaa, vinaidan msgavs saqmeTa umravlesobaSi eklesia swo-
red yvelaze Sesaferis organizacias warmoadgens saCivris wardgenisaTvis. Tumca
eklesiis es ufleba warmoebuli xasiaTisaa da efuZneba misi wevrebis uflebaTa er-
Tobliobas, vinaidan sakuTriv eklesias ar SeuZlia aRZras saCivari sakuTari ufle-
bebis darRvevis Taobaze.44 aRsaniSnavia, rom komisiam Tavisi gadawyvetileba gaavr-
cela im asociaciebzec, romlebsac religiuri da filosofiuri miznebi aqvT.45
iuridiuli pirebi
komisiis gadawyvetilebis miuxedavad, romlis Tanaxmadac eklesias, rogorc iuri-

diul pirs, aqvs religiis Tavisuflebis darRvevis Taobaze saCivris wardgenis
ufleba, sindisis Tavisufleba ar aris gamoyenebadi faseuloba sxva tipis iuridiuli
pirebisaTvis.46 komisia erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofda mogebaze orientirebuli iuri-
diuli pirebis uflebas saCivris wardgenaze me-9 muxlis safuZvelze. 1979 wels man
ar miiRo erT-erTi kompaniis saCivari, romlis mixedviTac, momCivnis iZuleba, gada-
exada saeklesio gadasaxadebi, warmoadgenda religiis Tavisuflebaze misi uflebis
darRvevas.47 komisiis gancxadebiT, `SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi komerciuli tipis korporaciaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, ar
SeuZlia arc isargeblos da arc daeyrdnos konvenciis me-9 muxlis pirveli nawiliT
gaTvaliswinebul uflebebs~. komisiam aseve miuTiTa, rom organizacias, romlis da-
fuZnebis mizansac warmoadgens narkotikuli saSualebebisagan reabilitacia, ar ga-
aCnia ufleba me-9 muxlis dacviT sargeblobaze. SedarebiT mogvianebiT ganxilul
saqmeSi, komisiam àr gamoricxa~,48 rom komerciul organizacias, romlis mizansac
filosofiuri rwmenis sajaro gavrceleba warmoadgenda, SeiZleba hqonoda ufle-
bebi me-9 muxlis safuZvelze. komisiam es saqme sxva safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT gadawy-
vita da, Sesabamisad, ar ganuxilavs sakiTxi, Tu ra zomamde ufro filosofiuri an
religiuri unda iyos organizacia, vidre komerciuli.
88
saproceso uflebamosilebasTan dakavSirebuli midgomis cvlileba udavod misa-
salmebelia. im saCivrebis uaryofa, romlebic eklesiebis da ara individebis mier
iyo wardgenili, saSualebas aZlevda komisias, ZiriTadad teqnikuri mizezebis ni-
adagze, Tavi aeridebina calkeuli religiuri jgufebis winaaRmdeg saxelmwifoTa
moqmedebis SemTxvevebis ganxilvisaTvis.49 religiuri jgufebis mimarT sayovelTao
diskriminaciis an mTavrobis mxridan devnis pirobebSi, eklesia an sxva religiuri
organizacia SesaZloa gacilebiT ukeTes viTarebaSi iyos sasamarTlos winaSe warmo-
madgenlobiTi saCivris warsadgenad. am uflebis aRiareba namdvilad gaaZlierebs
daucveli jgufebis poziciebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom komisias religiuri organi-
zaciisaTvis miniWebuli uflebamosileba ar gamouyenebia sistemur diskriminaciasa
da devnasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi CarTvisaTvis, jgufuri saCivre-
bis wardgena, savaraudod, ufro metad iqneba warmatebis momtani am sferoSi, vidre
mxolod erTi momCivnis mier `reprezentaciuli~ saCivris gacxadeba. msgavsi tipis
jgufuri saCivrebis potenciali, SesaZloa, danaxuli iqnes saqmeSi, sadac komisiam
dauSveblad miiCnia saientologiis eklesiis mier wardgenili saCivari (Sidasaxelmwi-
foebrivi resursebis bolomde gamouyeneblobis safuZvliT), romelic germaniis
mxridan misi wevrebis mimarT sistemur devnas Seexeboda. komisiam miuTiTa, rom aseT
saCivrebs SeeZlo wamoeWra me-9 muxlis safuZvelze saxelmwifos mxridan individebis
dacvis pozitiuri valdebulebis Seusruleblobis sakiTxi.50
***
ukanasknel xanebSi sasamarTlos muSaobis moculoba uCveulod gaizrda da, sava-

raudod, asec gagrZeldeba momavalSi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT evropis
sabWos gafarToebas aRmosavleT evropuli saxelmwifoebis xarjze. mas Semdeg, rac
SesaZlebeli gaxda komisiisadmi mimarTva, pirveli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1954-64)
2088 saCivari iqna wardgenili.51 1999 wlis ganmavlobaSi ki 8396 saCivari iqna sasa-
marTlos winaSe aRZruli.52 me-11 oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlis miuxedavad, sasamarTlos sa-
muSao datvirTva saCivrebis dasaSvebobis Taobaze gadawyvetilebebis miRebis kuT-
xiT ar Semcirebula. xsenebuli garemoeba garkveulwilad zewolasac ki axdens sasa-
marTloze, raTa man saCivrebis mniSvnelovani nawili dasaSvebobis stadiazeve uaryos,
vinaidan mas ar gaaCnia aTasobiT saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisaTvis sakmarisi resursi.
rogorc me-9 muxlis konteqstSi iqneba ganxiluli, am viTarebam SeiZleba migviyvanos
saCivrebis uaryofamde sasamarTlos adrindeli gadawyvetilebebis meqanikuri ga-
moyenebiT aSkarad dausabuTeblobis niadagze, gansxvavebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebi-
sa da imis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, ramdenad Sesabamisia sawyisi gadawyvetileba ar-
sebul viTarebasTan.
aRniSnulis garda, saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dros sasamarTlo garkveul Sez-
Rudvebs eqvemdebareba. kerZod, gadawyvetileba gonivrul vadaSi unda iqnes miRe-
buli mosamarTleTa umravlesobis mier. aman, SesaZloa, migviyvanos erTmniSvnelovan
gadawyvetilebaTa Semcirebamde, romlebic nakleb warmodgenas Seqmnian maTi realu-
ri mizezebis Taobaze da adrindeli gadawyvetilebebis nawyvetebis gameorebisken
iqneba midrekili. profesor merilsis Tanaxmad, umravlesobaTa gadawyvetilebebi
ìSviaTad aCvenebs rogorc damajereblobas, ise saukeTeso individualur mosazre-
baTa siRrmiseuli samarTlebrivi analizis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs~. amis gamo cal-
89
keul mosamarTleTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebani SesaZloa ganmartebiT xasiaTs ata-
rebdes, Tumca zemoxsenebuli formulirebis Tanaxmad, isini ar asaxaven sasamarTlos
erTian pozicias. amis msgavsad, profesori merilsi xazs usvams saqmis arsebiTi gan-
xilvis Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mniSvnelobas, romelic amomwuravi sa-
marTlebrivi dasabuTebisa da analizis gziT cxadyofs saqmeSi arsebuli sakiTxebis
gaazrebas. sxvagvarad, misi gancxadebiT, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani `cudad in-
formirebuli an TviTneburi xasiaTis mqoned gamoCndeba, rac sasamarTlosadmi ndo-
bis xelSemwyob faqtors namdvilad ar warmoadgens~. am avtoris mixedviT, miuxedavad
imisa, rom sasamarTlo zogadad cdilobs, srulad daasabuTos Tavisi gadawyveti-
lebani arsebuli sistemiT SeboWvis pirobebSi, zogjer sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-
bani gonivrulad dasabuTebuli ar aris.
es problemebi sistemuria da mxolod me-9 muxlis konteqstSi ar aris aqtualuri.
miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan religiis Tavisufleba yvelaze sakamaTo sferos warmo-
adgens, yvelaze rTuli, SesaZloa, swored aq iyos mosamarTleebs Soris konsensusis
miRweva. miuxedavad religiis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebisadmi naTeli,
Sesabamisi da principuli midgomis SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT praqtikuli sirTu-
leebis arsebobisa, ar mcirdeba sasamarTlos wevrebis valdebuleba, daicvan xel-
Semkvreli saxelmwifoebis iurisdiqciis qveS myofi individebis religiisa da rwme-
nis Tavisufleba. rogorc Semdgom qveTavebSi vixilavT, maT ver SeZles TavianTi
valdebulebis adekvaturad Sesruleba.
90
religiisa
da rwmenis
gansazRvreba
religiisa da rwmenis definicia me-9 muxlis prece-

dentuli samarTlis ganviTarebis umTavresi faqtoria,
Tumca es sakiTxi imdenad sakamaTo sferos miekuTvneba,
rom konsensusi dRemde ver iqna miRweuli am terminis
mniSvnelobis Taobaze. adamianis uflebaTa arc erTi
dokumenti, konvenciis CaTvliT, ar Seicavs religiisa
da rwmenis gansazRvrebas. am sakiTxis Taobaze gaerTi-
anebuli erebis organizaciaSi mimdinare kamaTi Zalze
arTulebs imis mtkicebas, rom am organizaciis ofici-
aluri dokumentebis avtorebs raime saerTo ganzraxva
amoZravebdaT misi gamoyenebisas. magaliTad, mwvave de-
batebis sagnad iqca sakiTxi imis Taobaze, moicavda Tu
ara religiisa da rwmenis definicia aTeizmsa da agnos-
ticizms. am debatebs konkretuli Sedegi ar mohyolia.
arc konvenciis avtorebs gauTvaliswinebiaT terminis
interpretirebasTan dakavSirebuli es problema. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, religiisa da rwmenis gansazRvrebisas
ZiriTadi datvirTva sasamarTlosa da komisiaze iqna
gadatanili.
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, man konvenciis imgvari in-
terpretacia unda moaxdinos, romelic `konvenciis gan-
zraxvisa da misi miznebis Sesabamisia da ar aris mimar-
Tuli xelSemkvreli mxareebis mier aRebuli valdebu-
lebebis maqsimaluri SezRudvisaken~.53 man aseve aRiara
konvenciis iseTi gziT gamoyenebis aucilebloba, ro-
melic uzrunvelyofda am dokumentiT miniWebuli uf-
lebebis `praqtikul da efeqtur~ da ara mxolod `Te-
oriul da iluzorul~ xasiaTs.54
konvenciis me-9 muxli
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawiliT daculia ùfleba

azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebaze~, rwmenis
91
xsenebis gareSe, Tumca amave nawiliT daculia `religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis uf-
leba~. me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis meore segmenti Seexeba adamianis uflebas reli-
giisa da rwmenis manifestaciaze, `RvTismsaxurebiT, swavlebiT, ritualebis Sesrule-
biT an wes-Cveulebebis dacviT~, azrisa da sindisis xsenebis gareSe. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom àzri da sindisi~ garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba `re-
ligiisa da rwmenisagan~, vinaidan me-9 muxlidan gamomdinareobs absoluturi val-
debuleba azrisa da sindisis dacvaze, magram ara ufleba maTi gamoxatvisa.55 amasTana-
ve, sityvebi àzri~ da `sindisi~ Zalze bundovani da rTulad gansasazRvria (SesaZloa
religiasa da rwmenaze metadac). amrigad, arsebobs samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba or kompleqsur da msgavs ideas Soris (àzrsa da sindissa~ da `religiasa da
rwmenas~ Soris). me-9 muxlis teqsti mxolod amgvari gansxvavebis arsebobaze metyve-
lebs, Tumca aseve SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom sasamarTlom ideaTa erTi erToblioba
meoris gansazRvrisTvis unda gamoiyenos. es imas ar niSnavs, rom, magaliTad, sasa-
marTlom religia da rwmena imdenad farTod unda gansazRvros, rom misma definiciam
moicvas yvelaferi is, rac azrisa da sindisis cnebis farglebSi eqceva. rasakvirve-
lia, xsenebuli gansxvavebis principuli Camoyalibeba urTulesi amocanaa, gansakuT-
rebiT, am ideaTa mWidro urTierTkavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT. bevri adamiani Tavis
religiur rwmenas sakuTari sindisis saSualebiT eziareba da, piriqiT, sindisis Ca-
moyalibeba religiuri rwmenis bunebiT aris ganpirobebuli. morwmune adamianisTvis
maT Soris gansxvaveba ar unda iyos didi mniSvnelobis mqone. Tumca sxvaoba me-9
muxlSi iqna formulirebuli da, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebaze unda moaxdinos zegavlena.
me-9 muxlTan dakavSirebul sxva, SedarebiT ufro naklebad problemur sakiTxs
warmoadgens termin `rwmenis~ gamoyeneba am muxlis pirveli nawilis meore segmentSi.
igi srulad moicavs iseT jgufebs, rogorebic arian aTeistebi da agnostikosebi,
da, savaraudod, im jgufebsac, romelTac axasiaTebT garkveuli religiuri elemen-
tebi, Tumca ar eqcevian religiis kategoriis farglebSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki me-9 muxlis
pirveli nawili sakmaod ucnauri Sedegis matarebelia. magaliTad, am muxlis Tanaxmad,
aTeistebs aqvT rwmenis manifestaciis ufleba, Tumca maTi ufleba rwmenis qonaze
ar aris daculi. amgvari anomaliuri situaciidan saukeTeso gamosavali albaT imis
aRiareba iqneba, rom rwmenis kategorias azrisa da sindisis SedarebiT farTo kate-
goriebi moicavs. sasamarTlom da komisiam TavianTi saqmianoba im varaudis safuZvel-
ze warmarTes, romlis Tanaxmadac arsebobs rogorc rwmenis qonis, ise misi manifes-
taciis ufleba, am sakiTxze yovelgvari argumentaciis Camoyalibebis gareSe. miuxeda-
vad amisa, aSkaraa, rom aseTi midgoma savsebiT logikuria mTlianad me-9 muxlis kon-
teqstSi.
rwmenisadmi Sesabamisi midgomis SemuSavebis procesSi sasamarTlos, SesaZloa,
daxmareba teqstis frangulma versiamac gauwia. sayovelTao deklaraciis SemuSave-
bisas Tavdapirelad termini `croyance~ (aRmsarebloba) iqna gamoyenebuli inglisur
termin `belief~-is (rwmena) sinonimad. termin `croyance~-is gamoyeneba religiur
rwmenasTan mWidro kavSirze miuTiTebda. Tumca deklaraciis Semdgom proeqtebSi
igi Canacvlebuli iqna terminiT conviction (mrwamsi), romelic SedarebiT naklebadaa
religiurad orientirebuli da arareligiuri rwmenebis gacilebiT farTo speqtrs
moicavs, vidre croyance. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom, miuxedavad inkluziurobis maRali
92
donisa, srulad arc termin conviction-is gamoyenebam mohfina naTeli me-9 muxlis gan-
sazRvrebidan gamomdinare problemur sakiTxebs.
evropuli sasamarTlosa da komisiis praqtika
zogadi liberaluri midgoma

me-9 muxlis konteqstSi religiisa da rwmenis definiciis Camoyalibebis amocana
ZiriTadad komisiis mier iqna Sesrulebuli. mraval Sidasaxelmwifoebriv sistemaSi,
sadac religiis (zogan rwmenis) Tavisufleba daculia konstituciuri Tu mimdinare
kanonmdeblobis reJimebiT, sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra igulisxmeba religiaSi, didi
kamaTis sagans warmoadgenda.56 komisia zogadad ar Careula aRniSnul kamaTSi. Tumca
arsebobs calkeuli gamonaklisebic. saqmeSi, romelSic individs ar surda, dasafla-
vebuliyo sasaflaoze, sadac saflavebis umravlesoba qristianul simboloebsa da
warwerebs Seicavda, aramed sakuTari gvamis dawva da darCenili ferflis Tavisi qvey-
nis farglebSi mimobneva undoda,57 komisiam aRiara, rom am qmedebis survili `Zlieri
personaluri motivaciiT~ iyo ganpirobebuli, Tumca ar imsaxurebda dacvas me-9
muxlis safuZvelze, vinaidan pirovnebis survili ar gamoxatavda `damajerebel Se-
xedulebas fundamentur problemebze~. aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom raRac
religiad an rwmenad CaiTvalos, aucilebelia arsebobdes garkveuli donis inteleq-
tualuri an moraluri damajerebloba: bundovani survilebi ar aris sakmarisi.
aRniSnuli midgoma sasamarTlom gaimeora saqmeSi kempbeli da kosansi gaerTi-
anebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,58 sadac miuTiTa, rom `mrwamsi~ konvenciis pirveli oqmis
meore muxlis safuZvelze ar aris identuri me-10 muxlSi gamoyenebuli `mosazrebis~
an ìdeebisa~, aramed gacilebiT axlo dgas me-9 muxlSi moyvanil termin `rwmenasTan~.
imisaTvis, rom rwmena gaTanabrebuli iqnes pirveli oqmis meore muxlSi moyvanil
`mrwamsTan~, aucilebelia `miaRweul iqnas garkveuli damajerebloba, seriozulo-
ba, erTianoba da mniSvneloba~. Sesabamisad, am saqmeSi mSoblebis filosofiuri opo-
zicia bavSvebis fizikuri dasjis mimarT, sasamarTlom miakuTvna àdamianuri qcevis
arsebiT aspeqts~, romelsac damajereblobis, seriozulobis, erTianobisa da mniSvne-
lobis saTanado done hqonda, riTac gansxvavdeboda ideebisa da mosazrebebisagan.59
aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT, saqmeSi, sadac mSoblis mier fizikuri dasja gaprotes-
tebuli iqna im motiviT, rom aseTi sasjeli Seusabamo iyo misi Svilis saqcielTan
konkretuli garemoebebis pirobebSi, komisiis mier momCivnis qmedeba ar iqna miCne-
uli iseTad, romelic daakmayofilebda damajereblobis, seriozulobis, erTiano-
bisa da mniSvnelobis savaldebulo dones konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli dacviT sar-
geblobisaTvis.60
unda aRiniSnos, rom zogadad sasamarTlom religiisa da rwmenis gansazRvrebi-
sadmi sakmaod didsulovani migdoma SearCia. saientologTa eklesia aRiarebuli iqna
me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul dacviT sargeblobis uflebis mqoned, im sakiTxebis
ganuxilvelad, romlebic erovnul sasamarTloebs ainteresebda.61 pacifizmi rwmenad
iqna aRiarebuli, maSinac, roca igi garkveul religias ar ukavSirdeba.62 tradiciuli
religiebi da rwmenebi, rogoricaa qristianuli denominaciebi,63 islami,64 induizmi,65
budizmi,66 iudaizmi67 da aTeizmi68 mikuTvnebuli iqna me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilisad-
mi. TviT druidebi69 da RvTiuri naTlis centri70 komisiis mier religiad an rwmenad
93
iqna prezumirebuli da orsave SemTxvevaSi me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze
gadawyda saqme.
politikuri da filosofiuri mrwamsi

rogorc vxedavT, damajereblobisa da seriozulobis garkveuli cudad gansazRv-
ruli donis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnis garda, komisias ar ucdia reli-
giisa da rwmenis formaluri definiciis SemuSaveba. xSir SemTxvevaSi igi ubralod
Tavs aridebda mocemuli sakiTxis ganxilvas da sxvadasxva safuZvelze dayrdnobiT
wyvetda saqmeebs.
konvenciis moqmedebis sawyis etapze saqmeTa Zalze rTuli saxeoba gamoikveTa
faSisturi da nacisturi mrwamsis mimdevarTa konteqstSi. aseTi tipis pirvel saq-
meSi, X avstriis winaaRmdeg,71 momCivani msjavrdebuli iqna neonacisturi qcevis
waqezebis braldebiT (komisiam TiTqmis identur WrilSi gadawyvita sxva, ufro gvian
ganxiluli saqme, romelic faSisturi saqmianobisaTvis individis msjavrdebas Seexe-
boda72 ). misi saCivari ZiriTadad sasamarTlo procesis samarTlianobasa da neona-
cisturi qcevis bundovan gansazRvrebas exeboda. momCivnis mtkicebiT, misi dapatim-
reba me-9 muxlis darRvevas warmoadgenda. komisiam aRiara, rom marTlac hqonda
adgili me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis darRvevas, Tumca iqve miuTiTa, rom avstriis
mTavroba konvenciis safuZvelze uflebamosili iyo, ganesazRvra neonacizmis amkr-
Zalavi kanonebis aucilebloba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi me-9 muxlis meore nawi-
lis safuZvelze.73
es saqme komisiisagan moiTxovda, ganesazRvra, nacizmi rwmena iyo Tu mxolod
azrisa da sindisis cnebis farglebSi eqceoda (an saerTod scildeboda me-9 muxlis
moqmedebis sazRvrebs). komisiam Tavi aarida aseT ganxilvas da pirdapir me-9 muxlis
meore nawilis qvemdebare sakiTxebis mimoxilvaze gadavida. Tumca komisiis qmedebi-
dan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom nacizmi rwmenas warmoadgens, vinaidan
me-9 muxlis meore nawili mxolod religiisa da rwmenis manifestacias Seexeba da ar
gamoiyeneba azrisa da sindisis Tavisuflebis mimarT. Sesabamisad, pirdapir me-9 mux-
lis meore nawilis ganxilvaze gadasvliT komisiam igulisxma, rom nacizmi rwmena
iyo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, irelevanturi iqneboda sakiTxi imis Taobaze, SeiZleba
Tu ara misi SezRudva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. savaraudod, komisia ar gegmavda
mocemul Sedegs, aramed me-9 muxlis meore nawili mxolod imitom gamoiyena, rom
saCivris uaryofis yvelaze iol gzas warmoadgenda. miuxedavad amisa, sxva saqmeSi
komisiam dauSveblad miiCnia komunisturi rwmenis manifestaciaze momCivanTa moT-
xovnebis uaryofa dasaSvebobis stadiaze.74 Tumca aqac detalurad ar ganxilula
rwmenis definicia an misi gansxvaveba azrisa da sindisisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, ar
aris naTeli, garkveuli politikuri mrwamsi eqceva Tu ara `religiisa da rwmenis~
cnebis qveS me-9 muxlis safuZvelze. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom TviT mrwamsTa iseTi
erTobliobani, romlebic Seusabamoa adamianis uflebaTa faseulobebTan, rogori-
caa nacizmi an faSizmi, imsaxurebdes dacvas, rogorc rwmena me-9 muxlis iurispru-
denciis safuZvelze. komisiis mier politikur/eTikurad motivirebuli pacifizmis
rwmenad aRiareba faqtobrivad filosofiuri da, SesaZloa, politikuri mrwamsebis
farTo speqtris me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli rwmenis definiciis farglebSi Tav-
moyris SesaZleblobas gulisxmobdes.75
94
individualizebuli religia da rwmena
sxva tipis SemTxveva, romelic aseve rTuli definiciuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis
winaSe ayenebda komisias, Seexeba individebs, romlebic garkveuli religiisa Tu rwme-
nis mimdevrebad acxadebdnen Tavs, romelTa arsebobasac komisia eWvqveS ayenebda. am
sferoSi ori wamyvani saqme dakavSirebuli iyo patimrebTan, romlebic amtkicebdnen,
rom cixis administraciis mier dairRva maTi ufleba religiis gamoxatvaze. saCiv-
rebis dasabuTebulobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, komisias unda daedgina, arsebobda
Tu ara religia, romlis gamoxatvac SesaZlebeli iyo. pirvel saqmeSi momCivani am-
tkicebda, rom igi WeSmariti morwmune iyo, Tumca ar daukonkretebia, ra igulisx-
meboda amaSi, an rogor uSlida cixis administracia xels mas rwmenis manifestaci-
aSi.76 realurad komisias ar daudgenia, rom WeSmariti morwmuneoba me-9 muxlis moq-
medebis sazRvrebs gareT eqceoda, aramed miuTiTa, rom warmodgenili mtkicebule-
bebi ar iyo sakmarisi saCivris dasabuTebisaTvis.77
meore saqmeSi momCivani amtkicebda, rom igi `vika~-s religiis wevri iyo. piri
aprotestebda cixis administraciis uars sapatimro dawesebulebis dokumentaciis
xelmisawvdomobaze.78 am saqmeSi komisiam daadgina, rom ar arsebobda mtkicebuleba,
romelic daadasturebda, Tu rogor uSlida momCivans xels cixis administracia
Tavisi religiis gamoxatvaSi, vinaidan ar yofila warmodgenili mtkicebuleba, rom
mas odesme moeTxovos sapatimros xelmZRvanelobisagan sakuTari rwmenis manifes-
taciisaTvis aucilebeli saSualebani. garda amisa, komisiam damatebiT miuTiTa, rom
àm saqmeSi momCivnis mxares ar uxsenebia arc erTi faqti, romlis safuZvelzec
SesaZlebeli iqneboda `vika~-s religiis arsebobis dadgena~.
bolo winadadeba sakmaod saintereso sakiTxebs wamoswevs wina planze. udavoa,
rom dawesebuli religiis mimdevars aravin mosTxovs, magaliTad, kaTolicizmis an
induizmis arsebobis damtkicebas. aqedan gamomdinare, saTanado mtkicebulebebis
warmodgenis moTxovna axlad daarsebul an ufro individualisturi religiisa Tu
rwmenis mimarT warmoiqmneba. komisia ar akeTebs miTiTebas imis Taobaze, Tu ra ra-
odenobis mimdevari unda hyavdes `religias~, ramdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi unda arsebob-
des, rogori ganviTarebuli wesebi unda hqondes, an sxva ra kriteriumi CaiTvleba
mniSvnelovnad, raime religiis arsebobis an ararsebobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad.
erTi avtoris mtkicebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis arsebobis mtkicebis tvirTi
momCivans ekisreba, misi gantvirTva sakmaod iolad da samarTlianad SeiZleba. Tumca
mas ar daukonkretebia, rogor aris SesaZlebeli amis ganxorcieleba.79 religiisa da
rwmenis definiciis ararsebobis pirobebSi gaurkvevelia, ra saxis mtkicebuleba iq-
neba relevanturi. amave dros aSkaraa, rom sxvadasxva definiciis SemTxvevaSi gans-
xvavebuli tipis mtkicebuleba iqneba saWiro.
sakiTxi kidev ufro rTuldeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom terminma `rwmenam~
SesaZloa moicvas SedarebiT individualisturi rwmenebi, romlebic ar warmoadgenen
struqturirebuli religiis an morwmuneTa organizaciis nawils. aTeistTa umravle-
soba swored am kategoriis farglebSi eqceva. sasamarTlom gamokveTilad aRiara,
rom konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli dacva vrceldeba rogorc `Tavisuflad moaz-
rovneTa~, ise `religiisadmi indiferentuli damokidebulebis mqoneTa~ mimarT.80
arsebobs legitimuri SeSfoTebis safuZveli imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom savsebiT Se-
saZlebelia me-9 muxlis borotad gamoyeneba, magaliTad, patimrebis mier, romlebic
95
igoneben `religias~ an `rwmenas~ im privilegiebiT sargeblobis mizniT, romlebsac
sxva SemTxvevaSi ver miiRebdnen. patimrebTan dakavSirebul zemoxsenebul saqmeebSi
komisia imis didi albaTobiT iyo Sewuxebuli, rom es religiebi mxolod moCvenebiTi
xasiaTisa iyo.81
amis miuxedavad, SeiZleboda aseTi SiSi ufro pirdapiri gziT dafiqsirebuliyo.
magaliTad, texasis Statis saolqo sasamarTlom zemoxsenebuli SemTxvevebis msgavs
saqmeSi ganacxada, rom religia, romlis fuZemdebladac patimari acxadebda Tavs,
warmoadgenda `TvalTmaqcobas pirveli SesworebiT uzrunvelyofili dacvis miRebis
ganzraxviT~.82 imis miuxedavad, rom TaRliTuri rwmenis Sefaseba kompleqsur sakiTxs
warmoadgens, iseTi testis SemuSavebam, romelic Zalze bevrs moiTxovs rwmenis arse-
bobis damadasturebel `mtkicebulebad~, SesaZloa me-9 muxlis dacvis miRma dato-
vos individualisturi rwmenis mqone namdvilad gulwrfeli adamianebi. im saqme-
ebSi, sadac sicruis eWvi arsebobs, arakeTilsindisierebis dasamtkiceblad aucile-
beli mtkicebulebis buneba gansxvavebuli iqneba konkretul saqmeSi arsebuli faq-
tebis gaTvaliswinebiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi mtkicebis tvirTi saxelmwifos unda
daekisros. swored man unda daamtkicos, rom pirovneba religiur Tu sxva saxis
rwmenas TaRliTuri ganzraxviT iyenebs.
es gacilebiT damakmayofilebeli pasuxi iqneboda individualistur rwmenasTan
dakavSirebul problemebze, vidre mxolod imgvari gadawyvetilebis miReba, rom isini
ar eqcevian me-9 muxlis farglebSi. saqmeSi, sadac momCivans sazogadoebriv sa-
saflaoze damarxvis nacvlad, sakuTari gvamis dawva da ferflis mimobneva surda,83
komisia ufro naklebad iyo mzad, gadayvetileba momCivnis sasargeblod mieRo, vidre
igi piris struqturirebuli religiuri organizaciis wevrad yofnis SemTxvevaSi
iqneboda. mizezi, ris gamoc momCivans Tavisi gvamis dawva erCivna, is iyo, rom mas ar
surda, dasaflavebuliyo qristianuli simboloebiT savse sasaflaoze. Tuki mom-
Civnis protesti daefuZneboda imas, rom TviTon araqristianuli religiis warmo-
madgeneli iyo (gansakuTrebiT im religiisa, romelic dasaflavebis specialur ri-
tuals icavs), albaT dabrkoleba ar Seeqmneboda imis mtkicebisas, rom misi interesi
`religiiT an rwmeniT~ iyo motivirebuli.84 Tuki axlad Seqmnili sasamarTlo, ko-
misiis msgavsad, mzad iqneba, uaryos momCivanTa moTxovnebi imis safuZvelze, rom
maTi rwmena, gulwrfeli xasiaTis miuxedavad, ar aris sakmarisad damajerebeli, ra-
Ta gaTanabrebuli iqnes rwmenasTan me-9 muxlis safuZvelze, arsebobs konvenciiT
gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis sferodan individualizebuli da personaluri rwmenebis
farTo speqtris gamoricxvis didi potenciali.
alternatiuli midgomebi religiisa da rwmenis definiciebis mimarT
mraval sasamarTlosa Tu sxva samarTlebriv dawesebulebas hqonia Sexeba `reli-

giis~ an `religiisa da rwmenis~ definiciasTan konstituciuri da sxva sakanonmdeblo
debulebebis, konvenciebis da saerTaSoriso aqtebis interpretirebisas. amocana
sakmaod rTulia da dRemde ver moxerxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli definiciis Se-
muSaveba. arc erTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, romelic religiis Tavisuflebas Se-
exeba, ar moicavs xsenebuli terminebis gansazRvrebas. TviT yvelaze detaluri sa-
erTaSoriso aqti mocemul sferoSi _ deklaracia religiuri Seuwynareblobisa da
diskriminaciis Taobaze, ar iZleva zust miTiTebas religiisa da rwmenis sazRvrebis
96
Sesaxeb. zogierTi avtoris mtkicebiT, definiciis SemuSavebis nebismieri mcdeloba
araproduqtiuli iqneboda da, savaraudod, konfliqtisa da davis sagnad gadaiq-
ceoda. SeTanxmebis miRwevis SemTxvevaSic iqneboda definiciis meqanikurad da Sez-
Rudulad gamoyenebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba, ris Sedegadac konvenciis dacvis
sferodan im rwmenaTa gamoricxva moxdeboda, romlebic aseT dacvas realurad im-
saxureben.85 miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan sasamarTloebi dRemde zogad cnebebs iyeneb-
dnen specifikur saqmeebSi, imisaTvis, rom maTi gamoyeneba Sesabamis da naTel xa-
siaTs atarebdes, aucilebelia SemuSavdes garkveuli saxis definicia.86
saerTaSoriso samarTali
saerTaSoriso doneze arsebobs zogadi konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom termini
`religia da rwmena~ moicavs `Teistur, araTeistur da aTeistur rwmenebs~. aseTi
formulireba gamoyenebuli iqna religiuri Seuwynareblobis nebismieri formis
aRmofxvris deklaraciis proeqtSi. am sakiTxis irgvliv mimdinare mwvave diskusias
cxadyofs isic, rom TviT es minimaluri definiciac ki ar Seitanes deklaraciis
saboloo variantSi, calkeul aRmosavleTevropul saxelmwifoTa protestis Sede-
gad, romlis mixedviTac es gansazRvreba ver uzrunvelyofda arareligiuri rwmene-
bis adekvatur dacvas. SemoTavazebuli iyo ramdenime sxva, ufro mkafio definiciac,
maT Soris, zogierTi maTgani rwmenaTa iseT sistemebs moicavda, rogoricaa rasizmi,
nacizmi da aparTeidi. miuxedavd amisa, sabolood miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba,
rom termini `religia~ da `rwmena~ ar saWiroebs Semdgom srulyofas.
aqedan gamomdinare, arc gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis da arc regionuli
SeTanxmebebi ar iZleva religiisa da rwmenis definicias. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros
sxvadasxva aqtebis travaux preparatoires87 marTlac metyvelebs araTeisturi rwmenebis
termin `rwmenaSi~ Setanis Taobaze arsebul farTo konsensusze, ar aris naTeli, Tu
konkretulad ra igulisxmeba am cnebaSi. Sesabamisi organoebi am SeTanxmebebis gamo-
yenebisas aseve, sizustes moklebuli, farTo da inkluziuri definiciebis sasar-
geblod ixrebodnen. am sakiTxze sasamarTlosa da komisiis midgoma Seesabameba gaeros
adamianis uflebaTa komitetis msjelobas. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis me-18 muxlis zogad komentarSi komitetma aRniSna, rom:
me-18 muxli icavs Teistur, araTeistur da aTeistur rwmenebs, iseve rogorc
uflebas arc erTi religiisa da rwmenis aRiarebaze. terminebi `religia~ da
`rwmena~ farTod unda iqnes ganmartebuli. me-18 muxlis gamoyeneba ar aris
SezRuduli tradiciuli religiebiT an im religiebiTa da rwmenebiT,
romelTa institucionaluri niSnebi da saqmianoba tradiciuli religiebis
analogiuria.88
es definicia sakmaod sasargebloa imis dasadastureblad, rom religia da rwmena
moicavs aTeizms, Tumca mainc fokusirebulia imaze, rom ar iyos gamomricxavi xasi-
aTisa. am definiciiT mxardaWerilia zogadi liberaluri midgoma inkluziurobis
sakiTxis mimarT, Tumca realurad usargebloa termin `religiis~ an `rwmenis~ saz-
Rvrebis dadgenisas. cxadia, rom unda arsebobdes garkveuli sazRvrebi da komitetma
uari ganacxada iseTi jgufis religiad aRiarebasa da, Sesabamisad, misTvis samoqa-
laqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-18 muxliT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli dacvis miniWebaze, romlis rwmena da saqmianoba mxolod marixuanas (an ùf-
97
lis sicocxlis xis~, rogorc es jgufi uwodebda) kultivirebiT, gavrcelebiTa da
gamoyenebiT Semoifargleboda.89 Tumca komitetis gadawyvetileba Zalze specifi-
kuri iyo da mxolod miuTiTebda, rom `rwmena, romelic ZiriTadad RvTismsaxurebisa
da narkotikuli saSualebebis gavrcelebaSi mdgomareobs, savaraudod, ar SeiZleba
konvenciis me-18 muxlis farglebSi moeqces~. es gadawyvetileba faqtobrivad aRi-
arebs WeSmariti religiis arsebobis SesaZleblobas, romelic narkotikul saSu-
alebebs Tavisi religiis nawilad an RvTismsaxurebis erT-erT formad iyenebs,90 Tum-
ca ar gamoxatavs im realur mizezs, romlis gamoc moxda am jgufis gamoricxva re-
ligiis definiciidan. SesaZloa, komitetis gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad daedo vara-
udi, romlis Tanaxmadac xdeboda religiis arsebobis inscenireba kanonisgan Tavis
daRwevis mizniT. Tuki es ar Seesabameba simarTles, maSin komitetis definiciis bun-
dovaneba ar iZleva sxva principuli axsnis povnis SesaZleblobas, ratom ar moxda
religiad im jgufis aRiareba, romelic narkotikebs iyenebda `RvTismsaxurebis~
procesSi.
gansxvavebuli definicia iqna mocemuli diskriminaciis aRkveTisa da umcireso-
baTa dacvis qvekomisiis specialur momxsenebel odio benitos mier, romlis mixed-
viTac religia àris sicocxlis arsisa da mis Sesabamisad cxovrebis axsna. yvela re-
ligias, sul mcire, msoflmxedveloba, qcevis kodeqsi da kulti aqvs. Tumca, misi
gancxadebiT, es ar aris definicia, vinaidan àRniSnuli sityvebis mniSvneloba zoga-
dad yvelasaTvis gasagebia~. Tavis swavlebaSi arkot kriSnasvami mxolod imas Seexo,
rom religia da rwmena gagebuli unda iqnes àraTeisturi, aTeisturi da agnostikuri
rwmenebis momcvel cnebebad~. Tumca amgvari definiciebi oficialuri xasiaTis ar
aris da arc religiisa da rwmenis sazRvrebs adgens sruli sicxadiT.
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTloebi
erovnuli sasamarTloebi, saerTaSoriso organoebisgan gansxvavebiT, iZulebulni
iyvnen ufro mkafioni yofiliyvnen, Tumca isinic did sifrTxiles iCendnen religiis
an rwmenis gadametebulad SemzRudveli, an konservatiuli definiciis SemuSavebis
SiSiT. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, termini religia ar moicavs ùfro
filosofiur da personalur an samoqalaqo safuZvlis mqone rwmenas~.91 Tumca isic
naTelia, rom ara mxolod tradiciuli religiuri rwmena eqceva religiis defini-
ciis farglebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s konstituciis pirvel SesworebaSi ar
aris naxsenebi `rwmena~, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, moTxovna ùzenaesi
arsebis~ rwmenisa, rogorc erT-erTi kriteriumisa keTilsindisieri safuZvlebiT
samxedro samsaxuridan gasaTavisufleblad, moicavda `rwmenas, romelic gulwrfe-
lia da mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs misi mflobelis cxovrebaSi RmerTis mimarT
orTodoqsuli rwmenis paralelurad~.92 evropuli sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, ro-
melic aqcents rwmenis damajereblobaze akeTebs, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamokve-
Tilad aRiara, rom aucilebeli ar aris, religiuri rwmena `misaReb, logikur, Sesa-
bamis da gasageb~ xasiaTs atarebdes, raTa pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
dacviT isargeblos.93
zusti definiciis Camoyalibebisas uzenaesi sasamarTlo daeyrdno Teologebis,
gansakuTebiT pol tilixis, naSromebs, imis gansasazRvrad, rom religiur rwmenebSi
gaerTianebulia yvela gulwrfeli rwmena, romelic ikavebs religiis paralelur
98
rols.94 tilixi iyenebs ùkiduresi interesis~ gagebas da mas religiuri gamocdi-
lebis qvakuTxedad miiCnevs. am testis Tanaxmad, nebismier adamians aqvs ukiduresi
interesi, romelic gansazRvravs da orientacias aZlevs mis cxovrebas.95 aqedan ga-
momdinare, im pirisaTvis, visTvisac religia ukiduresi interesis sferoa, aucile-
belia daamtkicos, rom aqvs interesi (anu Zlieri motivacia), romelic imavdroulad
ukiduresi xasiaTisaa (anu fundamenturia da kompromiss ar uSvebs).
es testi mxardaWerili iqna rogorc religiis samarTlebrivi definicia, vinaidan
igi funqcionaluri xasiaTisaa, ar aris Sinaarsze orientirebuli da ar moicavs yve-
lafers, Tavidan icilebs religiur Sovinizms da pirveli SesworebiT religiisaT-
vis miniWebuli statusis Sesabamisia. is gaakritikes kompleqsuri ideis erTaderT
definiciamde dayvanis mcdelobis gamo. testi araerTmniSvnelovania da SesaZloa
gamoiwvios sapirispiro qvecnobieri Sedegi. magaliTad, ebrael patimars religia
nebas rTavs miiRos arakoSeruli sakvebi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi. es ki imas niS-
navs rom iudaizmis dieturi moTxovnebi ukiduresi xasiaTisa ar aris, vinaidan Se-
saZlebelia kompromisze wasvla, uimedo narkomans ki SeuZlia uaryos yvela sxva
faseuloba narkotikuli saSualebis miRebis mizniT. Tumca, rasakvirvelia, absurdi
iqneba, vamtkicoT, rom pirveli SemTxveva, meorisgan gansxvavebiT, aranair kavSirSi
araa religiasTan.
am midgomisagan gansxvavebiT, kent grinvolti gvTavazobs analogiebze dafuZne-
bul koncefcias. misi midgoma pirvel rigSi CamoTvlis im ramdenime niSans, romle-
bic damaxasiaTebelia religiis arsebobis aSkara SemTxvevis dros, Semdgom ki amowmebs
sxva rwmenebs am niSnebTan analogiis mixedviT, anu momCivanma unda aCvenos sakmarisi
msgavseba ùdavod religiur~ niSnebTan. grinvoltis CamonaTvali96 fokusirebulia
religiur/sulier aspeqtebze, SesaZloa, nawilobriv imitom, rom pirveli Sesworeba
Seexeba mxolod `religias~ da, aseve, im mizeziTac, rom igi Zalze did sirTules xedavs
imaSi, rom religia ganasxvaos filosofiisa da arareligiuri rwmenisagan, `Tuki saqme
ar Seexeba ideebs umaRles WeSmaritebaze~.
aseTi midgoma iqna gamoyenebuli avstralieli mosamarTleebis mier avstraliis
konstituciis 116-e muxlis ganmartebisas.97 maTi gancxadebiT,
ar arsebobs erTiani daxasiaTeba, romlis samarTlebriv kriteriumad
gamoyenebac iqneboda SesaZlebeli, imis gadasawyvetad, ideebisa da
saqmianobis gansazRvruli sistema aris Tu ara religia ... maqsimumi, risi
ganxorcielebac SeiZleba, niSan-Tvisebebis an saxelmZRvanelo principebis
formulirebaa, romelTa gamoyenebac SesaZlebels gaxdida am sakiTxis
gadawyvetas. am niSnebis erToblioba aRiarebul religiebze empiriuli
dakvirvebidan unda iqnes miRebuli. maTi cvlileba unda moxdes
socialuri mdgomareobis SecvlasTan erTad da konkretulad romelime
maTganis mniSvneloba damokidebuli iqneba Sesabamis saqmeze.98
maT CamoTvales ramdenime yvelaze seriozuli niSan-Tviseba religiisa, iseTebi,
rogoricaa zebunebrivis rwmena, adamianuri bunebisa da samyaroSi misi adgilis kon-
cefcia, gansazRvruli qcevis kodeqsis mimdevroba da sxva aseTi faqtorebi. es kri-
teriumebi gamoiyenes imis gadasawyvetad, saientologTa eklesia iyo Tu ara religia
konstituciidan gamomdinare.
99
***
religiis gansazRvreba kompleqsuri da sakamaTo sakiTxia, romelmac Tavisi prob-

lematuroba daamtkica rogorc erovnuli sasamarTloebis, ise saerTaSoriso done-
ze. konvenciis me-9 muxlSi religiis damatebad mocemul termin `rwmenas~, SeuZlia
naTeli mohfinos ramdenime sakiTxs (gansakuTrebiT im sakiTxs, aTeistebi uflebamo-
silni arian Tu ara, isargeblon religiis TavisuflebiT uzrunvelyofili dacviT).
garda amisa, misi gamoyeneba aseve gulisxmobs, rom termin `religiisa da rwmenis~
farglebSi prezumirebuli unda iqnes iseTi marginaluri SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, e.w. àxali religiebi~, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi qveyana uars acxa-
debs religiebad per se maT aRiarebaze. Tumca Semdgom doneze terminma `rwmenam~
gazarda konceptualuri dabneuloba am sferoSi, komisiis mier gamoyenebulma mid-
gomam ki kidev ufro gaaZliera igi.
rogorc azri, ise sindisi, religia da rwmena gaurkveveli sazRvrebis mqone ter-
minebia, Tumca yoveli maTgani erTmniSvnelovnad gamoiyeneba konvenciaSi. kerZod,
mxolod religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis uflebis (da ara azrisa da sindisis gamoxat-
vis uflebis) xsenebiT me-9 muxli erTi tipis filosofias aSkarad ganasxvavebs sxve-
bisagan dacvis gacilebiT didi donis miniWebiT. zogierTis mtkicebiT, Seusabamo da
SeuZlebelia aseTi saxis gansxvavebis ganxorcieleba, Tumca me-9 muxlis teqsti da
sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetili ramdenime saqme aseTi gansxvavebebis samarTlebriv
aucileblobaze miuTiTebs.
im testisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis miuxedavad, romelic religiisa da rwmenis
gansazRvrisas mxolod garkveuli donis inteleqtualur damajereblobasa da mniSv-
nelobas iRebs mxedvelobaSi, komisiam ar aRiara, rom misi testis gamoyeneba Tanab-
rad aris SesaZlebeli im movlenaTa mimarTac, romlebic, SesaZloa, azrad an sindi-
sad CaiTvalos. am problemas daemata komisiis mier konteqstisgan izolirebulad
`rwmenis~ ganxilvis tendencia. rwmenis cnebis dakavSireba religiis rolTan, savara-
udod, moicavs iseT jgufebs, rogoricaa aTeistebi da agnostikosebi, aseve mosaz-
Rvre dajgufebebs, axali religiebisa da zogierTi aRmosavluri filosofiis CaTv-
liT (daoizmi, budizmi), romlebic garkveulwilad uxerxulad moiazreba religiis
tradiciuli definiciis farglebSi. kavSiri religiasTan aTeizmisa da agnosticiz-
mis SemTxvevaSi sruliad naTelia, vinaidan orive ukiduresi mniSvnelobis identuri
fundamenturi sakiTxebis, RmerTis arsebobisa da adamianur saqmeebSi zebunebrivis
rolis gamoZaxils warmoadgens. RmerTis cnebis uaryofa SeiZleba iseTive mniSvne-
lobis mqone iyos TviTidentifikaciisaTvis, rogorc misi arsebobis aRiareba. aseT
definiciaSi sxva kvazireligiebis Seyvana ki uzrunvelyofs, rom mas ar eqneba gada-
metebuli kavSiri istoriasTan da arc religiis bunebis Taobaze iudaur-qristi-
anuli warmodgenebis zegavlenis qveS moeqceva.
Tumca komisia gacilebiT ufro abstraqtulad ganixilavda termin `rwmenas~ da
ar aRiarebda mis kuTvnilebas me-9 muxlSi mocemul terminisadmi, `religia da rwme-
na~. amas ki mivyavarT `rwmenaSi~ iseTi cnebebis Seyvanis sakiTxamde, rogoricaa po-
litikuri kuTvnileba an farTo eTikuri Sexeduleba. SesaZlebeli iyo am koncefci-
uri dabneulobis nawilis Tavidan acileba, Tuki rwmenis mniSvneloba ufro viwro
xasiaTisa iqneboda, imis xazgasmiT, rom igi iseTive rols TamaSobs individis cxov-
rebaSi, rogorsac religia. aucilebeli ar aris, rom formulirebas, romlis gamoye-
nebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda rwmenis rolis gansazRvrisaTvis, ubralo definiciis
saxe hqondes (rogoricaa aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gamoyenebuli ùkiduresi
100
interesi~), aramed mxedvelobaSi sxvadasxva faqtoris erTobliobas unda iRebdes.
es ufro konceptualuri midgoma religiisa da rwmenisadmi, savaraudod, uzrun-
velyofda, rom zemoT ganxiluli termini, erTi mxriv, ar gamxdariyo gadametebu-
lad SemzRudveli da gamomricxveli axali religiuri jgufebis mimarT, xolo meore
mxriv — metismetad Ria. igi aseve saSualebas miscemda sasamarTlos, uari eTqva Se-
darebiT ganuviTarebel cnebaze, romlis Tanaxmadac religia da rwmena rwmenebis
mniSvnelovani da damajerebeli erTobliobaa. mravali, gacilebiT ufro srulyo-
fili midgomis mixedviT, religia ar aris mxolod Teoriebis erToblioba, aramed
mas SeiZleba hqondes moraluri, eTikuri, zebunebrivi an simboluri roli adamianTa
cxovrebaSi.
es srulebiT ar gulisxmobs iseTi sakiTxebis mniSvnelobis uaryofas, rogoricaa
politikuri orientacia an filosofiuri Sexedulebebi. es imis konstataciaa, rom
xsenebuli faseulobebi daculia konvenciis safuZvelze, ufro farTo sazRvrebis
miniWebis yovelgvari saWiroebis gareSe, rac maTi `gamoxatvis~ uflebis SesaZleblo-
bas miscemda maTive mflobelebs. ufleba azrisa da sindisis Tavisuflebaze daculia
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawiliT da SezRudvebs ar eqvemdebareba. aqedan gamomdinare,
nebismier adamians aqvs ufleba, Tavisuflad ganaviTaros sakuTari inteleqtualuri
da eTikuri Sexedulebebi, saxelmwifos mxridan yovelgvari Carevis gareSe. yvela
adamiani aseve Tavisufalia, gamoxatos Tavisi mosazrebebi me-10 muxlis mixedviT,
SeuerTdes TanamoazreTa gaerTianebebs me-11 muxlis safuZvelze da aqvs ufleba
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobaze me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad, romlis farglebSic SeuZ-
lia sakuTari ideebi ganaviTaros. arsebobs mravali ufro Sesaferisi gza adamianis
uflebis uzrunvelsayofad, misdios ideaTa gansazRvrul erTobliobas da isargeb-
los dacviT saxelmwifosa da im pirTa Seuwynareblobisagan, romlebic ar eTanxmebian
mis Sexedulebebs.
miuxedavad amisa, yvela filosofiis mimarT Tanabari da samarTliani mopyrobis
mcdelobisa da religiis Tavisuflebis Teoriis ganviTarebis survilis uqonlobis
gamo komisiam imdenad gaafarTova rwmenis gageba, rom Sedegad damatebiTi dacva
mieniWa mraval ideas, romelTa mimarT umjobesi iqneboda azrisa da sindisis cnebis
gamoyeneba. TviT me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis meore segmentSi CamoTvlili gamoxat-
vis formebi naTlad metyvelebs imaze, rom rwmenis sazRvrebi ar unda iyos Zalze
zogadi da farTo, radganac daculi manifestaciebi SedarebiT ufro tradiciul
religiur saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. es ki dilemis winaSe ayenebs komisias im
SemTxvevebSi, sadac saqme religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobasa da ga-
moxatvis cnebis sazRvrebs Seexeba. `rwmenebis~ garkveuli raodenobis gamoricxvis
saSualebad gansazRvrebiTi stadiis argamoyenebis pirobebSi, aucileblobas warmo-
adgens me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis zustad gansazRvra, raTa Tavidan
aviciloT mocemuli muxlis arapraqtikul debulebad gadaqceva. Tuki yvelas eqne-
boda Tavisi mrwamsis gamoxatvis aSkarad farTo ufleba (miuxedavad maTi politi-
kuri, eTikuri, filosofiuri Tu personaluri xasiaTisa), igi gamoiwvevda saxelmwi-
fos saqmianobis didi nawilis Seferxebasa da konvenciis mravali muxlis de facto
usargeblod gadaqcevas, vinaidan yvelaferi, risi dacvac specifikuri muxlebiT
iyo SesaZlebeli, gafarToebuli me-9 muxlis farglebSi moeqceoda.
rogorc Semdgomi ori qveTavi gviCvenebs, komisiam da sasamarTlom `religiisa
da rwmenis~ liberaluri definiciis nacvlad saboloo jamSi mainc religiisa da
rwmenis Zalze SezRudul mosazrebas mianiWes upiratesoba da, Sedegad, am cnebebis
mimarT konservatiuli koncefcia ganaviTares.
101
religiisa
da rwmenis
Tavisufleba
adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-9 (1) mux-

lis Tanaxmad, `yvelas aqvs azris, sindisisa da reli-
giis Tavisufleba~, Tumca cnebebi àzri, sindisi da re-
ligia~ ar aris gansazRvruli da arc `Tavisuflebis~
naTeli definiciaa mocemuli am muxlSi. rogorc gaeros
konteqstSi aRiniSna, gasaocaria, rom, miuxedavad reli-
giisadmi saxelmwifoTa gansxvavebuli damokidebule-
bisa, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb sa-
erTaSoriso paqtis SemuSavebisas azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
ar gamouwvevia im fundamentur princips, romlis Ta-
naxmadac `yvelas aqvs azris, sindisisa da religiis Ta-
visufleba~.99 imaves Tqma SeiZleba adamianis uflebaTa
evropis konvenciis xsenebul muxlzec.
me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuf-
leba moicavs religiisa da rwmenis Secvlisa da gansaz-
Rvrul formebSi religiis Tu rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavi-
suflebas. Tumca, rogorc aRniSnuli teqstidan (gansa-
kuTrebiT araamomwuravi terminis `moicavs~ gamoyene-
biT), ise sasamarTlosa da komisiis gadawyvetilebebidan
gamomdinare, naTelia, rom es ori elementi religiis
Tavisuflebis gacilebiT farTo gansazRvrebis nawi-
lia. am qveTavSi mocemulia religiisa da rwmenis Tavi-
suflebis koncefciis analizi, religiisa da rwmenis
gamoxatvis uflebisgan damoukideblad. Semdeg qveTav-
Si ki ganxilulia sakiTxebi, romlebic wamoiWreba reli-
giisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis safuZvelze.
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba
sasamarTlos mier sakmaod cxadad Camoyalibda azri,

rom religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba konvenciiT ga-
rantirebuli umniSvnelovanesi uflebaa. saqmeSi koki-
nakisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg100 mocemulia me-9 muxlis
safuZvelSi mdebare `zogadi principebi~:
102
me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba
`demokratiuli sazogadoebis~ fundaments warmoadgens. igi, Tavisi
religiuri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, ara marto morwmuneTa pirovnebisa
da maTi cxovrebis arsis ganmsazRvreli umniSvnelovanesi elementi, aramed
aTeistebis, agnostikosebis, skeptikosebisa da religiisadmi indiferentuli
damokidebulebis mqoneTa uZvirfasesi sakuTrebacaa. swored maszea
damokidebuli, pluralizmi, rogorc demokratiuli sazogadoebis
ganuyofeli Semadgeneli nawili.
am zogadi principebiT religiis Tavisufleba miCneulia udidesi mniSvnelobis
mqoned, rogorc pirovnebis TviTidentifikaciis, ise sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli
pluralizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. sasamarTlom xazi gausva sindisis upirates xasiaTs,
TumcaRa aRniSna, rom igi aseve moicavs adamianis uflebas religiisa da rwmenis
gamoxatvaze. sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom me-9 muxlis pirvel
nawilSi Camoyalibebuli uflebis fundamenturi mniSvneloba ganmtkicebulia mTav-
robis mxridan nebismieri SezRudvis dawesebis akrZalviT religiis qonasa da mis
Secvlaze. rac Seexeba religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvas, me-9 muxlis meore nawilis
Tanaxmad, igi SeiZleba legitimuri SezRudvis obieqtad iqces.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelo-
baze miTiTebisas, aqcentireba, pirvel rigSi, Sinagani sindisis doneze moaxdina. Tumca
Tavisuflebis Sinaarsi sasamarTlos mxridan mniSvnelovani ganxilvis sagani ar
yofila. Tavisi yvelaze sawyisi gagebiT igi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc
mosazrebaTa (religiur an sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze) Cumad, saxelmwifos mxridan
Carevis gareSe qonis ufleba. am doneze saxelmwifos mxridan religiis Tavisuflebis
darRveva faqtobrivad SeuZlebelicaa, Tu fsiqologiuri damuSavebisa da sistema-
turi indoqtrinaciis meSveobiT ar moaxdens ideologiur, fsiqologiur da moralur
zemoqmedebas. msgavsi midgomaa SemuSavebuli arkot kriSnasvamis swavlebaSi religi-
uri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac religiis Tu rwmenis qonis an Secvlis
Tavisufleba, pirvel rigSi, swored individis Sinagani rwmenisa da sindisis farglebSi
eqceva. am kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT mocemul sakiTxs, SesaZloa gamovitanoT daskvna,
rom nebismieri intervencia garedan ara marto aralegitimuri, aramed SeuZlebelicaa.
azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa im donemde, sanam pi-
rovnebas mxolod maTi qona SeuZlia, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad abrkolebs mas sa-
xelmwifo, uflebis mxolod minimalur realizebas niSnavs. konvenciis SemuSavebis
periodSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg da civi omis wina periodSi evropelebs arc ki
eqnebodaT SesaZlebloba, kmayofileba egrZnoT sakuTari qveynis xelisuflebiT, rom
mas ar ucdia Tavisi Zalauflebis gamoyeneba iZulebis wesiT adamianebis religiisa
da rwmenis Sinagani aspeqtebis SecvlisaTvis. konvenciis SemuSavebis erT-erTma mona-
wilem me-9 muxlis pirvel nawilze ganacxada, rom igi policiur saxelmwifoebSi miRe-
buli araadamianuri mopyrobis sawinaaRmdego bastionia.101 ser devid maqsvel-faivi
amtkicebda pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis aucileblobas da konvenciaze muSaobis monawi-
leebs axsenebda imas, `rac ... totalitarizmis saSineli aspeqtia, kerZod, rom tota-
litarul qveynebSi axalgazrdoba izrdeba saxelmwifo an naxevrad saxelmwifo orga-
noebis mxridan totalitarul-dogmaturi swavlebis safuZvelze, rac SeuZlebels
xdis mSoblebis mier TavianTi Svilebis aRzrdas sakuTari religiuri da filosofi-
uri mrwamsis safuZvelze~.102 aqedan gamomdinare, umniSvnelovanesi iyo imaSi dar-
wmuneba, rom es meTodebi akrZaluli iyo konvenciiT, TumcaRa ar aris naTeli, sad
gadis zRvari or Zaladobas Soris, romelTagan pirveli adamians aiZulebs rwmenis
Secvlas, meore ki _ garkveuli wesiT moqcevas. am sakiTxs ori aspeqti aqvs. pirveli
103
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebuleba aqvs, Seqmnas iseTi
pirobebi, romelic adamians SesaZleblobas miscems Tavisuflad ganaxorcielos Ta-
visi ufleba religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebaze, Tu saxelmwifos negatiuri val-
debuleba ekisreba, Tavi Seikavos aRniSnul TavisuflebaSi Carevisagan. meore — ram-
denad arRvevs saxelmwifos mier religiisa da rwmenis SezRudva qveynis negatiur
valdebulebas, Tavi Seikavos religiisa da rwmenis TavisuflebaSi Carevisagan.
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba, rogorc pozitiuri ufleba
erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCo-konvenciis preambulaSi asaxulia saxelmwi-

fos pozitiuri rolis gageba individebis mier TavianTi uflebebis Tavisuflad gan-
xorcielebis uzrunvelyofaSi. konvenciis Tanaxmad, `pluralisturi da WeSmaritad
demokratiuli sazogadoeba valdebulia, ara marto pativi sces TiToeuli pirovne-
bis eTnikur, kulturul, enobriv da religiur kuTvnilebas, aramed Seqmnas saTanado
pirobebi maT mier TavianTi kuTvnilebis gamoxatvis, dacvisa da ganviTarebisaTvis~.103
zemoTqmuli gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo, romelic icavs umciresobaTa uflebebs,
valdebulia, ara mxolod Tavi Seikavos maTTvis zianis miyenebisagan, aramed pozitiuri
monawileoba miiRos umciresobaTa mier sakuTari kuTvnilebis, maT Soris religiuri
kuTvnilebis, gamoxatvisaTvis saTanado pirobebis SeqmnaSi. me-9 muxlTan dakavSirebiT
ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad ekisreba saxelmwifos aseTi pozitiuri rolis Sesrulebis
valdebuleba. me-9 muxlis formulireba ar iZleva am sakiTxis erTmniSvnelovnad
gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas. yvelas aqvs ufleba religiis Tavisuflebaze, Tumca didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos valdebuleba am uflebis uzrunvelyofaSi Semoifar-
gleboda ufro mis ganxorcielebaSi Carevisgan Tavis SekavebiT, vidre saTanado piro-
bebis SeqmniT am faseulobis ganviTarebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, qveynebis nawilma
sxvadasxva dros SezRuda garkveuli uflebebi religiis Tavisuflebis calkeuli
elementebis dacvis mizniT. es qmedebebi safuZvlad daedo moTxovnas, romlis Tanaxma-
dac gansazRvruli garemoebebis arsebobisas saxelmwifo valdebulia, garkveuli zomebi
miiRos religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacvis mizniT.
am sakiTxis ganxilvis sawyis etapze erT-erT saientologs undoda eCivla mecni-
erisTvis, romelmac damamcireblad isaubra saientologiaze.104 man saCivriT mimar-
Ta komisias saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg imis safuZvelze, rom es ukanaskneli ver uz-
runvelyofda samarTalwarmoebis im formas, romelic mas SesaZleblobas miscemda,
eCivla profesorisTvis. komisiam saCivari aSkarad dausabuTeblad cno, igi dauSveb-
lad miiCnia da Tavisi gadawyvetilebis argumentirebisas miuTiTa, rom ar Tvlis,
`TiTqos gansazRvruli religiis Tu rwmenisaTvis religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba
kritikisgan Tavisuflebas niSnavdes~, TumcaRa Riad datova saxelmwifos mxridan
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis sakiTxi im SemTxvevaSi, roca agitacia garkveuli re-
ligiis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebulad mZime xasiaTs atarebs.
Sedegad, saqmeSi oto premingeris instituti avstriis winaaRmdeg105 sasamarTlom
uaryo reJisoris saCivari sityvis Tavisuflebis darRvevis Taobaze, kerZod, mas ar
misces sakuTari filmis (romelic Seicavda qristiani wmindanebis da qristianuli
doqtrinebis dacinvas) Cvenebis ufleba qalaq tirolSi. sasamarTlom miiRo avstriis
saxelmwifos argumentebi, rom mas SeeZlo aRniSnuli filmis konfiskacia, radganac
igi religiuri grZnobebis mZime Seuracxyofas gamoiwvevda kaTolikeebiT mWidrod
104
dasaxlebul provinciaSi, sadac filmis Cveneba unda Semdgariyo. sasamarTlom
xelmeored miuTiTa, rom religiuri mimdinareobebi ar aris Tavisufali kritikisgan,
Tumca, misive gancxadebiT, zogierT gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi religiisa da rwmenis
sawinaaRmdego meTodebi `SesaZloa iwvevdes Sesabamisi rwmenis Tu religiis
mimdevarTa mier TavianTi Tavisuflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis xelis SeSlas~. es
argumenti Seexeba iseT situacias, rodesac, magaliTad, garkveuli jgufi aqtiurad
axdens sxvaTa daSinebas religiuri mrwamsis gamo, an maTi Sexvedris adgilebis
blokirebas axorcielebs. amave saqmeSi komisia ufro Sors wavida da ganixila
`morwmuneTa religiuri grZnobebis pativiscemis sakiTxi, rac me-9 muxliTaa ga-
rantirebuli~, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsad me-9 muxlSi aseTi pativiscema ar aris
naTlad Camoyalibebuli.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mosamarTlis es ganmarteba safuZvlad daedo sxva
saqmes, sadac religiis pativiscemis es farTo gansazRvreba, ori momCivnis mtkice-
biT, pozitiur uflebas warmoadgenda. maTi moTxovniT saxelmwifo valdebuli iyo,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna ewarmoebina polonuri Jurnalis winaaRmdeg, romelmac
dabeWda mariam RvTismSoblisa da yrmis gamosaxuleba (kaTolicizmis Tayvansacemi
xati) airwinaRiT, statiis ilustrirebis mizniT, romelic garemos dabinZurebas
Seexeboda.106 poloneTis mTavrobam Seiswavla mravali saCivari, sadac momCivnebi
Seuracxyofilni iyvnen am suraTiT, Tumca gadawyvita, ar waeyenebina braldeba Jur-
nalisTvis. rodesac momCivnebma mimarTes komisias imis safuZvelze, rom darRveuli
iqna maTi ufleba religiis Tavisuflebaze, komisiam ar miiRo saCivari warmoebaSi,
cno ra igi aSkarad dausabuTeblad. Tumca komisiam daadastura, rom saxelmwifos
SesaZloa garkveuli pozitiuri valdebuleba ekisrebodes, daicvas religiis Tavi-
sufleba, amave dros, xazi gausva imas, rom momCivnebs `xeli ar SeSliaT TavianTi
rwmenis qonisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis realizebaSi~. ukve ramdenime Tvis Semdeg,
saqmeSi uingrou gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlo kvlav Seexo `moqa-
laqeTa uflebas, religiuri grZnobebis Seuracxyofisgan dacvis Sesaxeb~.107 am saq-
meSi videofiris Cveneba, sadac qals, romelic wminda terezas asaxierebda, gauCnda
erotikuli fantaziebi ieso qristes mimarT, savaraudod, marTlac Seuracxyofda
bevr qristians, magram ar aris naTeli, ramdenad moaxdina aman zegavlena qristianul
sazogadoebaSi qristianebis uflebis ganxorcielebaze _ hqondeT sakuTari rwmena,
gamoiyenon TavianTi religia an gamoxaton mosazrebebi maT religiasTan dakavSire-
bul sakiTxebze (maT Soris gaakritikon filmebi).
aqedan gamomdinare, sadavoa, arsebobs Tu ara ufleba, ar iqnes Seuracxyofili
vinmes religiuri grZnobebi im SemTxvevaSi mainc, roca saqme exeba Segnebul da usa-
fuZvlo Seuracxyofas.108 sakiTxi, Tu ra aris sakmarisad Seuracxmyofeli ama Tu im
religiuri jgufisTvis, rac samoqalaqo an sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis safuZvels SeiZleba warmoadgendes, swored is sakiTxia, sadac qveynebi
sakmaod farTo diskreciiT sargebloben. sasamarTlom Tavi aarida im SemTxvevis gan-
xilvasac, roca qveynis kanonmdebloba mxolod gansazRvrul religias icavs zemoT
aRniSnuli Setevisagan.109 es ki niSnavs, rom man faqtobrivad ar aRiara pozitiuri
ufleba, romelsac mravali momCivani daeyrdnoboda, magram, amave dros, farTo Se-
saZlebloba misca saxelmwifoebs, miiRon zomebi sazogadoebis wevrTa religiuri
grZnobebis dasacavad, Tundac es iwvevdes sxva uflebebis, maT Soris sityvis Tavi-
105
suflebis, SezRudvas. es SesaZloa gagebul iqnes, rogorc saxelmwifosaTvis nebis
darTva, danebdes im jgufebis zewolas, romelnic ar arian Semwynarebelni maTi
religiis sawinaaRmdegod gamoTqmuli kritikisadmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom, savara-
udod, jer kidev arsebobs sazRvrebi, romlis miRmac saxelmwifos moqmedeba ar iqneba
dadebiTad Sefasebuli (mag., garkveuli religiis akademiuri kritikis cenzura),
amgvari gadawyvetilebebiT moqmedebis farTo sivrce eZlevaT qveynebis mTavrobebs
religiis mxatvruli kritikiT gamowveul erovnul ukmayofilebaze reagirebisaTvis.
amgvari gadaxveva saientologiis saqmeSi Camoyalibebuli sawyisi principebisgan
arasasurvelia, vinaidan amiT is religiuri gaerTianebebi isargebleben, romelnic
mzad arian, kritikasa da dacinvas SeuwynareblobiT da aRSfoTebiT upasuxon. iq, sadac
farTod aris gavrcelebuli diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba religiuri umcire-
sobis mimarT, an sadac kerZo pirebi religiuri SuRlis, diskriminaciis an religiur
niadagze devnis momxreebad gvevlinebian, SeiZleba arsebobdes argumenti, rom saxel-
mwifos unda ekisrebodes valdebuleba, miiRos zomebi, raTa daareguliros amgvari
situacia. SesaZloa ise moxdes, rom individisTvis faqtobrivad SeuZlebelic ki gax-
des, Tavisuflad gamoxatos sakuTari religia Tu rwmena mosaxleobis da SesaZloa
calkeuli saxelmwifo uwyebebis mxridan mtruli damokidebulebis gamo.110 saxelmwi-
foebs imdenad farTo diskreciuli uflebamosileba aqvT miniWebuli moqmedi pre-
cedentuli samarTlis safuZvelze, rom im umciresobebis mier, romlebic seriozul
Setevebs ganicdian, saxelmwifos mxridan religiis Tavisuflebis dacvis pozitiuri
valdebulebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnis dakmayofileba sakmaod did sirTuleebTan
aris dakavSirebuli.
negatiuri valdebuleba
piradi sferos upiratesi xasiaTi

komisiisa da sasamarTlos midgoma religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis bunebisad-
mi da sazRvrebi, romlis farglebSic igi zRudavs mTavrobebs, sakmaod bundovania,
Tumca maT SeimuSaves ramdenime ZiriTadi gansazRvreba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani maT
Soris aris e.w. forum internum. arc komisias da arc sasamarTlos ar ganumartavs deta-
lurad, Tu ra igulisxmeba am cnebaSi. orive Semoifargleba standartuli ganmarte-
biT, romlis Tanaxmad `me-9 muxli, pirvel rigSi, rwmenisa da religiis personalur
sferos icavs, romelsac zogjer forum internum-s uwodeben~.111
aqedan gamomdinare, me-9 muxlis interpretirebisas aqcentirebulia individis
Sinagani, piradi mosazreba, sindisi da religia. Tumca jerac ar aris gansazRvruli,
konkretulad ra igulisxmeba am cnebaSi. Tuki igi gulisxmobs pirovnebis uflebas,
iqonios Sinagani rwmena, komunikaciis yovelgvari mcdelobis an Sesabamisi rwmenis
safuZvelze moqmedebis gareSe, maSin profesori malkolm evansi miiCnevs, rom:
naklebi sirTule warmoiqmneba mis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT rogorc
simartivis, ise misi darRvevis iSviaTobidan gamomdinare, vinaidan am
SemTxvevaSi momCivanma unda aCvenos, rom adgili hqonda Sinagan rwmenaze
gavlenis mosaxdenad sakmaris gare zewolas. sinamdvileSi miRebuli midgoma
SedarebiT farToa da fokusirebas axdens indoqtrinaciis safrTxeze,
avaldebulebs ra saxelmwifos, Tavi Seikavos vinmes iZulebisagan, imoqmedos
Tavisi Sinagani rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod.112
106
es analizi, savaraudod, sworia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqmeTa Sedegebs, Tumca
sasamarTlo da komisia im mosazrebas emxrobian, rom zRvari forum internum-sa da
forum externum-s (religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatva) Soris TavisTavad naTelia da
mxolod mcire ganmartebas saWiroebs. miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod bundovania zRvari,
romlis miRmac vinmes iZuleba, imoqmedos Tavisi rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod, indoq-
trinaciad iqceva. saqmeSi derbi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, komisia, savaraudod, swored
amgvari definiciis SemuSavebas Seecada, roca ganacxada, rom me-9 (1) muxli ìcavs
yvelas sakuTari nebis sawinaaRmdego religiur saqmianobaSi monawileobis iZulebi-
sagan~.113 Tumca ar iqna ganxiluli, ramdenad pirdapiri xasiaTi unda hqondes amgvar
monawileobas, aseve saSualebebi, romelTa gamoyenebac pirovnebis `sakuTari nebis
sawinaaRmdegod~ religiur saqmianobaSi CarTvad CaiTvleboda, da aris Tu ara es
erTaderTi gza, romliTac saxelmwifos SeuZlia daarRvios forum internum.
sirTule, dakavSirebuli forum internum-is aseTi bundovani koncefciis gamoyene-
basTan, naTlad warmoCnda erT-erT ukanasknel saqmeSi, romelSic sasamarTlom
ugulebelyo gansxvaveba me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis or segments Soris. saqmeSi
buskarini da sxvebi san-marinos winaaRmdeg,114 san-marinos generaluri didi sabWos
(parlamenti) axal wevrebs mosTxoves bibliaze ficis dadeba, rom TavianT valdebu-
lebebs saTanadod Seasrulebdnen. ramdenime maTgani daTanxmda mxolod dapirebebze,
magram gamoricxa bibliaze daficeba. sabolood maT mainc dades fici bibliaze,
oRond mas Semdeg, rac ganumartes, rom daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi TavianT
saparlamento adgilebs dakargavdnen. sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis
mixedviTac amgvari saxiT ficis dadebis valdebuleba ewinaaRmdegeboda me-9 muxls,
radganc ìgi gansazRvruli religiisadmi erTgulebis daficebas moiTxovda~. es saqme
savaraudod swored forum internum-Si Carevis naTel magaliTs warmoadgenda, Tumca
sasamarTlos ar ganuxilavs amgvari SesaZlebloba, ubralod miuTiTa, rom saqme
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli ise, rom arc ki uxsenebia TviT
religiis fundamenturi Tavisufleba. amis sapirispirod man ganixila, aucilebeli
iyo Tu ara fici demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, me-9 muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad.115
buskarinis saqme mosmenil iqna axlad dafuZnebuli didi palatis mier. unda aRiniS-
nos, rom am sasamarTlo organos wevrebs idealuri SesaZlebloba hqondaT me-9 mux-
lis pirveli nawilis mimarT TavianTi iurisprudenciis ganviTarebisa, Tumca ar ga-
moiyenes is, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom uaxloes momavalSi ar unda velodeT
sasamarTlos mxridan forum internum-is gaumjobesebuli gansazRvrebis SemuSavebas.
erT-erTi, vinc Seecada forum internum-is farglebis dadgenas, iyo bahii tahzibi.
wignSi saerTaSoriso doneze religiis Tavisuflebis dacvis Sesaxeb mis mier mocemulia
ramdenime gza saxelmwifos mxridan forum internum-Si Carevis SesaZleblobisa, sistemuri
fsiqologiuri damuSavebis gamoklebiT. ukanono Carevis miseuli CamonaTvali moicavs:
diskriminacias gansazRvruli religiisa Tu rwmenis qonis
an arqonis niadagze;
gansazRvruli rwmenisa Tu religiisadmi kuTvnilebis
kanongareSed gamocxadebas;
pirovnebis iZulebas, gaamxilos Tavisi religia Tu rwmena,
an mis gamovlenas mflobelis Tanxmobis gareSe;
fizikuri Zalis an sanqciebis gamoyenebis muqaras individebis iZulebis
mizniT, rom isini sakuTari an sxva religiis mimdevrebi gaxdnen, uaryon an
Seicvalon sakuTari religia an rwmena.
107
komisia da sasamarTlo bevr saqmeSi Seegua amgvar praqtikas da ganixila ara ro-
gorc Careva religiisa da rwmenis TavisuflebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es CamonaT-
vali gacilebiT naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli, vidre komisiisa da sasamarTlos gan-
sazRvreba, forum internum-sa da forum externum-s Soris mkafio zRvaris gavlebis
aucilebloba ZalaSi rCeba, Tumca aSkarad miuTiTebs am amocanis gadaWris SesaZ-
leblobaze.
Forum internum-isa da forum externum-is gamijvna

sakmaod sadavoa mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom rwmena da rwmenidan gamomdinare
qmedebebi gacalkevebuli da gansxvavebadi kategoriebia.116 mocemuli Sexeduleba
arc sasamarTlosa da komisiis117 iurisprudenciiT aris aRiarebuli. amerikis Seer-
Tebul StatebSi amgvari zRvaris gavleba rwmenasa (xelSeuvali) da qmedebas (Sez-
Rudvebis obieqti) Soris pirveli Sesworebis precedentuli samarTlis nawilad iq-
ca.118 misi farTo gamoyenebis miuxedavad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, bur-
germa ganacxada, rom `SeuZlebelia rwmenasa da qmedebas Soris naTeli zRvaris gavle-
ba~.119 aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis religiuri klauzulebis gamoCenilma
komentatorma filip kirklandma, saerTod gamoricxa rwmenisa da qmedebis erTmane-
Tisgan gamijvnis SesaZlebloba da ganacxada, rom àr arsebobs zRvari, romelic
dagvexmareboda ... rTuli problemebis mogvarebaSi~.120 mravali avtori miuTiTebs
im sferoze, sadac religiur an sxva rwmenaTa da qmedebaTa gadakveTa xdeba. am kon-
teqstSi erTma maTganma ganacxada, rom `yvela didi religia mxolod rwmenis sakiTxi
ar aris; igi cxovrebis wesia, qmedebaa~ da erT-erTi yvelaze `sastiki gakicxva reli-
giaSi gankuTvnilia TvalTmaqcebisTvis, romlebsac swamT, magram ver axerxeben rwme-
nis safuZvelze moqmedebas~.121
precedentul samarTalSi gakeTebuli xazgasma Sinagani an rwmenaze dafuZnebuli
sistemebis upirates xasiaTze, rogorc religiis arsze, SesaZloa srulebiT ar Se-
esabamebodes im gansazRvrebas, romelsac mravali religiuri mimdinareoba ayali-
bebs sakuTari Tavis mimarT. rogorc profesori dona salivani amave konteqstSi
amtkicebs, `mravali religiuri doqtrina Tu rwmena adgens socialuri qcevisa da
pasuxismgeblobis standartebs da moiTxovs morwmuneTagan maT Sesrulebas. maTTvis,
vinc icavs socialuri pasuxismgeblobis am principebs, gansxvaveba religiur da po-
litikur saqmianobas Soris SesaZloa xelovnuric iyos~. gamoCenili Teologis kan-
tuel smitis mosazrebiT, tradiciuli evropuli religiebis farglebs gareT reli-
giis mTeli arsi, Tavi rom davaneboT garkveuli rwmenis upiratesobas, imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom is, vinc ewinaaRmdegeba religiuri cxovrebis wess, iTvleba ucxoto-
melad.122 aqedan gamomdinare, Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac religia, pirvel rigSi,
garkveuli, urTierTdakavSirebuli rwmenebis erTobliobas warmoadgens, rogorc
amas me-9 muxlis precedentuli samarTali gvTavazobs, ar Seesabameba yvela reli-
giur mimdinareobaTa Tu maT mimdevarTa mosazrebebs. pirovnebis iZuleba, moiqces
Tavisi religiisa Tu rwmenis moZRvrebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, an misi dasja sakuTar
religiur swavlebaTa Sesabamisi qmedebisaTvis, ar aris irelevanturi mravali adami-
anis rwmenisa Tu religiisaTvis. religiis mravali definicia xazs usvams eTikis ko-
deqsis mixedviT cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis, qcevis saerTo magaliTebis mimdevro-
bisa da ritualebSi monawileobis miRebis mniSvnelobas. mxolod religiis Zalze
108
viwro definiciebi zRudavs mas upirvelesad adamianis gonebaSi ideebisa da rwmena-
Ta sistemis ganviTarebis inteleqtualuri sferoTi. ufro gaumjobesebuli gansaz-
Rvrebebi ki miuTiTebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia re-
ligias adamianis mier Tavisi cxovrebis warmarTvaSi.
me-9 muxlis formulireba, Tavis mxriv, gvTavazobs, rom saWiroa ganvasxvaoT
zogadi ufleba religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebaze da ufleba maT gamoxatvaze.
Sesabamisad, gaugebaria, ramdenad relevanturia me-9 muxlis pirveli nawili, roca
gansazRvruli tipis gamoxatva kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. garkveuli mosazrebiT, rwme-
nis gamoxatvis garTulebam SesaZloa mZime zegavlena moaxdinos Sinagan sferoze.
msgavsi pozicia daafiqsira aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare burgerma saq-
meSi Wisconsin v. Yoder,123 sadac gasaCivrebuli iqna kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec
savaldebulo iyo 16 wlamde bavSvebis skolaSi siaruli viskonsinis StatSi. amiSebi
iTxovdnen gaTavisuflebas am wesisgan, radganac miiCnevdnen, rom swavlebis bolo
2 weli dabrkolebas uqmnida bavSvebis integrirebis unars amiSebis religiur da so-
cialur sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pirveli Sesworebis safuZvelze
maT hqondaT aRniSnuli wesisgan gaTavisuflebis ufleba. Tu ra nayofi gamoiRo
aRniSnulma gadawyvetilebam, sakmaod sadavoa, Tumca misi dasabuTeba zustad im
zRvarze miuTiTebs, romlis miRmac Sinagani da garegani sferoebis gadakveTa xdeba.
religia amiSebisTvis ar Semoifargleba mxolod `Teokratiuli rwmenebiT~, aramed
`Rrma religiur mrwamss~ warmoadgens, romelic mTel maT cxovrebiseul gzas gansaz-
Rvravs. Careva cxovrebis wesSi gardauvali Sedegis saxiT rwmenaSi Carevas gamoiwvev-
da.124 garkveuli mosazrebiT, valdebulebaTa dakisreba rwmenis gamoxatvaze aseve
warmoadgens fundamenturi uflebis darRvevas religiis Tavisuflebaze.
saxelmwifos Careva forum internum-Si

rogorc profesorma evansma ganacxada, zemoT aRniSnulis citirebisas, komisiam
garkveulwilad daadastura, rom pirovnebis iZuleba, imoqmedos Tavisi religiisa
da rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod, mZime zegavlenas axdens ara marto forum externum-ze
aramed aseve kerZo, Sinagan sindisze. sfero, sadac evropuli saxelmwifoebi yvelaze
xSirad iqnen dadanaSaulebulni indoqtrinaciis mcdelobaSi, Seexeba swavlebas
skolaSi. garkveul doneze, yoveli SemTxveva, roca saxelmwifo moiTxovs indivi-
disgan, imoqmedos Tavisi religiuri wesebis sawinaaRmdegod an awesebs sasjels ada-
mianis uarisaTvis, imoqmedos Tavisi sindisis sawinaaRmdegod, mZimed zemoqmedebs
forum internum-ze. amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens pirovnebis iZu-
leba, monawileoba miiRos religiur ritualSi, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba mis rwmenas,
an uaryos sakuTari religia. am tipis saqmesTan sasamarTlos jer ar hqonia Sexeba.
daaxloebiT amgvari saxisa iyo ieRovas mowme bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli ori saqme,
sadac momCivanTa gancxadebiT, isini daisajnen uarisTvis, monawileoba mieRoT sam-
xedro aRlumSi. momCivnebis mtkicebiT, maTi iZuleba, monawileoba mieRoT amgvar
aRlumebSi, warmoadgenda pacifizmis religiur mimdevrobaze maTi uflebis darR-
vevas. sasamarTlom uaryo maTi saCivrebi.125 aRniSnul saqmeebSi sasamarTlos warmod-
geniT saqmis arsi religiis gamoxatvaSi mdgomareobda, Tumca locvaSi monawileobis
miRebaze bavSvebis iZulebis SemTxvevas rom hqonoda adgili, religiisa da rwmenis
Sinagan da garegan aspeqtebs Soris mkafio sazRvris gavlebis sirTule albaT ufro
109
ukeT iqneboda aRqmuli sasamarTlos mier. pirovnebis iZuleba, moiqces Tavisi reli-
giuri mrwamsis aSkara darRveviT, savaraudod, religiis an rwmenis uaryofis iZule-
bis ekvivalenturia. Zalze Znelia aseT saqmeebSi Sinagan da garegan sferoebs Soris
zusti zRvaris SenarCuneba.
Forum internum-is TviT SezRuduli gagebac ki sistemurad ar iqna gamoyenebuli
sasamarTlos mier. es naTlad Cans saskolo marSTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis Sedarebi-
sas saqmesTan derbi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, sadac sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pirovnebis
iZuleba, gadaixados im eklesiis gadasaxadebi, romelsac igi ar miekuTvneba, warmo-
adgens mniSvnelovan Carevas forum internum-Si.126 aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod Znelia
komisiis midgomasa da mis gadawyvetilebebs Soris Sesabamisobis povna, ieRovas mowmeTa
saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT. SesaZloa, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gagebul iqnes im
konteqstSi, rom momCivans derbis saqmeSi aiZulebdnen, monawileoba mieRo im religiaSi,
romlis mimdevaric igi ar iyo, bavSvebs ki aiZulebdnen, monawileoba mieRoT ufro
samoqalaqo programaSi, vidre uSualod religiaSi. Tumca SesaZloa TiToeul, calke
aRebul SemTxvevaSi momCivanTa mxridan saqmis arsis gaazreba identuri xasiaTisa iyo.
arc erT saqmeSi saxelmwifo ar wasula ise Sors, rom SeuZlebeli (Tundac gansakuTre-
bulad rTuli) gaexada individebisaTvis Sinagani rwmenis SenarCuneba, Tumca TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos moTxovna individebisadmi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom moqceuliy-
vnen sakuTari rwmenis moTxovnaTa sawinaaRmdegod. es ki faqtobrivad warmoadgenda
moTxovnas individebisadmi, TavianTi qceviT uareyoT sakuTari religia. konfliqti
moTxovnil qmedebasa da rwmenas Soris imdenad seriozuli iyo, rom, savaraudod,
zegavlenas axdenda rogorc garegan, ise Sinagan sferoze.
aqedan gamomdinare, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa sakiTxi, Tu ra stadiaze iqceva
saxelmwifos qmedeba iseTad, rom zegavlenas axdens ara marto pirovnebis uflebaze,
gamoxatos Tavisi religia, aramed mis uflebaze, iqonios religia an rwmena. pasuxi,
rogorc Cans, Semdegia: saxelmwifos qmedeba gansakuTrebulad represiul xasiaTs
unda atarebdes, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlos mxridan Sefasdes, rogorc Careva forum
internum-Si. derbis saqmis gamoklebiT, ar yofila sxva SemTxveva, sadac saxelmwifos
qmedeba, kerZod, individebis iZuleba, emoqmedaT TavianTi sindisis sawinaaRmdegod
an religiuri qcevis dasja, Sefasebuli yofiliyo, rogorc Careva forum internum-Si.
rogorc profesori evansi acxadebs, adamianebi unda moelodnen `garkveuli sazRa-
uris gaRebas~ TavianTi religiis an rwmenisaTvis da mxolod garkveuli valdebule-
bebis dakisreba pirovnebaze, romelic cdilobs, daicvas Tavisi religiis an rwmenis
moTxovnebi, ar aris sakmarisi, rom CaiTvalos me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis darRvevad.
maSin, roca sazRauri SesaZloa Zalze maRali iyos (mag. wameba an Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa), ramdenime zomierad seriozuli valdebuleba ar iqna miCneuli me-9 muxlis
pirveli nawilis darRvevad. samxedro mosamarTlis saqmeSi, romelic gaTavisuf-
lebuli iqna Tanamdebobidan fundamentalisturi islamuri jgufis wevrobis gamo,
sasamarTlom daadgina (Secvala ra komisiis gadawyvetileba), rom aRniSnuli saqme
me-9 muxlis qvemdebare ar iyo.127 sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetileba nawilobriv im
garemoebiT daasabuTa, rom samxedro samsaxurSi SesvliT momCivani nebayoflobiT
Tanxmdeboda mis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebas,
nawilobriv ki imiT, rom mosamarTle gaTavisuflebuli iqna ara mosazrebaTa, aramed
qcevisa da poziciis gamo. Tumca saqcieli da pozicia, rogorc samsaxuridan gaTavi-
110
suflebis safuZveli, mdgomareobda swored ùkanono fundamentalisturi mosaz-
rebebis~128 aRiarebaSi. sasamarTlo mxolod bundovani ganmartebiT Semoifargla
momCivnis mxridan samxedro disciplinis darRvevis Taobaze. vinaidan detalebi ar
iqna mocemuli, Sesabamisad, gaugebaria, Tu raSi gamoixata disciplinis darRveva. es
saqme SesaZloa forum internum-Si Carevis tahzibiseuli CamonaTvalis pirvel jgufs
miesadagebodes, kerZod, diskriminacias gansazRvruli religiisa Tu rwmenis qonis
an garkveuli Sexedulebebis argaziarebis gamo. es faqtobrivad asecaa, vinaidan
saqmeSi ar yofila warmodgenili arc erTi mtkicebuleba, romlis mixedviTac mom-
Civnis religia armiaSi misi rolis Sesrulebas uSlida xels, aqedan gamomdinare,
komisiam miiCnia, rom mosamarTlis daTxovna me-9 muxlis darRvevas warmoadgenda.129
am gadawyvetilebis Secvlisas sasamarTlom religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis imde-
nad viwro definicia gamoiyena, rom gaugebaria, saerTod rogor aris SesaZlebeli
totalitaruli qveynebis umravlesobis mxridan misi darRveva. aqedan gamomdinare,
saxelmwifoebs umravles SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, gansazRvruli religiis
an rwmenis gaziareba gaxadon arasasiamovno an mavaldebulebeli, faqtobrivad, forum
internum-Si Carevis gareSe.
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, SesaZloa sasamarTlos zogierTi wevris damokide-
buleba Seicvala kidec me-9 muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis ufro
farTo interpretaciis mimarT. saqmeSi cavaCidisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,130 komi-
siis ramdenime wevris mosazrebiT, religiis an rwmenis niadagze saidumlo policiis
mxridan pirovnebaze sistematuri meTvalyureoba religiis qonaze adamianis uflebis
darRveva iyo. komisiis wevrebis umravlesoba ki miiCnevda, rom aseTi zedamxedveloba
mxolod piradi saidumloebis xelyofas warmoadgenda (da, Sesabamisad, me-8 muxlis
meore nawilis safuZvelze dasaSvebi iyo mxolod aucileblobisas demokratiul sazo-
gadoebaSi), Tumca garkveuli formiT religiuri jgufebis organizebuli daSineba
saxelmwifo organoTa warmomadgenlebis mxridan SesaZloa utoldeboda kidec forum
internum-Si Carevas. saqmes sasamarTlomde ar miuRwevia, vinaidan mxareebi morigdnen.131
Tumca erT-erT bolo saqmeSi sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom saxelmwifo organoTa,
gansakuTrebiT policiis, warmomadgenelTa TanamSromloba im ojaxis wevrebTan,
romlebmac daakaves TavianTi zrdasruli Svilebi am ukanasknelTa nebis sawinaaRmde-
god maTi religiuri mrwamsis Secvlis mizniT, warmoadgenda adamianis uflebis dar-
Rvevas, ar yofiliyo ukanonod dakavebuli.132 samwuxarod, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom,
radganac moTxovna me-5 (1) muxlis qvemdebare iyo, me-9 muxlis damoukidebeli gamok-
vleva aRar iyo saWiro. miuxedavad amisa, es saqme SesaZloa garkveulwilad mianiSnebdes
sasamarTlos mzaobaze, daicvas adamianis ufleba religiuri mrwamsis Tavisufleba-
ze (Tundac Zalze sadavo religiuri mrwamsisa), miuxedavad imisa, rom am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi dacva mopovebuli iqna konvenciis sxva, da ara me-9 muxlis safuZvelze.
maSin, roca komisiisa da sasamarTlos mier saxelmwifos mxridan arareligiur prog-
ramebSi monawileobis iZuleba forum internum-Si Carevad Sefasda SedarebiT nakleb
SemTxvevebSi, savaraudod, gansxvavebulad unda iqnes gansjili gansazRvruli religiuri
Sexedulebis ganviTarebisaTvis saxelmwifos xelSemwyobi qmedeba an misi mcdeloba.
arsebobs ori ZiriTadi gza amis ganxorcielebisa: saxelmwifo eklesiis dafuZneba da
saxelmwifo skolebSi bavSvebis ganaTleba. orive gavlenas axdens forum internum-ze.
111
saxelmwifo eklesia
konvenciis proeqtis SemuSavebisas samuSao procesSi monawile bevr saxelmwi-

foSi arsebobda garkveuli formiT dawesebuli an saxelmwifo eklesia. dResdReobiT
konvenciis mravalricxovan monawileebs TavianT konstituciebSi aqvT miTiTeba
garkveuli eklesiis an religiis Taobaze.133 arc erT saxelmwifos ara aqvs sxva reli-
giaTa devnisa da maT mimarT araSemwynarebluri damokidebulebis oficialurad gac-
xadebuli politika, rogorc es zogierT SemTxvevaSi istoriulad arsebobda.134
Tumca umravlesoba mainc mniSvnelovan privilegiebs an sul mcire upiratesobas
aniWebs gansazRvrul eklesias an eklesiebs sxva religiebisa da eklesiebis mimarT.
saxelmwifo eklesiebis konteqstSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakiTxs, warmoadgens
Tu ara TavisTavad maTi arseboba religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis darRvevas.
rac Seexeba gaeros aqtebs religiis Tavisuflebaze, SeiniSneba am sakiTxis ganxilvis-
Tvis Tavis aridebis tendencia, Tumca religiisa da rwmenis niadagze Seuwynareblo-
bisa da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Taobaze 1967 wels SemuSavebuli deklaraciis
proeqtis 1 (d) muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mxridan gansazRvruli religiis dawe-
seba da aRiareba TavisTavad ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc Seuwynareblobis
an diskriminaciis erT-erTi forma.135 es debuleba saboloo jamSi deklaraciis sabo-
loo variantSi ar iqna Setanili.
sasamarTlom da komisiam aseve gadawyvites, rom garkveuli religiis daweseba
TavisTavad ar warmoadgens konvenciis darRvevas.136 saqmeSi derbi SvedeTis winaaR-
mdeg137 komisiam ganacxada:
saxelmwifo eklesiis sistema TavisTavad ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
konvenciis me-9 muxlis darRvevad. realurad amgvari sistema konvenciis
monawile mraval saxelmwifoSi arsebobs da arsebobda maSinac, roca
konvenciis SemuSaveba xdeboda da es qveynebi misi monawileni gaxdnen.
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo eklesiis sistemam daakmayofilos me-9 muxlis
moTxovnebi, igi unda Seicavdes TiToeuli individis religiis Tavisuflebis
dacvis specialur saSualebebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo eklesias micemuli ara aqvs e.w. carte blanche.
kerZod, saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia ufleba, aiZulos individebi, SeuerTdnen eklesias,
an aukrZalos maT eklesiis datoveba. Tuki es moxdeba, adgili eqneba forum internum-
Si Carevis aSkara SemTxvevas. dawesebuli eklesiis arsebobis sanqcireba badebs mniS-
vnelovan kiTxvebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra tipis daxmarebis gawevis ufleba
aqvs saxelmwifos eklesiisaTvis, vidre gansazRvruli religiisaTvis aqtiur xel-
SewyobaSi gadaizrdebodes misi qmedeba. arkot kriSnasvami, Tavis swavlebaSi reli-
giis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom istoriulad `qveyanaSi dawesebuli ekle-
siis an saxelmwifo religiis arseboba asocirebuli iyo sastik diskriminaciasTan —
zogjer aSkara devnasTanac ki — im individebis mimarT, romlebic am eklesiis mim-
devrebi ar iyvnen. misive analiziT, saxelmwifo eklesiis ubralo arseboba ar warmo-
adgens religiis Tavisuflebis dacvis Taobaze miRebuli saerTaSoriso aqtebis
darRvevas, Tumca igi qmnis msgavsi eklesiebis mier gansxvavebuli religiebis an rwme-
naTa mimdevrebis mimarT ukanono diskriminaciaSi saxelmwifoTa CaTrevis SesaZleb-
lobis detaluri gamokvlevis aucileblobas.
dasaSvebi done saxelmwifos mxridan gansazRvruli religiisadmi mxardaWerisa,
112
pirvel rigSi, sagadasaxado sakiTxebsa da finansur kontribucias, aseve eklesiis
SigniT, saeklesio personalze, gansakuTrebiT sasuliero pirebsa da eklesiis wi-
namZRvrebze saxelmwifo kontrols moicavs. saxelmwifo eklesiis gavlenis naTel
ilustracias warmoadgens ficis dadebis moTxovna saparlamento adgilebis dakave-
bisas (rac konvenciis darRvevas warmoadgens)138 da erTi konkretuli religiis mi-
marT mkrexelobis amkrZalavi kanonebis miReba (rac ar warmoadgens konvenciis dar-
Rvevas).139
finansuri garigebebi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris

saxelmwifos SeuZlia pirdapiri gziT akrifos dawesebuli eklesiisaTvis (an sxva
nebismieri eklesiisaTvis) gankuTvnili saeklesio gadasaxadebi mocemuli eklesiis
wevrebisgan.140 aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, religiis
Secvlis SemTxvevaSi pirovnebisgan moiTxovos informireba xsenebulis Taobaze, rac
SesaZloa ganvixiloT rogorc darRveva adamianis uflebisa, ar gaamxilos Tavisi
religia. komisiis mier saxelmwifoebs mieniWaT farTo diskrecia informirebis gze-
bis gansazRvris mimarTulebiT.141 miuxedavad amisa, qveynebis mTavrobebs ar aqvT
ufleba, saeklesio gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod Seusabamo val-
debulebebi daakisron pirebs, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian Sesabamis eklesias. saq-
meSi derbi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg,142 komisiam miuTiTa, rom molodini pirovnebis mier
sacxovrebeli qveynis Secvlisa saxelmwifo eklesiis gadasaxadis gadaxdisagan ga-
Tavisuflebis mizniT, warmoadgenda konvenciis me-9 muxlis darRvevas. amave dros
saxelmwifo uflebamosilia Seasrulos eklesiis warmomadgenlis funqciebi reli-
giuri miznebisaTvis misi wevrebisgan fulis asakrefad, anu miniWebuli aqvs kerZo
garigebis sferoSi Carevis ufleba. saxelmwifos aseve SeuZlia TviT eklesias an
eklesiebs mianiWos pirdapiri gziT saeklesio gadasaxadebis gadaxdis moTxovnis uf-
leba, aseve, neba darTos maT, gamoiyenon gadaxdis iZulebis sasamarTlo meqaniz-
mi.143 mocemuli saqmeebis Sefasebisas komisiis mier eklesiis wevroba ramdenjerme
gaTanabrebuli iqna kerZo organizaciis wevrobasTan. kerZo organizacia ki ufle-
bamosilia, Tavisi wevrebisgan moiTxovos Senatanis gadaxda da gamoiyenos saxelmwi-
fo, am ukanasknelis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, gadaxdis iZulebis uzrunvelyofis miz-
niT.144 komisiam mxedvelobaSi ar miiRo, rom am tipis garigeba individisgan moiTxovs
saxelmwifos informirebas Tavisi religiis, aseve religiis SecvlasTan dakavSire-
buli nebismieri gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. aman ki SesaZloa zogs xeli SeuSalos Tavi-
sufal arCevanSi da, Sesabamisad, zegavlena moaxdinos forum internum-ze.145
komisiam aseve neba darTo saxelmwifos, aramorwmuneTa mxridanac moeTxova sa-
xelmwifo eklesiis gadasaxadebis proporciuli raodenobis gadaxda, romelic gan-
kuTvnili iqneboda eklesiis mier im `samoqalaqo funqciebis~ ganxorcielebisaTvis,
rogoricaa dabadebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebis aRricxva, qorwinebisa da dak-
rZalvis ceremoniebis ganxorcieleba. iZulebiTi wesiT gadasaxadebis gadaxdas Se-
saZloa is individic daeqvemdebaros, romelic kategoriulad winaaRmdegia saxel-
mwifosa da eklesias Soris kavSirisa am `samoqalaqo funqciebis~ ganxorcielebaSi.146
erT-erTi eklesiis wevrebs, romlebic aprotestebdnen wess, romlis safuZvelzec
maTi saeklesio gadasaxadis ganawileba xdeboda ramdenime religiur mimdinareobas
Soris, imis nacvlad, rom mxolod maTi eklesiisaTvis yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, aseve
113
uari eTqvaT saqmis ganxilvaze me-9 muxlis safuZvelze. komisiam es gadawyvetileba
miiRo, momCivanTa protestis miuxedavad (isini mzad iyvnen, daetovebinaT TavianTi
eklesiis rigebi, rom Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba ar gamoeCinaT amgvari garige-
bis mimarT).147
saxelmwifo aseve aRWurvilia uflebiT, Sevides iseTi tipis garigebebSi, romle-
bic garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs erT an ramdenime eklesias sxva eklesiebisa Tu
religiebis mimarT. saqmeSi iglesia bautista èl salvadori~ da ortega maratila
espaneTis winaaRmdeg148 komisiam daadgina, rom is sagadasaxado sistema, romelic
privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebda kaTolikur eklesias protestantuli ek-
lesiebis mimarT, ar arRvevda me-9 da me-14 muxlebs. espaneTSi kaTolikuri eklesia
gaTavisuflebuli iyo uZravi qonebis gadasaxadisagan. momCivnebi _ protestantuli
eklesia da protestanti winamZRvari _ aseve iTxovdnen, am gadasaxadis gadaxdisgan
gaTavisuflebas, Tumca maT uari eTqvaT im motiviT, rom saxelmwifos daTmoba ka-
Tolikuri eklesiis mimarT ganpirobebuli iyo espaneTsa da kaTolikur eklesias
Soris dadebuli konkordatiT. protestantul eklesiasTan aseTi SeTanxmebis arar-
sebobis pirobebSi gadasaxadis gadaxdisgan misi gaTavisufleba moklebuli iqnebo-
da yvelanair iuridiuli safuZvels.
religiis Tavisuflebaze ufleba ar gulisxmobs garkveuli eklesiis gaTavisuf-
lebas sagadasaxado valdebulebebisgan. saxelmwifos ar ekisreba RvTismsaxurebis
ganxorcielebis adgilebis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis valdebulebisagan.
amave dros saxelmwifo uflebamosilia gansazRvruli eklesia an religiuri orga-
nizacia gaaTavisuflos gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan me-14 muxlis darRvevis gareSe,
Tuki arsebobs òbieqturi da dasabuTebuli~ gamarTleba msgavsi gansxvavebuli da-
mokidebulebisa. komisiam ganacxada, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, konkordatis
arsebobidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos moqmedebas hqonda aseTi gamarTleba. kon-
kordati garkveul valdebulebebs akisrebda kaTolikur eklesias (magaliTad, misi
istoriuli, mxatvruli da dokumenturi memkvidreobis Cayeneba espaneli xalxis
samsaxurSi), saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli sargeblis miRebis sanacvlod (magali-
Tad, gadasaxadis gadaxdisgan gaTavisufleba). vinaidan protestantul eklesiasTan
ar iyo dadebuli amgvari garigeba, Sesabamisad, arc diskriminacias hqonda adgili
protestantuli eklesiis mimarT. saboloo jamSi, komisiam uaryo is argumenti, TiT-
qos, kaTolikuri eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, protestantuli eklesiis mimarT gadasa-
xadebis gadaxdis moTxovnis SenarCunebiT saxelmwifo erT eklesias meoris subsidi-
rebas aiZulebda. komisiam ganacxada, rom gadasaxadebis dakisreba neitralur aqts
warmoadgens yovelgvari mizanmimarTuli qveteqstis gareSe. momCivanma aseve ver
SeZlo imis damtkiceba, rom mis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebi raime saxiT gamoyenebu-
li iqna kaTolikuri eklesiisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba daskvnis gamotana, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, erT eklesias, meorisgan
gansxvavebiT, daakisros gadasaxadis gadaxdis valdebuleba an gauwios finansuri
daxmareba, Tuki saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris dadebulia SeTanxmeba, romelic
ormxriv valdebulebebs akisrebs mxareebs. komisiam ar ganixila sakiTxi imis Taobaze,
hqonda Tu ara protestantul eklesias saxelmwifosTan garigebis dadebis moTxovnis
ufleba, Tumca miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom amis ufleba
momCivan eklesias ar gaaCnia. rogorc Cans, am gadawyvetilebaze gavlena iqonia im
114
faqtormac, rom saxelmwifo eklesiis statusi Tavisi arsiT dakargavda mniSvnelobas,
Tuki misTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela privilegiiT sargeblobis ufleba sxva religieb-
sac eqnebodaT.
kontroli saeklesio personalze

sxva iuridiul sirTuleTa jgufs, rac sazogadoebaSi romelime eklesiis an reli-
giis dawesebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba, miekuTvneba is, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebas
miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, monawileoba miiRos religiasTan dakavSirebiT im gadawyve-
tilebaTa miRebaSi, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi saSinao religiur saqmed CaiTvleboda.149
magaliTad, saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, daadginos samuSaoze ayvanis kriteriumebi
sasuliero pirebisaTvis an Camoayalibos maT mier Sesasrulebeli valdebulebebi
saxelmwifos winaSe. saxelmwifos aseve SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos dakisrebul mova-
leobaTa jerovnad Seusruleblobis safuZvelze sasuliero piris gaTavisuflebis
Taobaze gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi.
saxelmwifoSi, sadac arsebobs dawesebuli eklesia, qveynis mTavrobas ufleba aqvs,
Camoayalibos eklesiaSi samuSaos dawyebis rogorc zogadi xasiaTis pirobebi, ise
moTxovnebi konkretuli Tanamdebobis mimarT.150 saxelmwifos mxridan Tanamdebobaze
daniSvnis win erTgulebis ficis dadebis moTxovnaze uflebas komisiam aSkarad da-
uWira mxari saqmeSi knudseni norvegiis winaaRmdeg.151 komisiam aseve mxari dauWira
saeklesio xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebas, romelmac uari ganucxada qalTa sam-
Rvdelo xeldasxmis mowinaaRmdege pastors eklesiaSi samuSaos dawyebaze, imis safuZ-
velze, rom Tavis poziciaze mas SesaZloa damxmare qal sasuliero pirebTan hqonoda
Sexeba.152 sakiTxi sasuliero pirTa dasaqmebis moTxovnaTa Sesaxeb ar ganekuTvneba
ordinarul saxelmwifo interesTa sferos, amitom iq, sadac saxelmwifo eklesiis
msgavsi warmonaqmni ar arsebobs, amgvari Careva SesaZloa ganxiluli yofiliyo, ro-
gorc me-9 muxlis darRveva.153 Tumca es srulebiT ar gulisxmobs imas, rom dawe-
sebuli eklesiis pirobebSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arsebuli, zemoT ganxi-
luli, urTierToba legitimur elfers sZendes mTavrobis mxridan eklesiis saSinao
saqmeebSi Carevas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, konvenciis safuZvelze, aseTi urTierToba sa-
xelmwifos mxridan moiTxovs garkveul moqmedebasa da pasuxismgeblobas eklesiis
gansazRvruli qmedebebisTvis.
sasuliero pirTa da gansazRvruli religiuri mimdinareobis wevrTa uflebebi
aseve SezRudul xasiaTs atarebs. saxelmwifo eklesiis sistemaSi saxelmwifo ufle-
bamosilia, garkveuli garemoebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi mainc, moiTxovos sasuli-
ero pirisgan gansazRvruli tipis qceva, moTxovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi ki
— samuSaos datoveba. mdgomareoba ar icvleba im SemTxvevaSic, roca sakiTxi Tavisi
arsiT religiuri xasiaTisaa. komisiam mxari dauWira daniis saxelmwifo eklesiis
mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas im sasuliero piris disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis
Taobaze, romelmac mSoblebs maTi Svilebis monaTvlis pirobad am ukanasknelTaTvis
religiuri swavlebis 5 gakveTilis Catareba wauyena.154 komisiis mier Tavisi gadawyve-
tilebis dasabuTeba sakmaod mniSvnelovania, rogorc saxelmwifosa da eklesias So-
ris urTierTobis, ise gansazRvruli eklesiis wevrTa religiis Tavisuflebis kon-
teqstSi, miuxedavad imisa, sakiTxi dawesebul eklesias Seexeba, Tu ara. komisiam ga-
nacxada, rom
115
eklesia organizebuli xasiaTis religiuri sazogadoebaa, dafuZnebuli
identur an arsebiTad msgavs Sexedulebebze. misi wevrebisaTvis me-9 muxlis
safuZvelze miniWebuli uflebebidan gamomdinare, Tavis mxriv, daculia
eklesiis uflebebi religiis gamoxatvaze, RvTismsaxurebis organizebasa da
Catarebaze, swavlebaze, ritualebis Sesrulebaze an wes-Cveulebebis
dacvaze, aseve Tavisufleba, aRasrulos da iZulebis wesiT uzrunvelyos am
sakiTxTa erTgvarovneba. garda amisa, saxelmwifo eklesiis sistemaSi eklesiis
msaxurni ayvanilni arian samuSaoze konkretuli religiis gamoyenebisa da
swavlebis mizniT. azrze, sindissa da religiaze maTi individualuri uflebis
ganxorcielebas adgili aqvs sasuliero pirad muSaobaze Tanxmobis an uaris
Tqmis momentidan. garda amisa, maTi ufleba eklesiis datovebaze warmoadgens
garantias saeklesio personalis religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofisa.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, eklesia ar aris valdebuli, uzrunvelyos misi
wevrebisa da msaxurTa religiis Tavisufleba, saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT,
romelsac ekisreba es valdebuleba Tavisi iurisdiqciis farglebSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasuliero pirs ar gaaCnda uflebamosileba, daedgina dama-
tebiTi pirobebi naTlobisaTvis. pastors ufleba hqonda, daecva arsebuli direq-
tivebi an daetovebina dakavebuli Tanamdeboba. komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, adgili
ar hqonia religiis Tavisuflebis darRvevas, vinaidan arsebobda Tanamdebobis da-
tovebis uflebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
komisiam amgvari gadawyvetileba miiRo, roca gaamarTla norvegiis eklesiisa da
ganaTlebis ministris qmedeba sasuliero piris dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan gaTavi-
suflebis Taobaze. am sasuliero pirma uari ganacxada saxelmwifo funqciebis nawi-
lis ganxorcielebaze abortis Sesaxeb axali, liberaluri kanonis winaaRmdeg pro-
testis gamoxatvis mizniT.155 sasuliero piris uari Seesabameboda misi eklesiis moZR-
vrebas da Seexeboda dakisrebul valdebulebaTa mxolod nawils (ZiriTadad, qorwi-
nebis sferoSi). miuxedavad amisa, komisiam gadawyvita, rom abortis kanonis sapro-
testod mimarTuli misi qmedeba ar iyo savaldebulo im religiis Tanaxmad, romelsac
sasuliero piri miekuTvneboda. gansazRvruli funqciebis ganxorcielebaze momCiv-
nis uari motivirebuli iyo mxolod abortisadmi misi uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT.
es damokidebuleba ki, Tavis mxriv, misi religiiT iyo motivirebuli.156 saxelmwifos
ar hqonda momCivnis iZulebis ufleba, rom es ukanaskneli eklesiis an samRvdeloebis
wevrad darCeniliyo, magram saxelmwifo uflebamosili iyo, daeregulirebina misi
qceva, rogorc eklesiis wevrisa, radganac `saxelmwifo eklesiis sistemaSi Semaval
sasuliero pirs, garda imisa, rom religiuri valdebulebebi aqvs, ekisreba aseve
garkveuli movaleobebic saxelmwifos winaSe~.
Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo aRWurvilia mniSvnelovani uflebiT, Caerios saxelmwifo
eklesiis rogorc organizebaSi, ise religiuri moTxovnebis dawesebis sferoSi. ker-
Zod, saxelmwifos roli gamoixateba eklesiaSi samuSaod miRebisa da gaTavisuflebis
pirobebis dadgenaSi, religiis Tavisuflebisadmi mniSvnelovani yuradRebis miqcevis
gareSe. Tumca, savaraudod, arsebobs zRvari, romlis farglebSic saxelmwifo ufle-
bamosilia, ganaxorcielos Tavisi Zalaufleba. knudsenis saqmeSi komisiam miuTiTa,
rom daumorCileblobis motiviT saxelmwifo samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba SesaZloa
daeqvemdebaros saqmis aRZvras me-9 muxlis safuZvelze `gansazRvruli garemoebebis
116
arsebobisas~, Tumca aranairi miniSneba imis Taobaze, Tu ra igulisxmeba am
garemoebebSi, ar gakeTebula. komisiam saxelmwifos moqmedebis dasaSvebobis dasa-
buTebisas aRniSna, rom sasuliero pirs mTavrobam mxolod saxelmwifo funqciebi
CamoarTva da mis sasuliero rolSi ar Careula.
saxelmwifos roli arasamTavrobo religiuri jgufebis liderTa qmedebebis
regulirebaSi gacilebiT SezRudulia. saqmeSi serifi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg157 sa-
berZneTis mTavrobam braldeba wauyena serifs rodoptSi muslimTa adgilobrivi
sazogadoebis muftad Tavis gamocxadebisa da muftis samosis tarebisaTvis. serifi
arCeuli iqna adgilobriv meCeTSi paraskevis locvaze damswre muslimTa mier da
sazogadoebaSi mravali mimdevari hyavda, Tumca saberZneTis mTavrobis mier muftis
Tanamdebobaze sxva adamiani iyo daniSnuli. xelisufleba acxadebda, rom religiur
liderTa qcevis regulireba warmoadgens aucileblobas, pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom
maT gansazRvruli samoqalaqo uflebebi aqvT miniWebuli saberZneTis kanonmdeb-
lobis safuZvelze (rogoricaa saqorwino ceremoniebis Sesruleba, SezRuduli
uflebebi saojaxo sakiTxebis gadawyvetasa da samxedro samsaxuridan gaTavisufle-
baze) da aseve, sazogadoebis dacvis mizniT im daZabulobisgan, rac SesaZloa ori
religiuri lideris arsebobas gamoewvia. sasamarTlom daakmayofila momCivnis
moTxovna da ganacxada, rom pirovnebis dasja `mxolod im religiuri jgufis lideri-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevisaTvis, romelic misi nebayoflobiTi mimdevari iyo,
ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc religiuri pluralizmis moTxovnebis Sesaba-
misi qmedeba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~. Tumca sasamarTlo saqmes sxva Sefasebas
miscemda, Tuki momCivani iuridiuli Sedegebis gamomwvevi qmedebebis (rogoricaa
saqorwino ceremoniebi, religiuri da moraluri lideroba) ganxorcielebas Seec-
deboda saxelmwifo kontrols gareT. rac Seexeba religiuri sazogadoebebis erTiani
xelmZRvanelobis SenarCunebas, sasamarTlos miTiTebiT, saxelmwifo ar iyo is subi-
eqti, romelsac mocemuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis unda mieRo zomebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, maSin, roca saxelmwifos qmedebebze religiuri (gansakuTrebiT
aradawesebul eklesiaTa) liderebis winaaRmdeg SezRudvebia dawesebuli, me-9 muxli
dawesebuli eklesiebisTvis privilegiebis miniWebis da maTze gansazRvruli donis
kontrolis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelovan SesaZleblobas aniWebs mTavrobebs. sakiTxi
im zRvaris Sesaxeb, romlis miRmac eklesiis dawesebam SesaZloa rogorc eklesiis
wevris, ise arawevrTa forum internum-Si Careva gamoiwvios, iSviaTad miiReboda
mxedvelobaSi da mxolod derbis saqmeSi miiyvana komisia im daskvnamde, rom saxel-
mwifo Zalze Sors wavida Tavisi eklesiis interesebis mxardaWerisas. rogorc Cans,
evropaSi dawesebuli eklesiebis istoriulma mniSvnelobam sasamarTlo iZulebuli
gaxada, xeli moekida rTuli filosofiuri sakiTxebisTvis, romlebic dakavSirebulia
zemoxsenebul zRvarTan, romlis miRmac eklesiis dawesebam SesaZloa iseTi garemo
Seqmnas, romelic ereva gansazRvruli religiis rogorc mimdevarTa, ise aramimde-
varTa forum internum-Si.158
religiuri umciresobebis, gansakuTrebiT ieRovas mowmeTa (saberZneTis winaaRm-
deg), saqmeebi, naTlad metyvelebs im potenciur problemebze, romlebic saxelmwifos
gadametebulma aqtivobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvaTa xarjze erTi eklesiis interese-
bis mxardaWerisas, maSinac, roca, rogorc saberZneTis (eladis) marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis SemTxvevaSi, eklesia inarCunebs gansazRvruli donis avtonomias. saxelmwi-
117
fos roli SesaZloa danaxuli iqnes prozelitizmis sawinaaRmdego kanonebis miRebaSi,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT mkacrad iqna cxovrebaSi gatarebuli ieRovas mowmeebis mi-
marT, Tumca arasodes yofila gamoyenebuli marTlmadidebeli eklesis sawinaaR-
mdegod.159 nebarTvebis miReba mSeneblobaze qristianuli mimarTulebebis eklesiaTaT-
vis arasodes warmoadgenda did problemas, maSin roca ieRovas mowmeebma aRmoaCines,
rom maTi gancxadebebi (nebarTvis misaRebad) SesaZloa, wlebis ganmavlobaSi yofi-
liyo Seferxebuli da unda mieRo adgilobrivi marTlmadidebeli episkoposis nebar-
Tva.160 arsebobda saidumlo policiis mier umciresobaTa religiur jgufebze meTval-
yureobis mtkicebulebac.161 miuxedavad imisa, rom am kanonebis arseboba (Tumca xSirad
maTi gamoyeneba dauSvebeli miznebisTvis xorcieldeboda) sasamarTlos mier ar iqna
cnobili konvenciis darRvevad, gansazRvruli religiuri jgufebisadmi saxelmwifos
undoblobam da maTTvis cxovrebis garTulebis mizniT miRebulma zomebma aCvena gza,
romliTac saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo da administraciul Zalauflebas SeuZlia
zewola moaxdinos religiur umciresobaTa forum internum-ze.
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba da forum internum ganaTlebaSi
Forum internum-Tan dakavSirebul sxva sakamaTo sferos warmoadgens bavSvebis

ganaTleba.162 es is sferoa, sadac Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifos aqvs Sansi
da valdebulebac, monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebis yvelaze daucveli wevrebis
ideaTa da mosazrebaTa formirebis procesSi. zRvaris povna akrZalul indoqtrina-
cias, rogorc forum internum-Si Zaladobriv Carevasa da ganaTlebas Soris, romelic
xels uwyobs mozardebs, ipovon sakuTari Tavi sazogadoebaSi (xSirad religiurad
pluralisturSi), sakmaod Znelia.
konvenciis avtorTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia mSobelTa uflebebis
dacvis sakiTxma Svilebis religiur da moralur ganaTlebaze. miRweuli iqna zogadi
SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmadac dauSvebeli iyo skolebis gamoyeneba indoqtrinaciis
mizniT, rac, SesaZloa, Zalze saxifaTo iaraRi gaxdes totalitaruli mTavrobis
xelSi. Tumca gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom Svilebis religiur da moralur aRzrdaze
mSoblebis uflebam ar unda gamoiwvios xarjebi saxelmwifos mxridan. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, erTi mxriv, mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, mosTxovon saxelmwifos, rom am ukanasknelma
ar aswavlos maT Svilebs garkveuli wesiT, Tumca, meore mxriv, ar aqvT ufleba,
moiTxovon qveynis mTavrobisgan garkveuli tipis religiuri da moraluri ganaTle-
bis dafinanseba.
sasamarTlosa da komisias sxvadasxva dros mouwia araerTi saqmis ganxilva, sadac
momCivnebi saxelmwifosgan moiTxovdnen garkveuli saxis ganaTlebisa Tu saganmanaT-
leblo doqtrinis dafinansebas. rogorc sasamarTlom, ise komisiam, yovel konkre-
tul SemTxvevaSi erTmniSvnelovnad uaryo mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom saxelmwifo
valdebuli iyo, daefinansebina kerZo skolebi,163 uzrunveleyo saSualo da seleq-
ciuri ganaTleba,164 aseve gansazRvruli mimarTulebis swavlebis kursi,165 ganexor-
cielebina swavlebis dafinanseba dawyebiTi skolis Semdeg,166 agreTve wamyvan sko-
lebSi unarSezRuduli bavSvebis integrireba167 da im kerZo skolebis registracia,
romlebic ver akmayofileben saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis SeqmnisaTvis dadgenil
obieqtur kriteriumebs.168 Sesabamisad, SezRudulia pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlidan
gamomdinare saxelmwifos finansuri valdebuleba. rogorc sasamarTlom miuTiTa
belgian lingvistikis saqmeSi,169 ganaTlebis ufleba emsaxureba mxolod
118
xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul pirTa uflebis
garantirebas, gamoiyenon arsebuli saganmanaTleblo saSualebebi. konvencia
ar adgens am saSualebaTa masStabebsa da maT organizebasa da subsidirebasTan
dakavSirebul specialur valdebulebebs.
Sesabamisad, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mSoblebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, Seqmnan
kerZo religiuri skolebi, magram ar unda moelodnen mTavrobis mxridan dafinanse-
bas. saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv, uflebamosilia, sakuTari survilisamebr moaxdinos
amgvari skolebis subsidireba an gadaixados gansazRvruli tipis ganaTlebis safa-
suri (rogorc saxelmwifo, ise arasaxelmwifo skolebSi). konvenciis SemqnelTa mizans
(aSS-s konstituciis SemoqmedTagan gansxvavebiT) warmoadgenda ara saxelmwifos da-
toveba religiis gareSe, religiuri ganaTlebis CaTvliT, aramed saxelmwifos im
finansuri moTxovnebisgan gaTavisufleba, romelTa dakmayofilebis survilic am
ukanasknels ar gaaCnia. damoukidebeli skolebis funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba ga-
gebuli iqna, rogorc saganmanaTleblo saSualebebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvel-
yofis mniSvnelovani nawili mSoblebisTvis, romelnic ar eTanxmebian im moralur
da religiur swavlebas, rasac maTi bavSvebi iReben saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebSi. amgvari skolebi religiurad pluralisturi sazogadoebis mniSv-
nelovan nawils warmoadgens.170
ra Tqma unda, yvela bavSvi ver ivlis damoukidebel religiur skolebSi da, aqedan
gamomdinare, saxelmwifo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos mSoblebis mrwamsis pativiscema
saxelmwifo skolebis sistemaSi. es rom ara, ufleba ganaTlebis procesSi religiuri
mrwamsis pativiscemaze daculi iqneboda mxolod maTTvis, vinc SeZlebda gadasaxa-
dis gadaxdas kerZo skolebSi da vis religiur jgufsac sakmarisi resursi eqneboda
damoukideblad skolis funqcionirebis uzrunvelsayofad.171 saxelmwifo skolebSi
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul saxelmwifo valdebulebaTa farglebi kamaTis sagania,
radganac swored am sferoSi warmoCindeba yvelaze mZafrad indoqtrinaciisa da sin-
disSi Carevis sakiTxebi. is, Tu rogor wyvetda aseT sakiTxebs komisia, naTlad mety-
velebs me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli segmentiT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis
SezRudul xasiaTze forum internum-Tan dakavSirebiT.
skolis uflebamosilebis farglebi

sasamarTlo dilemas awydeba, rodesac saqme Seexeba skolas, romelsac gansazRv-
ruli tipis saswavlo kursis gatareba surs, mSoblebi ki aRniSnuli kursis gansxva-
vebulad swavlebas an saerTod gauqmebas emxrobian an am kursis swavlebisgan maTi
Svilebis nawilobriv an mTlianad gaTavisuflebis survils gamoTqvamen. aucile-
belia rogorc bavSvebis dacva indoqtrinaciisgan, aseve mSoblebis uflebis uzrun-
velyofa, airCion TavianTi Svilebis moraluri da religiuri ganaTleba. amasTanave,
sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos bavSvis sruli ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba da
skolisaTvis praqtikuli sirTuleebis warmoqmnis SesaZleblobac, Tuki gamonaklisis
saxiT bevr moswavles gaaTavisufleben garkveul sagnebze daswrebisgan. aseve
mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, aqvs Tu ara sazogadoebas legitimuri interesi, darwmundes,
rom yvela bavSvi karg zogad ganaTlebas iRebs. aman, SesaZloa, moicvas informacia
im sakiTxebze, rac moralurad da religiurad sakamaTo xasiaTisaa.
saqmeSi kieldseni, busk madseni da pederseni daniis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo Se-
119
ecada am faqtorebs Soris daZabulobis daZlevas.172 am saqmeSi daniis ganaTlebis
sistemis xelmZRvanelobam SeimuSava swavlebis erTiani kursi skolebisaTvis, rome-
lic erT-erT sagnad Seicavda seqsualur aRzrdas. ramdenime moswavlis mSobelma
gaaprotesta es. isini acxadebdnen, rom seqsualuri aRzrdis integracia swavlebis
erTian kursSi faqtobrivad savaldebulos xdida mas, es ki ewinaaRmdegeboda maT
rwmenas. mSobelTa mtkicebiT, aseTi tipis ganaTleba bavSvma saxlSi unda miiRos,
sadac saTanado yuradReba iqneba gamaxvilebuli seqsualurobis moralur da reli-
giur konteqstze. skola amtkicebda, rom bavSvebisTvis seqsualur sakiTxebze miwo-
debuli informacia faqtobrivi xasiaTisaa da skolas ar gaaCnia moraluri pozicia
seqsualuri aRzrdis sagnad swavlebis mimarT. garda amisa, skolis mxarem ganacxada,
rom am informaciis axalgazrdebisaTvis xelmisawvdomoba sazogadoebrivi interesis
sferoSi Sedis. seqsualuri aRzrdis mimarT sazogadoebis legitimuri interesi
mdgomareobs veneriul daavadebaTa gavrcelebis, arasrulwlovanTa arasasurveli
fexmZimobisa da abortis Tavidan acilebaSi, risi miRwevac moswavleTaTvis faqtob-
rivi informaciis miwodebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
sasamarTlom xazi gausva, rom ganaTlebis ufleba da masze dawesebuli SezRud-
va, rac saxelmwifos mxridan mravaljer iqna indoqtrinaciis saSualebad gamoyene-
buli, miznad isaxavda `ganaTlebaSi pluralizmis SesaZleblobis dacvas~ da auci-
lebeli pirobebis Seqmnas demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis. sasamar-
Tlom uaryo daniis mxaris argumenti imis Taobaze, rom mSoblebis mrwamsis pativis-
cema Camoyalibebuli pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis meore winadadebaSi, Seexeboda mxo-
lod religiur, konfesiur swavlebas. sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom mSoblebis rwme-
naTa da filosofiur SexedulebaTa pativiscemaze saxelmwifos valdebuleba vrcel-
deboda saxelmwifo ganaTlebis mTlian sistemaze. Semdgom ki ganacxada, rom skolis
valdebuleba mSoblebis filosofiuri da religiuri mrwamsis pativiscemaze mWid-
ro kavSirSia pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadebiT dadgenil ganaTlebis
uflebasTan. TumcaRa sasamarTlom misaRebad miiCnia argumenti, romlis Tanaxmadac
saswavlo kursis dadgena da dagegmva xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoTa kompetencias war-
moadgens da arsebobs sazRvrebi, romelTa farglebSic skolebsa da ganaTlebis sis-
temis xelmZRvanelebs SeuZliaT sakiTxebis gadawyveta mizanSewonilobis principze
dayrdnobiT, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia misi regulireba. sasamarTlo
TanagrZnobiT moekida im praqtikul problemebs, romlebic mSobelTaTvis mniSvne-
lovani uflebebis miniWebas SeeZlo gamoewvia. sasamarTlom gaiziara Sexeduleba,
romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifos moqmedebas gansazRvruli Tavisufleba unda mieces
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi da daadgina, rom:
pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis meore winadadeba xels ar uSlis saxelmwifoebs
swavlebis an ganaTlebis gziT pirdapiri an arapirdapiri religiuri an
filosofiuri tipis informaciis an codnis gavrcelebaSi. igi nebasac ar rTavs
mSoblebs, gaaproteston aseTi swavlebis an ganaTlebis Setana skolis
kurikulumSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, yvela institucionaluri swavleba
gamousadegrad aRiarebis riskis winaSe dadgeba. sinamdvileSi Zalze rTulia
iseTi saskolo sagnis moZebna, romelsac filosofiuri aspeqti an qveteqsti
ar axasiaTebdes. igive iTqmis religiur datvirTvazec, Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom religiaTa formireba Zalze farTo dogmatur da
120
moralur organizmebad moxda, romelTac aqvT, an SesaZloa hqondeT, pasuxi
filosofiur, kosmologiur an moraluri bunebis nebismier kiTxvaze.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gamyarebuli iqna konvenciiT, gansakuTrebiT me-8,
me-9, da me-10 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva uflebebze miTiTebiT,173 da imiT, rom
daniis mTavrobam didsulovani nabiji gadadga da finansurad uzrunvelyo kerZo
religiuri skolebi, aseve saojaxo ganaTleba, romelTa gamoyenebis saSualebac swo-
red integrirebuli saswavlo kursiT ukmayofilo mSoblebs hqondaT. Tumca aRsa-
niSnavia, rom mxolod am tipis saSualebebis arseboba ar aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos
valdebulebisgan, pativi sces mSobelTa religiur da filosofiur mrwamss saxelm-
wifo ganaTlebis sistemis farglebSi.
skolis diskreciuli uflebamosilebis SezRudva

sasamarTlom Camoayaliba saxelmwifos diskreciuli uflebamosilebis sfero
saswavlo kursis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, SemdgomSi ganixila is SezRudvebi, romleb-
sac pirveli oqmis me-2 muxli akisrebs skolis xelmZRvanelobas. man aRniSna, rom
me-2 muxlis meore winadadebaSi, meore mxriv, igulisxmeba saxelmwifos
valdebuleba ganaTlebisa da swavlebis mimarT Tavisi funqciebis
ganxorcielebisas uzrunvelyos, rom saswavlo kursSi Setanili informacia
da codna gadmocemuli iyos obieqturad, kritikulad da pluralisturad.
saxelmwifoebs ekrZalebaT indoqtrinacia, romelic SesaZloa ganxilul
iqnes, rogorc mSoblebis religiuri da filosofiuri mrwamsis
upativcemloba. es aris zRvari, romlis gadalaxvac dauSvebelia.
aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom ar iqnes darRveuli pirveli oqmis me-2 muxli,
aucilebeli ar aris, saxelmwifo gaeqces religiuri da filosofiuri masalis swav-
lebas, aramed unda uzrunvelyos misi òbieqtur, kritikul da pluralistur~ kon-
teqstSi warmodgena. es, sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, Tavidan agvacilebs indoqtrinaciis
safrTxes konvenciis sxva uflebaTa darRvevisa da saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo
sistemis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis uzarmazari praqtikuli sirTuleebis Seqmnis gare-
Se. am saqmis saboloo Sedegi is gaxldaT, rom, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, seqsu-
aluri aRzrdis integracia daniis saswavlo kursSi TavisTavad ar warmoadgenda kon-
venciis darRvevas. daniis xelisufleba legitimurad iyo SeSfoTebuli saTanado
seqsualuri ganaTlebis naklebobiT gamowveuli socialuri problemebiT da goniv-
ruli gza airCia maTi gadawyvetisaTvis. sasamarTlom daadastura, rom arsebobs
seqsualurobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mSobelTa rwmenisaTvis Seuracxmyofe-
lad swavlebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba calkeul maswavlebelTa mxridan daudev-
robis an uadgilo prozelitizmis gziT. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, am problemis
Tavidan acilebaze unda izrunon rogorc mSoblebma, ise skolis xelmZRvanelobam.
isini unda gaumklavdnen am problemas ufro individualur doneze, vidre iseTi
qmedebebiT, rogoricaa sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva. alternativis saxiT, mSoblebs
SeuZliaT TavianTi Svilebi miabaron kerZo skolebSi, sadac ar aswavlian maTTvis
miuRebel sagnebs.
evropuli sasamarTlos bolodroindeli gadawyvetilebebi

sasamarTlom axlo warsulSi moismina pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlidan gamomdinare
121
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime saqme, maT Soris gaxmaurebuli saqme fizikuri
dasjis Sesaxeb, kempbeli da kosansi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg.174 maSin, roca
momCivani amtkicebda, rom me-2 muxliT garantirebuli dacva moicavda moTxovnas
skolebis mxridan mSobelTa survilebis pativiscemis Taobaze (am saqmeSi mSobelTa
survils bavSvebis fizikuri dasjis aRkveTa warmoadgenda), sasamarTlom ZiriTadad
kieldsenis175 saqmeSi dadgenili samarTlebrivi struqturiT ixelmZRvanela. gaeros
adamianis uflebaTa komitetma sasamarTlos mgavsi mimarTuleba airCia da daadgina,
rom religiisa da eTikis istoriis kursi ar arRvevs samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-18 (4) muxls, Tuki igi gadmocemuli iqneba neit-
raluri da obieqturi gziT da im mSoblebisa Tu meurveTa mrwamsis pativiscemiT,
romlebic arc erTi religiis mimdevrebi ar arian.176 evropuli sasamarTlo ar dab-
runebia saskolo swavlebis kursis Sinaarsis sakiTxs, komisiam ki SemdgomSi ramden-
jerme ganixila amgvari saqme.
saqmeSi angeleni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg177 cxadad ikveTeba zemoT aRniSnuli pro-
blema. am saqmeSi momCivnebi amtkicebdnen, rom darRveuli iqna me-9, me-14 da pirveli
oqmis me-2 muxlebi, radganac maTi qaliSvili ar gaaTavisufles religiuri swavlebis
gakveTilebze daswrebisagan. momCivnebi aTeistebi iyvnen da acxadebdnen, rom aTe-
istis iZuleba, monawileoba miiRos ZiriTadad qristianobaze fokusirebul reli-
giur swavlebaSi, warmoadgens rogorc mSoblebis filosofiis pativiscemis uflebis
darRvevas, aseve moswavlis uflebis darRvevas religiis Tavisuflebaze. pirveli
oqmis me-2 muxlze dafuZnebuli moTxovna komisiam ar miiRo gansaxilvelad, rad-
ganac SvedeTis mTavrobam daTqma gaukeTa aRniSnul muxls, rodesac daadgina, rom
qristianuli swavlebisgan SeiZleba gaTavisufldnen mxolod `Sveduri eklesiisgan
gansxvavebuli rwmenis mimdevari bavSvebi, kerZod, isini, vinc damakmayofilebeli
religiuri swavlebiT arian uzrunvelyofilni~. ar gaTavisufldebian is bavSvebi,
romelTa mSoblebsac ufro filosofiuri uTanxmoeba aqvT Svedur eklesiasTan,
vidre religiuri, an romelTa mSoblebic TavianTi SvilebisTvis ver uzrunvelyofen
alternatiul da damakmayofilebel religiur swavlebas.
rac Seexeba moswavlis moTxovnebs me-9 da me-14 muxlebis safuZvelze, isini, ra Tqma
unda, amave daTqmaSi ar eqcevian. komisiam miuTiTa, rom SvedeTis mTavrobas ufro metad
religiis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba surs, vidre religiuri swavleba da, Sesabamisad,
mTavrobis mizani, uzrunvelyos moswavleebis garkveuli religiuri codna, legitimuri
xasiaTsaa. aqedan gamomdinare, ar xdeba diskriminacia me-14 muxlis safuZvelze, radgan
religiuri swavlebisgan gaTavisuflebulni arian mxolod is moswavleebi, romlebic
religiis alternatiul gakveTilebs eswrebian. rac Seexeba moTxovnas me-9 muxlis
safuZvelze, komisiam ganacxada, rom momCivani faqtobrivad gaTavisuflebulia reli-
giuri swavlebis udidesi nawilisgan (Tumca, garkveulwilad, SvedeTis kanonis moq-
medebis farglebs gareT) am sagnisadmi misi mtkiced opoziciuri damokidebulebis gamo.
komisiam aseve miuTiTa, rom adgili ar aqvs momCivnis mimarT religiuri indoqtri-
naciis mcdelobas: `sabavSvo donidan skolaSi religiuri swavlebis qristianobaze fo-
kusireba ar gulisxmobs, rom momCivani konvenciis me-9 muxlis darRveviT daeqvemde-
bara indoqtrinacias~. Tumca ar aris cxadi, ramdenad aris Sesrulebuli testi informa-
ciis `zogadad da neitralurad~ miwodebis Taobaze, roca informaciis mniSvnelovani
nawili mxolod erT religias Seexeba. sistemaSi, sadac maswavleblebs moeTxovebaT
122
eqspertoba qristianobaSi, xolo sxva religiebis Sesaxeb mxolod umniSvnelo codna,
safrTxe gakveTilebis prozelitizmSi an sxva religiuri mrwamsis mqoneTa izolirebaSi
gadazrdisa, sul cota, izrdeba mainc. rogorc Cans, testis aqcentma informaciis
`zogadad da neitralurad~ miwodebidan, rogorc potenciuri indoqtrinaciisagan
dacvis saSualebidan, gadainacvla momCivanTa mimarT moTxovnaze, aCvenon TviT
indoqtrinaciis faqti, rac, TavisTavad, gacilebiT maRali standartia.178
garda amisa, SeiZleba imis aRniSvnac, rom komisia yovelTvis ufro naklebi simpa-
TiiT iyo ganwyobili aTeist/agnostikosebisadmi, romlebic amtkicebdnen maTi re-
ligiuri swavlebisgan gaTavisuflebis aucileblobas, vidre sxva religiuri mrwam-
sis mqoneTa mimarT. angelenis saqmisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac komisiam SvedeTSi arse-
buli religiuri swavleba dasaSvebad miiCnia, sxva saqmeSi, romelSic momCivnebad
evangelistur-luTeranuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi gamodiodnen,179 komisiam xeli
Seuwyo mxareebs, mieRwiaT megobruli SeTanxmebisaTvis da am gziT daexmara momCiv-
nebs, gaTavisuflebuliyvnen religiuri swavlebis gakveTilebze daswrebisagan.
msgavsi midgoma ganmeorda saqmeSi bernardi luqsemburgis winaaRmdeg,180 sadac
sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom kanoni, romelic religiuri gakveTilebisgan aTavisuf-
lebda mxolod im moswavleebs, romelTa religiur sazogadoebebs saskolo saaTebis
ganmavlobaSi hqondaT axalgazrdebis maTive rwmenis Sesabamisi swavlebiT uzrunvel-
yofis SesaZlebloba, iyo diskriminaciuli, Tumca ar arRvevda me-14 muxls, radganac
gansxvavebul damokidebulebas am moswavleebisadmi (sxva jgufebis, magaliTad, aTe-
istebis mimarT, romelTac aseve surdaT gaTavisufleba, magram ver uzrunvelyof-
dnen sakuTar Tavs saTanado religiuri swavlebiT), òbieqturi da dasabuTebuli~
gamarTleba hqonda.
komisiis mier gamoCenili xedvis uunaroba zogadobisa da neitralobis moTxov-
naTa miRma, misi svla „indoqtrinaciis“ gacilebiT maRali testisken da simpaTiis
nakleboba araTeistur rwmenaTa mimdevrebis mimarT, naTlad warmoCnda agnostikosi
bavSvis saCivris ganxilvis dros, romelic Seexeboda poloneTSi arsebul religiur
swavlebas. religiuri swavleba saxelmwifo skolebSi fokusirebuli iyo kaToli-
cizmze, Tumca moswavleebs hqondaT misgan gaTavisuflebis ufleba. orive momCivanma
moswavlem isargebla kidec am uflebiT. komisiis azriT, es saswavlo kursis `ne-
bayoflobiTobaze~ metyvelebda. momCivnebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom arsebuli sistema
zewolas axdenda moswavleebze, raTa maT monawileoba mieRoT religiur swavle-
baSi, gansakuTrebiT arakaTolikeTa mimarT poloneTSi farTod gavrcelebuli soci-
aluri diskriminaciis fonze. erT-erTi momCivani 12 wlis gogona iyo, romelsac ub-
rZanes, skolis koridorSi moecada religiuri swavlebis gakveTilebis mimdinare-
obisas. mozardis mier micemuli Cvenebis mixedviT, amas xSirad mosdevda dakiTxva
maswavlebelTa mxridan da zewola maswavleblisa da sxva moswavleebisagan, daswre-
boda gakveTilebs. Sedegad, mamamisis survilis sawinaaRmdegod, igi danebda da daes-
wro gakveTilebs. komisiis mosazrebiT, es ar warmoadgens me-9 muxlis darRvevas,
radganac miRebuli gadawyvetileba `nebayoflobiTi~ xasiaTisaa.~181 magram komisiam
ar gamoikvlia, ramdenad nebayoflobiTi SeiZleboda yofiliyo bavSvis gadawyveti-
leba arsebuli socialuri zewolis fonze. komisiam aseve uari ganacxada, detalurad
ganexila sxva momCivani moswavlis moTxovna (mas skola eTikis swavlebas sTavazobda
religiis gakveTilebis alternativis saxiT), romlis Tanaxmadac arakaTolikeTa
123
mimarT farTod gavrcelebuli socialuri diskriminacia (magaliTad, Sromis ba-
zarze) warmoadgens zewolas, miiRos ganaTleba religiaSi da ara eTikaSi. komisiis
gancxadebiT, poloneTSi moqmedebs kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs religiur diskri-
minacias, ase rom nebismieri ziani SeiZleba iyos mxolod ùmniSvnelo~ da rom konkre-
tulad, momCivans ar misdgomia ziani, vinaidan is, Tu ra sagnis arCeva xdeba moswav-
leTa mier, ar aisaxeba skolis angariSSi.
tahzibis mosazrebiT, religiuri mrwamsis gamxelis iZuleba (maSinac, roca adgili
ara aqvs seriozul ukmayofilebas diskriminaciis mimarT) warmoadgens Carevas forum
internum-Si. sxva avtorebmac gaiziares msgavsi midgoma sakuTari religiis saxelmwifo-
sagan saidumlod Senaxvis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.182 polonur saqmeSi komisiis wevrebma
ganacxades, rom yovelTvis arsebobs potenciuri SesaZlebloba, moswavlem gaiaros im
religiis kursi, romlis mimdevaric igi ar aris. amitomac ar momxdara momCivnis iZuleba,
gaemJRavnebina Tavisi religia. es nawilobriv simarTles Seefereba, Tumca zemoT
ganxilul saqmeSi studenti faqtobrivad iZulebuli iyo, gaevlo kaTolikuri swavlebis
kursi an uaris SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad, de facto gaemJRavnebina, rom, sul mcire,
seriozuli uTanxmoeba hqonda am swavlebasTan. yvelaze dabal doneze students uwevs
Tavisi religiis gamxela saskolo xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. es sakiTxi komisiam ganixila
mxolod me-8 muxlis konteqstSi da daadgina, rom adgili hqonda pirad cxovrebaSi mxo-
lod umniSvnelo Carevas, romlis gamarTlebac SesaZlebeli iyo demokratiul sazoga-
doebaSi. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi religiis gamxela, religiurad Seuwynarebeli sazoga-
doebis pirobebSi,183 sakmaod mZime Sedegebis matarebelia forum internum-isTvis, romelic
me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad absoluturi xasiaTisaa da aranair SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saxezea mcde-
loba sazogadoebis legitimur saganmanaTleblo mizansa da azris, sindisisa da reli-
giis Tavisuflebas Soris Zalze rTuli balansis dadgenisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom
testi `zogadi da obieqturi~ swavlebisa, sakmaod adekvaturia Teoriul doneze,
praqtikaSi misi gamoyenebisas sasamarTlom da komisiam gverdi auares imis gamokvle-
vas, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia amgvar swavlebas zewola moaxdinos moswavleebze, raTa
maT gansxvavebuli religiuri swavlebis kursi gaiaron da gaumxilon sakuTari reli-
giuri mrwamsi saxelmwifosa da skolis xelmZRvanelobas.
religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis Tavisufleba
zemoT ganxilul iqna adamianis ufleba, SeinarCunos religia da rwmena saxelm-

wifos mxridan ukanono Carevis gareSe, Tumca religiis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovan
aspeqts aseve warmoadgens religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis ufleba. Tuki pirovnebis
avtonomia da xelSeuxebloba safuZvlad udevs adamianis uflebas religiis Tavi-
suflebaze, naTelia, rom SeuZlebelia es avtonomia Semoifarglos mxolod erTje-
radi arCevaniT gansazRvruli religiisa Tu rwmenis sasargeblod. es arCevani um-
ravlesobisTvis bavSvobaSi keTdeba mSoblebis mier, vidre arCevanis damoukideblad
gakeTebis SesaZlebloba miecemaT. religiisa da rwmenis gansazRvris ufleba gangr-
Zobadi TviTidentifikaciis procesia da, aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri Careva reli-
giisa Tu rwmenis Secvlis uflebaSi warmoadgens Carevas forum internum-Si.
miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis Secvlis Tavisufleba seriozuli kamaTis sagani
gaxda gaeroSi, konvenciis teqstSi igi ar iyo sadavo sakiTxi. religiisa da rwmenis
124
Secvlis Tavisufleba yovelgvari ganxilvis gareSe iqna Setanili konvenciis proeq-
tSi, xolo SemdgomSi ki saboloo dokumentSi. sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna reli-
giis Secvlis Tavisufleba prozelitizmTan dakavSirebul ramdenime saqmeSi, rom-
lebic qvemoTaa ganxiluli.184
komisiam da sasamarTlom dauSveblad miiCnies gansazRvruli religiebis wevrTa ram-
denime saCivari sakuTari religiebis winaaRmdeg, im motiviT, rom individebs sakuTari
survilis Sesabamisad hqondaT eklesiis Semadgenlobis datovebis SesaZlebloba. mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi am saqmeTagani religiis datovebas an mis rigebSi Sesvlas
ar exeboda, maTi arseboba zogadad iwvevs imis aucileblobas, rom sasamarTlom swored
amgvari tipis saqmeebSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT daasabuTos ufleba religiis Sec-
vlis Tavisuflebaze da kidev erTxel gausvas xazi mis mniSvnelobas. zemoT ganxiluli
saqme, riera blumi espaneTis winaaRmdeg, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo mSoblebis mier
sakuTar zrdasrul SvilTa dakavebasTan (maTi religiuri mrwamsis Secvlis ganzraxviT),
Tumca uSualod religiis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs ar exeboda, naTlad warmoaCina sasa-
marTlos neba individis uflebis mxardaWerisa, gaekeTebina sakamaTo arCevani ara do-
minanti religiis, aramed e.w. `kultis~ sasargeblod.185
miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlo da komisia yovelTvis saTanado mxardaWeras
gamoxatavdnen religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebisadmi, mainc sakmaod viw-
rod ganmartavdnen mas. erT-erT saqmeSi, romelic uSualod religiis Secvlis uf-
lebas Seexeboda, wyvili amtkicebda, rom ar iyo valdebuli, gadaexada gadasaxadebi
kaTolikuri eklesiisaTvis, radganac orivem ukve naTlad gamoxata Tavisi survili,
daetovebina es eklesia, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar damorCilda saxelmwifos moTxov-
nas eklesiis datovebis Taobaze am ukanasknelis informirebis Sesaxeb.186 komisiam
daadgina, rom saxelmwifos informirebis es wesi ar ereoda momCivanTa mier TavianTi
religiis Secvlis uflebaSi, aramed administraciul mizans, kerZod, eklesiisaTvis
gadasaxadebis gadaxdis valdebulebis mqoneTa gansazRvras emsaxureboda. am saqmeSi
saeklesio gadasaxadebis gadaxdis valdebuleba ar warmoadgenda me-9 muxlis dar-
Rvevas, vinaidan wyvils hqonda am movaleobis Sesrulebisgan gaTavisuflebis SesaZ-
lebloba, Tuki Seasrulebda sakmaod martiv administraciul moTxovnebs. kidev erT-
xel dadasturda saxelmwifos `farTo diskrecia imis gansazRvraSi, Tu individis
ra qmedeba CaiTvleba religiuri konfesiis datovebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis mi-
Rebad~.187 sxva, gacilebiT specifikur saqmeSi sasamarTlom uaryo momCivnis moTxov-
na, rom saxelmwifo valdebuli iyo, momCivnis naTlobisa da konfirmaciis anulireba
moexdina, savaraudod, im motiviT, rom es anulireba ar iyo aucilebeli momCivnis
mier Tavisi religiis uaryofis SesaZleblobisaTvis.188 miuxedavad aseTi frTxili
midgomisa, naklebad savaraudoa sasamarTlos mxridan iseTi kanonis mxardaWera,
romelic mniSvnelovan valdebulebebs daawesebda pirovnebis uflebaze, daetovebina
gansazRvruli religia an Seecvala rwmena, gansakuTrebiT im garemoebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, rom sasamarTlo iziarebs midgomas, romlis Tanaxmadac religiuri organiza-
ciebi gaTanabrebulni arian nebayoflobiT organizaciebTan — midgomas, romelic
iTvaliswinebs religiuri organizaciis datovebis SesaZleblobis mniSvnelobas.
im saqmeebSi, sadac religiisa da rwmenis Secvlasa Tu SenarCunebaze potenciuri
zewola, erTi mxriv, SeumCnevel xasiaTs atarebs, sasamarTlom da komisiam Tavi aarides
amgvari sakiTxebis ganxilvas. magaliTad, poloneli moswavlis saqmeSi, sadac gogonaze
125
xorcieldeboda zewola, rom iZulebiT gaevlo kaTolikuri swavleba. gamoikveTa ram-
denime sakiTxi religiisa da rwmenis SenarCunebisa Tu Secvlis Sesaxeb, romelTa
ganxilvasac komisiam ubralod Tavi aarida.189 saxelmwifosa Tu sxva dawesebulebisaT-
vis religiisa Tu rwmenis gamxelis valdebuleba, savaraudod, ar warmoSobs problemebs
religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis an SenarCunebis mxriv SedarebiT pluralistur Tu
tolerantul sazogadoebaSi. Tumca iq, sadac sazogadoeba religiurad homogenuri an
arSemwynarebluria, religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis an SenarCunebis ufleba SeiZleba
zewolis sagnad iqces damqiravebelTa da sxva kerZo dawesebulebaTa mxridan. Tuki am-
gvar sazogadoebaSi mTavroba advilad xelmisawvdoms gaxdis informacias mosaxleobis
rwmenaTa Sesaxeb, Tundac arapirdapiri gziT _ skolis angariSebis saSualebiT, aman
SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos, erTi mxriv, mtruli garemos Seqmnas religiuri umravlesobis
warmomadgenelTa mimarT, romelTac TavianTi rwmenis Secvla surT da, meore mxriv,
sazogadoebrivi zewola moaxdinos religiuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebze, raTa
maT sakuTari rwmena ZiriTad rwmenaTa sasargeblod Seicvalon. SesaZloa, amgvari
zewola scildebodes sasamarTlosa da komisiis kompetencias, radganac am saxis saqme-
ebi saWiroebs naTel warmodgenas, zogadad sazogadoebis, da konkretulad saxelmwifos
im qmedebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen kerZo pirTa qcevaze. Tuki religiisa
da rwmenis Secvlis an SenarCunebis Tavisufleba fundamenturi mniSvnelobisaa, rasac
sasamarTlo da komisia xSirad aRniSnaven, am tipis saqmeebis ganxilvas sasamarTlo uf-
ro didi yuradRebiTa da sifrTxiliT unda moekidos momavalSi.
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, ramac religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis Tavi-
sufleba aseTi sakamaTo gaxada, prozelitizmTanaa dakavSirebuli. samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-18 muxli icavs individebs
ìZulebisgan, romelic zRudavs (maT) Tavisuflebas, survilisamebr iqonion an mi-
iRon romelime religia~. religiuri Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis Sesaxeb
deklaraciis pirveli muxli aseve krZalavs iZulebas. es damateba gaeros ukanasknel
aqtebze imaTi SiSis sapasuxo qmedebas warmoadgenda, visac prozelitizmi potenci-
urad Zaladobriv da arahumanur saqmianobad miaCnda. Tumca sxvebi zrunavdnen imaze,
rom mxolod inteleqtualuri diskusia da debatebi ar CaTvliliyo ìZulebad~.
profesor Sous mtkicebiT, konvenciis me-17 muxls SeeZlo igive roli eTamaSa kon-
venciis farglebSi, rasac iZulebis akrZalva asrulebs gaeros aqtebSi. me-17 muxlis
Tanaxmad, àraferi konvenciaSi ar SeiZleba ganmartebuli iqnes, rogorc saxelmwi-
fos, jgufis an pirovnebisTvis uflebis miniWeba _ ganaxorcielon qmedeba, romelic
miznad konvenciaSi Camoyalibebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis xelyofas isa-
xavs~. aqedan gamomdinare, vinmes iZuleba, Seicvalos religia, ganxorcielebuli sa-
xelmwifos an kerZo piris mier ar SeiZleba dacul iqnes me-9 muxlis safuZvelze.190
prozelitizmi, Tavis mxriv, religiis manifestacias warmoadgens, yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, aseTi daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba sasamarTlos mier gamoyenebuli diqotomiis
safuZvelze. Tumca is aseve mWidro kavSirSia forum internum-idan gamomdinare reli-
giis Secvlis uflebasTan. es is sferoa, sadac sasamarTlom gonivrulad Tanmimdev-
ruli, Tumca garkveulwilad konservatiuli, midgoma SeimuSava religiisa da rwme-
nis Secvlis farglebis Taobaze. es sakiTxi naTlad gamoikveTa saqmeSi kokinakisi
saberZneTis winaaRmdeg191 . es iyo pirveli saqme, sadac sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
adgili hqonda adamianis religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis darRvevas. am saqmeSi
momCivans warmoadgenda xandazmuli ieRovas mowme, romelic gasamarTlebuli iqna
126
saberZneTis kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze prozelitizmTan dakavSirebuli akrZalvis
darRvevisaTvis.192 saberZneTis kanonmdeblobiT mocemuli iyo prozelitizmis Sem-
degnairi gansazRvreba:
kerZod, nebismieri pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri mcdeloba sxva religiuri
mimdinareobis pirovnebis religiur rwmenaze zemoqmedebisa misi xelyofis
ganzraxviT rogorc moraluri da materialuri mxardaWeriT an misi
dapirebiT, ise TaRliTuri meTodebiT, an dazaralebulis gamoucdelobis,
ndobis, saWiroebis, dabali inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis an gulubryvilobis
borotad gamoyenebiT.
momCivani kokinakisi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi misces prozelitizmis
braldebiT. igi ewvia adgilobrivi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mgalobelis meuRles
da ieRovas mowmeTa Taobaze esaubra. policiis gamoZaxebis Sedegad kokinakisi da
misi coli (romelic Tan axlda, Tumca saubarSi ar CarTula) daakaves. qalbaton
kiriakiss cota ram Tu axsovda saubridan da ganacxada, rom mis religiur Sexedu-
lebebze gavlena ar mouxdenia kokinakisis monaTxrobs. momCivani gaasamarTles ara-
keTilsindisieri prozelitizmis braldebiT, imis miuxedavad, rom sasamarTlo pro-
cesze qalbatonis gansakuTrebuli gulubryvilobis aranairi mtkicebuleba ar yofi-
la warmodgenili. es gadawyvetileba yvela zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlom da-
amtkica. SemdgomSi kokinakisma komisias mimarTa, im safuZvliT, rom darRveuli iqna
me-9 muxlidan gamomdinare misi ufleba.
erT-erTi mizezTagani, ris gamoc sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom arsebobda uf-
leba sxvaTa darwmunebaze gansazRvruli religiisa Tu rwmenis WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb,
is iyo, rom sxvagvarad religiis Secvlis Tavisufleba, `savaraudod, gamouyenebeli
darCeboda~.193 mocemuli dasabuTeba analogiuria sityvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSi-
rebul saqmeebSi gamoyenebuli argumentaciisa, sadac Tavisufali mediis mniSvne-
lobis xazgasmisas sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom mediis SezRudvebi
Seexeba ara mxolod komunikaciis msurvelTa uflebebs, aramed im pirTa uflebebsac,
visTvisac aRniSnuli informacia xelmisawvdomi unda iyos.194
miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom saberZneTis kanonmdeblobis mi-
zani àrakeTilsindisieri prozelitizmis~ akrZalvisa kanonieri iyo, vinaidan sxvaTa
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas isaxavda miznad (Tumca sasamarTlom gadawyvi-
ta, rom saqmeSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebi ar warmoadgenda aucileblobas demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi). mosamarTle martensma Tavis damoukidebel, magram Tanmxvedr
azrSi, aRniSna, rom es daskvna religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas sakmaris
mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. misi mtkicebiT, religiis Tavisufleba àbsolutur~ fa-
seulobas warmoadgens konvenciaSi da, Sesabamisad, religiis qonisa Tu Secvlis
TavisuflebaSi `saxelmwifos mxridan Carevis sivrces ar tovebs~.195 me-9 muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli Tavisuflebebi moicavs uflebas religiis Secvlaze, aqedan gamom-
dinare, saxelmwifosTvis ar aris mniSvnelovani Sedegis momtani, vinme gadawyvets
Tu ara, Seicvalos sakuTari religia, an daiyoliebs Tu ara sxvas religiis Secvlaze.
swavleba, romelic Zalze mkafiod aris daculi konvenciaSi sxvadasxva rwmenis
mimdevari uamravi adamianis religiur valdebulebas warmoadgens da saxelmwifos
ara aqvs masSi Carevis ufleba. mosamarTlem daadastura, rom zogjer es swavleba
SeiZleba `prozelitizmSi gadaizardos~ da, Sesabamisad, konfliqtSi movides sxvis
uflebasTan, SeinarCunos sakuTari religia.
127
Tumca saxelmwifos kompetencias ar ganekuTvneba, Caerios am `konfliqtSi~
prozelitorsa da prozelits Soris. pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom, vinaidan
adamianis Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscema gulisxmobs saxelmwifos
mxridan aRiarebas, rom yvela uflebamosilia, gansazRvros sakuTari bedi im
gziT, romelsac CaTvlis saukeTesod, ara aqvs gamarTleba saxelmwifos mier
Tavisi Zalauflebis gamoyenebas prozelitis `dasacavad~ (sxvagvarad
SeiZleba iyos im gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saxelmwifos aqvs zrunvis
gansakuTrebuli valdebuleba, Tumca aseTi situacia ar vrceldeba mocemul
saqmeze). meorec, imitom, rom TviT `sazogadoebrivi wesrigi~ ver amarTlebs
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis gamoyenebas im sferoSi, sadac Semwynarebloba
moiTxovs, rom `Tavisufali diskusia da debatebi~ gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis
iyos. da mesamec, imitom, rom konvenciis safuZvelze yvela religia Tu
rwmena, im donemde, sadamdec saxelmwifo aris Careuli, Tanabari mopyrobiT
unda sargeblobdes.
Camoyalibebul argumentaciaSi igulisxmeba, rom mTavrobas ar gaaCnia legiti-
muri roli religiis Secvlis Tavisuflebis regulirebis sferoSi, Tundac xalxis
prozelitizmisgan `dacvis~ mizniT. Sesabamisad, nebismieri kanonmdebloba, romlis
mizansac religiis Secvlis mcdelobaTa SezRudva warmoadgens, gansakuTrebulad
gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, sruliad aralegitimuri xasiaTisaa.196 es kanonebi
SeuZlebelia legitimuri miznisa iyos, vinaidan isini cdiloben, daicvan adamianebi
im gamocdilebisgan, romlis Sesaxebac saxelmwifo ver ityvis, marTalia Tu mcda-
ri.197 es sakiTxi uSualod Zevs adamianis individualur sindisSi, forum internum-Si.
sxva mosamarTleni ar iyvnen mzad, aseTi farTo Sexeduleba warmoedginaT am sakiT-
xze, Tumca, maTi analizis mixedviT, religiis Secvlis ufleba ar gulisxmobs, rom
saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia ufleba, miiRos zomebi adamianTa im pirebisgan dasacavad,
romlebic maT sakuTar religiaze gadabirebas cdiloben.
***
sasamarTlom aRiara, rom azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebas udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc TiToeuli adamianis, ise pluralisturi da demokratiuli
sazogadoebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, man mainc ver SeZlo am koncefciis gamoxatva
saTanado gziT da, Sesabamisad, Zalze mcire sivrce dautova maT moTxovnebs, vinc
TavianTi religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacvas cdiloben. vidre religiisa da
rwmenis Tavisuflebaze adamianis uflebis pozitiuri koncefciis ganviTareba daiw-
yeboda, pozitiuri valdebulebis ZiriTadi roli religiuri grZnobebis dacvis miz-
niT sxva uflebebSi (rogoricaa gamoxatvis Tavisufleba) saxelmwifos Carevis le-
gitimaciaSi gamoixateboda, imis gaazrebis gareSe, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia es
religiis TavisuflebisaTvis.
saxelmwifos negatiuri valdebulebis farglebis gansazRvrisas sasamarTlom da
komisiam Zalze viwro Sexeduleba Camoayalibes imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra moeTxoveba sa-
xelmwifos. Forum internum-is mcdarad gamoxatuli arsisTvis miniWebuli centra-
luri roli saxelmwifoebs mniSvnelovan uflebamosilebas aniWebs, moiTxovon indi-
videbisgan TavianTi religiisa Tu rwmenis sawinaaRmdego qmedeba, sakuTari religiis
saxelmwifo organoebisaTvis gamxela da gansazRvruli `sazRauris gaReba~, magali-
128
Tad, samsaxuris dakargvis saxiT, sakuTari religiuri mrwamsis mimdevrobisTvis.
amgvar saqmeebSi sasamarTlom da komisiam daadgines, rom adgili ar hqonda Carevas
forum internum-Si, imis saTanado ganxilvis gareSe, axdens Tu ara gavlenas adamianis
iZuleba religiiT an rwmeniT akrZalul moqmedebaze religiisa da rwmenis absolu-
tur Sinagan Tavisuflebaze, iseve rogorc maT manifestaciaze. saxelmwifo eklesiis
dawesebisa da saxelmwifo skolebSi bavSvTa ganaTlebis sferoebSic, sadac saxelm-
wifos mxridan gansazRvruli religiis propagandisa Tu ciliswamebis realuri saSiS-
roeba arsebobs, sasamarTlo da komisia ukiduresi pativiscemiT ekidebodnen saxel-
mwifoTa moTxovnilebebs da evropaSi dawesebul eklesiaTa istoriul rols. maSin,
roca individi garkveuli dacviT sargeblobs Teoriulad (iseTi moTxovnebidan ga-
momdinare, rogoricaa religiuri swavlebis ganxorcieleba neitralurad da obieq-
turad), am dacvis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis miuxedavad, individs rCeba Zalze mcire
TavSesafari saxelmwifosgan, romelic intervencias axdens gansazRvrul religiasa
Tu rwmenaSi.
religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas gacilebiT ukeTesi dacva mieniWa,
vidre zogadad religiis Tavisuflebis ufro abstraqtul gagebas. Tumca aqac sasa-
marTlos ar gamouCenia didi survili, ganexila is rTulad gasarCevi gzebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac saxelmwifos aqvs SesaZlebloba waaxalisos daucveli pirovneba, gansa-
kuTrebiT bavSvi, Seicvalos religia an xeli SeuSalos individebs religiisa Tu
rwmenis SecvlaSi, kerZod, prozelitizmis SemzRudveli kanonebis gamoyenebiT.
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuf-
lebis ufleba, ar iqna naTlad gansazRvruli da, Sesabamisad, misi gamoyeneba Zalze
viwrod xdeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeTa umravlesobaSi
wamoiWreba (xSirad sasamarTlos warmodgeniT wamoiWreba) me-9 muxlis pirveli
nawilis meore segmentis relevanturi sakiTxebi _ religiisa da rwmenis manifesta-
ciis ufleba RvTismsaxurebiT, swavlebiT, ritualebis SesrulebiT an wes-Cveuleb-
ebis dacviT.
129
religiisa
da rwmenis
gamoxatvis
ufleba
me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, yvelas aqvs `Tavisufleba mar-

to an sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan erTad da sajarod
an kerZod gamoxatos Tavisi religia da rwmena RvTis-
msaxurebiT, swavlebiT, ritualebis SesrulebiT an wes-
Cveulebebis dacviT~. religiis qonis uflebisgan gans-
xvavebiT, religiis gamoxatvis ufleba eqvemdebareba
garkveul SezRudvebs me-9 muxlis meore nawilis Tanax-
mad. miuxedavad amisa, igi religiisa da rwmenis Tavi-
suflebis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens, gansakuTrebiT
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli segmentis SezRu-
duli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare.
me-9 muxlSi mocemulia gamoxatvis oTxi saxis Camo-
naTvali. TiToeuli maTgani mravalferovan interpre-
tacias eqemdebareba. komisiisa da sasamarTlos mier
aRiarebuli iqna gamoxatvis am saxeTa SedarebiT viwro
gansazRvrebani, gansakuTrebiT `wes-Cveulebebis~ mi-
marT, rac xSirad sakmao sirTuleebs uqmnida momCivn-
ebs imis dasamtkiceblad, rom SeizRuda maTi ufleba
religiis gamoxatvaze. im SemTxvevebSic, roca adgili
aqvs aSkara SezRudvas, momCivnebi iZulebulni arian,
aCvenon, rom `nebayoflobiT~ ar dauTmiaT ufleba re-
ligiis gamoxatvaze, magaliTad, gansazRvruli organi-
zaciis im wesebisadmi daqvemdebarebiT an im tipis samu-
SaosaTvis xelis mokidebiT, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba
maTi religiiT an rwmeniT gaTvaliswinebul wes-Cveule-
bebs.
individualuri an jgufuri da sajaro

an kerZo gamoxatva
rwmenis gamoxatva `marto an sazogadoebis sxva wev-

rebTan erTad~ da `sajarod an kerZod~, morwmunis ar-
Cevanis sagans warmoadgens. muslimi skolis maswavleb-
130
lis saqmeSi momCivani iTxovda skolidan gaTavisuflebas yovel paraskevs adgilobriv
meCeTSi SuadRis RvTismsaxurebaze dasaswrebad. mopasuxe, didi britaneTi, ki amtki-
cebda, rom maswavleblis ufleba RvTismsaxurebaze sakmarisad iyo daculi, vinaidan
locvisTvis gankuTvnili specialuri oTaxi momCivnisTvis skolis SigniT iqna gamo-
yofili.198 komisiam uaryo mocemuli argumenti da daadgina, rom ufleba sxvebTan
erTad religiis gamoxatvaze
yovelTvis iTvleboda religiis Tavisuflebis umniSvnelovanes nawilad, rom
me-9 muxlis pirvel nawilSi mocemuli ori alternativa, `marto an
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan erTad~ ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc
gamoxatvis erTmaneTis gamomricxavi formebi an xelisuflebisaTvis arCevanis
gakeTebis SesaZleblobis micema, aramed mxolod imis aRiareba, rom religia
SesaZlebelia gamoxatuli iqnes orive formiT.
roca saqme Seexeba mTavrobaTa mxridan religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze dawe-
sebuli SezRudvebis dasabuTebas, am ganmartebam SesaZloa gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba SeiZinos. magaliTad, Zneli iqneba saxelmwifos mxridan imis damtkiceba, rom
aucilebelia kerZo RvTismsaxurebis aRkveTa, vidre didi jgufis mier sajarod
RvTismsaxurebis ganxorcielebis uflebaze SezRudvebis dawesebis saWiroebis
demonstrireba.199 komisiis gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac TviT individebis
gadasawyvetia, rogori wesiT sjobs religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatva, swori midgoma
unda iyos, gansakuTrebiT imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gansazRvruli religiis moT-
xovnas SesaZloa garkveul doneze erToblivi RvTismsaxurebis ganxorcieleba war-
moadgendes, maSin, roca sxva pirTaTvis (gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc ar miekuTv-
neba organizebul religiur sazogadoebas) SeiZleba kerZo formis RvTismsaxureba
sjobdes.200 saxelmwifo ar aris uflebamosili, Caerios amgvari sakiTxebis gadawyve-
taSi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca amis ukiduresi aucilebloba arsebobs.
marTalia, individebs aqvT ufleba, Seikribon RvTismsaxurebis an religiuri ri-
tualis Casatareblad, magram naTeli ar aris, Tu ramdenad gulisxmobs es ufleba
sajarod, sxvebTan erTad religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis da aseve garkveuli re-
ligiisa Tu rwmenis interesebis dasacavad organizaciaTa, dawesebulebaTa an sxva
mudmivmoqmedi jgufebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobis qonas. komisiam gadawyvita, rom me-9
muxlidan ar gamomdinareobs religiis formaluri wesiT aRiarebisa da registra-
ciis ufleba im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac erTmaneTisgan jer kidev ganasxvaveben aRi-
arebul da araRiarebul religiebs.201 Tumca situacia arsebiTad icvleba, rodesac
araRiarebul religiebs ekrZalebaT religiuri saqmianoba. saqmeSi besarabiis mit-
ropolituri eklesia da sxvebi moldovis winaaRmdeg202 sasamarTlom mxari dauWira
momCivanTa moTxovnebs, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis me-9
muxlis darRvevas moldovis mTavrobis mxridan. moldovis kanonmdeblobis, kerZod,
religiur denominaciaTa aqtis Tanaxmad, gansazRvruli eklesiis saqmianoba an Sekre-
bis Tavisufleba religiuri miznebisaTvis SeiZleba ganxorcielebuli iqnes mxolod
saxelmwifos mxridan ama Tu im denominaciis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi. moldovis sa-
xelmwifo, romelic uars acxadebda momCivani eklesiis registraciaze, faqtobrivad
uspobda mas legaluri saqmianobis SesaZleblobas. moldovis mTavroba Tavisi uaris
safuZvlad asaxelebda safrTxes qveynis teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa da sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigisaTvis, rac SeiZleboda am eklesiis saqmianobas gamoewvia. sasamar-
131
Tlom uaryo misi argumentebi da saxelmwifos qmedeba konvenciis me-9 muxlis dar-
Rvevad aRiara.
SesaZloa, xSir SemTxvevaSi, morwmuneTaTvis garkveul saWiroebas warmoadgendes
organizaciebis dafuZneba religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis sakuTari individualuri
uflebis gansaxorcieleblad. amgvari jgufebis arsebobis saWiroeba izrdeba, Tu
miznad RvTismsaxurebis CatarebisaTvis gankuTvnili Senoba-nagebobebis mSenebloba
da funqcionireba, religiuri skolebis Tu saswavlo jgufebis moqmedeba an Zvir-
fasi saritualo obieqtebis Sesyidvaa dasaxuli.203 profesor ioram dinsteinis mtki-
cebiT, `religiis Tavisufleba, rogorc individualuri ufleba, SeiZleba anulire-
bulad CaiTvalos, Tuki igi ar moicavs religiuri jgufis wevris koleqtiur uf-
lebas saTanado infrastruqturis mSeneblobaze, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida in-
dividebisaTvis am Tavisuflebis sruli moculobiT sargeblobas.204 religiuri
Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg deklaracia aseve did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs am uflebebs, roca aRiarebs religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvad RvTismsaxure-
bis Casatarebeli nagebobebis Tu SekrebaTa adgilebis, saqvelmoqmedo da humanita-
ruli daniSnulebis dawesebulebebis dafuZnebisa da funqcionirebis, religiuri
liderebis daniSvnisa da rogorc Tanamemamule, ise ucxoel Tanamoazre morwmune-
ebTan urTierTobis uflebas.205 im SemTxvevaSic, roca me-9 muxli ver moicavs yvela
am uflebas, momCivnebs SeuZliaT daeyrdnon me-11 muxlis debulebebs, romelic Sek-
rebis Tavisuflebas Seexeba, rac maT daexmareba mudmivmoqmedi asociaciebis dafuZ-
nebis uflebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
RvTismsaxureba, swavleba, ritualebis Sesruleba

da wes-Cveulebebis dacva
gamoxatvis saxeebis eqskluziuri Tu inkluziuri buneba
Zalze mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, aris Tu ara sityvebi `RvTismsaxureba, swav-
leba, ritualebis Sesruleba an wes-Cveulebebis dacva~ me-9 muxliT dacul mani-
festaciaTa eqskluziuri Tu inkluziuri CamonaTvali. gaeros dokumentebi, gansa-
kuTrebiT kriSnasvamis swavleba, miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli terminebi gamoiyenes
religiaTa da rwmenaTa manifestaciis saxeebis farTo speqtris dafarvis mizniT da
gamiznuli ar iyo maTi SezRuduli interpretireba. adamianis uflebaTa sayovel-
Tao deklaraciis komentirebisas kriSnasvamim daaskvna: `Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT,
rom, erTi mxriv, deklaraciis momzadeba moxda mis farglebSi yvela religiis Tu
rwmenis Tavmoyris mizniT, xolo, meore mxriv, manifestaciaTa saxeebi da maTTvis
miniWebuli mniSvneloba gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa TiToeul religiasa da rwmenaSi,
SesaZlebelia uSecdomod vivaraudoT, rom ganzraxva yvela religiisa da rwmenis
SesaZlo manifestaciebis saxeebis erTad moqcevaSi mdgomareobda terminebis, `RvTis-
msaxureba, swavleba, ritualebis Sesruleba an wes-Cveulebebis dacva~, gamoyenebiT.
Tumca me-9 muxlis pirvel nawilSi es terminebi upirobod aris gamoyenebuli, rom
CamonaTvali gamiznulia, iyos reprezentaciuli Tu inkluziuri.
saqmeSi erousmiti gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,206 gaerTianebuli samefo
amtkicebda, rom me-9 muxlSi mocemuli CamonaTvali gamomricxavi (eqskluziuri) bu-
nebis iyo. Sesabamisad, misi ganmarteba SezRuduli wesiT unda momxdariyo. kerZod,
religiis yvela saxis manifestacia RvTismsaxurebis analogiuri iyo da sakiTxi imis
132
Taobaze, saqme religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvas Seexeboda Tu ara, obieqturad unda
gadawyvetiliyo da ara momCivnis subieqturi moTxovnebis safuZvelze.207 es ukanas-
kneli ki amtkicebda, rom CamonaTvali eqskluziuri bunebisa ar iyo da Tuki iyo,
maSin misi qmedebani Tavisi rwmenis moZRvrebis Sesabamisi `wes-Cveulebebis~ nawili
iyo.
komisiam ar ganixila mxareTa gansxvavebuli midgomebi. amis sanacvlod man foku-
sireba moaxdina imis garkvevaze, momCivnis qmedebani eqceoda Tu ara `wes-Cveulebebis
dacvis~ definiciis farglebSi. komisiam daadgina, rom momCivnis qmedebani ar SeiZ-
leboda ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc `wes-Cveulebebis dacva~ da aRarc is argumenti
gamoikvlia, romlis Tanaxmadac me-9 muxlSi mocemuli CamonaTvali ufro inkluziuri
xasiaTisa iyo, vidre eqskluziuri. Sesabamisad, saCivari uaryofili iqna. amis msgav-
sad, sxva ramdenime saqmeSic, sadac momCivnebi iTxovdnen, rom manifestaciis arsi
ufro farTod yofiliyo gagebuli da moecva sxvadasxva qmedeba, maT Soris ganqor-
winebis ufleba an qveyanaSi Sesvlis mizniT religiur morwmuneTa mier vizis miRebis
ufleba, komisiam ar daakmayofila momCivnis moTxovnebi.208 aqedan gamomdinare, ko-
misiam da sasamarTlom uari ganacxades àxali uflebebis Seqmnaze~, romlebic uSu-
alod ar aris moxsenebuli konvenciaSi da me-9 muxlis am CamonaTvalis interpreti-
reba moaxdines, rogorc eqskluziuri bunebis mqonisa. amis mizezi nawilobriv isicaa,
rom termin `wes-Cveulebebis dacvis~ mniSvnelobaTa potenciurad imdenad farTo
speqtri arsebobs, rom argumentebi konvenciis safuZvelze manifestaciaTa sazRv-
rebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad ufro imazea fokusirebuli, Tu ramdenad farTod unda
iqnes es termini interpretirebuli, vidre CamoTvlili oTxi saxeobisadmi manifesta-
ciaTa tipebis mikuTvnebis mcdelobaze.
religiis gamoxatvis ufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc aqtiurad, ise
pasiurad. magaliTad, RvTismsaxurebis ufleba moicavs adamianis uflebas, ar iqnes
misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, iZulebis wesiT, CarTuli RvTismsaxurebaSi. pasiuri
ufleba religiis manifestaciaze mxolod saqmeTa mcire raodenobaSi iqna cnobili
darRveulad, Tumca arc erT SemTxvevaSi adgili ar hqonia konkretuli SemTxvevis
Sesabamisobas me-9 muxlSi mocemuli manifestaciebis saxeebTan. buskarinis saqmeSi
mxari dauWires adamianis uflebas, ar moeTxovos saxarebaze daficeba, Tumca ar
aris naTeli, ramdenad moicavs am uflebis sapirispiro pozitiur mxares RvTismsa-
xureba, swavleba, ritualebis Sesruleba an wes-Cveulebebis dacva. am sakiTxis
gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebuli sirTule, ficis dadebis iZuleba, forum internum-Si
Carevas warmoadgens Tu mxolod religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze pasiuri uflebis
darRvevas, naTlad amtkicebs, rogor aris SesaZlebeli or sferos Soris sazRvris
waSla, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, roca sasamarTlom da komisiam ver SeZles saTa-
nado dasabuTebis warmodgena am problemasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi.
RvTismsaxureba da ritualebis Sesruleba

RvTismsaxurebas umaRlesi statusi aqvs miniWebuli me-9 muxlis pirvel nawilSi
mocemul manifestaciaTa saxeebis CamonaTvalSi. me-9 muxlis mimoxilvisas komisiam
ganacxada, rom igi, pirvel rigSi, icavs personalur rwmenas da religiur msoflm-
xedvelobas, aseve maTTan mWidro kavSirSi myof qcevebs, rogoricaa RvTismsaxureba
da locva.209 komisiis mier ar iqna Camoyalibebuli am cnebis zusti sazRvrebi, Tumca
133
es sakiTxi sadavo arc gamxdara dRemde ganxilul saqmeebSi. miuxedavad amisa, ram-
denime problemuri sakiTxi mainc gamoikveTa. erT-erT saqmeSi komisiam gadawyvita,
rom cixeSi protestanti sasuliero pirisa da saeklesio msaxurebis arseboba akma-
yofilebda anglikanuri eklesiis mimdevari patimris uflebas RvTismsaxurebaze.210
komisia aseve mzad aRmoCnda, daedgina, rom Careva sajaro RvTismsaxurebisaTvis
gankuTvnili nagebobebis agebis SesaZleblobaSi wamoWrida RvTismsaxurebisa da
religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebis uflebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.211 saqmeSi
wminda monastrebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,212 gatarebulia mosazreba, rom Careva
(konfiskaciis gziT) RvTismsaxurebisaTvis saWiro obieqtebis gankargvaSi warmoad-
gens Carevas zemoxsenebul uflebaSi, Tumca saxelmwifo kontrolis ganxorcieleba
miwebze, sadac monastrebia ganlagebuli, ar CaiTvala RvTismsaxurebis uflebis
SezRudvad.213 gansxvaveba miwaze dawesebul saxelmwifo SezRudvebsa da saritualo
obieqtebis gankargvaSi Carevas Soris arc iseTi cxadia, rogorc amas sasamarTlo
miiCnevs, vinaidan TiToeul maTgans potenciurad SeuZlia religiur sazogadoebaTa
ritualebis Catarebis SesaZleblobis SezRudva.
termini `ritualebis Sesruleba~ sasamarTlosa da komisiis mier calke ar ganxi-
lula da, rogorc Cans, RvTismsaxurebis odnav ufro farTo gagebaSi gaerTianda.
magaliTad, saqmeSi manusakisi da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, ieRovas mowmeTa
mimarT warmoebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, mTavrobis mxridan nebarTvis
miRebis gareSe RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili nagebobis mSeneblobis motiviT,
sasamarTlos mier miCneuli iqna Carevad RvTismsaxurebasa da ritualebis Sesrule-
baSi. gansxvaveba am terminebs Soris ar iqna Camoyalibebuli. sasamarTlo da komisia
`RvTismsaxurebasa~ da `ritualebis Sesrulebas~ TavisTavad naTel definiciebad
Tvlis, maTi gansazRvris yovelgvari saWiroebis gareSe.
swavleba
termini `swavleba~ SedarebiT dawvrilebiT iqna ganxiluli, Tumca, RvTismsaxu-
rebisa da ritualebis Sesrulebis msgavsad, gansakuTrebulad naTlad arc is ganu-
sazRvravT. saqmeSi, kokinakisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,214 sasamarTlos Semadgenlo-
bis umravlesobam miiCnia, rom Careva prozelitizmSi warmoadgenda religiisa da
rwmenis gamoxatvis uflebaSi Carevas, Tumca mosazrebis gamoTqmas ar mohyolia misi
dasabuTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamoxatva, erTi SexedviT, naklebadaa swavlebis215
sagani, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, sxvaTa informirebis mcdeloba garkveuli
religiisa Tu rwmenis Taobaze eqceva swavlebis mniSvnelobis farglebSi, sanam is
àrakeTilsindisier prozelitizmad gadaiqceodes~.216 sasamarTlom gamoiyena msof-
lio eklesiaTa sabWos moxseneba, romelic sakuTar rwmenaze sxvaTa gadmobirebis
qristianTa valdebulebas Seexeboda, rogorc garkveuli qcevis tipis mtkicebuleba,
romelic prozelitizms swavlebis sferos farglebs gareT aqcevda da mas gansazRv-
ravda, rogorc konkretuli prozelitisTvis socialuri da materialuri sargeblis
SeTavazebas, adamianTa manipulirebas sulieri tkivilis gancdis periodSi an Zala-
dobisa da ideologiuri damuSavebis gamoyenebas. Tumca sasamarTlom uari ganacxada
àrakeTilsindisieri prozelitizmis~ gansazRvraze. kokinakisisa da larisisis217
saqmeebidan aSkaraa, rom igi mzadaa, daicvas prozelitizmis ufleba, rogorc gark-
veuli religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatva swavlebis gziT.
134
ramdenime mosamarTlem termin `swavlebis~ mimarT gacilebiT viwro midgoma Se-
imuSava. mosamarTle valtoqsis mtkicebiT, èWvgareSea, rom swavleba Seexeba sas-
wavlo kurss skolebsa Tu religiur dawesebulebebSi~.218 umravlesobam ar gaiziara
es midgoma, nawilobriv im motiviT, rom, Tuki garkveuli saxis saojaxo swavleba ar
iyo SesaZlebeli, maSin religiisa Tu rwmenis Secvlis ufleba araefeqturad da
gamousadegrad iqceoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mosamarTle valtoqsi adasturebda
adamianis uflebas, hqondes saubari sxva pirebTan sakuTari religiisa Tu rwmenis
Taobaze, kokinakisis saqmeSi arsebul faqtebs `sxvaTa rwmenebis mimarT Zalmomre-
obas~ uwodebda. Tavisi mosazrebis Camoyalibebisas igi daeyrdno sxva saqmes, kerZod,
hofmani avstriis winaaRmdeg, romelic imave dros sxva palataSi ixileboda. am saq-
meSi arsebuli faqtebis mixedviT, ieRovas mowme kviraSi erTxel axorcielebda
vizitebs sakuTari rwmenis gavrcelebis mizniT. mosamarTle amas ganixilavda mtki-
cebulebad, romlis Tanaxmadac ieRovas yvela mowme `sakuTar sarwmunoebaze sxvaTa
gadmobirebis sistemuri mcdelobiT~ iyo dakavebuli, rac am ukanasknelTa religiasa
da rwmenaze SetevaSi gamoixateboda. valtoqsis definiciis mixedviT, prozelitizmi
àris rwmenis gavrcelebis mcdeloba, mis mimdevrebad prozelitebis gadaqcevis
ganzraxviT~. valtoqsis mtkicebiT, amgvari qceva ar warmoadgens religiis manifes-
tacias. mosamarTle valtoqsis mier saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis mokle gadmocema
naTlad metyvelebs im sxvaobaze, romelic man dainaxa konvenciiT dacul swavlebasa
da qcevis im saxes Soris, romliTac ieRovas mowme kokinakisi iyo dakavebuli:
modi, mokled mimovixiloT saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebi. erTi mxriv, saqme
gvaqvs ieRovas agresiul mowmesTan, prozelitizmis eqspertsa da
gadmobirebis specialistTan, kriminalur sasamarTloTa wamebulTan,
romelsac adrindeli msjavrdebani mxolod xels uSlida Tavis brZolaSi da,
meore mxriv, idealur msxverplTan, gulubryvilo qalTan, marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis mgalobelis meuRlesTan (Tuki moaxerxebs mis darwmunebas, rogori
triumfi iqneba!). Tavs daatydeba mas, auwyebs, rom kargi ambebi unda acnobos,
axerxebs, rom qalma Sin SeuSvas da rogorc gamocdili komivoiaJori da im
rwmenis moxerxebuli mimwodebeli, romlis gavrcelebac surs, ganumartavs
mas Tavisi inteleqtualuri warmoebis produqts, SefuTuls universaluri
mSvidobisa da gasxivosnebuli bednierebis mantiaSi. vin ityvis sinamdvileSi
uars mSvidobasa da bednierebaze? mxolod es aris kokinakisis rwmenis
gamoxatuleba, Tu adgili aqvs mgalobelis meuRlis ubralo sulis SecdomaSi
Seyvanis mcdelobas? nuTu konvencia msgavsi saqmianobis dacvas
uzrunvelyofs? ra Tqma unda, ara.
sxva orma mosamarTlem, romlebmac aseve gansxvavebuli pozicia daafiqsires, fo-
kusireba moaxdines termin `swavlebaze~ da gacilebiT TavSekavebuli midgoma ganavi-
Tares prozelitizmis mimarT. isini amtkicebdnen, rom `swavleba~ moiTxovda maswav-
leblisgan `Riaobas, patiosnebasa da SecdomaSi Semyvani an mcdari saSualebebis, an
yalbi qveteqstebis gamoyenebisagan Tavis Sekavebas~. rac Seexeba religiis speci-
alistebs, mosamarTleTa azriT, maT ar unda gamoiyenon sakuTari upiratesoba piradi
miznebisaTvis da swavlebisas valdebulni arian, `pativi scen sxvaTa religias~. aqedan
gamomdinare, swavlebis SemuSavebis procesSi maswavlebelma saimedo gziT unda imoq-
medos da miukerZoebloba da obieqturoba gamoamJRavnos. am saqmeSi, maTi azriT,
135
momCivani swavlebiT ar iyo dakavebuli, vinaidan man qalis saxlSi SeRweva moaxerxa
imis mtkicebiT, rom `kargi ambebi~ unda ecnobebina, sakuTari ganzraxvis naTlad
axsnis sanacvlod. mosamarTleebma Zalze mZime tvirTi daakisres maT, visac ga-
miznuli aqvs prozelitTa gadabireba da maTgan moiTxoves moqmedeba absoluturi
pirdapirobiTa da patiosnebiT (gacilebiT maRali, vidre umravlesobis mier gamoye-
nebuli standarti, arakeTilsindisieri prozelitizmis arganxorcielebisa), aseve
daakisres valdebuleba komunikaciis obieqtebis religiuri ganswavlulobis gansaz-
Rvrisa, raTa darwmundnen, rom ar isargebleben pirovnebis umecrebiT. es aris
swavlebis uflebis SezRuduli gageba da ara iseTi, romelic aRiarebuli iqna sasa-
marTlos mier, romelmac farTo sazRvrebi mianiWa uflebas, prozelitizmis udavod
sakamaTo sferoSic ki.
prozelitizmis konteqstis farglebs gareT swavlebis gziT religiis gamoxatvis
ufleba ZiriTadad saskolo ganaTlebis sferoSi wamoiWreba. Tumca adamianebs aqvT
religiis swavlebisa da religiuri skolebis Camoyalibebis ufleba, Tuki isini saxel-
mwifos mier dadgenil minimalur standartebs akmayofileben, swavlebis uflebis
pativiscemis mimarT saxelmwifos valdebuleba Tavisi arsiT negatiuri xasiaTisaa.
saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba, Caerios kerZo religiur swavlebaSi da, amave dros, ar
moeTxoveba misi uzrunvelyofa an subsidireba. religiuri liderebisa da sasuliero
pirTa saTanado religiuri momzadebis ufleba, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farg-
lebs gareT, aseve gamomdinareobs swavlebis gziT religiis gamoxatvis uflebidan,
Tumca am SemTxvevaSic saxelmwifo valdebulia, mxolod Tavi Seikavos religiur
liderTa ganaTlebaSi Carevis an misi akrZalvisagan. liderTa amgvari ganaTleba
TavisTavad aris ufleba da, amave dros, didi sargeblis momtania TviT religiuri
sazogadoebebisaTvis, maTi wevrebis ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT.
wes-Cveulebebis dacva
termini `wes-Cveulebebis dacva~ religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciis oTx saxes
Soris yvelaze Znelad gansasazRvrad iTvleba. potenciurad is SeiZleba Zalze far-
Tod iqnes ganmartebuli, maT Soris, garkveuli religiisa Tu rwmenis yvela moZRvre-
baTa da direqtivaTa erT cnebaSi Tavmoyris gziT. amave dros, igi SesaZloa Zalian
viwroc iyos, Tuki masSi moviazrebT mxolod uSualod religiuri tipis saqmianobas,
romelic Tavisi arsiT RvTismsaxurebis identuria. es interpretacia zogjer argu-
mentirebulia terminis franguli versiiT, romelic iyenebs mravlobiT les pratiqu-
es.219 frangul termins mravlobiT ricxvSi ufro religiuri elferi dahkravs, vid-
re mxolobiTs, Tumca arc isaa inglisur Sesatyvisze ufro cxadi da gasagebi. arc
sasamarTlosa da arc komisias pirdapiri gziT ar ganuxilavT es sakiTxi, Tundac
SesaZlo Seusabamoba terminis inglisur da frangul versiebs Soris, romelTagan
orive Tanabrad avtoritetulia.
erousmitis saqme220 Seexeboda `wes-Cveulebebis dacvis~ ideas da misi ganxilvisas
SeimuSaves testi, romelic am terminis, rogorc religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis
erT-erTi saxis, religiiTa da rwmeniT stimulirebul da motivirebul qmedebaTa
farTo wridan gamorCevas isaxavda miznad. zogadad, igi kargi magaliTia termin `wes-
Cveulebebis dacviT~ gamowveul sirTuleTa ilustrirebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad,
aucilebelia misi detaluri mimoxilva.
136
erousmitis saqme: gamoxatvis aucileblobis testi
faqtobrivi mimoxilva
pacifisti pet erousmiti msjavrdebul iqna jariskacebs Soris lifletebis gav-
rcelebisaTvis, romliTac is arwmunebda samxedro mosamsaxureebs, uari ganecxade-
binaT CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gamgzavrebaze.221 lifletebi ufro konkretuli situ-
aciisTvis (CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gamgzavrebasTan dakavSirebiT) iyo gamiznuli da
ar iyo zogadi pacifisturi Sinaarsisa. aq mowodebuli iyo praqtikuli informacia
ori alternativis _ dezertirobisa da samxedro samsaxurze sajarod uaris Tqmis
(amave dros, Seicavda gafrTxilebas, rom amgvar qmedebas Sedegad samxedro tribuna-
li da cixe mohyveboda), aseve armiis datovebis kanonieri gzis Sesaxeb (magaliTad,
garkveuli Tanxis safasurad, Tavis legaluri gamosyidvis gziT). momCivans adrec
hqonda gavrcelebuli amgvari lifletebi da maSin britaneTis generalurma
prokurorma gadawyvita, ar ganexorcielebina mis mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi dev-
na. SemdgomSi momCivani da misi megobrebi sxva samxedro bazaze imave mizniT gaemg-
zavrnen. policiis moTxovniT, erousmitis megobrebma Sewyvites lifletebis gavrce-
leba, avad momCivani ki ar daemorCila samarTaldamcavebs im motiviT, rom TiTqos
generalurma prokurorma lifletebis Sinaarsis sanqcireba moaxdina. Sedegad igi
daakaves da gaasamarTles.
erousmits braldeba 1934 wels miRebuli ukmayofilebis gaRvivebis aqtis sa-
fuZvelze wauyenes, romelic krZalavda `Segnebulad da boroti ganzraxviT misi
udidebulesoba dedoflis samxedro Zalebis nebismieri wevris darwmunebas, misi
udidebulesoba dedoflis erTgulebasa Tu mis mimarT valdebulebis Sesrulebaze
uaris Tqmaze~222 an im dokumentebis flobasa Tu gavrcelebas, romelsac, savara-
udod, amgvari Sedegis gamowveva SeuZlia.223 momCivans, romelic nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlom gaasamarTla, 18 TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miesaja. saapelacio ins-
tanciis sasamarTlom Seamsubuqa sasjeli (maSin, roca msjavrdebuls ukve 9 Tve
hqonda moxdili), Tumca qveda instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba daamtkica.224
erousmitma saCivriT mimarTa komisias imis safuZvelze, rom mis mimarT darRveuli
iqna konvenciis me-5, me-9, me-10 da me-14 muxlebi. saCivari miRebuli iqna warmoebaSi,
vinaidan igi, konvenciidan gamomdinare, mraval seriozul sakiTxs Seexeboda.225 saqmis
arsis Taobaze miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi ki komisiam daadgina, rom momCivanma ver
SeZlo Tavisi moTxovnis samarTlianobis dasabuTeba zemoT moyvanili mniSvnelovani
muxlebis safuZvelze.
komisiis gadawyvetileba
komisiam misaRebad miiCnia momCivnis gancxadeba, romlis Tanaxmadac igi aqtiuri
pacifisti iyo da rom pacifizmi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc `garkveuli poli-
tikuri Tu sxva miznebis uzrunvelyofis filosofiis mimdevroba, rogorc Teori-
ulad, ise praqtikulad, garemoebebis miuxedavad, nebismieri adamianis mimarT Zalis
gamoyenebis an misi muqaris gareSe, Tundac Zalis gamoyenebis an misi muqaris sapasu-
xod~.226 komisiam aseve aRiara, rom pacifizmi, am definiciidan gamomdinare, warmoad-
gens rwmenas da, Sesabamisad, imsaxurebs dacvas me-9 muxlis safuZvelze. amrigad,
momCivans unda eCvenebina, rom lifletebis gavrceleba warmoadgens rwmenis gamoxat-
vas pacifisturi `wes-Cveulebis dacvis~ gziT.
137
`wes-Cveulebebis dacvis~ definiciis mimoxilva komisiam SeniSvniT daiwyo: `komi-
sia miiCnevs, rom konvenciis me-9 muxlSi Camoyalibebuli termini `wes-Cveulebebis
dacva~ ar moicavs religiiT an rwmeniT motivirebul an maTi zegavleniT gamowveul
yvela qmedebas~. amave dros komisiam ar ganmarta, Tu ra saxis qcevebs moicavs es
termini. komisiis poziciis arsi SesaZloa veZioT missave daskvnaSi:
pacifizmis ideis sajaro deklarireba da araZaladobrivi Sexedulebebis
gaziarebisaken mowodeba SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnes rogorc pacifisturi
rwmenis normaluri da aRiarebuli manifestacia. Tumca, roca individis
qmedeba, faqtobrivad, ar gamoxatavs Sesabamis rwmenas, is ar sargeblobs
me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacviT, maSinac, roca aRniSnuli qmedebani
ganpirobebulia am rwmeniT.
komisiam gadawyvita, rom lifletebis gavrceleba ar warmoadgenda pacifistur
qcevas, vinaidan es lifletebi uSualod pacifizms ar Seexeboda (ramdenime citata
Seicavda rCevas samxedro mosamsaxureTaTvis, rom garkveul SemTxvevaSi brZola
adekvaturi da misaRebia), aramed ufro CrdiloeT irlandiaSi saxelmwifos politi-
kisadmi opoziciuri damokidebulebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. aqedan gamom-
dinare, amgvari lifletebis gavrceleba bevrs SeeZlo, vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda saxel-
mwifo politikas CrdiloeT irlandiaSi da ar miekuTvneba pacifistebs. Sesabamisad,
erousmitis qmedeba ar warmoadgenda momCivnis pacifizmis manifestacias. garda amisa,
komisiam miuTiTa, rom lifletebi gankuTvnili iyo uSualod jariskacebisTvis da
ara farTo sazogadoebisTvis. es daexmara komisias imis dadgenaSi, rom lifletebSi
mocemuli rCeva àr iyo gankuTvnili pacifizmis ideis xelSewyobisaTvis~. mosamarT-
le opsalma Tavis damoukidebel da nawilobriv gansxvavebul azrSi miuTiTa, rom im
qmedebaze pasuxismgebel pirebze zegavlenis moxdenis mizani, romelsac esa Tu is
individi ewinaaRmdegeba, warmoadgens `gamoxatvis da azris Tavisuflebis ganxorci-
elebis ZiriTad da legitimur aspeqts~. Zalze ucnauria imis mtkiceba, rom pacifi-
sti, romelic Tavis dros jariskacebisadmi mimarTvaSi xarjavs, raTa maT uari ganac-
xadon samxedro Zalis gamoyenebaze, naklebad gamoxatavs Tavis rwmenas, vidre vinme,
vinc detalurad ayalibebs pacifistur idealebs msoflios winaSe.
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi erousmitis saqmeSi

ori mosamarTlis gansxvavebuli azri miuTiTebs garkveul safrTxeze, rac SeiZ-
leba umravlesobis poziciidan gamomdinareobdes. opsali daeTanxma umravleso-
bas, rom religiiT an rwmeniT motivirebuli yvela qmedeba ar SeiZleba me-9 muxlis
dacviT sargeblobdes, vinaidan, magaliTad, ordinaruli danaSaulebi, rogoricaa
Zaladoba da qurdoba, ar SeiZleba sanqcirebuli iqnes mxolod imitom, rom religiiT
an rwmeniT aris inspirirebuli. Tumca, amave dros, mosamarTlem komisiis gadawyve-
tilebas `Zalze saeWvo~ uwoda da miuTiTa, rom sxvagvar pozicias daiWerda, rom ara
misive Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac erousmitis qmedebis dacva me-10 muxlis sa-
fuZvelze ufro upriani iqneboda:
Cemi azriT, ar SeiZleba me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis sferodan
gamoiricxos gaerTianebuli samefos kanonmdeblobiT akrZaluli yvela
qmdeba, romelic uSualod rwmenis manifestacias ar warmoadgens, Tumca
aSkarad rwmeniT aris motivirebuli. amave dros, me-9 muxlis meore nawili
138
religiis gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi Carevis gamarTlebisaTvis pirobebs
ayalibebs da gviCvenebs, rom garkveuli qmedeba ar SeiZleba SeizRudos
mxolod imitom, rom ukanonod iqna gamocxadebuli. Cemi SexedulebiT, me-9
muxlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli unda gaxdes mravali iseTi qmedebis mimarT,
romelic, erTi SexedviT, ar axdens im rwmenis manifestacias, romliTac is
aris motivirebuli, Tuki rwmenis gamoxatva qmedebis avtoris gulwrfel
mizans warmoadgens.
opsalis mtkicebiT, amgvari situacia gansakuTrebiT maSin iqmneba, rodesac piris
qmedeba konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva uflebebiT ar aris daculi. is garemoeba,
rom momCivnis qmedeba SeiZleba ganxorcielebuliyo sxva piris mier, vinc mis rwmenas
ar iziarebda, ar iyo aqtualuri, vinaidan religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba niS-
navs, rom ama Tu im qmedebas SesaZloa gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqondes pirTa
gansazRvruli wrisaTvis (romlebic isargebleben me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
dacviT), gansxvavebiT sxva individebisagan (romlebic ver isargebleben am dacviT).
daskvnis saxiT opsalma aRniSna, rom `sazRvari (konvenciiT dacul da daucvel
qmedebebs Soris) ar unda ganisazRvros imgvarad, rom mxolod manifestaciis gansazR-
vruli, savaraudod, ufro tradiciuli saxeebi, iqnes daculi, gulwrfeli motiva-
ciis faqtoris sruli ugulebelyofiT~.
rac Seexeba meore mosamarTles, Tavisi gansxvavebuli azris Camoyalibebisas, igi
ufro Sors wavida da ganacxada, rom pet erousmitis gasamarTleba warmoadgens me-9
muxlidan gamomdinare valdebulebis darRvevas gaerTianebuli samefos mier. misi
mosazrebiT, momCivnis mier lifletebis gavrceleba àra mxolod rwmenis gagrZe-
lebas, aramed misi Sinagani sferos nawils warmoadgens~. mosamarTle miuTiTebda im
faqtebze, romlebic umravlesobis mier ar iqna naxsenebi, kerZod, rom momCivani aq-
tiurad iyo CarTuli irlandiis respublikuri armiis (britaneli samxedroebis msgav-
sad) darwmunebaSi, SeewyvitaT sabrZolo moqmedebani CrdiloeT irlandiaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, mosamarTle klekerma daaskvna, rom jariskacebs Soris lifletebis
gavrceleba pacifisturi rwmenis gamoxatvas warmoadgenda. mosamarTlis mosazrebiT,
momCivnis namdvili motivacia iyo ara mTavrobis politikis gakritikeba, rogorc
umravlesoba miiCnevda, aramed orive mxaris darwmuneba problemis mSvidobiani gziT
mogvarebaSi.
klekeris midgoma sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac igi sakmaod farTo midgomas
aviTarebs rwmenaTa sistemisadmi. msgavsi midgomis gamoyeneba xSirad gansxvavebuli
daskvnebis gamotaniT sruldeba an, sul mcire, gacilebiT kompleqsuri kiTxvebi
ibadeba, vidre ufro viwro midgomis pirobebSi. es Zalze mniSvnelovania imis gansa-
sazRvrad, konkretuli qmedeba religiuri an sxva rwmenis farTo definiciis manifes-
tacias warmoadgens Tu ara. religiisa da rwmenis farTo konteqstis nawilad gansaz-
Rvruli qmedebis aRiarebaze uaris Tqma udris adamianis rwmenaTa sistemis arsebobis
ignorirebas. yoveli individis nebismieri qmedeba integrirebulia mis cxovrebiseul
filosofiaSi da am konteqstis ignorireba, rogorc es komisiam gaakeTa erousmitis
saqmeSi, potenciurad religiis Tavisuflebaze adamianis uflebis Selaxvis SesaZ-
leblobas qmnis.
139
erousmitis testi
testis buneba
erousmitis saqmeSi komisiam daadgina, rom me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacviT
religiiT an rwmeniT motivirebuli yvela qmedeba ar sargeblobs, Tumca ver SeZlo
realuri testis miTiTeba imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra qmedebebs moicavs es muxli.
aqedan gamomdinare, komisiis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
rwmenasa da qmedebas Soris Zalze mWidro kavSiri unda arsebobdes imisaTvis, rom
qmedeba me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul `wes-Cveulebebis dacvad~ CaiTvalos. sxva saq-
meebis ganxilvisas komisiis mier igi interpretirebuli iqna, rogorc àucileblo-
bis~ testis gansazRvruli saxe, SemdgomSi wodebuli, rogorc erousmitis testi.227
erousmitis amgvari interpretacia momCivanTagan moiTxovs, aCvenon, rom iZulebulni
iyvnen konkretuli gziT emoqmedaT Tavisi religiisa Tu rwmenis gamo. im saqmeTa
gamokvleva, sadac erousmitis testi gamoiyenes, naTlad adasturebs sicxadis nak-
lebobasa da sirTuleebs, rac damaxasiaTebelia am testis Tanmimdevruli gamoyene-
bisaTvis.
erousmitis testis gamoyeneba

àucileblobis~ midgoma badebs erT-erT umniSvnelovanes kiTxvas: daculia Tu
ara me-9 muxliT religiiT mxardaWerili an daSvebuli, Tumca ara savaldebulo,
qceva? rogorc Cans, am kiTxvaze pasuxi Semdegia: amgvari qceva daculi ar aris.
gadawyvetileba, romliTac ganmtkicebulia es daskvna, gamotanili iqna saqmeSi xani
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg. komisiam daamtkica Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetileba, romliTac 21 wlis axalgazrda mamakaci iqna msjavrde-
buli 14 wlis gogonasTan, am ukanasknelis mSoblebis survilis sawinaaRmdegod, is-
lamuri saqorwino ceremoniis CatarebisaTvis. islamuri kanonis Tanaxmad, mSoble-
bis Tanxmobis gareSe qalis qorwineba daSvebulia 12 wlis asakidan, maSin roca bri-
tanuli kanonmdeblobiT saqorwino asaki ganisazRvreba 18 wliT. momCivani gasamar-
Tlebuli iqna gogonas gatacebis braldebiT da 9 TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miesaja.
saCivari, romliTac momCivani amtkicebda, rom darRveuli iqna misi ufleba religiis
Tavisuflebaze, qorwinebasa da ojaxis Seqmnaze, komisiam uaryo, nawilobriv im ga-
remoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom islami, britaneTis kanonmdeblobisgan gansxvavebiT,
qorwinebas uSvebs adreul asakSi, Tumca ar moiTxovs mas.
sxva saqmeebSic msgavsi dasabuTeba iqna warmodgenili. saqmeSi X avstriis wina-
aRmdeg,228 komisiam daamtkica germaniis mTavrobis gadawyvetileba, romliTac e.w.
`munis seqtis~ mimdevrebs asociaciis dafuZneba aekrZalaT. komisiam daadgina, rom
adgili ar hqonda Carevas sxvebTan erTad RvTismsaxurebis Catarebis uflebaSi, vi-
naidan maTi rwmenis gamoxatvisaTvis aucilebeli ar iyo iuridiuli asociaciis da-
fuZneba. komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, budist patimars, romelsac cixis administracia
budistur JurnalSi statiebis gagzavnis nebas ar rTavda, uari eTqva saCivris dak-
mayofilebaze, vinaidan momCivanma ver SeZlo daemtkicebina, rom werilebis gagzavna
aucilebeli iyo misi religiisaTvis.229 sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas zianis anazRa-
urebis Taobaze im ebraelis winaaRmdeg, romelmac samoqalaqo wesiT ganqorwinebis
Semdgom uari ganucxada Tavis ukve yofil meuRles ganqorwinebis damadasturebeli
xelwerilis micemaze (rac, Sesabamisad, iudaisturi samarTlis safuZvelze, qalis-
140
Tvis SeuZlebels xdida SemdgomSi qorwinebas) aseve mxari dauWira komisiam da uari
uTxra momCivans saqmis arsebiT ganxilvaze religiis Tavisuflebis darRvevis moti-
viT, radgan, rogorc ebraeli religiuri liderebi acxadebdnen, uari xelwerilis
gacemaze iudaizmis moTxovnas ar warmoadgenda.230 saCivarTa Zalze didi raodenoba
aRiZra zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis mimarT (rogoricaa kanonebi
gadasaxadebis, savaldebulo vaqcinaciisa da sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb) imis safuZ-
velze, rom isini ereoda religiasa da rwmenaSi. am saqmeTa umravlesobaSi komisiam
gamoiyena erousmitis testi da daadgina, rom isini, vinc mocemuli kanonebisgan gaTa-
visuflebas iTxovdnen mxolod religiiTa da rwmeniT iyvnen motivirebulni da ar
gamoxatavdnen TavianT religiasa da rwmenas.
testis gamoyeneba `wes-Cveulebebis dacvis~ farglebs gareT

erousmitis testi Tavdapirvelad SeimuSaves, rogorc erT-erTi saSualeba po-
tenciurad SeuzRudavi terminis, `wes-Cveulebebis dacvis~ gansazRvrisa da limiti-
rebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, komisiam is ramdenjerme me-9 muxlSi CamoTvlili mani-
festaciis erT-erTi sxva saxis mimarT gamoiyena. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia sak-
maod sakamaTo gadawyvetileba saqmeSi X gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg.231 saq-
mis arsi mdgomareobda SemdegSi: skolam uari ganacxada Seecvala gakveTilebis cxri-
li, raTa muslimani maswavlebelisTvis mieca SesaZlebloba paraskevobiT daswreboda
SuadRis locvas meCeTSi. komisiam saqme gadawyvita sxva safuZvelze, radgan miiCnia,
rom igi ar iyo me-9 muxlis qvemdebare. momCivanma ver SeZlo imis dasabuTeba, rom
misi religiis moTxovna iyo paraskevis locvebze daswreba da swored es gaxda ko-
misiis mier am daskvnis gamotanis safuZveli.
amgvari midgoma Seusabamo iqneboda im saqmeebSi, sadac komisiam da sasamarTlom
miuTiTes, rom Careva RvTismsaxurebis an swavlebis uflebaSi prima facie warmoadgens
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis darRvevas, erousmitis testis gamoyenebis gareSe.232
magaliTad, kokinakisis saqmeSi sasamarTlom yovelgvari ganxilvis gareSe miuTiTa,
rom SezRudvebi prozelitizmis uflebaze ewinaaRmdegeba me-9 muxls,233 Tumca Se-
saZloa am daskvnamde sasamarTlos misvla, pirvel rigSi, iman ganapiroba, rom TviT
saberZneTis mxare ganixilavda prozelitizms religiis manifestaciad. ar iyo naTe-
li prozelitizmi gamoxatvas warmoadgenda imis gamo, rom momCivnis religiiT iyo
savaldebulo, swavlebas warmoadgenda, Tu imitom, rom wes-Cveulebebis dacvis erT-
erTi forma iyo. Zalze Znelia erousmitis da kokinakisis saqmeebs Soris gansxvavebis
povna, radgan orive momCivani miznad sazogadoebis wevrebis im mosazrebaTa Secvlas
isaxavda, romlebic maTTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo. orive Tavisi rwmenisa da
religiis Sesabamisad moqmedebda da orives saqcielma mtruli damokidebuleba
gamoiwvia.234
Semdgomi Seusabamobani ramdenime saqmeSi komisiis mier testis bunebis faqizad
da moxerxebulad Secvlam gamoiwvia. saqmeSi karadumani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,235
momCivani iyo muslimi qalbatoni, romelsac uari uTxres universitetis damTavre-
baze, vinaidan man, Tavis mxriv, uari ganacxada Tavsaburavis gareSe saidentifikacio
fotosuraTis gadaRebaze. sauniversiteto wesebiT (konstituciis, TurqeTis sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos da saxelmwifo sabWos gadawyvetilebaTa Sesabamisad), akr-
Zaluli iyo Tavsaburavis tareba saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi, maT Soris skolebsa
141
da universitetebSi, rogorc saxelmwifosa da religiis gamijvnis principis dar-
Rveva. gadawyvetileba am saqmeze miRebuli iqna sxva garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Tumca komisiam miuTiTa, rom universitetis uari karadumanisTvis fotosuraTis
TavsaburaviT gadaRebaze, savaraudod, ar warmoadgenda momCivnis religiis gamo-
xatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas.
komisia aseve miiCnevs, rom universitetis xarisxis sertifikati gamiznulia,
daadasturos studentis SesaZleblobani dasaqmebis miznebisaTvis; igi ar aris
gamiznuli farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. fotografirebis mizani im piris
identificirebaa, romelsac sertifikati ekuTvnis. piris mier sertifikatis
gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia sakuTari religiis gamoxatvis mizniT.
erousmitis midgomis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda gamoekvliaT, aris Tu ara Tav-
saburavis tareba da uari mis gareSe fotosuraTis gadaRebaze islamis moTxovna.
religiuri samosis tarebis sakiTxidan, romelic, erTi SexedviT, saCivris arss war-
moadgenda, aqcentis gadatana fotografirebaze miuTiTebs erousmitis testis gamo-
yenebasTan dakavSirebiT komisiaSi arsebul konceptualur uTanxmoebaze.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, erousmitis testis sazRvrebi ar aris mkafiod gan-
sazRvruli. rogorc Cans, zogadad, igi wes-Cveulebebis sakiTxebiTaa SezRuduli, mag-
ram, amave dros, sasamarTlosa da komisias aqvT diskrecia, konkretuli SemTxveva
wes-Cveulebebis dacvis an manifestaciis iseT sxva saxeobas miakuTvnon, rogoricaa
swavleba. garda amisa, savaraudod, komisia mzadaa, daadginos, rom esa Tu is saqme ar
eqceva me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis farglebSi, gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis
mizniT erousmitis an sxva testis gamouyenebladac. magaliTad, rodesac saientolo-
giis eklesias aekrZala eleqtrofsiqometris reklamireba mecnieruli gancxadebebis
mcdari da SecdomaSi Semyvani xasiaTis gamo, komisiam miiCnia, rom saqme ar Seexeboda
religiis Tavisuflebas, vinaidan saxelmwifo aregulirebda eklesiis mxolod komer-
ciul da ara religiur saqmianobas.236 samxedro mosamsaxuremac aseve ver miiRo dacva
me-9 muxlis safuZvelze. igi gasamarTlebuli iqna samxedro tribunalis mier da-
umorCileblobis braldebiT. momCivani cdilobda, udisciplinoba da daumorCileblo-
ba islamur religiasTan daekavSirebina, Tumca komisiam daadgina, rom amboxi samxedro
xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdeg ar warmoadgenda me-9 muxliT dacul qmedebas.237 zemoT
ganxiluli saCivrebis msgavsad, uaryofili iqna mamakacis saCivari, romelmac ver SeZ-
lo CrdiloeT irlandiaSi samoqalaqo wesiT ganqorwineba, Tumca amis nebarTva mas
sakuTari eklesiisgan hqonda miRebuli. sasamarTlos mtkicebiT, ganqorwineba ar war-
moadgens im sakiTxs, romelic me-9 muxls SeeZlo moecva, `Tavisi ordinaruli mniSv-
nelobidan gamomdinare~.238 logika am gadawyvetilebebSi ar aris srulebiT cxadi da
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, sasamarTlos gansxvavebuli pozicia daefiqsirebina komer-
ciul/religiur sferoSi, magaliTad, Tuki saqmeSi iqneboda ara eleqtrofsiqometris
reklamireba religiuri umciresobis mier, aramed bibliis an nakurTxi wylis reklama
dominanti qristiani eklesiebis mxridan.
aqedan gamomdinare, Zalze Znelia, religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciis dacvaze
komisiis saerTo midgomasa da zemoT ganxilul saqmeebs Soris Sesabamisobis povna.
rogorc Cans, am saqmeebis gauTvaliswineblad, zogadi principis Tanaxmad, erousmi-
tis testis safuZvelze momCivani valdebulia, daamtkicos, rom ama Tu im wes-Cve-
ulebis dacva aucileblobaa misi religiis an rwmenisaTvis, maSin, roca RvTismsaxu-
142
rebis, swavlebis an ritualis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia mxolod Carevis
Cveneba me-9 muxlis darRvevis damtkicebis mizniT. es ki niSnavs, rom erousmitis
testis gamoyeneba SezRuduli xasiaTisaa, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, momCivanTa umrav-
lesoba, romelTa saCivrebic me-9 muxlis darRvevasTan aris dakavSirebuli, cdilobs,
daamtkicos, rom SeizRuda maTi ufleba religiur an rwmenidan gamomdinare wes-
Cveulebis dacvaze. Sesabamisad, am testis mniSvneloba Zalze didia, gansakuTrebiT
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas zogjer wes-Cveulebis definiciis farglebs gareTac
iyeneben, me-9 muxlSi CamoTvlili manifestaciebis sxva saxeebis mimarT.
erousmitis testis analizi
evropuli sasamarTlosa da komisiis meTodologia

aucileblobis gansazRvrisas
erousmitis testi moiTxovs imis gansazRvras, savaldebuloa Tu ara esa Tu is
qmedeba momCivnis religiiT an rwmeniT. sasamarTlo da komisia am sakiTxs òbieqturad~
wyveten da ar iCenen mzadyofnas, momCivanTa moTxovnebi sakuTari rwmenisa da religiis
Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan faqtorebad miiCnion am aucileblobis gansazRvris procesSi.239
rogorc erT-erTma avtorma aRniSna, sasamarTlo xSirad iTvaliswinebda Sidasa-
xelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlo organoebis gadawyvetilebebs, radgan miaCnda, rom maT
ukeT unda scodnodaT sakuTari sazogadoebebi. amgvar mowiwebul damokidebulebas
sasamarTlo ar iCenda, rwmenisa da gansazRvruli tipis religiuri qmedebis an gamo-
xatvis mniSvnelobis Taobaze individebis moTxovnebis mimarT.240
sasamarTlo da komisia SeiZleba gakritikebulni iqnen imis gamo, rom sakuTar
Tavze iReben religiisa Tu rwmenis moTxovnebis gansazRvris amocanas da xSirad
ugulebelyofen momCivanTa mosazrebebs sakuTari rwmenis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlosa da
komisiis midgomasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis ilustrirebas warmoadgens valsa-
mis da efstratius241 saqmeebi, sadac momCivnebi ieRovas mowme moswavleebi da mSob-
lebi arian, mopasuxe ki — saberZneTis mTavroba. am saqmeebs safuZvlad daedo ieRovas
mowme im moswavleTa ramdenime dRiT daTxovna skolidan, romelTac uari ganacxades,
monawileoba mieRoT saberZneTis erovnuli dRisadmi (dRe, rodesac omi gaCaRda
saberZneTsa da faSistur italias Soris) miZRvnil aRlumSi. moswavleTa mSoblebs
ar surdaT, rom maT Svilebs monawileoba mieRoT aRlumSi, radgan am RonisZiebaSi
omis dResaswauls xedavdnen, rac ieRovas mowmeTa pacifistur Sexedulebebs ewina-
aRmdegeba. mSoblebma saCivari waradgines pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis, xolo moswav-
leebma me-9 muxlis safuZvelze. sasamarTlom uaryo momCivanTa moTxovnebi im moti-
viT, rom iseTs verafers xedavda aRlumSi, rasac maTi religiuri Sexedulebebis
Seuracxyofa SeeZlo. garda amisa, mosamarTleebma ganacxades, rom aRlumebi nawi-
lobriv pacifistur miznebsac ki emsaxureba.242 Sesabamisad, mxedvelobaSi ar miiRes
momCivanTa mier warmodgenili mtkicebuleba, rom aRlumi ewinaaRmdegeba maT reli-
gias, rac sakmaod ucnauria, radgan gadawyvetilebaSi ar aris moyvanili arc erTi
mtkicebuleba (garda TviT mosamarTleTa Sefasebebisa), romelTa dapirispirebac
sasamarTlos SeeZlo, momCivanTa SexedulebebisaTvis sakuTari rwmenis moTxovnebis
Taobaze.
143
aucileblobis mtkicebuleba
sasamarTlo da komisia xSirad ubralod acxadeben, rom ar aris konfliqti mom-
Civnis rwmenas an religias da saxelmwifos mxridan moTxovnil qmedebas Soris. aseTi
midgoma gaugebars xdis, Tu ris safuZvelze iRebdnen komisia da sasamarTlo amgvar
gadawyvetilebebs. zog SemTxvevaSi, roca mosamarTleebi ar endobian sakuTar Sefa-
sebebs momCivanTa valdebulebebis Sesaxeb, isini iyeneben religiuri liderebis eqs-
pertul mtkicebulebebs.243 skolis muslim maswavlebels ar darTes amgvari mtkice-
bulebis warmodgenis neba (nawilobriv imitom, rom gadawyvetileba saqmeze miiRes
sxva garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT).244 kokinakisis saqmeSi sasamarTlo daeyrdno
msoflio eklesiaTa sabWos moxsenebas imis gadasawyvetad, rom prozelitizmi yvela
qristianis `ZiriTadi misiis~ nawilia, Tumca arakeTilsindisieri prozelitizmi am
misiis `garyvnas~ warmoadgens.245 igi ar daeyrdno sxva religiur avtoritetebs, maga-
liTad, ieRovas mowmeTa wesebs. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sasamarTlo da komisia
mxedvelobaSi ar iRebdnen momCivanTa subieqtur Sefasebebs, Tu ra iyo savaldebu-
lo maTi religiisa da rwmenis safuZvelze, mtkicebulebis erT-erTi obieqturi
forma, savaraudod, Sesabamisi religiisa da rwmenis liderTa eqspertuli mtkice-
bulebebi, aseve religiuri da rwmenaze dafuZnebuli jgufebis wesebi an dogmebi
unda yofiliyo.246 sasamarTlos, rogorc Cans, surs, drodadro amgvar mtkicebule-
bebs daeyrdnos, Tumca maTi gamoyeneba araTanmimdevrulia. Sesabamisad, sasamarT-
los òbieqturi~ midgoma manifestaciaTa mimarT obieqtur kriteriums ar efuZneba.
upiratesoba erousmitis testis safuZvelze

erousmitis testis namdvil bunebas, garkveuli religiisa Tu rwmenis mqone sxva
individebisagan gansxvavebiT, SesaZloa arasasurveli Sedegi hqondes religiuri
organizaciebis morCili wevrebisaTvis privilegiebis miniWebis saxiT. individualis-
turi rwmenebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa, mag., pet erousmitis pacifizmi, SeiZleba
arc arsebobdes ufro maRali avtoriteti an wesebis erToblioba, romliTac SesaZ-
lebeli iqneba ganisazRvros, Tu ra saxis qcevaa savaldebulo am rwmenis mixedviT.
araierarqiuli tipis religiebSi, savaraudod, Zalze garTuldeba imis dadgena, Tu
visa aqvs sakmarisi kvalifikacia eqspertuli daskvnis misacemad,247 garda amisa, iseTi
religiis an rwmenis mimdevrebs, romelic aqcents individualuri sindisis ganviTa-
rebaze ufro akeTebs, vidre wesebis gansazRvruli erTobliobis dacvaze, erousmitis
testi sakmaod gaurTulebs imis damtkicebis SesaZleblobas, rom esa Tu is qceva
misi religiisa da rwmenis moTxovnas warmoadgens.
erousmitis testis gamoyenebam aseve SeiZleba arasasurvelad imoqmedos pirze,
romelic garkveul religiur jgufs miekuTvneba, Tumca misTvis am religiis yvela
swavleba ar aris misaRebi, an Tu miiCnevs, rom sakuTari religia an rwmena damatebiT
moTxovnebs uwesebs mas.248 magaliTad, ieRovas mowmis an kvakerisTvis SeiZleba gaci-
lebiT ioli iyos imis Cveneba, rom pacifizmi misi religiis mkacrad gansazRvruli
nawilia, vidre sxva eklesiis wevri qristianisTvis, romlis eklesiac mxars ar uWers
pacifizmis zogad princips (maSinac, roca moTxovna gulwrfelia da efuZneba indi-
vidis mier rwmenis gagebas).
garkveuli religiis an rwmenis mravalricxovan wevrebs Soris uTanxmoebisas doq-
trinasa Tu religiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, komisiis survilma,
144
rom obieqturi da avtoritetuli pasuxi miiRos kiTxvaze, konkretuli saxis reli-
giuri qmedeba savaldebuloa Tu ara, SeiZleba igi sapirispiro midgomebs Soris ar-
Cevanis gakeTebamde miiyvanos. Sedegad, komisiam SeiZleba im motiviT uaryos momCivnis
saCivari, rom igi Sesabamisi religiisa Tu rwmenis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis farglebs
gareT eqceva.249 es ki ewinaaRmdegeba aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier aRiarebul
midgomas. kerZod, saqmeSi, sadac individis mtkicebiT, religia mas ukrZalavda mona-
wileobas samuSaoSi, romelic pirdapiri gziT iyo dakavSirebuli SeiaraRebis warmo-
ebasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom imave religiis sxva wevrebi asrulebdnen identur
samuSaos, uzenaesma sasamarTlom miuTiTa:
rwmenis SigniT arsebuli amgvari uTanxmoebani ar aris uCveulo
gansazRvruli msoflmxedvelobis mimdevrebs Soris da sasamarTlo
procedurebi gansakuTrebiT cudad aris aRWurvili amgvar uTanxmoebaTa
gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebiT ... aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis garantia ar
aris SezRuduli im rwmenaTa sistemebiT, romlebic gaziarebulia
gansazRvruli religiuri jgufis yvela wevris mier.250
amgvari midgoma sasamarTlosgan moiTxovs mzadyofnas, ufro seriozulad mo-
ekidos momCivnebis moTxovnebs, vidre eZios garkveuli obieqturi safuZvlebi auci-
leblobis Sesafaseblad.
alternatiuli midgomebi gamoxatvis saxeebis mimarT

erousmitis testTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis gamo, ramdenime mosamarTlis
mier SemoTavazebuli iqna alternatiuli midgomebi imis gadasawyvetad, aris Tu ara
esa Tu is religiuri qceva religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatva. komisia, Tavis mxriv, sxva-
dasxva dros iyenebda gansxvavebul formulirebas imis garkvevis gziT, iyo Tu ara
momCivnis qmedebani misi religiis an rwmenis `gamoxatuleba~. es midgoma SedarebiT
naklebad SemzRudveli xasiaTisaa, vidre momCivnis davaldebuleba, daamtkicos Ta-
visi qcevis aucilebloba sakuTari rwmenisa Tu religiisaTvis. igi gacilebiT axlo-
saa erousmitis saqmeSi mosamarTle opsalis mier SemoTavazebul testTan, vidre
Cveulebriv gamoyenebul testTan. `gamoxatulebis testiT~ sargebloba Zalze iSviaT
SemTxvevebSi Tu momxdara da yovelTvis mopasuxis sasargeblod gadawyvetil saqme-
ebSi.251 Tumca imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom erousmitis testi regularulad gamoiye-
neba, naklebad savaraudoa, aucileblobis tests sxva, momCivanTa mimarT gacilebiT
keTilganwyobili testi Caenacvlos.
efstratius da valsamis saqmeebSi mosamarTleebis tor vilhelmsonisa da iamber-
kis mier TavianT erTobliv gansxvavebul azrSi SemoTavazebuli iqna potenciurad
alternatiuli testi.252 maTi winadadebis mixedviT, sasamarTlom ar unda Seafasos
ama Tu im rwmenis dasabuTebuloba an gansazRvruli moqmedebis mniSvneloba momCiv-
nisTvis. amis sanacvlod, mosamarTleTa mosazrebiT, `sasamarTlos mier aRiarebuli
unda iqnes saskolo aRlumisa da misi religiuri da filosofiuri qveteqstis aRqma
da gaazreba momCivanTa mier, Tuki igi aSkarad usafuZvlo da aragonivrul xasiaTs
ar atarebs~. amis msgavsad, pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebuli saCivris
ganxilvisas mosamarTle vedrosma ganacxada, rom sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos mom-
CivanTa gancxadebebi sakuTari religiuri mrwamsis Sesaxeb (raTa darwmundes, rom
momCivanTa mxridan adgili ar hqonda TvalTmaqcobas), Tumca valdebulia, `pativi
sces maT ideologias, Tuki aseTi ideologia naTlad iqneba gamoxatuli~.253
145
es alternativa, romelic pativs scems momCivanTa uflebas, TviTon gansazRvron
maTi iZuleba ama Tu im saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT an maTTvis gansazRvruli
tipis moqmedebis Sesrulebis akrZalva zians ayenebs Tu ara maT religiur grZnobebs,
ufro gasagebi testia da ar moiTxovs mosamarTleTagan piris religiuri mrwamsis
an misi religiis moTxovnaTa gansazRvras. am midgomis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, momCi-
vanTa mxridan misi borotad gamoyenebis potenciuri Sansis Semcireba SesaZlebeli
iqneboda me-9 muxlis meore nawiliT da imiT, rom moxdeboda aSkarad ùsafuZvlo da
aragonivrul~ rwmenaTa gamoricxva. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika cxadad
metyvelebs, rom es midgoma praqtikuli xasiaTisaa da misi gamoyeneba gamodgeboda
Tundac SedarebiT arapluralistur sazogadoebaSic. uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar
gamoiCina daintereseba, CarTuliyo ama Tu im religiis Tu rwmenis moTxovnaTa gan-
sazRvraSi. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, igi ar ayenebda kiTxvis niSnis qveS momCivanTa
Sexedulebebs, rom ama Tu im tipis qmedeba savaldebulo an Seusabamo iyo maT reli-
giasTan Tu rwmenasTan, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca moTxovna ìseTi eqscentruli
da motivaciiT gamokveTilad arareligiuri iyo, rom ar imsaxurebda dacvas aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis safuZvelze~.254
evropuli sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier aRi-
arebuli midgoma gacilebiT seriozul damokidebulebas amJRavnebs momCivanTa moT-
xovnebis mimarT. es ki naTlad metyvelebs imaze, rom aSS-Si kargada aqvT gaazrebuli
is potenciuri problemebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca sasamarTlo
Tavad cdilobs, gansazRvros, Tu ra moeTxovebaT momCivnebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
aseTi subieqturi midgoma, Tavis mxriv, garkveuli safrTxiT xasiaTdeba (gansakuT-
rebiT momCivanTa mxridan TvalTmaqcobis TvalsazrisiT), gacilebiT sjobs tests,
romliTac mosamarTleebs evalebaT, TviTon gansazRvron, xSirad mcire mtkice-
bulebebis safuZvelze, ama Tu im religiis Tu rwmenis moTxovnebi. es gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sasamarTlo da komisia Zalze xSirad da-
udanaSaulebiaT araqristianul Tu im religiaTa moTxovnebis mimarT naklebi
simpaTiis gamoCenis gamo, romelTac evropaSi xangrZlivi istoria ar aqvT.255 maT
arasodes gadauwyvetiaT saqme momCivnis sasargeblod, roca saCivris safuZveli
religiuri samosis tarebas an specifikur garegnobas Seexeboda,256 romelTac SesaZ-
loa garkveuli mniSvneloba hqondeT individebisaTvis, Sesabamisi religiuri tra-
diciidan gamomdinare. meore mxriv, komisiam da sasamarTlom swrafad da operati-
ulad imoqmedes, roca mxari dauWires uflebas prozelitizmze. gaerTianebuli ere-
bis organizaciis farglebSi gamarTul debatebSi am sferos sakamaTo xasiaTis mi-
uxedavad. sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Taobaze, ra aris da ra ar
aris savaldebulo momCivnis religiisa Tu rwmenisaTvis, zrdis misi mxridan im
religiuri ritualebisa Tu wes-CveulebebisTvis upiratesobis miniWebis potenciur
SesaZleblobas, romlebic axlosaa sasamarTlos wevrebTan da romelTac isini kargad
icnoben. es ki umciresobebisTvis sakmaod mZime SedegebTan aris dakavSirebuli da
amJRavnebs im safrTxes, romelic erousmitis testidan momdinareobs da romlis
Sesaxebac mosamarTle opsalma miuTiTa, rom igi upiratesobas tradiciuli tipis
religiur gamoxatvas aniWebs, axal rwmenaTa mimdevrebis religiur qcevasTan
SedarebiT.257
146
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis dokumentebi
sasamarTlos mxridan momCivanTa subieqturi moTxovnebisTvis ufro obieqturi
elementebis damatebis survilis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, erT-erT resursad SesaZloa
gamoyenebuli yofiliyo mecnieruli swavlebani religiis Tavisuflebis sferoSi
(gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis msgavsad). momCivanTa moTxovnebTan kavSirSi am
swavlebaTa gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo qcevis im saxeebis demonstrirebisaTvis, rom-
lebic saerTaSorisod aris aRiarebuli religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvad. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki momCivani SeZlebda saxelmwifos mxridan saerTaSorisod aRiare-
bul swavlebaSi Camoyalibebuli gamoxatvis erT-erTi saxis SezRudvis Cvenebas da
sakuTari religiisaTvis manifestaciis am tipis mniSvnelobis dasabuTebas, imoqme-
debda prezumfcia, rom saqme me-9 muxlis qvemdebare iyo, sanam ar damtkicdeboda
saCivris TaRliTuri xasiaTi.
Tavis cnobil swavlebaSi religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb arkot kriSnasvamim Ca-
moayaliba religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis ramdenime saxe, romelic, misi Sexedule-
biT, imsaxurebs dacvas adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis safuZvelze.
kriSnasvamis CamonaTvali moicavda religiuri wes-Cveulebebis dacvas, dakavSire-
buls qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebasTan, religiuri samosis tarebasTan, dakrZalvis
ritualis Sesrulebas, komunikacias sxva Tanamoazre morwmuneebTan, aseve indivi-
dualur da korporaciul RvTismsaxurebas. amis msgavsad, deklaraciaSi religiuri
Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis Taobaze mocemulia rwmenis manifestaciaTa Ca-
monaTvali da Sesabamisi muxlebi, romelTa gamoyenebac unda moxdes religiisa da
rwmenis Sesabamisad ritualebis Sesrulebis, religiisa da rwmenis Taobaze masalebis
publikaciisa da gavrcelebis, mosaxerxebel adgilebSi swavlebis Catarebis, SabaTis
wesis dacvis, dResaswaulis aRniSvnisa da ceremoniebis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi.258
gaeros es masalebi SesaZloa Zalze Zvirfas resurss warmoadgendes sasamarT-
losaTvis, vinaidan isini eyrdnoba farTo saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis swavlebasa
da gamocdilebas. maSin roca sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa umravlesoba ZiriTadad
qristianul sazogadoebebs warmoadgenen, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis swav-
lebani erTmaneTSi aerTianebs im qveynebis komentarebs, romlebic gacilebiT farTo
speqtrs Seadgenen religiuri demografiebis TvalsazrisiT. iseTi jgufebi, rogo-
ricaa muslimanebi, indusebi an budistebi, romlebic umciresobebs warmoadgenen ev-
ropis sabWos wevr qveynebSi, qmnian umralesobebs gaeros sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa religiuri samosis tareba, romelsac
ramdenime dasavleli avtori259 da mosamarTle260 religiisTvis umniSvnelod miiCnevs,
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi.261 am masalebis gaziarebam,
SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos sasamarTlos imis uzrunvelyofaSi, rom religiis manifes-
taciis Taobaze umravlesobis cnebebma ar SeiZinos Seusabamod didi mniSvneloba
sasamarTlos precedentul samarTalSi.
religiuri uflebebis nebayoflobiTi daTmoba

komisiisa da sasamarTlos mier manifestaciis SezRuduli testis gamoyenebiT
gamowveuli sirTuleebis raodenoba momCivanTaTvis izrdeba imis gamo, rom zog Sem-
TxvevaSi sasamarTlosa da komisiis gadawyvetilebiT isini religiis Tavisuflebaze
sakuTari uflebis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis Sekavebaze nebayoflobiT Tanxmdebod-
147
nen.262 aseT SemTxvevebSi komisia adgenda, rom adgili ar hqonda me-9 muxlis darR-
vevas, iqamde, vidre SesaZlebeli iyo mdgomareobis gamosworeba. komisiam daadastu-
ra iseTi viTarebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, rodesac, sakuTari religiis an rwmenis
SeuzRudavi gamoxatvisaTvis, momCivnebis mier mdgomareobis Secvla aragonivrul
tvirTs akisrebda maTze. magaliTad, derbis saqmeSi, komisiam uaryo SvedeTis mxaris
argumenti, romlis Tanaxmadac momCivans SeeZlo Tavi daeRwia saeklesio gadasaxa-
debis gadaxdisagan SvedeTSi xSiri mgzavrobis gziT.263 am gansakuTrebul saqmeSi,
komisiam aRiara, rom momCivnis gadawyvetileba, `nebayoflobiT~ ecxovra sxva saxel-
mwifoSi ar iyo sakmarisi safuZveli imis saTqmelad, rom man uari Tqva religiis
Tavisuflebaze saeklesio gadasaxadis gadaxdis sasargeblod.
arsebobs garkveuli dasabuTeba amgvari midgomisa, romelic im adamianebis piradi
avtonomiis pativiscemas gulisxmobs, romelTac arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba
aqvT, sanam isini mzad arian TavianTi gadawyvetilebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis piro-
bebSi icxovron. komisiam ar unda Caayenos individebi iseT mdgomareobaSi, roca isini
iZulebulni iqnebian daemorCilon TavianTi religiis dogmebs, magaliTad, rodesac
piri iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebas amjobinebs, romelic mas SabaTis wesis darRveviT
avaldebulebs muSaobas.264 komisiis argumentacia swored individebs utovebs arCe-
vanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas TavianTi religiisa da rwmenis wesebsa da im sargebels
Soris, romelic SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes Sesabamisi religiisa Tu rwmenis manifesta-
ciasTan Seusabamo qmedebis ganxorcielebiT. amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTari
religiuri jgufis mxridan Seviwroebisagan individebis dasacavad. rogorc gaeros
yofilma specialurma momxsenebelma franCesko kaportortim aRniSna, `mosazreba,
romlis Tanaxmadac umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso normebi mxolod
garkveuli jgufis koleqtiuri faseulobebis dacvis mizans emsaxureba, Seicavs saf-
rTxes, rom gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone individebi moqceuli iqnen qcevis im
erTian sistemaSi, romlis SemuSavebac dominanti wreebis mier moxda~.265
nebayoflobiTi modeli saxelmwifo eklesiis farglebSi

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, komisia da sasamarTlo Zalze martivad ganixilaven neba-
yoflobiT arCevans religias an rwmenasa da alternatiuli saxis qcevas Soris. maga-
liTad, rodesac saxelmwifo aiZulebs individs, arCevani gaakeTos rwmenasa da gark-
veul socialur rols Soris, Tavisufali arCevanis idea arabunebriv xasiaTs iZens.
erT-erTi sfero, sadac problema gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT iCens Tavs, aris Tavi-
sufleba eklesiebis an sxva religiuri organizaciebis, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo
eklesiis farglebSi. komisiis mier sxvadasxva dros aRiniSna, rom eklesia ar aris
valdebuli, Tavisi wevrebis religiis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyos, Tuki maT eklesiis
Tavisuflad datovebis SesaZlebloba aqvT.266 es Seexeba saeklesio koleqtivs, ro-
melsac miekuTvneba, magaliTad, mRvdeli, romelic valdebulia damqiraveblis di-
reqtivebi Seasrulos.
amgvari midgoma religiebs nebayoflobiT, kerZo organizaciebad ganixilavs. sanam
individebs aqvT arCevanis SesaZlebloba, darCnen an datovon religia, isini am sazoga-
doebis mier dadgenil normebs eqvemdebarebian, ise rogorc golfis moTamaSeni arian
valdebulni, daemorCilon im klubis wesebs, romelsac isini miekuTvnebian da uxdian
Senatans, an unda datovon igi. es analizi ar warmoadgens im mizezebis ganxilvas, ro-
148
melTa gamoc `daemorCile an wadi~-s martivi modeli ver upasuxebs morwmunesa da
eklesiis urTierTobis procesSi warmoqmnil sirTuleebs. aq saqme iseT SemTxvevasTan
gvaqvs, rodesac adgili aqvs saero xelisuflebis Carevas eklesiis marTvaSi. naTlis-
RebasTan dakavSirebul saqmeSi uTanxmoeba sasuliero piris keTilsindisier religiur
rwmenasa (naTlobamde religiuri instruqciis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT) da
eklesias Soris, romlis mimdevaric igi gaxldaT, swored saero xelisuflebis brZanebam
gamoiwvia. saqmeSi, sadac mRvdeli daiTxoves samuSaodan misi uaris gamo, Seesrulebina
garkveuli saxelmwifo funqciebi da gamoxata protesti abortis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis
liberalizaciisadmi, misi protesti da dakavebuli pozicia misaRebi iyo mrevlisa da
saeklesio xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, magram ara saxelmwifo xelisuflebisaTvis.267 amgvar
saqmeebSi sindisis efeqtur dacvasTan eklesiis datovebis SesaZleblobis gaigiveba
uaryofs saxelmwifos rols sindisis krizisis SeqmnaSi.
maSinac, roca saxelmwifo ar ereva, religiis datoveba gacilebiT kompleqsuri
sakiTxia, vidre sxva kerZo tipis organizaciebisa.268 bevrisTvis religia ar aris
iseTi `nebayoflobiTi~, rogoric socialuri an politikuri jgufebi SeiZleba iyos.
gansazRvrul religiebSi bevrisTvis maTi religia xsnisa da simarTlis wyaros war-
moadgens. isini SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodnen sakuTari religiis struqturis garkveul
aspeqts, rogoricaa saeklesio gadasaxadebis gadaxdis moTxovna, mxardaWerili sa-
marTlebrivi sanqciebiT,269 Tumca misi datoveba SeiZleba Tavisi sulieri keTildRe-
obisaTvis seriozuli zianis momtanad miaCndeT. sxva doneze gadawyvetilebis miReba
mWidrod SekavSirebuli religiuri sazogadoebis datovebis Taobaze imiT rTul-
deba, rom pirs SesaZlebelia jgufisgan metad susti ekonomikuri, socialuri da
personaluri damokidebuleba hqondes, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi datovebis Te-
oriuli ufleba aqvs.270 aseT SemTxvevebSi, imis dasamtkiceblad, rom ar arsebobs
sindisis Tavisuflebis saWiroeba religiuri organizaciebis farglebSi, komisiis
mier gamoyenebuli nebayoflobiTi organizaciis modeli problemur xasiaTs iZens.
nebayoflobiTi modeli sxva konteqstebSi

idea uflebebze `nebayoflobiT~ uaris Tqmisa arareligiuri jgufebis konteqs-
tSi warmoSobs sxva problemebs. komisiis mxridan Tavis Sekaveba, Caerios religiis
Sida organizaciaSi ara imitom, rom religiuri jgufebi nebayoflobiTi organiza-
ciebia, aramed imitom, rom amgvari Careva, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs risks, gadaiqces SeW-
rad jgufis sxva wevrebis religiis TavisuflebaSi, jgufis erTi wevris dacvis moti-
viT, SesaZloa misaRebadac CaiTvalos. Tumca amgvari msjeloba ar gamodgeba im kon-
teqstSi, roca SezRudvebi religiis Tavisuflebaze dawesebulia arareligiuri or-
ganizaciebis an individebis mier. amgvar saqmeebSi komisiam me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli dacviT sargeblobis saSualeba ar misca momCivnebs, romlebmac nebayoflobiT
daiwyes muSaoba, daikaves sauniversiteto adgilebi an gaxdnen im organizaciis wev-
rebi, romelTa miznebic winaaRmdegobaSi modioda momCivanTa religiasa Tu rwme-
nasTan. im SemTxvevaSi, roca individi arCevans ama Tu im organizaciis wevrobis an
garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebis sasargeblod akeTebs da, amave dros, aqvs Sesaba-
misi samuSaosa Tu dawesebulebis datovebis SesaZlebloba, me-9 muxli ar irRveva,
Tuki organizaciis an damsaqmeblis mier dadgenili wesebis Sesruleba xorcieldeba
maTi religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciaSi Carevis gziT.
149
amgvari SemTxvevis erT-erT magaliTs warmoadgens skolis muslimi maswavleblis
saqme, sadac momCivani daTxovnili iqna samuSaodan imis safuZvelze, rom paraskevs
45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi datova skola samuSao saaTebSi adgilobriv meCeTSi SuadRis
locvaze daswrebis mizniT.271 komisiam daadgina, rom momCivnis mier religiuri moT-
xovnebis xsenebis gareSe maswavleblis samuSao adgilis miRebiT, man arCevani SemoTa-
vazebuli pirobebis (rac ar moicavda gaTavisuflebas paraskevis locvebze dasasw-
rebad) mixedviT samuSaos Sesrulebis sasargeblod gaakeTa. sxva saqmeSi, sadac qalma
religiuri da ojaxuri mizezebis gamo gaaprotesta kvira dRes samuSao cvlaSi
muSaoba, komisiis mier miCneuli iqna, rom saCivari usafuZvlo iyo, vinaidan momCivans
Tavisuflad SeeZlo samuSaos datoveba, Tuki misTvis miuRebeli iyo kvira dRes mu-
Saoba religiuri mizezebiT.272 aseve ar iqna aRmoCenili konvenciis darRveva saqmeSi,
sadac muslim students mosTxoves saidentifikacio fotosuraTis gadaReba Tavsabu-
ravis gareSe (rac ewinaaRmdegeboda mis rwmenas). komisiam daadgina, rom saero uni-
versitetSi SesvliT momCivani daTanxmda gansazRvruli wesebis, maT Soris im moTxov-
nis Sesrulebas, rom Tavsaburavis gareSe gadaeRo saidentifikacio fotosuraTi.273
samxedro mosamarTlis SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles fun-
damentalistebTan kavSiris gamo,274 iseve rogorc samxedro mosamsaxuris saqmeSi,
romelic disciplinur pasuxisgebaSi iqna micemuli Cadenili gadacdomebisaTvis,275
sasamarTlom da komisiam miiCnies, rom, roca momCivnebi Cairicxnen armiis rigebSi,
nebayoflobiT daeqvemdebarnen armiaSi arsebul disciplinasa da Sinaganawess, rac,
yvelaferTan erTad, garkveul SezRudvebsac moicavda maTi religiis Tavisufle-
baze.276
yvela zemoT ganxilul saqmeSi komisiam daadgina, rom momCivanTa religiis Tavi-
sufleba da SesaZlebloba misi gamoxatvisa ar iqna darRveuli, vinaidan maT hqondaT
arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba. kerZod, momCivnebs SeeZloT SeecvalaT is mdgomare-
oba, roca garTulebuli iyo maT mier sakuTari religiis gamoxatva. Tumca komisiam
ar imsjela im sirTuleze, rac umciresobebisTvis iqmneboda amgvar situaciebSi.277
magaliTad, skolis muslimi maswavleblis saqmeSi momCivans arCevani naklebad anazRa-
urebad arasrul samuSao drosa da samuSaodan wasvlas Soris unda gaekeTebina. nak-
lebad savaraudoa, analogiuri arCevanis winaSe damdgariyvnen inglisis qristiani
maswavleblebi, romelTaTvisac samuSao kviris Sedgena imgvarad xdeboda, rom kvira
dRe rCeboda Tavisufali. muslimani qalis winaSe, romelsac fotosuraTis gadaReba
TavsaburaviT surda, idga arCevani or alternativas Soris _ an ufaso saxelmwifo
ganaTleba mieRo, magram kompromisze wasuliyo sakuTari religiuri rwmenis winaSe
an gadaexada kerZo ganaTlebis safasuri (Tuki hqonda amis SesaZlebloba) da eswavla
iseT garemoSi, sadac igi SeZlebda srulad gamoexata sakuTari religiuri rwmena.278
amgvar situaciebSi komisia arCevanis SesaZleblobasa da gadawyvetilebis `nebayof-
lobiT~ miRebaze saubrobs iseT konteqstSi, sadac nebismieri arCevani SeiZleba
mxolod usiamovno xasiaTisa iyos. profesori malkolm evansi Tavis analizSi komisi-
isa da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis Taobaze SeniSnavs, rom religiis Tavisufle-
biT sargebloba aucilebeli ar aris gansazRvruli sazRauris gaRebis gareSe mox-
des, Tumca ar adasturebs, rom sazRauris odenoba ufro did da mZime xasiaTs unda
atarebdes umciresobebisTvis, vidre umravlesobisaTvis, romlis rwmenisTvis so-
cialuri struqturebi ufro ukeT aris mowyobili.
150
***
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis ufleba konvenciis safuZvelze religiisa da
rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacvis fundamentia es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino xdeba, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, ra viwrod ganmartes komisiam da sasamarTlom me-9 muxlis
pirveli nawilis pirveli segmenti. aseT viTarebaSi, me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
dacviT praqtikaSi, savaraudod, mxolod religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciad aRiare-
buli esa Tu is qmedeba isargeblebs. bolo wlebSi sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT gaaqti-
urda saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg gadawyvetilebebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. mis mier
aqcenti ZiriTadad qristianuli rwmenis sabaziso sferoebis dacvaze keTdeboda,
rogoricaa RvTismsaxureba da prozelitizmi. saCivrebi, romlebic naklebad tradi-
ciul manifestaciebs Seexeboda, ar iqna sasamarTlos mier warmoebaSi miRebuli, nawi-
lobriv wes-Cveulebebis dacvis SezRuduli testis ganviTarebis gamo da nawilobriv
im daskvnis safuZvelze, rom momCivnebi nebayoflobiT daTanxmdnen sakuTari reli-
giisa da rwmenis SezRudvas.
aqedan gamomdinare, komisiisa da sasamarTlos mier religiisa da rwmenis defini-
ciisadmi SemuSavebuli SedarebiT liberaluri midgoma manifestaciis stadiaze Seic-
vala. vinaidan sasamarTlom da komisiam itvirTes imis gansazRvra, Tu ra aris saval-
debulo konkretuli religiisa da rwmenis safuZvelze da radganac maT es amocana
eqspertul mtkicebulebebze, saerTaSoriso standartebsa da momCivanTa moTxov-
nebze dayrdnobis gareSe Sesasrules, faqtobrivad religiisa da rwmenis is koncef-
cia ganaviTares, romelic uaryofs religiisa da rwmenis maTive yovlismomcvel
definicias. imis miuxedavad, rom konvenciiT aRiarebulia umciresobebisa da indivi-
dualistur morwmuneTa dacva, es dacva mxolod im manifestaciebiT Semoifargleba,
romlebic qristianuli rwmenis analogiuria. im SemTxvevebSic, roca momCivnebma
SeZles maT rwmenasa Tu religiaSi saxelmwifos Carevis damtkiceba, komisiisa da sa-
samarTlos mier gamoyenebuli koncefcia religiis nebayoflobiT `klubad~ ganxil-
visa, mraval momCivans urTulebda saCivris safuZvlianobis mtkicebas. orive testi
araproporciul zegavlenas axdens umciresobebze, romelTa religiuri wes-Cveule-
bebis Sesaxeb naklebadaa sasamarTlosaTvis cnobili da romlebic iseT pirTa mxri-
dan, rogoricaa damqiravebeli, seriozul zewolas ganicdian, raTa Tavi Seikavon
TavianTi religiuri wes-Cveulebebis Sesrulebisgan, dominant kulturaSi maTi ukeT
asimilaciis ganzraxviT.
151
religiisa
da rwmenis
gamoxatvis
SezRudva
morwmuneTa garkveuli raodenobisaTvis religiisa

Tu sindisis moTxovnebi absoluturi xasiaTisaa. zogi-
erTi mzadaa, misdios Tavisi religiis wesebs kanonis
moTxovnaTa da gamowveuli Sedegebis miuxedavad, wame-
bisa da sikvdilis CaTvliT.279 Tumca es srulebiT ar
gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifom am adamianTa yovelgvar
gadawyvetilebas unda sces pativi.280 Tuki religiis Ta-
visuflebas saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba afasebs ro-
gorc erT mTlians, vinaidan igi pluralizmisa da pi-
rovnuli avtonomiis damkvidrebas uwyobs xels, saxelm-
wifos SeiZleba hqondes ufleba da valdebulebac ki,
Caerios religiis gamoxatvaSi, rom sxvaTa avtonomiisa
da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis sxva aspeqtebis dacva uz-
runvelyos. erTi mxriv, cxadia, rom religiis Tavisuf-
lebis saxeliT saxelmwifo ar aris valdebuli, Semwyna-
rebluri damokidebuleba gamoiCinos adamianTa msxver-
plSewirvis mimarT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca es konkre-
tuli religiis gamoxatvis umniSvnelovanes komponents
warmoadgens.281 Tumca, meore mxriv, isic aSkaraa, rom
saxelmwifom ar unda SeuSalos xeli religiis manifes-
tacias umizezod an minimaluri safuZvlebis arsebobis
pirobebSi. me-9 muxlis meore nawili cdilobs urTier-
Tsapirispiro interesebis dabalansebas adamianis reli-
giisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da saxelm-
wifos legitimur interess Soris, raTa uzrunvelyo-
fili iqnes, rom amgvarma manifestaciebma ukanonod ar
xelyon sazogadoebrivi janmrTeloba da wesrigi, mo-
rali da sxvaTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.
SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom, vinaidan sasamarTlom da
komisiam religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciis SezRudu-
li interpretacia moaxdines, Sedegad, saxelmwifoTa
SesaZlebloba Tavisi qmedebebis me-9 muxlis meore nawi-
lis safuZvelze dasabuTebisa aseve SezRudulad unda
152
yofiliyo ganmartebuli. saqmeTa umravlesobaSi, romlebic ganxilvas me-9 muxlis
pirveli nawilis safuZvelze daeqvemdebara, momCivnebs, erousmitis testidan ga-
momdinare, unda daemtkicebinaT, rom saxelmwifos mier SezRuduli qmedeba aucile-
beli iyo maTi religiisa da rwmenisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifom seriozu-
li damokidebuleba unda gamoiCinos am viwrod gansazRvruli uflebisadmi da maRali
standarti unda daakmayofilos religiis gamoxatvaze SezRudvebis dasabuTebis miz-
niT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlo da komisia mzad arian, detalurad ganixilon
saxelmwifos qmedebani, maSinac roca aSkara da saerTaSoriso diskriminacias aqvs
adgili garkveuli religiuri jgufebis winaaRmdeg, isini zogadad saxelmwifoebs
Zalze farTo sivrces aniWebdnen imis gansasazRvrad, SezRudvebi religiisa da rwme-
nis manifestaciaze aucilebeli iyo Tu ara. rogorc Cans, saqmeTa umravlesobaSi
sakmarisia, saxelmwifom aCvenos, rom keTilsindisierad moqmedebda da me-9 muxlis
meore nawilis safuZvelze daasabuTos SezRudvebi religiasa da rwmenaze.
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis SezRuduli sazRvrebidan gamomdinare, saqmeTa
SedarebiT mcire raodenoba iqna gadawyvetili amave muxlis meore nawilis safuZ-
velze. am saqmeTa umravlesobaSi sasamarTlo da komisia arasaTanado yuradRebas
uTmobdnen me-9 muxlis pirvel nawils, sruliad ugulebelyofdnen mas, an mcire
ganmartebiT Semoifarglebodnen misi darRvevis Taobaze.
evropuli sasamarTlos midgoma me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilisadmi

evropuli sasamarTlos uari me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilidan
gamomdinare sakiTxebis ganxilvaze
ramdenime saqmeSi komisiam ar ganixila sakiTxi imis Taobaze, mTavrobis mier gan-
xorcielebuli qmedebebiT SeizRuda Tu ara ufleba religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuf-
lebaze, radgan es qmedebani ase Tu ise dasabuTebuli xasiaTisa iyo me-9 muxlis meore
nawilis safuZvelze. amgvarma midgomam komisias SesaZlebloba misca, Tavidan aeci-
lebina rTuli sakiTxebis ganxilva da gaemarTlebina saxelmwifos qmedebani, yovel-
gvari miTiTebis gareSe, Tu ra gadawyvetileba iqneboda miRebuli garemoebaTa cvli-
lebis SemTxvevaSi.
erT-erTi aseTi saqmea Capeli gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,282 sadac bri-
tanelma druidebma gaasaCivres mTavrobis ufleba, aekrZala maTTvis zafxulis buni-
obis ritualebis Sesruleba `stounhenjze~ (uZvelesi megaliTuri nageboba). komisiam
gadawyvita, ar ganesazRvra, iyo Tu ara druidizmi religia, Tumca miuTiTa, rom, Tuki
druidizmi religiaa, maSin mTavrobis amgvari qmedeba qurumebis religiis Tavisuf-
lebis SezRudva iyo. komisiam, saboloo jamSi, daadgina, rom me-9 muxlis pirveli na-
wilis qvemdebare sakiTxebi (maT Soris is sakiTxic, druidizmi religias warmoadgens
Tu ara) ar saWiroebda gansazRvrebas, vinaidan mTavrobam warmoadgina Tavisi qmedebis
gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebani me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze. kerZod,
mTavrobis arguments im uwesrigobisa da ukanonobis gameorebis aRkveTa warmoadgenda,
rasac wina wlebSi hqonda adgili. komisia pirdapir me-9 muxlis meore nawilis ganxil-
vaze gadavida, amave muxlis pirveli nawilis darRvevis gansazRvris gareSe.
amiT komisiam Tavi aarida religiisa da rwmenis gansazRvrebis rTuli, Tumca
mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilvas. druidizmis religiad Tu rwmenad miCnevis sakiTxis
gadawyvetaze aSkara uaris TqmiT komisiam Zalze sakamaTo gaxada sakiTxi, yovelgvari
153
miTiTebis gareSe, rogor iyo misi gadawyveta SesaZlebeli. druidebi iseT mdgoma-
reobaSi aRmoCndnen, rom ver miiRes pasuxi sakuTari uflebebis sazRvrebis da imis
Sesaxebac, saerTod hqondaT Tu ara uflebebi me-9 muxlis safuZvelze. gaerTiane-
buli samefo informirebul iqna, rom misi qmedebani gamarTlebuli iyo, Tumca komi-
sias ar miuTiTebia, ra pozicias daikavebda igi im garemoebaTa cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi,
rac safuZvlad daedo mopasuxis qmedebaTa gamarTlebas.
komisiam aseve ivarauda me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis darRveva saqmeebSi, romlebic
religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciaze adamianis uflebis sazRvrebs Seexeboda. saqmeSi,
sadac siqizmis mimdevari ocjer iqna msjavrdebuli damcavi muzaradis gareSe moto-
ciklis tarebisaTvis (igi uars acxadebda im motiviT, rom muzaradis daxurvis SemTx-
vevaSi Calmis moxsna mouwevda), komisiam daadgina, rom kanonis moTxovna motociklis
muzaradis tarebaze me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze aucilebelia janmrTelobis
dacvisaTvis.283 komisiam aRar ganixila, amgvari kanoni warmoadgens Tu ara (Tumca daSve-
buls) siqi motociklistebis uflebis SezRudvas da mxolod SeniSna, rom `nebismieri
Careva momCivnis religiis TavisuflebaSi~ kanonieria. siqisaTvis Calmis tarebis mniSv-
nelobis da religiis TavisuflebaSi am kanonis Carevis sazRvrebis detaluri ganxilvis
pirobebSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda im konteqstis ukeT Camoyalibeba, sadac komisias unda
ganesazRvra, aris Tu ara kanoni proporciuli an, sul mcire, gadaewyvita siqi moto-
ciklistis mavaldebulebeli kanonis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi sxva SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris,
roca ar iqneboda amis ukiduresi socialuri aucilebloba (arsebiTi sakiTxi evropaSi
religiur umciresobaTa mravali jgufisTvis, romelTa mixedviTac savaldebuloa
gansazRvruli religiuri samosis tareba).
saqmeebi, romlebzec sasamarTlom me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis

darRveva daadgina
im saqmeebSic ki, sadac dadgenili iqna me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis darRveva,
sasamarTlosa da komisiis dasabuTeba xSirad zedapirulia. magaliTad, saqmeSi ko-
kinakisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlo mxolod erTi winadadebiT Semoifargla
da miuTiTa, rom Careva prozelitizmSi religiis Tavisuflebaze adamianis uflebis
darRvevas warmoadgenda.284 amis msgavsad, saqmeSi, sadac individi msjavrdebul iqna
imis gamo, rom kinoTeatris gareT idga da alkoholuri sasmelebis miRebasa da por-
nografiis yurebas codvad acxadebda xmamaRla, komisiam mxolod SeniSna, rom, piris
gasamarTleba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis udavod momCivnis religiisa
da rwmenis gamoxatvis uflebis darRvevis tolfasi iyo.285
SesaZlebelia imis mtkicebac, rom komisiisa da sasamarTlos roli konkretul saq-
meSi arsebuli faqtebis gadawyvetiT Semoifargleba da ar gulisxmobs Teoriul
diskusiebSi Cabmas, rac Sesabamisi saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis aucileblobas ar warmoad-
gens. Tumca me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilidan gamomdinare, sakiTxebis Tundac mokle mi-
moxilvas sasamarTlosa da komisiis mier ramdenime upiratesoba aqvs. pirveli aris is,
rom aseTi mimoxilva SesaZleblobas iZleva, ganisazRvros, aris Tu ara esa Tu is qmedeba
religiis an rwmenis manifestacia konvenciis safuZvelze. im SemTxvevaSic, roca komi-
siisa da sasamarTlos mier warmodgenili dasabuTeba detaluri ar aris, uamrav saqmeSi
arsebuli faqtebis mimoxilvis Sedegad, sadac konvenciis darRvevis SemTxveva iqna
dafiqsirebuli, sul mcire, SesaZlebelia uxeSi warmodgenis Seqmna me-9 muxlis pirveli
154
nawiliT daculi qmedebebis Sesaxeb. meore upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi
ukeTes warmodgenas uqmnis rogorc momCivans, ise saxelmwifos imaze, aqvs Tu ara mom-
Civans ufleba, romlis ganxorcielebac SeuZlia, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac sa-
xelmwifos sakmarisad safuZvliani mizezi aqvs mis SesazRudad, an aris Tu ara es is
sfero, romelic ar eqvemdebareba dacvas religiis Tavisuflebis safuZvelze da, Sesaba-
misad, Riaa mTavrobis mxridan regulirebisaTvis. im konkretuli garemoebebis cvli-
lebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic amarTlebda saxelmwifo SezRudvebs, mxareebs eqnebaT
SesaZlebloba, gansazRvron TavianTi Sesabamisi uflebani da valdebulebani, sasamar-
Tlosa da komisiisaTvis mimarTvis gareSe.
savaraudod, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezi imisa, Tu ratom unda iyos sasamarTlo
da komisia windaxeduli me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilidan gamomdinare sakiTxebis ga-
nuxilvelad datovebisas, is aris, rom mocemul doneze xdeba momCivnis poziciaze
aqcentis gakeTeba. amgvarma Semowmebam SesaZloa morwmunisaTvis saxelmwifos mier
SezRuduli qmedebebis mniSvnelobis Semxseneblis funqcia itvirTos da daexmaros
mosamarTleebs, fokusireba swored im situaciaze moaxdinon, romelSic momCivani
imyofeba. me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis Taobaze yovelgvari diskusiis gareSe, amave
muxlis meore nawilis gansakuTrebulma aqcentirebam SesaZloa arasasurveli Sedegi
moitanos, sasamarTlos mxridan kanonisa da misi gamoyenebis dasabuTebis Taobaze
saxelmwifoTa argumentebisadmi Seusabamod didi yuradRebis gamoCeniTa da konkre-
tuli momCivnisaTvis religiis gamoxatvis mniSvnelobis mxedvelobaSi naklebad mi-
RebiT.

SemzRudveli pirobebis mimarT
rodesac gadawydeba an CaiTvleba, rom SeizRuda momCivnis religiisa da rwmenis

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis safuZvelze, aucilebelia ga-
nisazRvros, SesaZlebelia Tu ara amgvari Careva gamarTlebuli iqnes amave muxlis
meore nawilis mixedviT. me-9 muxlis meore nawili saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs,
aCvenon, rom SezRudvebi `gansazRvrulia kanoniT da aucilebelia demokratiul sa-
zogadoebaSi, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, sazogado-
ebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobis, moralis an sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacvisaTvis~. es formulireba identuria im struqturisa, romelic gamoyenebulia
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva ramdenime uflebis dasaSvebi SezRudvebis gan-
sazRvrisaTvis: me-8 (piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba), me-10 (gamoxatvis Ta-
visufleba), da me-11 muxlebi (mSvidobiani Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis ufleba). aqedan
gamomdinare, Sedegis momcemia imis mxedvelobaSi miReba, Tu rogor gamoiyeneboda
es SemzRudveli pirobebi, iseve, rogorc religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebidan ga-
momdinare specifikuri sakiTxebis mimoxilva.
sasamarTlos mier TiToeul am muxlSi Camoyalibebuli pirobebis interpre-
taciisas msgavsi midgoma iqna gamoyenebuli, Tumca es muxlebi, msgavsebis miuxeda-
vad, identuri ar aris. me-9 muxlis SemzRdveli pirobebis Camoyalibeba diskusiis
sagani iyo konvenciis SemuSavebis procesSi. am saerTaSoriso dokumentis avtorTa
mier uaryofili iqna Sexeduleba, rom konvenciiT gansazRvruli yvela uflebisaTvis
identuri pirobebi unda yofiliyo dadgenili (rogorc sayovelTao deklaraciis
155
SemTxvevaSi). me-9 muxlis meore nawilis saboloo varianti warmodgenil teqstebs
Soris yvelaze viwro xasiaTisaa da amitom ufleba religiisa da rwmenis manifesta-
ciaze yvelaze nakleb SezRudvas eqvemdebareba, sxva nebismier uflebasTan Sedare-
biT. rac Seexeba religiisa da rwmenis qonisa da Secvlis uflebas, igi absoluturi
xasiaTisaa da saerTod ar eqvemdebareba SezRudvebs. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo
da komisia ise farTod ganmartavdnen me-9 muxlis meore nawils, rom, rogorc Cans,
praqtikaSi Zalze mcire sxvaobaa am muxlsa da naklebad SezRudul me-10 muxlis
meore nawils Soris, saxelmwifos qmedebaTa SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad,
rodesac pirs msjavri daedo nacisturi saqmianobisaTvis, komisiam gaaerTiana me-9
da me-10 muxlebidan gamomdinare sakiTxebi da saxelmwifos qmedebaTa gamarTlebas
safuZvlad daudo erovnuli uSiSroebis miznebi, anu piroba, romelic me-9 muxlSi
naxsenebi ar aris.286 religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciaze SezRudvebis dasabuTebisas
sazRvrebis waSla saxelmwifos qmedebaTa gamarTlebis sxvadasxva pirobebs Soris
arRvevs sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebul princips, romlis Tanaxmadac konvenciiT
gaTvaliswinebuli uflebidan gamonaklisebi viwrod unda iqnes ganmartebuli.287
kanoniT gansazRvruli SezRudvebi

me-9, me-10 da me-11 muxlebis Tanaxmad, am muxlebSi Camoyalibebuli yvela SezRudva
unda iyos `kanoniT gansazRvruli~. me-8 muxlSi gamoyenebulia termini `kanonTan Se-
sabamisobaSi~, Tumca misi interpretireba zemoT xsenebuli muxlebis msgavsad xorci-
eldeba.288 am moTxovnis mizania, uzrunvelyos, rom ar moxdes uflebaTa da Tavisuf-
lebaTa SezRudva, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca adgili aqvs Sesabamis samarTlebriv
proceduras, nawilobriv dacvis im saproceso saSualebebis gamo, rasac igi gulisxmobs
da nawilobriv kanonis uzenaesobis moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac
TiToeulma adamianma winaswar unda icodes kanonmdeblobiT dawesebuli SezRudvebi,
raTa SeZlos maT Sesabamisad moqmedeba.289 saqmeTa umravlesobaSi, sadac, momCivanTa
mtkicebiT, SezRudvebi ar iyo kanoniT gansazRvruli (xolo me-9 muxlTan dakavSirebul
yvela saqmeSi), warmodgenili iyo kanoni, romelic ase Tu ise aregulirebda Sesabamis
sferos. aqedan gamomdinare, momCivnebi cdiloben, aqcenti gaakeTon ara uSualod
kanonis ararsebobaze, aramed SezRudvebis mimarT mis bundovan xasiaTze.
kanonSi, romelic Zalze bundovani da zogadia, SeiZleba esa Tu is SezRudva
sakmod mkafiod ar iyos Camoyalibebuli imisaTvis, raTa CaiTvalos, rom igi kanoniT
gansazRvrulia. konvenciiT savaldebulo gansazRvrulobis donis gasarkvevad sa-
samarTlom SeimuSava testi, romelic Zalze lmobieria saxelmwifoTa mimarT:
pirvel rigSi, kanoni adekvaturad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos: moqalaqes unda
hqondes adekvaturi warmodgenis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba Sesabamisi
samarTlebrivi normebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gamoyenebac konkretul
SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes. meore, norma ar CaiTvleba `kanonad~, Tuki igi
sakmarisad mkafiod ar aris formulirebuli, raTa moqalaqeebs mieceT
SesaZlebloba, mis Sesabamisad daareguliron sakuTari qceva: moqalaqes unda
SeeZlos, winaswar ganWvritos gonivrul donemde, arsebuli garemoebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, is Sedegi, rac konkretul qmedebas SeiZleba mohyves. ar
aris aucilebeli, Sedegebi absoluturi sandoobiT iyos prognozirebadi:
156
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom es miuRwevadia. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom
sandooba Zalze sasurvelia, mas SesaZloa mohyves gadaWarbebuli mouqneloba,
amitom kanons, yvelaferTan erTad, unda SeeZlos, fexi auwyos garemoebaTa
cvlilebas. Sesabamisad, bevri kanoni gardauvlad bundovani iqneba. amgvari
kanonebis interpretacia da gamoyeneba praqtikis sakiTxebs warmoadgens.
aqedan gamomdinare, kanonma, romelic bundovnad an farTodaa Camoyalibebuli,
SesaZloa SeiZinos sakmarisi gansazRvruloba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTloebisa
Tu dawesebulebebis mier interpretaciis gziT.
kanoniT gansazRvruli SezRudvebi da konvenciis me-9 muxli

me-9 muxlis safuZvelze ganxilul saqmeebSi momCivanTa nawili Seecada, `kanoniT
gansazRvrulobis~ Sesaxeb moTxovna gamoeyenebina konkretuli saqmis sasamarTlo
precedentad gadasaqcevad kanonis konvenciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxis ufro zoga-
dad ganxilvis mizniT. amgvar SemTxvevebs gansakuTrebiT maSin hqonda adgili, roca
saqme farTod SemuSavebul kanons Seexeboda, romlis regulirebis obieqts konkretuli
religiuri qceva warmoadgenda. kokinakisis290 saqmeSi prozelitizmis amkrZalavi ka-
nonebis, xolo manusakisis291 saqmeSi RvTismsaxurebis adgilebis regulaciis gasaCiv-
reba amgvari SemTxvevebis magaliTebia. Tumca dRemde me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeSi
momCivans ar miuRwevia warmatebisTvis imis gamo, rom SezRudva ar iyo kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebuli. zogadad, sasamarTlo pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom saxelmwifos qmedebani
kanoniT iyo gansazRvruli, miuxedavad am midgomis mwvave kritikisa sasamarTlos gan-
sxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone sxva wevrebis mxridan. da mainc, manusakisis saqmeSi
sasamarTlom ufro frTxili damokidebuleba gamoiCina sakiTxisadmi da pirdapiri gziT
ar gamouxatavs, iyo Tu ara saxelmwifos qmedebani kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli.
sasamarTlos tipuri midgoma SezRudvis kanoniT gansazRvrulobis sakiTxis gadaw-
yvetisadmi SeiZleba davinaxoT kokinakisis saqmeSi. aq momCivanma gaasaCivra saberZneTis
àntiprozelitisturi~ kanoni imis safuZvelze, rom prozelitizmis definicia Zalze
bundovani iyo, ris gamoc misi qcevis akrZalva kanoniT ar iyo gansazRvruli. saberZneTis
kanonmdeblobaSi prozelitizmis cnebis ganxilva iwyeboda sityviT `kerZod~ da moicavda
sxvaTa rwmenebze `zemoqmedebis~ rogorc pirdapir, ise arapirdapir mcdelobas.292 momCivani
amtkicebda, rom samarTaldarRveva Zalze bundovnad iyo gansazRvruli imisaTvis, rom
kanoniT gansazRvrulad CaTvliliyo. sasamarTlo Semadgenlobis umravlesobam miuTiTa,
rom kanoni marTlac Zalian zogadi iyo, Tumca teqstis orazrovneba kompensirebuli iyo
precedentuli samarTliT, romelic mocemul samarTaldarRvevas gacilebiT detalurad
gansazRvravda. maT aRar miiRes mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba, rom, Tu saberZneTis sasamarT-
loebma marTla zustad gansazRvres danaSauli, maSin ratom iqna damtkicebuli momCivnis
msjavrdeba saberZneTis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlo sistemis yvela doneze. mosa-
marTle petiti gacilebiT kritikulad iyo ganwyobili kanonis mimarT. misi gancxadebiT,
kanoni saxifaTod farTo iyo da SesaZlebeli iyo misi gamoyeneba saSiS iaraRad, gansa-
kuTrebiT avtoritaruli saxelmwifos pirobebSi. es mosamarTle Tavisi msjelobis dadas-
turebad `braldebis bundovani xasiaTisa da kanonebSi prozelitizmis naTeli definiciis
naklebobas~ asaxelebda.
mosamarTle martensi ufro Sors wavida da ganacxada, rom kokinakisis msjavrdeba
ara marto konvenciis me-9, aramed me-7 muxlis (romlis Tanaxmadac aravin SeiZleba
157
aRiarebuli iqnes damnaSaved qmedebisaTvis, romelic ar warmoadgenda danaSauls im
droisaTvis, rodesac igi iqna Cadenili) darRvevasac warmoadgenda. misi gancxade-
biT, me-7 muxli mowodebuli iyo, daecva adamianebi despoturi devnisgan,293 saber-
ZneTis kanonebi prozelitizmis Sesaxeb TviTneburi gamoyenebis potencials Seicav-
da, vinaidan prozelitizmis definicia `saxifaTod araerTmniSvnelovani iyo~. mosa-
marTle martensi gansakuTrebiT SeSfoTebuli Canda imiT, rom arsebobda Seviwroebis
instrumentad kanonis gamoyenebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba:
xarvezebi imdenad seriozulia, rom religiuri Seuwynareblobis atmosferoSi
am kanonis meoTxe muxli uzrunvelyofs srulfasovani da saxifaTo
instrumentis arsebobas heterodoqsuli umciresobebis represirebisaTvis.
warsulSi is ukve gamouyenebiaT kidec amgvari miznisaTvis da, amave dros,
arc awmyoSia, rbilad rom vTqvaT, gamoricxuli amis gameoreba.
igi miiCnevda, rom amgvari kanonebis borotad gamoyenebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba
gansakuTrebiT didi iyo evropaSi religiuri Seuwynareblobis mzardi xasiaTis gaTva-
liswinebiT. igi aRiarebda, rom bolo xanebSi saberZneTis sasamarTloebi am kanonis ganmar-
tebas imgvarad cdilobdnen, rom SeemcirebinaT misi araerTmniSvnelovneba, Tumca
amtkicebda, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebani ar warmoadgenda sakmaris dacviT saSu-
alebas, vinaidan Tavis droze, saberZneTSi religiuri Seuwynareblobis pirobebSi, sasa-
marTlo xelisuflebam religiuri umciresobebis sazianod Secvala precedentuli
samarTali. mosamarTle martensis SeSfoTeba gaziarebuli iqna mosamarTle repikis mier
ufro gviandel saqmeSi larisisi da sxvebi espaneTis winaaRmdeg,294 sadac man aRniSna, rom
kokinakisis saqmis Semdeg saberZneTis sasamarTloebma ufro subieqturi midgoma
SeimuSaves prozelitizmis definiciis mimarT da dacvis is garkveuli saSualebebi, rasac
adrindeli gadawyvetilebebi Seicavda, uaryofil iqna mogvianebiT ganxilul saqmeebSi.
umciresobaSi myofi mosamarTleebi, sasamarTlo Semadgenlobis umravlesobisgan
gansxvavebiT, mzad iyvnen, samarTlianad ganemartaT moTxovna religiis Tavisufle-
bis SezRudvebis kanoniT gansazRvrulobis Sesaxeb. zogadad, amgvari midgoma, ro-
melic fokusirebas Tavdapirvelad saqmidan gamomdinare specifikur faqtebze axden-
da, vidre `kanoniT gansazRvrulobis~ ufro farTo problemas mimoixilavda, ar iyo
sasamarTlosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. Tumca kanonebis SedarebiT moculobiTi mi-
moxilvis garkveuli mcdeloba gamoCnda manusakisis 295 saqmeSi. samarTlebriv normas,
romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo kriteriumebi, romelTa dakmayofilebis pirobebSic
iyo mxolod SesaZlebeli RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis funqcioni-
reba, Seicavda samefo dekreti, saberZneTis parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonis sa-
fuZvelze. dekretis teqsti iTvaliswinebda ramdenime diskreciul uflebamosilebas
da TiToeuli maTgani sakmaris safuZvels warmoadgenda gancxadebebze negatiuri
pasuxis gacemisaTvis. garda amisa, am samarTlebrivi aqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
adgilobrivi marTlmadidebeli episkoposis CarTva, sxvadasxva sakiTxis, maT Soris,
gansazRvrul adgilas araorTodoqsuli RvTismsaxurebis Catarebis saWiroebis ga-
dasawyvetad. sxva saqmeebisgan gansxvavebiT, am saqmeSi sasamarTlom mkafiod ar ga-
moxata, rom SezRudvebi akmayofilebda `kanoniT gansazRvrulobis~ tests. ufro
sworad, sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom saCivris es safuZveli ùfro ieRovas mowmeebis
mimarT obstruqciuli damokidebulebis zogadi politikis winaaRmdeg iyo mimar-
Tuli, vidre konkretul SemTxvevaSi im mopyrobisadmi, romelTa msxverplic isini
158
iyvnen... aqedan gamomdinare, realurad isini adgilobriv relevantur kanonmdeblo-
bas asaCivrebdnen. sasamarTlom Tavi aarida kanoniT gansazRvrulobis sakiTxis gan-
xilvas, radgan religiis Tavisuflebaze dawesebuli SezRudvebi konvenciis Seusaba-
mod cnes sxva garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc vxedavT, sasamarTlom ar gaake-
Ta aSkarad gamoxatuli miTiTeba SezRudvebis kanoniT gansazRvrulobis Taobaze
da, roca saqme Seexo im sakiTxis gadawyvetas, aucilebeli iyo Tu ara amgvari regula-
ciebi demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, man detalurad Seiswavla da mimoixila is gzebi,
romliTac saberZneTis administraciuli da maregulirebeli dawesebulebebi ara-
orTodoqsuli religiebis, gansakuTrebiT ieRovas mowmeebis, mimarT kanons iyeneb-
dnen `sastiki an amkrZalavi~ wesiT. prozelitizmis kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, am
kanonis SemTxvevaSic is, rom zogadad saberZneTis sasamarTloebi auqmebdnen ukanono
msjavrdebebs arsebuli wesebis safuZvelze, ar iyo sakmarisi religiis Tavisuflebis
dacvisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, saqmeSi, sadac sasamarTlom naTlad gamoxata SeSfoTeba kanonis
sazRvrebisa da misi borotad gamoyenebis potenciuri SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, mainc
uari ganacxada, ganexila sakiTxi religiis Tavisuflebaze dawesebuli SezRudvebis
kanoniT gansazRvrulobis Taobaze. amis mizezi SesaZloa isic iyos, rom momCivnis
mizans TviT kanonis samarTlianobis sakiTxis ganxilva warmoadgenda, sasamarTlom
ki ar ineba am Temaze msjeloba. imisaTvis, rom moTxovnam, romlis Tanaxmadac samar-
Tlebrivi normebi sakmarisad naTlad unda iyos gadmocemuli, rom Sesabamisma subi-
eqtebma mis safuZvelze SeZlon sakuTar qmedebaTa daregulireba, efeqturi xasiaTi
SeiZinos garkveul SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlo mzad unda iyos, ganixilos uSualod
kanonTan dakavSirebuli saCivrebi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sasamarTlo evropaSi
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis erT-erT upirveles organos unda warmoadgendes, igi
mzad unda iyos kokinakisis da manusakisis msgavsi saqmeebis ufro farTod gansaxil-
velad, radgan am saqmeebSi aSkaraa, rom saxelmwifos mxridan represiuli qmedebani
ganxorcielda kanonis safuZvelze. sanam sasamarTlo ar gamoiCens saxelmwifo kano-
nebis gadasinjvis mzadyofnas, kanoniT gansazRvrulobis moTxovnas ar eqneba didi
efeqti me-9 muxlis konteqstSi.
SezRudvis aucilebloba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
saxelmwifos roli aucileblobis gansazRvraSi da misi diskrecia

Tuki religiasa da rwmenaze SezRudvebi kanoniT aris gaTvaliswinebuli, amis
Semdgom sasamarTlo ganixilavs sakiTxs, warmoadgenda Tu ara àucileblobas demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi~ es kanoni an misi gamoyeneba me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
miznebisaTvis. aucileblobis gansazRvris testi moiTxovs dabalansebas mTel rig
kompleqsur faqtorebs Soris. saqmeSi hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRm-
deg,296 sasamarTlom SeimuSava aucileblobis koncefcia, romelsac daeyrdno mom-
devno saqmeebSi.297 moTxovnis ganmartebisas sasamarTlom gaixsena konvenciis mona-
wile saxelmwifoTa upirvelesi valdebuleba adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa. konven-
ciis Tanaxmad, es valdebuleba aRiarebulia sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris, moTxovniT,
rom momCivnebma unda amowuron dacvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualebebi, sanam
evropul sasamarTlos mimarTaven. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom ganaviTara mo-
sazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifoebs aqvT diskreciuli uflebamosileba,
159
gadawyviton, arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aris Tu ara savaldebulo ama
Tu im uflebaze dawesebuli konkretuli SezRudvebi:
sakuTar saxelmwifoTa sasicocxlo ZalebTan pirdapiri da gangrZobadi
kavSiris gamo, konkretuli qveynis xelisufalni saerTaSoriso mosamarTleze
principulad ukeTes poziciaSi arian, raTa Sefaseba miscen warmodgenil
moTxovnaTa zust Sinaarss, maT Soris dawesebuli `SezRudvis~ an `sasjelis
aucileblobis~ TvalsazrisiT. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo
SeniSnavs, rom àucilebloba~... ar aris `savaldebulos~ sinonimi, mas arc iseTi
moqniloba aqvs, rogorc terminebs `misaRebi~, òrdinaruli~, `sasargeblo~,
`gonivruli~ an `sasurveli~. Tumca swored erovnuli xelisufleba aris is
subieqti, romelmac unda moaxdinos Tavdapirveli Sefaseba termin
àucileblobidan~ gamomdinare arsebuli realobisa, socialuri saWiroebis
TvalsazrisiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos aqvs gansazRvruli dis-
krecia, mas ar gaaCnia uzomod didi sivrce aucileblobasTan dakavSirebul moTxov-
nebze gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis sferoSi. `Sesabamisad, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi disk-
recia evropuli zedamxedvelobis mxardamxar xorcieldeba~.298 sasamarTlo, aniWebs
ra moqmedebis gansazRvrul Tavisuflebas saxelmwifoebs, amave dros, inarCunebs
sazedamxedvelo funqcias. es SesaZloa arTulebdes kidec winaswar imis gansazRvris
SesaZleblobas, konkretul SemTxvevaSi ramdenad farTo SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo-
Ta diskreciuli uflebamosileba. calkeuli relevanturi faqtorebi saxelmwifo-
Ta diskreciis sididisa, romelTa aRiarebac moxda komisiisa da sasamarTlos mier,
aris konsensusis maRal doneze xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs Soris.299 kerZod, zRvari,
romlis miRmac sakiTxi momCivnis pirad cxovrebas Seexeba,300 uflebis mniSvneloba
demokratiuli da pluralistuli sazogadoebisaTvis301 da konkretuli saqmis gare-
moebebi da pirobebi.302
diskreciuli uflebamosileba me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom TeoriaSi ar aris gansxvaveba saxelmwifos diskreciul uf-
lebamosilebebs Soris calkeuli muxlebis mimarT, mopasuxe saxelmwifoebi me-9 muxlis
qvemdebare saqmeebSi arsebuli tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebis farTo saz-
RvrebiT sargebloben. sakuTar teritoriaze saxelmwifos urTierToba religiebTan
Tavisi arsiT sadavo sakiTxia. imis miuxedavad, rom evropaSi, SesaZloa, iseTi Rrma re-
ligiuri dayofa ar arsebobs, rogorc msoflios sxva kuTxeebSi, TiToeul xelSemkvrel
qveyanaSi religiuri situacia sakmaod mravalferovania. Sesabamisad, Zalze rTulia
sasamarTlosaTvis, SeimuSaos me-9 muxlTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi saxelmwifoTa
diskreciis dadgenis universaluri an masTan miaxloebuli evropuli koncefcia. oto
premingeris institutis saqmeSi,303 magaliTad, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom `SeuZlebelia
sazogadoebaSi religiis mniSvnelobis erTiani koncefciis Secnoba... da SesaZloa am-
gvari koncefciebi erTi qveynis farglebSic ki gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan.~304
uingrous saqmeSi sasamarTlom gaimeora amgvari midgoma da aRniSna is, Tu, savaraudod,
ra miayenebs Seuracxyofas religiur individebs, gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan droisa
da adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT da rom saxelmwifoebi ukeTes poziciaSi arian imisaTvis,
rom gansazRvron, ramdenad aris aucilebeli SezRudvebi sityvis Tavisuflebaze sxvaTa
160
religiuri grZnobebis Seuracxyofisgan dasacavad.305 aqedan gamomdinare, sul mcire,
sxvaTa religiuri grZnobebis dacvis mimarT (rac ZiriTad sakiTxs warmoadgens mocemul
saqmeebSi), saxelmwifoebs farTo diskreciuli uflebamosileba aqvT.306
sasamarTlom mxolod saqmeTa Zalze mcire raodenobaSi CaTvala religiis Tavi-
sufleba imdenad mniSvnelovnad, rom viwro diskreciis saWiroeba eRiarebina. maga-
liTad, manusakisis saqmeSi, sadac saCivari sajaro RvTismsaxurebis Tavisuflebas
Seexeboda, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos diskreciuli uf-
lebamosilebis gansazRvrisas, sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos saqmis arsi,
kerZod, WeSmariti religiuri pluralizmis, rogorc demokratiuli sazogadoebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganuyofeli niSnis, uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba. erT-erTi
avtoris mixedviT, sasamarTlo da komisia, savaraudod, religiur qmedebaTa pirda-
piri wesiT maregulirebel kanonebs ufro ganixilaven detalurad, vidre im zogadi
daniSnulebisa da religiurad neitralur kanonebs, romelTa SemTxveviT Sedegsac
warmoadgens religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis SezRudva da sadac saxelmwifos
diskrecia ufro farTo xasiaTisaa.307
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc Cans, saxelmwifos diskrecia SedarebiT farToa me-9
muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi, mas ara aqvs miniWebuli sruli Tavisufleba religiis
Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli qmedebis aucileblobis gansazRvris sferoSi. saxelmwifo
uflebaTa SezRudvebi SeiZleba danaxuli iqnes gansakuTrebiT im saqmeebSi, romlebic
religiur umciresobebs Seexeba saberZneTSi.308 saberZneTi, savaraudod, im warsuls
daubrunda, romelic evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris konsensusis yvelaze naklebi doniT
xasiaTdeba, kerZod, sakuTari erovnuli eklesiisaTvis nebismier sxva qveyanaze meti
xelSewyobisTvis, iseTi kanonebis gamoyenebis gziT, romelic gansakuTrebiT urTulebs
umciresobaTa eklesiebs saberZneTSi moqmedebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlom
ar ineba saberZneTis arc erTi kanonis me-9 muxlis darRvevad aRiareba, saxelmwifos
qmedebani, mocemuli kanonebis safuZvelze, adamianebis samarTlebrivi devnis ganxorci-
elebis saxiT, ar iqna mis mier miCneuli aucileblobad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
sasamarTlos amgvari damokidebuleba garkveulwilad imanac ganapiroba, rom arc erT
sxva xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoSi ar iqna gamoyenebuli iseTi ukiduresi zomebi ieRovas
mowmeebis mimarT, rogorc saberZneTSi.
proporciulobis principi
sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, warmoadgens Tu ara SezRudvebi àucileblobas demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlo (warsulSi komisiac) aseve mxedvelobaSi iRebs,
iyo Tu ara kanoni an misi gamoyeneba `proporciuli~ konkretul SemTxvevaSi. pro-
porciulobis testis dakmayofilebis dadgenisas sasamarTlo da komisia arkvevdnen
xom ar iyo gadaWarbebuli `momCivnisaTvis miyenebuli ziani mTavrobis legitimur
mizanTan SedarebiT~.309 amis gansazRvra didadaa damokidebuli saqmis konkretul
faqtebsa da sasamarTlos mier uflebis mniSvnelobisa da SezRudvebis simkacris
aRqmaze. magaliTad, saqmeSi larisisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,310 samxedro oficerTa
jgufis msjavrdeba maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piris TavianT rwmenaze gadmobirebis
(prozelitizmis) mcdelobis braldebiT, proporciulad iqna miCneuli sxvaTa ufle-
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis xelyofis aRkveTasTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca imave pirTa
gasamarTleba prozelitizmisaTvis samoqalaqo piris mimarT araproporciulad iqna
161
miCneuli. am saqmeSi sasamarTlom miiRo argumenti, rom prozelitizmis nebismieri
mcdeloba ufrosi oficrebis mxridan uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebas warmo-
adgens, miuxedavad mosamarTle van dijkis gansxvavebul azrSi moyvanili argumen-
tisa, romelic swored amgvar absolutur midgomas miiCnevda araproporciulad.
misi SexedulebiT, amgvar saqmeebSi unda emoqmeda uflebamosilebis borotad gamo-
yenebis prezumfcias, Tumca igi uaryofadi unda yofiliyo. mosamarTlis Tvalsazri-
siT, am konkretul saqmeSi es prezumfcia uaryofili iyo erT-erTi umcrosi oficris
mimarT, romlis mtkicebiTac, masze zewola ar ganxorcielebula da igi nebayoflo-
biT gaxda ormocdaaTianelTa eklesiis wevri.
aSkaraa, rom proporciulobis cneba yovelTvis iqneba Semdgari gansazRvruli
subieqturi elementebisgan da mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli konteqstze. sasa-
marTlos arasodes hqonia naTlad Camoyalibebuli pozicia proporciulobis ideis
mimarT. roli, romelsac igi asrulebs me-9 muxlis iurisprudenciaSi, garkveulwi-
lad bundovania. sasamarTlosaTvis sakmaod mogebiania konkretul saqmeSi ama Tu im
kanonis gamoyenebis armiCneva aucileblad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi TviT am
kanonis xelSeuxeblobis xelyofis gareSe. amgvari midgoma sasamarTlom gamoiyena
kokinakisis saqmeSi, sadac aSkarad gaamarTla antiprozelitisturi kanonebis ar-
seboba, Tumca daadgina, rom momCivnis msjavrdeba maT safuZvelze ar iyo aucile-
beli sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvisaTvis.311 mosamarTle martensma
mocemul saqmeSi proporciulobis ideisadmi gacilebiT ufro saRi midgoma Seimu-
Sava da gaakritika sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba im gadamwyveti sakiTxisadmi zerele
damokidebulebisaTvis, hqonda Tu ara saxelmwifos prozelitizmis danaSaulad aRi-
arebis ufleba me-9 muxlis safuZvelze.312 mosamarTle petitma aseve daaskvna, rom
zogadi sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonis gamoyeneba am miznis misaRwevad arapropor-
ciuli iyo.313 amave dros, igi aRiarebda, rom mTavrobebi valdebulni arian, daicvan
gansakuTrebulad daucveli individebisgan Semdgari mcire jgufebi (maT Soris,
arasrulwlovnebi da fsiqikurad daavadebulni), risi gakeTebac Zalze specifikuri
kanonmdeblobiTaa SesaZlebeli. sxva SemTxvevaSi prozelitizmi iseTi kanondarRve-
va iqneboda, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `gansacdelSi myof pirTa dauxmarebloba an gan-
zrax Tu gaufrTxileblad zianis miyeneba~. bundovnad Camoyalibebuli kanoni, ro-
melic prozelitizmis per se kriminalizacias axdenda, ar iyo mcirericxovani dauc-
veli individebis dacvis miznis proporciuli.
sasamarTlo Semadgenlobis umravlesobam arc erTi zemoT ganxiluli argumenti
ar miiRo mxedvelobaSi. isini im poziciidan amovidnen, rom prozelitizmi SesaZloa
ukanono xasiaTs atarebdes, vinaidan SeiZleba xelyos sxvaTa uflebebi da Tavisuf-
lebebi, da mividnen daskvnamde, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, prozelitizmi da-
naSaulad aRiaros. amis miuxedavad, aucilebeli ar aris mocemuli midgomis gazi-
areba. savsebiT SesaZlebelia savaraudo zianis Tavidan acileba specialurad ama
Tu im religiuri qmedebis, maT Soris prozelitizmis, daregulirebis mcdelobis
gareSe. me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi proporciulobis testis gamoyeneba SesaZ-
lebelia dRis wesrigSi demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ama Tu im kanonis (gansakuT-
rebiT im kanonis, romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs)
aucileblobis sakiTxis dasayeneblad. jerjerobiT, me-9 muxlis konteqstSi, sasa-
marTlos ar gamouCenia proporciulobis doqtrinis gavrcobis neba faqtobriv/kon-
162
teqstualuri midgomis farglebs gareT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, kanons kiTxvis niSnis
qveS ar ayenebda. magaliTad, ar gamouyenebia proporciulobis is gageba, romelic
dasvamda sakiTxs, SeiZleboda Tu ara religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebisadmi kano-
nebis SemuSaveba naklebad SemzRudveli saxiT, kanonmdeblobis erTiani miznisadmi
zianis miyenebis gareSe.
legitimuri mizani
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze dawesebuli nebismieri SezRudva

aucilebeli unda iyos demokratiul sazogadoebaSi `sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis
interesebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobis, moralis, an
sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvisaTvis~. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifoebis
mxridan imis mtkiceba, rom maTi qmedebani aucilebeli iyo ama Tu im saxelmwifo
interesis dacvisaTvis, ar aris sakmarisi. maT unda aCvenon, rom Sesabamis SemzRud-
vel qmedebas `legitimuri mizani~ hqonda. magaliTad, kanons, romlis mizania sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigis dacva, aqvs legitimuri mizani religiisa da rwmenis manifestaci-
aze SezRudvebis gamarTlebisaTvis. meore mxriv, kanons, romelsac mecnieruli cod-
nis gaRrmavebis mizani aqvs, legitimuri mizani ar gaaCnia. garda amisa, sul mcire,
TeoriaSi erovnuli uSiSroebis msgavsi SemzRudveli pirobebi, romlebic ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli me-9 muxliT, Tumca moxseniebulia sxva muxlebSi, ar SeiZleba
legitimur miznad iqnes miCneuli, religiis Tavisuflebaze SezRudvebis dawesebi-
saTvis.314 sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila saxelmwifoTa moTxovnebi, romlebsac gan-
sazRvruli SezRudvebis safuZvlad garkveul eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris tra-
diciuli da istoriuli kavSiri mohyavdaT.315 sasamarTlom detalurad ar ganixila
sakiTxi, Tumca misi uari am mizanTa legitimurobis aRiarebaze naTlad metyvelebs
sasamarTlos mxridan imis dadasturebaze, rom mizezebi religiisa da rwmenis Tavi-
suflebaze SezRudvebis dawesebisaTvis me-9 muxlis meore nawiliT Semoifargleba.
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi imis gadasawyvetad, aqvs Tu ara kanons le-
gitimuri mizani, aris is sazRvrebi, romelTa farglebSic sasamarTlo da komisia
mzad arian, misaRebad miiCnion saxelmwifoTa mtkicebani. magaliTad, saqmeSi kokina-
kisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,316 umravlesobas miaCnda, rom prozelitizmis Sesaxeb
kanons hqonda saberZneTis mTavrobis mier mtkicebadi mizani im pirTa uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis dacvis saxiT, romlebic, SesaZloa, prozelitizmis msxverplni
gamxdariyvnen. mosamarTle martensi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda saxelmwifos im
qmedebis gamarTlebis sakiTxs, romelic prozelitizmisgan sxvaTa `dacvis~ mcdelo-
bas warmoadgenda. martensis SexedulebiT, saxelmwifosaTvis naklebad mniSvnelovani
unda iyos, vinme SeinarCunebs Tu Seicvlis sakuTar religias. umravlesobam ar ga-
moikvlia mocemuli sakiTxi da arc mosamarTle petitis mosazreba miiRo mxedvelo-
baSi, romlis mixedviTac kanonis mizani `saxelmwifosaTvis prozelitoris dasjis
mizniT gansazRvruli pirovnebis sisustis Sefasebis miTvisebis SesaZleblobis micema
iyo, rac saxifaToa, gansakuTrebiT, avtoritaruli saxelmwifos mxridan misi gamo-
yenebis SemTxvevaSi~.317 umravlesobam aseve ar ganixila momCivnis mier warmodgenili
mtkicebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, zogadi xasiaTis kanonebi, romlebic, erTi Sexed-
viT, arakeTilsindisieri prozelitizmis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, sinamdvileSi
marTlmadidebeli umravlesobis mier religiuri umciresobebis represirebis saSu-
163
alebad gamoiyeneboda. es mtkicebuleba sakmaod damajerebeli Canda, gansakuTrebiT
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesiis arc erTi wevri ar iqna msjav-
rdebuli am kanonebis safuZvelze, maSin, roca 1975-dan 1992 wlamde ieRovas 4400
mowme iqna dakavebuli, maTgan 1233 _ sasamarTlos mier gasamarTlebuli, saidanac
208 — zemoxsenebuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze.318 am statistikis gaTvaliswinebiT,
savaraudod, sasamarTlom gacilebiT kritikulad unda ganixilos saberZneTis
kanonmdeblobis miznebis Taobaze mTavrobis mier warmodgenili argumentebis da-
sabuTebulobis sakiTxi.
sasamarTlos mxridan saxelmwifoTa argumentaciis dasabuTebulobis detaluri
gamokvlevis (aris Tu ara igi mxolod garegnuli xasiaTisa) mimarT survilis argamo-
Cenis mizezebi sakmaod naTelia: saxelmwifos ukeT unda hqondes gaazrebuli, vidre
sasamarTlos, Tu ratom miiRes mocemuli kanoni da Tu es ukanaskneli eWvqveS daaye-
nebs saxelmwifos mxridan gacxadebul mizans, es faqtobrivad arakeTilsindisiere-
basa da sicrueSi saberZneTis dadanaSauleba iqneba.319 aqedan gamomdinare, sasamar-
Tlo amjobinebs, aRiaros kanonis safuZvlad saxelmwifos mxridan mtkicebadi legi-
timuri miznis arseboba. Tumca gasagebia, rom amgvari midgoma zogjer sasamarTlos
moqmedebis saSualebas arTmevda, rodesac saqme iseT kanons Seexeboda, romelsac
aralegitimuri mizani hqonda. dResdReobiT miznis legitimurobis testi, me-9 mux-
lis konteqstSi mainc, imdenad sustia, rom Zalze mcire zewolis moxdena SeuZlia
saxelmwifoebze. am ukanasknelT ki sakmaod damajerebeli argumentis warmodgena
SeuZliaT imis ubralo gacxadebiT, rom kanonis mizani Seesabameba me-9 muxlis meore
nawilSi moyvanil erT-erT pirobas.
problema kidev ufro mwvavdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sasamarTlo da komi-
sia xSirad arasakmarisad mkafiod avlebdnen sazRvrebs dasaSveb SezRudvaTa sxva-
dasxva tipebs Soris. gansakuTrebiT adrindel saqmeebSi komisia xSir SemTxvevaSi
ubralod CamoTvlida SezRudvis sxvadasxva saxes (magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi wes-
rigi da sxvaTa uflebebi) da acxadebda, rom saxelmwifoTa qmedebebi aucilebelia
am mizezTa gamo, Tavisi poziciis yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe. Capelis saqmeSi
komisiam daaskvna, rom gadawyvetileba `sTounhenjis~ daxurvis Taobaze aucilebeli
iyo sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dac-
vis an sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvisaTvis~.320 àn~ sityvis gamoyeneba,
iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, rom TviT komisiamac ver daadgina sabolood, risi damt-
kiceba SeZlo saxelmwifom.
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia erTze meti mizezi arsebobdes imisaTvis, rom Sez-
Rudva me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze iyos aucilebeli. religiuri msvle-
loba, romelic, savaraudod, masobriv areulobasa da religiaTa Soris SuRlis gaRvi-
vebas gamoiwvevs, SesaZlebelia aikrZalos sazogadoebrivi wesrigis (masobrivi are-
ulobis aRsakveTad), sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis (im pirTa janmrTelobis dasaca-
vad, romlebic, savaraudod, daSavdebian sazogadoebrivi werigis darRvevis SemTx-
vevaSi), sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis (im pirTa dasacavad, romlebic SesaZ-
loa dazaraldnen sakuTari rwmenisa Tu religiis gamo, an romelTa kuTvnil nage-
bobebsac SesaZloa miadges ziani) dasacavad. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifos mxridan
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze SezRudvebis dawesebis SesaZlo safuZvlebis ub-
ralo CamoTvla, yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe, Tu ratom moxda ama Tu im
164
SemTxvevaSi maTi gamoyeneba, da momCivanTa im uflebebze miuTiTeblad, romelTa
xarjzec moxda maTi dabalanseba, qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom saxelmwifoTa interesebs
gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre pirovnebis uflebebs. es midgoma aseve
spobs gansxvavebas legitimuri miznis mqone kanonsa da im kiTxvas Soris, iyo Tu ara
konkretul SemTxvevaSi kanonis gamoyeneba aucilebeli da proporciuli.
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis SezRudvis safuZvlebi
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis dacvis aucilebloba
religiuri rwmenis manifestaciebma SesaZlebelia namdvili mRelvareba gamoiwvios
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis TvalsazrisiT. aris ten-
dencia religiasa da rwmenaze dawesebuli SezRudvebis gamarTlebaze mocemuli ori
saxis erT, `sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis~ cnebaSi gaerTianebisa. Tavis mxriv, sazoga-
doebrivi usafrTxoeba Zalze iSviaTad yofila gamoyenebuli erTaderT safuZvlad
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis SezRudvebis gamarTlebisaTvis. udavoa, rom arsebobs
aSkara saWiroeba sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT SezRud-
vebis dawesebis nebis darTvisa, vinaidan zogierTi religiuri jgufi SesaZloa CarTuli
iyos Zaladobis provocirebasa da organizebaSi.321 amgvari zomebi aseve aucilebelia
sazogadoebebSi, sadac antagonizmi da Seuwynarebloba sufevs sxvadasxva religiur
dajgufebebs Soris da sadac religiis gamoxatva SesaZloa religiebs Soris SuRlisa
da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis kerad gadaiqces.322
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs safrTxe sazogadoebrivi wesrigisaTvis aucilebeli
SezRudvis Zalze farTo interpretirebisa, rac saxelmwifoebs miscems SesaZleb-
lobas, nebismier dros Caerion religiis gamoxatvaSi, roca igi Semawuxebeli da gama-
Rizianebeli gaxdeba xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebisaTvis.323 magaliTad, komisiam daad-
gina, rom saxelmwifos hqonda sazogadoebrivi wesrigis gamamarTlebel garemoebad
gamoyenebis uflebamosileba im piris gasamarTlebisTvis, romlis qmedebac `sazoga-
doebriv aRSfoTebas~ iwvevda — es standarti konvenciaSi Camoyalibebulze ufro
dabalia.324 amis msgavsad, bevri avtori SezRudvebs sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da
usafrTxoebis dacvisaTvis `sazogadoebrivi interesidan gamomdinare SezRudvebs~
uwodebs. es termini gacilebiT farTo xasiaTisaa, vidre konvenciaSi gamoyenebuli
ori ufro zusti cneba.
erT-erTi sfero, sadac gamamarTlebel garemoebad xSirad gamoiyeneboda sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigi, aris patimarTa saqmeebi.325 am saqmeebSi miCneuli iqna, rom daxuruli
da izolirebuli cixis sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba `sazogadoebrivi wesrigiT~.326 es
SesaZloa SevadaroT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis uflebaTa komite-
tis midgomas, rom patimrebi, `sruli moculobiT agrZeleben religiisa da rwmenis
gamoxatvis uflebiT sargeblobas im donemde, rac Seesabameba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis
specifikur bunebas~.327
religiis gamoxatvaze patimris uflebis SezRudvis aucileblobisaTvis mniSvnelo-
vani argumentis magaliTs warmoadgens saqme Caildsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg.328
momCivani am saqmeSi iyo araerTi mkvlelobisaTvis gasamarTlebuli patimari, romelmac
ramdenime patimris winaaRmdeg misca Cveneba da, aqedan gamomdinare, SeeZlo cixeSi
areulobis gamowveva. igi ganmartoebul sakanSi ixdida sasjels da ar rTavdnen nebas,
165
daswreboda kapelanis wirvas. cixis direqtori darwmunebuli iyo, rom patimris wirvaze
daswreba wesrigis darRvevas gamoiwvevda. amgvar saqmeSi SesaZlebelia danaxuli iqnes
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvisaTvis gamiznuli SezRudvebis relevanturoba. patimars,
romelic mxolod saSiSi damnaSave ki ar aris, aramed misdami sxva patimarTa mxridan
mtruli damokidebulebac arsebobs, SeuZlia seriozuli uwesrigoba gamoiwvios cixeSi
da safrTxe Seuqmnas rogorc Tavis, ise sxvaTa (magaliTad, sapatimros dacvis wevrTa
janmrTelobas, romelTac mouwevT am patimris dacva sxvaTa Semotevebisagan) janmrTe-
lobas, Tuki RvTismsaxurebas daeswreba. garda amisa, komisiam miuTiTa, rom patimarTan
regularul vizitebs axorcielebda kapelani da mas hqonda SesaZlebloba, daswreboda
gansazRvruli tipis religiur msaxurebas.329 Sesabamisad, gaerTianebulma samefom SeZlo
daemtkicebina, rom yvelanairad cdilobda, daecva momCivnis religiis Tavisufleba
arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sxva saqmeebi, romelTa arsic cixis konteqstSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvaSi
mdgomareobda, naklebad damajerebelia. erT-erT amgvar saqmeSi cixis administra-
ciis uari JurnalistTan patimris Sexvedraze gamarTlebuli iqna sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis dacvis aucileblobiT, Tumca ar gakeTebula naTeli miniSneba imis Taobaze,
Sexvedra areulobas cixis SigniT gamoiwvevda Tu farTo sazogadoebaSi.330 komisias
sakuTari daskvna ar ganumartavs. sxva saqmeSi budisti patimari amtkicebda, rom ar
hqonda SesaZlebloba, sruli moculobiT gamoexata Tavisi religia, maT Soris, moeSva
wveri da monawileoba mieRo erTobliv locvaSi.331 am saqmeSi komisiam uaryo SezRud-
vis dawesebiT konvenciis darRveva, im motiviT, rom es aucilebeli iyo sazogadoeb-
rivi wesrigis dacvisTvis. uari wveris moSvebaze efuZneboda arguments momCivnis
identifikaciis saWiroebaze (moTxovna, romelic gansakuTrebiT ucnauria, Tuki ga-
viTvaliswinebT, rom momCivani erTaderTi patimari iyo cixeSi, romlis religiiTac
aucilebeli iyo wveris moSveba). rac Seexeba uars erToblivi locvis Catarebaze,
nawilobriv igi efuZneboda zrunvas patimris janmrTelobaze, xolo nawilobriv _
cixis disciplinas. amis msgavsad, patimars, romelsac surda Tanamoazre morwmune-
ebTan komunikacia budistur gazeTSi statiebis publikaciiT, uari uTxres am moT-
xovnaze cixis administraciisaTvis damatebiTi administraciuli problemebis Seq-
mnis gamo.332 am saqmeebSi warmodgenili cixis sastiki disciplinis aucileblobaze
damyarebuli aSkarad banaluri argumentebi, komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, amarTlebda
mopasuxeebs, romlebic acxadebdnen, rom administraciis qmedebani saWiro iyo sazo-
gadoebrivi wesrigis an usafrTxoebis dasacavad.
cixis konteqstis farglebs gareT, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi ramdenime saqmeSi iyo
relevanturi da, patimarTa saqmeebis msgavsad, xSirad igi gamoyenebula ara rogorc
erTaderTi, aramed rogorc SezRudvebis gamamarTlebeli ramdenimedan erT-erTi
garemoeba. sfero, sadac sazogadoebrivi wesrigi aseve figurirebda, aris saxelmwi-
fo dagegmareba. saqmeSi ISKCON gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,333 adgilobrivi
dagegmarebis kanonebi gamoyenebuli iqna induisturi taZris sawinaaRmdegod, rome-
lic aigo mwvane zonis midamoebSi, patara soflis axlomaxlo. dagegmarebis kanonebi
zRudavda taZris gamoyenebis gzebsa da taZarSi mimsvlelTa raodenobas. TandaTa-
nobiT taZris stumrebma gadaaWarbes daSvebul raodenobas, ramac garkveuli prob-
lemebi Seuqmna sofels. gaerTianebuli samefos mtkicebiT, misi moqmedebani mimar-
Tuli iyo `sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis~ — am SemTxvevaSi, soflis mosaxle-
166
obis uflebebis — dacvisken. sasamarTlo daeTanxma mopasuxes da damatebiT miuTiTa,
rom arsebobda SezRudvebis gamamarTlebeli sxva garemoebac. am garemoebis mixedviT,
kanonebi gamiznuli iyo `sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da janmrTelobis dacvisaTvis...
dagegmarebis kanonmdebloba zogadad aucileblad aris miCneuli Tanamedrove sa-
zogadoebaSi, ukontrolo mSeneblobebis aRkveTis mizniT~. manusakisis saqmeSic,334
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom im kanonebis arseboba, romlebic mTavrobis nebarTvas moiT-
xovda RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis dasafuZneblad, gamarTlebu-
li iyo sazogadoebrivi wesrigis safuZvelze, vinaidan isini SesaZleblobas aZlev-
dnen saxelmwifos, saTanado nebarTvis gacemamde darwmunebuliyo, rom religiuri
asociacia ar iyo zianis momtani saqmianobiT dakavebuli. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna, rom sazogadoebrivi wesrigi SesaZle-
belia xSirad iqnes gamoyenebuli dagegmarebis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRud-
vebis gasamarTleblad. es is sferoa, sadac sasamarTlom cxadad moaxdina saxelmwi-
fos farTo diskreciis demonstrireba.335
ISKCON-is gakritikebul saqmeSi warmodgenilia sferoebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi
wesrigi, rogorc gamamarTlebeli garemoeba, SesaZloa relevanturi iyos. imis ga-
uTvaliswineblad, Tu ramdenad SeZlo komisiam ama Tu im saqmeSi saTanado balansis
povna, arsebobs saWiroeba, rom daculi iqnes sofeli, romelic aTasobiT stumars
iRebs da ar gaaCnia maTi momsaxurebis adekvaturi SesaZleblobani. am SemTxvevaSi
dacvis Sesabamis saSualebebad SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos religiuri procesiebis daq-
vemdebareba sazogadoebrivi procesiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SezRudvebisadmi, an
moTxovna religiuri msaxurebis Catarebisa, RvTismsaxurebis adgilTan axlos mcxov-
rebTa mimarT pativiscemis gamoCenis gziT. dRis wesrigSi kvlav dgeba proporci-
ulobis sakiTxi da mTeli rigi kompleqsuri da gansazRvrul donemde ganuzomeli
faqtorebis Sefasebis aucilebloba mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs iwvevs. magaliTad,
Zalze Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs obieqturi gza im xalxis wuxilis daba-
lansebisa, romelTac aRviZebs muslimis xmamaRali mowodeba locvisaken, religiis
TavisuflebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe. amgvari faqtorebis dabalansebasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs im argumentisaken mivyavarT, rom umjobesia am sferoSi ga-
dawyvetilebebis gamotana Sidasaxelmwifoebriv xelisuflebas mivandoT. aqedan
gamomdinare, rogorc Cans, amgvar saqmeSi saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili logikuri
dasabuTeba ar unda warmoadgendes komisiis detaluri mimoxilvis sagans. saxelmwifo
dagegmarebis interesi legitimuria da, savaraudod, sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da
usafrTxoebis pirobis Sesabamisia, Tumca, amis miuxedavad, komisias naklebad aqvs
gaazrebuli, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi es interesi ar aris upiratesi xasiaTis.
proporciulobis moTxovnas warmoadgens balansis povna sazogado interessa da
konkretul uflebebs Soris, Tumca, sazogadoebrivi wesrigidan da usafrTxoebidan
gamomdinare, SezRudvebTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis ganxilvisas komisia ufro sa-
xelmwifo politikis Taobaze mTavrobis moTxovnebis gamarTlebis povniT iyo dain-
teresebuli, vidre religiis Tavisuflebaze dawesebul SezRudvebTan misi Sedare-
biT. sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba da wesrigi, gansazRvrul konteqstebSi, SesaZloa
gamarTlebis mTavar garemoebas warmoadgendes, adamianTa sicocxlis dacvis da sazo-
gadoebrivi uwesrigobis gavrcelebis aRkveTis mizniT, religiisa da rwmenis gamo-
xatvaze SezRudvebis dawesebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca sxva konteqstebSi, rogoricaa
167
cixe da dagegmarebis kanonebi, sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba arcTu ise Zlieria da,
Sesabamisad, gacilebiT didi yuradReba unda mieqces im mZime tvirTs, rasac amgvari
SezRudvebi momCivnebs akisrebs. arsebobs safrTxe, rom sazogadoebrivi usafrT-
xoeba da wesrigi, me-9 muxlis konteqstSi, gaTanabrebuli iqnes mxolod administra-
ciul sargebelTan.336
Tumca bolo dros, rogorc Cans, sasamarTlos mier gaazrebul iqna sazogadoeb-
rivi wesrigis argumentis farTo interpretaciis potenciuri safrTxe. buskarinis
saqmeSi, magaliTad, man arc ki ganixila mTavrobis argumenti, rom religiuri fici
aucilebeli iyo sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisadmi sazogadoebrivi ndobis da, Sesa-
bamisad, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis SenarCunebisaTvis da ganacxada, rom fici ar aris
aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.337 Tumca san marinos mxaris mier warmod-
genili argumenti imdenad susti iyo, rom igi SeiZleba arc CaiTvalos signalad
sasamarTlos midgomis Secvlisa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis interpretaciis mimarT,
magram misi gadawyvetileba saqmeSi serifi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg338 naTlad miuTi-
Tebs, rom amieridan saxelmwifos argumentebi me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze
gacilebiT ufro detalur Semowmebas daeqvemdebareba. mocemul saqmeSi, saberZneTis
mTavrobis mtkicebiT, igi valdebuli iyo, samarTlebrivi devna ganexorcielebina im
piris mimarT, romelic Tavs adgilobrivi muslimuri sazogadoebis muftad acxa-
debda, potenciuri sazogadoebrivi uwesrigobisa da daZabulobis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT, rac ori individis mier erTi da imave religiuri sazogadoebis legitimur
liderad Tavis gamocxadebas SeiZleba mohyoloda. amgvari argumenti warsulSi
sakmarisi iqneboda warmatebisTvis, Tumca sasamarTlom serifis saqmeSi uaryo igi.
sasamarTlom daadgina:
Tumca sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom SesaZlebelia daZabulobis warmoqmna
religiuri an sxva nebismieri sazogadoebis gaxleCis pirobebSi, igi
miiCnevs, rom es pluralizmis erT-erTi gardauvali Sedegia.
xelisuflebis roli amgvari garemoebebis arsebobisas gamoixateba ara
daZabulobis mizezis ganeitralebaSi pluralizmis aRmofxvris gziT,
aramed dapirispirebul mxareTa mier erTmaneTisadmi Semwynarebluri
damokidebulebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
religiuri pluralizmis mniSvnelobis aRiareba sasurvel mimarTulebas warmo-
adgens da me-9 muxlis meore nawilis interpretaciisadmi sasamarTlos midgomis Secv-
lis potenciali aqvs. kerZod, Tuki msgavs midgomas sasamarTlo sxva saqmeebSic gamo-
iyenebs, saxelmwifoebs, romelTa mtkicebiTac sazogadoebrivi wesrigi aucilebels
xdis religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, gacilebiT meti mtkicebulebebis warmod-
gena mouwevT, raTa SeZlon imis demonstrireba, rom sazogadoebriv wesrigs realu-
rad emuqreba safrTxe da zomebis miReba Sidareligiuri urTierTobebis gaumjobe-
sebis mizniT daZabulobas ver ganmuxtavda.
janmrTelobis dacvis aucilebloba

is, rom gansazRvruli tipis religiur qmedebas rogorc mis monawileTaTvis, ise
gareSe pirTaTvis fizikuri an mentaluri zianis miyenebis potenciuri SesaZleblo-
ba aqvs, zogierTi religiuri tradiciis bunebidan gamomdinareobs. rodesac saqme
im adamianebis janmrTelobis dacvas Seexeba, romelnic ar arian Sesabamisi religiis
168
wevrebi, sakiTxi sakmaod martivia da saxelmwifos Carevis aucilebloba mesame pirTa
dacvis mizniT aSkaraa. cixesTan dakavSirebul ramdenime saqmeSi, momCivnis mier Ta-
visi religiis sruli moculobiT gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi, realuri safrTxe eqmne-
boda sxvaTa janmrTelobas. Caildsis saqmeSi,339 magaliTad, sxvaTa janmrTelobasa
da usafrTxoebas daemuqreboda safrTxe, Tuki erTobliv religiur msaxurebaze mom-
Civnis daswreba Zaladobis provocirebas moaxdenda. amis msgavsad, saqmeSi, sadac
patimars ar darTes neba, hqonoda wigni, romelic Seicavda Tavs sabrZolo xelovnebis
Sesaxeb, komisiam gaamarTla administraciis qmedeba, im motiviT, rom patimars wig-
nidan miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba sxvaTa janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis
zianis misayeneblad SeeZlo.340
kanonebi, romlebic mesame pirebs icaven sxvebis mier religiis gamoxatvis Sedegad
fizikuri zianis miyenebis safrTxisagan, naklebad problemuria. gacilebiT ufro rTul
SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac esa Tu is samarTlebrivi norma zrdasrul religiur
morwmuneTa dacvas isaxavs miznad im safrTxisagan, romlis sasargeblodac maT TviTon
gaakeTes arCevani. mkurnalobaze uaris gacxadeba religiur niadagze (maT Soris sisxlis
gadasxmaze) erovnuli iurisdiqciebis erT-erT yvelaze problemur sferos warmoadgens.
amgvari saqme jerjerobiT ar ganxilula konvenciis safuZvelze, Tumca misi aRZvris
SemTxvevaSi, umTavresi sakiTxi iqneboda, uflebamosilia Tu ara saxelmwifo, konvenciis
safuZvelze aiZulos sakuTari janmrTelobis dacva im pirs, romelic religiuri mizeze-
bidan gamomdinare uars acxadebs am dacvaze.
komisiis mier mTel rig saqmeebSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebidan gamomdinare, SeiZ-
leba daskvnis gakeTeba, rom saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba, aiZulos individi daicvas sakuTari
janmrTeloba im SemTxvevaSic, roca mas am dacvaze uaris Tqmis seriozuli religiuri
mizezebi aqvs. erT-erTi aseTi saqme siq motociklists Seexeboda, romelic ocjer gaasa-
marTles damcavi muzaradis tarebaze uaris TqmisaTvis. siqizmis mimdevaris uari imiT
iyo ganpirobebuli, rom muzaradis tareba Calmis moxsnasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.341 komisiam
gaaerTiana ori idea, kanonis legitimuri miznisa (motociklistebis janmrTelobis
dacvisa) da misi gamoyenebis aucileblobisa, raTa daedgina, rom momCivnis moTxovna
aSkarad dausabuTebeli iyo. Tumca komisias sruliad Tavisuflad SeeZlo kanoni legi-
timurad mieCnia da, amave dros, siqebis mimarT misi gamoyeneba eRiarebina gacxadebuli
miznisadmi araproporciulad. SesaZloa zogadad Sesabamisi iyos pirovnebis dacva sa-
kuTari janmrTelobis mimarT daudevrobisa da uyuradRebobisgan, magram ar aris naTeli,
ramdenad aucilebelia im individebis dacva, romlebic sakuTari janmrTelobis dacvaze
uars Rrma religiuri mizezebis gamo acxadeben. rogorc profesori raci askvnis Tavisi
Sexedulebis safuZvlad siqi motociklistis saqmis gamoyenebisas: Tuki `pluralizmi da
avtonomia ver uzrunvelyofs pirovnebas SesaZleblobiT, misdios sakuTar moralur
rwmenas, maSin es kategoriebi realurad mcire mniSvnelobis mqoned SeiZleba CaiTvalos~.342
siqi motociklistis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis axsna SeiZleba is iyos, rom komisi-
asa da sasamarTlos arasodes gamouCeniaT survili pirovnebis mimarT zogadi daniSnu-
lebisa da neitraluri kanonebis gamoyenebiT religiis Tavisuflebis darRvevis SesaZ-
leblobis aRiarebisa. es ki, Sesabamisad, arTulebs zrdasruli adamianebis mxridan reli-
giur niadagze zogadi daniSnulebis usafrTxoebis kanonebis sawinaaRmdego poziciebis
dasabuTebas.
sxva saqmeebi, rogorc Cans, am daskvnas adasturebs. rogorc Caildsis,343 ise bu-
169
disti patimris saqmeSi, romelsac uari uTxres erTobliv locvaze,344 ziani, ro-
melic SeiZleboda patimars misdgomoda, gamoyenebuli iqna patimrisaTvis religiisa
da rwmenis gamoxatvaze uaris mizezad. miuxedavad imisa, rom am midgomas gacilebiT
meti gamarTleba aqvs patimarTa saqmeebTan, vidre Tavisufal zrdasrul pirTa mi-
marT, vinaidan saxelmwifos ZiriTad valdebulebas swored Tavisi zedamxedvelobis
qveS myof pirebze zrunva warmoadgens, patimarTa saqmeebis es aspeqti arasodes yo-
fila sasamarTlosa da komisiis mier detalurad gamokvleuli. me-9 muxlis konteq-
stis farglebs gareT, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saxelmwifos ar daurRvevia momCi-
vanTa uflebani, maTi dapatimrebis miuxedavad sakuTar saxlebSi SeTanxmebuli sado-
mazoxisturi homoseqsualuri aqtebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.345 sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetilebiT, es is sferoa, sadac gaerTianebul samefos SeuZlia Careva monawileTa
janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT, imis miuxedavad, rom amgvari intervencia ar aris sa-
surveli. es midgoma naTlad gviCvenebs, rom momCivnebs SesaZloa seriozuli prob-
lemebi SeeqmnaT sasamarTlos darwmunebaSi, rom saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba, daicvas
isini im zianisgan, rac SesaZlebelia miadges maT janmrTelobas sakuTari religiuri
rwmenis gamo. Tumca, savaraudod, sasamarTlo ufro meti gagebiT im pirebs moekideba,
romelTa sakuTari TavisaTvis zianis miyenebis survili ganpirobebulia Rrma reli-
giuri rwmeniT, vidre sado-mazoxistur jgufebs.346
sxva, aseve sadavo sferos, janmrTelobis dacvis konteqstSi, warmoadgens bavS-
vebisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna maTi mSoblebis religiuri rwmenis gamo. safrTxis Seqmna
SesaZloa gamoixatos Svilebis saxeliT mSoblebis uarSi bavSvebis mkurnalobaze347
(rogoricaa sisxlis gadasxma), an religiuri qcevis gamoyenebaSi (rogoricaa locva)
standartuli mkurnalobis nacvlad,348 aseve moTxovnaSi bavSvebis mimarT, Seasrulon
rituali, romelic maTTvis fizikuri zianis momtania, magaliTad, mdedrobiTi sqesis
bavSvebisTvis genitaliebis dasaxiCreba. am sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi konsensusi ar
arsebobs. mSobelTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod saxelmwifos mier Tavisi Zalauflebis ga-
moyeneba bavSvebis mkurnalobisaTvis, bavSvebis janmrTelobis dasacavad, savara-
udod, saxelmwifoTaTvis gankuTvnil diskreciaSi moeqceva.349 aseTi daskvna Seesa-
bameba sasamarTlo midgomas saqmeSi hofmani avstriis winaaRmdeg, imis miuxedavad,
rom igi pirdapir ar Seexeba zemoxsenebul SemTxvevebs. am saqmeSi, sasamarTlos ga-
dawyvetilebiT, avstriis sasamarTlom daarRvia adamianis ojaxuri cxovrebis uf-
leba, rodesac gamoitana gadawyvetileba meurveobis miniWebis Taobaze dedis sawina-
aRmdegod, im motiviT, rom deda ieRovas mowme iyo. sakiTxi sisxlis gadasxmisadmi
dedis uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa nawilobriv ganixila erovnulma sasamarTlom,
Tumca am garemoebas gadamwyveti roli ar hqonia evropuli sasamarTlos mier gadawy-
vetilebis gamotanisas. sasamarTlo Seexo avstriuli kanonis debulebebs, romelic
nebas rTavda avstriul sasamarTloebs, gaecaT brZaneba bavSvebisaTvis sisxlis ga-
dasxmis Taobaze, roca maTi sicocxle safrTxeSi iyo, Tumca ar daufiqsirebia pozi-
cia amgvari kanonebis samarTlianobis Taobaze. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Sidasa-
xelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlos brZaneba sisxlis gadasxmis Taobaze adekvaturi iqneba.
erT-erT saqmeSi komisiam daadgina, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, Caerios
mSoblebis mier religiis gamoxatvaSi maTive Svilebis janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT.
am saqmeSi mSoblebi asaCivrebdnen kanons, romelic krZalavda mSoblebis mxridan
Svilebis `fizikur dasjas~ (Tumca igi ar iTvaliswinebda sasjels am kanonis moT-
170
xovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi).350 mSoblebi Tavisufali protestantuli ek-
lesiis wevrebi iyvnen. vinaidan am religiis Tanaxmad bavSvebis gawkeplva bibliidan
gamomdinareobs, Sesabamisad, es kanoni maTi religiuri rwmenis darRvevas warmoad-
genda. komisiam garkveuli SeSfoTeba gamoxata imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ere-
oda kanoni ojaxur cxovrebaSi, Tumca, misi SefasebiT, adgili ar hqonia me-8 an me-9
muxlis darRvevas. komisiam daaskvna, rom fizikuri Zaladobis Taobaze SvedeTis
kanonmdeblobis moqmedebis gavrceleba mSobelTa mier bavSvebis fizikur dasjaze
gawkeplvis gziT `gamiznulia sazogadoebis potenciurad susti da daucveli wevrebis
dacvisaTvis~.351 es saqme garkveul uflebas aniWebs saxelmwifoebs, mSobliuri
mzrunvelobiT imoqmedon mSoblebis qmedebaTagan Svilebis dacvis mizniT, Tumca
ver axdens im sazRvris demonstrirebas, romelic Zevs am uflebasa da mSobelTa
uflebas Soris, aRzardon Svilebi sakuTari religiuri mrwamsis Sesabamisad. igi
arc im midgomis Sesaxeb akeTebs miTiTebas, romelic im SemTxvevaSi unda iqnes gamo-
yenebuli, roca bavSvi sakuTari saxeliT asaCivrebs saxelmwifos mxridan mis mimarT
ganxorcielebul proteqciul qmedebas da amtkicebs, rom me-9 muxlis darRvevas
hqonda adgili.352 Tumca, amave dros, naTlad mianiSnebs, rom sasamarTlo ar gakicxavs
saxelmwifos im qmedebebisaTvis, romelTa mizanic bavSvebis dacvaa maTi mSoblebis
religiuri mrwamsidan gamomdinare fizikuri zianisagan. es daskvna mxardaWerilia
religiuri Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis Sesaxeb gaeros deklaraciis me-5
muxliT, romlis Tanaxmadac `religiidan da rwmenidan gamomdinare saqmianoba,
romlis pirobebSic xdeba bavSvis aRzrda, ar unda iyos zianis momtani rogorc misi
fizikuri da mentaluri janmrTelobis, ise bavSvis sruli ganviTarebisaTvis...~ da,
bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis debulebebiT, bavSvis janmrTeli ganviTarebis Tao-
baze.353
moralis dacvis aucilebloba

saxelmwifos mier religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciaze SezRudvebis moralze day-
rdnobiT gamarTlebis daSveba potenciurad seriozul problemebTan aris dakavSire-
buli. religia kvlavac rCeba adamianis da sazogadoebrivi moralis ganviTarebis mTavar
faqtorad, Tumca yvela religia ar iziarebs saerTo morals. erTi kompleqsuri kiTxva,
rac am sferoSi ibadeba, mdgomareobs SemdegSi: zogadi kanoni, dafuZnebuli moralur
koncefciebze, romlebic dominanti, magram ara umciresobaTa zogierTi religiis
moralis nawils warmoadgens, aris Tu ara gamarTlebadi darRveva religiisa da rwmenis
Tavisuflebisa? es sakiTxi wamoiWra saqmeSi, romelic konvenciis me-12 muxlis safuZvel-
ze gadawyda (qorwinebisa da ojaxis yolis Tavisufleba), Tumca misi Sedegi aqtualuria
me-9 muxlisTvisac.354 qorwinebaSi myofma protestantma CrdiloeTirlandielma
mamakacma komisias mimarTa saCivriT, romlis Tanaxmadac ganqorwinebis amkrZalavi ir-
landiuri kanonebi, inter alia, misi religiis Tavisuflebis ukanono SezRudvas warmo-
adgenda. maSin, roca kaTolikuri eklesia krZalavda ganqorwinebas, garda gansakuT-
rebulad gamonaklisi garemoebebis arsebobisa, protestantuli eklesiis wesebis Tanax-
mad, romlis wevric momCivani iyo, ganqorwineba nebadarTuli iyo. komisiam daadgina,
rom sakiTxi me-9 muxls ar eqvemdebareboda, vinaidan me-12 muxli qorwinebis Sesaxeb
konvenciis specialuri norma iyo. komisiam uaryo saCivari me-12 muxlis safuZvelze da
miuTiTa, rom irlandiuri kanonebi ar xelyofs qorwinebis uflebas, aramed mxolod
171
aregulirebs mas konvenciis safuZvelze saxelmwifos mier aRebuli valdebulebebis
Sesabamisad. komisia mwvaved gaakritikes am saqmeSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gamo,
radganac man fokusireba moaxdina saxelmwifos uflebaze, daedgina qorwinebisa da
ganqorwinebis wesebi da ar ganuxilavs, warmoadgenda Tu ara msgavsi regulaciebi
religiis Tavisuflebis ukanono SezRudvas.
am gadawyvetilebam SeiZleba Zalze mZime Sedegebi moitanos, vinaidan konvenciis
monawile qveynebis kanonmdebloba konkretul qveyanaSi arsebuli dominanti reli-
giis Tu rwmenis zegavlenas ganicdis an mis moralur safuZvlebs iTvaliswinebs. es
gansakuTrebiT naTlad ikveTeba sxvadasxva religiasa da rwmenas Soris iseT konf-
liqtur sferoebSi, rogoricaa qorwineba, ganqorwineba, aborti da homoseqsualizmi.
religiis Tavisuflebis cnebis ubralo gamoyeneba ar aris saukeTeso gza socialu-
rad da moralurad am sadavo sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas. aqedan gamomdinare, unda
iTqvas, rom, savaraudod, komisiisa da sasamarTlos wevrebi samarTlianad arian da-
interesebulni, ar iqnen CaTreulni precedentuli samarTalwarmoebis am gadatvir-
Tul sferoSi. Tumca gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma gaafrTxila saxelmwi-
foebi, rom `moralis dacvis mizniT religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze dawesebuli
SezRudvebi unda efuZnebodes principebs, romlebic mxolod erTi eqskluziuri tra-
diciidan ar gamomdinareobs~.355
SesaZloa, swored am mizezebis gamo SezRudvebis gamarTlebisas saxelmwifoebi
iSviaTad eyrdnobian morals, Tumca komisiisa da sasamarTlos mxridan SeiniSneboda
saxelmwifoTaTvis farTo diskreciis miniWebis tendencia iq, sadac es Tema aqtu-
aluri xdeboda. xSirad, roca saqmeSi `moraluri~ sakiTxi wamoiWreba, igi sxvaTa
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvasTan aris uSualod dakavSirebuli, rogorc es
religiurad provokaciuli filmis cenzuris SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda. amgvar saqmeebSi
komisia da sasamarTlo gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas swored sxvaTa uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis dacvas aniWebdnen, Tumca ufro samarTliani midgomis SemuSavebac
iyo SesaZlebeli urTierTsawinaaRmdego moralur SexedulebebTan dakavSirebiT.
sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis aucilebloba

religiis Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ir-
gvliv konfliqtebis warmoSobis safuZvels qmnis.356 zogierTi amgvari konfliqti kon-
venciiT daSvebuli SezRudvebis sxva safuZvlebsac ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, eretiko-
sebis wamebiT religiis gamoxatvis ufleba xelyofs rogorc sazogadoebriv janmrTe-
lobasa da usafrTxoebaze uflebas, ise wamebisgan Tavisuflebaze sxvaTa uflebas. sxva
tipis saqmeebi gacilebiT rTul sakiTxebs ayenebs dRis wesrigSi.357 rogorc sasamarTlom
ganacxada, `demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, sadac sxvadasxva religiebi Tanaarseboben
erTsa da imave mosaxleobaSi, SesaZloa aucilebeli iyos SezRudvebis daweseba (reli-
giisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze) calkeuli jgufebis interesebis SeTanxmebisa da yvelas
religiuri rwmenis pativiscemis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.358 aqedan gamomdinare, cota
ram Tu aris sadavo im TvalsazrisiT, rom religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba garkveul
SemTxvevebSi unda SeizRudos sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mizniT.
sakamaTo sakiTxebi wamoiWreba sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sazRvrebis inter-
pretirebisa da sapirispiro moTxovnaTa dabalansebis sferoSi.359
erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs `sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis~ ganmartebis
172
sferoSi warmoadgens imis garkveva, Semoifargleba Tu ara es fraza konvenciiT gan-
mtkicebuli TavisuflebebiT. dRemde sasamarTlo da komisia am frazis mniSvnelobas
zogadad swored amgvari wesiT zRudavdnen, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi misi farTo
interpretirebis sasargeblod gakeTebuli arCevani gvaZlevs safuZvels, vifiqroT,
rom am SezRudvis klauzula ar aris limitirebuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli
uflebebiT. ISKCON-is saqmeSi, induisturi taZris dagegmarebis SemzRudveli kano-
nebis gamoyeneba nawilobriv gamarTlebuli iqna axlomdebare soflis mcxovrebTa
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze dayrdnobiT.360 naTelia, rom aTasobiT morwmuniTa
da maTi manqanebiT soflis gadatvirTva Semawuxebeli iyo mosaxleobisaTvis, Tumca
Znelia am konkretul SemTxvevaSi konvenciiT ganmtkicebul romelime uflebaze ga-
keTdes miTiTeba. amave dros, aSkaraa, rom swored konvenciis uflebebi Seadgenen
`sxvaTa uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs~ me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze. aqedan
gamomdinare, religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba safuZvelia rogorc individis mier
saCivris wardgenis, ise saxelmwifos mxridan sxvaTa uflebebis SezRudvis gamarT-
lebisaTvis. es ki badebs kiTxvas, religiis Tavisuflebis, rogorc pozitiuri uf-
lebis, sazRvrebi identuria Tu ara religiis da rwmenis Tavisuflebis sazRvrebisa,
rogorc sxva uflebaTa SezRudvis gamarTlebisa?
saqmeebi, romlebic Seexeba adamianis uflebas, misi religiuri grZnobebis Seurac-
xyofisgan dacvis Sesaxeb, miuTiTebs, rom is sazRvrebi, romlis farglebSic sxvaTa
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvaa SesaZlebeli, religiis Tavisuflebis saxe-
liT SesaZloa ufro moculobiT xasiaTs atarebdes, vidre TviT es ufleba me-9 muxlis
safuZvelze.361 es me-9 muxlis meore nawilis precedentuli samarTlis mimarTulebis
nawilia, sadac xSirad sxvaTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi bundovnad aris ganmarte-
buli an konvenciis erT-erT uflebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tu oto premingeris insti-
tutis saqmeSi362 sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis argumenti daefuZna me-9 muxliT
ganmtkicebul religiis Tavisuflebas, uingrous363 saqmeSi (sul cota, erT-erTi
gansxvavebuli azris mqone mosamarTlis mixedviT364 ) SezRudvis safuZvlad cnobili
iqna me-10 muxlis meore nawili, rac, faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs, rom saWiro ar aris
kavSiris Cveneba me-10 muxlis meore nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul sxvaTa uflebebsa da
Tavisuflebebsa da konvenciis sxva muxlebiT ganmtkicebul uflebebs Soris. imis
miuxedavad, am saqmeebSi sxvaTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mxolod me-10 muxlis meore
nawilidan gamomdinareobs, Tu aseve me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilidan, ramdenime avtorma
seriozuli SeSfoTeba gamoxata imis gamo, rom religiuri grZnobebis Selaxva SeiZleba
warmoadgendes konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis SezRudvis safuZvels.
amis msgavsad, sasamarTlo sxva saqmeebSic bundovnad ayalibebda, Tu konkretu-
lad sxvaTa romeli uflebebi iqna daculi. magaliTad, kokinakisis saqmeSi sasamar-
Tlom sakmaod operatiulad miiRo saberZneTis mTavrobis argumenti, rom antipro-
zelitistur kanonebs legitimuri mizani hqonda sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisufle-
bebis dacvis saxiT,365 Tumca ar aris naTeli, saidan gamomdinareobs ufleba proze-
litizmisgan Tavisuflebaze. mravali avtori Tu saxelmwifo miiCnevs, rom adamians
aqvs ufleba prozelitizmisgan Tavisuflebaze, rogorc religiisa da rwmenis Tavi-
suflebis nawilze.366 Tumca es pozicia ar aris udavo. mosamarTle petitma ganacxada,
rom prozelitizmi `religiis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi gamoxatvaa~ da `sxvaTa gadmo-
birebis mcdeloba TavisTavad ar warmoadgens Setevas maT rwmenasa da Tavisuflebaze
173
an maTi uflebebis darRvevas~. uqmnis Tu ara safrTxes sityvisa da azris Tavisuf-
lebas sxva partiis mxardamWeri individis saxlis zRurblze gamoCenili politikosi,
romelic mis gadarwmunebas cdilobs, raTa am ukanasknelma Seicvalos Tavisi pozi-
cia? kanonebs, romlebic amgvar saqmianobas akrZalavda, sasamarTlo, savaraudod,
me-10 muxlis seriozul darRvevad CaTvlida, Tuki pirs eqneboda SesaZlebloba,
daeketa kari an uari eTqva mosmenaze. im argumentebs ki, romelTa Tanaxmadac amgva-
ri saqmianoba saxlis patronis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs daarRvevda, sasamarTlo
nakleb mniSvnelobas mianiWebda.
miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlom gaiziara saberZneTis mxaris argumenti, romelic
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda `qristianTa valdebulebas, moaqcion sxvebi sakuTar
rwmenaze, da arakeTilsindisier prozelitizms~367 (Tumca am ukanasknelis Teoriul
gansazRvraze sasamarTlom uari ganacxada). Tavisi gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebisas
sasamarTlo ZiriTadad msoflio eklesiaTa sabWos moxsenebas daeyrdno, romlis
Tanaxmadac arakeTilsindisieri prozelitizmi qristianTa misiis garyvnas warmo-
adgenda. am moxsenebaSi gakicxuli iyo mZime sulier Tu materialur mdgomareobaSi
myofebze zewola maTi religiis Secvlis mizniT, aseve Zaladobisa da ideologiuri
damuSavebis xerxebis gamoyeneba, rogorc sxvaTa uflebebis darRveva (Tumca ar yofi-
la miTiTebuli, rom amgvari prozelitizmi danaSaulad unda iqnes ganxiluli).
miuxedavad amisa, saberZneTis kanonmdebloba gacilebiT Sors wavida da Seqmna sa-
fuZveli kokinakisis msgavsi individebis gasamarTlebisa, romlebic mxolod dama-
jereblad ayalibebdnen sakuTar Sexedulebebs sxva zrdasruli adamianis winaSe.368
mosamarTle martensis mier damajerebeli argumentebis warmodgenis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, im daskvnis sasargeblod, rom ar arsebobda prozelitizmis uflebaSi Carevis
gamarTleba, umravlesobas ufro zustad unda Camoeyalibebina sakuTari pozicia,
Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli prozelitzmis gziT — gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca igi
mxolod saubriT Semoifargleba — sxvaTa Tavisuflebis xelyofa.
prozelitizmis saSualebiT sxvaTa Tavisuflebis SezRudvis gza SedarebiT naT-
lad gamoikveTa sxva saqmeSi,369 sadac sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom zemdgomi oficrebis
mcdeloba maT daqvemdebarebaSi myof pirTa mimarT prozelitizmis ganxorcilebisa,
SeiZleboda dasjiliyo sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT. amis mizezi is iyo, rom samxedro
mosamsaxureni ganicdidnen im zewolas armiis ierarqiuli struqturis mxridan, rasac
ver igrZnobdnen samoqalaqo pirebi, romelTac hqondaT sruli Tavisufleba, mieRoT
an uareyoT esa Tu is midgoma religiur sakiTxebze. ìs, rac samoqalaqo samyaroSi
CaiTvleboda ideaTa uwyinar gacvlad, romelTa aRiareba an uaryofa adamianis
Tavisufal nebazea damokidebuli, samxedro cxovrebis farglebSi SesaZloa gan-
xiluli iqnes, rogorc Seviwroebis forma an ukanono zewolis ganxorcieleba
uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebiT~. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sasamarTlos ga-
dawyvetilebiT, saxelmwifos hqonda samxedro mosamsaxuris uflebaTa da Tavisuf-
lebaTa dacvis legitimuri mizani, prozelitis mtkicebis miuxedavad, rom misi uf-
lebebi aravis daurRvevia da igi Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze gadavida zemdgomi
oficrebis rwmenaze. sasamarTlo aseve mzad iyo, am piris Sefaseba sakuTariT Caenac-
vlebina da ganacxada (adgilobrivi sasamarTloebisa da piris mamis mtkicebulebaTa
safuZvelze), rom `dazaralebuls~ Tavi valdebulad unda CaeTvala, esaubra da,
SesaZloa, rwmenac ki Seecvala.370
174
amgvari saqmeebi konfliqturi uflebebis Sesaxeb wina planze wamoswevs kompleq-
sur sakiTxebs, sadac ar aris naTeli, Tu ratom unda mieniWos upiratesoba uflebaTa
erT nawils meoresTan SedarebiT. zogierT saqmeSi erT-erTi individis uflebebis
upiratesoba SedarebiT naTelia. magaliTad, mamakacis mtkicebiT, misi Svilis dedis
gadawyvetileba abortis gakeTebis Taobaze da saxelmwifos uari gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi momCivnis monawileobaze misi religiis Tavisuflebis darRveva iyo. komisiam
daadgina, rom mamis uflebaTa interpretirebisas ùpirvelesad, mxedvelobaSi unda
iqnes miRebuli dedis uflebebi, romelic, pirvel rigSi, aris dainteresebuli fex-
mZimobiT, misi gagrZelebiT an SewyvetiT~. aqedan gamomdinare, komisiam daaskvna,
rom momCivnis uflebebis SesaZlo nebismieri xelyofa gamarTlebuli iyo dedis uf-
lebaTa dacvis aucileblobiT.
Tumca amgvari martivi gadawyvetileba mxolod mcire raodenobis saqmeebSi iqna
gamotanili. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom religia da rwmena morwmunis cxovrebis mra-
val aspeqtze zemoqmedebs, religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas didi po-
tenciali aqvs, konfliqtSi Sevides sxva uflebebTan. msgavsi konfliqtebi ki did
davasa da SuRls iwveven dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris. Sedegad, amgvar saqmeebSi
sasamarTlo da komisia xSirad farTo da sakmaod bundovan uflebamosilebas ani-
Webdnen saxelmwifoebs religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis SezRudvisaTvis sxvaTa uf-
lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mizniT.
gamoxatvis SezRudva omisa da sagangebo mdgomareobis dros
me-9 muxlis meore nawilis SemzRudveli klauzula aris gamarTlebis is saSu-

aleba, rac saxelmwifoebs dRemde gamouyenebiaT religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaSi
Carevis moTxovnilebaTa dasabuTebis mizniT. konvenciis sxva muxls, romelic SeiZ-
leba gamoyenebuli iyos me-9 muxlidan gamomdinare uflebebis SezRudvis gamarTle-
bad, warmoadgens me-15 muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac:
omis an sxva sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, romelic safrTxes uqmnis eris
arsebobas, nebismier maRal xelSemkvrel mxares ufleba aqvs, miiRos zomebi,
romlebic gadauxvevs am konvenciidan gamomdinare valdebulebebs im
donemde, rasac mkacrad moiTxovs arsebuli mdgomareobiT ganpirobebuli
ukiduresi aucilebloba, amasTan, amgvari zomebi ar unda iyos Seusabamo
saerTaSoriso samarTliT masze dakisrebul sxva valdebulebebTan.
me-9 muxlis gamoyeneba sxva ramdenime muxlisgan (1-li, me-2, me-3, me-4 (1) da me-7
muxlebi) gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros me-15 muxlidan gamomdinare Sez-
Rudvebs. sagangebo viTarebidan gamomdinare, SezRudvebi moicavs ara mxolod reli-
giisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis uflebas, aramed me-9 muxls mTlianad, Tumca sakmaod
rTulia imgvari situaciis warmodgena, romelic saxelmwifosgan `mkacrad moiTxov-
des~ Carevas morwmuneTa forum internum-Si. zogierTi avtoris mtkicebiT, sul cota,
religiisa da rwmenis qonisa da Secvlis ufleba ar eqceva me-15 muxlis moqmedebis
farglebSi, imis miuxedavad, rom amgvari piroba ar aris specialurad naxsenebi. sa-
moqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-18 muxlis ga-
moyeneba ar eqvemdebareba SezRudvas sagangebo viTarebis pirobebSi.371 TviT rwmenis
gamoxatvis uflebac ar SeiZleba dairRves. aqedan gamomdinare, am paqtis monawile
175
evropis sabWos wevr qveynebs ar aqvT uflebamosileba, SeaCeron religiisa da rwmenis
Tavisuflebis moqmedeba sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, vinaidan dauSvebelia kon-
venciis gamoyeneba sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebidan gamomdinare valdebulebaTa Sesaz-
Rudad. rac Seexeba evropis sabWos sxva wevrebs, maTTvis SesaZlebelia me-15 muxlis
gamoyeneba me-9 muxlis SesazRudad.
sagangebo mdgomareoba mxolod ramdenjerme ganixila sasamarTlom da garkve-
ulwilad winaaRmdegobrivi miTiTebani gaakeTa im sazRvrebis Taobaze, romlis far-
glebSic igi zedamxedvelobas gauwevs mTavrobaTa gadawyvetilebebs sagangebo viTa-
rebis SemoRebis Taobaze. saqmeSi loulesi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,372
komisiam `sagangebo mdgomareoba `miakuTvna `gansakuTrebul kriziss an kritikul
viTarebas, romelic mTel sazogadoebas Seexeba~. saqmeSi irlandia gaerTianebuli
samefos winaaRmdeg,373 sasamarTlom gansakuTrebulad mowiwebuli damokidebuleba
daafiqsira sagangebo mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoTa midgomebis
mimarT. sasamarTlos gancxadebis mixedviT àrsebul ukidures aucileblobasTan
pirdapiri da gangrZobadi kavSiris gamo, erovnuli xelisufleba gacilebiT ukeTes
poziciaSi imyofeba, vidre saerTaSoriso mosamarTle, raTa gansazRvros kritikuli
situaciis arseboba da misi Tavidan acilebisaTvis aucilebeli SezRudvebis farg-
lebi~. am SemTxvevaSi me-15 muxli farTo diskreciul uflebamosilebas aniWebs sa-
xelmwifoebs.374
jerjerobiT me-15 muxli ar yofila gamoyenebuli me-9 muxlze dawesebuli Sez-
Rudvebis gasamarTleblad. Tuki odesme mas am rolSi gamoiyeneben, saxelmwifoebs
kvlavac mouwevT imis Cveneba, rom SezRudvebi gansakuTrebiT aucilebeli iyo arse-
buli garemoebebis gamo. sasamarTlos darwmuneba, savaraudod, gacilebiT ioli iq-
neba gamoxatvis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT, vidre religiisa da rwmenis qonis Tu Sec-
vlis uflebis SezRudvis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad amisa, me-15 muxli kvlavac erTa-
derT debulebad rCeba, romelsac potenciurad SeuZlia SezRudos me-9 muxlis pir-
veli nawili. maSin, roca saxelmwifoTa mxridan zemoT gacxadebuli miznis misaRwevad
me-15 muxlis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba sakmaod realuria, Zalze rTulia, winaswar
prognozireba, amgvar saqmeebSi gamoyenebul midgomebs Soris aSkara Seusabamobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu saxelmwifos mier miRebuli zomebis ra doneze gamokvlevisaTvis
iqneba sasamarTlo mzad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, me-15 muxlis safuZvelze moqmedebis uf-
leba sakmaod SezRuduli375 da naklebad relevanturia, vidre me-9 muxlis meore nawi-
lis interpretacia im adamianebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis, romlebic cdiloben,
sakuTar religiasa Tu rwmenasTan sruli SesabamisobiT icxovron.
***
esa Tu is religia an rwmena SeiZleba iseTi yovlismomcveli iyos, rom misi mim-
devris cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts gansazRvravdes. amas ki xSirad mivyavarT
konfliqtisken rogorc saxelmwifoTa gegmebTan, ise im gzasTan, romliTac calkeul
adamianebs sakuTari cxovrebis warmarTva Tu uflebaTa realizeba surT. garkveuli
kompromisi gardauvalia. amitomac me-9 muxlis meore nawilSi asaxulia sxvadasxva,
erTmaneTis sapirispiro kompleqsuri faqtorebis dabalansebis aucilebloba. me-9
muxlis SemzRudavi nawili ufro adre warmodgenil proeqtebTan da konvenciis sxva
amgvar SemzRudvel muxlebTan SedarebiT ufro viwrod iqna SemuSavebuli, rac imas
176
niSnavs, rom sasamarTlom ar unda waSalos zRvari sxvadasxva SemzRudvel nawilebs
Soris da arc farTo an bundovan definiciebs mianiWos upiratesoba. es gansakuTre-
biT samarTliania me-9 muxlis konteqstSi, sadac erousmitis testi momCivnisagan
moiTxovs imis damtkicebas, rom saxelmwifos mier SezRuduli qceva aucilebeli iyo
misi religiisa Tu rwmenisaTvis. Tuki me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilidan amovalT, uf-
ro Sesabamisi iqneboda gacilebiT rbili testi imave muxlis meore nawilis doneze,
radganac religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatva udidesi mniSvnelobisaa morwmunisaTvis.
vinaidan saxelmwifom unda aCvenos Tavisi qmedebebis proporciuloba dasaxuli
miznebis mimarT, religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciis mniSvneloba unda gamoikveTos
sasamarTlo Sefasebis procesSi, romelsac es ukanaskneli aucileblobis gansazRv-
ris mizniT axorcielebs.
religiasa da rwmenaze dawesebuli SezRudvebis Sefasebis yvela stadiaze sasa-
marTlo da komisia saocar pativiscemas amJRavnebdnen saxelmwifoTa moTxovnebis
mimarT. me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis regularulad gverdis avliT faqtobrivad saw-
yisi etapidanve xdeboda momCivnis Camocileba analizis procesidan. saqmis specifi-
kur faqtebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebisa da SezRuduli sazRvrebis mqone gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis Tavisive survilma sasamarTlo waaxalisa, eRiarebina, rom farTod
SemuSavebuli wesebi kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da legitimuri mizani aqvs maSinac,
roca gansxvavebul poziciaze mdgomi mosamarTleni eWvqveS ayenebdnen kanonis mizans
an xazs usvamdnen mis aSkara diskriminaciul gamoyenebas. amis Sedegad ki fokusireba
saxelmwifos qmedebis gansazRvraze xdeboda, iyo Tu ara igi aucilebeli da pro-
porciuli me-9 muxlis meore nawilSi warmodgenili erT-erTi miznis mimarT. garda
amisa, religiuri da sxva rwmenebis sadavo xasiaTma Zalze gaurTula sasamarTlos
konsensusis miRweva, imis Taobaze Tu rogor moegvarebina konfliqtebi religiasa
da rwmenas, da sxva legitimur interesebs Soris. aman ki saxelmwifos farTo diskre-
ciamde migviyvana da, Sesabamisad, Zalze garTulda momCivanTaTvis sakuTari moT-
xovnebis samarTlianobis damtkiceba. msgavs mowiwebul damokidebulebas saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis mimarT mxolod im saqmeebis msgavs SemTxvevebSi emuqreba dasasruli,
sadac, magaliTad, saxelmwifo da misi kanonebi Segnebulad iyo mimarTuli tradi-
ciuli religiuri qcevis winaaRmdeg, rogoricaa RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili
adgilebis daarseba an prozelitizmi. imis miuxedavad, rom am saqmeebSi sasamarTlom
kvlav Zalze viwro, faqtobrivi midgoma gamoiyena wamoWrili sakiTxebis mimarT, is
mzad aRmoCnda, uareyo saxelmwifo qmedebaTa aucileblobis argumenti da detalu-
rad mimoexila kanonis gamoyenebis gza. Tumca, rogorc Semdgom qveTavSi vixilavT,
es kvlav daucvelad tovebs momCivanTa sakmaod farTo jgufs, romlis religia an
rwmena ara religiaze specialuri kanonmdeblobiT, aramed zogadi daniSnulebisa
da neitraluri kanonebiT aris SezRuduli.
177
neitraluri
da zogadi
daniSnulebis
kanonebi
urTierTqmedeba zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitra-

lur kanonebsa da religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebas
Soris aris sakiTxi, romelmac konceptualuri sirTu-
leebi gamoiwvia religiis TavisuflebasTan SexebaSi
myof sxva iurisdiqciebSi, Tumca sasamarTlosa da ko-
misiis mier ar yofila detalurad ganxiluli. amis mi-
zezia ara saqmeTa nakleboba, romlebic mocemul sa-
kiTxs Seexeboda, aramed is, rom arc sasamarTlos da
arc komisias jerovani seriozulobiT ar ganuxilavT
amgvari SemTxvevebi. zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitra-
luri kanonebis problema maSin wamoiWreba, rodesac
saxelmwifo iRebs kanonmdeblobas, romelic erTi Se-
xedviT, arc religiur sakiTxebs Seexeba da arc rome-
lime religiuri jgufis diskriminaciad aRiqmeba. Tum-
ca zog SemTxvevaSi warmosaxviTi neitraloba SecdomaSi
Semyvania da kanoni SesaZlebelia miRebuli iyos gark-
veuli religiuri jgufis saqmianobis SezRudvisaT-
vis376 an gamoyenebul iqnes diskriminaciuli wesiT377 .
es kanonebi xSirad mxolod STabeWdilebas qmnis, rom
isini neitraluri da zogadi daniSnulebisaa, Tumca
realoba sxvagvaria da arc ise rTulia imis gansazRvra,
xelyofen Tu ara amgvari kanonebi religiasa da rwmenas.
am qveTavSi ganxilulia kanonebi, romlebic realu-
rad neitraluria religiis mimarT da zogadia gamoye-
nebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi gar-
kveuli religiis an rwmenis mimdevarTa mxridan iseTi
qmedebis Sesrulebas moiTxovs, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba
maT religiasa da rwmenas.378 es sakiTxi pluralistur
evropul sazogadoebebSi SesaZloa mwvave azrTasxva-
dasxvaobis sagani gaxdes. konkretuli jgufisTvis nebis
darTva, Tavi aaridos kanons, romelic zogadi sikeTis-
Tvis iqna miRebuli, zogs usamarTlod miaCnia im pirebis
mimarT, romlebic iZulebulni arian, kanonis Sesaba-
178
misad imoqmedon, amave dros mas Tvlian potenciuri safrTxis Semcvelad sazogado-
ebrivi erTianobisa da keTildReobisaTvis. sxvebisTvis ki iZuleba, daemorCilon
maT Rrma religiur rwmenasTan winaaRmdegobaSi myof kanonebs, warmoadgens religi-
uri an sxva rwmenis usamarTlo xelyofas.
momCivnebi me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi xSir SemTxvevaSi aRiareben, rom
saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, miiRos zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebi.
am saqmeTa umravlesobaSi warmodgenilia yovelmxrivi sakanonmdeblo sistemebi iseT
mravalferovan sferoebSi, rogoricaa msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis vaqcinacia,379
saavtomobilo dazRveva,380 pensia381 da gadasaxadebi.382 Tuki saxelmwifoebs ar eqnebo-
daT uflebamosileba, mieRoT amgvari tipis kanonebi sazogadoebrivi keTildReobi-
saTvis, maSin maTi Zalaufleba usamarTlod iqneboda xelyofili me-9 muxlis safuZ-
velze. swored aqedan gamomdinare, momCivanTa umravlesoba ar cdilobs imis damt-
kicebas, rom es kanonebi ar unda yofiliyo miRebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi momCivanTa
moTxovna am kanonebisgan gaTavisuflebas ukavSirdeba an im sakiTxs Seexeba, rom maTi
gamoyeneba konkretul SemTxvevaSi Seusabamo iyo, an rom amgvari sakanonmdeblo
aqtebis SemuSaveba ufro viwrod unda momxdariyo.
sasamarTlosa da komisiis pasuxi amgvar saqmeebSi SeiZleba sami ZiriTadi mimarTu-
lebiT daiyos. pirveli midgomis mixedviT, sanam kanoni neitraluria da aradiskrimi-
naciulad gamoiyeneba, mas ar SeuZlia me-9 muxlis darRveva. meore midgoma mdgomare-
obs imaSi, rom pirovnebis religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudva zogadi daniSnulebisa
da neitraluri kanonis safuZvelze SesaZloa me-9 muxlis darRveva iyos, Tumca Se-
sabamisi garemoebebis arsebobis pirobebSi igi SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes me-9 mux-
lis meore nawilis safuZvelze. sasamarTlo da komisia me-9 muxlis meore nawilze
dayrdnobiT cdiloben gadawyviton, gamarTlebadia Tu ara gasaCivrebuli kanoni
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. alternativis saxiT maT SeeZloT ganexilaT sakiTxi,
SeiZleboda Tu ara, kanoni, miuxedavad misi legitimuri miznisa, ufro viwrod mi-
zanmimarTuli yofiliyo, religiis TavisuflebasTan konfliqtis Tavidan asacileb-
lad, da iqneboda Tu ara Sesabamisi im pirTa gaTavisufleba kanoniT gaTvaliswine-
buli valdebulebisagan, romlebic aprotesteben mis Sesrulebas religiisa da
rwmenis niadagze. imis miuxedavad, rom sasamarTlo da komisia ar iTvaliswinebdnen
amgvar midgomas, igi ufro Tavsebadi iqneboda religiis Tavisuflebis dacvasTan,
vidre arsebuli midgoma.
bolo midgoma, romelic zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis erTi
tipis mimarT gamoiyenes, konvenciis sxva muxlze specialuri miTiTebiT Semoifar-
gleba. amgvari dasabuTeba tradiciulad samxedro samsaxurisadmi keTilsindisieri
winaaRmdegobis saqmeebSi gamoiyeneboda. kanonebi samxedro samsaxurSi moqalaqeTa
gawvevis Taobaze zogadi da neitraluria. cxadia, maTi mizani religiuri umcireso-
bebis Seviwroeba ar aris, Tumca isini mniSvnelovan tvirTs akisreben maT, vinc reli-
giiT an rwmeniT pacifistia. saqmis ganxilvis specifika samxedro samsaxuris mimarT
keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobasTan dakavSirebiT Zalian hgavs zogadi daniSnulebis
kanonisadmi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis sxva nebismier formas.
179
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba samxedro samsaxuris mimarT
bevr xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoSi arsebobs garkveuli formis iZulebiTi samxedro

samsaxuri. istoriulad bevr evropul qveyanaSi samxedro samsaxuri savaldebulo
iyo yvela janmrTeli axalgazrda mamakacisTvis da ar daiSveboda gaTavisufleba
sindisis safuZvelze.383 dResdReobiT ki evropul saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi
iZulebiTi samxedro samsaxuris sistema nebas rTavs moqalaqeebs politikuri, reli-
giuri Tu eTikuri motivebiT Seasrulon alternatiuli samoqalaqo samsaxuri.384
rac Seexeba uars rogorc samxedro, ise alternatiuli samsaxuris Sesrulebaze, igi
mravalgvar sasjels iTvaliswinebs, maT Soris Tavisuflebis aRkveTas. dRemde mxo-
lod am bolo xanebSi Tu ganucdiaT konvenciisgan mciredi daxmareba zogadi da-
niSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis keTilsindisierad mowinaaRmdege pirebs.385
Tumca dReisTvis sasamarTlos ukve SemuSavebuli aqvs midgoma, romelsac ZaluZs
uzrunvelyos sasargeblo precedenti im saqmeebisaTvis, romlebic Seexeba keTilsin-
disier winaaRmdegobas samxedro samsaxuris konteqstis farglebs gareT.
tradiciuli midgoma keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis mimarT

pirvel saqmeSi, romelic keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobas Seexeboda 1966 wels,
komisiis mier dakavebuli poziciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi ar iyvnen valdebulni,
eRiarebinaT pirebi, romlebic politikuri, religiuri an eTikuri motivebis safuZ-
velze uars acxadebdnen samxedro samsaxuris Sesrulebaze.386 komisiis mier warmod-
genili dasabuTeba efuZneboda konvenciis me-4 muxls, romelic krZalavda monobasa
da Zaladobriv an iZulebiT Sromas. ufro konkretulad ki misi argumentaciis safuZ-
vels me-4 muxlis mesame nawili warmoadgenda:
am muxlis miznebisaTvis termini `Zaladobrivi an iZulebiTi Sroma~ ar
moicavs:...
b) nebismieri saxis samxedro xasiaTis samsaxurs an samsaxurs,
gaTvaliswinebuls samxedro samsaxuris nacvlad, im qveynebSi, sadac
aRiarebulia keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba samxedro samsaxuris mimarT.
komisiam miiCnia, rom, vinaidan me-4 muxli Seexeba keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis
ganmcxadebel pirebs mxolod im qveynebSi, sadac àRiarebulia uari samxedro sam-
saxurze religiur-eTikuri motivebis safuZvelze~, ar arsebobs saxelmwifoTa val-
debuleba, aRiaron amgvari winaaRmdegoba.387 Sesabamisad, komisiam uaryo samxedro
samsaxuris sawinaaRmdego argumenti da ganacxada, rom igi ar imsaxurebs dacvas me-9
muxlis safuZvelze.388 garda amisa, vinaidan alternatiuli samsaxuri gamonaklisia
iZulebiTi Sromis wesebidan, komisiam daaskvna, rom amgvari samsaxuri ar arRvevs me-9
muxls.389 komisiam aseve aRniSna, rom swored saxelmwifo diskreciaSi eqceva gadawyve-
tileba samoqalaqo samsaxuris xangrZlivobis gazrdaze samxedro samsaxuris vadeb-
Tan SedarebiT, rogorc damabrkolebeli saSualeba imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom mxo-
lod gulwrfeli rwmenis mqone individebma mianiWon mas upiratesoba.390 samsaxuris
vadebis amgvari zrda proporciulobis principis sakiTxia. saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT
gazardon samsaxuris xangrZlivoba, rom gamoricxon yvela, garda gulwrfelad ke-
Tilsindisieri moqalaqeebisa, alternatiuli samsaxuris ufro ioli gzis arCevisa-
gan, magram maT ar gaaCniaT ufleba, moaxdinon vadebis iseTi zrda, romelic usamar-
Tlod mZime an damsjeli xasiaTisa iqneba.391 komisias ar ganusazRvravs zRvari,
180
romlis miRmac samoqalaqo samsaxuris vada disproporciuli iqneboda da arc saxel-
mwifos qmedeba CauTvlia odesme konvenciis darRvevad alternatiuli samsaxuris
sistemis gamo. evropul saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi, sadac aRiarebulia keTilsin-
disieri winaaRmdegoba, alternatiuli samsaxuri ufro xangrZlivia, vidre samxedro
da anazRaurebac SedarebiT dabalia.392
vinaidan ar arsebobs alternatiuli samxedro samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis
ufleba, komisiam daadgina, rom saxelmwifoebi, sadac amgvari samsaxuri arsebobs,
uflebamosilni arian, Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT dasajon is, vinc uars ityvis mis Ses-
rulebaze da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi gaagrZelon kidec amgvari sasjelebis gamo-
yeneba zewolis gziT wvevamdelTa iZulebis mizniT, raTa isini daemorCilon kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs.393 ra Tqma unda, nebismieri amgvari sanqcia kanoniT
unda iyos gansazRvruli da me-5 muxlis moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes.394 Tumca,
komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, ar arsebobs moTxovna me-6 muxlSi Camoyalibebuli sa-
marTliani sasamarTlo procedurebis Sesabamisad, imis gansazRvris aucileblobisa,
rom piri valdebuli iyo, gaevlo samxedro an misi Semcvleli alternatiuli samsa-
xuri, Tuki dapatimrebis mizani ufro iZulebiTia, vidre dasjadi.395
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs garkveuli gamarTleba me-9 muxlis zogad da me-4 muxlis
specifikur debulebebs Soris konfliqtis safuZvelze komisiis mier miRebuli ga-
dawyvetilebebisa samxedro samsaxurTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi. me-4 muxli pirda-
pir ar Seexeba religiis Tavisuflebas da arc TviT keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobas.
misi upirvelesi mizani monobisa da Zaladobrivi an iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalvaa. me-4
muxliT bunebrivia, gaziarebulia Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo, ro-
melsac iZulebiTi samxedro an misi Semcvleli alternatiuli samsaxuri aqvs Semo-
Rebuli, SeuZlebelia iZulebiT SromaSi ar CarTvaze adamianis uflebis damrRvevad
CaiTvalos. Tumca aseve ar uWers aSkarad mxars im mosazrebas, rom SeiZleba iZule-
biTi samxedro samsaxuris daZaleba pirisaTvis misi yvelaze Zlieri religiuri rwme-
nis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad, magram amasve gulisxmobs keTilsindisieri winaaR-
mdegobis mimarT frazis, `sadac aRiarebulia~, gamoyenebiT. amis miuxedavad, am fra-
zis safuZvelze konfliqti ikveTeba mxolod me-4 da me-9 muxlebs Soris da misi me-4
muxlis sasargeblod ase gadaWriT gadawyveta mizanSewonili ar aris.
keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi komisiis mier daka-
vebuli pozicia nawilobriv ganpirobebuli iyo im sirTuleebis mxedvelobaSi miRe-
biT, romlebsac saxelmwifoebi awydebian samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis samarTliani
sistemebis ganviTarebis procesSi.396 iZulebiTi samxedro samsaxuri SesaZloa mZime,
usiamovno da arasasurveli iyos bevri samxedrovaldebulisaTvis, visac samxedro
samsaxurisadmi religiuri da filosofiuri winaaRmdegoba ara aqvs. 397 TviT Semcv-
lelma samsaxurma SesaZloa axalgazrdebi moswyvitos yoveldRiur, Cveulebriv
cxovrebas, samuSaos, ganaTlebas da ojaxs. aqedan gamomdinare, samxedro samsaxuri-
saTvis gamosadegi axalgazrdebis raodenobis nebismierma Semcirebam, SesaZloa, ga-
zardos gawveulTa samsaxuris vada da samuSaos moculoba. amis Sedegad ki ar aris
gamoricxuli sazogadoebis farTo wreebSi garkveuli mtruli ganwyobis warmoSoba
samxedro samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebulTa mimarT.398 Zalze bevr saqmeSi komisiam
miiCnia, rom ìZulebiTi samxedro samsaxuris nebismieri sistema mZime tvirTs akisrebs
moqalaqeebs~. tvirTi SesaZloa misaRebad CaiTvalos, Tu is ganawilebulia obieqtu-
181
rad da Tu gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi safuZvlian mizezebs emyareba. Tu moqalaqeTa
gansazRvruli raodenoba gaTavsuflebuli iqneboda damajerebeli mizezebis gareSe,
dadgeboda sakiTxi danarCeni moqalaqeebis diskriminaciis Taobaze.399
tradiciuli midgoma diskriminaciis saqmeebSi

komisiis uari, zemoT ganxilul saqmeebSi eRiarebina keTilsindisieri winaaRmde-
gobis ufleba, SemdgomSi xazgasmuli iqna im saqmeebiT, sadac momCivnebi amtkicebdnen,
rom saxelmwifo diskriminaciulad wyvetda sakiTxs, vin iyo uflebamosili, moeTxova
gaTavisufleba samxedro samsaxuridan da vin _ ara. amgvari tipis saqmeebSi momCivnebi,
ZiriTadad, asaCivrebdnen kanons, romliTac nebadarTuli iyo gaTavisufleba samxed-
ro samsaxuridan, mxolod gansazRvruli tipis religiuri mrwamsis mqone da ara sxva
religiisa Tu rwmenis mimdevarTaTvis. am saqmeebSi konfliqti me-4 da me-9 muxlebs
Soris ar aris aqtualuri, Tumca komisia kvlav didi pativiscemiT moekida me-14
muxlis gamoyenebis saxelmwifo interesebs.
saqmeSi N SvedeTis winaaRmdeg,400 komisiam uaryo momCivnis moTxovna, romlis mi-
xedviTac kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebda gaTavisuflebas samxedro samsaxuris
Sesrulebisagan mxolod maTTvis, visac am valdebulebis ganxorcieleba ar SeeZlo
`gansazRvruli religiuri sazogadoebisaTvis kuTvnilebis gamo~, diskriminaciul
xasiaTs atarebda. praqtikaSi amgvari dacviT sargeblobdnen mxolod ieRovas mow-
meebi, Tumca es debuleba qmnida SesaZleblobas, rom sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac
esargeblaT dacviT. kanoni ar iTvaliswinebda samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas filo-
sofiuri mrwamsis safuZvelze. momCivani Tvlida, rom vinaidan iziarebda ieRovas
mowmeTa rwmenas pacifizmis TvalsazrisiT, maT msgavsad kanonismieri dacviT unda
esargebla. komisiam uaryo saCivari imis safuZvelze, rom, diskriminacia SvedeTis
kanonmdeblobiT gonivrulad gamarTlebuli da obieqturi iyo, vinaidan ìeRovas
mowmeTa wevrebi misdeven mravalmxrivi qcevis wesebis erTobliobas, rac yoveldRi-
uri cxovrebis mraval aspeqts moicavs~. aqedan gamomdinare,
ieRovas mowmeTa wevroba warmoadgens Zlier arguments imisa, rom winaaRmdegoba
samxedro samsaxuris mimarT efuZneba gulwrfel religiur Sexedulebebs.
ar arsebobs aRniSnulis Tanazomadi mtkicebuleba maT mimarT, vinc uars
acxadebs samxedro samsaxurze, Tumca ar aris msgavsi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis
mqone sazogadoebis wevri.
me-14 muxlis interpretaciis es midgoma SeiZleba Sedarebuli iqnes gaeros ada-
mianis uflebaTa komitetis mier gamoyenebul midgomasTan, Zalze msgavsi faqtebis
Semcveli saCivris ganxilvis procesSi. komitetma daadgina, rom:
samxedro samsaxurze uaris keTilsindisierad ganmcxadebelTa mxolod erTi
jgufis gaTavisufleba valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan, yvela sxva danarCenTa
mier ki am dacviT sargeblobis uflebis uqonloba ar SeiZleba ganxiluli
iqnes gonivrulad ... rodesac ufleba keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobaze
aRiarebulia xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos mier, dauSvebelia uaris
keTilsindisierad ganmcxadeblebis yovelgvari diferencireba maTi rwmenis
bunebis safuZvelze.401
komisiam aseTive viwro midgoma gamoiyena diskriminaciis mimarT, rodesac samxed-
ro samsaxuridan religiuri liderebi gaTavisufldnen iseTi wesiT, romelic erTma-
182
neTisgan ganasxvavebda sxvadasxva religiis winamZRolebs. magaliTad, grendreTis
saqmeSi germaniis federaluri respublikis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda debu-
lebas, romlis Tanaxmadac evangelisti da kaTolike sasuliero pirebi avtomaturad
Tavisufldebodnen samxedro samsaxuris Sesrulebisagan, maSin, roca sxva religiaTa
analogiuri wodebis mqone msaxurni dacviT mxolod gancxadebis safuZvelze isar-
geblebdnen. imisaTvis, rom piri xsenebuli wodebis Tanazomier religiur liderad
yofiliyo ganxiluli, aucilebeli iyo imis demonstrireba, rom religiuri lide-
roba mis ZiriTad profesias warmoadgenda, romelic srul samuSao dRes moicavda.
momCivani iTxovda gaTavisuflebas im motiviT, rom igi ieRovas mowmeTa religiuri
sazogadoebis bibliis swavlebis lideri iyo. saxelmwifom uaryo misi gancxadeba da
miuTiTa, rom ganmcxadeblis ZiriTadi samuSao mxatvris asistentobaa da misi roli,
rogorc bibliis swavlebis liderisa, ar aris realuri mniSvnelobis mqone rogorc
religiuri sazogadoebis, ise TviT misi profesiisTvis. komisiam mxari dauWira sa-
xelmwifos gadawyvetilebas da miuTiTa, sruli samuSao droiT momuSave religiuri
liderebis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis gonivrulobaze im pirebTan Seda-
rebiT, vinc srulad ar aris dakavebuli amgvari saqmianobiT. garda amisa, komisiis
SexedulebiT, dasaSvebi iyo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT imis prezumireba, rom kaTo-
like da evangelisti sasuliero pirebi unda gaTavisufldnen samxedro samsaxuris-
gan (imis miuxedavad, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi sasuliero pirad yofna maTi ZiriTa-
di profesia ar aris da kanonmdebloba im pirTa gaTavisuflebasac iTvaliswinebda,
romlebic sasuliero seminariaSi aswavlidnen), aseve sxva religiebis wevrebisaTvis
TavianTi moTxovnis dasabuTebis aucilebloba. komisias SeeZlo ufro detalurad
ganexila diskriminaciis sakiTxi kanonmdeblobaSi, romelic sxvadasxva tests aya-
libebda evangelisti da kaTolike sasuliero pirebisa (Tanamdebobrivi testi) da
sxvaTa religiuri moTxovnebisaTvis (saqmianobis testi).
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis aRiareba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom komisia uars acxadebda keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobaze
konvenciidan gamomdinare uflebis aRiarebaze, uamravma sxva saerTaSoriso dawese-
bulebam gamoxata am uflebis mxardaWera. evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleam,
sadac am sakiTxze imarTeboda diskusiebi, daaskvna, rom keTilsindisieri winaaRmde-
goba wamoWrida religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis sakiTxebs. man Camoayaliba prin-
cipebis erToblioba, romelic unda gamoeyenebinaT keTilsindisieri winaaRmdego-
bis SemTxvevaSi da mouwoda wevr saxelmwifoebs, TavianTi erovnuli kanonmdebloba
asambleis mier SemuSavebul saxelmZRvanelo wesebTan SesabamisobaSi moeyvanaT. es
principebia:
1) samxedrovaldebuli pirebi, romlebic sindisis an Rrma religiuri,
eTikuri, moraluri, filosofiuri an msgavsi motivebiT uars acxadeben
samxedro samsaxuris Sesrulebaze, isargebleben personaluri uflebiT,
gaTavisufldnen am samsaxuris Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan.
2) es ufleba warmoebulia adamianis fundamenturi uflebebidan kanonis

uzenaesobis mqone demokratiul qveynebSi, romlebic garantirebulia
adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-9 muxlSi.402
183
aqedan gamomdinare, saparlamento asambleam da mogvianebiT ministrTa komitet-
ma403 aRiares ufleba samxedro samsaxurisadmi keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobaze (ara
alternatiuli samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis gziT), rogorc me-9 muxlidan warmo-
ebuli. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma aseve aRiara ufleba keTilsindisier
winaaRmdegobaze, romelic religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis uflebidan gamomdina-
reobs samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis safuZvel-
ze.404 es midgoma aseve mxardaWeril iqna gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiis mier.405
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba daskvnis gamotana, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
komisiis praqtika keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobasa da mis kavSirze religiis an rwme-
nis TavisuflebasTan sagrZnoblad CamorCa saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ganviTarebul
movlenebs.
alternatiuli midgoma keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis mimarT

kritikis miuxedavad, komisiam sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCuna Tavisi
viwro midgoma keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis mimarT. Tumca bolo ori saqme miuTi-
Tebs gansazRvrul cvlilebaze damokidebulebaSi gansakuTrebiT diskriminaciis sa-
kiTxisadmi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis sistemaSi. pirveli saqme cirlsi da ku-
lumpasi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg406 Seexeboda ieRovas mowmeTa ori msaxuris dapa-
timrebas samxedro sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebiT samxedro ZalebSi msaxurze uaris
safuZvelze. momCivnebi amtkicebdnen, rom saberZneTis kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze
maT ekuTvnodaT gaTavisufleba samxedro samsaxuridan, radgan `cnobili religiis~
msaxurebi iyvnen. saboloo jamSi, uzenaesma administraciulma sasamarTlom daad-
gina, rom ieRovas mowmeebs saberZneTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT hqondaT gaTavi-
suflebis ufleba. Sedegad, momCivnebi sapatimrodan gaaTavisufles, Tumca yovel-
gvari kompensaciis gareSe. komisiam daadgina, rom maTi msjavrdebiT darRveul iqna
me-9 muxli, me-14 muxlTan kavSirSi, vinaidan ieRovas mowmeTa msaxurebma Tavisuf-
lebis aRkveTis xangrZlivi periodi gaiares, vidre maTi ufleba samxedro samsaxu-
ridan gaTavisuflebaze iqneboda aRiarebuli, maSin, roca marTlmadidebeli mRvd-
lebi yovelgvari problemis gareSe sargeblobdnen TavianTi uflebebiT.407 amgvari
diskriminaciisaTvis obieqturi da gonivruli safuZvlebi ar arsebobda. Tumca komi-
sia gamokveTilad daeyrdno grendraTis saqmeSi miRebul gadawyvetilebas, romlis
Tanaxmadac, sasuliero pirebs ar hqondaT keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis ufleba
da erTi SexedviT gamoCnda, rom is mxolod SedarebiT mkacr midgomas iyenebda keTil-
sindisieri winaaRmdegobis kanonebis diskriminaciuli gamoyenebis mimarT, vidre amas
warsulSi akeTebda. sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi fokusireba sasamarTlo
processa da ieRovas mowmeTa msjavrdebaze moaxdina da ganacxada, rom aucileblobas
ar warmoadgenda me-9 da me-14 muxlebidan gamomdinare sakiTxebis gancalkevebuli
mimoxilva.
komisiis erT-erTma wevrma Tavis nawilobriv gansxvavebul azrSi pirdapir gaak-
ritika grendraTis saqmeSi sayovelTaod miRebuli midgoma, rom me-9 muxli ar iyo
aqtualuri keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi. qalbaton
lidis gancxadebiT, sasuliero pirebis samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis iZuleba Tavisi
arsiT warmoadgenda religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis xelyofas.408 misi
analizis Tanaxmad me-4 muxlis debulebebSi ar ìgulisxmeba, TiTqos me-9 muxli ga-
184
mousadegari iyos, aramed xazgasmulia, rom samxedro an alternatiuli samsaxuris
aucilebloba me-9 muxlis meore nawilis ganxilvis farglebSi eqceva da saxelmwifos
diskrecia gazrdilia me-4 muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad~.
qalbaton lidis aRniSnuli mosazreba me-9 muxlis radikalurad farTo interp-
retaciis Taobaze komisiis interesis sagnad iqca mxolod gansazRvruli drois Sem-
dgom saqmeSi Tlimenosi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg.409 es saqme dakavSirebuli iyo ieRo-
vas mowmesTan, romelic msjavdebuli iqna da Seefarda ori wliT Tavisuflebis aR-
kveTa samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevaze uarisaTvis. ramdenime wlis Semdeg man warma-
tebiT Caabara testi buRaltris Tanamdebobaze. Tumca momCivans uari eTqva samuSa-
oze im motiviT, rom igi msjavrdebuli iyo mZime danaSaulisaTvis. momCivnis mtkice-
biT, es misi uflebebis darRveva iyo me-9 muxlis safuZvelze, me-14 muxlTan kavSirSi.
komisiis Semadgenlobis umravlesobam mxari dauWira saCivars me-9 da me-14 mux-
lebis kombinaciis safuZvelze. umravlesobis komentaris mixedviT, vinaidan ar arse-
bobda xelmisawvdomi alternatiuli samsaxuris SesaZlebloba, ieRovas mowmeni iZu-
lebulni iyvnen arCevani gaekeTebinaT samxedro ZalebSi msaxursa da msjavrdebas
Soris. am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, komisiam miiCnia, rom momCivnis braleulad
cnoba udrida misi uflebis xelyofas religiis gamoxatvaze. maT mxolod miuTiTes,
rom komisiis dRemde moqmedi precedentuli samarTliT msjavrdeba keTilsindisieri
winaaRmdegobisTvis ar iyo me-9 muxlis darRveva, Tumca ar inebes, Tavad mieRoT
gadawyvetileba am sakiTxze. es nawilobriv imiTac aixsneba, rom saqmeSi gasaCivrebuli
iyo gadawyvetileba, romliTac momCivans uari eTqva buRaltris Tanamdebobis daka-
vebaze da ara Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.410 daskvna, romlis Tanaxmadac msjavrdeba ke-
Tilsindisieri winaaRmdegomisaTvis adamianis uflebis darRvevas warmoadgenda re-
ligiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze, grendraTis saqmeSi Camoyalibebuli sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli mosazrebis gakritikeba (Tumca ara pirdapiri uaryofa) iyo.
rac Seexeba komisiis Semadgenlobis umciresobas, igi ufro Sors wavida da saqme
pirdapir me-9 muxlis safuZvelze gadawyvita. umciresobaSi myofma komisiis wevrebma
mokled mimoixiles warsulSi arsebuli precedentuli samarTali, Tumca miuiTiTes,
rom konvenciis iurisprudenciam, grendraTis saqmidan moyolebuli, ìmgvari evo-
lucia ganicada, rom eWvqveS daayena~ aRniSnul saqmeSi gamoyenebuli argumentacia.411
maTi mosazrebiT, momCivnis uari samxedro ZalebSi msaxurze me-9 muxlis safuZvelze
imsaxurebda dacvas. ieRovas mowmis uari misi religiis gamoxatva iyo, amitomac es
SemTxveva gansxvavdeboda sxva saqmeebisagan, sadac individebis qmedebani maTi rwmenis
uSualo gamoxatvas ar warmoadgenda (mag, erousmitis saqme) an kanonebs mizanmimar-
Tuli qveteqsti ar gaaCndaT (rogoricaa, sagadasaxado kanonebi). aqedan gamomdinare,
umciresobaSi myofi komisiis wevrebi Seecadnen TavianTi gadawyvetileba samxedro
samsaxurisadmi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobiT SemoefarglaT.
Tlimenosis saqme aseve sasamarTlos didi palatis winaSe moismines da mosamar-
Tleebma TavianTi gadawyvetilebis fokusireba diskriminaciis sakiTxze moaxdines.412
komisiisgan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlom ar CaTvala saWirod gamoekvlia, ramdenad
utoldeboda momCivnis uflebebis xelyofas me-9 muxlis safuZvelze misi msjavrdeba
da xelisuflebis uari mis buRaltrad daniSvnaze. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos ar ganu-
xilavs sakiTxi imis Taobaze, sanqciebi religiuri mosazrebebiT samxedro samsaxur-
ze uaris ganmcxadebelTa mimarT TavisTavad warmoadgens Tu ara me-9 muxliT garan-
185
tirebuli uflebis darRvevas azris, sindisis da religiis Tavisuflebaze. sasamar-
Tlo Semoifargla mxolod me-14 muxlis SemowmebiT me-9 muxlTan kavSirSi. man daad-
gina, rom saberZneTis mTavrobis uari momCivnis mier buRaltris saqmianobis war-
marTvaze, diskriminaciuli iyo. sasamarTlos ar ganuxilavs keTilsindisieri wina-
aRmdegobisTvis individebis msjavrdebis konvenciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi, Tumca
ganacxada, rom maTi Semdgomi Seferxeba sakuTari profesiebis Sesabamisi saqmianobis
ganxorcielebisa disproporciuli iyo im pirTa dasjis miznebisa, romlebic uars
acxadeben, emsaxuron sakuTar qveyanas.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos pozicia samxedro samsaxurisadmi keTilsin-
disieri winaaRmdegobis sakiTxze kvlav bundovania. maSin, roca grendraTis saqmeSi
SemuSavebuli mimarTuleba komisiis kritikis sagnad iqca, sasamarTlom uari ganac-
xada, am stadiaze ganexila es sakiTxi. miuxedavad amisa, Tlimenosis saqmeSi miRebul
gadawyvetilebas, romlis mixedviTac arsebuli regulaciebi diskriminaciulia, Tu
isini ar iTvaliswinebs im pirTa gaTavisuflebas kanonismieri valdebulebis Sesru-
lebisagan, romlebic ver daemorCilebian mas religiidan an rwmenidan gamomdinare
mizezebis gamo, me-9 muxlis interpretaciaze Zalze didi zegavlenis moxdenis po-
tenciali aqvs. ra Tqma unda, es arsebiTi cvlilebaa sasamarTlosa da komisiis mier
im adrindel saqmeebSi dakavebuli poziciisa, sadac pirebi religiisa da rwmenis
safuZvelze uars acxadebdnen zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis
Sesrulebaze, samxedro konteqstis farglebs gareT.
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebi precedentul samarTalSi
Tuki samxedro samsaxurisadmi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifoTa

mxridan mzardi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, arsebobs zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitra-
luri kanonebi, romlebic ar Seexeba samxedro samsaxurs da, Sesabamisad, maT mimarT
SeuZlebelia me-4 muxlis gamoyeneba. aqedan gamomdinare, obieqturad me-9 muxlis
moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva sakiTxi imis Taobaze, safuZvliania Tu ara maTi moTxovna,
vinc religiisa da rwmenis motiviT uars acxadebs amgvari kanonebis Sesrulebaze.
imis miuxedavad, rom mowinaaRmdege mxareTa argumentebi samxedro saqmeebSi gacile-
biT Zlieri da STambeWdavia, vidre sindisTan SedarebiT `mSvidobiani~ konfliqtebis
dros, argumentirebis strategia Zalze msgavsia orive SemTxvevaSi.413 erTi mxriv,
saxelmwifoebi cdiloben daicvan TavianTi ufleba, rom Tanabrad gaavrcelon sazo-
gadoebis yvela wevrze sazogado sikeTisaTvis gamiznuli kanonebi da uzrunvelyon,
rom nebismieri gamonaklisi viwrod iqnes mizanmimarTuli kanonisaTvis Ziris gamoT-
xrisa da TaRliTobis waxalisebis Tavidan asacileblad. Tumca, meore mxriv, mom-
Civnebi amtkicebdnen, rom maTi iZuleba, daemorCilon amgvar kanonebs, qmnis konf-
liqts maTive uflebasTan religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze da, SesaZloa, religi-
uri umciresobebis mimarT diskriminaciamde migviyvanos.
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis umrav-
lesoba komisiam ganixila, Tumca mis mier gamoyenebuli argumentaciac sakmaod bun-
dovani da Seusabamo iyo. komisias SeeZlo arCevani or farTo mimarTulebas Soris
gaekeTebina. pirvelis Tanaxmad, mas SeeZlo mieCnia, rom arc erTi zogadi daniSnu-
lebisa da neitraluri kanoni ar arRvevs me-9 muxls. meore midgoma iqneboda imis
aRiareba, rom zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonmdeblobiT isevea SesaZ-
186
lebeli me-9 muxlis xelyofa, rogorc specialurad religiur qcevaze mimarTuli
kanonebiT. am mimarTulebis logikuri gagrZeleba iqneboda saxelmwifos mier imis
demonstrireba, rom aseTi Careva religiis TavisuflebaSi aucilebelia me-9 muxlis
meore nawilis Sesabamisad. samwuxarod, am mocemul or naTel alternativas Soris
mdebare naxevarpozicias mieniWa upiratesoba. zogjer komisia adgenda, rom zogadi
daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebs SeuZliaT SezRudon religiis Tavisufleba,
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela amgvar SemTxvevaSi komisiis gadawyvetilebiT es
SezRudvebi gamarTlebuli iyo me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze. sxva SemTxve-
vebSi ki komisia kanonebis zogad da neitralur statuss gadamwyvet (an uaRresad
mniSvnelovan) faqtorad miiCnevda imis dasadgenad, rom ar darRveula me-9 muxlis
pirveli nawili. arc komisias da arc sasamarTlos gamokveTilad arasodes daufiqsi-
rebia, rom zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebiT SeuZlebelia me-9 muxlis
darRveva, Tumca, precedentuli samarTlidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia daskvnis
gamotana, rom es aris de facto pozicia.
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebi da erousmitis testi

zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi momCivan-
Ta sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebebis gamotanas nawilobriv xsnis erousmitis testis
gamoyeneba. erousmitis testi momCivnebisgan moiTxovs imis demonstrirebas, rom
saxelmwifos mier SezRuduli qmedebebi aucilebeli iyo maTi religiisa da rwmenis
gamoxatvisaTvis. saqmeTa umravlesobaSi, romlebic zogadi daniSnulebis sakanonm-
deblo sistemebisadmi keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobas Seexeboda, komisiam daadgina,
rom momCivanTa qmedebebi ar iyo religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis aucilebeli for-
ma. saqmeebSi, sadac kanonebi zogadi da neitraluria, testi ufro Sekvecili formiT
gamoiyeneba, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca kanoni specialurad gamiznulia religiuri
qcevis daregulirebisaTvis. zogadad, komisia TiTqmis ar aqcevda yuradRebas saqmeSi
arsebul faqtobriv garemoebebs, an momCivnis mtkicebas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor
xelyo kanonma misi religia an rwmena, aramed mxolod erousmitis testis citirebas
axdenda, romlis Tanaxmadac me-9 muxli ar aniWebs individs uflebas, sazogadoebriv
sferoSi moiqces Tavisi religiisa da rwmenis moTxovnebTan srul SesabamisobaSi.414
es testi komisiam gamoiyena momCivanTa im moTxovnebis uarsayofad, romlebic me-9
muxlis darRvevas Seexeboda zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis mxri-
dan, roca saqme msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis vaqcinaciasa415 da gadasaxadebTan416
iyo dakavSirebuli. is, Tu rogor swrafad wyvetda komisia amgvar saqmeebs, uflebas
gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom kanonis zogadobisa da neitralurobis argumenti erousmi-
tis testis safuZvelze, sul mcire, mniSvnelovan mtkicebulebas warmoadgens imisa,
rom mas ar SeuZlia religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis xelyofa.
gansxvavebuli midgoma zogadi daniSnulebisa

da neitraluri kanonebis mimarT
calkeul SemTxvevebSi komisia amtkicebda, rom zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitra-
lur kanonebTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi saxelmZRvanelo principi scildeba erous-
mitis testis viwro gamoyenebas da Seadgens cnebas, romlis mixedviTac kanonis ne-
itraluri da zogadi buneba umTavresi faqtoris datvirTvas iZens im sakiTxis ga-
187
dawyvetisas, irRveoda Tu ara me-9 muxlis pirveli nawili. am principis yvelaze
naTel mtkicebulebas warmoadgens gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli ori saqmis, derbi
SvedeTis winaaRmdeg417 da C gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg418 Sedareba. momCivani
ukanasknel saqmeSi iyo megobarTa sazogadoebis (cnobili, rogorc kvakerTa sazoga-
doeba) wevri, pacifizmis mtkice mimdevari. igi uars acxadebda saSemosavlo gadasa-
xadis im nawilis gadaxdaze, romelic samxedro miznebisaTvis unda yofiliyo gamo-
yenebuli manam, sanam saxelmwifosgan ar miiRebda garantias, rom es Tanxa sxva, arasam-
xedro miznebs moxmardeboda. saxelmwifom uari ganacxada am garantiis micemaze da
gadawyvita, sasamarTlo wesiT eiZulebina davalianebis gadaxda. momCivanma komisias
mimarTa davalianebis iZulebiTi dafarvis Taobaze sasamarTlo brZanebis aRsrule-
basTan dakavSirebiT. momCivnis mtkicebiT, sasamarTlos mier pacifizmi `rwmenad~
iyo aRiarebuli da, Sesabamisad, imsaxurebda dacvas me-9 muxlis safuZvelze.419 mom-
Civans surda, sakuTari moTxovna erousmitis testis farglebSi moeqcia, Sesabamisad,
is amtkicebda, rom misi arapirdapiri, gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis gziT naTqvami
uari, monawileoba mieRo samxedro momzadebaSi, ar warmoadgenda mxolod damatebiT
an religiiT motivirebul nabijs, aramed aucilebeli iyo misTvis.
am saqmeSi komisiam ganacxada:
me-9 muxli pirvel rigSi icavs personaluri rwmenebisa da religiuri
msoflmxedvelobis sferos, anu im sferos, romelic xSirad forum internum-ad
aris wodebuli. garda amisa, is icavs qmedebebs, romlebic mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli iseT sferosTan, rogoricaa RvTismsaxureba da locva,
romlebic religiis gamoxatvis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli formebia.
Tumca am piradi sferos dacvisas konvenciis me-9 muxliT yovelTvis ar aris
garantirebuli ufleba sazogadoebriv sferoSi amgvari rwmeniT nakarnaxev
qmedebaze, magaliTad, rogoricaa uari gadasaxadebis nawilis gadaxdaze,
vinaidan igi SeiZleba samxedro daniSnulebisaTvis iyos gamoyenebuli. komisiam
igive daadgina 7050/75-e saCivris (erousmiti gaerTianebuli samefos
winaaRmdeg) ganxilvisas, rodesac ganacxada, rom me-9 muxlis pirvel nawilSi
naxsenebi `termini „gamoxatva“ ar moicavs religiiT an rwmeniT motivirebul
an maTi zegavleniT stimulirebul yvela qmedebas~.
rogorc vxedavT, komisia Semoifargla mxolod erousmitis testis viwro formis
gamoyenebiT. mas ar ganuxilavs saqmis konkretuli faqtebi da arc momCivnis mtkice-
ba, rom mis mier gadadgmuli nabiji aucilebeli iyo misi religiis gamoxatvisaTvis.
SemdgomSi komisiam Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom
gadasaxadebis gadaxdis valdebuleba zogadi xasiaTisaa da mas ar aqvs
mizanmimarTuli qveteqsti. mis neitralobas isic adasturebs, rom
gadasaxadebis arc erT gadamxdels ar SeuZlia gansazRvros mizani an raime
zegavlena moaxdinos masze, romlis misaRwevadac iqneba gamoyenebuli misi
sagadasaxado Senatani. aqedan gamomdinare, gadasaxadebis dakisrebis
SesaZlebloba konvenciiT gamokveTilad aRiarebuli sistemaa da miniWebuli
aqvs saxelmwifos pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis safuZvelze.
argumentaciis naklebobis miuxedavad, komisiam uaryo saCivari, cno ra igi dauS-
veblad. garkveul kiTxvebs badebs zemoT moyvanili citatis pirveli ori winadade-
ba. momCivnis mtkicebiT, es gadasaxadebi seriozul zegavlenas axdendnen sindisze
188
da calkeul sferoebSi moqalaqeebs, sul cota, imis ufleba mainc unda hqonodaT,
rom garkveuli SezRudvebi daewesebinaT im miznebze, romelTa misaRwevadac unda
gamoeyenebinaT maTi sagadasaxado Senatanebi. komisiis martivi gancxadeba, rom es
ar aris mtkicebuleba, arc mTlad damajerebeli argumentia da arc erousmitis tes-
tis arsebiT gamoyenebas niSnavs. komisiis daskvnis Semdgomi nawili ki naTlad mianiS-
nebs, rom am saqmeSi miRebul gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad ufro kanonis zogadi da
neitraluri buneba daedo, vidre erousmitis testi. komisiam miuTiTa: àqedan gamom-
dinare, me-9 muxli ar aniWebs momCivans uflebas, Tavisi mrwamsis safuZvelze uari
ganacxados kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebaze, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, iTvaliswinebs
konvencia da romelic sazogadoebriv sferoSi gamoiyeneba zogadad da neitralurad,
me-9 muxliT garantirebul TavisuflebaTa xelyofis gareSe~.420 kvlavac, am argu-
mentaciiT zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebs ar SeuZliaT me-9 muxlis
darRveva, Tumca winadadebis bolo nawili TavisTavad arRvevs zogad princips.
C gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg da sxva amgvari saqmeebis alternatiuli
ganmarteba, romlebic SemdgomSi iqna ganxiluli gadasaxadebis sferoSi, aris is, rom
sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba ar arRvevs me-9 muxls, vinaidan saxelmwifos gadasa-
xadebis dakisrebis uflebamosileba konvenciis pirveli oqmis pirveli muxliT aqvs
miniWebuli.421 es argumenti msgavsia me-4 muxlisa da samxedro samsaxurisadmi ke-
Tilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis mimarT gamoyenebuli dasabuTebisa. is, rom saxel-
mwifoebs gadasaxadebis dakisrebis uflebamosileba aqvT, rac aucileblad individis
sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvas ar niSnavs (rac pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis zrun-
vis sagans warmoadgens), ar gulisxmobs, rom sagadasaxado sistemis nebismieri saxis
gamoyeneba amgvar Semowmebas daeqvemdebareba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli siste-
mis mxridan. C gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg da derbi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg
saqmeebis Sedarebis safuZvelze naTlad Cans, rom pirvelSi swored kanonis zogadi
da neitraluri xasiaTi aRmoCnda gadamwyveti da ara is, rom kanonebi gadasaxadebs
Seexeboda. orive saqmeSi momCivnebi amtkicebdnen, rom sagadasaxado kanonebis gamo-
yeneba maT mimarT ar unda momxdariyo, vinaidan aseTi gadasaxadebi maTi religiis
Tavisuflebis darRvevas warmoadgenda. derbis saqmeSi momCivnis mimarT wayenebul
iqna moTxovna, materialurad daxmareboda eklesias, romlis wevric is ar iyo. saqmeSi
C gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg ki momCivans mosTxoves, monawileoba mieRo
samxedro sistemis materialur uzrunvelyofaSi, rac mis rwmenas ar Seesabameboda.
pirvel saqmeSi, komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, adgili hqonda forum internum-is darRvevas,
saxelmwifos mtkicebis miuxedavad, rom mas hqonda gadasaxadebis dakisrebis ufleba
pirveli oqmis safuZvelze.422 rac Seexeba meore saqmes, aq komisiam momCivnis moTxovna
aSkarad dausabuTeblad miiCnia.423 komisiis mixedviT, gansxvaveba am saqmeebs Soris
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom derbis saqmeSi momCivnis saCivari ar Seexeboda misi saga-
dasaxado Senatanebis gamoyenebas im miznebisaTvis, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeboda mis
msoflmxedvelobas, aramed dakavSirebuli iyo momCivnis davaldebulebasTan, gada-
exada specialuri gadasaxadi eklesiisaTvis.424 aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc Cans, gan-
sxvaveba mxolod derbis saqmeSi arsebuli gadasaxadis uSualod religiur bunebaSi
mdgomareobda.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom kanonis zogadoba
da neitraluroba umniSvnelovanes Tu ara, gadamwyvet faqtors mainc warmoadgenda
189
komisiisaTvis imis dasadgenad, rom me-9 muxli ar darRveula.425 amis miuxedavad, komisias
arasodes uRiarebia igi Tavis zogad principad da arc sakmarisad mzad aRmoCnda, raTa is
Tanmimdevrulad, yvela saqmeSi gamoeyenebina. sasamarTlos pozicia kidev ufro wina-
aRmdegobrivi iyo. magaliTad, saqmeebSi valsamisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg da efstratiu
saberZneTis winaaRmdeg426 sasamarTlom mxolod miuTiTa, rom komisiis mixedviT me-9 muxli
ar aniWebda individebs disciplinuri wesebisgan gaTavisuflebis uflebas, romelTa ga-
moyenebac zogadi da neitraluri wesiT xdeboda, Tumca es daskvna komisiam arc
gamokveTilad gaiziara da arc misi Semdgomi komentireba moaxdina. sasamarTlos mcde-
loba zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonis rolze miTiTebisa aseve SemCneul
iqna kalacis saqmeSi, sadac sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samxedro postidan momCivnis ga-
Tavisufleba moxda ara misi religiis an rwmenis, aramed qcevisa da poziciis safuZvelze,
rac zogad samxedro saxelmZRvanelo wesebs arRvevda. savaraudod, gacilebiT mravlis-
mTqmelia is, rom sasamarTlos mier arsebiTad ganxiluli, me-9 muxlTan kavSirSi myofi
TiTqmis yvela saqme ara zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitralur, aramed specialur kanonebs
Seexeboda, romelTa samizne religiuri jgufebi iyo.427
precedentuli samarTlis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi

miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc wesi, komisia uaryofda zogadi daniSnulebisa da
neitraluri kanonebis safuZvelze me-9 muxlis darRvevis SesaZleblobas, es ar yo-
fila mtkice wesi. ramdenime erTgvarovan saqmeSi komisiam daadgina, rom adgili hqon-
da me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis darRvevas da ganagrZo ganxilva amave muxlis meore
nawilis safuZvelze. erT-erTi sfero, sadac aris tendencia sasamarTlos mxridan
me-9 muxlis meore nawilis midgomis gamoyenebisa, dakavSirebulia RvTismsaxurebis
TavisuflebasTan. qurumTa RvTismsaxureba zafxulis buniobis dResaswaulze amis
magaliTs warmoadgens.428 kanoni, romelic xuravda sTounhenjs buniobis dResaswa-
ulis dros, zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri iyo da hqonda gamokveTili sazo-
gadoebrivi mizani, romelic religiasTan kavSirSi ar iyo. xelisuflebas ar gamouye-
nebia es kanoni qurumebis mimarT diskriminaciuli wesiT. miuxedavad amisa, komisiam
druidizmi religiad gansazRvra da miiCnia, rom wesebi, romlebic qurumebs ar aZ-
levda sazafxulo ritualebis Sesrulebis saSualebas, iyo religiis Tavisufleba-
ze maTi uflebis SezRudva. komisias es gadawyvetileba ar dausabuTebia da arc zoga-
di da neitraluri kanonebi uxsenebia. RvTismsaxurebis Tavisuflebas Seexeboda ori
sxva saqmec. erTSi, sadac momCivnebi patimrebi iyvnen, gasaCivrebul iqna cixis usafr-
Txoebis zogadi wesebis gamoyeneba, romelic maT gansazRvruli religiuri msaxure-
bis Catarebis SesaZleblobas arTmevda.429 meore ki induistur taZarSi dagegmarebis
wesebis gamoyenebiT RvTismsaxurebis ganxorcielebaSi CarevasTan iyo dakavSirebu-
li.430 garda amisa, sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom meSvide dRis adventisti moswav-
lis mimarT moTxovnis wayeneba, SabaT dRes daswreboda saskolo gakveTilebs, war-
moadgenda Carevas SabaTis wesis dacviT religiis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobaSi, Tumca
SezRudva gamarTlebulad miiCnia bavSvis ganaTlebis uflebis safuZvelze.431 arc
erT zemoxsenebul saqmeSi is, rom SezRudvebi RvTismsaxurebis uflebaze zogadi
daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda, ar qceula gadam-
wyvet faqtorad me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilidan gamomdinare sakiTxebis mimarT da
arc komisias uxsenebia, rogorc mniSvnelovani argumenti.
190
SesaZloa, miCneul iqnes, rom RvTismsaxurebis ufleba specialuri SemTxvevaa,
Tumca komisiis midgoma zogad da neitralur kanonebTan dakavSirebiT Seusabamo
iyo sxva sferoebSic. saqmeSi hakansoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg,432 sadac zogadi, mSvi-
dobis darRvevis sawinaaRmdego kanonis gamoyeneba im piris mimarT ganxorcielda,
romelic alkoholsa da pornografias sajarod xmamaRla acxadebda codvad, komi-
siam me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis darRveva daadgina. sxva, Zalze msgavs saqmeSi ki
piris qmedebani, romelic, saaborto klinikis gareT mdgomi, cdilobda qalTa darw-
munebas, ar gaekeTebinaT aborti, mkvdari Canasaxisa da qristes suraTebis CvenebiT,
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis dacvis farglebs gareT moeqca komisiis gadawyvetile-
biT.433 orive saqmeSi momCivnebi sakuTari religiuri mrwamsiT xelmZRvanelobdnen
da imis Secvlas cdilobdnen, rac, maTi azriT, codvaa. orive SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenes
zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebi, romlebic sxvebs icavda Semawuxebeli qcevisagan.
miuxedavad amisa, komisiam mxolod pirvel SemTxvevaSi aRmoaCina religiis Tavisuf-
lebis darRveva (romelic, Tavis mxriv gamarTlebuli iyo), maSin, roca meore saqmeSi
miiCnia, rom momCivnis qmedebani `pirdapir iyo mimarTuli qalTa gadarwmunebisaken,
ar gaekeTebinaT aborti~ da, Sesabamisad, ar warmoadgenda religiisa da rwmenis ga-
moxatvas.434
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, uCveulod rTulia zogadi daskvnis saxiT
imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad gadamwyvetia zogadi da neitraluri kanonebis argu-
menti me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi. saqmeTa did umravlesobaSi, sadac zogadi
daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebia gasaCivrebuli, ar xdeba saCivris miReba
warmoebaSi me-9 muxlis safuZvelze, aSkara dausabuTeblobis niadagze. garda amisa,
saqmeTa nawilSi kanonis zogadoba da neitraloba komisiis argumentaciis nawilia.
Tumca, amave dros, komisia yovelTvis ar yofila am principis erTguli. calkeul
SemTxvevebSi, komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, adgili hqonda me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis
darRvevas. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela amgvar saqmeSi komisiis gadawyvetilebiT
religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudva zogadi da neitraluri kanonebis safuZvelze ga-
marTlebuli iyo me-9 muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad. aqedan gamomdinare, komisiis
de facto pozicia, ganxilul saqmeTa Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonmdebloba me-9 muxls ar arRvevs.
rac Seexeba im konceptualur Seusabamobas, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo komisiis mier
gamoyenebuli midgomebisaTvis, es naTlad metyvelebs TviT am organoSi me-9 muxli-
saTvis zogadi da neitraluri kanonebis relevanturobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
arsebul azrTa sxvadasxvaobaze. precedentul samarTalSi am sakiTxis irgvliv sicxa-
dis naklebobis gaTvaliswinebiT, upriani iqneboda mimogvexila ramdenime gansxvave-
buli argumenti, rac saSualebas mogvcemda, ukeT agvexsna komisiis survilis uqon-
loba, daikavos mtkice samarTlebrivi pozicia.
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis analizi
midgoma me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis safuZvelze
sasamarTlos jer ar Camouyalibebia naTeli pozicia zogadi daniSnulebisa da
neitraluri kanonebis mimarT. Tanmimdevruli midgoma iqneboda, Tuki sasamarTlo
191
ganacxadebda, rom es kanonebi me-9 muxls ar arRvevs. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, bevri-
saTvis aseTi midgoma samarTlianobisa (vinaidan igi yvelas mimarT msgavsi wesebis
gamoyenebas gulisxmobs) da demokratiis (vinaidan igi umciresobaTa an `fanatiko-
sebis~ mxridan sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis gamiznuli kanonebis xelyofis
Tavidan acilebis saSualebas iZleva) moTxovnebis Sesruleba iqneboda. Tumca amgvari
midgoma ar ikveTeba me-9 muxlis teqstSi, sadac, ubralod, saubaria religiis gamo-
xatvis Tavisuflebaze. imisaTvis, rom me-9 muxli efeqturi iyos, zogjer aucile-
belia prevalireba moaxdinos arsebul samarTlebriv wesrigze. ufro metic, aRiare-
buli unda iqnes, rom TeoriaSi kanonis yvelas mimarT Tanabrad gamoyeneba ar metyve-
lebs mis samarTlianobaze (msgavsi tvirTis yvelaze dakisrebis TvalsazrisiT). es
zogadi mosazreba aRiarebulia samarTlebriv TeoriaSi.435 is kriSnasvamim gaimeora
religiisa da rwmenis konteqstSi. am avtoris Tanaxmad, `vinaidan TiToeuli rwmena
da religia gansxvavebul moTxovnebs uyenebs Tavis mimdevrebs, meqanikuri midgoma
Tanasworobis principisadmi, romelic mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebs am moTxovnaTa mra-
valferovnebas, migviyvans usamarTlobamde, zog SemTxvevaSi ki diskriminaciam-
dec~.436 mogvianebiT manve daaskvna, rom `religiisa da rwmenis garkveul manifesta-
ciebze dakisrebul gansazRvrul SezRudvebs, miuxedavad maTi udavod zogadi xasi-
aTisa, SeuZlia realurad mxolod ama Tu im jgufze moaxdinos zegavlena an sxvebze
metad mas miayenos ziani~. aqedan gamomdinare, mraval iurisdiqciaSia aRiarebuli,
rom zogadi daniSnulebis kanoni SesaZlebelia arapirdapir diskriminaciuli iyos,
radgan igi adamianTa gansazRvrul jgufs akisrebs gacilebiT mZime tvirTs, vidre
danarCen mosaxleobas da, Sesabamisad, SeuZlia mniSvnelovanwilad xelyos maTi reli-
giisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba.437 amis magaliTs religiis Tavisuflebis
konteqstSi warmoadgens aSS-s amkrZalavi kanonmdebloba. misi gamoyeneba yvelas mi-
marT Tanabrad xdeboda da gamiznuli iyo sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis uzrunvel-
sayofad. Tumca, Tuki am kanonebiT ar iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebi
ziarebisa da sederisaTvis,438 moxdeboda aSkara Careva qristianuli eklesiebisa da
amerikeli ebraelebis yvelaze wminda ritualebSi.439 naTelia, rom, magaliTad, kanoni,
romelic pirdapiri gziT akrZalavs kaTolikur mesas, daarRvevs religiis Tavisuf-
lebas. aseve logikuria miviCnioT, rom kanoni, romelic arapirdapiri gziT identuri
Sedegis momtania, Tuki SeuZlebels xdis aucilebeli saritualo saSualebebiT sar-
geblobas, aseve arRvevs adamianis uflebas religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze RvTis-
msaxurebis formiT. aqedan gamomdinare, rTulia imis Tqma, rom sasamarTlom auci-
leblad prima facie unda gamoricxos zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebi
me-9 muxlis ganxilvis sazRvrebidan.440
amis miuxedavad, zogierTi avtoris mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlom swored es
midgoma unda airCios, roca saqme religiis Tavisuflebas Seexeba.441 amgvari debatebi
Zalze mwvave iyo aSS-Si, sadac uzenaesma sasamarTlom uamravi midgoma gamoiyena
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis mimarT. Tavdapirvelad uzenaesma
sasamarTlom pirveli Sesworebisadmi viwro midgomiT isargebla, romelic rwmenis
sferos ufro Seexeboda, vidre qmedebebs.442 amgvari interpretacia ar qmnis konf-
liqts religiis Tavisuflebis sasamarTlo koncefciasa da zogad da neitralur
kanonebs Soris.443 Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRiara,
rom religiis Tavisufleba gansazRvrul qmedebebsac moicavda da zogadi daniSnu-
192
lebisa da neitralur kanonebsac SeeZloT religiis Tavisuflebis xelyofa. am aR-
moCenis umaRles miRwevas warmoadgenda saqme viskonsini ioderis winaaRmdeg,444 sadac
uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo
valdebuli iyo, gaeTvaliswinebina gamonaklisebi kanonSi, romelic 16 wlamde saval-
debulo swavlebas Seexeboda, vinaidan amiSebis religia Tavisi mimdevrebisagan cxov-
rebis iseTi wesis SenarCunebas iTxovda, romelic Seusabamo iyo 14 wels zeviT sas-
kolo swavlebasTan. Tumca dResdReobiT, rogorc Cans, sasamarTlom sawyis pozicias
dauqvemdebara religiis Tavisuflebis garantiis sazRvrebi. saqmeSi oregoni smitis
winaaRmdeg445 uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pirvel Sesworebas ar arRvevda
kanoni, romelic meqsikuri warmoSobis kaqtusisgan damzadebuli narkotikuli niv-
Tierebis (peiotis) miRebis kriminalizacias axdenda yovelgvari gamonaklisis daSve-
bis gareSe aborigeni amerikelebis, indielebisaTvis, romlebic mas tradiciul re-
ligiur ritualebSi iyenebdnen. gadawyvetileba mwvave kritikis sagnad iqca446 da
kongresi Seecada, is Seecvala 1993 wels miRebuli religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis
aqtiT.447 es aqti krZalavda mTavrobis mier àrsebiTi tvirTis~ dakisrebas piris
religiis Tavisuflebaze zogado daniSnulebis regulaciebis gamoyenebiT, Tu mTav-
roba ver aCvenebda, rom tvirTi `sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis xelSewyoba iyo~
da Sesabamisi regulacia `minimalur SemzRudvel saSualebas~ warmoadgenda am inte-
resis mxardaWerisaTvis. Tumca uzenaesma sasamarTlom es kanonmdebloba arakon-
stituciurad miiCnia da kvlav daadastura oregonis saqmeSi dakavebuli pozicia.448
zogad kanonebTan dakavSirebiT religiis gamoxatvis àdaptaciis~ kritika ame-
rikaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis konstituciuri gamijvnis uzrunvelyofaze zrun-
vidan gamomdinareobs, romelic arc ise mniSvnelovani sakiTxia evropul konteqstSi.
Tumca arsebobs sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic relevanturia maSinac, roca aqtualuri
ar aris eklesiisa da saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi gamijvna. amis mizezi politikuri
tipis SeSfoTeba ufroa im potenciuri safrTxiT, rac individebis mier zogadi
daniSnulebis kanonebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevidan gamomdinareobs, vidre samarT-
lebrivi argumenti. am Tvalsazrisis mowinaaRmdegeebis mixedviT arsebobs zogadi
daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetis ori
gza, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes, rom es kanonebi represiuli ar iyos religiis Ta-
visuflebis mimarT. pirveli kanonebidan gamonaklisebis daSvebaSi mdgomareobs (ma-
galiTad, ufleba keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobaze savaldebulo samxedro samsaxu-
ris sistemaSi), meore ki religiis Tavisuflebis mimarT kanonebis naklebad SemzRud-
veli wesiT SemuSavebas gulisxmobs.449
vinaidan komisia da sasamarTlo zogadad uaryofdnen im momCivanTa saCivrebs,
romlebic me-9 muxlis safuZvelze iTxovdnen gaTavisuflebas zogadi daniSnulebisa
da neitraluri kanonebis moqmedebisagan, aucilebelia amgvari poziciis mizezebis
mimoxilva.
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis minimaluri SezRudva,

rogorc saxelmwifos valdebuleba
maTi mtkicebiT, vinc religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis minimalurad SemzRud-
veli wesiT kanonebis SemuSavebis arguments ewinaaRmdegeba, es moTxovna sakmaod
mZime tvirTis dakisreba iqneboda saxelmwifoze.450 es marTalia, vinaidan evropuli
193
sazogadoebebi religiurad pluralistur organizmebad Camoyalibdnen da Zalian
bevrs ganuviTarda individualisturi rwmenebi.451 am konteqstSi, molodini saxel-
mwifoTa mxridan (Tavi rom davaneboT kanonebidan gamonaklisebis daSvebas) uamravi
jgufis rwmenaTa sistemebis codnisa, romelTac esa Tu is kanoni SeexebaT, arare-
aluria. mTavrobebs sazogadoebis keTildReobis interesebidan gamomdinare unda
hqondeT marTvis SesaZlebloba da maTze `naklebad SemzRudvelobis~ moTxovnis da-
kisreba am SesaZleblobis xelyofas moaxdenda.452
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs simarTlis elementebi am argumentebSi. udavoa, rom saxel-
mwifoebis mimarT moTxovna kanonebis iseTi formiT miRebaze, romelic religiisa
da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mimarT pativiscemiT iqneboda ganmsWvaluli, garkveul
zegavlenas moaxdenda maT SesaZleblobaze, droulad da efeqturad ganexorci-
elebinaT umravlesobis miznebi. Tumca swored es aris is sazRauri, romlis gaRebac
unda moxdes im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic pativs scemen adamianis uflebebs. pro-
fesor dvorkinis Tanaxmad, ùmravlesoba ver SeZlebs ise swrafad an ise win wasv-
las, rogorc surs, Tuki aRiarebs individis uflebas, gaakeTos is, rac umravleso-
bisaTvis cud saqcielad iTvleba~. garda amisa, igi aRniSnavs, rom Tuki Cven namdvilad
Zvirad gviRirs uflebebi, es sakmaod misaRebi sazRauria. umravlesobisaTvis xelsay-
reli mdgomareoba fundamenturi uflebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis ga-
moCenisaTvis sakmarisi argumenti ar aris. sasamarTlom gaiziara es Sexeduleba da
ganacxada, rom `Tumca individis interesebi zog SemTxvevaSi unda daeqvemdebaros
jgufis interesebs, demokratia imas ar niSnavs, rom umravlesobis mosazrebebi yo-
velTvis unda dominirebdes: unda iqnes miRweuli balansi, romliTac uzrunvelyo-
fili iqneba umciresobaTa samarTliani da saTanado mopyroba da Tavidan agvacilebs
dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyenebas~.453
am winadadebis mowinaaRmdegeTa mtkicebiT, ararealisturia molodini saxelmwi-
fos mxridan im gzis codnisa, romliTac ama Tu im kanons SeuZlia zegavlenis moxdena
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebaze. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, pirveli Seswo-
rebiT gaTvaliwinebuli religiis Tavisuflebis dacvis konteqstSi, stiven karteri
ayalibebs analogias deliqturi kanonmdeblobis mimarT im mosazrebis sasargeblod,
romlis Tanaxmadac uzrunelyofili unda iqnes, rom kanoniT usamarTlod ar SeizRu-
dos religiis Tavisufleba.
faqtobrivad, nebismier momCivans deliqturi samarTalwarmoebisa aqvs
Tavisufleba, daeyrdnos keTilgonier saerTo samarTlebriv doqtrinas,
romlis mixedviTac prezumirebulia, rom individebs mxedvelobaSi unda
hqondeT miRebuli TavianTi qmedebebis gonivrulad ganWvretadi Sedegebi.
pirovnebis davaldebuleba, rom miyenebuli zianis kompensireba moaxdinos,
kerZo pirebs waaxalisebs, mxedvelobaSi miiRon ziani, romelic maT
qmedebas mohyveba. vinaidan racionalurad moazrovne adamiani mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi imoqmedebs, rodesac mosalodneli Sedegi gadawonis savaraudo
xarjebs, izrdeba saerTo socialuri keTildReoba. Tumca samoqalaqo uflebaTa,
am SemTxvevaSi aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis, mosarCeleebi Caflulni
arian uCveulo iurisprudenciaSi, romlis mixedviTac xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT imoqmedon im xarjebis (konstituciuri
danakargis saxiT) mxedvelobaSi miuReblad, rac SesaZloa mohyves maT
194
qmedebebs, sanam maTi moqmedeba indiferentulobidan gamomdinareobs da ar
aris mtruli xasiaTisa. es wesi erT dros deliqturi samarTaldarRvevebis
SemTxvevaSic moqmedebda, Tumca sasamarTloebma didi xnis win Tqves masze uari.
karteris mtkicebiT, mTavrobisaTvis nebis darTva, nebismier sferoSi ganaxor-
cielos sakanonmdeblo qmedebebi, sanam religia kanonis Segnebul samizned ar ga-
daiqceva, waaxalisebs saxelmwifoebs, religiis Tavisuflebis sakiTxebis ignorireba
moaxdinon sakanonmdeblo procesSi, maSin, roca wesi, romelic maT daavaldebulebda,
gaemarTlebinaT kanonmdeblobis sazRvrebi, Tuki igi religiasa da rwmenaSi ereoda,
uzrunvelyofda mTavrobaTa windaxedulebas morwumuneTa uflebebis dasacavad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `minimalurad SemzRudveli~ midgomis gamoyenebis SemTx-
vevaSi saxelmwifoebs aSkara praqtikuli sirTuleebis daZleva mouwevT, am proble-
mebis gadalaxva arc ise warmoudgenelia, rogorc zogierTs miaCnia. uamrav saxelmwi-
foSi arsebobs sakanonmdeblo komitetebi Tu sxva organoebi, romelTac evalebaT
SemoTavazebuli kanonproeqtebis mimoxilva adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebiT aRe-
bul valdebulebebTan Sesabamisobis Semowmebis mizniT. Tuki sasamarTlo airCevda
im mimarTulebas, romlis mixedviTac kanonebi religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebi-
sadmi rac SeiZleba naklebad SemzRudveli wesiT unda SeemuSavebinaT, maSin is zo-
gadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebi, romelTac potenciuri zegavlenis mox-
dena SeeZloT religiaze an rwmenaze, am komitetebis kompetenciis farglebSi moeqce-
odnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeuZlebelia, komitets moeTxovos saxelmwifoSi arse-
bul yvela religiaTa da rwmenaTa srulyofili codna, mis wevrebs konsultaciis
uamravi meqanizmis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT, dawyebuli sazogadoebrivi
Sekrebebis organizebiTa da sxvadasxva religiebis warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgari
sakonsultacio jgufebis SeqmniT, damTavrebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebs So-
ris warmodgenili kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb informaciis farTo gavrcelebis uzrun-
velyofiT. garda amisa, religiur an rwmenaze dafuZnebul jgufebs xSirad gacnobi-
erebuli aqvT kanonproeqtebis potenciurad uaryofiTi zegavlena maT sazogado-
ebebze, Tumca ar gaaCniaT saTanado saSualebani, romelTa meSveobiT SeZlebdnen
TavianTi winadadebebis mTavrobisaTvis wardgenas.454 minimaluri SezRudvebis wesi
mianiWebda maT amgvar SesaZleblobas da waaxalisebda saxelmwifoebs, gamoenaxaT
aseT jgufebTan komunikaciis saSualebani. mokled rom vTqvaT, religiis Tavisuf-
lebis seriozulad dacvis nebis realurad arsebobis pirobebSi saxelmwifo xeli-
suflebas uamravi saSualeba aqvs, uzrunvelyos sakuTari Tavis informireba Se-
sabamisi kanonmdeblobis gziT am uflebaze potenciurad uaryofiTi zegavlenis
moxdenis Sesaxeb.455
socialuri anarqiis argumenti

gansazRvruli SexedulebiT zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebidan
gamonaklisis daSvebam an minimalurad SemzRudveli midgomis gamoyenebam religiis
Tavisuflebis mimarT SesaZloa kanonmdeblobis fragmentacia da sazogadoebrivi
erTianobis rRveva gamoiwvios. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo iyenebda termins `mmarT-
veli anarqia~ im saCivrebis uarsayofad, romelTa mixedviTac yvela kanoni dabalan-
sebuli unda iyos urTierTsawinaaRmdego religiuri moTxovnebis gaTvaliswine-
biT.456 es argumenti gonivruli interesis anareklia, raTa adamianebi ar gadaiqcnen
195
TavianTi Tavis kanonmdeblebad, TviTon ar gadawyviton, Tu ra aris maT sindisTan
SesabamisobaSi da mxolod im kanonebs ar daemorCilon, romlebic, maTi azriT,
jerovania.457 es problema Tavisi potencialiT gacilebiT didia evropaSi, vidre aSS-
Si, romlis konstituciac mxolod religiis Tavisuflebas icavs da ara gacilebiT
farTo, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul religiasa da
rwmenas. problema kidev ufro mwvavdeba TaRliTuri moTxovnebis gamo, rodesac
adamianebi religiis Tavisuflebis argumentebs mZime da usiamovno socialuri val-
debulebebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT iyeneben. SesaZlebelia isic, rom
kanonis Sesrulebisagan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobam gamoiwvios individebis
Cavardna paTologiuri TviTgamocdis procesSi samarTlebrivi valdebulebisagan
Tavis daRwevis survilis gamo da waaxalisos isini, raTa moiTxovon gamonaklisis
maTze gavrceleba, maSin roca sxva pirobebSi arc ki ifiqrebdnen kanonis moTxovne-
bisadmi daumorCileblobaze.458
es argumentebi gacilebiT damajerebelia gamonaklisebis, vidre kanonebis mini-
malurad SemzRudveli wesiT SemuSavebis moTxovnis konteqstSi. zogad principad
imis aRiareba, rom TiToeuli piri uflebamosilia isargeblos gamonaklisiT nebis-
mieri kanonidan, romliTac izRudeba misi SesaZlebloba religiisa da rwmenis gamo-
xatvaze, potenciurad mZime socialuri Sedegebis momtani iqneboda, imis miuxedavad,
rom amgvari principi mainc daeqvemdebareboda saxelmwifos uflebas gamonaklisiT
sargeblobaze uaris Tqmisa demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aucileblobis niadagze.
Tumca ramdenime sferoSi, magaliTad, samxedro samsaxurisadmi keTilsindisieri wi-
naaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi, erTaderT saSualebad saxelmwifo interesebisa da mowi-
naaRmdegeTa moTxovnebis dabalansebisa SesaZloa, swored gansazRvruli formis
gamonaklisebis daSveba warmoadgendes. miuxedavad amisa, am Sedegis momtani zogadi
principi Zalze mZime tvirTs daakisrebda saxelmwifos, kerZod, gamoevlina is SemTx-
vevebi, rodesac moqalaqeebi ar imsaxurebdnen gamonaklisiT sargeblobas da amave
dros usamarTlod ar Careuliyo maT forum internum-Si.
amgvar SeSfoTebas ar iwvevs idea, romlis Tanaxmadac kanoni iseTi wesiT unda iqnes
SemuSavebuli, rom religiis Tavisuflebis minimalurad SemzRudveli iyos (imis aRi-
arebiT, rom zog SemTxvevaSi amis miRwevis saukeTeso saSualebas zogadi daniSnulebis
kanonis SemuSaveba warmoadgens, romelic garkveul gamonaklisebs gaiTvaliswinebs).
profesor racis daskvniT, individis sindissa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebas Soris
konfliqtis Tavidan acilebis saukeTeso saSualeba kanonebis gauqmeba iqneboda im
sferoebSi, sadac konfliqti mosalodnelia. `sindisis Tavisufleba da saxelmwifos
pluralisturi xasiaTi garantirebulia mgrZnobiare moraluri mrwamsis obieqtad
cnobil sferoebSi qmedebaTa daregulirebisgan Tavis SekavebiTa da sxvadasxva reli-
giuri da moraluri mrwamsis adamianebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi saSualebebisa da momsa-
xurebis uzrunvelyofiT~.459 da kvlav, aq ar igulisxmeba sakanonmdeblo SezRudva maSin,
rodesac saqme dauSvebel qmedebebs exeba. im religiebisa da rwmenebis SemTxvevaSi,
romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iReben sxvebisaTvis zianis miyenebaSi, saxelmwifosaTvis
safrTxis Seqmnasa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis riskis qveS dayenebaSi, maTi
saqmianoba SeiZleba saTanadod SeizRudos me-9 muxlis meore nawilis Sesabamisad. es
midgoma moiTxovs mxolod sakanonmdeblo SezRudvasa da xelovnebas, raTa uzrunvel-
yofil iqnes religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacva ignorirebisagan sxva sazogadoeb-
196
rivi miznebis ganxorcielebis procesSi. religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
mizezebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavdeba. TaRliTobis, diskriminaciis, forum
internum-Si saxelmwifos Carevis da savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi monawileTa
sindisis Selaxvis Tavidan acilebis saukeTeso saSualebas SesaZloa samxedro mosamsa-
xureTa gawvevis institutis profesiuli samxedro ZalebiT Canacvleba warmoadgen-
des.460 Tumca, SesaZlebelia, calkeul saxelmwifoebs erovnuli uSiSroebis interese-
bidan gamomdinare gulwrfeli SeSfoTebis gamo ar SeuZliaT amgvari cvlilebebis
ganxorcieleba da mouwevT imis Cveneba, rom maT demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aucilebe-
lia gawvevis SenarCuneba, Tumca, SesaZloa, am garemoebebis pirobebSi garTuldes aseve
garkveuli gamonaklisebis ardaSvebis Zlieri interesis dadastureba.
zogierTi kanoni marTlac ise unda SemuSavdes, rom garkveulwilad zRudavdes
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebas, rodesac saxezea me-9 muxlis meore nawiliT
gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi. es aseve agvacilebs Tavidan samarTlebrivi sistemis
sruli fragmentaciis wyarod me-9 muxlis gadaqcevas. magaliTad, fermerebma, rom-
lebmac uari ganacxades mTeli qveynis masStabiT mimdinare msxvilfexa rqosani pi-
rutyvis vaqcinaciis programaSi monawileobaze, safrTxis winaSe daayenes mTeli
programis warmateba, vinaidan maTi saqonlis infeqcias SeeZlo xeli SeeSala nider-
landebSi daavadebis aRmofxvrisaTvis.461 iZulebiTi dazRvevis sistemis moqmedeba
aseve Zalze garTuldeboda xSiri gamonaklisebis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom niderlandebSi (sadac umciresobis eklesia arsebobs, romelic dazRvevis
sastiki winaaRmdegia) daSvebuli iyo religiur niadagze gaTavisufleba iZulebiTi
dazRvevisgan, ufro maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis sanacvlod.462 imaves Tqma Se-
iZleba savaldebulo sapensio sistemaze,463 Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi piris mxar-
daWeris tvirTi siberis wlebSi ekisreba ufro im individs, romelic programaSi
monawileobas ar moisurvebs, vidre mTlianad sazogadoebas.464 Tumca sxva saqmeebSi
gamonaklisebis daSveba an kanonebis minimalurad SemzRudveli wesiT SemuSaveba
naklebad mniSvnelovan sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. gaerTianebuli samefos
mTavrobam gadawyvita, rom gamonaklisebis daSveba siqebisTvis motocikletistTaT-
vis gankuTvnil usafrTxoebis muzaradTan dakavSirebuli kanonebidan arc kanonmdeb-
lobas uqmnida realur safrTxes da arc mis obieqts xelyofda.465 amis msgavsad
ramdenime qveyana Seecada dasvenebis dReebi daewesebina bevri religiis, da ara mxo-
lod dominanti religiuri mimdinareobis, religiuri dResasawaulebis TariRebTan
TanxvedriT. amas ki religiisa da rwmenis moTxovnebsa da saxelmwifo kanonebs Soris
konfliqtebis Semcirebisken mivyavarT.
aqedan gamomdinare, minimalurad SemzRudveli midgoma da zogadi daniSnulebisa
da neitraluri kanonebidan gamonaklisebis daSveba ar qmnis qaosis iseT safrTxes,
rogorc amas bevri amtkicebs.466 es ar gulisxmobs, rom kanonma pativi unda sces
TiToeuli adamianis uflebas, TviTon gadawyvitos, daemorCilos Tu ara kanons, ara-
med igi moiTxovs kanonmdeblisagan, gaiTvaliswinos, Tu ra zegavlenis moxdena Se-
uZlia am Tu im kanons religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebaze, aseve winaswar moiTaT-
biros religiur sazogadoebebTan kanonebis SemuSavebis iseT gzebze, romlebic uz-
runvelyofen sazogadoebriv keTildReobas, religiisa da rwmenis TavisuflebaSi
gaumarTlebeli Carevis gareSe.
197
me-9 muxlis meore nawilis Sesustebis argumenti
doqtori stefanos stavrosi erT-erTi im mcirericxovan avtorTagania, romel-
sac zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis sakiTxebi konvenciasTan mimar-
TebiT aqvs ganxiluli. igi kidev erT potenciur problemaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
romelic SeiZleba me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi zogad da neitralur kanonebTan
dakavSirebuli saCivrebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmnas. stavrosi wuxils
gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom, Tuki sasamarTlo aSkara dainteresebas gamoiCens, religia
da rwmena zogadi da neitraluri kanonebisgan xelyofilad CaTvalos, amis kompen-
sireba mas me-9 muxlis meore nawilis moTxovnaTa SesustebiT mouwevs, raTa saxelm-
wifos qmedebebi usamarTlod ar SeizRudos. amis mtkicebulebad stavross aSS-Si
`sasicocxlo interesis~ testis Sesusteba mohyavs zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitra-
lur kanonebTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi, romelic konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis
SezRudvis gamarTlebad gamoiyeneboda. misi mosazrebiT, konvenciis iurispruden-
ciis msgavs ganviTarebas SeuZlia riskis qveS daayenos komisiis da sasamarTlos mier
garantirebuli dacva, rogorc igi uwodebs, `Zvelmoduri~ religiuri devnisagan.
igi mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs imis uzrunvelyofas, rom religiur devnasTan dakavSi-
rebuli saCivrebi ar iqnes safrTxis winaSe dayenebuli zogadi da neitraluri kano-
nebiT dakisrebuli SedarebiT mcire SezRudvebis sakiTxebis gadawyvetisken ganvi-
Tarebuli iurisprudenciiT. am mizezidan gamomdinare, igi amarTlebs sasamarTlosa
da komisiis mier zogadad gamoyenebul midgomas, romlis Tanaxmadac zogadi da ne-
itraluri kanonebi ar wamoWrian me-9 muxlisaTvis relevantur sakiTxebs.
aucilebelia sami ZiriTadi sakiTxis mimoxilva zemoT ganxiluli argumentis sa-
pasuxod. pirveli aris is, rom, rogorc religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaTa SezRud-
vebisadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi aRiniSna, sasamarTlo da komisia yovelTvis didi pati-
viscemiT epyrobodnen saxelmwifoTa moTxovnebs me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZ-
velze. zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis mimarT saxelmwifoTa argu-
mentebis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSic, savaraudod, ar aris mosalodneli msgavsi da-
mokidebulebis Secvla. meore, konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva uflebebis mimarT
komisia da sasamarTlo cvlian saxelmwifoTa diskrecias faqtobrivi garemoebebidan
gamomdinare. gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos diskreciuli uf-
lebamosileba politikur konteqstSi viwro xasiaTisaa,467 rac srulebiT ar iqna
safrTxis winaSe dayenebuli gacilebiT farTo diskreciiT iseT sferoebSi, rogori-
caa pornografia.468 zogadi da neitraluri kanoni, savaraudod, gacilebiT iolad
akmayofilebs me-9 muxlis meore nawilis moTxovnebs da, Sesabamisad, ufro farTo
diskrecias aniWebs saxelmwifoebs, vidre kanoni, romelic specialurad religiuri
qcevis SezRudviskenaa mimarTuli. sinamdvileSi komisia iyenebda amgvar tests me-9
muxlis konteqstSi saxelmwifos im saqmianobis detaluri SemowmebiT, romelic
gamiznulad aris mimarTuli religiuri umciresobebis SezRudvisaken da amave dros
saxelmwifos poziciis gaziarebiT zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebTan dakavSirebul
mraval sakiTxSi.
bolo problema, rac doqtor stavrosis analizTan aris dakavSirebuli, imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom am avtoris Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia religiuri devnis ZiriTadi
SemTxvevebi aSkarad da iolad iqnes izolirebuli da, savaraudod, zogadi daniSnule-
198
bisa da neitraluri kanonebis safuZvelze seriozul devnas ar eqneba adgili. reli-
giuri devnis arsi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras moviazrebT religiisa da rwmenis
qveS. rogorc wesi, komisia da sasamarTlo gacilebiT mniSvnelovan dacvas aniWebdnen
tradiciul qristianul religiur gamoxatvas, rogoricaa RvTismsaxureba469 da
prozelitizmi,470 vidre araqristianuls, maT Soris Tavsaburavis tarebas,471 reli-
giuri artefaqtebis flobasa472 da garkveuli qcevis Secvlisaken sxvebisaTvis saja-
rod mowodebas.473 es ar gulismobs, rom komisia da sasamarTlo Segnebulad arian
araqristiani morwmune momCivnebis sawinaaRmdegod ganwyobilni, Tumca naTlad met-
yvelebs, Tu ra saxifaToa, vaRiaroT, TiTqos arsebobs saerTo gageba imisa, Tu ra
aris arsebiTi religiisa da rwmenis dacvisaTvis. muslimani qalbatonisaTvis, romel-
sac mosTxoves fotosuraTis gadaReba Tavsaburavis gareSe, ieRovas mowme bavSvebi-
saTvis, romlebic daisajnen aRlumSi monawileobaze uaris gacxadebisaTvis, paci-
fistisTvis, romelsac ar mieca gansazRvruli samxedro valdebulebis winaaRmdeg
gamosvlis SesaZlebloba, amgvari kanonebi religiisa da rwmenis iseTi SezRudvebia,
romlebsac isini iseve mZafrad ganicdian, rogorc sxva ganicdida, misTvis sajaro
RvTismsaxurebis neba rom ar daerToT.
religiuri umciresobebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba

erTi Zlieri mxare imis aRiarebisa, rom zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonis
safuZvelze SesaZlebelia me-9 muxlis darRveva da religiis Tavisuflebis adekvatu-
ri dacvisaTvis kanonidan gamonaklisebis daSveba, an minimalurad SemzRudveli wesiT
kanonmdeblobis SemuSaveba SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes, mdgomareobs umciresobaTa reli-
giebisa da rwmenebis mimdevarTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi. maSin, roca kanonebis
SemuSavebisas faqtobrivad yovelTvis moxdeba msxvili religiuri jgufebis intere-
sebis mxedvelobaSi miReba, SedarebiT mcire jgufebi SeiZleba TamaSgare situaciaSi
aRmoCndnen, xSirad ignorirebis Sedegad da ara imis gamo, rom vinmes maTi Seviwroeba
ganuzraxavs. aSS-Si amis magaliTs warmoadgens amkrZalavi kanonebidan gamonaklisis
saxiT Rvinis daSveba ritualuri miznebisaTvis, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi uari miliono-
biT adamians Seexeboda. amave dros aborigeni amerikelebis (indielebis) msjavrdeba
peiotis (meqsikuri warmoSobis kaqtusisgan damzadebuli narkotikuli saSualebis)
tradiciul ritualSi gamoyenebisaTvis ar CaiTvala pirveli Sesworebis darRve-
vad.474 am narkotikuli saSualebis sawinaaRmdego zogadi kanonmdebloba ar iTvalis-
winebda gamonakliss im SedarebiT mcire jgufisaTvis, romlisTvisac misi gamoyeneba
religiuri ritualis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgenda. evropul konteqstSi, tradici-
uli religiebi, axlad aRmocenebuli religiuri mimdinareobebisgan gansxvavebiT,
istoriul sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebis safuZvelze saxelmwifoebisgan
iReben dafinansebas sakuTari eklesiebis Sesanaxad.475 Tumca, ra Tqma unda, Znelia
msxvili religiuri jgufebis ignorireba zogadi da neitraluri kanonebis SemuSa-
vebisas, umciresobaTa interesebis gauTvaliswinebloba ki — sakmaod ioli.
isini, vinc iziarebs pozicias, romlis Tanaxmadac zogadi da neitraluri kanone-
bi ar arRvevs me-9 muxls, aRiareben, rom es namdvilad umciresobaTa SesaZleblo-
bebis Sekvecas niSnavs. maTi mosazrebiT, arsebobs gacilebiT ukeTesi gzebi amgvari
jgufebis dasacavad, vidre me-9 muxlis farTo interpretireba. magaliTad, profe-
sor malkolm evansis mixedviT, aucilebeli ar aris, religiis Tavisufleba gan-
199
sazRvruli sazRauris gaRebis gareSe ganxorcieldes da im jgufebma, romlebic uk-
mayofiloni arian zogadi kanonis safuZvelze maTi religiis gamoxatvis SezRud-
viT, kompensaciisaTvis demokratiuli saSualebebi unda gamoiyenon. azrisa da gamo-
xatvis Tavisuflebam neba unda darTos umciresobebs TavianTi SeSfoTeba umravle-
sobas gauziaron, xolo demokratiuli saSualebebiT ki umciresobebis interesebi
unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisis daSvebis an kanonis xelmeored SemuSavebis
gziT.
amgvari saxis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvelaze
daucvel jgufebs, romelTa sakanonmdeblo procesis miRma datovebis SesaZlebloba
sakmaod didia, Seadgenen savaraudod farTo sazogadoebisagan izolirebuli umniSv-
nelo politikuri gavlenis mqone mcire sazogadoebebi. es swored is jgufebia, ro-
melTac yvelaze naklebad SeuZliaT sakuTari miznebis miRweva demokratiuli saSu-
alebebis gamoyenebiT. mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT uperspeqtivo xdeba calkeuli
jgufebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic antipaTiuri damokidebulebiT sargebloben farTo
sazogadoebis da samarTlebrivi sistemis mxridanac ki,476 rac kargad Cans saberZneTis
sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebidan ieRovas mowmeebis saqmeebSi, sadac maT gamud-
mebiT ixseniebdnen seqtad, imis miuxedavad, rom es mimdinareoba aRiarebuli religiaa
saberZneTis kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze.477 sasamarTlos mxridan imis gacxadeba, rom
amgvarma jgufebma mxardaWera sazogadoebis umravlesobisagan unda moipovon, gu-
lisxmobs aRniSnuli organos mier im rolis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmas, romelic man
umciresobebis dacvis sferoSi unda Seasrulos.478 Tuki uflebebi marTlac Rire-
bul faseulobebad aris miCneuli, drodadro maT sazogadoebriv azrze unda moaxdi-
non prevalireba da dacva mianiWon maT, visac yvelaze metad sWirdeba is — farTo
sazogadoebis mier ignorirebul da gariyul jgufebs.
***
saqmeebSi, sadac saCivari zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebs Seexeboda,

sasamarTlosa da komisiis gadawyvetilebebiT yovelTvis an religiisa da rwmenis
TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ar wamoiWreboda, an es kanonebi akmayofi-
lebda me-9 muxlis meore nawilis moTxovnebs. rogorc Cans, sasamarTlom da komisiam
aRiares uaryofiTi damokidebuleba religiisa da rwmenis im mimdevarTa mimarT,
romlebic iTxovdnen uflebas, uari ganecxadebinaT mravalmxriv samarTlebriv sis-
temebSi monawileobaze da zogjer arc konkretuli saqmis detalebs aqcevdnen sakma-
ris yuradRebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari sistemebi mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv
miznebs emsaxureba da gamonaklisebis daSveba an kanonebis minimalurad SemzRudveli
wesiT SemuSavebis midgoma garkveul tvirTs akisrebs saxelmwifoebs, Zalze mniSvne-
lovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom zogadi daniSnulebis kanonmdeblobas SeuZlia
seriozuli SezRudvebi daawesos SedarebiT patara da daucveli jgufebis religiasa
da rwmenaze. amgvar jgufebs ar SeuZliaT mxolod demokratiul procesebs daeyr-
dnon sakuTari moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelsayofad.
zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitraluri kanonebis winaaRmdeg aRZruli mravali
saCivridan naTelia, rom momCivnebi TavianTi religiisa da rwmenisaTvis safrTxis
Semcvelad ganixilaven im kanonebs, romlebic prima facie mxolod mcirediT an saer-
Tod ar Seexebian religias. maT umravlesobas Seadgenen umciresobaTa warmomadgen-
200
lebi an individebi, romelTa rwmenac maT arsebul instituciur struqturasTan
konfliqtisaken ubiZgebs. maT ver SeZles demokratiuli procesebis gamoyeneba kano-
nis Secvlis an misi moTxovnebisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis. am jgufebisaTvis imis
Tqma, rom kanoni, romelic maTi SexedulebiT seriozul negatiur gavlenas axdens
maT religiasa da rwmenaze, faqtobrivad ar warmoadgens religiisa da rwmenis gamo-
xatvis SezRudvas (an ar aris sakmarisi me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacviT sar-
geblobisaTvis), niSnavs konvenciis safuZvelze samarTlian dacvaze uars. amaSi ar
igulisxmeba, rom jgufebs yovelTvis unda hqondeT gamonaklisebiT sargeblobis
ufleba da kanonebis interpretireba da gamoyeneba aucileblad imgvarad unda gan-
xorcieledes, rom ar moxdes Careva maT religiasa da rwmenaSi. konvenciis SemzRud-
veli klauzulebi naTlad adastureben, rom individis uflebebs yovelTvis ar SeuZ-
lia farTo sazogadoebrivi miznebis gadawona. amgvari saCivrebis, sul mcire, me-9
muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze ganxilva da ara maTi uaryofa amave muxlis pirveli
nawilis safuZvelze, moiTxovs saxelmwifosagan individis uflebebze dawesebuli
SezRudvebis dasabuTebas da Sesabamisad uzrunvelyofs religiisa da rwmenis Tavi-
suflebis dacvis maRal dones.
saqmeSi Tlimenosi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg479 miRebuli gadawyvetileba metyve-
lebs mocemul sferoSi azrovnebis garkveul cvlilebaze. gadawyvetileba, romlis
Tanaxmadac zogadi da neitraluri kanoni diskriminaciuli xasiaTisaa, Tu is ar
iTvaliswinebs gamonaklisebs religiis niadagze, uprecedentoa me-9 muxlis prece-
dentul samarTalSi. samxedro konteqstis farglebs gareT misi miReba revoluciur
efeqts moaxdenda zogadi da neitraluri kanonebis mimarT sasamarTlos midgomaze.
Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, momCivnebs kvlav mouwevdaT sasamarTlos darwmuneba imaSi,
rom maTi qmedebani religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvas warmoadgens da saxelmwifoeb-
sac farTo diskrecia miecemodaT. im SemTxvevaSi Tu diskriminaciis principis gamo-
yeneba regularulad moxdeba me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi, sasamarTlosa da
komisiis mier warsulSi uaryofili saCivrebis umravlesoba savaraudod dakmayo-
filebuli iqneba.
201
daskvna
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba adamianis funda-

menturi uflebaa. igi individis xelSeuxeblobisa da
avtonomiis ZiriTadi aspeqtia. amis aRiarebis niSnad
konvencia, adamianis uflebaTa sxva saerTaSoriso do-
kumentebis msgavsad, adgens religiisa da rwmenis qonis,
aseve maTi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. aSkaraa, rom kon-
venciis avtorebi naTlad acnobierebdnen religiisa da
rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobas da im garemoebaTa
limitirebis aucileblobas, romelTa arsebobis piro-
bebSic aris SesaZlebeli adamianis uflebis SezRudva
religiisa da rwmenis manifestaciaze. Sesabamisad, re-
ligiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebas mniSvnelovani dacva
mieniWa konvenciis safuZvelze. miuxedavad amisa, me-9
muxlis precedentul samarTals dRemde ar mouxdenia
individebis cxovrebaSi religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuf-
lebis mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi gaazrebis demonstri-
reba da yovelTvis gadametebul pativiscemas iCenda
saxelmwifo interesebis mimarT.
evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi
me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi miRebuli gadawy-

vetilebebi naTlad metyvelebs religiis Tavisufle-
bis koncefciis viwro da xSirad uwesrigo xasiaTze. imis
miuxedavad, rom termini `religia da rwmena~ farTod
iqna interpretirebuli, es garegnulad liberaluri
midgoma me-9 muxlisadmi im viwro sazRvrebiT SeizRu-
da, romlebic mieniWa religiisa da rwmenis, aseve maTi
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. amgvari midgoma did sirTu-
les warmoadgens momCivnebisTvis, romlebic religi-
uri gamoxatvis tradiciuli, evropuli modelis far-
glebs gareT moqmedeben. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu aseT
202
pirobebSi myofi momCivnebi aRweven warmatebas me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis safuZ-
velze, amave muxlis meore nawilis interpretireba imgvarad xdeba, rom saxelmwi-
foebs moqmedebis Zalze didi Tavisufleba eniWebaT religiisa da rwmenisadmi mop-
yrobis TvalsazrisiT. is sirTuleebi, rasac momCivnebi gadaawydnen, cxadad miuTi-
Tebs religiisa da rwmenis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT komisiisa da sasamarTlos
midgomidan gamomdinare problemebze.
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobis araRiareba

arsebobs religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis uamravi, xSirad erTmaneTTan kon-
fliqtSi myofi, koncefciebi. dRemde, garda kokinakisis saqmeSi moyvanili mokle
abzacisa, romelSic aRniSnulia religiis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba pirovnebisaTvis
da pluralisturi sazogadoebisaTvis, sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani ar yofila am
Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba. kokinakisis saqmeSi gamoyenebuli sityvebi yvela Semdgom
saqmeSi gaimeores, Tumca maTi arsi TiTqmis yovelTvis ignorirebuli iyo. religiisa
da rwmenis Tavisufleba ùZvirfases sakuTrebad~ aris aRiarebuli, Tumca sasamar-
Tlo mzad ar aRmoCnda misTvis dacvis mniSvnelovani sazRvrebi mieniWebina. me-9
muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mimarT arasakmari-
sad seriozuli damokidebulebis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens forum internum-sa da
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi.
religiisa da rwmenis qonis ufleba me-9 muxlis safuZvelSi myofad iqna wodebuli
kokinakisis saqmeSi. es gameorebulia konvenciis teqstiT, sadac forum internum ar
eqvemdebareba SezRudvebs me-9 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze. Tumca, miuxedavad
aRiarebuli mniSvnelobisa, arc komisiasa da arc sasamarTlos dRemde ar warmoud-
genia gonivruli axsna imisa, Tu ras icavs me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli seg-
menti da rogor aris misi darRveva SesaZlebeli saxelmwifoTa mxridan. bavSvebis
ganaTlebis sferoSic ki, sadac yvelaze metad iCens Tavs forum internum-Si Carevis
safrTxe, indoqtrinaciis sakiTxisadmi gamartivebuli midgomis SemuSavebam reli-
giis gakveTilebze daswrebis mizniT, bavSvebze zewolis mniSvnelovani SesaZlebloba
mianiWa skolebs. sxva sferoebSic sasamarTlom (SedarebiT naklebad) da komisiam
uaryves is mosazreba, rom TviT rwmenaze iseTi seriozuli tvirTis dakisreba, ro-
goricaa samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba an uari saparlamento adgilebis dakavebaze,
sakmarisia Sinagan rwmenaSi, iseve rogorc mis gamoxatvaSi, Carevis dasadgenad. saq-
meebSi, sadac adgili hqonda religiur diskriminacias (mag., saxelmwifo samsaxurSi),
religiis gamxelis moTxovnasa da siRrmiseuli rwmenis sawinaaRmdego qmedebis gan-
xorcielebis valdebulebas, mxolod gamoxatvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi iqna
ganxiluli. Tumca gansxvaveba rwmenasa da qmedebas Soris ar aris iseTi naTeli da
martivi, rogorc amas sasamarTlo da komisia gvTavazoben. miuxedavad imisa, rom,
erTi mxriv, realurad arsebobs forum internum-isaTvis Zalze farTo sazRvrebis mini-
Webis saSiSroeba (gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom igi ar eqvemdebareba SezRudvebs me-9
muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze), meore mxriv, aucilebelia im zRvaris dadgena,
romlis miRmac saxelmwifo qmedeba CaiTvleba Carevad religiis Tavisuflebis ro-
gorc Sinagan, ise gare sferoSi. dResdReobiT ki konvenciis precedentuli samarTali
uaryofs forum internum-is relevanturobas im saqmeebSic, sadac saxelmwifo mniSvne-
lovan tvirTs akisrebs rwmenas. urTierToba rwmenasa da qmedebas Soris kompleqsuri
203
xasiaTisaa, Tumca precedentul samarTalSi es kompleqsuroba ar aris adekvaturad
asaxuli. me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli segmentis sazRvrebis msgavsi Seviw-
roebiT sasamarTlom da komisiam faqtobrivad trivialuri gaxades is ufleba, ro-
melsac sasamarTlo udidesi mniSvnelobis mqoned uwodebs rogorc individebisaTvis,
ise pluralisturi demokratiis TvalsazrisiT.
religiisa da rwmenis fundamenturi mniSvneloba individebis uflebis Tvalsazri-
siT, moaxdinon TviTidentifikacia da icxovron avtonomiurad, aseve Selaxul iqna komi-
siisa da sasamarTlos mier im saCivrebis uaryofis gziT, romlebic morwmuneTa cxov-
rebaSi konkretuli qmedebebis mniSvnelobas Seexeboda. religiisa da rwmenis Tavi-
suflebis mniSvneloba xazgasmulia nawilobriv misi rolis gamo tolerantuli da
pluralisturi sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. Tumca sasamarTlo da komisia nawilobriv
momCivanTa moTxovnebis ucnauri da eqscentruli bunebis safuZvelze xSirad uaryofs
iseT saCivrebs, romlebic zogadi daniSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebTan an saskolo
marSTan aris dakavSirebuli. momCivnebi, romelTa koncefcia religiisa da rwmenis mi-
marT ar Tavsdeba sasamarTlosa da komisiis mier aRiarebuli Zalze SezRuduli modelis
farglebSi, me-9 muxlis dacvis miRma rCebian. is, rac mniSvnelovania erTi religiisaTvis
(mag. sajaro RvTismsaxureba an dieturi sakvebis miReba), SeiZleba sruliad umniSvnelo
iyos meorisTvis. aratradiciuli religiebisa da rwmenebis mimarT `namdvili~ gamoxatvis
Zalze viwro koncefciis gamoyenebiT sasamarTlom da komisiam ver SeZles im mravalfe-
rovani mimarTulebebisadmi pativiscemis demonstrireba, romlebSic SeiZleba esa Tu
is religia an rwmena iqnes gamoxatuli. aqedan gamomdinare, religiisa da rwmenis Ta-
visuflebis mniSvneloba individebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis ar aris adek-
vaturad aRiarebuli precedentuli samarTliT.
Seusabamoba da sicxadis nakleboba

TviT religiisa da rwmenis SezRuduli koncefciac, romelic SemuSavebul iqna
saqmeebSi, ar yofila Tanmimdevrulad gamoyenebuli. amis magaliTia rogorc is kon-
ceptualuri dabneuloba, rac daculi manifestaciebis sazRvrebis SezRudvaSi ero-
usmitis testis rolTan mimarTebaSi warmoiqmna, ise zogadi daniSnulebisa da neit-
ralur kanonebTan dakavSirebiT gamoyenebuli Seusabamo midgoma.
erousmitis testi SeimuSaves imis gansasazRvrad, esa Tu is qmedeba imsaxurebda
Tu ara dacvas me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis meore segmentis safuZvelze. misi arsi
imaSi mdgomareobda, konkretuli qmedeba aucilebeli iyo Tu ara ama Tu im religiisa
da rwmenisaTvis. Tumca is ar aRmoCnda gamosadegi kompleqsuri sakiTxebis gadasaw-
yvetad. pirvel yovlisa, gaugebaria es testi mxolod termin `wes-Cveulebebis dac-
vis~ SezRudvisaTvis gamoiyeneba, Tu igi aseve Seexeba RvTismsaxurebas, swavlebasa
da ritualebis Sesrulebas. garda amisa, kvlav bundovania sakiTxi, testis mixedviT
qmedebebi savaldebulo unda iyos religiisa da rwmenisaTvis, Tu sakmarisia mxolod
mWidro kavSiris arseboba. imis miuxedavad, testis romeli versia iqneba gamoyene-
buli, mniSvnelovani sirTuleebi warmoeqmnebaT im pirebs, romlebic araierarqiul
religiebs miekuTvnebian an individualistur rwmenas aRiareben. dabolos, komisiam
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ubralod ar gamoiyena erousmitis testi maSinac, roca, mom-
Civnis mtkicebiT, esa Tu is qmedeba im saqmianobis nawili iyo, romelic aucilebeli
iyo misi religiisa da rwmenisaTvis. es problema gansakuTrebiT mwvaved maSin iCens
Tavs, roca saqmeSi warmodgenili kanoni zogadi da neitraluria.
204
aqedan gamomdinare, tests, romelic me-9 muxlis interpretaciis siRrmeSi Zevs,
axasiaTebs sazRvrebis bundovaneba da gamoyenebis aradamajerebloba da Seusabamoba.
es ki qmnis potencials mosamarTleebis mxridan saqmeebis gadawyvetisa konkretuli
qmedebebis mniSvnelobaze sakuTari warmodgenebis Sesabamisad.
mtkicebuleba da obieqturoba
subieqturi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis potenciali kidev ufro izrdeba imis gamo,
rom gaugebaria, ra saxis mtkicebuleba unda iqnes momCivnis mier gamoyenebuli war-
matebis misaRwevad. bundovani testebi mtkicebulebiT da konceptualur sirTule-
ebs qmnian. magaliTad, religiisa da rwmenis naTeli definiciis ararseboba arTu-
lebs imis garkvevas, rogor unda dausabuTos momCivanma sasamarTlos sakuTari Tavis
kuTvnileba gansazRvruli, farTo sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi religiisadmi an gark-
veuli tipis individualisturi rwmenis arseboba. amis praqtikul mniSvnelobas adas-
turebs komisiis mier saCivrebis nawilis uaryofa im motiviT, rom momCivnebma ver
SeZles sakuTari religiis an rwmenis arsebobis damtkiceba.
es problema kombinirebulia gamoxatvasTan. erousmitis testis gamoyenebiT
gamiznuli iyo obieqturobis elementis Setana imis gansazRvris procesSi, warmoad-
gens Tu ara esa Tu is qmedeba gamoxatvas, me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis miznebidan
gamomdinare. miuxedavad amisa, mtkicebulebaTa obieqturi formebi Zalze iSviaTad
iyo am procesSi gamoyenebuli. religiuri organizaciebis an liderebis mier war-
modgenili mtkicebulebebis gamoyeneba araTanmimdevrul xasiaTs atarebda da xSirad
ar iyo sakmarisi sakiTxis gadasawyvetad. rac Seexeba TviT momCivnebis mier warmodge-
nil mtkicebulebebs, isini aucileblobis gansasazRvrad, ZiriTadad, irelevantur
faqtorebad ganixileboda. gamoyenebuli ar yofila gaerTianebuli erebis organi-
zaciis iseTi dokumentebi, rogoricaa deklaracia religiuri Seuwynareblobisa da
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb an kriSnasvamis swavleba. aqedan gamomdinare, Tuki
erousmitis tests obieqturad ganvixilavT, sasamarTlo da komisia sakuTar subieq-
tur Sexedulebebs ufro eyrdnobodnen aucileblobis gansazRvrisas, imis nacvlad,
rom mtkicebulebaTa WeSmaritad obieqturi wyaroebi gamoeyenebinaT.
gansxvavebuli saxis mtkicebulebiTi problema warmoiqmneba me-9 muxlis meore
nawilTan dakavSirebiT. misi teqstis mixedviT saxelmwifoebma unda daakmayofilon
maRali standarti da daamtkicon, rom maTi qmedebani àucilebeli iyo demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi~ legitimuri miznis Semadgeneli erT-erTi mizezis gamo. miuxedavad amisa,
komisia da sasamarTlo sakmaris mtkicebulebad miiCnevdnen saxelmwifos martiv gancxa-
debas, rom kanons legitimuri mizani hqonda. ignorirebul iqna momCivnebis argumentebi
kanonis borotad gamoyenebis an erTi SexedviT zogadi kanonebis diskriminaciuli
implementaciis Taobaze. amis msgavsad, saxelmwifoTa diskreciuli uflebamosileba,
romelic farTo xasiaTisaa me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeTa umravlesobaSi, aSkara mtki-
cebulebiT upiratesobas aniWebs mas, radganac Zalze mcire mtkicebulebac ki sakmarisia
imis dasabuTebisaTvis, rom kanoni aucilebeli da proporciulia saxelmwifos mier
dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki momCivani ver SeZlebs religiisa da rwmenis xelyo-
fis mizniT saxelmwifos mxridan kanonis mizanmimarTulad mtruli wesiT gamoyenebis
damtkicebas, sasamarTlo, savaraudod, saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebas daeyrdnoba
religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis ucileblobis Taobaze.
205
saxelmwifo interesebis pativiscema
saxelmwifoebisaTvis miniWebuli mtkicebulebiTi upiratesoba mxolod erTi maga-
liTia imisa, rom sasamarTlo da komisia ufro met simpaTias iCendnen saxelmwifoTa
interesebis, vidre momCivanTa mosazrebebis mimarT. me-9 muxlis meore nawilisadmi
gamoyenebul farTo midgomasTan kombinirebulma amave muxlis pirveli nawilis Sez-
Rudulma sazRvrebma im momCivanTa did nawils ganucxada uari dacvaze, romlebic
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis darRvevas amtkicebdnen. me-9 muxlis pirveli
nawilisadmi SemuSavebuli viwro midgoma gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs uqmnis mom-
Civnebs, vinaidan igi faqtobrivad aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos Tavisi qmedebebis dasa-
buTebulobisa da proporciulobis damtkicebis valdebulebisagan.
saxelmwifoebs xSirad seriozuli mizezebi aqvT imisaTvis, rom dainteresebulni
iyvnen religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis SezRudviT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
maTi interesi, rom efeqturad da damajereblad gaumklavdnen socialur problemebs
morwmuneTa mcire, zogjer ugunuri jgufebis mxridan yovelgvari dabrkolebis
gareSe. Tumca arsebobs gaumarTlebeli mizezebic, ris gamoc saxelmwifoebi mxars
uWeren religiisa da rwmenis SezRudul koncefcias. adamianebs, romlebic irCeven,
isargeblon sruli avtonomiiT religiis sakiTxebSi, SeuZliaT gamoiyenon es
socialuri kontrolisadmi winaaRmdegobis safuZvlad. religiebi SesaZloa aseve
warmoadgendnen arenas mTavrobaSi arsebuli korufciis an dominanti politikuri
moralis kritikisa. es ki garkveul uxerxulobas uqmnis xelisuflebas, Tumca swored
erT-erTi im mizezTagania, ris gamoc aucilebelia religiis Tavisuflebis dacva.
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilisadmi SemuSavebuli viwro midgoma ki amgvar saqmianobas
faqtobrivad gamoricxavs konvenciis dacvis sferodan. bevri saxelmwifosaTvis
religia da rwmena, ZiriTadad, eklesiiT, sinagogiT da meCeTiT da maTTan mWidrod
dakavSirebuli saqmianobiT Semoifargleba, magram es ar asaxavs bevris religiuri
gamocdilebis realobas. sasamarTlom da komisiam sakmaod iolad aRiares religiisa
da rwmenis Taobaze is mosazreba, romelic asaxavs saxelmwifoTa interesebs, imis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdens momCivnebze maT mier dakavebuli
pozicia. Seqmnilma viTarebam me-9 muxlis orive nawilis rekonceptualizaciisaken
unda wagviyvanos.
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis rekonceptualizacia
me-9 muxlis pirveli nawili

imisaTvis, rom religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba gacilebiT efeqturad iqnes
daculi, sasamarTlom ufro seriozuli damokidebuleba unda gamoiCinos momCivanTa
moTxovnebis mimarT, vidre dResdReobiT iCens. cxadia, sasamarTlo ver dauWers
mxars momCivanTa yvela moTxovnas me-9 muxlis meore nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli inte-
resebis an imis Taobaze, ra aris aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, Tumca
mas SeuZlia ufro momCivanze fokusirebuli midgoma SeimuSavos.
aseTi midgomis erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti iqneboda forum internum-is sazRvre-
bisa da moqmedebis ukeT gansazRvra. dResdReobiT igi araviTar praqtikul rols ar
asrulebs me-9 muxlis qvemdebare saqmeebSi da sakmaod rTulia imis garkveva, Tu
rogor SeuZlia saxelmwifos Caerios forum internum-Si, ideologiuri damuSavebis
xerxebis gamoyenebis garda. sasamarTlom forum internum-is ufro srulyofili defi-
206
nicia unda SeimuSaos da ganmartos, rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi xelyofa. ofici-
alurad unda iqnes aRiarebuli is zRvari, romlis miRmac saxelmwifos mxridan vinmes
iZuleba konkretul qmedebaze CaiTvleba rwmenis, iseve, rogorc misi gamoxatvis,
xelyofad. garda amisa, sasamarTlom gacilebiT mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda da-
uTmos im sferoebs, sadac yvelaze didia forum internum-Si rTulad SesamCnevi Carevis
potenciuri SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebisa da saxelmwifo eklesiebi-
sadmi mopyrobis SemTxvevaSi.
sasamarTlos aseve SeuZlia, ufro meti pativiscemiT moekidos momCivanTa subi-
eqtur moTxovnebs imis Taobaze, xelyofs Tu ara gansazRvruli kanoni an regulacia
maTi religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvas. sasamarTlosa da komisiis wevrebis garkve-
ulma nawilma me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis safuZvelze Camoayaliba kriteriumebi
manifestaciaTa formebisaTvis, romlebic did yuradRebas iCenen momCivanTa mosaz-
rebebis mimarT da nakleb privilegiebs aniWeben religiis tradiciul gamoxatvis
formebs. religiis Tavisuflebis im modelis pirobebSi, romlis mixedviTac rwmenas
pativiscemiT movepyrobodiT, aRiarebuli iqneboda midgoma, romelic ufro seri-
ozulad moekideboda momCivnebis moTxovnebs TavianTi religiisa da rwmenis gamoxat-
vis formebis Taobaze. Tuki momCivani, romlis mtkicebiTac savaldebulo qmedeba
misi religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvas warmoadgenda, SeZlebda Tavisi moTxovnis dama-
dasturebeli garkveuli mtkicebulebis warmodgenas, es sakmarisi unda yofiliyo,
rom konkretuli manifestacia me-9 muxlis miznebisaTvis Sesabamisad ecnoT. am SemT-
xvevaSi momCivans aRar mouwevda imis Cveneba, rom esa Tu is qmedeba aucilebeli iyo
misi religiis an rwmenisaTvis. es ufro subieqturi iqneboda, vidre is testi, romel-
sac zogadad mimarTavdnen sasamarTlo da komisia. Tumca TaRliTuri miznebisaTvis
mis borotad gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli mRelvarebis SemcirebisaTvis sakmaod
sasargeblo iqneboda gaeros dokumentebis an romelime sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
mecnieruli swavlebis gamoyeneba, sadac mimoxilulia religiuri gamoxatva msof-
lio masStabiT, qmedebaTa im tipebis ilustrirebis mizniT, romlebic mniSvnelovan
manifestaciebs warmoadgenen. es ki daexmareboda sasamarTlos, Tavi daeRwia reli-
giaze tradiciuli qristianuli warmodgenebis zegavlenisagan.
precedentul samarTalTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi problema Seexeba erous-
mitis testis imgvar gamoyenebas, ris Sedegadac faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia zogadi
da neitraluri kanonebis mxridan me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis darRvevis damtki-
ceba. religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis ufro srulfasovani modeliT aRiarebuli
iqneboda, rom kanoni SeiZleba arapirdapir da winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe iyos dis-
kriminaciuli an SemzRudveli religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mimarT. arsebobs
mravali samarTlebrivi da politikuri mizezi imis aRiarebisaTvis, rom zogadi da-
niSnulebisa da neitralur kanonebs SeuZliaT daarRvion me-9 muxlis pirveli nawili.
sasamarTlos mxridan Seusabamo iqneba iseTi wesis formulireba, romliTac saxelmwi-
fos moeTxoveba religiuri jgufebis gaTavisufleba nebismieri kanonisagan, rome-
lic maT religiaSi an rwmenaSi ereva. Tumca imis aRiarebiT, rom zogad da neitralur
kanonebsac SeuZliaT religiis Tavisuflebis darRveva, sasamarTlo waaqezebda sa-
xelmwifoebs iseTi sistemis SemuSavebisaken, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida kanonebis
mxridan aRniSnuli Tavisuflebis gaumarTleblad SezRudvis Tavidan acilebas. aR-
niSnulma gzebma SesaZloa moicvas rogorc gamonaklisebi calkeuli kanonebidan,
207
ise warmodgenil kanonproeqtebze ufro xSiri konsultaciebi religiur sazogado-
ebebTan an regulaciebis SedarebiT SezRuduli wesiT SemuSaveba. msgavsi midgoma
gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iqneboda umciresobebisTvis, romelTa interesebi TiT-
qmis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sakanonmdeblo procesSi.
me-9 muxlis meore nawili

imis miuxedavad, rom religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba mniSvnelovani uflebaa,
zogjer misi Tavisufali gamoxatva gansazRvrul SezRudvebs unda daeqvemdebaros.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca morwmunis mtkicebiT ama Tu im tipis qmedeba absolutur
da wminda valdebulebas warmoadgens, aRniSnuli srulebiT ar gulisxmobs, rom sa-
xelmwifom an adamianis uflebebis damcvelebma aucileblad mxari unda dauWiron
mis moTxovnas. religiebi an morwmuneTa jgufebi SesaZloa monawileobdnen SuRlis
gaRvivebaSi im pirTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic ar iziareben maT Sexedulebebs da SeiZ-
leba TviT religiis Tavisuflebis ideis winaaRmdegac ki gamodiodnen. garda amisa,
calkeul religiebSi istoriulad arsebobs tendencia qalTa mimarT diskriminaci-
uli damokidebulebisa, zogierTi maTgani ki aqtiurad aris CarTuli rasobrivi uTa-
nasworobisa da homoseqsualistebis mimarT devnis ganxorcielebis waqezebaSi. me-9
muxlis meore nawili saxelmwifoebisagan moiTxovs damajerebeli mizezebis demon-
strirebas religiasa da rwmenaSi Carevis gamarTlebisaTvis; da xSirad aseTi mize-
zebi realurad arsebobs. Tumca aseve xSirad saxelmwifoebi, msgavsi safuZvlebis
arsebobisas, Tavs arideben religiebis (gansakuTrebiT dawesebuli, umravlesobis
religiebis) saqmianobaSi Carevisagan. aseve sasamarTloc da komisiac arCeven, ar Ca-
erTon iseTi konfliqturi interesebis ganxilvaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalTa
Tanasworoba da religiis Tavisufleba. amis sanacvlod ZiriTad mizezebs, romle-
bic religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis SezRudvis gamarTlebad gamoiyeneba, sazogado-
ebrivi wesrigis farTo koncefciebi da administraciuli sargebeli warmoadgens.
saqmeSi karadumani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg480 komisia mxolod gakvriT Seexo im Temas,
saxelmwifo universitetSi Tavsaburavis tarebis nebis darTva zewolas moaxdenda
Tu ara sxvebze (Sesabamisad, SezRudavda maT religiis Tavisuflebas) da xels Seuw-
yobda Tu ara genderul uTanasworobas. amis sanacvlod voluntarizmis saeWvo
meTodi iqna gamoyenebuli mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisaTvis Tavis aridebisa da saqmeSi
iseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis, romelic ar aRiarebda religiuri samosis ta-
rebis mniSvnelobas muslimebisaTvis. sasamarTlo swored am konfliqtebs unda gam-
klaveboda da ganeviTarebina principebi sapirispiro interesebs Soris davis gada-
sawyvetad.
msgavsi principebis SemuSaveba ar aris ioli da yoveli moTxovnis Sefaseba misi
Rirsebebis safuZvelze unda ganxorcieldes. me-9 muxlis meore nawilis preceden-
tuli samarTliT Tu vimsjelebT, sasamarTlo da komisia TviT sakmaod trivialur
mizezebsac ki aRiarebdnen religiis TavisuflebaSi Carevis safuZvlad da did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebdnen saxelmwifoTa im moTxovnebs, romlebic sazogadoebriv wesrig-
sa da administraciul sargebels Seexeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis Tavi-
suflebas ar SeiZleba absoluturi prioriteti mieniWos, igi imdnad unda iqnes aRi-
arebuli, rom SedarebiT banalur interesebze moaxdinos prevalireba.
208
sasamarTlo tendenciebi
am TavSi mocemuli analizi naTlad metyvelebs imaze, rom sasamarTlosa da ko-

misiis damokidebuleba religiis Tavisuflebisadmi warsulSi mniSvnelovan prob-
lemebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, Tumca arsebobs optimizmis garkveuli safuZveli me-
11 oqmiT Seqmnili sasamarTlos mier me-9 muxlis gamoyenebis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa,
rom sasamarTlo arcTu damajerebel midgomas iyenebda me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis
(gansakuTrebiT forum internum-is) sazRvrebisadmi, saqmeSi buskarini da sxvebi san-
marinos winaaRmdeg481 man erTxmad miiCnia, rom irRveoda me-9 muxli da uaryo san-
marinos argumenti religiuri tradiciis mniSvnelobis Taobaze sazogadoebrivi wes-
rigisaTvis. garda amisa, saqmeSi cavaxidisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg482 axlad dafuZ-
nebuli sasamarTlos ramdenime wevris gancxadebiT, zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba
umciresobis religiur jgufze, rodesac ar arsebobda varaudis safuZveli, rom igi
kriminalur an antisazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli, forum internum-is dar-
Rvevas warmoadgenda. Tumca umravlesoba ar aRmoCnda mzad, mxari daeWira aseTi
SexedulebisaTvis, naTlad gamoCnda, rom sasamarTlos, sul mcire, ramdenime wevri
eTanxmeba me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli segmentis farTo interpretacias,
gansxvavebiT arsebuli precedentuli samarTlisagan. sasamarTlos rom ganevrco
Tavisi gadawyvetileba saqmeSi Tlimenosi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg483 da daevaldebu-
lebina saxelmwifoebi, daedginaT gamonaklisebi zogadi da neitraluri kanonebidan
religiisa da rwmenis niadagze, erTbaSad gafarTovdeboda konvenciiT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli dacvis sazRvrebi, gansakuTrebiT, umciresobebis dacvis kuTxiT. dabolos,
saqmeSi serifi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg484 miRebuli gadawyvetileba, romelSic sasa-
marTlom xazi gausva religiuri pluralizmis mniSvnelobas da saxelmwifos rols
SemwynareblobisaTvis xelis SewyobaSi, SesaZloa, warmoadgendes niSans misi mowiwe-
buli damokidebulebis cvlilebisa saxelmwifos araseriozuli argumentebis mimarT
garkveuli daZabulobis savaraudo warmoqmnis Taobaze, Tu ar SeizRudeba religiis
Tavisufleba. saqmeTa raodenoba mas Semdeg, rac me-11 oqmi Sevida ZalaSi, Zalze
SezRudulia myari daskvnebis gamosatanad, Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arsebobs
safuZveli frTxili optimizmisaTvis.
***
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba yovelTvis iqneba sadavo ufleba, nawilobriv

imitom, rom misi mniSvneloba mravali adamianisaTvis qmnis sazogadoebrivi konfliq-
tis potenciur safrTxes. religiis Tavisuflebis arc erTma samarTlebrivma model-
ma ar unda mianiWos absoluturi upiratesoba adamianis uflebas religiisa da rwmenis
qonasa da gamoxatvaze. arsebobs sxva mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi miznebi, rom-
lebsac xelyofda msgavsi midgoma da avtonomiis sxva mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi, rom-
lebic SeizRudeboda, religiis Tavisuflebas rom hqonoda upiratesoba yvela sxva
uflebasTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad amisa, moqmedi precedentuli samarTali araadek-
vatur sazRvrebs aniWebs religiis Tavisuflebas da saTanado pativiscemiT ar epy-
roba momCivanTa yvelaze siRrmiseul rwmenebs. me-9 muxliT daculi religiisa da
rwmenis tipis Taobaze kompleqsuri sakiTxebis damaxinjebulad gadmocemis nacvlad,
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvaze adamianis uflebis mimoxilvisas sasamarTlom
209
ufro zustad unda gansazRvros terminebi religia da rwmena. garda amisa, aucilebe-
lia momCivnebis interesebze orientirebuli midgomis SemuSaveba imis gansasazRvrad,
Tu ras gulisxmobs religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatva, maTi subieqturi Sexedulebebisa
da religiis gamoxatvaze gaeros swavlebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. msgavsi midgoma uz-
runvelyofda religiebisa da rwmenebis ufro did pativiscemas da, Sesabamisad, sa-
xelmwifos mxridan religiisa da rwmenis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebSi Carevis ufro met
SemTxvevas gamoavlenda, gansxvavebiT moqmedi precedentuli samarTlisagan. Sede-
gad, sxva sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebis mimarT religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis mniSv-
nelobis dabalansebis roli swored me-9 muxlis meore nawils darCeboda. religiis
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis mravali mizezi arsebobs, Tumca midgoma, romelic aqcen-
tirebas ufro me-9 muxlis meore nawilze moaxdenda, rogorc xsenebuli Tavisuf-
lebis SezRudvis gzaze, vidre amave muxlis pirveli nawilis sazRvrebis SezRudvaze,
sul mcire, saxelmwifoebs aRniSnuli mizezebis arsebobis demonstrirebas aiZulebda
da individebs SesaZleblobas miscemda, TavianTi religiuri gamoxatvis mniSvneloba
daemtkicebinaT.
Zalze xSirad religiisa da rwmenis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli saCivrebis
uaryofa komisiisa da sasamarTlos mier erTbaSad xdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom
religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba evropaSi iseT saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi ar aris,
rogorc msoflios sxva wertilebSi, erTi SexedviT misma mciredma xelyofamac ki
SeiZleba mniSvnelovani tkivili miayenos im pirebs, romelTa Tavisuflebac SeizRu-
da. religia da rwmena yovelTvis warmoadgenda STagonebis mniSvnelovan wyaroebs
moraluri da politikuri ganviTarebis, saxelovnebo da literaturuli miswrafe-
bisa da, rac mTavaria, im individebisaTvis, romlebic cdiloben, azrianad da pati-
osnad icxovron. religiis Tavisufleba udavod gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi saz-
Rauris gaRebas moiTxovs da konfliqtis warmoqmnis potencialic aqvs, magram mi-
uxedavad amisa, igi gacilebiT did dacvas imsaxurebs, vidre mas konvenciis prece-
dentuli samarTliT aqvs miniWebuli. religiuri Semwynareblobis ararsebobis Sem-
TxvevaSi evropuli demokratia da pluralizmic safrTxis winaSe dadgebian. rogorc
aristotele ambobda,
Cven ar unda davugdoT yuri mas, vinc gvafrTxilebs, rom àdamianma unda
gansajos sxvisi azrebi~ an `mokvdavi azrebi mokvdav gonebas ergeba~;
aramed, ramdenadac xelgvewifeba, unda vemsgavsoT ukvdavT da yvelaferi
viRonoT imisaTvis, raTa vicxovroT SesabamisobaSi im umaRlesTan,
rac CvenSia. maSinac, roca igi moculobiT mcirea, Tavisi ZaliTa
da RirebulebiT yvelafer danarCens aRemateba.
210
SeniSvnebi
1
Arcot Krishnaswami (diskriminaciis aRkveTisa da
umciresobaTa dacvis qvekomitetis specialuri
momxsenebeli), Study of Discrimination in the Matter of
Religious Rights and Practices (1960).
2
saqme dakavSirebulia genocidis Taobaze arsebuli
konvenciis gamoyenebasTan (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Yugoslavia). religiur niadagze bosnieli xalxis
winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulis CamonaTvali.
3
mosamzadebeli sxdomebi.
4
mag. Platform "Arzte Für Das Leben" v. Austria, 44 Eur. Comm’n
H. R. Dec & Rep. 65 (1985). Rai, Allmond and "Negotiate Now"
v. the United Kingdom, 81-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep.
146 (1995).
5
mag. Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993);
Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, 19 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. &
Rep. 5 (1978).
6
mag. me-3 muxli, romelic krZalavs wamebas, araadamianur
mopyrobasa da damamcirebel sasjels.
7
Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, 19 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec.
& Rep. 5 (1978).
8
kanonis specialuri norma.
9
Rai, Allmond and "Negotiate Now" v. the United Kingdom, 81-A
Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 146 (1995) (lex specialis iyo
me-11 muxli); Handyside v. the United Kingdom, 24 Eur. Ct. H.
R. (ser. A) (1976) (me-10 muxli); Johnston v. Ireland, 112
Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1986) (me-12 muxli).
10
Riera Blume and others v. Spain, Eur. Ct. H. R., 9 marti, 1999.
11
me-19 muxlis pirveli nawili.
12
me-19 mexlis meore nawili.
13
me-19 muxli.
14
adamianis uflebTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa
dacvis evropis konvenciis me-11 oqmi, miRebuli 1994 wlis
11 maiss. ZalaSi Sevida 1998 wlis pirvel noembers.
15
25-e muxli.
16
26-e muxli.
17
27-e muxli.
211
18
28 (b)-e da 30-e muxlebi.
19
mag. Pentidis and Others v. Greece, 39 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1997); Hazar, Hazar and Acik v.
Turkey, 73 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 111 (1991).
20
31-e muxli.
21
32-e muxli.
22
48-e muxli (sawyisi teqsti).
23
48-e muxli (me-9 oqmis Sesworebis mixedviT).
24
52-e muxli.
25
50-e muxli.
26
52-e muxli.
27
evropis sabWo, adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis centraluri sistemis reforma.
28
21-e muxli (Sesworebis Semdeg).
29
30
31
32
33
mocemul TavSi ganvixilavT ramdenime msgavsi tipis saqmes, vinaidan isini Seexeba
mtkicebulebiT wesebTan dakavSirebul ramdenime mniSvnelovan sakiTxs me-9 muxlTan
mimarTebaSi.
34
D. S and E. S v. the United Kingdom, 65 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 245 (1990).
35
X v. the United Kingdom, 28 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. (1982).
36
X v. the United Kingdom, 15 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 8 (1976).
37
Shields v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R., 4 dekemberi, 1984.
38
Ahmet Sadik v. Greece, 20 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1638, 1660 (1996). mosamarTle martensis
gansxvavebuli azri, romelsac SeuerTda mosamarTle foigeli. am ukanasknelis
gancxadebiT, àr aris gasakviri, rom swavluli avtorebis mtkicebiT aseTi
gadawyvetilebis realuri mizezebi ... sadme sxvagan unda veZeboT, kerZod sasamarTlos
survilSi, Tavi aaridos saqmis arsebiT ganxilvas~.
39
Church of X v. the United Kingdom, 13 Y. B. Eur. Conv. on H. R. 306 (1968).
40
individualuri wevrebi aseve dazaraldnen mTavrobis moqmedebaTa Sedegad, Tumca
nebismieri maTganis mxridan saCivris Setana mxolod eklesiis warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba iqneboda.
41
Karnell and Hardt v. Sweden, 14 YB Convention on HR (Eur. Comm’n on H. R.) (1971).
42
X and the church of scientology v. Sweden, 16 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 68 (1979).
43
Holy Monasteries v. Greece, 301 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1995); Finska Forsamlingen I Stockholm
and Hautaniemi v. Sweden, 85-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 94, 96 (1996).
44
X and the church of scientology v. Sweden, 16 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 68, 70 (1979).
45
Omkarananda and the Divine Light Zentrum v. Switzerland, 25 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 105,
117 (1981).
46
Kontakt-Information-Therapie and Hagen v. Austria, 57 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 81, 88
(1988). am saqmeSi iuridiul pirs warmoadgenda narkotikuli saSualebebisagan
reabilitaciis centri da ara eklesia, Tumca komisiam es mosazreba faqtobrivad zogad
wesad aRiara da specialurad axsena eklesiebis ufleba religiis Tavisuflebaze.
47
Company X v. Switzerland, 16 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 85 (1979).
48
Kustannus Oy Vapaa Ajattelija AB and Others v. Finland, 85-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 29,
43 (1996).
49
Tumca saqmeSi Church of X v. the United Kingdom, 29 Collection 70, 77-8 (1968) komisiam
ganacxada, rom individebis mxridan saCivris warmodgenis SemTxvevaSic igi ganwiruli
iyo warumateblobisaTvis, vinaidan garTianebuli samefos mier gadagmuli arc erTi
nabiji ar utoldeboda konvenciiT uzrunvelyofili uflebis darRvevas.
212
50
Scientology Kirche Deutschland e. V v. Germany, 89-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 163 (1997).
51
evropis sabWo, saqmianobisa da statistikis kvleva (1996).
52
evropis sabWo, saqmianobisa da statistikis kvleva (1999).
53
Wemhoff v. Germany, 7 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1968).
54
Artico v. Italy, 37 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1980); Airey v. Ireland, 32 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979-1980).
55
Cf. Peter W. Edge, Current Problems in Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
piter eji mocemul naSromSi amtkicebs, rom gansxvaveba azrsa Tu sindissa da rwmenas
Soris ararelevanturia. am interpretaciiT, ufleba religiisa da rwmenis
manifestaciaze moicavs zogad uflebas sindisis gamoxatvaze. mravali avtoris mixedviT,
ar arsebobs msgavsi zogadi ufleba.
56
Kent Greenawalt, Religion as a Concept in Constitutional law; Richard O’Frame, Belief in
a Non-Material Reality – A Proposed First Amendment Definition of Religion; Wojciech Sadurski,
On Legal Definitions of "Religion".
57
X v. Germany, 24 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 137 (1981).
58
Campbell and Cossans v. the United Kingdom, 48 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1982).
59
Campbell and Cossans v. the United Kingdom, 48 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1982).
60
X, Y and Z v. the United Kingdom, 31 Eur. Coom’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 50 53 (1982).
61
saientologiis eklesia pirveli organizebuli eklesia iyo, romelmac sargebeli naxa
komisiis mier eklesiebis mxridan religiis Tavisuflebis darRvevis Taobaze
wardgenili saCivrebis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb miRebuli adrindeli
gadawyvetilebebis Secvlis safuZvelze. saqmeSi X and Church of Scientology v. Sweden, 16
Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 68, 70 (1978) komisiam daadgina, rom saientologiis eklesias
hqonda ufleba, Tavad waredgina saCivari. Sedegad, Seicvala komisiis adrindeli pozicia
saqmeSi Church of X v. the United Kingdom, 13 Y. B. Eur. Conv. on H. R. 306 (1968). rasakvirvelia,
ukanaskneli saCivris ganxilvisas sasamarTlom saientologiis eklesia mxolod
àsociaciad~ moixsenia, SesaZloa, imitom, rom saqmeSi gansaxilvel erT-erT sakiTxs
saientologiis religiad aRiarebaze germaniis uari warmoadgenda. Tumca es srulebiT
ar niSnavda imas, rom asociaciis wevrebs ar gaaCndaT, sul mcire, rwmena mainc me-9 muxlis
safuZvelze: Scientology Kirche Deutschland e. V v. Germany, 89-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec &
Rep. 163 (1997).
62
Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 5, 19 (1978); Le Cour Grandmaison
and Fritz v. France, 53 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 150 (1987).
63
Knudsen v. Norway, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep 247 (1985).
64
Ahmed v. the United Kingdom, 22 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep 27 (1981); Karaduman v. Turkey,
74 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 93 (1993).
65
ISKCON v. Unired Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 41 (1994).
66
67
D v. France, 35 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 199 (1983).
68
Angeleni v. Sweden, 51 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 41 (1986).
69
A. R. M. Chappell v. the United Kingdom, 53 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 241, 246 (1987).
70
Omkarananda and the Divine Light Zentrum v. Switzerland, 25 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 105
(1981).
71
X v. Austria, 13 Collections 42 (1963).
72
X v. Italy, 5 Eur. Coom’n H. R. Dec & REp. 83 (1976).
73
X v. Austria, 13 Collections 42, 53-4 (1963).
74
Hazar, Hazar and Acik v. Turkey, 72 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 200, 212 (1991).
75
Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 5, 19 (1978).
76
X v. the Federal Republic of Germany, 37 Collectio 119, 122 (1970).
213
77
komisiis gancxadebiT, momCivans àr ganumartavs, ra gziT surda Tavisi religiuri
rwmenis gamoxatva da rogor uaryofda cixis administracia mis uflebas~.
78
79
Malcolm Evans.
80
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993).
81
SesaZloa, msgavsi tipis varaudiT iyo komisiis gadawyvetileba motivirebuli `sindisis
patimarTa~ saqmeSi: McFeely and Others v. the United Kingdom, 20 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec &
Rep. 44 (1980).
82
Theriault v. Silber, 453 F. Supp. 254 (CWD Tex, 1978).
83
X v. the Federal Republic of Germany, 24 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 137 (1981).
84
Arcot Krishnaswami, Study of Discrimination in the Matter of Religious Rights and Practices.
arkot kriSnasvamis Tanaxmad, dakrZalvis ceremonials udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs mravali
religiisa Tu rwmenisaTvis da, sadac SesaZlebelia, individebis arCevani (maT Soris im
adgilebSi dakrZalvis arCevani, romelebic Tavisufalia sxva religiaTa
simboloebisagan, Tuki es aucilebelia) aRiarebuli unda iqnes.
85
Donna Sullivan, Advancing the Freedom og Religion or Belief Through the UN Declaration on the
Elimination of Religious Intolerance and Diskriminacion. aSS-Si zogierTi miiCnevs, rom uzenaesma
sasamarTlom sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos pirveli Sesworebis safuZvelze termin
`religiis~ gansazRvrisas, vinaidan gadametebulad SemzRudvelma an nebis damrTvelma
definiciam SeiZleba saxelmwifo organos mxridan religiis TavisuflebaSi dauSvebeli
Careva gamoiwvios. uzenaesma sasamarTlom, Tavis mxriv, religiis gansazRvras
`delikaturi sakiTxi uwoda~, romlis Tavidan acilebac savsebiT SesaZlebelia:
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U. S. 203, 215 (1972).
86
miuxedavad imisa, rom dona salivani ar miiCnevs sasargeblod saTanado definiciis qonas
religiis Tavisuflebaze arsebul saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebSi, igi aRiarebs konvenciis
gamoyenebisas sakiTxis gavrcobis aucileblobas konkretul saqmeebTan mimarTebaSi.
87
mosamzadebeli sxdomebi.
88
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis zogadi komentari me-18 muxlze, azris, sindisisa
da religiis Tavisufleba.
89
M.A.B., W.A.T. and J.A.Y.T v. Canada, gadawyvetileba miRebuli iqna 1994 wlis 8 aprils.
90
mocemuli tipis religiis magaliTs warmoadgens amerikeli indielebis religiebi,
romlebic tradiciulad iyenebdnen peiots TavianTi religiuri ceremoniebis dros.
91
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U. S. 203, 215-16 (1972).
92
ix. U.S. v. Seeger, 380 U. S. 163 (1965), sadac ufleba keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobaze
gavrcelda adamianze, romlis opozicia samxedro samsaxurisadmi efuZneboda `rwmenasa
da erTgulebas uflisa da saTnoebisadmi da religiur mrwamss mxolod eTikur
msoflmxedvelobaSi~.
93
Thomas v. Revie Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division, 450 U. S. 707, 714 (1981).
94
U.S. v. Seeger, 380 U. S. 163, 180-1 (1965).
95
Paul Tillich, The Dynamics of Faith.
96
misi CamonaTvali moicavs ùflis rwmenas; msoflmxedvelobas samyarosa da adamianur
miznebze; rwmenas gansazRvruli formis sicocxlisa sikvdilis Semdgom; kavSirs
ufalTan RvTismsaxurebis ritualuri aqtebis da jgufuri an individualuri locvebis
gziT; moraluri valdebulebis gansazRvrul xedvas~.
97
avstraliuri kavSiris konstitucia (1901). 166-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kavSiri arasodes
miiRebs kanons nebismieri eklesiis dawesebis, nebismieri religiuri ceremoniis
dakisrebis, an aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis SezRudvisaTvis da aranairi religiuri
testi ar iqneba kavSiris mxridan gamoyenebuli nebismieri Tanamdebobis dakavebisa Tu
sazogadoebrivi ndobisaTvis.
214
98
Wilson and Deane JJ, in Church of the New Faith v. Commissioner for Pay - Roll Tax (Vic.), 154
C. L. R. 120, 173 (1983).
99
K. J. Partsch, Freedom of Conscience and Expression and Political Freedom.
100
101
Travauxs Preparatoires, iuridiul da administraciul sakiTxTa komitetis moxseneba,
1949 wlis 5 seqtemberi.
102
Travaux Preparatories, sakonsultacio asambleis meore sesia, maqsvel-faivis
(gaerTianebuli samefo) gamosvla.
103
erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCo-konvenciis preambula.
104
Church of scientology and 128 of its members v. Sweden.
105
Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, 295 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1994).
106
Dubowska v. Poland, aseve, Skup v. Poland.
107
Wingrove v. the United Kingdom, 23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1937 (1996-V).
108
1954 wels sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebas Tan axlavs
piris valdebuleba, Tavi aaridos azris gamoxatvas, romelic Tayvaniscemis obieqtebs
Seexeba da usafuZvlod Seuracxmyofelia sxvebisTvis.
109
rogoricaa britaneTis kanonebi mkrexelobis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seexeba mkrexelobas
mxolod qristianobis da ara sxva religiuri jgufebis mimarT. ix. Choudhury v. the United
Kingdom, 12 Hum. Rts. L.J. 172 (1991).
110
saientologebis mtkicebiT, aseTi situacia arsebobda saqmeSi Scientology Kirche von
Deutchsland e. V. v. Germany. 89-A, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 163 (1997). saCivari
dauSveblad iqna miCneuli, radganac saqmis gadawyvetis erovnuli resursebi ar iqna
bolomde gamoyenebuli, Tumca sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom saientologebis mier
xazgasmuli sakiTxebi, SeiZleboda religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacvis pozitiuri
valdebulebis saxelmwifosaTvis dakisrebis moTxovnis safuZveli gamxdariyo.
111
C v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 142 (1983); Valsamis v. Greece, 2 Eur.
Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1996).
112
Malcolm Evans, Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe, paragrafi 1 (1997).
113
Darby v. Sweden, 187 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1990) danarTi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze.
114
Buscarini and others v. San Marino. Eur. Ct. H. R. 18 Tebervali, 1999 weli.
115
Buscani and others v. San Marino. sasamarTlom miiRo gadawayvetileba, rom ficis dadeba
ar warmoadgenda aucileblobas demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
116
Gabriel Moens, The Action-Belief Dichotomy and Freedom of Religion (1989); Donna Sullivan,
Advancing the Freedom of Religion or Belief Through the UN Declaration on the Elimination of
Religious Intolerance and Diskrimination. (1988).
117
zogi mwerali aRniSnul sferoSi aseve emxroba religiaSi rwmenis upiratesi xasiaTis
princips. Brice Dickson, The United Nations and Freedom of Religion, 44 Int’l & Comp. L. Q. 327
(1995) brais diqsoni amtkicebs, rom `religia _ es rwmenaTa erTobliobaa~.
118
Reynolds v. U. S.—is saqmidan dawyebuli (1998). am ganxriT yvelaze xSirad moixsenieben
saqmes Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940), sadac uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom
`SesworebaSi aRiarebulia ori koncefcia — rwmenis Tavisufleba da qmedebis
Tavisufleba. pirveli absoluturia, xolo meore Tavisi arsiT SeuZleblia aseTi iyos~.
119
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U. S. 203, 220 (1972).
120
Philip Kurland, Religion and the Law: Of Church State and the Suprime Court (1961).
121
H. A. Freeman, A Remonstrance for Conscience (1998).
122
Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion. Tavebi me-2 da me-3 (1962). uilfred
kantuel smitis swavlebaSi termin `religiis~ warmoSobisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb avtori
aRwers, Tu rogor Seicvala droTa ganmavlobaSi terminebis gamoyeneba da mxolod
ukanasknel xanebSi daukavSirda ideas gansazRvruli rwmenebis erTobliobis Sesaxeb.
Tavdapirveli gamoyeneba am cnebisa ZiriTadad RvTisnieri cxovrebisa da adamianebis
religiur qcevaze aqcentis gakeTebisken ixreboda. maTi Tanamedrove kavSiri
gansazRvrul moZRvrebasTan Tavisi arsiT postreformaciuli produqtia.
215
123
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U. S. 203 (1972).
124
125
Valsamis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 2312 (1996); Efstratiou v. Greece, 27 Eur. Ct. H. R.
(ser. A) 2347 (1996).
126
kanonis Tanaxmad, SvedeTis saxelmwifo eklesiisTvis gadasaxadebis gadaxda
savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebda. SvedeTis mcxovrebT, romlebic ar iyvnen saxelmwifo
eklesiis wevrebi, hqondaT ufleba, ar gadaexadaT gadasaxadebis nawili mainc. Tumca
derbis msgavsi gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs, romlebic, marTalia, bizness eweodnen
SvedeTSi, magram ar cxovrobdnen am qveyanaSi, ar hqondaT gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan
gaTavisuflebis ufleba. Derby v. Sweden, 187 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1990) sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis danarTi.
127
Kalac v. Turkey, 41 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1199 (1997).
128
Kalac v. Turkey, 41 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A).
129
komisiis Sexeduleba, danarTi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom
komisiam ar ganixila forum internum-is sakiTxi, Tavisi gadawyvetileba daasabuTa im
niadagze, rom mosamarTlis gaTavisuflebis safuZveli gaxda mis mier rwmenaTa
manifestacia (gamoxatva), rac ar iyo `kanoniT gansazRvruli~ sakmarisi sicxadiT.
130
Tsavachidis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R., 4 marti, 1997.
131
Tsavachidis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R., 21 ianvari, 1999.
132
Riera Blume and others v. Spain, Eur. Ct. H. R., 21 seqtemberi, 1999.
133
msoflio masStabiT saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arsebul urTierTobaTa saxeebis
mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Subrata Roy Chowdhury, Rule of Law in a State of Emergency: The Paris
Minimum Standarts of Human Rights Norms in a State of Emergency (1989).
134
Myres S. McDougal, Lasswell, and Chen, The Right to Religious Freedom and World Public Order
(1976).
135
makdugali, losveli da Ceni aRweren mas, rogorc `warumatebel gadaxras tradiciuli
sibrZnidan~, romlis Tanaxmadac, oficialuri religiis dawesebam an aRiarebam SesaZloa
xeli Seuwyos aratolerantul damokidebulebas sxva rwmenis mimdevrebis mimarT.
136
D. J. Harris, M. O’Boyle, and C. Warbrick, The Law of the European Convention on Human Rights
(1995).
137
Darby v. Sweden, 187 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1990) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis danarTi.
138
Buscarini and others v. San Marino, Eur. Ct. H. R. 18 Tebervali, 1999.
139
Choudhury v. United Kingdom, 12 Hum. Rts L. J. 172 (1991); Wingrove v. the Unired Kingdom,
23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1996). TumcaRa am ukanasknel saqmeSi sasamarTlom erTi religiis
damcvel kanons ànomalia~ uwoda.
140
Darby v. Sweden, 187 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1990), danarTi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze.
X v. Austria, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. (1984).
141
Gottesmann v. Switzerland, 40 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 284 (1984).
142
Darby v. Sweden, 187 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1990), danarTi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze.
143
E G. R. v. Austria, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 42 (1984).
144
Schubert v. Germany, Eur. Comm’n H. R. 5 oqtomberi, 1981.
145
P. van Dijk and G. J. H. van Hoof, The Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human
Rights (1997).
146
saqmeSi Kustannus Oy Vapaa Ajattelija AB and others v. Finland, 85-A Eur. Comm’n. H. R. Dec.
& Rep. 29 (1996) komisiam daadgina, rom organizacia, romlis umTavres mizans aTeizmisa
Tu Tavisufali azrovnebis waxaliseba an xelSewyoba warmoadgenda da romelic
ewinaaRmdegeboda saxelmwifos Carevas religiaSi, valdebuli iyo, gadaexada saeklesio
gadasaxadebi.
147
Schubert v. Germany, Eur. Comm’n H. R., 5 oqtomberi, 1981.
216
148
Iglesia Bautista "El Salvador" and Ortega Moratilla v. Spain, 72 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep.
256 (1992).
149
kriSnasvamis swavlebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebs aqvT religiaTa Sida saqmianobis
regulirebaSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
darRvevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, magram aRniSnuli monawileoba Zalze SezRudul
xasiaTs unda atarebdes.
150
X v. Denmark, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 157 (1976).
151
Knudsen v. Norway, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 247 (1985). komisiam Tavisi
gadawyvetilebiT mxari dauWira saxelmwifos uflebas, gaeTavisuflebina pastori,
nawilobriv, im niadagze, rom man ukan waiRo erTgulebis fici.
152
Karlson v. Sweden, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 172 (1988).
153
saqmeSi Finska Fosamlimg I Stockholm and Hautaniemi v. Sweden, 85-A Eur. Comm’n. H. R. Dec.
& Rep. 94, 97 (1996) komisiam uaryo saCivari SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, radganac
gadawyvetileba, romelic saCivris wyaros warmoadgenda, miRebuli iyo SvedeTis
eklesiis avtonomiuri saeklesio asambleis mier da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo ar iyo
pasuxismgebeli am gadawyvetilebaze.
154
X v. Denmark, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 157, 158 (1976).
155
Knudsen v. Norway, Eur. Comm’n. H. R. Dec. & Rep. 247 (1985).
156
aqedan gamomdinare, igi ar sargeblobda dacviT, radganac mxolod religiiT
motivirebuli qmedebebi ar aris daculi, rogorc religiis gamoxatva, me-9 (1) muxlis
safuZvelze.
157
Serif v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R., 14 dekemberi, 1999.
158
sxva problemebze, romlebic saxelmwifo eklesiam SesaZloa gamoiwvios religiuri
umciresobebisTvis ix. Patrick Thornberry, International Law and the Rights of Minorities,
paragrafi 20 (1991).
159
Kokkinakis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993).
160
Manussakis and Others v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1347 (1996).
161
Tsavachidis v. Greece, Eur. Comm’n. H. R., 4 marti, 1997.
162
ganaTlebasa da religiasTan dakavSirebiT aSS-is poziciis ukeT gacnobisaTvis
ix. Jozeph Schuster, The First Amendment in the Balance, paragrafi 17 (1993).
163
X v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n. H. R. Dec. & Rep. 179, 180 (1978), komisiam gadawyvita,
rom mTavroba uflebmosili iyo saxelmwifo skolebTan SedarebiT arakonfesiuri kerZo
skolebis naklebi subsidireba ganexorcielebina; X and Y v. the United Kingdom, Eur.
Comm’n. H. R. Dec. & Rep. 210 (1982), komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, gaerTianebuli samefo
ar aris valdebuli, daafinansos adgilebi rudolf Staineris skolaSi, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tu mSoblebi miiCneven, rom TavianTi Svilebis maTive anTroposofiuli Sexedulebebis
Sesabamisad aRzrdisaTvis aucilebelia maTi am skolaSi gagzavna;
164
X and Y v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n. H. R. Dec. & Rep. 147, 150 (1977); W and DM v.
the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 96, 99 (1984).
165
X, Y and Z v. Germany, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 224 (1982), komisiam ganacxada, rom
ar arsebobs mSoblis ufleba, moiTxovos Tavisi Svilis mier maTematikis swavla
Sachrechnen-is meTodiT da ara germaniis dawyebiT skolebSi miRebuli Tanamedrove
maTematikuri meTodikiT.
166
15 Foreign Students v. the United Kingdom, 9 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 185, 187 (1977)
komisiam gadawyvita, rom `me-2 muxliT ganmtkicebuli ufleba ganaTlebaze pirvel rigSi
Seexeba dawyebiT ganaTlebas da ara aucileblad Semdgom swavlebas~. roca saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofs swavlebas, romelic ar aris savaldebulo, am SemTxvevaSic amgvari
swavleba pativs unda scemdes mSobelTa religiur da filosofiur mrwamss: 40 Mothers
v. Sweden, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec &Rep. 27, 30 (1977).
217
167
PD and LD v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 191 (1989); Simpson v. United
Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 188 (1989); Graeme v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n
H. R. Dec. & Rep. 158 (1990)
168
Family H v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 105 (1984) mSoblebi, romlebic
ver akmayofileben saWiro saganmanaTleblo standartebis moTxovnebs, an
TanamSromloben xelisuflebasTan unarSezRuduli bavSvebis saojaxo ganaTlebasTan
dakavSirebiT, ar sargebloben muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacviT. Ingrid Jorbedo
Foundation of Cristian Schools and Jorbedo v. Sweden, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 125,
128-9 (1987) mTavrobis uari kerZo skolisaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze swavlebis
nebarTvaze komisiis mier iqna mxardaWerili im motiviT, rom mTavrobis
gadawyvetileba emyareboda skolis mier saTanado saganmanaTleblo standartebis
daukmayofileblobas.
169
saqme, romelic dakavSirebulia im kanonis calkeul aspeqtebTan, romelic belgiis
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi enebis gamoyenebas Seexeba. 6 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1968).
170
Natan Lerner, Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law, paragrafi 10 (1991). igi didi
xnis manZilze warmoadgenda mniSvnelovan sakiTxs religiuri umciresobebisTvis, rac
kargad Cans zewolidan (gansakuTrebiT ebrauli lobisturi jgufebis mxridan)
gansxvavebuli saganmanaTleblo saSualebebis flobis uflebaze, rac ganmtkicebulia
erTa ligis mier damtkicebul umciresobaTa SeTanxmebebSi. ix. Minority schools in Albania,
64 P. C. J. 64 (ser. A\B) 4 (1935) (Advisory Oppinion), romlis Tanaxmadac albaneTis
konstituciis mier kerZo skolebis akrZalva warmoadgenda albaneTis valdebulebaTa
darRvevas religiuri da enobrivi umciresobebis winaSe.
171
Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen, 23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1982) ganacxades, rom ùdavo
ziani da Sewuxeba~ unda ganicadon maT, vinc kerZo an saojaxo swavlebas irCevs religiuri
motivebidan gamomdinare, magram is faqti, rom aseTi arCevani arsebobs, mniSvnelovania
konvenciis safuZvelze saxelmwifos valdebulebis farglebisTvis.
172
Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen v. Denmark, 23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1982).
173
TumcaRa sasamarTlo naTlad arasodes gamoxatavs, Tu ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvT
maT saqmis gadawyvetaSi. me-8 (piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscema) da me-9 muxlebis
Tanaxmad, saTanadod unda iqnes daculi bavSvis ufleba, ar iyos im informaciaTa Tu
ideaTa zegavlenis qveS moqceuli, romlebic winaaRmdegobaSi modian mis religiur da
filosofiur mrwamsTan. me-10 muxli (perifrazirebuli sasamarTlos mier, rogorc
ìnformaciisa da ideaTa miRebisa da gavrcelebis Tavisufleba~) im mosazrebis
mxardaWerisken ixreba, rom skolasa da bavSvs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba, CaerTon
ideaTa da mosazrebaTa Tavisufal gacvlaSi.
174
Campbell and Cosans v. the United Kingdom, 48 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1982).
175
bavSvebis fizikur dasjasTan da mis kavSirTan pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebuli
sxva saqmeebi: X, Y and Z v. the United Kingdom, AEur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 50 (1982)
komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, mSoblebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli
msoflmxedveloba, romelic krZalavs fizikur dasjas da romelTac TavianTi mosazrebebi
ar gaucniaT saskolo xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, am muxlis moqmedebis farglebs gareT
eqceodnen; B and D v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 44, 50 (1986) komisiam
daakmayofila mSoblis moTxovna, romlis Svilsac scemes skolaSi cudi yofaqcevisTvis;
Seven Individuals v. Sweden, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 104, 115-16 (1982), aq komisiam
dauSveblad cno mSobelTa saCivari, romlis Tanaxmadac SvedeTis axali kodeqsi bavSvTa
aRzrdis Sesaxeb Tumca ar axdenda mSoblebis mier maTi Svilebis dasjis kriminalizacias,
magram mizanSeuwonlad acxadebda mas; Durairaj, Baker and Durairaj v. the United Kingdom,
Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 13 (1987) da Jarman v. the United Kingdom, 56 Eur. Comm’n H.
R. Dec. & Rep. 181 (1988), orive saqmeSi bavSvebi fizikurad dasajes da skolidan
garicxes imis gamo, rom maTi mSoblebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen fizikur dasjas. mxareebi
morigdnen.
218
176
Hartikainen v. Finland, adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, fakultatiuri oqmis safuZvelze
SerCeuli gadawyvetilebebi, 19 aprili, 1981, me-12 sesia.
177
Angeleni v. Sweden, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 41 (1986).
178
Bernard and Others v. Luxembourg, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 57 (1993); CJ, JJ & EJ v.
Poland, 84-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 46 (1996).
179
Karnell and Hardt v. Sweden, 14 YB Convention on HR (Eur. Comm’n on H. R) 676 (1971).
180
Bernard and others v. Luxemburg, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 57 (1993).
181
komisiis mier gakeTebuli komentariT, `momCivanma TviTon gadawyvita... daswreboda
religiis gakveTilebs~.
182
harisi, oboili da vorbriki amtkiceben, rom `Tu saxelmwifos aqvs sakmarisi sababi,
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis konteqstSi icodes, risi swams pirovnebas, amis
ganxorcielebaSi misTvis winaaRmdegobis Seqmna aisaxeba Tanamedrove totalitaruli
reJimebis mxridan wamebasa da Zaladobriv gamoZiebaSi~.
183
Kevin Boyle, Juliet Sheen, Freedom of Religion or Belief: A World Report 358-65 (1997).
184
Kokkinakis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 363 (1998).
185
Riera Blume and others v. Spain, Eur. Ct. H. R., 9 marti, 1999.
186
Gottesmann v. Switzerland, 40 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 284 (1984).
187
arkot kriSnasvamis mosazrebiT, religiisa Tu rwmenis, an misi Secvlis formaluri
registracia Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba saxelmwifoebis mier da xSirad mxolod
formalobaa, magram igi gvafrTxilebs, rom aseTi formalobebi SesaZloa `faqtobrivad
gamoyenebul iqnes religiisa Tu rwmenis Secvlisagan individis gadarwmunebis
saSualebad~.
188
X v. Iceland, 18 Collection 33 (1967).
189
CJ, JJ & EJ v. Poland, 84-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 46 (1996).
190
Malcolm Show, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. malkolm Sou wuxs, rom iZulebis
akrZalva ar iqna ufro cxadad gamoxatuli konvenciaSi, im pirTa uflebebis dacvis
mizniT, romelTa sakuTar rwmenaze moqcevas cdiloben prozelitorebi. prozelitorTa
uflebebis SezRudvaze saxelmwifo moTxovnebis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo me-17 muxlis
nacvlad mimarTavda me-9 (2) muxls.
191
192
es akrZalva SemoRebul iqna metaqsas diqtatorobis periodSi, romelic gagrZelda
saberZneTis kanonmdeblobiT 1363/1938.
193
194
Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, 30 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979) aq sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT, me-10 muxli moicavs rogorc informaciis miRebis, ise gadacemis
uflebas.
195
196
Peter W. Edge, Holy War on the Doorstep. piter ejis mtkicebiT, kanonebi, romelTa
konkretul samiznes prozelitizmi warmoadgens, uadgiloa da nebismieri problema
(rogoricaa iZulebis gamoyeneba) zogadi xasiaTis sisxlis da samoqalaqo
samarTlebrivi kanonebiT unda iqnes gadawyvetili.
197
Paul Hayden, Religiously Motivated "Outrageus" Conduct: International Infliction of Emotional
Distress as a Weapon Against "Other People’s Faiths" (1993). pol haidenis mier ramdenime
magaliTia moyvanili im arakeTilsindisieri gzebisa, romelTa gamoyenebiTac sxvadasxva
religias SeuZlia prozelitebis gadmobireba, Tumca aRniSnulia, rom kanonebi,
romlebic zRudavs aseTi jgufebis saqmianobas, SesaZloa diskriminaciisa da religiur
umciresobaTa mimarT isteriis gamomwvev mizezad mogvevlinos.
219
198
X v. United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n, H. R. Dec. & Rep. 27, 33 (1981).
199
ISKCON v. United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 90 (1994). induistur taZarze
dawesebuli SezRudvebi dagegmarebis kanonis safuZvelze, dasaSvebad iqna miCneuli,
miuxedavad imisa, rom igi warmoadgenda Carevas sxvebTan erTad, sajaro wesiT
RvTismsaxurebis Tavisuflebaze, radganac taZarSi mimavali xalxis Zalze didi
raodenoba mniSvnelovnad ereoda axlomdebare soflis mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi. rac
Seexeba kerZo RvTismsaxurebas, naklebad savaraudoa, msgavsi wesiT dairRves sxvaTa
uflebani.
200
Kevin Boyle, Freedom of Conscience in International Law (1993).
201
X v. Austria, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 89 (1981).
202
Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia and Others v. Moldova, Eur. Ct. H. R. 13 dekemberi 2001 weli.
203
Patrick Thornberry, International Law and the Rights of Minorities 195 (1991).
204
Yoram Dinstein, Freedom of Religion and Religious Minorities (1992).
205
deklaracia religiuri Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli
me-6.
206
Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 123, 127 (1977). Ben Vermeulen,
Comment in Freedom of Conscience. ben vermeuleni precedentuli samarTlis safuZvelze
amtkicebs, rom `gamoxatvis formebi me-9 muxliT daculia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
obieqturi Sexedulebidan gamomdinare, isini SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
RvTismsaxurebis aqtebi~. Tumca es mosazreba mravali avtoris Sexedulebas ar emTxveva.
207
Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 123, 127 (1977).
208
Church of X v. the United Kingdom, Collection 70, 77 (1968), Khan v. the United Kingdom, Eur.
Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 253, 255 (1986). komisiam daadgina, rom qorwineba ar aris
religiisa da rwmenis manifestacia.
209
C v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. r. Dec. & Rep. 142, 147 (1983).
210
X v. Federal Republic of Germany, 23 Collection 1, 8 (1966). komisiam ar miiRo saCivari
warmoebaSi im mtkicebulebaTa ararsebobis gamo, romlebic daadasturebda, rom
cixeSi ar yofila protestanti pastori da RvTismsaxurebis ritualebi ar Catarebula.
211
Manoussakis and others v. Greece, 17 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1347 (1996).
212
Holly Monasteries v. Greece, 301 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1347 (1994).
213
Holly Monasteries v. Greece, 301 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1347 (1994). saCivari Seexeboda kanons,
romelic mTavrobas gadascemda kontrols monastrebis sasoflo-sameurneo da satyeo
sakuTrebaze. sasamarTlom ar miiRo saCivari warmoebaSi da miuTiTa, rom saberZneTis
kanoni àrc erT SemTxvevaSi ar Seexeboda obieqtebs, romlebic gamiznuli iyo
RvTismsaxurebis CatarebisaTvis da, Sedegad, ar Careula religiis Tavisuflebis
ganxorcielebaSi~. Tumca sasamarTlom aRmoaCina pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis darRveva
monasterTa sakuTrebasTan mimarTebaSi.
214
215
umravlesobis mosazrebiT, me-9 muxli moicavs vinmes gansazRvrul religiaze moqcevis
mcdelobis uflebas, magaliTad, `swavlebis~ gziT. am teqstidan naTlad Cans, rom
sasamarTlo swavlebas prozelitizmis erT-erT formad aRiarebs.
216
217
Larissis and the others v. Greece, 65 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 363 (1998).
218
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993) mosamarTle valtoqsis gansxvavebuli
azri.
219
leqsikonebSi: Larousse Grand (French-English) da Harraps Standard French and English
`wes-Cveulebebis~ sxvadasxva ganmartebaa mocemuli, romelTagan pirvels warmoadgens
is, romelic `TeoriaSi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli~. orive maTgani mocemuli terminis
aRsaniSnavad iyeneben termins Pratiques Religieuses.
220
220
Arrowsmith v. the United Kingdom, 19 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Per. 5 (1978).
221
222
Incitement of Disaffection Act 1934, (UK), section 1 (1).
223
Incitement of Disaffection Act 1934, (UK), section 1 (2).
224
225
Arrowsmith v. the United Kingdom (misaReboba).
226
definicia Camoyalibebul iqna momCivnis mier. mas mxari dauWira rogorc
gaerTianebulma samefom, ise komisiam.
227
Tumca TviT saqmeSi ar ikveTeba, momCivanma aucilebloba unda aCvenos Tu mxolod
mtkice, pirdapiri kavSiri qmedebasa da rwmenas Soris.
228
X v. Austria, 26 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 253 (1986).
229
X v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 41 (1974).
230
D v. France, 35 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 199 (1983).
231
X v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 27 (1981).
232
233
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 14 (1993).
234
T. Jeremy Gunn, Adjudicating Rights of Conscience under the European Convention on Human
Rights.
235
Karaduman v. Turkey, 74 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 93 (1993).
236
X and the Church of Scientology v. Sweden, 16 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 68, 72 (1979).
komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvaoT `reklamebi, romlebic Tavisi
arsiT mxolod ìnformaciuli~ an àRwerilobiTi~ xasiaTisaa da komerciuli reklamebi.
vinaidan saqmeSi arsebuli reklama am ukanasknel sferos miekuTvneba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom igi SesaZloa religiur obieqtebs Seexebodes, an religiuri Sinaarsis gancxadebebi
iyos reklamirebis procesSi gamoyenebuli, komisiis mosazrebiT, saqme sargeblis miRebis
mizniT gansazRvruli obieqtebiT vaWrobis survilis manifestaciasTan ufro gvaqvs,
vidre rwmenis gamoxatvasTan, am terminis gonivrul farglebSi.
237
Yanasik v. Turkey, 74 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 14 (1993).
238
Johnston v. Ireland, 112 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1986).
239
van hufisa da van dijkis mixedviT, obieqturi midgomis gamoyeneba `SesaZloa zogadad
gardauvalic iyos~, Tumca es savaraudod didi safrTxis winaSe daayenebs umciresobebs,
romlebic ver SeZleben sakmarisi msgavsebis Cvenebas TavianT religias an rwmenasa da
tradiciul/dominant religiasa Tu rwmenas Soris.
240
Peter W. Edge, The European Court of Human Rights and Religious Rights. piter ejis
mosazrebiT, `diskreciuli uflebamosileba nawilobriv im faqts efuZneba, rom
saxelmwifo ufro axlosaa gansaxilvel situaciasTan da, savaraudod, ukeT aris
garkveuli garemoebebis Sesaxeb informirebuli, vidre saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo~.
241
Valsamis v. Greece, 2 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A): Efstratiou v. Greece, 27 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A).
242
Valsamis v. Greece, 2 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A): Efstratiou v. Greece, 27 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A).
243
D v. France, 35 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 199, 202 (1983). komisiam daadgina, rom
ebraelis uari Tavisi meuRlisTvis ganqorwinebis xelwerilis gadacemaze samoqalaqo
wesiT ganqorwinebis Semdeg ewinaaRmdegeboda ìm religiuri liderebis Sexedulebebs,
romelTa mier miniWebuli uflebamosilebiTac, momCivnis mtkicebiT, igi moqmedebda~.
es daskvna ufro safrangeTis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze dayrdnobiT gamoitanes,
vidre komisiis mier pirdapiri gziT miRebuli eqspertuli mtkicebulebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
244
X v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 27 (1981).
245
221
246
swored momCivania is mxare, romelmac unda daamtkicos, rom misi qmedebani misive
religiiT an rwmeniT iyo savaldebulo. Tumca komisiam gzamkvlevis funqcia ikisra da
miuTiTa, Tu rogor unda iqnes es mizani miRweuli. magaliTad, saqmeSi X v. the United
Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep 5, 27 (1982) saCivari uaryves, radgan
momCivanma ver SeZlo sakuTari moTxovnis dasabuTeba, romlis Tanaxmadac, siqTa
liderebi krZalavdnen patimris tanisamosis tarebas religiuri mizezebis gamo. komisias
ar miuTiTebia, ra mtkicebuleba iqneboda misaRebi am SemTxvevaSi.
247
Antonio Perotti, Freedom of Conscience and Religion and Immigrants. antonio peroti aRniSnavs,
rom erT-erTi problema, romelsac zogierTi emigrantebisgan Semdgari religiuri
jgufi awydeba, aris naTlad gamokveTili ierarqiuli xelmZRvanelobis ararseboba,
romelic saxelmwifo organoebTan urTierTobaSi religiuri jgufis warmomadgenlis
funqciebs iTavebda.
248
piter eji akritikebs ideas, TiTqos sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros im kriteriumis
buneba, romelic momCivnebma unda gamoiyenon imis gadasawyvetad, miadga Tu ara ziani
maT religiur interesebs. àmis Sedegi iqneba ara marto is, rom sasamarTlo
xelisufalis pozicias daikavebs, rac TavisTavad araswori da Seusabamoa, aramed isic,
rom Seiqmneba meqanizmi, romelic orTodoqsul mimdinareobebs miscems SesaZleblobas,
gacilebiT iolad uzrunvelyon sakuTari interesebis ganxorcieleba~.
249
X v. the United Kingdom, 5 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 8 (1976). komisiam mtkicebulebad
miiRo rabinis ganmarteba, rom cixis kveba iudaizmiT dasaSvebi iyo da momCivans SeeZlo
misi miReba, miuxedavad am ukanasknelis mier sapirispiros mtkicebisa.
250
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division, 450 U. S. 707, 714 (1981).
251
Knudsen v. Norway, 42 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 93 (1985); X and the church of scientology
v. Sweden, 16 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 68 (1980).
252
Valsamis v. Greece, 2 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 2312 (1996), Efstratiou v. Greece, 27 Eur. Ct. H. R.
(ser. A) 2347 (1996).
253
Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen, 23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1976). mosamarTle vedrosis
damoukidebeli azri.
254
U. S. v. Lee (1982).
255
Peter Cumper, The Rights of Religious Minorities: The Legal Regulattion of New Religious
Movements.
256
rogoricaa wveris moSveba, X v. the United Kingdom, 16 Collection 20 (1965).
257
Arrowsmith v. the United Kingdom, 19 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 5, 27 (1978), opsalis
damoukidebeli azri. Karel Rimanque, Freedom of Conscience and Minority Groups. karel
romaniki amtkicebs, rom `me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacviT sargeblobisaTvis
qmedeba an uari samarTlebrivi valdebulebis Sesrulebaze sulieri da religiuri
mrwamsis pirdapiri gamoxatva unda iyos. es did safrTxes Seicavs religiuri
umciresobebis, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebisaTvis naklebad cnobili jgufebisTvis,
vinaidan maTi qceva mxolod maSin CaiTvleba religuri rwmenis gamoxatvad, Tu
seriozuli msgavseba iqneba naCvenebi cnobili mimdinareobebis maxasiaTebel niSnebTan~.
258
deklaracia religiuri Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli
me-6. es gacilebiT SezRuduli CamonaTvalia, vidre kriSnasvamis swavlebaSia mocemuli
an deklaraciis sawyis proeqtebSi Camoyalibebuli, Tumca, amave dros, moicavs
manifestaciaTa im saxeebs, romlebsac ar Seicavs aRniSnuli dokumentebi, magaliTad,
rogoricaa ufleba religiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebebTan
komunikaciaze rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise erovnul doneze.
259
Jacques Robert, Freedom of Conscience, Pluralizm and Tolerance. Jak robertis mtkicebiT,
Tavsaburavebis tarebam safrangeTis skolebSi, SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos `provokaciis,
zewolis, prozelitizmis da propagandis~ formebis warmoqmnas.
260
Kraduman v. Turkey, 74 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 93 (1993); Goldman v. Weinberger, 475
U. S. 503 (1986).
222
261
kriSnasvami Tavis swavlebaSi miuTiTebs, rom SesaZloa arsebobdes mizezebi religiuri
samosis tarebis aRkveTisaTvis, Tumca `sazogadod, sasurvelia, rom pirs, romelsac
sakuTari rwmena avaldebulebs amgvari samosis tarebas, dausabuTeblad ar SeezRudos
amis gakeTeba~.
262
malkolm evansis mtkicebiT, gansazRvruli donis personaluri msxverplis gaReba
religiis TavisuflebiT sargeblobis sanacvlod ar aris Seusabamo me-9 muxlTan.
263
Derby v. Sweden, 187 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1990) danarTi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze.
adamianebs, romlebic SvedeTSi cxovrobdnen, SeeZloT saeklesio gadasaxadebis
gadaxdisgan gaTavisufleba, maSin roca individebs, romlebic sxva qveynebSi
cxovrobdnen, magram SvedeTSi muSaobdnen, rogorc, magaliTad, derbi, amgvari
uflebamosileba ar gaaCndaT.
264
erT-erTi argumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba `jgufis~ umciresobaTa uflebebis
sawinaaRmdegod, is aris, rom isini erevian jgufis wevrebis SesaZleblobaSi, zustad am
tipis avtonomiuri arCevani gaakeTon.
265
Francesco Caportorti, Are Minorities Entitled to Collective International Rights?
266
Knudsen v. Norway, 42 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 247, 257 (1985); Karlson v. Sweden,
57 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 172, 175 (1988).
267
Knudsen v. Norway, 42 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 247, 257 (1985).
268
Fabian v. Switzerland, Eur. Comm’n H. R. 16 maisi, 1977. komisiam daadgina, rom, dacvis
saSualebebis naklebobis miuxedavad, romelTa gamoyenebac momCivnebs SeeZloT
eklesiis darajis winaaRmdeg, romelic maT Seuracxmyofelad ekideboda, sakiTxi
me-9 muxlis qvemdebare ar iyo, vinaidan Tavisuflad SeeZloT eklesiaSi siaruli da
amave dros hqondaT SesaZlebloba, àerCiaT sxva eklesia~.
269
EGR v. Austria, 37 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 42 (1984).
270
Paul Hayden, Religiously Motivated "Outrageous" Conduct: Intentional Infliction of Emotional
Distress as a Weapon Against "Other People’s Faiths".
271
272
Stedman v. the United Kingdom, 89-A, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 104, 107-8 (1997).
SesaZlebelia, mocemul saqmeSi momCivnis keTilsindisiereba garkveulwilad kiTxvis
niSnis qveS idga, vinaidan igi adre muSaobda kviraobiT da ar arsebobda mizezi, ris
gamoc misma religiurma moTxovnilebam cvlileba ganicada.
273
Karaduman v. Turkey, 74 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 93, 108 (1993).
274
Klac v. Turkey, 41 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1997).
275
Yanakis v. Turkey, 74 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 14, 22 (1993).
276
Tumca ara yvela SezRudva iyo legitimuri. komisiam ganacxada, rom samxedro akademiaSi
SesvliT momCivani daTanxmda SezRudvebs, romlebic Seexeboda drosa da adgils, sadac
religiis gamoxatva iyo SesaZlebeli, misi `sruli uaryofis~ gareSe. kerZod, locvisa
da religiuri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis dro iqna gadatanili.
277
umciresobis statusi maT mimarT damqiravebelTa zewolis mastimulirebel faqtors
warmoadgens. Gerard Quinn, Conscientious Objection in Labour Relations.
278
ra Tqma unda, islami umravlesobis religiaa TurqeTSi, Tumca konstituciuri da
politikuri struqturis saero xasiaTi umciresobaSi aqcevs yvelas, vinc muslimuri
religiuri tradiciebis ganxorcielebas Seecdeba.
279
280
Myres S. McDougal, Harold D. Lawsswell, Lung-chu Chen, The Rights to Religious Freedom and
World Public Order: Emerging Norm of Non-Discrimination. avtorebi adastureben, rom `Tundac
iseTi fundamenturi Tavisufleba, rogoricaa religiuri mrwamsisa da komunikaciis
Tavisufleba, daculi da ganxorcielebuli unda iqnes erTad Tavmoyril sazogadoebriv
interesTan SesabamisobaSi, adamianis sxva ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis mizniT~.
281
Brice Dickson, The United Nations and Freedom of Religion (1995); Arcot Krishnaswami, Study of
Discrimination in the Matter of Religious Rights and Practices.
223
282
Chappell v. the United Kingdom, 53 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 241 (1987).
283
284
285
Haknsson v. Sweden, 5 Eur. H. R. Rep. 297 (1983).
286
X v. Austria, (1963); am saqmis msgavsia X v. Italy 5 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep 83, 85 (1976),
sadac adamianis msjavrdeba Zalze msgavsi safuZvliT gamarTlebul iqna mxolod
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis da sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis
miznebidan gamomdinare.
287
Klass v. Germany, 28 Eur. Ct. H. R. Dec & Rep (1978); Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom,
30 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979).
288
Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, 30 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979).
289
Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, 30 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979).
290
Kokkinaki v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993).
291
292
Kokkinaki v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993). saberZneTis kanonmdeblobiT
prozelitizmi gansazRvruli iyo, rogorc `nebismieri pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri
mcdeloba sxva religiuri mimdinareobis pirovnebis religiur rwmenebze zemoqmedebisa
maTi xelyofis ganzraxviT, rogorc moraluri da materialuri mxardaWeriT an misi
dapirebiT, ise TaRliTuri meTodebiT, an dazaralebulis gamoucdelobis, ndobis,
saWiroebis, dabali inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis an gulubryvilobis gamoyenebiT~.
293
umravlesobis Tanaxmad ki, me-7 muxlis ZiriTadi mizani iyo sisxlissamarTlebrivi
kanonebisaTvis ukuZalis miniWebis akrZalva, romlebic amZimebdnen braldebulis
mdgomareobas da imis uzrunvelyofa, rom individs SeeZlos, winaswar ganWvritos, misi
qmedeba daisjeba Tu ara.
294
Larissis and others v. Greece, 65 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993).
295
296
Handyside v. the United Kingdom, 24 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1976).
297
hendisaidis saqme pirvel rigSi gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, vinaidan
igi seqsualur sakiTxebze saganmanaTleblo masalis Semcveli `patara wiTeli
lifletebis~ gavrcelebas Seexeboda, rac akrZaluli iyo 1959 wels miRebuli ùxamsi
publikaciebis~ aqtiT. am saqmeSi SemuSavebuli principebiT safuZveli daedo
sasamarTlos zogad midgomas àucileblobis~ sakiTxisadmi.
298
Handyside v. the United Kingdom, 24 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1976).
299
Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, 30 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979). sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom
`sasamarTlos xelisufleba gacilebiT obieqturi cneba iyo~, romelzedac ufro didi
evropuli konsesusi arsebobda (Sesabamisad, gacilebiT viwro diskrecia), vidre
sazogadoebrivi moralis sferoze.
300
301
Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, 30 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979); Klass v. Germany, 28 Eur.
Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1978).
302
P. Van Dijk and G. J. H. van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights.
303
304
saqme, Tavis mxriv, me-10 muxlidan gamomdinare sakiTxebs Seexeboda, vinaidan avstria
Seecada, filmis Cvenebis akrZalvis Taobaze Tavisi gadawyvetileba daesabuTebina im
motiviT, rom igi sxvaTa religiur grZnobebs Seuracxyofda.
305
Wingrove v. the United Kingdom, 23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1996).
306
Peter W. Edge, The European Court of Human Rights and Religious Rights, piter ejis
mtkicebiT, igi Zalze farTo da bundovnad gansazRvrulia me-9 muxlis konteqstSi.
307
Stephanos Stavros, Freedom of Religion and Claims for Exemption from Generally Applicable,
Natural Laws: Lessons from Across the Pond?.
224
308
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993); Manoussakis and others v. Greece,
17 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1347 (1996); Larissis and others v. Greece, 65 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A)
363 (1998); Tsavanidis v. Greece, Eur. Comm’n H. R. 4 marti, 1997 weli.
309
National Union of Belgian Police v. Belgium, 1 Eur. H. R. 578, 595 (1979-80).
310
Larissis and others v. Greece, 65 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 363 (1998).
311
312
mosamarTle martensis nawilobriv gansxvavebuli azri.
313
mosamarTle petitis nawilobriv Tanmxvedri azri.
314
Yoram Dinstein, Freedom of Religion and Religious Minorities. saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo
da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb ar miiCnevs dasaSvebad SezRudvebs erovnuli
uSiSroebis safuZvelze.
315
Manoussakis v. Greece, 17 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1347 (1996). saberZneTis mTavrobis
mtkicebiT, kanons, romelic zRudavda araorTodoqsuli taZrebis mSeneblobas, hqonda
legitimuri mizani, nawilobriv marTlmadidebeli eklesiis rolidan gamomdinare,
èrovnuli TviTSegnebis da berZnuli patriotizmis SenarCunebaSi ucxouri okupaciis
periodSi~.
316
317
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993). mosamarTle martensis nawilobriv
Tanmxvedri azri.
318
es monacemebi momCivanma moiyvana da saberZneTis mTavrobam amis mimarT protesti ar
gamoTqva. man mxolod miuTiTa, rom sisxlissamarTlebriv devnaTa raodenoba
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
319
Wingrove v. the United Kingdom, 23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A)1937 (1996). mkrexelobis Taobaze
arsebul britanul kanonebsac ki, romlebic mxolod qristianul religias icavda,
legitimuri mizani hqonda, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva religiebze ar vrceldeboda.
gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone mosamarTle lomusis SexedulebiT, `mkrexelobis kanoni
icavs mxolod qristianul religias, ufro konkretulad ki dawesebul anglikanur
eklesias... aqedan gamomdinare, Carevis mizans qristianuli rwmenis da ara sxva rwmenaTa
dacva warmoadgens. es ki badebs kiTxvas, aucilebelia Tu ara amgvari Careva
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~.
320
Chappell v. the United Kingdom, 534 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep, 241, 247 (1987).
321
Omkaranda and the Divine Light Zentrum v. Switzerland, 25 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 105
(1981) aris saqme, romelic naTlad amtkicebs sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da janmrTelobis
xelyofis potencials religiuri jgufis qmedebaTa Sedegad. aq religiuri jgufis
lideri dapatimrebul iqna sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadi Zaladobis aqtebis
organizebis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. ix. aseve X v. the United Kingdom, 3 Eur. Comm’n H. R.
Dec & Rep. 62 (1975), sadac komisiam daadgina, rom rwmenis Tavisufali gamoxatva ar
gulisxmobs dezertirobis, oficerTa mkvlelobisa da irlandiis respublikuri
armiisaTvis iaraRis miwodebis waqezebas.
322
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi protestantuli msvlelobani kaTolikur raionebSi amgvari
problemis naTeli magaliTia. ix. Theo van Boven, Advances and Obstacles in Building
Understanding and Respect Between People of Diverse Religionsand Beliefs. Seuwynarebloba
da antagonizmi SesaZloa aseve warmoiSvas religiur jgufsa da arareligiur dajgufebas
Soris, ix. Plattform Artze v. Austria, 44 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 65 (1985). es saqme
Seexeboda Setakebebs abortis mowinaaRmdege kaTolikur jgufsa da abortze adamianis
uflebis momxre socialur dajgufebas Soris.
323
Luis Fernando Martinez-Ruiz, Comment in Freedom of Conscience 66 (evropis sabWo, 1993).
324
saqmeSi Hakansson v. Sweden, 5 Eur. H. R. Rep. 297 (1983) piris gasamarTleba, romelic
alkoholis miRebas xmamaRla acxadebda codvad, aucileblad cnes sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis dacvisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc Sveduri kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,
ise komisiis mixedviT, misi qmedebani mxolod `sazogadoebriv aRSfoTebas~ iwvevda.
225
325
X v. Austria, 16 Collection 20 (1965); Childs v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R., 1 Mar.
1983.
326
Engels v. the Netherlands, 22 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1977). sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom
sazogadoebrivi wesrigi `moicavs aseve wesrigs, romelic unda arsebobdes specialuri
socialuri jgufis farglebSi~. saqme samxedro disciplinas Seexeboda, Tumca es
principi patimarTa sazogadoebebzec vrceldeba.
327
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, zogadi komentari me-18 muxlze; evropis sabWos
ministrTa komitetis rezolucia, patimrebTan mopyrobis minimaluri standartuli
wesebi.
328
Childs v. the United Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R., 1 Mar. 1983.
329
komisia daeyrdno ueikfildis episkoposis cnobas, romlis Tanaxmadac mRvdeli
sistematurad naxulobda patimars.
330
X v. Belgium, 34 Collection 20, 22 (1970).
331
X v. Austria, 16 Collection 20 (1965).
332
X v. the United Kingdom, 1 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 41, 42 (1974).
333
ISKCON and Others v. the United Kingdom, 76-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep 90, 91 (1994).
334
335
saqmeSi Manoussakis and others v. Greece, 17 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1347 (1996) mosamarTle
martensma Tavis Tanmxvedr azrSi miuTiTa, rom RvTismsaxurebis adgilisaTvis
gankuTvnili Senoba-nagebobis mSeneblobis sanqcirebis moTxovna Sesabamisia
gansazRvruli garemoebebis arsebobisas, magram, aseve SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes
religiuri Seuwynareblobis SesaniRbad. rodesac nebarTva aucilebelia
RvTismsaxurebis adgilebis mSeneblobisas, absoluturad naTeli unda iyos, rom misi
miReba ar aris damokidebuli konkretuli religiis doqtrinaze. uari nebarTvis
miRebaze dasaSvebia mxolod `sazogadoebriv wesrigTan dakavSirebuli Zalze
gamonaklisi, obieqturi da dauZlevadi mizezebis arsebobisas~.
336
Arcot Krishnaswami, Study of Discrimination in the Matter of Religious Rights and Practices
kriSnasvamis swavlebis Tanaxmad, miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri erTianobis
SenarCuneba SesaZloa legitimuri miswrafeba iyos, Zalze xSirad misi gamoyeneba
uSualod saxelmwifos an mis SigniT garkveuli dominanturi jgufis mier tiraniisa da
devnis gamarTlebad iqceoda.
337
Buscaruni and others v. San Marino, Eur. Ct. H. R., 18 Tebervali, 1999 weli.
338
Serif v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R., 14 dekemberi, 1999 weli.
339
Childs v. the United Kingdom, 5 Eur. Comm’n H. R. 1 marti, 1983 weli.
340
X v. the United Kingdom, 5 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 100 (1976). imis miuxedavad, rom
komisiam am saqmeSi miiRo argumenti, romlis Tanaxmadac, wignis akrZalva aucilebeli
iyo sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad, savaraudod, es uflebebi da
Tavisuflebebi ZiriTadad fizikuri zianisgan TavisuflebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
341
342
Jozeph Raz, The Authority of Law 283 (1979). aSS-Si zrdasruli individebis mier
mkurnalobaze uaris TqmasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi iqna
miRebuli iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa pirovnebis fexmZimoba an pasuxismgebloba
bavSvebze.
343
Childs v. the United Kingdom, 5 Eur. Comm’n H. R. 1 marti, 1983 weli.
344
345
Laskey v. the United Kingdom, 29 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 120 (1997).
346
arkot kriSnasvamis swavlebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, daicvas individi,
romelic uars acxadebs `mecnierul samedicino mkurnalobaze~ da, Sesabamisad, safrTxes
uqmnis sakuTar janmrTelobas, iseve rogorc aRkveTos TviTmkvleloba.
226
347
aseTi uaris Sedegebma SesaZloa bavSvis sikvdilic gamoiwvios. Jennifer Trahan, Parental
Denial of a Childs Medical Needs for Religious Reasons.
348
am SemTxvevaSic erT-erTi savaraudo Sedegi bavSvis sikvdilia. Wayne F. Malecha, Faith
Healing Exemptions to Child Protection Laws, Keeping the Faith v. Medical Care for Children.
349
Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U. S. 158, 170 (1944) sasamarTlom saqme bavSvebis dacvis
mizniT religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sasargeblod gadawyvita. misi gancxadebiT,
`mSoblebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen mowameebi, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom maT aqvT ufleba,
amgvari garemoebebis arsebobisas, TavianTi Svilebi aqcion mowameebad~.
350
Seven Individuals v. Sweden, 29 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 104 (1982).
351
igi Seexeboda saCivars me-8 muxlis safuZvelze, Tumca komisiam aRniSna, rom amgvari
argumentaciis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo me-9 muxlidan gamomdinare moTxovnasTan
mimarTebaSic.
352
bavSvebs damoukidebeli ufleba aqvT azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebaze
(bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia, me-14 muxli, 20 noemberi, 1989 weli), Tumca bavSvs aseve
aqvs ufleba mzrunvelobasa da dacvaze saxelmwifos mxridan, gansakuTrebiT
usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi (me-3 muxli), aseve ufleba sicocxleze,
gadarCenasa da ganviTarebaze (me-7 muxli).
353
me-6 muxli avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, daicvan bavSvis sicocxle da uzrunvelyon misi
ganviTareba. 24-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom unda miiRos yvela efeqturi da
Sesabamisi zoma bavSvis janmrTelobisaTvis zianis momtani tradiciuli saqmianobis
aRmosafxvrelad.
354
Jonston v. Ireland, 112 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1986).
355
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, zogadi komentari me-18 muxlze.
356
profesor dona salivanis gancxadebiT, `deklaraciiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi Seicavs
sxvadasxva uflebebs Soris konfliqtis potenciur SesaZleblobas. Sedegad,
deklaraciis gamoyenebis amocana yovel konkretul situaciaSi adamianis uflebaTa
damcvelebs aiZulebs, SeimuSaon ganmartebiTi midgomebi yvela gaTvaliswinebuli
uflebis maqsimaluri dacvis mizniT~.
357
arsebobs Zalze didi potenciali konfliqtisa qalTa uflebebsa da religiis
gamoxatvis uflebas Soris, ramac SesaZloa moicvas saqmianoba, romelic qalis
daqvemdebarebul statuss usvams xazs. Donna Sullivan, Gender Equality and
Religious Freedom: Towards a Framework for Conflict Resolution.
358
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993). kriSnasvami Tavis swavlebaSi
eTanxmeba am mosazrebas, Tumca iZleva gafrTxilebas, rom àmgvari SezRudvebi iseTi
ar unda iyos, rom umciresobani umravlesobis samsxverploze miitanos, aramed unda
uzrunvelyofdes udidesi donis Tavisuflebas sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi
mTlianisaTvis.
359
erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani saqmisa Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A)
(1993) aris is, rom sasamarTlo daeyrdno dabalansebas `sxvaTa uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebisa momCivnis im qcevasTan mimarTebaSi, romlis CadenaSic igi iyo
braldebuli~ da ara momCivnis uflebebis sapirispirod.
360
ISKCON v. Unired Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 90 (1994).
361
piter ejis mixedviT, `sasamarTlo mowodebulia, ufro farTod moaxdinos me-9 muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis interpretireba, rodesac saqme individis SezRudvas exeba,
vidre saxelmwifo Zalauflebisagan~ dacvas.
362
363
Wingrove v. the United Kingdom, 23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (SER. a) 1937 (1996-v).
227
364
gansakuTrebuli azri mosamarTle petits ekuTvnoda, romelic umravlesobasTan
Tanmxvedr pozicias warmoadgenda. misi gancxadebiT, me-9 muxli ar aris kavSirSi
am saqmesTan da misi gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. ra Tqma unda, sasamarTlom sworad daafuZna
Tavisi analizi sxvaTa uflebebze da oto-premingeris saqmeSi miRebuli
gadawyvetilebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaerTiana me-9 da me-10 muxlebi, morali da sxvaTa
uflebebi. Tumca sakiTxavia, ramdenad srulad asaxavs igi umravlesobis pozicias,
vinaidan 1955 wels umravlesobam miuTiTa, rom religiis Seuracxyofis aRkveTis mizani
legitimuria me-10 muxlis meore nawilis safuZvelze, magram, amave dros, `srul
SesabamisobaSia me-9 muxliT religiis TavisuflebisaTvis miniWebul dacvasTan~.
365
366
Tumca es avtori, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT specifikur mosazrebas ayalibebs
arakeTilsindisieri gadmobirebis bunebis Sesaxeb da im safrTxeebsac iTvaliswinebs,
rac prozelitizmis amkrZalavi farTo kanonebidan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes.
367
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-a Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993).
368
Peter Cumper, The Rights of Religious Minorities: The Legal Regulation of New Religious
Movements. piter kamperi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs SeuZliaT
usaSvelod gaazviadon ìdeologiuri damuSavebis~ problema, Tuki arsebobs mcire
mtkicebulebac ki imisa, rom aRniSnul faqts aqvs adgili, axali religiebisa Tu
`kultebis~ mimarT represiebis ganxorcielebis mizniT.
369
Larissis and the others v. Greece, 65 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 363 (1998).
370
mosamarTle van dijkis nawilobriv gansxvavebuli azri.
371
saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. SezRudvebi
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze SesaZlebelia dawesebul iqnes mxolod
me-18 muxlis me-3 nawilis safuZvelze.
372
Lawless v. Ireland, 3 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1961).
373
Ireland v. Uniited Kingdom, 25 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979).
374
Tumca sasamarTlom gaimeora, rom saxelmwifoebs ar gaaCniaT `SeuzRudavi diskreciuli
uflebamosileba~...
375
magaliTad, saxelmwifo valdebulia daemorCilos me-15 muxlis mesame nawilis moTxovnas,
romlis Tanaxmadac igi valdebulia saqmis kursSi amyofos evropis sabWos generaluri
mdivani miRebuli zomebis, maTi mizezebisa da xangrZlivobis Taobaze.
376
magaliTad, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier ganxilul erT-erT saqmeSi Church of lukumi
v. City of Hialeah, 113 S. Ct. 2217 (1993) regulaciebi, erTi SexedviT, cxovelTa mokvlis
standartebis Taobaze realurad lukumis eklesiis cxovelTa ritualuri
msxverplSewirvis mimarT gamosayeneblad iqna Segnebulad SemuSavebuli.
ix. L. Carter, The Ressuraction of Religious Freedom.
377
Manoussakis and others v. Greece, 17 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1347 (1996). mocemul saqmeSi
dagegmarebis kanonebis gamoyeneba xdeboda diskriminaciuli gziT mcire,
aratradiciuli religiuri jgufebis mimarT. ix. aseve Tsavachidis v. Greece, Eur. Comm’n
H. R., 4 marti, 1999 weli. aq saxelmwifo zogadi xasiaTis erovnuli uSiSroebis
zedamxedvelobis kanonebs iyenebda msgavsi jgufebis sawinaaRmdegod.
378
miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos, ise aSS-s
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier ramdenjerme gamoyenebul iqna termini `zogadi da
neitraluri~, arc erT maTgans ar dauzustebia misi sazRvrebi. Stephanos Stavros,
Freedom of Religion and Claims for Exemption from Generally Applicable, Neutral Laws. stefanos
stavrosi askvnis, rom `neitraluri da zogadi daniSnulebisaa kanonebi, romlebsac
legitimuri samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi interesis xelSewyobis procesSi gaaCniaT
garkveuli Tanmdevi Sedegi gansazRvrul pirovnebaTa religiur rwmenaze zemoqmedebis
saxiT~. es zogadi da neitraluri kanonebis swored is definiciaa, rac am qveTavSia
gamoyenebuli.
379
X v. the Netherlands, 5 Y. B. Eur. Conv. On H. r. 278 (1962).
228
380
X v. the Netherlands, 23 Collection 137 (1967).
381
V v. the Netherlands, 39 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 267 (1984); X v. the Netherlands, 8 Y.
B. Eur. Cov. On H. R. 266 (1965); Reformed Church of X v. the Netherlands, 5 Y. B. Eur. Conv.
On H. R. 286 (1962).
382
Aiglesia Bautista "El Salvador" and Ortega Moratilla v. Spain, 72 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep.
256 (1992); C v. the United Kingdom, 37 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 142 (1983)
383
magaliTad, saberZneTSi mxolod 1997 wels SemoiRes alternatiuli samxedro samsaxuri.
manamde ki aTasobiT keTilsindisieri pacifistis winaaRmdeg sisxlissamarTlebrivi
devna ganxorcielda.
384
mravali evropuli saxelmwifos iZulebiT samxedro samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli
konstituciuri debulebebis zogadi mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Stefano Rodota, Conscientious
Objection to Military Service.
385
miuxedavad imisa, rom termini `keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba~ SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes bevr kanonTan mimarTebaSi, keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba mxolod samxedro
samsaxurisadmi aris gamoyenebuli am paragrafSi mis Sinaarsad.
386
Grandrath v. Federal Republic of Germany, 10 Y. B. Eur. Conv. On H. R. 626 (1966).
387
Grandrath v. Federal Republic of Germany, 10 Y. B. Eur. Conv. On H. R. 626 (1966).
388
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma identuri pozicia daikava, roca amgvari
argumentaciiT ixelmZRvanela saqmeSi L. T. K. v. Finland, H. R. C. Rep., Pt 1, U. N.
389
magaliTisTvis ix. Johansen v. Norway, 44 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 155, 165 (1985);
Autio v. Finland, 72 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 145, 149 (1990).
390
Conscientious Objector v. Denmark, 9 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 117, 118 (1977); Autio v.
Finland, 72 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 145, 149 (1990).
391
392
saqmeSi Autio v. Finland, 72 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 145, 149 (1990) miCneul iqna, rom
moxaliseebs, romlebic uiaraRo samxedro samsaxurs airCevdnen, 120 dRiT, xolo maT,
vinc Semcvlel samsaxurs mianiWebda upiratesobas, 180 dRiT meti unda emsaxuraT, vidre
samxedro mosamsaxureebs.
393
Rainen v. Finland, 84-A, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 17 (1996). am saqmeSi momCivani
xelmeored daapatimres uarisaTvis samxedro an misi Semcvleli samsaxuris Sesrulebaze.
misi saCivari aSkarad dausabuTeblad miiCnies.
394
Johansen v. Norway, 44 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 155, 165 (1985).
395
is garemoeba, rom dakavebas ufro iZulebiTi xasiaTi hqonda, vidre dasjadi, SeiZleboda
danaxuli yofiliyo im faqtiT, rom SesaZlebeli iyo momCivnis gaTavisufleba mis mier
mzadyofnis gamoTqmis SemTxvevaSi, Seesrulebina Tavisi samarTlebrivi valdebulebani.
396
397
samxedrovaldebulTa evropuli sabWo, iZulebiTi samxedro samsaxuri centralur da
aRmosavleT evropaSi: zogadi kvleva (1996).
398
399
N v. Sweden, 40 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 203, 207 (1984); Autio v. Finland, 72 Eur. Comm’n
H. R. Dec & Rep. 245, 250 (1990); Rainen v. Finland, 84-A, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 17,
31 (1996).
400
N v. Sweden, 40 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 203, (1984).
401
Brinkhof v. the Netherlands, 2 ivlisi, 1993, U. N.
402
rezolucia 337 (1976), evropis sabWo, me-18 sesia (mesame nawili); saparlamento asambleis
rezolucia 816 (1977), 7 oqtomberi 1977.
403
evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendacia.
229
404
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, zogadi komentari me-18 muxlze, romlis
Tanaxmadac, miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb
saerTaSoriso paqtSi ar aris moxseniebuli ufleba keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobaze,
rogorc aseTi, ès ufleba SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes me-18 muxlidan, vinaidan
sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis iZuleba SesaZloa seriozul konfliqtSi movides
religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan. iq, sadac aRiarebulia
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba, dauSvebelia ganxorcieldes diferenciacia individebs
Soris gansazRvruli rwmenebis niadagze, aseve diskriminacia samxedro samsaxurze uaris
ganmcxadeblis mimarT~.
405
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiis rezolucia, 22 aprili, 1998. igi Seexeboda adamianis
uflebaTa komitetis komentars me-18 muxlze, romelic mouwodebda saxelmwifoebs,
daeSvaT keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba da gamoeCinaT saTanado damokidebuleba
samxedro samsaxurze uaris ganmcxadebelTa mimarT.
406
Tsirlsi and Kouloumpas v. Greece, 35 Eur. Ct. H. R. (Ser. A) (1997).
407
danarTi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze.
408
mosamarTle lidis nawilobriv gansxvavebuli azri.
409
Thlimmenos v. Greece, Eur. Comm’n H. R., 4 dekemberi, 1998 weli.
410
vinaidan ramdenime weli iyo gasuli Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dRidan, sawyisi msjavrdebis
yovelgvari pirdapiri gasaCivreba xandazmulad CaiTvleboda.
411
komisiis wevrebis _ rozakis, lidis, marqseris, novidis, konfortis da bracas nawilobriv
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi. SeniSvna: dResdReobiT rozaki, konforti da braca
sasamarTlos wevrebi arian.
412
Thlimmenos v. Greece, Eur. Comm’n H. R., 6 aprili, 2000 weli.
413
Jozeph Raz, The Authority of Law 277 (1979), amtkicebs, rom `dResdReobiT keTilsindisieri
winaaRmdegobis ganxilva ZiriTadad samxedro samsaxurTan mimarTebaSi xorcieldeba.
SesaZloa arsebobdes garkveuli praqtikuli problemebi keTilsindisier
winaaRmdegobaze adamianis uflebis samarTlis sxva sferoebze gavrcelebisaTvis, magram
misi aRiareba samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad principebisa Tu
moraluri mizezebisa, romlebic amas daedo safuZvlad, aseve gavrceldeba samarTlis
moqmedebis sxva sferoebzec~.
414
Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, 19 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 5, 20 (1978); Le Cour
Grandmaison and Fritz v. France, 53 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 150, 160 (1987); McFeeley
and others v. United Kingdom, 20 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 44, 77 (1980); Stedman v. United
Kingdom, 89-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 104 (1997); V v. the Netherlands, 39 Eur. Comm’n
H. R. Dec & Rep. 267, 268 (1984).
415
X v. the Netherlands, 5 Y. B. Eur. Conv. On H. R. 278 (1962).
416
mag. C v. the United Kingdom, 37 Eur. Coom’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 142, (1983).
417
Derby v. Sweden, 187 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1990).
418
C v. The United Kingdom, 37 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 142 (1983).
419
ix. Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, 19 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 5 (1978).
420
C v. The United Kingdom, 37 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 142, 147 (1983).
421
pirveli oqmis pirveli muxli ìcavs yvela fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris uflebas Tavisi
sakuTrebiT daubrkoleblad sargeblobaze~, Tumca amave dros saxelmwifos unarCunebs
sakuTrebis kontrolis uflebas `gadasaxadebis akrefis uzrunvelyofisTvis~.
422
mTavrobis argumentacia moicavda moTxovnas, romlis mixedviTac `mas unda hqonoda
ufleba, Tavisuflad gamoeyenebina gadasaxadebi im miznebisaTvis, romlebsac SesaZloa
individTa protesti gamoewviaT~.
423
C v. The United Kingdom, 37 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 142, 147 (1983).
424
Derby v. Sweden, 187 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1990).
230
425
mag. Revert and Legallais v. France, 62 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 309, 318 (1989). saCivari
uaryofil iqna nawilobriv imis safuZvelze, rom kanoni, romelic savaldebulos xdida
arqiteqtorTa asociaciis wevrobas, Sexeboda yvela arqiteqtors neitralurad,
personaluri rwmenis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad.
426
Valsamis v. Greece, 2 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 2312 (1996); Efstratiou v. Greece, 27 Eur. Ct. H. R.
(ser. A) 2347 (1996).
427
neitralur da zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebTan dakavSirebuli saCivrebis uaryofa
komisiis mier ZiriTadad dasaSvebobis stadiaze xdeboda.
428
Chappell v. the United Kingdom, 53 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 241 (1987).
429
Chester v. the Unired Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R., 6 oqtomberi, 1982 weli; Pelle v. France, Eur.
Comm’n H. R., 1 oqtomberi, 1986.
430
ISKCON v. Unired Kingdom, Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec. & Rep. 90, 106 (1994). komisiis gancxadebiT,
ìgi ar miiCnevda, rom konvenciis me-9 muxlis gamoyeneba unda momxdariyo dagegmarebis
kanonmdeblobisaTvis gverdis avlisaTvis, Tu am kanonmdeblobiT religiis
Tavisuflebas adekvaturi mniSvneloba hqonda miniWebuli~. winadadebis pirveli nawilis
mixedviT, zogadi da neitraluri kanoni ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes safuZvels me-9
muxlis qvemdebare saCivrisaTvis, Tumca meore naxevari miuTiTebs, rom am debulebas
garkveuli sazRvrebi aqvs.
431
Casimiro and Fereira v. Luxemburg, Eur. Ct. H. R., 27 aprili, 1999.
432
Hakansson v. Sweden, 5 Eur. H. R. Rep. 297 (1983).
433
Van Den Dungen v. the Netherlands, 80-A Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 147, 150 (1995).
434
stefanos stavrosis mixedviT, am saqmeebs Soris gansxvaveba aris is, rom religiuri
gamoxatvis saqmeebSi momCivnebs unda warmoadgendnen individebi, `romlebic pirvel
rigSi religiur miznebs misdeven da romelTa azrebi Riad gamoxatuli religiuri
Sinaarsisaa~. Tumca es Zalze umniSvnelo gansxvavebaa, vinaidan religiuri
winaaRmdegobis identifikaciis done am saqmeebSi sakmaod msgavsia.
435
John Edwards, Preferential Treatment and Rights to Equal Consideration (1999).
436
437
Yoram Dinstein, Religious Freedom and Religious Minorities.
438
ritualuri sadili.
439
An Act to Prohibite Intoxicating Beverages 1999, (U.S.A.) (intoqsikaciuri sasmelebis
amkrZalavi aqti).
440
Employment Division, Department of Human Resourses of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U. S. 872, 893-4
(1990). uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle o'konoris Tanmxvedri azriT, `Zalze Znelia
imis uaryofa, rom kanoni, romelic religiiT motivirebul qmedebas krZalavs, im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu is zogadi daniSnulebisaa, sul mcire, ar iwvevs pirveli Sesworebidan
gamomdinare SeSfoTebas~.
441
stefanos stavrosis mixedviT, `Tuki detaluri gamokvlevis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom
kanoni namdvilad zogadi da neitraluria, unda gamoiricxos me-9 muxlis safuZvelze
misi gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba~.
442
Reynolds v. U. S., 98 U. S. 244, 250 (1878); Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U. S. 296 (1940).
443
saqmeSi Reynolds v. U. S., 98 U. S. 244, 250 (1878) dadgenil iqna, rom poligamiis
sawinaaRmdego kanonebi ar arRvevda pirvel Sesworebas, vinaidan isini ara mormonTa
rwmenaSi, aramed mxolod maT religiur gamoxatvaSi ereodnen.
444
445
Employment Division, Department of Human Resourses of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U. S. 872, 893-4
(1990).
446
Michael McConnell, Free Exercise and the Smith Decision (1990).
447
Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 1993 (U. S. A) (religiuri Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqti).
448
City of Boerne v. Flores, 117 S. Ct. 2157 (1997).
231
449
mag. saqmeSi Scherbert v. Verner, 374 U. S. 398, 400 (1963) sasamarTlom daadgina, rom im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu arsebobda TaRliTobis problema adamianebisaTvis religiis niadagze
gamonaklisiT sargeblobis uflebis miniWebisas, saxelmwifos unda eCvenebina
`regulaciis sxva alternatiuli formebis ararseboba, romlebic aRmofxvridnen kanonis
amgvarad borotad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, pirveli Sesworebidan gamomdinare
uflebebis Seulaxavad~.
450
mag. saqmeSi Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Associacions, 485 U. S. 439, 451 - 552
(1988) sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `mTavroba ubralod ver SeZlebda moqmedebas, Tuki
misTvis savaldebulo iqneboda nebismieri moqalaqis religiuri moTxovnilebebisa da
survilebis dakmayofileba~.
451
stefanos stavrosis mtkicebiT, gansakuTrebuli religiuri pluralizmis dros
`sasamarTloebs ar SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon balansi TiToeuli religiis moTxovnebsa
da zogadi daniSnulebis, neitraluri kanonebiT gamiznul sazogadoebriv interess
Soris~.
452
City of Boerne v. Flores, 117 S. Ct. 2157 (1997). am saqmeSi aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqti (1993) `mniSvnelovani Careva iyo
Statebis tradiciul prerogativasa da ZiriTad uflebamosilebaSi, ganexorcielebina
marTva Tavisi moqalaqeebis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad~.
453
Young, James and Webster v. the United Kingdom, 44 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1981).
454
Steven Wheatley, Minority Rights, Power Sharing and the Modern State. stiven uiTlis
mtkicebiT, ùmciresobebTan dakavSirebuli mravali problemuri sakiTxi warmoiqmna am
jgufebis wevrebis sruli uuflebobisagan, Careuliyvnen politikur procesebSi, an,
sul mcire, uuflebobis gancdisgan~.
455
evropis sabWos ganmartebiTi moxseneba erovnul umciresobaTa CarCo-konvenciaze.
456
Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U. S. 872 (1990).
457
Reynolds v. U. S., 98 U. S. 244, 267 (1878). am saqmeSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada,
rom religiuri rwmenis safuZvelze pirisaTvis kanonis sawinaaRmdegod religiis
gamoxatvis nebis darTva `gacxadebul religiur doqtrinebs uzenaesad aqcevs kanonTan
mimarTebaSi, rac faqtobrivad TiToeul moqalaqes SesaZleblobas miscems, gadaiqces
sakuTari Tavis kanonad~.
458
jozef raci CamoTvlis sam ZiriTad mizezs imisa, ratom ar unda arsebobdes erTiani,
zogadi wesi, romliTac sanqcirebuli iqneboda keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba
nebismieri kanonisadmi. pirveli mdgomareobs TaRliTobis safrTxeSi, meore aris vinmes
TviTgamocdis procesis waxalisebis SesaZlebloba gamonaklisiT sargeblobis motiviT,
mesame mizezis mixedviT ki, sanam ufleba morwmunis mier mis ubralo deklarirebas
efuZneba, aris saSiSroeba saxelmwifos CarTvisa individis piradi moraluri
moTxovnebis SefasebaSi.
459
Jozeph Raz.
460
evropul saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi kvlavac agrZeleben samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis
garkveuli formis gamoyenebas, miuxedavad am institutis gauqmebisa da mis sanacvlod
profesiuli samxedro Zalebis Camoyalibebis sasargeblod arsebuli ekonomikuri da
samxedro argumentebisa.
461
X v. the Netherlands, 5 Y. B. Eur. Conv. on H. R. 278 (1962).
462
X v. the Netherlands, 8 Y. B. Eur. Conv. on H. R. 266 (1965); X v. the Netherlands, 23 Collection
137 (1967). am saqmeebSi momCivnebi acxadebdnen, rom gadasaxadis saxiT sadazRvevo
Senatanis gadaxdis valdebuleba moCvenebiTi gamonaklisi iyo da kvlav avaldebulebda
maT iZulebiT sadazRvevo sistemaSi monawileobis miRebas. komisiam orive saCivari
aSkarad dausabuTeblad cno imis safuZvelze, rom momCivnebma ver SeZles me-9 muxlis
darRvevis demonstrireba.
463
X v. the Neterlands, 8 Y. B. Eur. Conv. on H. R. 266, 270 (1965).
232
464
mizezi, ris gamoc momCivans am kontribuciis gadaxdisgan gaTavisufleba surda,
nawilobriv imaSic mdgomareobda, rom igi uars acxadebda siberis asakSi saxelmwifos
mxridan daxmarebis miRebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, vinaidan ar surda sargeblis miReba,
cdilobda dakisrebuli valdebulebisganac gaTavisuflebuliyo.
465
X v. the United Kingdom, 14 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep 234 (1978). ix. sagzao moZraobis
aqti 1988, me-16 muxli: àm muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi ar gavrceldeba
siqizmis arc erT mimdevarze, sanam is Calmas atarebs~.
466
ufro metic, bevri avtoris mixedviT, pluralistur sazogadoebaSi kanonis safuZvelze
religiis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba amcirebs socialuri uwesrigobis saSiSroebas.
Frederick M. Gedicks, Public Life and Hostility to Religion. frederik gediqsis TqmiT,
`gamonaklisebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi zogierTi religiuri jgufi ubralod
ganadgurdeboda umravlesobis kanonisa da kulturis zewolis pirobebSi. umravles
SemTxvevaSi amgvari jgufebi ar uqmnian safrTxes sazogadoebriv wesrigs. amis
miuxedavad, umravlesobis dominirebam SesaZloa zogierT morwmunes ubiZgos
radikaluri, destabilizaciis momtani, antisazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaken (Zaladobis
CaTvliT)~.
467
Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, 30 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1979); Observer and Guardian
v. the United Kingdom, 126 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1937.
468
Wingrove v. the United Kingdom, 23 Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 1937 (1996). Otto-Preminger-Institut
v. Austria, 295 Eur. Ct. H. R. (se. A) (1994).
469
470
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 260-A Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) (1993); Larissis and the others v. Greece, 65
Eur. Ct. H. R. (ser. A) 363 (1998).
471
Karaduman v. Turkey, 74 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 93 (1993); X v. the United Kingdom, 14
Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep 234 (1978).
472
473
Hakansson v. Sweden, 5 Eur. H. R. Rep. 297 (1983); Van Den Dungen v. the Netherlands, 80-A
Eur. Coom’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 147 (1995).
474
Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U. S. 872 (1990).
475
Antonio Perotti, Freedom of Conscience and Immigrants.
476
Employment Division, Department of Human Resourses of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U. S. 872, 902
(1990). mosamarTle o’konorma, Tavis Tanmxvedr azrSi aRniSna, rom pirveli Sesworeba
swored im pirTa uflebebis dasacavad iqna miRebuli, romelTa religiis gamoxatvac ar
aris gaziarebuli umravlesobis mier da, SesaZloa, mtrul damokidebulebasac iwvevdes.
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis doqtrinis istoria naTlad aCvenebs im sastik zemoqmedebas,
romelsac umravlesobis mier dadgenili wesebis safuZvelze ganicdidnen iseTi
arapopularuli religiuri jgufebi, rogorebicaa ieRovas mowmeebi an amiSebi.
477
478
Steven Wheately, Minority Rights, Power Sharing and the Modern Democratic State.
479
Thlimmennos v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R., 6 aprili, 2000.
480
Karaduman v. Turkey, 74 Eur. Comm’n H. R. Dec & Rep. 93 (1993).
481
Buscarini and others v. San Marino, Eur. Ct. H. R, 18 Tebervali, 1999.
482
Tsavachidis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R., 4 marti, 1997.
483
Thlimmenos v. Greece, Eur. Comm’n H. R., 4 dekemberi, 1998.
484
Serif v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H. R., 14 dekemberi, 1999.
233
234
religiisa da
rwmenis Tavisufleba
aSS-s konstituciis
safuZvelze
mesame Tavi
235
236
Sesavali
1988 wels Jurnalistebma prezidentobis kandidats,

jorj buSs hkiTxes axalgazrdobaSi gamovlili mZime gan-
sacdelis Seaxeb: meore msoflio omis dros buSis sab-
rZolo TviTmfrinavi wynar okeaneSi Camoagdes da igi
ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi Ria zRvaSi Tavis gadasar-
Cenad ibrZoda. buSma upasuxa, rom igi Tavs imxnevebda
„WeSmariti Rirebulebis mqone sagnebze, anu RmerTsa
da rwmenaze, fiqriT~ — da maSinve dasZina: „eklesiisa
da saxelmwifos gamijvnaze fiqriTac~. Jurnalistebs
gaeRimaT buSis pasuxze, romelic eklesiisa da saxelm-
wifos Sesaxeb uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sexedulebebis
mxardaWeris demonstrirebas isaxavda miznad.
rogori kuriozulic ar unda yofiliyo es gancxa-
deba, prezidentma buSma instinqturad gamoxata reli-
giasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobisadmi amerike-
lebis udidesi nawilis damokidebuleba. amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis mosaxleobis did umravlesobas surs,
rom xelisufleba da sajaro moxeleebi TavianT saqmi-
anobaSi garkveulwilad religiuri rwmeniTa da princi-
pebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen (erT-erTi sociologiuri
kvleviTi centris, Gallup Poll, uaxlesi gamokvlevis Se-
degebis mixedviT, gamokiTxulTa 65%-ze metma ganac-
xada, rom prezidentobis aTeist kandidats xmas ar mis-
cemda). amave dros, amerikelTa umravlesobas surs, rom
saxelmwifo zedmetad ar Caerios religiur saqmeebSi —
es midgoma zogjer eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis
ideaSi gamoixateba, zogjer ki — ubralod, religiis
Tavisuflebis ideaSi. zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom
arsebobs daZabuloba, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebis saqmi-
anobaze religiuri Rirebulebebis zegavlenis survil-
sa da, meore mxriv, saxelmwifos mxridan religiur saq-
meebSi Caurevlobis moTxovnas Soris. sxva mkvlevarebi
ki fiqroben, rom es ori idea savsebiT Tavsebadia. Tumca
237
ukanaskneli SemTxveva warmoSobs uTanxmoebas religiis mimarT xelisuflebis da-
saSveb da dauSvebel qmedebebs Soris zRvaris gavlebasa da mis safuZvelTan dakav-
SirebiT.
kiTxva, Tu rogori damokidebuleba unda hqondes saxelmwifos religiuri mrwam-
sebisa da maTi gamoxatvisadmi, uZveles droSi iRebs saTaves. kacobriobis istoriis
udidesi nawilis manZilze sazogadoebebi miiCnevdnen, rom yvela moqalaqe erTi sar-
wmunoebisa unda yofiliyo — saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iZulebis wesiTac ki — rogorc
sazogadoebrivi erTianobis SenarCunebis, ise WeSmariti religiis dacvis mizniT.
ukanaskneli 400 wlis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi Se-
iniSneba neli moZraoba ara mxolod qristianuli umravlesobis, aramed religiaTa
farTo wrisaTvis mniSvnelovani Tavisuflebis miniWebis mimarTulebiT. am process
mravalma faqtorma daudo saTave, maT Soris, mzardma religiurma mravalferovne-
bam, mravali qristianuli dogmis mimarT skeptikuri damokidebulebiT gamorCeuli
ganmanaTleblobis gavlenam da mravali qristianis rwmenam, rom iZulebiT SeuZle-
belia wrfeli da cxoveli sarwmunoebis miReba. dResac ki aSS-Si arsebobs uTanxmoeba
religiisadmi saxelmwifos damokidebulebis sakiTxis Taobaze, Tumca es iSviaTad
Tu gadaizrdeba xolme iZulebasa da ZaladobaSi.
da mainc, arsebuli uTanxmoebebi sakmaod Rrma da mniSvnelovania. xelisufleba
yovelTvis dgeba religiis Tavisuflebis sferoSi wamoWrili sakiTxebis gadaWris
winaSe, rodesac religiuri praqtika konfliqtSi Sedis socialur valdebulebebTan
an sxvaTa uflebebTan. kidev ufro Rrmaa sakiTxi imis Taobaze, rom yvela religiuri
mrwamsisa da jgufisaTvis farTo Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia sazo-
gadoebrivi cxovrebidan religiis sruli CamoSorebis xarjze. zogierTi kritikosis
azriT, swored es xdeboda bolo wlebSi, rodesac „eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separa-
ciis~ amerikuli tradicia religiuri normebisa da Rirebulebebisagan xelisufle-
bis gamijvnaSi gadaizarda. kritikosTa azriT, es tendencia Zalze saSiSia, radgan
religia zneobrivi principebisa da wesrigis Seucvleli wyaroa, gansakuTrebiT iseT
naciaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic mosaxleobis religi-
urobis Zalze maRali doniT gamoirCeva (sociologiuri gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom
amerikelebis 90%-ze mets swams RmerTi).
bolo aTwleulebSi xsenebul sakiTxTa umravlesoba konstituciuri samarTlis
sagnad iqca, romelsac aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo da sxva sasamarTloebi ixilaven.
konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba iqca ZiriTad samarTlebriv instrumentad sasa-
marTlo instanciaTa xelSi. es Sesworeba xelisuflebis nebismier doneze iseTi
kanonis miRebis amkrZalav debulebad ganimarteba, romelic `daawesebs religias an
SezRudavs aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas~.
am sferoSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebma sasamarTlo Semowmebis uf-
lebamosilebis gamoyenebis zogierTi yvelaze ufro sadavo precedenti warmoqmna
(igulisxmeba sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, Zaladakargulad cnos kanonebi, romleb-
ic, misi azriT, konstituciasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis). sasamarTlom antikonsti-
tuciurad cno saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris xangrZlivi drois manZilze arsebuli
zogierTi urTierToba, magaliTad, locva sajaro skolaSi, rac, mkvlevarTa garkve-
uli nawilis mosazrebiT, pirveli Sesworebis sawyisi miznebis ugulebelyofis tol-
fasia da sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi religiis rolis dakninebas warmoadgens. magram
238
sasamarTlom amave dros mxari dauWira xelisuflebis mier religiis mimarT gan-
xorcielebul sxvadasxva qmedebebs, gansakuTrebiT, ukanasknel wlebSi, rac xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi winaaRmdegobaSi modis adrindel gadawyvetilebebTan da gancxadebebTan.
yvela kritikosi Tanxmdeba, rom precedentuli samarTali Sinaganad Seusabamo xasi-
aTisaa, zogierTis mtkicebiT ki — araTanmimdevrulic.
am TavSi warmodgenilia amerikul sazogadoebasa da samarTlebriv sistemaSi re-
ligiasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi Temebi; Sejamebulia konstituciuri debule-
bebi, warmodgenilia saxelmwifosa da religiasTan dakavSirebiT gasaanalizebeli
sakiTxebis struqtura da mokled aris aRwerili ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi standar-
tebi precedentuli samarTlis aRiarebuli saqmeebis mimoxilvis gziT, romlebsac
misdevda uzenaesi sasamarTlo religiis ori konstituciuri klauzulis (aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebisa da ardawesebis) safuZvelze.
239
konstituciis
pirveli
Sesworeba
da sxva
samarTlebrivi
debulebebi
religiuri testis klauzula
aSS-s konstitucia Sesworebebis Setanamde religi-

asTan dakavSirebul mxolod erT debulebas Seicavda.
me-3 Tavis meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, `religiuri testis
gamoyeneba arasodes ar moxdeba SeerTebul StatebSi
nebismieri Tanamdebobis dakavebis an sazogadoebrivi
ndobis pirobad~. es klauzula axal federalur xeli-
suflebas ukrZalavda praqtikas, romelsac dResac mis-
deven mraval StatSi Tanamdebobis pirisgan RmerTis an
gansazRvruli religiuri doqtrinis rwmenaze ficis
dadebis moTxovnis saxiT.
Tanamedrove precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT,
religiuri testis klauzula sruliad zedmetia, vina-
idan uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT religi-
uri testebis gamoyeneba saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobe-
bisaTvis pirveli Sesworebis akrZalvis sferoSi eqce-
va. saqmeSi torkaso uotkinsis winaaRmdeg1 arakonsti-
tuciurad iqna cnobili Statis moTxovna, Tanamdebo-
bis pirebs religiuri rwmenis deklarireba moexdinaT.
sasamarTlo daeyrdno pirvel Sesworebas, radgan saq-
meSi Statis samarTali iyo CarTuli. es Sesworeba ki
miRebul iqna rogorc federaluri, ise adgilobrivi
samarTlis dafarvis mizniT me-14 SesworebasTan inkor-
poraciis safuZvelze. SedarebisTvis, Zalze rTulia
religiuri testis klauzulis ganmarteba federaluri
xelisuflebis Tanamdebobebis farglebs gareT iuris-
diqciis mqoned, rogorc misi istoriis ise, ise teqstis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
pirveli Sesworeba
religiis Sesaxeb pirveli Sesworebis debuleba e. w.

„uflebebis bilis~, anu konstituciis pirveli aTi Ses-
240
worebis, nawilia. es Sesworebebi federalurma xelisuflebam 1791 wels miiRo, raTa
garantirebuli yofiliyo Statebis xelisuflebaTa prerogativebsa da maTi moqa-
laqeebis TavisuflebebSi Carevis aRkveTa. religiis Sesaxeb debulebaSi vkiTxulobT:
„kongresi ar miiRebs kanons, romelic daawesebs religias an SezRudavs aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebas~. sasamarTloebi da konstituciis interpretatorebi xSirad
am debulebas or sxvadasxva religiur klauzulad yofen: ardawesebisa da aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebis da saqmeebis analizs erTis an meoris mixedviT axdenen. Tumca
sxva interpretatorebis mtkicebiT, am ori klauzulis wakiTxva urTierTmimarTebaSi
unda moxdes da ara izolirebulad, maTi harmonizaciisa da ara dapirispirebis miz-
niT; bolos da bolos, klauzulebi erTdroulad miiRes eklesiebisa da saxelmwi-
fos mimarT erTiani gancxadebis formiT.
religiis gamoxatva sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeba: qadagebiT, evangelisturi
msvlelobiT sazogadoebriv parkSi, doqtrinuli wigniT an sxva naSromiT. aseTi
SemTxvevebi pirveli Sesworebis sxva nawilsac ukavSirdeba, romelic krZalavs „pre-
sis, Sekrebis an sityvis Tavisuflebis~ xelmyofi kanonis miRebas. Sedegad, religiis
Tavisuflebis damcavi mravali Tanamedrove gadawyvetileba sityvis Tavisuflebis
klauzulis interpretaciis safuZvelze iqna miRebuli.
pirveli Sesworebis inkorporacia
ùflebaTa bilis~ danarCeni nawilis msgavsad, pirveli Sesworeba Tavdapirvelad

mxolod federaluri xelisuflebis mimarT gamoiyeneboda. baroni baltimoris merisa
da saqalaqo sabWos winaaRmdeg.2 bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva, ris safuZvelze ganixi-
lavs Tanamedrove uzenaesi sasamarTlo adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis iseT qmedebebs,
rogoricaa saskolo sabWos mier saklaso locvis SemoReba? pasuxi Semdegia: me-20
saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom religiisa
da sityvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb konstituciis klauzulebi inkorporirebulia me-14
SesworebaSi, im debulebis nawilad, romelic Statis mTavrobas ukrZalavs, uaryos
pirovnebis ufleba `jerovan samarTlebriv proceduraze~. ix. gitlou niu-iorkis
winaaRmdeg3 (sityvis Tavisufleba); qenTveli koneqtikutis winaaRmdeg4 (aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisufleba); eversoni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg5 (ardaweseba).
ar arsebobs araviTari perspeqtiva, rom sasamarTlo uars ganacxadebs inkorpo-
raciis doqtrinaze religiis an sxva nebismier sferoSi. religiis Tavisufleba Cvens
droSi im fundamentur uflebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebsac, amerikelTa umrav-
lesobis azriT, xelisuflebam yvela doneze unda sces pativi. zogi mkvlevari kvlav
ganagrZobs mtkicebas, rom 1868 wels, samoqalaqo omis dasrulebisTanave miRebuli
me-14 Sesworeba gamiznuli iyo Savkaniani amerikelebisaTvis qorwinebis, xelSekru-
lebaTa dadebisa da sakuTrebis flobis uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad. sxvebi `jero-
vani samarTlebrivi proceduris~ klauzulas ufro farTod ganmartaven, Tumca
kvlav mxars uWeren Sexedulebas, rom is mxolod gansazRvruli tipis fundamentur
uflebebs icavs religiis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi, magram ara aucileblad pirveli
Sesworebidan gamomdinare yvela niSnis CaTvliT.
kritikosebis mcire nawili gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT akritikebs religiuri kla-
uzulebis inkorporacias. zogierTi maTgani miuTiTebs 1875 wels SemoTavazebul
„bleinis Sesworebaze~, romlis miRebazec kongresma uari ganacxada. igi konstitu-
241
cias mniSvnelovnad cvlida swored Statebis mTavrobebze ardawesebisa da aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebis klauzulebis aSkara gavrcelebiT. kritikosebi svamen kiTxvas:
ratom unda ganexila kongress aseTi SemoTavazeba, Tu man ramdenime wliT adre igu-
lisxma pirveli Sesworebis gamoyeneba Statebis mTavrobaTa mimarT? inkorporaciis
damcvelebi pasuxoben, rom „bleinis Sesworeba~, SesaZloa, moiazreboda, rogorc
aucilebeli im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu religiuri klauzulebis inkorporacia me-14 Ses-
worebaSi Tavidanve gamiznuli iyo, radgan am droisTvis uzenaesma sasamarTlom
slauter-hauzis6 saqmeebSi faqtobrivad originaluri Sinaarsi gamoacala xsenebul
Sesworebas. inkorporaciis momxreebi aseve amtkiceben, rom SesaZloa arsebobda sxva
faqtorebi, rac, savaraudod, axsnida `bleinis Sesworebis~ SemoTavazebasa da kong-
resis mier mis armiRebas. inkorporaciis zogierTi damcvelis gancxadebiT, nebismier
SemTxvevaSi „me-14 Sesworebis~ Sinaarsi ar aris SeboWili mis avtorTa specifikuri
miznebiT.
sxva kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom religiuri klauzulebis, gansakuTrebiT arda-
wesebis klauzulis, pirveladi mizani mxolod Statebis religiur politikaSi (maT
nawilSi 1791 wlisTvis kvlav SemorCenili iyo dawesebuli eklesiebi) federaluri
xelisuflebis mxridan Carevis aRkveTaSi mdgomareobda (aRsaniSnavia, rom arda-
wesebis klauzula krZalavs religiis damwesebel nebismier kanons, romelmac SeiZ-
leba moicvas Statebis dawesebul eklesiebSi Carevis mcdelobebi). „Statis uflebe-
bis~ amgvari politika logikurad SeuZlebelia gamoiyenebodes Statebis xelisuf-
lebaTa SesazRudad.
inkorporaciis momxreebi pasuxoben, rom religiuri klauzulebi gamiznuli iyo
aseve pirovnebis uflebebis dasacavad da am mizniT debulebis gavrceleba Statebze
maTi mTavrobebis mxridan darRvevebis SezRudvisaTvis namdvilad ar aris azrs mok-
lebuli. abingtonis skola Sempis winaaRmdeg7 (mosamarTle brenanis Tanmxvedri azri).
garda amisa, religiis Tavisuflebis zogierTi forma, savaraudod, im rekonstru-
irebuli kongresis wevrTa gonebaSic aqtiurad trialebda, romelmac me-14 Sesworeba
miiRo: samxreTis monaTmflobeluri reJimis kritikis amosavali wertili monebisa
da mqadagebeli misionerebis religiuri saqmianobis SezRudva iyo.
sxva debulebebi
federaluri konstitucia ar aris erTaderTi relevanturi kanoni mocemul sfe-

roSi. Statebsac aqvT religiasTan dakavSirebuli sakuTari konstituciuri debu-
lebebi. zogierTi maTgani federalur konstituciur klauzulebze gacilebiT mkac-
rad zRudavs xelisuflebis saqmianobas. ufro metic, religiasTan dakavSirebuli
debulebebis moZieba aseve SesaZlebelia kanonebisa da maregulirebeli kodeqsebis
farTo speqtrSi, rogorc federalur, ise Statebis doneze. kanonebi da sxva regu-
laciebi SeiZleba eklesiebs aTavisuflebdes gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan an gansazRv-
ruli kanonismieri wesebis Sesrulebisgan, an krZalavdes mTavrobisagan finansuri
daxmarebis miRebas. amgvari debulebebi aseve asaxavs saxelmwifo politikas reli-
giis mimarT.
242
religiuri
klauzulebis
interpretacia
uzenaesi sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali Ta-

visi istoriis manZilze cvalebadi da xSirad Seusabamo
xasiaTiT gamoirCeoda, amitom students an am sferoSi
moRvawe praqtikoss garkveuli sistema esaWiroeba sasa-
marTlos uamravi gadawyvetilebis kategoriebad dayo-
fisa da analizisaTvis. msgavsi sistemiT yvelafris ax-
sna SeuZlebelia, Tumca igi mkiTxvels bevris gagebaSi
Seuwyobs xels. wignis mocemuli Tavi aseTi sistemis
uzrunvelyofas isaxavs miznad.
gansxvavebuli midgomebi religiuri

klauzulebis interpretaciisadmi
mosamarTleebi kanonmdeblobis Semowmebisas iyene-

ben konstituciis teqsts, rogorc xalxis mier miRebul
uzenaes kanons. aseTi avtoritetis gareSe federaluri
sasamarTlo Semowmeba ewinaaRmdegeba amerikis konsti-
tuciuri sistemis or ZiriTad safuZvels. pirveli sa-
xalxoobis principi, anu demokratiaa, vinaidan fede-
ralur sasamarTlo SemowmebaSi monawileoben daniSnu-
li mosamarTleebi, romlebic aRWurvilni arian ufle-
bamosilebiT, Zaladakargulad gamoacxadon arCeuli
Tanamdebobis pirebis mier miRebuli kanonebi. meore
federalizmia: SeerTebuli Statebis sistema Statebs
aniWebs moqmedebis mniSvnelovan uflebamosilebas im
sferoebis garda, sadac konstitucia an sxva federa-
luri kanoni ar uSvebs maT mTavrobebs.
problema, ra Tqma unda, mdgomareobs konstituciis
mniSvnelobis gansazRvraSi misi gamoyenebisas konkre-
tuli sadavo sakiTxis mimarT. iseTi farTod Camoyali-
bebuli debulebebis teqstis, rogoricaa religiuri
klauzulebi, sityvasityviT gageba ar gamodgeba saxel-
mZRvanelod zogierTi Zalze mniSvnelovani SemTxvevis
243
gadasawyvetad. sxva romel wyaros (wyaroebs) unda mimarTos mosamarTlem teqstis
interpretirebisaTvis? es Zalze rTuli kiTxvaa da masze pasuxis gacemisas konsti-
tuciis kritikosebi gansxvavebul poziciebs aniWeben upiratesobas. Tanamedrove
miznebisaTvis SegviZlia ori ZiriTadi midgoma ganvasxvavoT konstituciuri debule-
bebis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi religiuri klauzulebis, mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisaTvis.
am ori mimarTulebis identificirebis mizans warmoadgens ara maT Soris saukeTesos
gamovlena, aramed TiToeuli maTganis sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod moyvanili
ZiriTadi argumentebis CamoTvla.
erTi midgomiT aqcentirebulia debulebis istoriuli mniSvnelobis gansazRvra,
kerZod, misi mimRebi Taobis mier, an ufro specifikurad _ konkretuli normis avtorTa
mier misi gagebis gamorkveva. am pirveladi gagebis midgomis damcvelebis mtkicebiT,
mxolod Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas aqvs sakmarisi avtoriteti umravlesobis yvela
Semdgom qmedebaze dominirebisaTvis, vinaidan mxolod igi miiRo udidesma umravlesobam
saTanado samarTlebrivi procedurebis gavlis gziT (rogoricaa konstituciaSi
cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze me-5 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebi).
am Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, im midgomis damcvelebi, romelsac SeiZleba
konstituciis „zneobrivi gageba~ ewodos, daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom dokumenti asa-
xavs politikuri moralis gansazRvrul zogad principebs — pirveli Sesworebis Sem-
TxvevaSi aseTad miCneulia religiis, sindisisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. maTi
mtkicebiT, es principebi arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganimartos,
maT avtorTa Tu mimRebTa naazrevis miuxedavad. mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli
konstituciis adaptacia aTwleulebisa da saukuneebis manZilze amerikul naciaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebisadmi.
am ori gansxvavebuli midgomidan gamomdinare, garkveuli sakiTxebis ilustri-
reba naTlad aris SesaZlebeli religiur klauzulebTan dakavSirebuli probleme-
bis gamokvleviT. „pirveladi gagebis~ kritikosebis gancxadebiT, Tu is zRudavs kons-
tituciur doqtrinas konstituciis avtorTa specifikuri SexedulebebiT, maSin is
warmoudgenels xdis dokumentis Rirebulebebis adaptacias arsebiTad gansxvavebul
garemoebebSi. meore mxriv, maTi mtkicebiT, Tu debulebis sawyisi gageba ise unda
ganimartos, rogorc avtorTa mosazrebebis ukan mdgomi abstraqtuli principi, maSin
originalizmi kargavs dapirebul damajereblobas: momaval Taobebs arCevanis gake-
Teba zogad principebs Soris abstraqciis mraval doneze mouwevT, rac, savaraudod,
specifikur sakiTxebze avtorTa mosazrebebis ignorirebas gamoiwvevs.
magaliTad, pirveli Sesworebis avtorebi, rogorc Cans, did problemas ver xe-
davdnen sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi locvaSi. savaraudod, amis mizezi
SesaZlo protestis gamomTqmeli araqristianebis nakleboba iyo. magram avtorebs
surdaT, uzrunveleyoT mTavrobis CamoSoreba raime poziciis dakavebisagan religiis
im Sida sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic pirveli Sesworebis SemuSavebisas pro-
testantebs Soris kamaTis sagani iyo. Cvens droSi, rodesac mravali amerikelia ara-
qristiani, am zogadi principis dacvam SeiZleba qristianuli locvebisadmi pirveli
Sesworebis avtorebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri tolerantobis uaryofa
moiTxovos.
meore mxriv, moraluri gagebis kritikosebi acxadeben, rom debulebis mimRebTa
Sexedulebebze fokusirebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba masSi raime obieqturi Sina-
244
arsis danaxva. nebismier mniSvnelovan SemTxvevaSi romelime poziciis sasargeblo an
sawinaaRmdego zneobrivi argumenti sakmaod bevria, arasaimedo xasiaTisaa da damo-
kidebulia konkretuli pirovnebis individualur xedvaze. amitom gardauvalia, rom
mosamarTleebi, romlebic „saukeTeso~ zneobriv gagebas misdeven, sabolood sasa-
marTlo procesze sakuTari moraluri Rirebulebebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas Seec-
debian. am SemTxvevaSi daniSnuli mosamarTleebi Zirs gamouTxrian rogorc demok-
ratias, aseve federalizms: xalxis uflebas, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi arCeuli war-
momadgenlebis meSveobiT da adgilobriv doneze.
magaliTad, disputebi saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb — an
sajaro skolebSi oficialuri locvis msgavsi konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv —
Zalian did siRrmeebSi iWreba da msjelobis sagnad aqcevs WeSmaritebisa da religiis,
an gansazRvruli religiuri mrwamsis mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebul Sexedu-
lebebs. is, rac mosamarTlis azriT, religiis Tavisuflebis saukeTeso gagebas war-
moadgens, savaraudod, mosamarTlis Zalze pirovnuli Sexedulebis nayofia. zogi-
erTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom Tanamedrove sasamarTlos mier religiis klauzu-
lebis mixedviT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi im sekularizebuli elitis (mosamar-
Tleebisa da sasamarTlo moxeleebis) midrekilebebs asaxavs, romlisTvisac reli-
gia, Cveulebriv, ar aris mniSvnelovani da cxovrebaSi saxelmZRvanelo Zala.
es ori Sexeduleba ar aris urTierTgamomricxavi. pirveladi gageba, Cveulebriv,
garkveul zneobriv principebs asaxavs da originalistebi (pirveladi gagebis momx-
reebi) Tanxmdebian, rom Tanamedrove garemoebebTan am principebis misadagebisaTvis
saWiroa gansakuTrebuli moqniloba. meore mxriv, konstituciisadmi zneobrivi
midgomis damcvelebi aRiareben, rom istoria naTels mohfens debulebis safuZvelSi
myof da masSi asaxul princips, agreTve dRevandelobaSi misi saukeTeso implemen-
taciis gzas. ufro metic, maTi kombinirebis, an maT Soris kompromisis misaRwevi
mravali gza iqna SemoTavazebuli. magaliTad, zogierTi mosazrebiT, mosamarTleebi
amerikul tradiciebs unda daeyrdnon, raTa konstituciur doqtrinas araangariS-
valdebuli mosamarTleebis subieqturi mosazrebebis zegavlenis gareSe ganviTa-
rebis saSualeba miscen.
religiuri klauzulebis fuZemdebluri principebi
religiuri klauzulebisa da maT ganmartebaze gamiznuli gadawyvetilebebis ukeT

gasagebad aucilebelia is ZiriTadi principebi da Rirebulebebi gaviazroT, rom-
lebsac es klauzulebi da gadawyvetilebebi unda emsaxurebodes (originalistis-
Tvis metad saWirboroto sakiTxia imis gansazRvra, Tu ra Rirebulebebs emsaxure-
boda klauzulebi istoriulad; konstituciis sxva TeoretikosebisTvis ZiriTadi
kiTxva isaa, Tu ra Rirebulebebs unda emsaxuros klauzulebi dRes). ra Tqma unda,
religiis Sesaxeb debulebis daniSnuleba aris is, rom „xeli Seuwyos religiis Tavi-
suflebas yoveli pirovnebisaTvis, uzrunvelyos, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, yvelaze
sruli xedva da dasaxos is pirobebi, romlebic saukeTeso saSualebad gamodgeba
aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad“ (abingtonis saskolo olqi Sempis winaaRmdeg, mosamar-
Tle goldbergis Tanmxvedri azri8 ). magram religiis Tavisufleba ar aris Tavis-
Tavad cxadi idea da precedentuli samarTlis uwesrigoba asaxavs mosamarTleebis
uTanxmoebas religiis Tavisuflebis raobis gansazRvraSi.
245
Zireulma principebma, anu Rirebulebebma, unda ganmartos orive klauzula: ar-
daweseba da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es ori klauzu-
la erTi debulebis ori nawilia. es, ra Tqma unda, niSnavs, rom isini erTmaneTTan
harmoniulad unda iyos Sewyobili da ara dapirispirebuli, radgan maTma erTma-
neTisagan izolirebulad interpretaciam SeiZleba mniSvnelovani sirTuleebi gamo-
iwvios. rogor unda moxdes am ori klauzulis ganmarteba, rom mTavrobam isini re-
ligiis mimarT gamoiyenos?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad sami principi, anu Rirebuleba, epaeqreboda erT-
maneTs: separacia, Tanasworoba da religiis Tavisufleba, anu arCevani. ix. uolzi
sagadasaxado komisiis winaaRmdeg9 (mosamarTle harleni, Tanmxvedri azri) (ganxi-
lulia „voluntarizmis“, anu Tavisuflebis, „neitralobis“, anu Tanasworobisa da
„Caurevlobis“, anu separaciis Rirebulebebi). TiToeuli maTgani orazrovnebiT ga-
moirCeva da SeiZleba ganmartebul iqnes rogorc viwro, ise farTo gagebiT. uzenaes
sasamarTlos Tanmimdevrulad arc erTi am RirebulebisaTvis ar dauWeria mxari.
swored am mizeziT misi gadawyvetilebebi xSirad Seusabamo xasiaTisa iyo. Rirebu-
lebebis dadgena ver gadaWris yvela sakiTxs, magram, sul mcire, SeZlebs dagvexmaros
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa ukeT gaazrebaSi.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna (separacia). erT SesaZlo Rirebulebas, rom-
lis uzrunvelsayofadaa mimarTuli religiis ori klauzula, warmoadgens eklesiisa
da saxelmwifos separacia. sul mcire, es niSnavs ara mxolod imas, rom saxelmwifo
da eklesia ori gansxvavebuli institutia (iranis msgavsi Teokratiis sapirispirod),
aramed imasac, rom arc saxelmwifos da arc eklesias ar unda hqondes erTmaneTis
Sida marTvaSi monawileobis oficialuri ufleba. SeerTebuli Statebis mier uaryo-
fil iqna, magaliTad, dawesebuli eklesiebis mqone im erebis praqtika, rogoricaa
didi britaneTi, sadac mTavroba eklesiis liderebis arCevaSi oficialurad (Tumca
Cvens droSi TiTqmis sruliad simbolurad) iRebs monawileobas da episkoposebs aseve
oficialurad ukaviaT saparlamento adgilebi lordTa palataSi. Tanamedrove
amerikaSi zogadad aRiarebulia eklesiisa da saxelmwifos „institucionaluri sepa-
racia“. amis miuxedavad, religiisagan xelisuflebis ufro ambiciuri gamijvna aisaxa
Tanamedrove sasamarTlos zogierT gadawyvetilebaSi, ramac didi kamaTi gamoiwvia.
1947 wlis dasawyisSi, eversoni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg10 sasamarTlo saqmis
dros, sasamarTlom tomas jefersonis frazis citirebiT ganacxada, rom pirveli
Sesworeba „separaciis kedels“ aRmarTavda. „kedlis“ metafora ara mxolod imas
gulisxmobda, rom religia da xelisufleba ar unda Caerios erTmaneTis saqmeebSi,
aramed imasac, rom maT Soris Sexeba mcire unda iyos an saerTod ar unda arsebobdes.
praqtikulad sasamarTlo mTavrobaSi iseTi religiuri praqtikis akrZalvis ideis
implementacias axdenda, rogoricaa saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul skolebSi loc-
va, mTavrobis mier kerZo religiuri skolebis dafinanseba.
am sakamaTo gadawyvetilebebSi separacia niSnavda xelisuflebis samoqmedo sfe-
rodan religiuri saqmianobisa da gavlenis gamoricxvas, pirvel rigSi religiuri
umciresobebis warmomadgenlebis an arareligiuri moqalaqeebis dacvisaTvis. xeli-
suflebis mxridan ucxo da arapopularuli sarwmunoebis devnis istoriam mravali
adamiani miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom religiuri umciresobebis dacva mxolod seku-
larul xelisuflebas SeuZlia. zog SemTxvevaSi es pozicia emyareboda mosazrebas,
246
rom religia gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea, anu Zalze rTulia religiuri uTanxmo-
ebebis mogvareba empiriulad an racionalurad. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, arsebobs Se-
xeduleba, rom sazRvari unda daedos religiuri sakiTxebisa da gansxvavebebis
Setanas politikur sistemaSi. aseve gavrcelebulia azri, rom arc religia unda
SeiWras Rrmad politikur sakiTxebSi, radgan xelisuflebis roli marTebuladaa
SezRuduli saero miznebiTa da politikiT.
Tumca separacionizmis sxva tradicia, romelic saTaves baptisti lideris, ro-
jer uiliamsisagan iRebs, aqcentirebas axdens ufro religiis, vidre sazogadoebis
an politikuri sistemis dacvaze. am tradiciis mixedviT, eklesiasa da saxelmwifos
Soris „megobruli“ urTierTobebic ki xelyofs religiis xelSeuxeblobas da asus-
tebs mas. sasamarTlom ramdenjerme mimarTa am tradicias xelisuflebis mxridan
religiuri organizaciebis marTvis, zogjer ki religiuri institutebisaTvis, maT
Soris skolebisTvis, damxarebis aRmoCenis mcdelobaTa aRsakveTad.
religiasa da saxelmwifos Soris kontaqtis sruli ararsebobis miRweva yovelTvis
SeuZlebeli iyo, ramdenadac orive maTganis zrunvis sagania sazogadoebrivi moralis
sakiTxebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis istoriaSi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris
TiTqmis yovelTvis iyo arsebiTi institucionaluri gamijvna, mTavroba sxvadasxva
gzebiT xels uwyobda dominantur qristianul eklesias. magram religiasa da saxelm-
wifos Soris kontaqtebis rRveva kidev ufro Zneli gaxda bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
radgan xelisuflebis aqtiuroba Zalze gaizarda da ganviTarda ganaTlebisa da ko-
merciuli saqmianobis regulirebis, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis
mimarTulebiT. mravali kritikosi acxadebs, rom ramdenadac xelisuflebis samoq-
medo areali Zalze gafarTovda, misgan mkacrad sekularuli rolis moTxovna gamo-
iwvevs religiis gandevnas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan.
Tanabari reJimi. religiis klauzulis meore SesaZlo Rirebuleba aris Tanabari
reJimi, anu diskriminaciis ararseboba. am TvalsazrisiT, mTavari boroteba, romlis
winaaRmdegac mimarTulia klauzulebi, aris xelisuflebis mier religiis sakiTxebSi
erTi poziciisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba meoresTan SedarebiT. rodesac xelisuf-
leba erT pozicias aniWebs upiratesobas, igi sxva mosazrebis mimdevrebs epyroba,
rogorc meorexarisxovan moqalaqeebs, ramac SesaZloa upiratesobis mqone jgufs
saxifaTo kondiciamde gauzardos Zalaufleba. amgvari tipis religiuri uTanxmo-
ebani im ganxeTqilebebis rigs ganekuTvneboda, romelTa gamoc jeims medisoni fede-
ralistis dokumentebSi gamoxatavda SiSs, rom isini socialur da politikur
dapirispirebebs gamoiwvevda.
Tanabari reJimis versia, romelic kamaTs ar iwvevs, gulisxmobs, rom erT reli-
giur denominacias ar unda mieniWos upiratesoba meoresTan SedarebiT. sasamarT-
lom amas uwoda religiis klauzulebis „yvelaze mkafio brZaneba“ (larsoni valen-
tis winaaRmdeg).11 ufro met kamaTs iwvevs winadadeba, romlis mixedviTac arareli-
giurobasTan SedarebiT arc zogadad religias unda mieniWos upiratesoba.
sasamarTlo xSirad iyenebs Tanasworobis princips, rogorc religiebs Soris an
religiasa da arareligiurobas Soris „neitralitetis~ dacvis erT-erT princips.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle harlenma ganmarta, rom neitraluri midgoma Zi-
riTadad gulisxmobs „analizis Tanabari dacvis meTods~ (uolzi sagadasaxado ko-
misiis winaaRmdeg).12 Tanasworobis idealis mixedviT, moqalaqeebisa da jgufebis
247
mimarT gansxvavebuli mopyroba religiur niadagze, rodesac orive mxare Tanazomi-
eria, SesaZlebelia gamarTlebul iqnes mxolod Zalian konkretuli garemoebebis
pirobebSi. moqalaqeTa religiuri rwmena an misi uqonloba ar unda aisaxebodes xe-
lisuflebis gadawyvetilebebze, iseve rogorc vinmes rasa an sqesi ar unda iyos
misTvis mniSvnelovani.
bolo wlebSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciidan yu-
radReba Tanabari reJimis Rirebulebaze gadaitana. cvlileba yvelaze SesamCnevi
gaxda or sferoSi: (1) sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, rom religiuri saqmianoba SeiZ-
leba konstituciurad daeqvemdebaros imave kanonebs, romlebsac eqvemdebareba sa-
zogadoebis danarCeni nawili, religiaze dakisrebuli tvirTis miuxedavad; da (2)
sasamarTlos mier xelisuflebis mxridan religiuri organizaciebisadmi daxmarebis
gawevis ufro da ufro meti formebis mowoneba sxva organizaciebTan Tanabar
pirobebSi CayenebiT. es gadawyvetlebani upirispirdeba sasamarTlos wina gadawyve-
tilebebs, romlebic, erTi mxriv, religiur saqmianobas icavda zogierTi zogadi
xasiaTis mqone kanonisagan, xolo meore mxriv, krZalavda xelisuflebis mxridan re-
ligiis daxmarebis mraval formas, eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris mkveTri separa-
ciis miRwevis mizniT. gadawyvetilebebis cvlileba aCvenebs, rom aqtiuri xelisuf-
lebis dros SeiZleba erTmaneTs dauprispirdes separaciisa (religiis saxelmwifo
xelisuflebisgan gamijvna) da Tanasworobis (religiis sxva rwmenebTan an saqmianobis
sxva saxeebTan msgavs pirobebSi Cayeneba) Rirebulebebi.
araiZuleba da religiuri arCevani. Rirebulebebis bolo nakrebi, romelic
SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos religiis Sesaxeb debulebebs, aris religiis Tavisuf-
leba, araiZuleba da religiuri arCevani. am TvalTaxedviT, religiis klauzulebis
upirvelesi mizani religiis Tavisuflebis dacvaa. saxelmwifo am mizans yovelgvari
gamonaklisis gareSe unda misdevdes, maSinac ki, roca es dakavSirebulia garkveul
kontaqtTan eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris (separaciis darRvevisas), an religi-
isadmi sxva ideebisa da saqmianobebisagan gansxvavebul mopyrobasTan (Tanabari re-
Jimis darRvevisas). religiis Tavisuflebis Rirebulebis damcvelebi xSirad amt-
kiceben, rom diskriminaciis uaryofas da eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnas mniS-
vneloba mxolod religiis Tavisuflebis fundamenturi Rirebulebis dacvisTvis aqvs,
da rom am ubralo instrumentuli mniSvnelobis mqone Rirebulebebs ar unda mivdev-
deT, Tu isini raime gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi upirispirdebian Tavisuflebas.
am poziciis mravali damcveli amtkicebs, rom religiuri saqmianoba pozitiuri
adamianuri da sazogadoebrivi sikeTea, amitom xelisuflebam gansakuTrebuli nabi-
jebi unda gadadgas imisaTvis, raTa xeli Seuwyos an, sul mcire, pativi sces mas.
zogierTi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom religiuri praqtika daculi unda iyos
xelyofisgan, vinaidan igi saxelmwifoze maRla mdgomi Zalis — RvTis an RvTiuri
moralis avtoritetis winaSe valdebulebebs Seicavs. magram religiis Tavisuflebis
damcvelebi zogadad aRniSnaven, rom xelisuflebam ar unda scados urwmunoebze
zewola maT mier religiuri `WeSmaritebis~ misaRebad, radgan aseTi Zalisxmeva ver
Caunergavs adamians gulwrfel rwmenas da saxels utexs religias.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, religiis Tavisuflebis ideali, sul mcire, imas
niSnavs, rom xelisuflebam aravis ar unda aiZulos, iyos religiuri an arareligiuri
(li vaismanis winaaRmdeg13 — am saqmeSi es aRwerilia, rogorc ardawesebis klauzulis
248
„minimaluri“ moTxovna). magram es SezRuduli „araiZulebis“ principi uTavsdeba im de-
bulebas, rom xelisuflebam SeiZleba moiwonos an TviTon gauwios daxmareba religias
im saSualebebiT, romlebic gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs ar zRudavs.
Tumca religiis Tavisufleba ufro farTo gagebiT niSnavs, rom xelisuflebam
ar unda scados religiur arCevanze gavlenis moxdena im gzebiTac ki, romlebic ar
moiTxovs pirdapir iZulebas (magaliTad, jeims medisoni aqcentirebas axdens imaze,
rom „Semwynarebloba“ ar aris sruli religiuri Tavisuflebis adekvaturi alter-
nativa). sasamarTlo xSirad ikavebda am pozicias, magaliTad, miiCnevda, rom saxel-
mwifo dafinansebaze myof skolebSi locvis praqtika zewolaa sxvagvarad moazrovne
moswavleebze, maSinac ki, Tu maT oficialurad ar sTxoven locvebSi monawileobis
miRebas. profesorma duglas leikokma es pozicia aRwera, rogorc religiis mimarT
ufro „arsebiTi“, vidre „formaluri“ neitraliteti: neitraluri ara religiisadmi,
rogorc nebismieri sxva ideisadmi, mopyrobis (Tanabari reJimi), aramed religiur
arCevanze gavlenis moxdenisagan Tavis aridebis mcdelobis mniSvnelobiT (mizani,
romelsac zogjer religiisadmi gansakuTrebul mopyrobas uwodeben).
***
1791 wels amerikaSi, SezRuduli xelisuflebisa da SedarebiT homogenuri, ume-

teswilad protestantuli, mosaxleobis pirobebSi separaciis, Tanasworobisa da
Tavisuflebis Rirebulebebi xSirad urTierTqmedebdnen. xelisuflebis mxridan
religiuri saqmianobisa da institutebis mimarT „xelebi Sors“ mdgomareobis Senar-
Cuneba xels Seuwyobda ara mxolod eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris separaciasa da
religiis Tavisuflebas, aramed agreTve religiuri da sxva tipis qmedebebisadmi
gonivrulad Tanabar mopyrobas, vinaidan xelisuflebis maregulirebeli roli zoga-
dad SezRuduli iyo. ufro metic, gamokveTilad protestantuli suliskveTebis mqo-
ne sazogadoebis arsebobis pirobebSi xelisuflebas SeeZlo, nebismieri konkretuli
eklesiisagan gancalkevebulad darCeniliyo, magram samoqalaqo sazogadoebis reli-
giuri Rirebulebebi mainc Seuwyobda xels sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.
es, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs, rom am sam Rirebulebas yovelTvis scemdnen
pativs amerikis istoriis adreul periodSi. arapopularuli sarwmunoebebi qmedu-
unarobisaTvis iyo ganwiruli an maTze aqtiuri zewola xdeboda: kvakerebsa da bap-
tistebze kolonializmis periodSi, kaTolikeebze sxvadasxva dros, mormonebze me-
19 saukunis meore naxevarSi. aq mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom Teoriulad xeli-
suflebisaTvis Zvel droSi ufro advili iyo samive Rirebulebis erTdrouli uz-
runvelyofa.
magram axla, garemoebaTa cvlilebis gamo, zemoT CamoTvlili sami Rirebuleba
xSirad erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. amis erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom Cvens droSi aq-
tiuri, ayvavebuli saxelmwifos xelisufleba aregulirebs da gavlenas axdens cxov-
rebis TiTqmis yvela sferoze, skolis marTvidan da komerciuli saqmianobis regu-
lirebidan dawyebuli sxvadasxva socialuri saqmianobis subsidirebiT damTavre-
buli. amas Sedegad moaqvs is, rom, magaliTad, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciam
da religiis Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebam regulirebis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba reli-
giisadmi sxva saqmianobisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli midgoma moiTxovos. ramdena-
249
dac izrdeba da farTovdeba xelisuflebis samoqmedo sfero, sul ufro rTuldeba
religiasTan kavSiris Tavidan acileba (mkveTri separaciis Rirebuleba), Tuki reli-
gia ar ganixileba, rogorc sruliad privatuli sagani; religiis privatuli sferoTi
Semofargvlam ki SeiZleba religiis diskriminacia da mTlianad religiis Tavisuf-
lebis SezRudva gamoiwvios.
sakiTxs kidev ufro arTulebs amerikaSi arsebuli mzardi religiuri pluraliz-
mi. bevri dRes Segnebulad acxadebs, rom araTeisturi religiis mimdevaria an saerTod
ar aris religiuri. imisaTvis, rom amerikaSi arsebul yvela religiuri pozicia srul-
fasovnad Tanabar reJimSi moeqces, xelisuflebas SeiZleba sxva arCevani ar darCes,
garda imisa, rom saerTod araferi Tqvas religiis Sesaxeb. mravali kritikosi ganag-
rZobs imis mtkicebas, rom movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba religias naklebad privile-
girebul poziciaSi ayenebs, vidre sxva ideebs, romelTa mxardaWeris ufleba eZleva
xelisuflebas; es zRudavs religiuri moqalaqeebis Tavisuflebas, scadon sakuTar
xelisuflebaze gavlenis moxdena da aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba amerikis istoriul tra-
dicias.
gansxvavebul principebs Soris konfliqtma dramatulad iCina Tavi dawesebis kla-
uzulis pirvel, Tanamedrove sasamarTlo saqmeSi, eversoni ganaTlebis sabWos wina-
aRmdeg.14 sajaro skolis sabWom gadasaxadebiT mxardaWerili fondebis gamoyenebiT
Svilebis skolaSi gamgzavrebis xarjebi aunazRaura mSoblebs da samrevlo skolis
moswavleTa mSoblebic CarTo programaSi. uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilva
„separaciis kedlis“ metaforis gamoyenebiT daiwyo da daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom
eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris kedeli „maRali da miudgomeli“ yofiliyo. Sedegad,
sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom „dauSvebeli iyo nebismieri odenobis gadasaxadis amoRe-
ba nebismieri religiuri saqmianobisa da dawesebulebis mxardasaWerad, saxelwodebis
miuxedavad~. aRmoCnda, TiTqos sasamarTlo Semadgenlobis umravlesoba religiuri
ganaTlebisaTvis gaweuli nebismieri daxmarebis aRsakveTad mkacri separaciis prin-
cipis gamoyenebas gegmavda.
Tumca SemdgomSi umravlesobam mainc mxari dauWira avtobusiT mgzavrobis xar-
jebis anazRaurebas. radgan saxelmwifo aseve ixdida sajaro skolis moswavleebis
mgzavrobis safasurs, samrevlo skolebis ojaxebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis anazRa-
ureba ubralod „zogadi programis“ nawili iyo, romelic iTvaliswinebda moswavle-
Ta daxmarebas skolisken mgzavrobasa da ukan dabrunebaSi, „miuxedavad maTi reli-
giisa“. religiis klauzula saxelmwifos ar aZlev uflebas, gamoricxos moswavleebi
„maTi rwmenis gamo... sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswine-
buli daxmarebis miRebisgan“. dawesebis klauzula ise ar unda iqnes ganmartebuli,
rom „xeli SeuSalos moqalaqeebs TavianTi religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaSi“.
skolaSi transportireba sxva iseTi „zogadi saxelmwifo momsaxurebis“ msgavsi iyo,
rogoricaa policia an saxanZro dacva; eklesiebisaTvis am saxis momsaxurebaze uaris
Tqma saxelmwifos ufro maT „mowinaaRmdeged“ gaxdida, vidre „neitralurad“. „sa-
xelmwifos Zalaufleba metad aRar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli rogorc religiisaT-
vis xelisSemSlelad, ise xelisSemwyobad“.
gansxvavebuli azris mqone mosamarTleebi skeptikurad uyurebdnen umravleso-
bis mier daxmarebis gawevaze nebis darTvas mkacri separaciis Taobaze gamarTuli
msjelobis Semdgom. eversonis15 saqmem cxadyo, rom sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis
250
uzrunvelyofisaTvis gamiznuli dafinansebis Tanamedrove praqtikam SesaZloa war-
moSvas konfliqti, erTi mxriv, separaciis Rirebulebebsa da, meore mxriv, Tanaswo-
robasa da Tavisufal arCevans Soris.
eversonis saqmeSi umravlesobam ver SeZlo, naTeli gaexada, Tu romeli Rirebu-
leba iyo upiratesi. sabolood man Tanasworoba airCia, magram eklesiisa da saxelmwi-
fos mkacr separaciaze miuTiTa. Sedegad, sasamarTlom ganagrZo sxvadasxva Rirebu-
lebebs Soris meryeoba. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi igi separacias aniWebda upira-
tesobas, magram am bolo dros ufro xSirad Tanasworobasa da arCevanze akeTebs
aqcents.
251
aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebisa
da dawesebis
klauzulebis
standartebis
mimoxilva
vidre davis sagnad qceul calkeul sferoebze da-

viwyebdeT msjelobas, saWiroa mokle Sesavlis gakeTeba
im standartebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac sasamarTlo iye-
nebda pirveli Sesworebis religiis Sesaxeb debulebe-
bis, aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebisa da dawesebis, safuZ-
velze. Cven vecdebiT, es zogadi standartebi wina qve-
TavSi ganxilul sam ZiriTad Rirebulebas davukavSi-
roT.
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis
klauzulis standartebi
sasamarTlo xelisufleba yovelTvis gansakuTrebiT

iyo dainteresebuli, daecva religiuri rwmena, msa-
xureba da gamoxatva. religiuri rwmena, rogorc aseTi,
romelic sxvebis mimarT raime qmedebaSi ar vlindeba,
absoluturad daculia xelisuflebis mxridan dasjisa
Tu regulirebisagan. religiuri sityva aseve mkacrad
aris daculi, gansakuTrebiT mis mimarT religiur ni-
adagze SezRudvebis gamoyenebisagan. religiuri sityvis
dacva aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri
debulebis safuZvelze mxardaWerilia sityvis Tavi-
suflebis klauzuliT, romelic zogadad xelisufle-
bas ukrZalavs sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas Sinaar-
sisa da msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelze, garda im Sem-
Txvevisa, rodesac saxelmwifos sasicocxlo interesi
aqvs, Tavad SezRudva ki viwro CarCoebSia moqceuli. bo-
lo wlebSi sasamarTlo xSirad iyenebda amgvar analizs
iseTi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, romelTa mixedvi-
Tac ar yofila aucilebeli, zogjer ki dauSvebelic iyo
religiuri sityvis gandevna sajaro institutebidan
(sajaro skolebi, sazogadoebrivi moednebi da a. S.).
zemoxsenebul kategoriebSi separaciis, Tanabari re-
Jimisa da religiis Tavisuflebis Rirebulebebi mTli-
252
anobaSi harmoniulad muSaobs. religiuri rwmenis an gamoxatvis dacva sxva rwmenebis
msgavsi pirobebiT aseve uzrunvelyofs maT Tavisuflebas da xelisuflebis mxridan
Caurevlobas.
religiuri rwmeniT motivirebuli qceva ufro met sirTules qmnis, vidre Tavis-
Tavad rwmena an sityva. qceva SesaZloa sxvisTvis bevrad ufro didi zianis momtani
gaxdes, vidre ubralo rwmena (magaliTad, zogierTi religiuri kulti adamianis
msxverplSewirvas moiTxovs), amitom zog SemTxvevaSi igi unda SeizRudos. garda amisa,
religiuri rwmena, Cveulebriv, ufro mets gulisxmobs, vidre mxolod rwmenis qona
da gamoxatvaa; is morwmuneebs akisrebs valdebulebas, Seasrulon garkveuli moqme-
debebi an, piriqiT, Tavi Seikavon maTgan. ras viRebT Sedegad, rodesac es valdebu-
lebebi xelisuflebis mier dadgenil wesebs upirispirdeba?
uzenaesma sasamarTlom erTmniSvnelovnad ganacxada, rom saxelmwifo uflebamo-
silia, SezRudos qceva, magram ara mxolod misi religiuri xasiaTis gamo. religiuri
gamoxatvis sawinaaRmdego aseTi diskriminaciuli qmedeba arRvevs rogorc Tanaswo-
robis, ise religiis Tavisuflebis principebs. Tumca rodesac religiuri xasiaTis
qceva ar iyo akrZaluli, magram upirispirdeboda yvela moqalaqeze dakisrebuli
qcevis zogad standartebs, sasamarTlos midgoma naklebad mtkice iyo.
Serberti verneris winaaRmdeg16 saqmidan moyolebuli mravali wlis ganmavlo-
baSi sasamarTlos (Teoriulad mainc) aseTi pozicia ekava: rodesac religiuri val-
debulebebi ewinaaRmdegeba zogadi daniSnulebis kanonmdeblobas, xelisufleba kons-
tituciurad valdebulia, angariSi gauwios (moaxdinos adaptacia) morwmunis sindiss
da gaaTavisuflos igi kanonis moTxovnebisagan, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac morw-
munis Tavisuflebis SezRudva aucilebelia sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesebis
dasacavad. aseTi adaptacia aucilebelia im SemTxvevebSi mainc, rodesac religiis
Tavisufleba moiTxovs dacvas xelisuflebis mxridan Warbi regulirebisgan, rac,
unda iTqvas, aseve eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciis mizans emsaxureba.
religiuri adaptaciebi xsenebul miznebs religiuri qmedebebisadmi gansxvave-
buli mopyrobis fasad aRwevs. mravali mkvlevari, Tanabari reJimis principidan
gamomdinare, akritikebs religiuri da sxva tipis qmedebebis gamijvnas. zogierTis
mtkicebiT, es ewinaaRmdegeba dawesebis klauzulas religiisadmi upiratesobis mi-
niWebiT; sxvebis gancxadebiT ki aseTi favoritizmi, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, imas
niSnavs, rom kanonisagan gaTavisufleba konstituciurad ar unda moiTxovebodes.
dasaqmebis samsaxuri smitis winaaRmdeg17 saqmeSi sasamarTlom gadauxvia pirvan-
del kurss da daadgina, rom aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula TiTqmis ara-
sodes moiTxovs adaptacias neitraluri da zogadi daniSnulebis kanonmdeblobis
winaSe, saxelmwifo interesTa moculobis miuxedavad. standartis aseT cvlilebas
mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyveba: sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebebi iSviaTad krZalaven
religiur qmedebas, magram religiuri pirebi an jgufebi xSirad awydebian winaaRm-
degobas TavianT religiur valdebulebebsa da zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebiT dakis-
rebul valdebulebebs Soris.
smitis standarti ar gulisxmobs, rom sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebebs ekrZalebaT
religiuri sindisis adaptacia, is mxolod amtkicebs, rom konstituciurad maT ar
moeTxovebaT aseTi gamonaklisebis daSveba. amrigad, axalma wesma fokusireba ufro
Tanasworobaze moaxdina, vidre religiis Tavisuflebaze, Tumca igi nebas rTavs
253
sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebebs, gamorCeulad daicvan religiis Tavisufleba saku-
Tari diskreciis safuZvelze.
dawesebis klauzulis standartebi
dawesebis klauzulis saanalizo standartebis Semdgomi ganviTareba sasamarT-

losTvis ufro metad gaZnelda. marTlac, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar arsebobda
erTi standarti, romelic misaRebi iqneboda mosamarTleTa umravlesobisaTvis, ro-
gorc zRvaris samarTlianad damwesebeli principi religiisadmi xelisuflebis da-
saSveb mxardaWerasa da religiis dauSvebel dawesebas Soris.
lemonis testi
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo iyenebda dawesebis klauzulis
samelementian tests, romelic rekomendebul iqna lemoni kurcmanis winaaRmdeg18
saqmeSi. lemonis testis safuZvelze dawesebis klauzulis moTxovnebis Sesrulebi-
saTvis kanons unda hqonoda (1) saero mizani, (2) religiis arc mxardaWeris da arc
dabrkolebis ZiriTadi an pirdapiri Sedegi, (3) ar unda gamoewvia zedmetad mWidro
urTierTkavSiris damyareba eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris. am testis Sesabamisad
sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad cno saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul sajaro sko-
lebSi locvebis Catareba, bibliis kiTxvis mowyoba, sxva religiuri gamoxatva da
simboloebi. am safuZvelze agreTve aikrZala religiuri skolebisaTvis sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis ara yvela, magram mravali forma.
lemonis testi ori mTavari mizezis gamo iTxovda xelisuflebisgan religiis
mimarT „neitralitetis~ SenarCunebas, misTvis arc daxmarebis gawevas da arc xelis
SeSlas. pirveli, rodesac xelisufleba ereva religiaSi an religiur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT garkveul pozicias iWers, igi gamoarCevs im moqalaqeebs (metwilad
umciresobebs), „romlebic ar misdeven privilegirebul sarwmunoebebs~. vaismani19
(mosamarTle blekmuni, lemonis testis damcveli Tanmxvedri azri). meore, rogorc
rojer uiliamsisgan momdinare tradicia amtkicebs, „religia xelisuflebis daxma-
rebis gareSe ufro meti siwmindiT yvavis, vidre misi daxmarebiT~.
magram zogierTma mosamarTlem da konstituciis interpretatorma lemonis tes-
tis gamo ukmayofileba gamoTqva aseve ori mTavari mizeziT. pirveli, advilia testiT
manipulacia, kerZod, standartma — „religiisaTvis arc xelSewyobis da arc xelis
SeSlis ZiriTadi Sedegi~ — dakarga mniSvnelobis is sicxade, rac mas Tavdapirvelad
hqonda. magaliTad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gadasaxadebiT uzrunvelyofili im
programebis ZiriTadi Sedegi, romlebic uSualod religiasTan asocirebul sko-
lebs uweven daxmarebas, religiis xelSewyobaa; Tumca aseTi dauSvebeli Sedegi sasa-
marTlos ar daunaxavs ojaxebis dafinansebisas, romlebsac TviTon SeeZloT gada-
ewyvitaT damxarebis gamoyeneba religiuri skolebisaTvis. aq marTlac SesaZlebelia
ori viTarebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba saRi azris safuZvelze, magram, rogorc
Cans, „ZiriTadi Sedegis~ standarti analizis procesSi niSnulad ufro iqna gamoye-
nebuli, vidre saSualebad an xelmZRvanel principad.
meore, lemonis testis kritikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom testi mtrulad iyo ganw-
yobili religiuri gamoxatvisa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi religiis monawile-
obis istoriuli tradiciisadmi. kanonis safuZvelze religiisaTvis arc xelSewyobis
254
da arc xelis SeSlis moTxovniT testi miznad isaxavs religiis mimarT xelisuf-
lebis `neitralitetis~ uzrunvelyofas. Tumca zogierTi kritikosi acxadebs, rom
xelisufleba religiis mimarT neitraluri ar unda iyos: ramdenadac religiuri
ideebi zneobisa da samarTlianobis mniSvnelovan da farTo perspeqtivas gvTavazobs,
saxelmwifosaTvis am ideebis xelSewyobisagan Tavis Sekavebis moTxovnis wayeneba re-
ligiur ideebs sxvebTan SedarebiT nakleb misaRebad warmoaCens. igi aseve ewinaaRm-
degeba religiuri rwmenisadmi saxelmwifos keTilganwyobis mraval specifikur is-
toriul tradicias. marTlac, amerikaSi religiis Tavisuflebis sabaziso dokumen-
tebi Tavad eyrdnoba religiur wanamZRvrebs. lemonis testis kritikosebi gansa-
kuTrebiT am sababiT uteven uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic
sajaro skolebs ukrZalavs religiur gamoxatvas an religiuri simboloebis warmo-
Cenas im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac sxvagvarad moazrovne studentebsa da moswavleebs
msgavs saqmianobaSi monawileobisagan aTavisufleben.
garda amisa, kritikosTa nawili aRniSnavs, rom sxvadasxva dros lemonis testi
religiis mimarT araneitraluri wesiT gamoiyenes. magaliTad, religiasTan asoci-
rebuli skolebisaTvis daxmarebis gawevasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebSi le-
monis testis „ZiriTadi Sedegis~ nawili ganimarta, rogorc religiuri miznebisaTvis
nebismieri daxmarebis gamoyenebis amkrZalavi elementi. amiT ki gza gadaeRoba reli-
giuri skolebisaTvis daxmarebis mraval saxeobas. Tumca kritikosebi amtkiceben,
rom ramdenadac xelisufleba ukve uwevs daxmarebas religiuri skolebis konkuren-
tebs — sajaro skolebs, zogjer ki kerZo saero skolebs subsidirebiT, — religiuri
skolebis aseTi daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofa religias „xels ar Seuwyobda~ im Tval-
sazrsiT, rom upiratesoba mieniWebina misTvis arCevanis sxva saxeebTan SedarebiT.
kritikosebi aseve acxadeben, rom saganmanaTleblo daxmarebaze uaris Tqma mxolod
imitom, rom skolebi religiuria, „xelyofs~ religias da abrkolebs im ojaxebis aR-
msareblobis Tavisuflebas, romlebsac surT religiuri ganaTlebis miReba.
sasamarTlos oficialurad ar uaruyvia lemonis testi, magram igi sul ufro
metad mimarTavda sxva alternativebs. ramdenime ZiriTadi alternativa sasamarT-
los mier SemoTavazebul iqna bolodroindel gadawyvetilebebSi.
upiratesobis miniWebis dauSvebloba

zogierTma mkvlevarma uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle renkvistis msgavsad
ivarauda, rom dawesebis klauzula krZalavs mxolod romelime religiuri denomi-
naciis gamorCeul mxardaWeras da zogadad uSvebs religiisaTvis meti daxmarebis
aRmoCenas sxva ideebTan da qmedebebTan SedarebiT. ix. magaliTad, uolasi jefris
winaaRmdeg20 (mosamarTle renkvisti, gansxvavebuli azri). es pozicia zRudavs da-
wesebis klauzulas Tanasworobis yvelaze ufro arasakamaTo versiamde, rac gulis-
xmobs Tanasworobis dacvas religiur denominaciebsa da seqtebs Soris. momxreebi
am „seqtis upiratesobis dauSveblobis~ tests, upirveles yovlisa, istoriul safuZ-
velze dayrdnobiT icaven da adreuli federaluri xelisuflebis mier aradenomi-
naciuri qristianobisadmi gaweul daxmarebasa da mxardaWeraze miuTiTeben.
mowinaaRmdegeTa pasuxi aseve istorias efuZneba, kerZod fuZemdebeli Taobis
mravalgzis uars eklesiebisaTvis finansuri daxmarebis gawevis nebis darTvaze ma-
Sinac ki, rodesac is yvela denominaciisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. ix. vaismani21 (mo-
255
samarTle souteri, Tanmxvedri azri). Tanamedrove uzenaes sasamarTloSi umravle-
sobas arasodes uxelmZRvanelia upiratesobis miniWebis dauSveblobis testiT.
aramxardaWera
meore mTavari alternativis, „aramxardaWeris~ safuZvelze ikrZaleba xelisuf-
lebis nebismieri `mesiji~, romelic miuTiTebs misi mxridan ama Tu im religiis mxar-
daWeraze an mowonebaze. ix. linCi donelis winaaRmdeg22 (mosamarTle o’konoris, tes-
tis avtoris Tanmxvedri azri). am midgomam gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia umravleso-
bis erT-erT ukanasknel gadawyvetilebaze (alegenis olqi amerikis samoqalaqo Tavi-
suflebaTa gaerTianebis winaaRmdeg23 ), Tumca igi ar dafiqsirda, rogorc ZiriTadi
standarti.
aramxardaWeris testi didad ar gansxvavdeba lemonis testisagan. am ukanasknelis
msgavsad igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom xelisuflebis mier religiuri rwme-
nisTvis xelis Sewyoba diskriminaciulia im moqalaqeebis mimarT, romlebsac ar swamT.
magram rogorc mosamarTle o’konori amtkicebda linCis saqmeSi, aramxardaWeris
testi SeiZleba ufro naTeli iyos, vidre lemonis testi, radgan igi ufro zustad
miuTiTebs, Tu ra saxiT unda aekrZalos xelisuflebas religiis xelSewyoba an Sez-
Rudva. meore mxriv, zogierTi kritikosis gancxadebiT, aramxardaWeris testi Zalian
subieqturia, radgan igi fokusirebas axdens xelisuflebis „mesijebze~, romlebic
sxvadasxva adamianebma SesaZloa sxvadasxvagvarad ganmarton.
araiZuleba
lemonis testidan ufro arsebiTi gadaxveva iqneboda „araiZulebis~ testi, rom-
lis mixedviTac xelisufleba SeZlebda religiis xelSewyobas, sanam misi qmedeba ar
gadaizrdeboda religiis aRiarebaze an religiur ceremoniaSi monawileobaze vinmes
iZulebaSi. ix. magaliTad, alegeni24 (mosamarTle kenedi, Tanmxvedri azri) (msgavsi
testis avtori). am testiT araiZulebis elementi moyvanilia religiis klauzulis
erTaderTi gamokveTili Rirebulebis _ separaciis sapirispirod. misi mtkiced gamo-
yenebis SemTxvevaSi im gadawyvetilebebis uaryofa moxdeboda, romlebic krZalavs
sajaro skolebSi araiZulebiT locvebsa da religiis sxva saxis gamoxatvebs. ara-
iZulebis tests upiratesobas isini aniWeben, visac swams, rom separaciaze dafuZne-
buli lemonis midgoma ewinaaRmdegeba istoriul tradiciebs da akninebs religiis
rols sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
gasakviri araa, rom isini, vinc araiZulebis tests ewinaaRmdegeba, eklesiisa da
saxelmwifos separaciis xelSewyobis princips eyrdnoba. isini agreTve amtkiceben,
rom dawesebis klauzulis SemosazRvra iZulebis SemTxvevebiT mas ararelevanturs
gaxdida, maSin, roca aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula isedac ukrZalavs xeli-
suflebas vinmes iZulebas, miiRos an ar miiRos religia. amis miuxedavad, zogierTi
mosamarTle emxroboda ardawesebis klauzulis SemosazRvras mxolod iZulebis Sem-
TxvevebiT, magram umravlesobas arasodes gauziarebia es pozicia.
neitraloba
bolo dros miRebulma gadawyvetilebebma gazarda yuradReba „neitralobis~ tes-
tis mimarT, romelic lemonisgan gansxvavebulad iqna interpretirebuli: ara ro-
256
gorc xelisuflebis mxridan religiis daxmarebis akrZalva, aramed rogorc moTxovna
saxelmwifos mier religiuri ideebis an moqalaqeebis, aseve yovelive arareligiuris
mimarT identuri damokidebulebis gamoCenisa. am midgomis gamoyeneba — romelsac
profesori leikoki „formalurad~ neitralurs uwodebs — gansakuTrebiT SeiniSneba
bolodroindeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, romlebic mxars uWers yvela sxva or-
ganizaciisaTvis Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi saxelmwifo daxmarebis gavrcelebas reli-
giur organizaciebze. es TvalSi sacemia im gadawyvetilebebSic, romlebic exeba zo-
gadi daniSnulebis kanonebSi religiuri valdebulebebis adaptacias. uzenaesma sa-
samarTlom uaryo aseTi adaptaciis moTxovna aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzu-
lis safuZvelze (dasaqmebis samsaxuri smitis winaaRmdeg25 ) da ramdenjerme akrZala
igi dawesebis klauzulaze dayrdnobiT, rogorc favoritizmis gamovlineba. aqedan
gamomdinare, es neitraluri midgoma, rogorc Cans, Seesabameba religiisa da arareli-
giisadmi Tanabari mopyrobis ZiriTad Rirebulebas.
257
eklesiebsa da
saxelmwifos
Soris
urTierTobebis
mokle istoria
aSS-Si
amerikaSi gadasaxlebul evropelebs surdaT,

religiis Tavisuflad aRmsarebloba yovelgva-
ri devnisa da imis gareSe, rasac Zveli samyaros
znedacemuli eklesiebis mankier tradicias uwo-
debdnen. yovelive amis gamo religiam Zalze di-
di roli Seasrula amerikis istoriaSi. am isto-
rias didi mniSvneloba eniWeba religiur-saxel-
mwifoebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli konsti-
tuciuri principebis gasaazreblad. uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos mosamarTle raTlijis gancxadebiT,
„konstituciis arc erTi debuleba araa ise mWid-
rod dakavSirebuli mis warmomSob istoriasTan,
rogorc „pirveli Sesworebis~ debuleba reli-
giis Sesaxeb~26 (mosamarTle raTliji, gansxvave-
buli azri). zogierTi kritikosis azriT, reli-
giasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebebi ver gamodgeba isto-
riaze yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad an mis zus-
tad gasagebad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, didi mniSv-
neloba eniWeba imas, rom gaviazroT SeerTebul
StatebSi xelisuflebis religiisadmi mimarTe-
bis aspeqtebi.
gansxvavebuli koloniuri sistemebi:

dawesebuli eklesiebi religiis
Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg
Crdiloamerikeli kolonistebi axal samya-

roSi axali cxovrebis dawyebas eswrafodnen. maT
Tan evropuli Cveulebebi Camoitanes. evropis
istoria ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, „qristianuli samya-
ros~ istoriaa. evropuli foni, romelic win
uZRoda religiis Tavisuflebis istorias ameri-
258
kis miwaze, mokled SeiZleba Semdegnairad davaxasiaToT: dawesebuli eklesiebi, gan-
sxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebis akrZalvebi, gamudmebuli religiuri omebi.
13 inglisur koloniaSi religiis mimarT saxelmwifo politikis warmoebis sami
sxvadasxva modeli Camoyalibda. yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo dawesebuli eklesiis
modeli, rodesac gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexeduleba an saerTod ikrZaleboda, an
mniSvnelovnad izRudeboda. aseT politikas atarebdnen masaCusetsSi dasaxlebuli
puritanebi. maTTvis miuRebeli iyo sxva mimdinareobebisTvis religiis Tavisuflebis
miniWeba. maTi kongregaciuli eklesia dawesebuli eklesiis yvela Tvisebas atarebda.
xelisufleba devnida iseT eretikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen: ana hatkinsoni, kvakerebi,
baptistebi. CamoaxrCes oTxi kvakeri, romlebmac 1650-ian wlebSi gaZevebis Semdeg
koloniaSi dabruneba scades.
samxreTis koloniebs iTvisebdnen ara puritanuli jgufebi, aramed komerciuli
sawarmoebi. vaWrebs inglisis dawesebuli eklesiac Semohyva. erTi mxriv, es ganapi-
roba eklesiis Semwynareblurma politikam, meore mxriv ki, misma siSorem londonis
zedamxedvelobisgan. anglikanobis daweseba samxreTSi ufro susti da aramyari aR-
moCnda, vidre puritanizmisa axal inglisSi. magram igi dawesebuli eklesiisTvis da-
maxasiaTebel politikas atarebda da gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebis mqoneT
religiis Tavisuflebas ar aniWebda. magaliTad, gandgomilT ekrZalebodaT qada-
geba. 1774 wels virjiniaSi baptisti mqadageblebi daapatimres imis gamo, rom araan-
glikanur msaxurebas asrulebdnen. mozardma jeims medisonma amas „jojoxeTSi gan-
Wvretili devnis satanuri principi~ uwoda.
meore modeli yvelaze metad niu-iorkisa da niu-jersis centralur koloniebSi
gavrcelda. es iyo religiuri Semwynareblobis erT-erTi praqtikuli saxe, romelic
religiur mravalferovnebas efuZneboda. niu-jersiSi oficialurad dawesebuli ek-
lesia ar arsebobda. niu-iorkSi anglikanuri eklesia ramdenime olqSi dawesda. mcire
gamonaklisis garda, gandgomil protestantebs qadagebisa da RvTismsaxurebis uf-
leba miecaT. xelSeuxebloba gavrcelda TviT kvakerebsa da ebraelebzec ki.
religiis SedarebiT meti Tavisufleba damkvidrda or koloniaSi: rod ailendsa
da pensilvaniaSi. pirveli 1630-ian wlebSi rojer uiliamsma daaarsa. igi RvTismosa-
vi adamiani iyo, romelic masaCusetsis dawesebul eklesias SeebrZola da Sedegad
gaaZeves am koloniidan. pensilvania daarsda, rogorc inglisis mier devnili kvake-
rebis TavSesafari. rod ailendis qartia sindisis srul Tavisuflebas aniWebda yvela
moqalaqes, Tu isini „samoqalaqo mSvidobas~ ar arRvevdnen. msgavsi debuleba miiRo
pensilvaniamac.
religiis Tavisuflebis am or koloniur models ori damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba
gamoarCevs: 1) marTalia, isini pirdapir ar zRudavdnen RvTismsaxurebas da ar awe-
sebdnen religiur gadasaxadebs, magram dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Sokismomgvrel
kanonebs iRebdnen: rod ailendSi aikrZala kaTolikeebis sajaro samsaxurSi miReba
da koloniaSi ebraelebis cxovreba. pensilvaniaSi araqristianebs CamoarTves sajaro
samsaxurSi muSaobis ufleba, xolo maT, visac ar swamda èrTi yovladZlieri RmerTi~,
SeuzRudes religiis Tavisufleba. 2) orive koloniaSi gamocxadebuli religiis Tavi-
sufleba religiuri TeoriiT iyo gamyarebuli. rojer uiliamsi Tavis mraval naS-
romSi, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia „devnis sisxliani dogmati~ (1644), acxadebs, rom
WeSmariti qristianoba Tavisufal nebas moiTxovs (misi TqmiT, Tavsmoxveuli sarw-
259
munoeba „RvTis nestoebSi yars~). misi azriT, saxelmwifos mxridan religiur saqme-
ebSi Careva amaxinjebs eklesias (misi saxe iyo „udabno~, romelic „walkots~ mieltvis).
uiliamsisTvis saxelmwifo pasuxismgebelia cxovrebaSi aTi mcnebis meore (samoqa-
laqo movaleobebi mkvlelobis, qurdobis, mruSobis da a. S. winaaRmdeg) da ara pir-
veli naxevris (religiuri movaleobebi RvTis Semecnebisa, RvTismsaxurebis aRsru-
lebisa da a. S.) gatarebaze. ganmanaTleblobis dromde, da garkveuli periodis man-
Zilze mis Semdegac, amerikaSi religiis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi Teoria orTodoq-
sul qristianobas emyareboda.
Tavidan Zalze mcire iyo maTi ricxvi, vinc, rojer uiliamsis msgavsad, dawesebul
eklesiebs qristianuli principebis safuZvelze CamoSorda (kongregacionalizmi
axal inglisSi, anglikanoba samxreTSi). cvlileba 1700-iani wlebis Sua periodSi
daiwyo, roca „diadma gamoRviZebam~ (religiuri gamococxlebis periodi, xSirad
wodebuli revoluciad amerikis religiur azrovnebaSi) axali inglisis, centraluri
koloniebisa da virjiniis sazRvrebi moicva. gamoRviZeba religiis Tavisuflebis
ganviTarebas xels uwyobda baptistur da presbiterianul seqtebSi axali wevrebis
momravlebiT. isini koloniaTa dawesebuli eklesiebis mier maTTvis dadgenili sa-
marTlebrivi SezRudvebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen.
`diadma gamoRviZebam~ amerikis politikaze religiis gavlenis adreuli magali-
Tebi gamokveTa. saxalxo gamoRviZebam saTave daudo politikur moZraobas, romelic
britanul mmarTvelobas daupirispirda da amerikuli revoluciis safuZveli Seiqna.
gamoRviZebam didi roli Seasrula monobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli moZraobis aRmo-
cenebaSi.
damfuZnebeli Taoba: religiis Tavisuflebis ganmtkiceba Statebis

konstituciaTa doneze, religiuri gadasaxadis gauqmeba da pirveli
Sesworebis miReba
droTa ganmavlobaSi koloniebma religiis Tavisuflebaze dawesebuli zogierTi

SezRudva Seamsubuqes da dawesebuli eklesiebis zogierTi Tviseba Seasustes. aseTi
cvlilebebi mTeli me-19 saukunis manZilze mimdinareobda da es procesi revoluciam
da misi dasrulebis Semdeg koloniebis Statebad gardaqmnam gansakuTrebiT daaCqara.
pirveli aRsaniSnavi cvlileba iyo ardawesebuli seqtebis RvTismsaxurebisa da saq-
mianobis SezRudvis TandaTanobiTi Semsubuqeba. 1770-80-iani wlebisTvis im Statebma,
romlebsac damoukidebloba axali mopovebuli hqondaT, miiRes konstituciebi, romelTa
debulebebic icavda religiur RvTismsaxurebas da saqmianobas manam, sanam is „Statis
mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas~ ar daemuqreboda. Tumca or StatSi es mfarveloba gavr-
celda mxolod qristianebze, xuT sxva StatSi — RvTis morwmuneebze, danarCenma Sta-
tebma uari Tqves gamonaklisebze da yvelas mianiWes religiis Tavisufleba.
amis miuxedavad, religiuri disidentebis uflebebis darRvevis erTi forma, saja-
ro samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis religiuri kriteriumebis dadgena, mTeli am periodis
manZilze gagrZelda. es praqtika 1789 wlis federaluri konstituciiT aikrZala,
Tumca TerTmet StatSi sajaro samsaxuri araqristianebisTvis mainc miuwvdomeli
iyo, oTxSi — kaTolikeebisTvis (virjiniis StatSi religiuri kriteriumebi tomas
jefersonis 1786 wlis religiuri Tavisuflebis statutiT aikrZala). msgavsi akr-
Zalvebi bevr StatSi me-20 saukuneSic moqmedebda, Tumca isini mxolod aTeistebze
260
vrceldeboda. es ki ebraelebs sajaro samsaxurSi Tanamdebobis dakavebis saSualebas
aZlevda. sabolood, religiuri kriteriumebis daweseba sajaro samsaxurSi misaRebad
uzenaesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad cno torkaso uotkinsis winaaRmdeg
saqmeSi.27
meore didi cvlileba 1700-iani wlebis miwuruls moxda. Statebma TandaTan ga-
auqmes gadasaxadebis akrefa eklesiebisa da RvTismsaxurTa sasargeblod. es proce-
si etapebad ganviTarda, rasac ramdenime aTwleuli dasWirda. Tavidan ramdenime
koloniaSi gandgomili seqtantebi, umTavresad, baptistebi da kvakerebi gaTavisuf-
ldnen gadasaxadebisgan. SemoiRes arapreferencirebuli, anu „sazogado~, begara. mo-
qalaqeebs SeeZloT, TavianTi gadasaxadebi survilisamebr waremarTaT romelime de-
nominaciis da ara dawesebuli eklesiis sasargeblod.
magaliTad, masaCusetsSi 1780 wels SemoRebul iqna saerTo begara. es RonisZieba
mimarTuli iyo dawesebuli eklesiis mxardamWeri politikis liberalizaciisken.
Tumca sistema mxolod Teoriul doneze iyo arapreferencirebuli. es baptistebisa
da sxva seqtantebis gauTavebeli saCivrebis sababad iqca. maT uwevdaT sxvadasxva
biurokratiuli safexurebis gavla serTifikatis mosapoveblad, romelic maT
saSualebas miscemda, gadasaxadebi TavianTi eklesiebisken waremarTaT (Zaldatanebis
SemTxvevaSi isini begaris sakuTari eklesiis sasargeblod gadaxdazec ambobdnen
uars). es da sxva msgavsi sistemebi koneqtikutsa da niu-hempSirSi „pirveli Seswore-
bis~ miRebidan ramdenime aTwleulis gasvlis Semdegac ar gauqmebula (1833 wels
masaCusetsSi, 1818 wels koneqtikutSi, 1817 wels niu-hempSirSi).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani debatebi virjiniaSi gaimarTa. aq 1785 wels saerTo begaris
Sesaxeb inicirebuli kanonproeqti ganixileboda, rogorc kompromisi. yovel gadamx-
dels TviTon unda ganesazRvra, romeli denominacia miiRebda gadasaxads. kvakerebi
da menonitebi gaTavisufldnen begarisgan, radgan maT oficialuri samRvdeloeba
ar hyavdaT. moqalaqes imis uflebac eniWeboda, rom saerTod arc erTi eklesiis sa-
sargeblod ar gadaexada gadasaxadi. am SemTxvevaSi saxsrebi saskolo fondSi unda
mimarTuliyo. Tumca baptistebi da presbiterianelebi kanonproeqts daupirispir-
dnen. sabolood, sakanonmdeblo organom gaauqma begara da mis nacvlad tomas jefer-
sonis religiis Tavisuflebis statuti aamoqmeda. amiT damyarda religiis sruli
Tavisufleba da gauqmda yvela religiuri gadasaxadi.
medisonis „Memorial and Remonstrance~ (mogoneba da protesti) albaT yvelaze
cnobili dokumentia amerikis eklesiur-saxelmwifoebriv urTierTobaSi „pirveli
Sesworebis~ Semdeg. peticiaSi xatovnadaa erTmaneTTan Sexamebuli saxelmwifos mxri-
dan religiis waxalisebis sawinaaRmdego sxvadasxva argumenti. amitom igi erTgvarad
mimoixilavs mocemuli SemTxvevisTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.
medisonis mravali gancxadeba religiis Tavisuflebis saRvTismetyvelo argumen-
tacias iZleoda. misi mtkicebiT, upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeba Semoqmedisa da „sam-
yaros meufis~ winaSe movaleobebs. medisonis azriT, am movaleobebis Sesrulebis
safuZveli unda gamxdariyo „Segoneba da ara iZuleba~; igi miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos
mier religiis gamoyeneba „cxonebis gzebis Seryvnas~ warmoadgenda; rom dawesebulma
eklesiebma „religiis siwmindesa da sicocxlisunarianobas~ safuZveli gamoacales.
am argumentebsa da evangelisti protestantebis poziciebs Soris garkveuli para-
lelebis gavlebaa SesaZlebeli. evangelisti protestantebis Sexedulebebis Tanax-
261
mad, religiuri movaleobebi saxelmwifo valdebulebebze maRla dgas, WeSmariti
qristianoba nebayoflobiT xasiaTs unda atarebdes da Tavisufali unda iyos
saxelmwifos gamxrwneli gavlenisgan. SesaZloa, medisonze gavlena iqonia prinstonis
kolejSi evangelist presbiterianelebTan, gansakuTrebiT, kolejis prezident, jon
uiderspunTan urTierTobam. es ukanaskneli religiis Tavisuflebis zemoT CamoTv-
lili argumentebiT xelmZRvanelobda. igi damoukideblobis aqtis erT-erTi xelmom-
weria. medisonis SedevrSi arsebuli sxva argumentebi me-18 saukunis ganmanaTleb-
luri SexedulebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. mosazreba, rom religias „mxolod goneba da
darwmuneba unda warmarTavdes~, tomas jefersonis da sxvaTa Sexedulebebs exmianeba.
medisoni Tvlida, rom dawesebuli eklesiebi an „sulier tiranias aRmoacenebdnen
samoqalaqo xelisuflebis nangrevebze~, an „mxars dauWerdnen politikur tiranias~.
xelisuflebam religiur saqmeebSi CareviT „sisxlis gubeebi~ daayena evropaSi. ganma-
naTlebelTa SexedulebiT, religiuri doqtrinis detalebis garSemo warmoebuli
disputebi Zaladobas warmoSobs. amitom xelisuflebas sakuTari kanonieri miznebis
misaRwevad es disputebi srulebiT ar sWirdeba.
medisonis zogierTi argumenti Zalze maxvilgonivruli iyo. es argumentebi vir-
jiniaSi arsebul religiur mravalferovnebas efuZneboda. misi azriT, begara seq-
tebs Soris „Tanasworobasa da harmonias~ daarRvevda. amasTan, religiuri erTgva-
rovnebis iZulebiTi miRwevis mcdelobebi yovelTvis warumateblad damTavrdeboda
da warmoSobda Zaladobas, xolo kanonproeqtis gasvlis SemTxvevaSi mSvidobiani
adgilebis maZiebeli Sromisunariani moqalaqeebi Stats datovebdnen. religiis mzar-
di Tavisuflebis erT-erTi niSansveti iyo is, rom StatebSi meti pluralizmi damk-
vidrda da moqalaqeebisaTvis miuRebeli gaxda romelime dawesebuli eklesia.
yvela am argumentma — religiurma, ganmanaTleblurma da pragmatulma — garkve-
uli roli Seasrula StatebSi religiis Tavisuflebis gasaviTareblad (Tumca ro-
meli maTgani iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani, sadavo sakiTxia). maT garkveuli roli Se-
asrules „pirveli Sesworebis~ miRebis drosac (1789-1791 ww.).
SemoTavazebuli federaluri konstitucia garantiebis ararsebobis gamo kritikas
imsaxurebda. kerZod, aravin icoda, momZlavrebuli federaluri xelisufleba Caereoda
Tu ara garkveul sakiTxebSi, romlebic adre Statebis gadasawyveti an individualuri
Tavisuflebis sakiTxi iyo. saubari yvelaze xSirad religias exeboda (konstituciis
Tavdapirvel versiaSi religiasTan dakavSirebuli erTaderTi debulebiT federalur
xelisuflebas ekrZaleboda sajaro samsaxurSi pirovnebis miRebis dros religiuri ficis
moTxovna). konstituciis damcvelTa mtkicebiT, „uflebaTa bili~ aucilebeli ar iyo,
radgan religiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi federaluri xelisuflebis kompetencias
ar warmoadgenda. oponentebma ver SeZles ùflebaTa bilis~ ratificirebisaTvis xelis
SeSla, samagierod bevri adamiani daarwmunes misi miRebis saWiroebaSi.
im jgufebs Soris, romlebic religiis Tavisuflebis garantad iqcnen, masaCu-
setsisa da virjiniis baptistebic igulisxmebodnen. kongresis arCevnebze centra-
lur virjiniaSi baptistebma da presbiterianelebma xmebis umetesoba jeims medisons
misces. igi mxars uWerda axal konstitucias, Tumca axal seqtebs aseve dapirda, rom
religiis da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Sesworebebis momzadebaze imuSavebda.
kongresSi arCevis Semdeg medisonma warmoadgina Sesworebebis paketi, romelSic
ori debuleba religias Seexeboda. pirvel SesworebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom „arc erTi
262
adamianis samoqalaqo uflebebi ar SeizRudeba religiuri mrwamsis an msaxurebis
safuZvelze, arc romelime erovnuli religia dawesdeba, arc sindisis sruli da
Tanabari uflebebi Seilaxeba nebismieri motiviT ~. meore Sesworeba acxadebda: „sin-
disis Tanaswori uflebebis princips arc erTi Stati ar daarRvevs~. medisonis pir-
veli winadadeba mokled ganixila da gadaamuSava warmomadgenelTa palatam da Sem-
degi saxiT Camoayaliba: „kongresi ar miiRebs kanons, romelic daawesebs religias,
an SezRudavs aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas, an sindisis Tavisuflebas Selaxavs~.
senatma imsjela am debulebaze da ramdenjerme uyara kenWi. man uaryo winadadebebi
debulebaSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze. aRniSnuli winadadebebiT kongress unda
akrZalvoda „erTi romelime seqtis an gaerTianebis sxvebze“ gabatoneba, an „romelime
denominaciisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba meoresTan SedarebiT~. senatma aseve uari
Tqva debulebaSi im klauzulis Setanaze, romelic `sindisis uflebebs~ icavda Selax-
visgan. sabolood, warmomadgenelTa palata da senati Semdeg redaqciaze SeTanxmdnen:
„kongresi ar miiRebs kanons, romelic daawesebs religias an SezRudavs aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebas~.
konstituciaSi cvlilebebis SetanasTan dakavSirebiT gamarTuli debatebis Canawerebi
gabneulia, ris gamoc zogierTs gauCnda eWvi, rom isini naklebad gamosadegia religiis
Sesaxeb klauzulebSi Cadebuli azris gasagebad. Tumca komentatorebma Tanamedrove-
obasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime sakiTxi wamoWres da ganixiles. magaliTad, dRes zogierTi
amtkicebs, rom „pirvel SeworebaSi~ arsebuli „religiis~ gansazRvreba erTob farTo
mniSvnelobis mqonea da gamodgeba ara mxolod tradiciuli religiebis, aramed yvela ke-
Tilsindisieri sarwmunoebis dasacavad. Tumca zogierTi analitikosis azriT, kongresma
am Sesworebis miRebiT uari ganacxada „sindisis uflebebis~ dacvaze da „religiis~ viwro
kategorias dauWira mxari. meore mxriv, konstituciuri Sesworebebis avtorebma, SesaZloa,
or termins Soris realuri gansxvaveba ver dainaxes. religia xom erTaderTi keTilsindi-
sieri rwmeniTi sistema iyo, romelsac isini icnobdnen.
am konstituciuri cvlilebebis miRebis istoria SeiZleba Tanamedroveobis meore
mniSvnelovan sakiTxsac ukavSirdebodes: zogierTs ainteresebs, dawesebuli ekle-
siis Sesaxeb klauzula saxelmwifos erTi religiuri denominaciisTvis upiratesobis
miniWebas ukrZalavs Tu nebas aZlevs mas sazogadod waaxalisos religia arareli-
giuri msoflmxedvelobis sapirispirod. ardawesebis klauzulis Sesaxeb ufro vrce-
li Teoriis momxreebi aRniSnaven, rom senatma uaryo sami winadadeba, romlebsac
mxolod seqtebs Soris raime privilegiis arseboba unda gamoericxa. „arc erTi seq-
tis upiratesobis~ principis momxreebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom winadadebaTa teqsts
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeboda. maTi azriT, pirveli kongresis qmedebebi
yvela religiisTvis Tanabari mxardaWeris principis aRiarebas gulisxmobda.
msgavsi qmedebebi araerTxel ganaxorcieles adrindelma kongresebma da prezi-
dentebma. pirvelma kongresma yoveldRiuri sxdomebis win locvis aRsavlenad kape-
lanebi daniSna da gadasaxadebiT amoRebuli fuli qristiani misionerebis xelfase-
bisken warmarTa, raTa maT indielTa tomebi gaenaTlebinaT da moeqciaT qristianul
sarwmunoebaze. ramdenime prezidentma (maT Soris vaSingtonma, adamsma, medisonma)
oficialuri gancxadebiT mouwoda moqalaqeebs, rom RvTisadmi samadlobeli locva
aRevlinaT. am praqtikis winaaRmdeg mxolod jefersoni gamovida (Tumca mogvianebiT
medisonmac aRiara, rom misi moqmedeba arakonstituciuri iyo).
263
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, uzenaesi sasamarTlos zogierTi mosamarTlisa da Tana-
medrove komentatoris mtkicebiT, am qmedebebiT naTeli xdeba, rom „pirveli Seswo-
reba~ aRqmul iqna erTi romelime seqtis preferencirebuli da ara zogadad re-
ligiis mxardaWeris akrZalvad. magaliTad, ix. uolasi jefris winaaRmdeg28 (mosa-
marTle renkvisti, gansxvavebuli azri). magram dawesebuli eklesiis akrZalvis Sesa-
xeb klauzulis ufro vrceli interpretaciis momxreebi irwmunebodnen, rom es
politikurad motivirebuli qmedebebi iyo da maTi konstituciuroba gamokvlevas
ar eqvemdebareboda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi mtkicebiT, SesaZloa, ZiriTadi qristi-
anuli da iudaur-qristianuli ideebis mxardaWera srulebiT aradiskriminaciuli
iyo 1700-ian wlebSi, magram dRes aseTi midgoma miuRebelia, radgan bevri moqalaqe
iudaizmisa da qristianobis garda sxva religiasac aRiarebs, an saerTod arc erTi
religiis mimdevari ar aris. magaliTad, ix. li vaismanis winaaRmdeg29 (mosamarTle
souteri, Tanmxvedri azri).
sxva komentatorebis azriT, es qmedebebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom religiur kla-
uzulebSi religiis mxardaWeris mxolod Zaladobrivi saSualebebis akrZalvaa nagu-
lisxmevi. am principiT aixsneba sakanonmdeblo locvebis praqtika, saprezidento gan-
cxadebebi da religiuri gamoxatvis sxva formebi. Tumca, adre ganxorcielebulma
zogierTma RonisZiebam gadasaxadebidan amoRebuli fulis xarjva gamoiwvia, rac SeiZ-
leba Sefasdes, rogorc iZulebis aqti (jefersonis virjiniis religiuri statutis
mixedviT, religiuri gadasaxadebi „aiZulebs (sxvagvarad moazrovnes) fuladi Semweoba
im ideebis mxardasaWerad gaiRos, romlebisac mas ar swams da sZuls~).
gulisxmobs Tu ara religiis Sesaxeb klauzulebi fuZemdeblur Teorias imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu ra pozicia unda daikavos saxelmwifom religiis mimarT? Tu gulis-
xmobs, maSin ra Sedegebs moitans is Tanamedrove etapze? zogierTi analitikosis azriT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo „religiuri~, anu „evangeluri~, pozicia. kerZod, amerike-
lebma religiis Tavisufleba umTavresad qristianuli principebis safuZvelze miiRes.
am Sexedulebis zogierTi mxardamWerisTvis klauzulebis mxolod araZaladobrivi
xedvaa misaRebi. es xedva ki efuZneba im princips, rom dauSvebelia religiuri rwmenis
ZaladobiT Tavs moxveva. is Zvirfas saunjes warmoadgens da xelisuflebam araZala-
dobrivi gzebiT unda dauWiros mas mxari. meore mxriv, religiuri xedvis sxva momxreebi
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciis gacilebiT mkacr principebs qadageben im Tval-
sazrisiT, rom (imave rojer uiliamsis gavleniT) nebismieri kontaqti saxelmwifosa da
eklesias Soris am ukanasknelis gaxrwniTa da dasustebiT sruldeba. am adamianebs SeiZ-
leba „religiuri separatistebic~ vuwodoT.
sxva analitikosebi „ganmanaTleblur~ poziciaze amaxvileben yuradRebas da acxa-
deben, rom jefersons, medisons (am ukanasknels ufro naklebad) da fuZemdebelTa
Taobis zogierT sxva liders racionalobis swamda, eWviT uyurebda tradiciul re-
ligiur dogmas, aRaSfoTebda religiuri fanatizmi da misi zemoqmedeba sazogado-
ebaze. am poziciis momxreebi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separacias moiTxoven. es ki
niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi sfero sekularulad darCeba da ar Seexeba is ukidure-
sobebi, romelTa provocirebac eklesias SeuZlia (isini, SeiZleba, „saero separatis-
tebad~ movixsenioT).
Tumca sxva analitikosTa mosazrebiT, religiis Sesaxeb klauzulebi ar asaxavs
raime substanciur Teorias xelisuflebis religiasTan mimarTebis sakiTxSi. igi mxo-
264
lod keTilgonier Tvalsazriss warmoadgens da acxadebs, rom axali federaluri
xelisufleba ar unda Caerios msgavs sakiTxebSi. am poziciidan gamomdinare, reli-
giis Sesaxeb konstituciuri debuleba federalizmis produqts warmoadgenda: re-
ligiis mimarT saxelisuflebo politika, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Statebs unda gane-
sazRvraT. es kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom 1789 wels StatebSi uTanxmoebam daisadgura
religiisadmi xelisuflebis damokidebulebis gansazRvrisas. kongresis xanmokle
debatebis dros „pirvel SesworebasTan~ dakavSirebiT arc erTi es disputi ar ganu-
xilavT dawvrilebiT da arc raime gadawyvetileba miuRiaT. amrigad, Sesworebis mim-
RebT isRa darCaT, es sakiTxebi StatebisTvis gadaelocaT.
Tu es pozicia marTebulia, maSin unayofo aRmoCndeba „pirvel SesworebaSi~ re-
ligiis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli Teoriuli formulirebis Zieba.
sxva daskvna is aris, rom religiis Sesaxeb klauzulebis gamoyeneba Statebis xeli-
suflebaTa SesazRudad mouqneli an Tundac alogikuri gaxdeboda (me-14 Seswore-
baSi inkorporaciiT) Tu religiuri klauzulebis erTaderT mizans StatebisaTvis
religiuri sakiTxebis regulirebis uflebamosilebis miniWeba iyo. magram am „fede-
ralizms~ kritikis qarcecxli daatyda Tavs. religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb subs-
tanciurma Sexedulebebma marTlac Seasrula garkveuli roli religiis Tavisuf-
lebis ganviTarebaSi. amasTan, movlenebi SeiZleba dramatulad ganviTarebuliyo im
droisTvis, roca 1868 wels me-14 Sesworeba amoqmedda.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, „pirveli Sesworebis~ miRebis momentisTvis axali inglisis
sam StatSi (koneqtikutSi, masaCusetsSi da niu-hempSirSi) SenarCunebuli iyo „dawesebul
eklesiebi~. am eklesiebis da maT mRvdelTmsaxurTa finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT
xdeboda gadasaxadebis amoReba (federalizmis Teoretikosebis azriT, im dros da-
wesebuli eklesiebis arseboba erT-erTi mizezia imisa, ris gamoc fuZemdeblebi maTi
mxardaWeris winaaRmdeg ver wavidodnen). magram droTa ganmavlobaSi religiuri gada-
saxadebi liberaluri gaxda. Teoriulad, gadamxdeli an Tavisufldeboda begarisgan an
TviTon wyvetda, Tu romeli denominacia miiRebda mis gadasaxads.
1800-iani wlebis adreul periodSi axal inglisSi jer kidev moqmedi religiuri
dabegvris sistema gauqmda, radgan dominantur kongregaciul denominaciebSi didi
ganxeTqileba moxda. masaCusetsSi sul ufro meti mRvdelmsaxuri da morwmune iRebda
unitarul sarwmunoebas. es mimdinareoba uaryofda iesos RvTaebriobas. misma konserva-
torma oponentebma moinanies is, rom Statis xelisuflebam mxari dauWira aseT eretikul
Sexedulebas. es epizodi imis karg magaliTs warmoadgens, Tu rogor akvecs frTebs
mzardi religiuri pluralizmi dawesebul eklesias. am dros erTi romelime religiuri
organizmi veRar axerxebs xelisuflebisken gzis gakvlevas sakuTari miznebis gansaxor-
cieleblad. religiuri begara masaCusetsSi 1833 wels sabolood gauqmda.
me-19 saukune: protestantuli qristianobis de facto daweseba

da me-14 Sesworebis miReba
pirveli Sesworebis amoqmedeba da religiuri dabegvris gauqmeba jer kidev ar

niSnavda imas, rom amerikaSi qristianuli religiis mxardaWera dasrulda. 1800-ian
wlebSi xelisuflebam gaagrZela ZiriTadi, aradenominaciuri protestantizmis wa-
xaliseba da gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebis ugulebelyofa an SezRudva.
aseTma qmedebebma gamoiwvia protestantuli qristianobis de-facto daweseba.
265
me-19 saukunis pirvel mesamedSi jer kidev moqmedebda mkrexelobis, anu RvTisa
da qristianobis gmobis, amkrZalavi kanonebi Statis doneze. niu-iorkis kancleri
kenti aseT samarTlebriv devnas mxars uWerda imis gamo, rom „Cven varT qristiani
adamianebi da qveynis zneoba qristianobas efuZneba~. xalxi ruglzis winaaRmdeg.30
sasamarTloebi am kanons iwynarebdnen da miiCnevdnen, rom qristianoba amerikis Se-
erTebuli Statebis „saerTo samarTlis nawilia~ (vidali jerardis aRmasruleblebis
winaaRmdeg31 ). StatebSi jer kidev moqmedebda kanonebi, romlebic kviraobiT muSaobas
an sxva saqmianobas krZalavda. saukunis miwuruls uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoaqveyna
amerikis federaluri xelisuflebis mier religiasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli gan-
cxadebebis grZeli sia da daaskvna, rom „es aris qristiani eri~ (wminda samebis ekle-
sia SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg32 ). ase rom, 1900-ian wlebSi jer kidev grZelde-
boda araqristianebisa da araTeistebis sajaro samsaxuridan diskvalifikacia. bib-
liuri locvebi da sakiTxavebi oficialuri ceremoniebis nawilad rCeboda, gan-
sakuTrebiT 1930-40-ian wlebSi daarsebul axal sajaro skolebSi. cxadia, sajaro
skolebi mniSvnelovanwilad imisTvis iqmneboda, rom denominaciuri gansxvavebebis
pirobebSi protestantul faseulobebze damyarebuli bavSvTa ganaTlebis sistema
damkvidrebuliyo. msaxurebis aseTi forma — sakiTxavebi protestantuli (mefe jeim-
sis) bibliidan, locvebi da sakiTxavebi samRvdeloebis xelmZRvanelobis gareSe —
miuRebeli iyo mravali kaTolikesaTvis, romelTa ricxvi imigraciis gamo swrafad
izrdeboda urbanul dasaxlebebSi. zogjer kaTolike bavSvebi isjebodnen
ritualebSi monawileobaze uaris gamo da ramdenime SemTxvevaSi aseTi disputebi
antikaTolikur amboxSic ki gadaizarda (yvelaze seriozuli iyo filadelfiaSi 1844
wels).
xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi upiratesoba qristianobas eniWeboda, radgan igi me-
19 saukunis kulturaSi sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli. 1800-iani wlebis axlo pe-
riodSi religiuri gamoRviZebis Sedegad, rac meTodistebisa da baptistebis damsa-
xureba iyo, eklesiis mrevli sokosaviT mravldeboda. am denominaciebma uari ganacxa-
des mTavrobisagan finansur mxardaWeraze. am wlebSi eklesiebis sicocxlisunari-
anoba umeteswilad ukavSirdeba imas, rom isini aRar eyrdnobodnen xelisuflebas
(gamoCenilma sasuliero pirma, liman bicerma, romelic Seupovrad ibrZoda koneq-
tikutSi religiuri gadasaxadebis SesanarCuneblad, mogvianebiT ganacxada, rom
gabatonebuli mdgomareobis gauqmeba eklesiisaTvis saukeTeso movlena iyo). magram
baptistebi da meTodistebi uerTdebodnen sxva qristianul gaerTianebebs imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom xelisuflebam Riad unda dauWiros mxari qristianobas da
daeyrdnos ZiriTad qristianul swavlebebs.
dRes konstituciis komentatorebi gansxvavebul daskvnebs akeTeben 1800-ian
wlebSi xelisuflebis mier qristianobis yovlismomcvel mxardaWerasTan dakavSi-
rebiT. zogierTis azriT, es adasturebs, rom pirveli Sesworebis avtorebi gulis-
xmobdnen romelime erTi qristianuli denominaciisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis ak-
rZalvas da xelisuflebas utovebdnen uflebas, mxari daeWira ZiriTadi qristianuli
an „iudaur-qristianuli~ tradiciisaTvis (mosamarTle jozef sTorma konstituciis
komentarebSi gaiziara es Sexeduleba da dawera, rom religiis klauzulebis mizani
iyo „ara mahmadianobis an iudaizmis xelSewyoba an dawinaureba, aramed qristianul
seqtebs Soris yovelgvari dapirispirebis gamoricxva~). amgvari msjelobis oponen-
266
tebi aRniSnaven, rom religiis klauzulebi im dros jer kidev mxolod federalur
xelisuflebas exeboda (rogorc es uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaxada cxadi permoli
axali orleanis pirveli municipalitetis winaaRmdeg33 saqmeSi). Statebs konstitu-
ciurad jer isev hqondaT religiasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari politikis gatarebis
ufleba.
qristianobam, rogorc yovlismomcvelma Zalam amerikul kulturaSi, aseve didi
gavlena moaxdina politikur da socialur debatebze. religiurma gamoRviZebam qris-
tianuli reformatoruli moZraoba mravali mizezis gamo gamoiwvia, maT Soris iyo
spirtiani sasmelebisagan TavSekaveba, ganaTleba da Semweoba RaribebisaTvis, azar-
tuli TamaSebis akrZalva da monobis gauqmeba. monobis damcvelebi, iseve rogorc
maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi, biblias mimarTavdnen, da abraam linkolns Tavis meore saina-
uguracio mimarTvaSi SeeZlo aReniSna, rom orive mxare samoqalaqo omSi „kiTxulobda
biblias da loculobda erTi da imave RmerTis mimarT~. linkolnis gamosvlebi, bevri
dRevandeli sajaro diskusiis msgavsad, bibliuri warmodgenebiT iyo gamsWvaluli.
me-19 saukuneSi protestantuli eklesiis de facto dawesebam aseve warmoSva ame-
rikis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivi da warmatebuli mcdelobebi reli-
giuri praqtikis aRsakveTad. aseTi iyo federaluri xelisuflebis kampania mormo-
nebis eklesiis mier poligamiis, anu mravalcolianobis, aRmofxvris mizniT. praqti-
ka, romelsac axorcielebda bevri lideri, magram ara mormoni mamakacebis umravle-
soba, nawilobriv am eklesiis mier Zveli aRTqmis interpretacias efuZneboda. niu-
iorkis CrdiloeT nawilSi daarsebuli mormonebis moZraoba ganrisxebul brbos Sua
dasavleTis StatebSi gaeqca. sabolood, 1847 wels, mormonebi gadasaxldnen dasav-
leTSi im miwaze dasamkvidreblad, romelic SeerTebul Statebs male unda Seesyida
da iutas teritoriad eqcia. ramdenime wlis Semdeg kongresma upasuxa sazogadoebriv
azrs da poligamia kriminalad gamoacxada. uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira
mormonebisadmi kanoniT dadgenil moTxovnebs. reinoldsi SeerTebuli Statebis wi-
naaRmdeg34 .
magram mormonebis eklesiam maSinve rodi uaryo poligamia, amitom xelisuflebam
gaaZliera zewola. igi iutaSi amomrCevlebisagan moiTxovda ficis dadebas, rom ar
ekuTvnodnen poligamiis damcvel organizacias. bolos man mormonTa eklesiis da-
xurvisa da misi qonebis didi nawilis, maT Soris solt leik sitiSi axali taZris
konfiskaciis brZaneba gasca. uzenaesma sasamarTlom orive moqmedebas mxari dauWira
imis safuZvelze, rom poligamia warmoadgenda safrTxes „qristianobisa da im civi-
lizaciis sulisaTvis, romelic qristianobam warmoSva dasavlur samyaroSi~. uka-
naskneli dRis wmindanebis gaerTianeba SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg35 (konfis-
kaciis mxardaWera); ix. devisi bensonis winaRmdeg36 (ficis moTxovnis mxardaWera).
amis Semdeg, sul male eklesiis prezidentma ganacxada axali gamocxadebis Sesaxeb,
romelic eklesiis wevrebs aTavisuflebda poligamiis valdebulebisagan. eklesias
daubrunda qoneba, iuta kavSirSi miiRes im pirobiT, rom akrZalavda poligamias.
mormonebi socialurad warmmarTvel Zalad da ekonomikurad warmatebul jgufad
Camoyalibebis gzas daadgnen.
me-19 saukune samoqalaqo omis damTavrebisTanave ramdenime konstituciuri
Sesworebis miRebiT aRiniSna. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania me-14 Sesworeba (1868),
romelmac Statebs aukrZala SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebis Rirsebisa da xelSe-
267
uxeblobis xelyofa an nebismieri pirovnebisTvis jerovan samarTlebriv procedu-
raze an kanoniT dacvis Tanabar uflebaze uaris Tqma. am SesworebiT, kerZod jerovani
samarTlebrivi proceduris Sesaxeb debulebiT 1940-iani wlebis Semdeg sasamarTlom
Statebi da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba uflebaTa bilis SezRudvebs dauqvemdebara,
religiuri klauzulebis CaTvliT. Tumca jer isev grZeldeba debatebi imis Taobaze,
apirebdnen Tu ara Sesworebis avtorebi da ratifikatorebi uflebaTa romelime an
yvela bilis inkorporirebas me-14 SesworebaSi. religiis Tavisuflebis pativiscemas-
Tan erTad inkorporaciis Sesaxeb debatebi rTuldeba bleinis konstituciuri Ses-
worebis epizodiT. am Sesworebas Statebis mimarT religiis klauzulebi unda aemoq-
medebina, magram 1875 wels kongresma Sesworeba ar miiRo, radgan xmaTa aucilebeli
ori mesamedi daaklda senatSi. inkorporaciis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom kongresi
ar ganixilavda aseT SemoTavazebas, ramdenime wlis win rom gadaewyvita religiis
klauzulebis Statebis mimarT gamoyeneba. inkorporaciis damcvelebi pasuxoben, rom
bleinis konstituciuri Sesworebis miRebis mcdeloba SesaZlebelia, aucileblobiT
yofiliyo gamowveuli, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu me-14 Sesworeba iTvaliswinebda inkor-
poracias, radgan mas uzenaesma sasamarTlom am droisaTvis slauter hauzis37 saqmeSi
umarTebulod gamoacala Sinaarsi. inkorporaciis sxva damcvelebis mtkicebiT, ble-
inis Sesworeba Cavarda ara imitom, rom mas religiis Sesaxeb federaluri konstitu-
ciis debulebebi Statebze unda gaevrcelebina, aramed imitom, rom man aSkarad dauSva
protestantuli bibliis kiTxva sajaro skolebSi, maSin roca „seqtantur~ (an kaTo-
likur) skolebs yovelgvari daxmareba aukrZala.
religiuri pluralizmi, saxelmwifosa da eklesiebs Soris

Tanamedrove urTierTobebi
me-19 saukunis meore naxevarma didi cvlilebebi moitana, ramac amerikul kultu-
rasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi protestantizmis dominireba gaaqarwyla. cent-
raluri, samxreT da aRmosavleT evropidan xangrZlivma imigraciam Zalze gazarda
kaTolikeebis procentuli wili mosaxleobaSi da, agreTve, warmoSva mniSvnelovani
iudauri gaerTianebebi, gansakuTrebiT did qalaqebSi. TviTon qalaqebi swrafad izr-
deboda da xalxs soflebidan iseTi cxovrebisaken izidavda, romelzec, mcire qala-
qebisgan gansxavebiT, eklesias TiTqmis aranairi gavlena ar hqonda. tradiciul religias
utevda mZlavri axali mecnieruli da politikuri ideebi — gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
darvinis evolucionisturi Teoria, romelic kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda Sesaqmis
bibliur swavlebas, aseve marqsistuli socializmi, romelic religias opiums uwodebda
da miiCnevda, rom is muSaTa klass CagvrasTan Seguebas aiZulebda.
am faqtorebis gavleniT SeerTebuli Statebi 1900-iani wlebis adreul xanaSi
religiur sakiTxebSi sul ufro pluralisturi da sekularizebuli xdeboda, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, gavlenian profesiul da akademiur wreebSi.
protestantizmis erT-erTi frTa cdilobda axal garemoSi adaptacias bibliis
e.w. istoriuli kritikis miRebiT, zogierTi orTodoqsuli doqtrinis pirdapiris
nacvlad simboluri gagebiT. isini Tanamedrove industriuli pirobebis dagmobi-
saTvis qristianuli `mesijis~ ganmartebas (`socialuri saxareba~) iyenebdnen. konser-
vatoruli frTa ewinaaRmdegeboda yvela am cvlilebas qristianuli „safuZvlebis~
(`fundamenturi principebis~) saxeliT. Tumca fundamentalistebis mcdelobam, Ta-
268
vianTi denominaciebidan meti liberaluri elementi gaeZevebinaT, marcxi ganicada.
garda amisa, tenesiSi 1925 wlis skoupsis sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg, romlis dro-
sac biologiis maswavlebeli darvinis evoluciis swavlebis gamo idevneboda, fun-
damentalistebi sayovelTaod aRiqves, rogorc CamorCenilebi da antiinteleqtu-
alebi. bevrma fundamentalistma uari ganacxada sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da poli-
tikaSi monawileobaze da koncentrireba moaxdina sakuTari skolebisa da media gamo-
cemebis Seqmnaze. isini ar unda gamoCeniliyvnen politikaSi TiTqmis 50 wlis manZil-
ze, magram rodesac gamoCndebodnen, es SurisZiebis mizniT unda momxdariyo.
am droisaTvis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daiwyo iseTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba,
romliTac naTeli gaxda, rom religiis Tavisufleba konstituciurad iyo daculi
rogorc Statis, ise federaluri xelisuflebis doneze, Sesabamisad konstituciuri
SezRudvebi xelisuflebis qmedebebis gacilebiT farTo speqtrze gavrcelda. Ziri-
Tadi nabiji 1920-ian wlebSi gadaidga, rodesac sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad
cno nebraskis Statis kanoni, romelic yvela skolas ukrZalavda ucxo enebis swav-
lebas (radgan es exeboda religiur da sxva kerZo skolebs); aseve gaauqma oregonis
kanoni, romelic mSoblebs ukrZalavda bavSvebis gagzavnas sajaro skolis garda sxva
skolebSi. meieri nebraskis winaaaRmdeg38 ; pirsi debis sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg39 .
orive kanoni kaTolike imigrantebis winaaRmdeg amoqmedda. sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom kanonebi arRvevda me-14 Sesworebas, radgan mSoblebs arTmevda Tavisuflebas
jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris gareSe. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, es Tavisuf-
leba gulisxmobda Statis mxridan aragonivruli Carevis gareSe RvTismsaxurebisa
da bavSvis aRzrdis uflebas.
saqmeebi meieri da pirsi dafuZnebul iqna jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris
klauzulis imave interpretaciaze, romelsac sasamarTlo ekonomikuri regulirebis
garkveuli formebis arakonstituciurad gamocxadebisaTvis iyenebda „axali kursis~
(prezident ruzveltis iniciativiT ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri reformebi, rac
`didi depresiis~ saxelwodebiT cnobil ekonomikur vardnas mohyva) winmswreb wlebSi.
Tumca aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis safuZvelze miRebulma gadawyvetilebebma
sasamarTlos gza gauxsna, rom srulad moexdina pirveli Sesworebis religiis
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb garantiebis inkorporireba me-14 SesworebaSi. uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom 1940-ian wlebSi moaxdina ori religiuri klauzulis or gadawyvetilebad
inkorporireba. qenTveli koneqtikutis winaaRmdeg40 (aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis
klauzula); eversoni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg41 (dawesebis klauzula).
qenTvelis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba mravali wina gadawyvetilebis msgav-
sad, romlebic religiur saqmianobas federaluri da Statebis adgilobrivi kanone-
bisagan icavda, ieRovas mowmeebs Seexeboda. am agresiulma seqtam farTod gauxsna
gza qadagebas da kardakar siaruls 1930-40-ian wlebSi. isini sityvieridan esxmodnen
Tavs SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobas da organizebul religias, gansakuTrebiT ka-
Tolikur eklesias. Statebisa da qalaqebis mcdelobebi, SeezRudaT mowmeTa saqmi-
anoba 1938-53 wlebSi, uzenaesi sasamarTlos 18 gadawyvetilebis safuZveli gaxda.
sasamarTlom TandaTan daiwyo imis aRiareba, rom arsebulma regulaciebma gza unda
gauxsnas „ieRovas mowmeebis~ uflebebs rogorc sityvis Tavisuflebis, ise religiis
Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis TvalsazrisiT. mas Semdeg, rac „axali kursis~ sasamar-
Tlom xelisuflebis ekonomikuri regulaciebis gaTvaliswineba daiwyo, am gadawyve-
269
tilebebma gamoxatva da religia im „upiratesobis mqone Tavisuflebebs Soris~ da-
aweses, romelTa SesazRudad kargad argumentirebuli gamarTleba iyo saWiro.
1950-ian wlebSi moxda tradiciuli religiuri TviTSegnebis gamoRviZeba, iseve
rogorc mSoblebma daiwyes „demografiuli bumis~ (Sobadobis mkveTri zrda, 1946-
1964) Taobis aRzrda da eri sabWoTa komunizmTan da aTeistur filosofiasTan brZo-
laSi ibrZmedeboda. magram religiasTan dakavSirebuli kursi, romlis mxardaWerasac
xelisufleba eswrafoda, eris gazrdil pluralizms asaxavda: protestantizmidan
warmoiSva is azri, rom kaTolicizmi da iudaizmi CarTuliyo saerTo „iudaur-qris-
tianul~ tradiciaSi, rogorc aRiniSna vil herbergis wignSi „Protestant Catholic Jew~
(1955). kongresma Secvala erTgulebis fici 1954 wels da sityvebi „erTi eri, ganuyo-
feli~ Secvala sityvebiT „erTi eri, RvTis winaSe ganuyofeli~. albaT, swored erov-
nuli xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoTqva azri: „Cven varT
religiuri xalxi, romlis institutebi moicaven uzenaesi arsebis rwmenas~. zoraxi
klausonis winaaRmdeg.42
Tumca 1960-70-ian wlebSi, erl uorenisa da uoren burgeris uzenaesi sasamarT-
los Tavmjdomareebad yofnis dros, sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetilebebi, romleb-
mac dramatuli gavlena iqonia saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da religias Soris urTi-
erTqmedebis sistemaze. sasamarTlom SeaCera saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul sa-
jaro skolebSi locva da bibliis kiTxva _ praqtika, romelic farTod gavrcelda
sajaro skolebis Seqmnis Semdeg. enjeli vitales winaaRmdeg;43 abingtonis saskolo
olqi Sempis winaaRmdeg.44 mogvianebiT man arakonstituciurad cno religiur daw-
yebiT da saSualo skolebSi maswavleblebis saxelmwifo daxmarebis programa. lemoni
kurcmanis winaaRmdeg45 .
am gadawyvetilebebma gamoiwvia mZlavri, mkveTrad dapirispirebuli reaqciebi
sazogadoebaSi da konstituciis komentatorTa Soris. zogierTma igi aRiqva, ro-
gorc gardauvali pasuxebi amerikis mzard religiur pluralizmze, romelmac cal-
keuli religiuri wes-Cveulebebis nebismieri saxelisuflebo mxardaWera metad mi-
kerZoebuli gaxada da am mxardaWeridan bevri moqalaqe gamoricxa. am TvalsazrisiT,
sasamarTlo ubralod misdevda religiis klauzulebis logikas im msaxurebaTa aR-
sakveTad, romlebmac adre Tavi daaRwies guldasmiT Semowmebas, radgan isini mra-
vali qristianisaTvis uvneblad miiCneoda.
sazogadoebaSi bevri am gadawyvetilebebs ise aRiqvamda, TiTqos isini asaxavda da
aZlierebda sazogadoebaSi sekularul mimarTulebas, xelisuflebisagan moiTxovda
religiuri zegavlenisagan srulad gaTavisuflebas da religiis SezRudvas adami-
anebis piradi cxovrebiT. gansakuTrebiT arapopularuli iyo skolaSi locvis Se-
saxeb gadawyvetilebebi. oponentebma ramdenjerme scades gadawyvetilebebis gauqmeba
konstituciuri Sesworebebis inicirebiT 1960-ian wlebSi, magram maTi mcdelobebi
warumatebeli aRmoCnda.
skolaSi locvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebma sxva samarTlebriv da kulturul
garemoebebTan erTad, rogoric iyo abortis uflebis aRiareba (ro uedis winaaRm-
deg46 ), gamoacocxla konservatori protestantebis didi nawili, romlebic 1920-
iani wlebis Semdeg politikur arenaze SedarebiT naklebad aqtiurobdnen. 1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi iseTma jgufebma, rogorebic iyvnen „zneobrivi umravlesoba~ da,
mogvianebiT, „qristianuli koalicia~, amomrCevlebis mobilizacia moaxdines kon-
270
servatiuli socialuri politikis mxardasaWerad: abortis SezRudva, homoseqsu-
alistTa uflebebis winaaRmdeg brZola, sajaro skolebSi organizebuli locvis aR-
dgena da a. S. am „religiurma uflebam~, romelsac mravali konservatori kaTolike
da konservator ebraelTa mcire nawili SeuerTda, garkveuli roli Seasrula pre-
zidentebis — reiganisa da buSis arCevaSi.
religiuri uflebebis win wamowevam safuZveli Cauyara axal debatebs amerikul
politikaSi religiis saTanado rolis Taobaze. moZraobis wevrebs „sakuTari reli-
giuri Sexedulebebis~ sxvebisTvis Tavs moxvevis mcdelobaSi dasdes brali. maT upa-
suxes, rom politikis gziT TavianTi religiuri Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisas isini
mxolod imas akeTebdnen, rac sxva amerikelebma, gansakuTrebiT politikurma libe-
ralebma didi xniT adre gaakeTes iseTi kampaniebiT, rogoricaa moZraoba samoqalaqo
uflebebisaTvis.
konservatiuli religiuri aqtivizmis gaZlierebam warmoSva agreTve axali deba-
tebi religiis klauzulebis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT. saprezidento arCevnebSi
respublikel kandidatTa dapirebebs Soris iyo im federaluri mosamarTleebis da-
niSvna, romlebic xelisuflebasa da religiasTan dakavSirebiT umravlesobis Sexe-
dulebebis amsaxvel `sasamarTlo SezRudvebs daawesebdnen~. respublikelebis mier
uzenaesi sasamarTlos ramdenime mosamarTlis daniSvnam sasamarTlo calkeul sfe-
roebSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis mkacri formebis Semsubuqebamde miiyva-
na, rac gansakuTrebiT religiuri organizaciebisaTvis SedarebiT farTo samTav-
robo daxmarebis daSvebaSi gamoixata. Tumca rogorc vnaxavT, Tanamedrove sasamar-
Tlom aseve xelaxla daamtkica 1960-70-iani wlebis memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani na-
wili, maT Soris sajaro skolebSi saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli locvis akrZalva
(li vaismanis winaaRmdeg47 ).
miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis Tavisuflebis fuZemdebluri principebi msgav-
sia amerikis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi, warmoebulma debatebma warmodgenebi Sec-
vala im gagebiT, rom amerikaSi mzardi religiuri pluralizmi da, Sesabamisad, re-
ligiur umciresobebze valdebulebebis dakisrebis potenciuri SesaZleblobis cod-
nis saWiroeba gamoaaSkarava. pirveli Sesworebis miRebis droisaTvis RvTisadmi an
Tundac iesosadmi oficialuri locva amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis sadavo ar iyo.
Tumca dRes aseTi locva konstituciurad sakamaTo xasiaTs atarebs. maSin, roca
radikali rojer uiliamsi àTi mcnebis~ bolo xuTi Tezisze dafuZnebul kanon-
mdeblobas uWerda mxars, dRes mecnierebi seriozulad ganixilaven sakiTxs, SeiZ-
leba Tu ara, rom kanonebi mniSvnelovanwilad religiur Rirebulebebs daefuZnos.
mosamarTleebi da konstituciis komentatorebi davoben, es cvlilebebi saxelmwifo-
sa da religiisadmi istoriuli midgomis uaryofas asaxavs, Tu isini ubralod reli-
giis Tavisuflebis damkvidrebuli principebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs amerikeli
eris mzardi religiuri pluralizmiT Seqmnil axal garemoebebTan SeTavsebiT.
271
religiuri
valdebulebebi
kardakar qadageba da
religiuri literaturis gavrceleba
xolo TerTmeti mowafe wavida

galileas, im mTaze, romelic iesom
dauTqva maT. naxes igi da Tayvani sces,
zogs ki eWvi epareboda. movida ieso
maTTan da uTxra: `mocemuli maqvs me
mTeli xelmwifeba caSi da dedamiwaze.
amitom wadiT da moimowafeT yvela
xalxi, monaTleT isini mamisa da Zisa
da suliwmidis saxeliT. aswavleT maT
yovelives dacva, rac me gamcneT. aha,
me TqvenTana var yoveldRe
wuTisoflis aRsasrulamde.~
maTes saxareba 28: 16-20
mravali qristianuli sazogadoeba eyrdnoba zemoT

mocemul teqsts (romelic aseve `wminda misiis~ saxeli-
Taa cnobili), rogorc maTi religiuri rwmenis sxvebi-
saTvis gaziarebis ZiriTad bibliur safuZvels. magram
erT-erTi religiuri jgufis, ieRovas mowmeebis mier
religiis saxelmwifo regulirebisadmi konstituci-
urma gamowvevam im katalizatoris roli Seasrula, ro-
melmac es sakiTxi da zogadad religiis Tavisuflebis
interpretaciis problema amerikis SeerTebuli State-
bis uzenaesi sasamarTlos winaSe daayena. es maSin moxda,
rodesac sasamarTlo pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswi-
nebul Tavisuflebebs me-14 SesworebaSi arsebuli `je-
rovani samarTlebrivi proceduris~ garantiis konteqs-
tSi ganixilavda. me-18 saukunis baptistebis msgavsad
ieRovas mowmeebi ZiriTadi protestantuli eklesiis ga-
reT arsebul evangelikur jgufs warmoadgendnen. me-
272
19 saukunis mormonebis msgavsad mowmeebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi iyvnen. meoce
saukunis kaTolikeTa msgavsad maT uzenaesi xelisufali marTavda. da rogorc
menonitebi, ieRovas mowmeebi samoqalaqo TavisuflebebisaTvis mebrZolnic iyvnen
da imavdroulad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen sakuTar rigebSi orTo-
doqsiis SenarCunebas.48 paradoqsia, magram maT yvela `religionistis~ TvalTmaqco-
bas Seuties da im wesebisgan gaTavisufleba moiTxoves, romlebic maT sakuTari `re-
ligiis~ Tavisuflad aRmsareblobas uzRudavda.
1880 wels pitsburgSi Carlz Teiz raselma daiwyo sionis saguSago koSkisa da
qristes arsebobis maxaroblis49 gamoqveyneba, romliTac aswavlida, rom qristes me-
ored mosvla moaxloebuli iyo. religiuri wignebis gamyidvelebma — `kolporte-
rebma~ (ase eZaxdnen ufro adre bibliis evangelist gamavrceleblebs) raselis naS-
romebi SeerTebuli Statebisa da britaneTis teritoriaze gayides. pirveli msof-
lio omis dawyebis win saguSago koSks 45 000 xelmomweri hyavda.50
1916 wels, raselis gardacvalebis Semdeg, jozef franklin ruTerfordi gaxda
Watch Tower Bible-isa (bibliis saguSago koSki) da Tract Society-is (traqtatis sazoga-
doeba) prezidenti, niu-iorkSi arsebuli korporaciisa, romelic mTel saeklesio
qonebaze inarCunebda sakuTrebis uflebas. ruTerfordi iyo advokati, erT dros ki
mosamarTle misuris StatSi, ris Sedegadac mas, Cveulebriv, mosamarTle ruTer-
fords eZaxdnen. momdevno wels ruTerfords wauyenes braldeba 1917 wlis jaSuSobis
aqtis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmadac mas samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis obstruq-
ciasa da SeiaraRebul ZalebSi daumorCileblobis waqezebaSi adanaSaulebdnen. bral-
debis damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba iyo misi publikacia dasrulebuli misteria,
wigni, romelic akritikebda `patriotizms~, rogorc satanis erT-erT ùdides uwmin-
durobas~, mkvlelobis msgavsad gmobda oms da acxadebda, rom araferi SeiZleba iyos
amqveynad erTi adamianis sicocxleze mniSvnelovani. sasamarTlo procesze xeli-
sufleba amtkicebda, rom ruTerfordi ùrCevda samxedrovaldebul pirebs, moeT-
xovaT gawvevisgan gaTavisufleba, xolo gawvevis SemTxvevaSi uari eTqvaT movaleobe-
bis Sesrulebaze~.51 misi wignisa da rCevebis gamo ruTerfordsa da sxva eqvs bral-
debuls federalur cixeSi oci wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes. gasaCivrebis
Sedegad ruTerfords braldeba moexsna da xelisuflebam sisxlissamarTlebrivi
devna Sewyvita. dasrulebuli misteriis gavrcelebisTvis sxva ieRovas mowmeebsac
didi vadebiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes52 (saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebiT, gamavrceleblebs `boroti~ ganzraxva amoZravebdaT). am procesebis wyalobiT
mosamarTle ruTerfordma amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTloebis mier gan-
xorcielebuli marTlmsajulebiT dauviwyari da unikaluri gamocdileba miiRo.
licenziis gareSe sakuTari literaturis gayidvisaTvis ieRovas mowmeebi sisx-
lissamarTlebriv devnas jer kidev 1928 wels ganicdidnen. am dromde mowmeebs sayo-
velTaod hqondaT aRiarebuli, rom rodesac pavle mociquli qadagebda, yoveli suli
umaRles xelmwifebas unda daemorCiloso (romaelTa 13:1), am xelmwifebaSi samoqa-
laqo xelisuflebas gulisxmobda. 1929 wels ki mosamarTle ruTerfordma `xelmwi-
febis~ sxvagvari interpretacia moaxdina da masSi RmerTsa da qristes moiazrebda.
1930-ian wlebSi mowmeebsa da adgilobriv salicenzio struqturebs Soris arsebuli
konfliqti gamwvavda da 1933 wels ruTerfordma gasca brZaneba, gaesaCivrebinaT
yvela gamamtyunebeli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba. 1935 wels man Camoayaliba iuridi-
273
uli departamenti ieRovas mowmis, olin r. moilis xelmZRvanelobiT, raTa momxda-
riyo mowmeebis iuridiuli dacvis koordinireba.53
kviraobiT, maTi yoveldRiuri saqmianobisgan Tavisufal dRes, mowmeebi TemebSi
da sazogadoebebSi avrcelebdnen sakuTar traqtatebs, riTac ignorirebas uwevdnen
adgilobriv samarTlebriv SezRudvebs, romlebic, maTi mtkicebiT, xels uSlida maT
saRvTo davalebebis ganxorcielebaSi. uzenaesma sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela mor-
monTa Sesaxeb saqmeebiT da 1937 wels erTsulovnad uaryo moTxovna federalur
iurisdiqciaze, riTac literaturis religiiT motivirebuli gamavrceleblebi
dacvis gareSe datova (qoulmeni qalaq grifinis winaaRmdeg54 ). Tumca momdevno wels
rva xmiT arc erTis winaaRmdeg uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma q. grifinis gadawyve-
tileba im motiviT, rom is konstituciis darRveviT zRudavda mowmeTa sityvisa da
presis Tavisuflebas. mosamarTle Carlz evans hiuzma es Tavisuflebebi daaxasiaTa,
rogorc me-14 Sesworebis dacvis farglebSi moqceuli `fundamenturi personaluri
uflebebi~. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlom wminda religiuri ufleba isev dacvis
gareSe datova. es gamarjveba metwilad amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTi-
anebis (im dros amerikis TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebis) mier iyo mopovebuli, romel-
mac mowmeebs daxmareba aRmouCina. 1939 wels sasamarTlom rva xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg
gaauqma kidev oTxi municipaluri gadawyvetileba, rogorc sityvisa da presis Tavi-
suflebebis SezRudva (Snaideri irvingtonis winaaRmdeg55 ).
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, uzenaes sasamarTlos religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareb-
lobis Sesaxeb dadebiTi gadawyvetileba 1940 wlamde ar gamoutania. am saqmeSi
(qenTveli koneqtikutis Statis winaaRmdeg56 ) mowmeebs ukve heiden qovingToni war-
moadgenda, axalgazrda ieRovas mowme texasis Statidan, romliTac ruTerfordma
moili Secvala. man uzenaes sasamarTloSi warmoebuli davebiT SesaniSnav warmate-
bebs miaRwia da TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi ocdaTeqvsmeti saqme moigo. qenTvelis
saqme ki imiTac iyo aRsaniSnavi, rom sasamarTlom, romlis SemadgenlobaSic prezi-
dent ruzveltis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebic Sediodnen (bleqi, ridi, frank-
furteri, duglasi da merfi), erTsulovani gadawyvetileba miiRo.
qenTveli koneqtikutis Statis winaaRmdeg57

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
niuton qenTveli da misi ori vaJi, jesi da raseli, egreT wodebuli ieRovas mow-
meebis jgufis wevrebi, romlebic acxadebdnen, rom nakurTxi sasuliero pirebi iyvnen,
niu-hevenSi, konektikutis Statis policiam daakava, da TiToeul maTgans xuT epizo-
diani braldeba wauyenes. niu-hevenis olqis saerTo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT
TiToeul maTgans Seefarda Tavisuflebis aRkveTa konektikutis Statis zogadi
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis 6294-e muxlis darRvevisa da mSvidobis darRvevis waqezebi-
saTvis. uzenaes sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis Sedegad samive braldebuls xelaxla daumt-
kicda 6294-e muxlis darRveva, xolo jesi qenTvels mSvidobis darRvevvis waqezebac.
6294-e muxlis darRvevaze sabraldebo daskvna Semdeg faqtebs emyareboda: maTi
dakavebis dRes apelantebi cal-calke dadiodnen kardakar niu-hevenSi, kasiusis quCa-
ze. TiToeul maTgans Tan hqonda CanTa, wignebiTa da pamfletebiT religiur sakiT-
xebze, portatuli fonografi da firfitebis kompleqti, romelic dakvrisas msme-
nels ama Tu im wigns acnobda da aRuwerda. TiToeuli apelanti sTxovda karis gamReb
274
pirs nebarTvas, esa Tu is firfita CaerTo. nebarTvis SemTxvevaSi apelantebi
sTxovdnen pirebs, aRwerili wignebi SeeZinaT, xolo uaris SemTxvevaSi isini
moiTxovdnen Semowirulobebs pamfletebis dasabeWdad. Semowirulobis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi pirebs gadascemdnen pamflets im pirobiT, rom isini mas waikiTxavdnen.
kasiusis quCa mWidrod dasaxlebul raionSi mdebareobda, sadac mosaxleTa 90 pro-
centi kaTolike iyo. erT-erTi firfita aRwerda wigns saTauriT `mtrebi~ da kaToli-
kur religias akritikebda. interviuCamorTmeuli pirebidan ieRovas mowmeTa ri-
gebSi arc erTi ar yofila.
im sakanonmdeblo aqtis Tanaxmad, romlis farglebSic apelantebs brali waeye-
naT, àrc erT pirs ara aqvs ufleba, gamoiTxovos fuli, raime saxis momsaxureba,
Zvirfasi nivTi, an moiTxovos gamocemis gamowera nebismieri religiuri, saqvelmoq-
medo Tu filantropuli miznebisaTvis, Tu es ar xdeba im organizaciis wevrisgan,
romlis sakeTildReodac gamoTxovas aqvs adgili, an, Tu es gamoTxova im olqSi ar
xdeba, sadac es piri an organizacia mdebareobs manam, sanam gamoTxovis miznis sanq-
cirebas sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis sabWos mdivani ar moaxdens. nebismieri piris
mier zemoT CamoTvlili qmedebebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi mdivani gadawyvets,
am qmedebebis mizani religiuri iyo Tu saqvelmoqmedo da filantropuli da darRve-
vebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi gascems pasuxismgebel pirze Sesabamis sertifikats.
es sertifikati SesaZloa nebismier dros gauqmdes. am muxlis nebismieri debulebis
darRvevis Sedegad piri dajarimdeba ara umetes asi aSS dolariT an moxdeba misi
dapatimreba ara umetes ocdaaTi dRiT...~
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, amgvarad ganmartebuli da apelantebis wina-
aRmdeg gamoyenebuli sakanonmdeblo aqti, zRudavs maT Tavisuflebas jerovani sa-
marTlebrivi proceduris gareSe, rac me-14 Sesworebis darRvevaa. am SesworebaSi
formulirebuli Tavisuflebis fundamenturi koncefcia mWidro kavSirSia pirveli
SesworebiT garantirebul TavisuflebebTan. pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, kongresma
ar unda miiRos kanoni, romelic daawesebs religias an SezRudavs aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebas. me-14 Sesworebis Tanaxmad, Statebis kanonmdebelni iseve ar arian
uflebamosilni miiRon amgvari kanonebi, rogorc TviT kongresi. konstituciis mi-
er religiur sakiTxTan dakavSirebul sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebs Tan ori aspeqti
axlavs. erTi mxriv, is aTavisuflebs pirebs romelime religiuri mimdinareobis
kanonis iZulebiT aRmsareblobisagan. sindisis Tavisufleba da individis ufleba,
miemxros ama Tu im religiur organizacias Tu airCios RvTismsaxurebis esa Tu is
forma, ar SeiZleba kanoniT SeizRudos. meore mxriv, is uzrunvelyofs religiis
arCeuli formis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobas. amgvarad, Sesworeba or koncefcias
moicavs: rwmenis Tavisuflebasa da moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. pirveli absoluturi
Tavisuflebaa, meore ki, bunebrivia, ara. sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvel-
sayofad qmedebebi religiis niadagze garkveul wesebs eqvemdebareba. moqmedebis Ta-
visuflebas saTanado ganmarteba unda mieces, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes sazogadoebis
saTanado dacvis uzrunvelyofa. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, am miznis misaRwevad gamoyene-
buli saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebiT usamarTlod ar unda SeizRudos konstitu-
ciiT daculi Tavisuflebebi. saxelmwifos ara aqvs absoluturi uflebamosileba,
vinmes qadagebis an religiuri mosazrebebis gavrcelebis ufleba CamoarTvas. naTe-
lia, rom aseTi absoluturi SezRudva konstituciur garantiebs daarRvevda. aseve
275
naTelia, rom saxelmwifos zogadi daniSnulebisa da aradiskriminaciuli kanonmdeb-
lobiT SeuZlia daareguliros dro, adgili da quCebSi qadagebisa da Sekrebis wesebi;
agreTve uzrunvelyos mSvidoba, wesrigi da sazogadoebis keTildReoba me-14 Seswo-
rebiT daculi Tavisuflebebis darRvevebis gareSe. apelantebi marTebulad amtki-
ceben, rom gasaCivrebuli sakanonmdeblo aqti aseT wess ar warmoadgens. Tu sertifi-
kati mopovebuli iqneba, qadageba da gamoTxova nebadarTuli iqneba yovelgvari Sez-
Rudvebis gareSe, xolo sertifikatis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi gamoTxova katego-
riulad ikrZaleba.
apelantebi amtkiceben, rom saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis maTTvis sertifi-
katis mopovebis moTxovna konstituciis konteqstSi religiis Tavisuflad aRmsa-
reblobis darRvevas warmoadgens. Statis mtkicebiT ki, sakanonmdeblo aqti, ganmar-
tebuli koneqtikutis Statis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier, ar awesebs raime saxis Sez-
Rudvebs religiur swavlebaze an religiuri mosazrebebis gavrcelebaze, aramed uz-
runvelyofs religiis safarvelis qveS raime danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis
aRkveTas. Tu davuSvebT, rom es marTlac asea, gasarkvevi xdeba, ramdenad warmoad-
gens koneqtikutis Statis mier am mizniT gamoyenebuli meTodi konstituciiT garan-
tirebuli Tavisuflebebis Selaxvas.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom aqtis moTxovnis Sesabamisad konkretuli uflebamosileba
Statis sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis sabWos mdivnis xelSia. mas SeuZlia gadawyvi-
tos, aris Tu ara qmedebis motivi religiuri da Sesabamisad, gasces Tu ara sertifi-
kati. Tu igi daadgens, rom qmedebis motivi religiuri ar iyo, maSin es qmedeba dana-
Saulad iqceva. misi gadawyvetileba sertifikatis gacemisa Tu argacemis Taobaze
moicavs faqtebis Sefasebas, Sesabamis msjelobas da gadawyvetilebis formulirebas.
mas SeuZlia uari Tqvas sertifikatis gacemaze, Tu miiCnevs, rom qmedebis motivi
arareligiuri iyo. Sesabamisad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT religiaze amgvari
cenzuris daweseba konstituciis pirveli da me-14 SesworebebiT gaTvaliswinebul
Tavisuflebebs laxavs.
yovelive zemoTqmuli ar unda iyos ise aRqmuli, TiTqos religiis safarvelis
qveS pirebs ufleba aqvT, dausjelad Caidinon sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSaulebi. amgvari qmedebebis dasasjelad sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba arse-
bobs. eWvgareSea, rom saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba, daicvas sakuTari moqalaqeebi TaR-
liTobisgan: ama Tu im TemisTvis ucnobi pirisTvis raime mizniT Tanxebis gamoTxovis
nebis darTvamde mosTxovos mas piradobis identifikacia da am miznebis ganxorci-
elebisaTvis mis xelT arsebuli kanonieri uflebamosileba. aseve, saxelmwifos SeuZ-
lia Tavisuflad daareguliros gamoTxovis dro da zogadi wesebi sazogadoebrivi
usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram religiuri mosazrebebis gasav-
rceleblad SemoRebuli aucilebeli licenzia, romlis gacemis wesebsa da safuZv-
lebs saxelmwifo organo gansazRvravs, konstituciiT daculi Tavisuflebis Selax-
vas warmoadgens.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mocemul garemoebebSi jesi qenTvelis mSvi-
dobis darRvevaSi dadanaSauleba ar aris marTlzomieri. braldebis kanonierebis
dasadgenad saWiroa ori konfliqturi interesis ganxilva. pirveli Sesworebis Ta-
naxmad gacxadebulia, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesebSi Sedis religi-
is Tavisuflebis SezRudvisa da informaciisa da azris gadacemis Tavisuflebis xel-
276
yofis dauSvebloba. koneqtikutis Stats aqvs calsaxa interesi, SeinarCunos da da-
icvas mSvidoba da wesrigi sakuTar sazRvrebSi. danaSauli, romelic mSvidobis darR-
vevis saxeliTaa cnobili, gulisxmobs qmedebebs, romlebic arRvevs an safrTxes uqm-
nis sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da simSvides. es ara mxolod Zalismier qmedebebs gulisx-
mobs, aramed iseT qmedebebs an mowodebebs, romelTac SeuZliaT sxvebs Zaladobisken
ubiZgon. aravis eyofa gambedaoba, amtkicos, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis principi iZ-
leva sanqcias amboxebis waqezebaze, an rom religiis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs sxva
seqtebis mimdevarTa mimarT fizikuri Zaladobis ganxorcielebis privilegias. ro-
desac amboxebis, uwesrigobis, sazogadoebriv quCebSi moZraobisaTvis xelis SeSlis
safrTxe an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, mSvidobisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mu-
qara aSkara da realuria, Stati uflebamosilia, aRkveTos amgvari qmedebebi da
miiRos sadamsjelo zomebi. aseve cxadia, rom Stats ara aqvs ufleba, usamarTlod
SezRudos religiuri Tu sxva mosazrebebis Tavisuflad gadacema im motiviT, rom
misTvis sasurveli pirobebi SeinarCunos. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs aqtTan, romelic
Tavisi zogadi xasiaTis wyalobiT qmedebaTa farTo speqtrs moicavs da romlis
interpretaciisas xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo Stoebi moqmedebis
diskreciiT sargebloben.
yovelive zemoxsenebulis gaTvaliswinebiT, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebiT, 1938 wlis 26 aprils jesi qenTvels hqonda quCaSi gamosvlisa da sxvebisTvis
sakuTari mosazrebebis mSvidobianad gaziarebis ufleba. ar arsebobs imis samxili,
rom misi qceva xmauriani, mZvinvare, mbrZanebluri an Seuracxmyofeli iyo. man sTxova
quCaSi or mosiarules, neba daerToT misTvis, fonografis Canaweri CaerTo, razec
Tanxmoba miiRo. mas ar hqonda miznad Canaweris saSualebiT msmenelTa sajarod Se-
uracxyofa. aSkaraa, rom mas surda msmenelTa sakuTari propagandiT daintereseba.
fonografis xmas quCis macxovreblebi ar Seuwuxebia, xalxs Tavi ar mouyria da moZ-
raobas xeli ar SeSlia. am momentamde mas ar daurRvevia sazogadoebisa Tu im mo-
siaruleTa ufleba an kanonieri interesi, romelTac mimarTa.
qenTvelis mier CarTuli Canaweri akritikebda yvela organizebul religiur
sistemas, rogorc satanistur da adamianisaTvis zianis mimyenebel instruments. Sem-
deg is calke gamoyofda kaTolikur eklesias, romlis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli ter-
minologiac ara marto kaTolikeebs, aramed yvela im adamiansac gaanawyenebda, vinc
sxva religiis mimdevarTa gulmarTlobasac scems pativs. marTlac, msmenelebma Tavi
sakmaod Seuracxyofilad igrZnes. erT-erTma maTganma Tqva, rom mzad iyo qenTve-
lisTvis daertya, meore ki mzad iyo, igi quCidan gaeZevebina. mas, romelic mzad iyo
qenTvelisTvis daertya, hkiTxes: `moimoqmedeT raime an gqondaT Tu ara raime saxis
reaqcia?~ man upasuxa: àra, ser, radgan man ganacxada, rom waiRebda fonografs da
igi marTlac wavida.~ meore mowmis gancxadebiT, man uTxra qenTvels, rom misTvis
umjobesi iqneboda, quCa daetovebina, sanam raime moxdeboda, ris Sedegadac qenT-
velma Tavisi wignebi akrifa da quCidan wavida.
qenTvelis qcevas, am sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, ar SeiZleba mSvidobis darRvevis
kvalifikacia mieces. Tumca pirs SesaZloa brali waeyenos, Tu mis mier ganxorci-
elebuli qmedebebi an mis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebi gamoiwvevs Zaladobas da
uwesrigobas im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es piris TviTmizani ar yofila. amgvar saqmeebTan
dakavSirebiT uamravi gadawyvetileba arsebobs, magram maTi mimoxilva cxadyofs,
277
rom praqtikulad yvela situaciaSi gamoyenebuli gamomwvevi terminologia, rasac
sabolood mSvidobis darRvevis kvalifikacia mieca, Seicavda uSver, uxams an Se-
uracxmyofel SeniSvnebs msmenelTa winaaRmdeg. naTelia, rom piradi Seuracxyofa
ar warmoadgens konstituciiT daculi informaciisa Tu azris gadacemis Tavisufle-
bas, ase rom aseTi qmedebis, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis, dasja ara-
viTar winaaRmdegobebs ar gamoiwvevda.
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki Cven ver vpoulobT fizikuri Seuracxyofis an misi
safrTxis, mZvinvare qcevis, ganzraxi udierebisa Tu piradi lanZRvis niSnebs. piri-
qiT, Cven miviCnevT, rom xdeboda moxalise msmenelis darwmuneba, eyida wigni an gaeRo
Semowiruloba imisaTvis, rasac qenTveli, SesaZloa, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, WeSmarit
religiad miiCnevda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Canaweris Sinaarsi SeiZleba SuRlis aRmZvrelad miCneuliyo,
sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, im pirobebSi, rodesac ar arsebobs viwrod mizanmimarTuli
sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic gansazRvravda Statis arsebiTi interesebisaTvis re-
aluri safrTxis Semcveli qmedebis danaSaulebriobasa da dasjadobas, qenTvelis
moqmedeba, konstituciuri garantiebis konteqstSi, ar uqmnida realur safrTxes
sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da mSvidobas. Sesabamisad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebiT, gauqmda Statis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba qenTvelis braleulad cnobaze
mSvidobis darRvevis waqezebaSi.
merdoki pensilvaniis Statis winaaRmdeg58

bibliis Tavisebur interpretaciasa da sakuTar religiur Sexedulebebs momCivnebi,
ZiriTadad, srul an naxevar ganakveTze momuSave adamianebis meSveobiT avrcelebdnen,
romlebic literaturas xelze arigebdnen. momCivnebi acxadebdnen, rom pavle moci-
qulis magaliTs misdevdnen, rac `sajarod Tu saxlebSi~ swavlebas gulisxmobda (saqme
mociqulTa 20:20). isini sityvasityviT aRiqvamdnen saRmrTo werilSi mocemul mowo-
debas: `gadiT mTel wuTisofelSi da yovel qmnilebas uqadageT saxareba~ (markozi
16:15). maT miaCndaT, rom amiT RvTis brZanebas emorCilebodnen.
religiuri traqtatebis xelze darigeba misioneruli evangelizmis erT-erTi
uZvelesi formaa — iseTive Zveli, rogoric TviT presis beWdva. wlebis ganmavlobaSi es
meTodi sxvadasxva religiuri mimarTulebebis Zlevamosil Zalas warmoadgenda. evan-
gelizmis es forma dResac farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva religiuri seqtebis mier,
romelTa mimdevrebi saxarebis saxlebSi mitaniTa da piradi stumrobiT cdiloben
adamianTa sakuTar rwmenaze gadayvanas. es gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod qadageba;
da gacilebiT meti, vidre ubralod religiuri literaturis gavrceleba. es orives
kombinaciaa. religiuri saqmianobis es forma iseTive adgils ikavebs pirveli SesworebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli garantiebis rigebSi, rogorsac eklesiebSi RvTismsaxureba da ka-
Tedridan qadageba. sxva, ufro orTodoqsuli religiuri gamoxatvis formebis msgav-
sad, masac aqvs ufleba, isargeblos sityvis Tavisuflebisa da presis Tavisuflebis
garantiebiT. Tumca misi praqtikaSi gamoyenebis xerxebi zogjer specifikur prob-
lemebs warmoSobs, romelTa gadaWrac Statebis samarTaldamcavi organoebis kom-
petenciaa. magram es faqti mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi war-
modgenili uflebebi absoluturi xasiaTisa ar aris. am TvalsazrisiT, erTi speci-
278
fikuri sakiTxi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs. saqme ar exeba ubralod dasjas
maZieblobis procesSi Cadenili raime ukanono qmedebisaTvis. arc imazea saubari,
Tu ramdenad kanonieria sxvadasxva tipis religiuri literaturis gamavrcelebelTa
saregistracio sistemebi. saqme martiv sakiTxs exeba — Tu ramdenad konstituciuria
brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmad religiuri maZieblebi sakuTari saqmianobis gansaxorci-
eleblad valdebulni arian, salicenzio gadasaxadi gadaixadon.
am salicenzio gadasaxadis amoRebis savaraudo gamarTleba is gaxlavT, rom
religiuri literaturis gavrceleba fuladi Tanxis sanacvlod xdeba. saqmeSi jonsi
opelikas winaaRmdeg59 gacxadebuli iyo, rom rodesac religiuri seqta `propagan-
disaTvis saWiro Tanxebis moZiebisaTvis nivTebis gayidvis Cveulebriv komerciul
meTodebs~ iyenebs, saxelmwifosaTvis dasaSvebia `gonivruli raodenobis Senatanis~
gadaxdis dakisreba. arsebobs situaciebi, rodesac rTulia imis gansazRvra, reli-
giuria Tu wminda komerciuli esa Tu is saqmianoba. gansxvavebis dadgenas drodad-
ro sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba. rogorc saqmeSi jemisoni texasis Statis
winaaRmdeg60 iyo miTiTebuli, `Statebs im SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZliaT wminda komerci-
uli lifletebis gavrcelebis mizniT quCebis gamoyenebis SezRudva, rodesac maT
samoqalaqo Tu moraluri mowodebebi aqvs Tan darTuli. Tumca Statebs ar SeuZliaT
akrZalon gamoxatulad religiuri saqmianobis mizniT sareklamo lifletebis gavr-
celeba mxolod imitom, rom isini wignis SeZenis mowodebas Seicavs religiuri codnis
gaRrmavebisTvis, an imitom, rom isini kanonierebis farglebSi religiuri miznebisaT-
vis Tanxebis moZiebas emsaxureba~. magram ubralo faqti, rom religiuri literatura
ìyideba~ mosiarule mqadageblebis mier da is ar aris `Sewiruli~, ar gardaqmnis
evangelizms komerciul wamowyebad. ase rom iyos, maSin eklesiaSi SemowirulobaTa
Tasis gadacema saeklesio msaxurebas komerciul proeqtad aqcevda. maTi konstitu-
ciuri uflebebi, vinc sakuTar religiur Sexedulebebs zepiri Tu beWdviTi formiT
avrcelebs, ar SeiZleba imave standartebiT regulirdebodes, rogorc wignebiT
sacalo Tu sabiTumo movaWre pirTa saqmianoba regulirdeba. mosamarTle duglasis
gancxadebiT, romelmac gadmosca uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, ar unda
daviviwyoT, rom tomas peinis pamfletebi ufasod ar vrceldeboda. naTelia, rom
religiur organizacias arsebobisaTvis Tanxebis moZieba esaWiroeba. ase rom, mo-
siarule evangelisti, rogori SecdomaSi Sesuli Tu aratolerantulic ar unda iyos
igi, ase ubralod ver gaxdeba wignis gamyidveli agenti imitom, rom biblias an religi-
ur traqtatebs sakuTari xarjebis asanazRaureblad an saarsebo saSualebebis mo-
sapoveblad hyidda. sityvis, presisa Tu religiis Tavisufleba yvelasaTvis xelmi-
sawvdomia, miuxedavad imisa, vis SeuZlia sakuTari ZalebiT gadaxda da vis ara. ro-
gorc ukve aRiniSna, wminda komerciul da religiur saqmianobebs Soris zRvaris
gavleba xandaxan SeiZleba sakmaod rTulic iyos. mocemul SemTxvevaSic rTulia imis
aSkarad dasabuTeba, rom maZieblebi ufro komerciul saqmianobaSi iyvnen Cabmulni,
vidre religiurSi. amave dros faqtebis damaxinjeba iqneboda, maTi saqmianoba wigne-
bisa da pamfletebis gayidvad rom dagvexasiaTebina. saqmeSi aiovas Stati midis wina-
aRmdeg61 aiovas uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom analogiuri seqtis wevrebis
mier ganxorcielebul gayidvebze orientirebuli saqmianoba `niSandoblivi da dama-
xasiaTebeli iyo maTi mTavari miznisaTvis, rac sakuTari doqtrinis qadagebasa da
popularizaciaSi gamoixateboda~.
279
yovelive zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom religiuri jgufebi da presa xelisuflebis
winaSe yovelgvari finansuri tvirTisgan gaTavisuflebulia. magram aq saqme sakmaod
gansxvavebul SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs. erTia mqadageblis Semosavlisa Tu qonebis dabeg-
vra, da meore — misgan qadagebis privilegiiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadis amoReba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier arakonstituciurad iqna cnobili salicenzio gada-
saxadis daweseba religiur saqmianobaze.
mosamarTle jeqsonis gansxvavebuli azri

1939 wels pensilvaniis Statis industriul qalaq JanetSi, sadac 16 000 mosaxle
cxovrobda, ieRovas mowmeebis mier `Watch Tower~ (saguSago koSki) kampaniis ganxor-
cieleba daiwyo. sagulisxmoa, rom mocemuli momentisaTvis qalaqis mosaxleobis 50%
kaTolike iyo. ieRovas mowmeebi TiToeul saxls stumrobdnen, zars rekdnen an karze
akakunebdnen da maspinZels amcnobdnen, rom mowmeebs mniSvnelovani informaciis
miwodeba SeeZloT. maspinZlis mxridan Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi mowmeebi audio Canawers
rTavdnen, saxelwodebiT `maxe da reketi~. misi Sinaarsis warmosadgenad Semdegi
sityvebia moyvanili: `religia mcdaria da maxea, radgan mas SecdomaSi Sehyavs xalxi;
Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom religiis mimdevari yvela adamiani nebayoflobiT aris
SecdomaSi Sesuli. religia reketia, radgan igi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyene-
boda da dResac gamoiyeneba xalxisgan fulis amosaRebad im Teoriasa da dapirebaze
dayrdnobiT, rom mRvdlisaTvis fulis gadaxda gadamxdel mxares sikvdilis Semdeg
sasjelisgan gaaTavisuflebs da mis xsnas uzrunvelyofs.~ kritikis am pasaJs mowmeebi
ZiriTadad yvela religiuri mimdinareobis, gansakuTrebiT ki kaTolikeebis winaaR-
mdeg iyenebdnen. Semdeg maspinZels, Semowirulobis fasad literaturis SeZenas
sTxovdnen. wignebis fasi 25 centi iyo, xolo pamfletebisa — kidev ufro dabali.
xSirad, rodesac maspinZeli literaturis SeZenaze uars ganacxadebda, wigns an
pamflets mas mainc gadascemdnen.
am kampaniis dawyebas mravali Seuracxyofili ojaxis saCivari mohyva da sami Tu
oTxi mowme daakaves. amis Sedegad kampaniis msvlelobaze pasuxismgebeli `zonis msa-
xuri~ qalaqis mers daupirispirda. man qalaqis Tavs ganucxada, rom kampaniis Cata-
reba maTi ufleba iyo da amis dasturad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi
sasamarTlos mier miRebuli Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba warudgina. merma mas ganuc-
xada, rom maT aravin SezRudavda, Tu isini sakuTar literaturas qalaqis quCebSi
gaavrcelebdnen da rom igi ar SeewinaaRmdegeboda maT mier saxlebSi literaturis
usasyidlod gavrcelebasac. magram xalxi swored maT mier literaturis Zaldata-
nebiT Sesyidvas ewinaaRmdegeboda, gansakuTrebiT ki kvira dRes. merma ikiTxa,
SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara romelime sxva dReebSi siaruli da literaturis usasyidlod
gavrceleba. `zonis msaxurma~ ganacxada, rom es maTi `saqmis keTebis~ meTods ewina-
aRmdegeboda da iuara. man mers aseve uTxra, rom qalaq JanetSi imden mowmes mo-
iyvanda, ramdenic saqmis sisruleSi moyvanisTvis iyo saWiro. merma mas sTxova, da-
lodebodnen analogiur gasaCivrebul saqmeze saboloo gadawyvetilebas da es sa-
kiTxic sasamarTlo gziT gadaewyvitaT. es winadadebac uaryofil iqna da muqara
imaze meti xalxis moyvanis Taobaze, vidre amas qalaqis sapolicio SenaerTi gaumklav-
deboda, kvlavac gaisma.
1939 wlis bzobas muqara sisruleSi moiyvanes. qalaqSi asze meti mowme gamoCnda.
isini qalaqis mcxovrebTaTvis ucnobni iyvnen da ocdaxuTze meti avtomanqaniT Ca-
280
movidnen. avtomobilebi qalaqis farglebs gareT daayenes da Stabi benzingasamarT
sadgurze gamarTes, saidanac garTulebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyo kampaniis
direqtorTan satelefono kavSiri. mowmeebis mier moqmedebis dawyebisTanave, daax-
loebiT dilis cxra saaTze, policiis sadgurSi zarebi gaisma da didi raodenobiT
saCivrebi mTeli dRis manZilze Semodioda. mowmeebis raodenobam policielTa re-
sursebs da SesaZleblobebs gadaaWarba, dasaxmareblad saxanZro departamentic ki
gamoiZaxes. mowmeebi saxlebs marto da jgufurad stumrobdnen, zogierTi saxlidan
ki saCivari policiaSi dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime stumrobis gamo Sevida. Sedegad
21 mowme iqna dakavebuli. daapatimres mxolod isini, vis winaaRmdegac arsebobda
damamtkicebeli sabuTi, rom literaturis SeZenas garkveuli safasuris gadaxdis
sanacvlod sTavazobdnen. mogvianebiT, arasakmarisi mtkicebulebebis gamo, sami ada-
miani gaaTavisufles, Tvrameti ki damnaSaved cnes.
mocemul saqmeSi nawilobriv naTeli efineba ieRovas mowmeebis moZraobis erov-
nul struqturasac. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi moZraobis TavSi dgas Watch Tower
Bible & Tract Society, pensilvaniis Statis kanonebis farglebSi Seqmnili korporacia,
romlis biznesis warmoebis ZiriTadi adgili bruklinSi, niu-iorkSia. es korporacia
beWdavs yvela pamflets, uSvebs yvela wigns da mowmeebs fonografebiT, CanawerebiTa
da sxva damatebiTi masalebiT amaragebs. korporaciis brunva sakmaod didia, Sesa-
bamisad, didi unda iyos misi Semosavalic. misi administrirebis Sesaxeb naklebad
aris cnobili. erT-erTma `zonis msaxurma~ Cvenebis micemisas ganacxada, rom saqmiani
korespondencia mxolod korporaciis saxelze iwereba da sakuTari wevrebis anoni-
muroba korporaciis politikas warmoadgens. varaudi, rom es aris àrasamewarmeo
saqvelmoqmedo~ korporacia, SesaZloa simarTles Seeferebodes, magram ubralo va-
raudis miRma amis mtkiceba Tundac imitom aris SeuZlebeli, rom iseTi elementaru-
li mtkicebulebebi, rogoric aris sabuRaltro balansi an saSemosavlo angariSi, ar
arsebobs. elementarulad ucnobia, Tu rogoria korporaciis xarjebi da Semosav-
lebi, ra saxis xelfasebsa Tu premiebs gascems is, an ra saxis kontraqtebs debs mom-
marageblebTan.
korporaciis publikaciebis distribucia, ZiriTadad, axalmoqceulTa saSuale-
biT xdeba, romelTa nawilic srul an naxevar ganakveTze momuSave sasuliero piria.
adamianTa es kategoria organizebulia jgufebad, romelTac `zonis msaxuri~ xel-
mZRvanelobs. maTi konkretuli mizania sakuTari Temis farglebSi arsebuli yvela
ojaxis weliwadSi samjer an oTxjer monaxuleba. isini wignebs 5 centad yiduloben
da Semowirulobis saxiT 25 centis misaRebad avrceleben. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
TviTRirebulebasa da gasayid fass Soris sxvaoba ufro naklebia. aris agreTve in-
formacia, rom bevri mowme literaturis garkveul raodenobas maTac urigebs, vinc
sakuTari jibidan aranair Semowirulobas ar iRebs. miuxedavad amisa, Semosavlis
miRebis faqti TvalnaTelia da is distributorebs nawilobriv an mTlianad exmareba
saarsebo saSualebebis moZiebaSi, Tumca absoluturad SeuZlebelia analogiuri
kampaniebis Sedegebis gansazRvra finansuri TvalsazrisiT.
imave merdokis62 saqmeSi, morig kviradRes qalaq JanetSi kvlavac gamoCndnen or-
orad da sam-samad mosiarule mowmeebi, romlebic Tan wignebsa da fonografebs ata-
rebdnen. amJamad ukve rva piri daapatimres.
straTeris63 saqmeSi figurirebs ieRovas mowme, romelic kviras, SuadRis 4 sa-
281
aTze, vinme ucnobis kars miadga da daakakuna. kari ojaxis ufrosis 14 wlis Svilma
gaaRo, romelmac mowmis TxovniT dedas dauZaxa. bavSvis dedas sakmaod cudi gamoc-
dileba hqonda miRebuli karebSi pamfletebis darigebisa da propagandirebisgan,
gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac erT-erTma pirma karebSi uTxra, rom ìgi jojo-
xeTSi moxvdeboda, Tu sakuTar bavSvebs am literaturas ar waakiTxebda~. misi Cve-
nebis Tanaxmad, man mowmis mier mocemuli furceli misi TandaswrebiT daxia, radgan
sjeroda, rom àr aris aucilebeli pirTa kardakar siaruli da imis qadageba, Tu
rogor unda emsaxuros adamiani RmerTs~. miuxedavad straTeris saqmeSi arsebuli
SedarebiT mwiri monacemebisa, arsebobs ojaxis ufrosis kidev erTi Cveneba, romlis
Tanaxmad, sareklamo lifletis gadacemisas mowmem mas uTxra, `daereka policiis
ufrosTan da eTxova ramdenime dakavebuli ieRovas mowmis gaTavisufleba~.
aseTi gaxlavT is saqmianoba, romlis regulireba Tu dabegvra saxelmwifo xeli-
suflebis arc erT organos ar SeuZlia. sasamarTlo arsebiTad mxars uWers aRniS-
nul mosazrebas.
jimi svogartis sazogadoeba

kaliforniis Statis Tanasworobis dacvis sabWos winaaRmdeg64

es saqme exeba sakiTxs, ukrZalavs Tu ara saxelmwifos pirveli Sesworebis reli-
giuri debulebebi zogadi daniSnulebis sarealizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxade-
bis dawesebas religiuri organizaciis mier religiuri masalebis gavrcelebaze.
kaliforniis Statis sarealizacio da samomxmareblo sagadasaxado kanonmdeb-
loba sacalo movaWreebisagan `piradi xelSesaxebi qonebis sacalod gayidvis sanacv-
lod~ sarealizacio gadasaxadis gadaxdas moiTxovs. `gayidva~ pirad xelSesaxeb qo-
nebaze sakuTrebisa Tu flobis uflebis gadacemas gulisxmobs.
samomxmareblo gadasaxadi, rogorc sarealizacio gadasaxadis danamati, vrcel-
deba Statis rezidentebis mier Statis gareT ganxorcielebul Sesyidvebze. samomx-
mareblo gadasaxadis analogiuri tarifiT (6 procenti) is wesdeba `nebismieri saca-
lo movaWrisgan Sesyiduli piradi xelSesaxebi qonebis StatSi Senaxvaze, gamoyene-
basa Tu raime sxva saxis moxmarebaze~. miuxedavad imisa, rom samomxmareblo gadasa-
xadi myidvelze wesdeba, is, rogorc wesi, TviT sacalo movaWris mier grovdeba Ses-
yidvis dros. arc Statis konstitucia da arc sarealizacio da samomxmareblo saga-
dasaxado kanonmdebloba ar aTavisuflebs religiur organizaciebs sarealizacio
da samomxmareblo gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan, garda erTi gamonaklisisa, rodesac
religiuri organizaciebi mrevls sakvebiT emsaxurebian.
saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis droisaTvis (1974-1981) apelanti jimi svogartis
sazogadoeba luizianis arasamewarmeo korporaciaSi gaerTianebul religiur orga-
nizacias warmoadgenda, romlis statusi aRiarebuli iyo kaliforniis Statis saga-
dasaxado kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze. apelantis wesdebisa da Sinaganawesis Tanax-
mad, òrganizaciis mizania saxarebiseuli sityvis gavrceleba da SenarCuneba yov-
lisSemZle RmerTis sadideblad~. es `gavrceleba da SenarCuneba~ miiRweva `yvela
arsebuli saSualebiT rogorc samSobloSi, ise ucxo miwebze~, da `konkretulad mo-
icavs evangelikur kampaniebs; misionerul saqmianobas; radiomauwyeblobas (rogorc
mesakuTre da mauwyebeli); satelevizio mauwyeblobas (rogorc mesakuTre da mauwye-
282
beli); musikis audioproduqciasa da reproduqcias; qadagebis audioproduqciasa
da reproduqcias; swavlebis audioproduqciasa da reproduqcias; weras, beWdvasa
da gamocemas da nebismier sxva meTods, romlebic ieso qristes saxarebis gasavrce-
leblad gamoiyeneba~.
1974-1981 wlebSi adgilobriv eklesiebTan TanamSromlobiT apelantma qveynis
masStabiT darbazebSi da arenebze mravali èvangelikuri kampania~ Caatara. am peri-
odis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli kampaniebis raodenobam ocdasams miaRwia. TiTo kam-
pania erTidan sam dRemde grZeldeboda (erTi kampania eqvsi dRe gagrZelda, xolo
saerTo jamSi sul — 52 dRe). kampaniebis Catarebisas apelanti religiur msaxurebas
eweoda, rac qadagebasa da simReraSi gamoixateboda. zogierTi es msaxureba Caweri-
li iyo Semdgomi gayidvisa Tu mauwyeblobisaTvis. kampaniebis mimdinareobisas apelan-
ti aseve hyidda religiur wignebs, kasetebs, Canawerebs da sxva religiur da arare-
ligiur saqonels.
apelanti aseve aqveynebda yovelTviur Jurnals èvangelisti~, romelic mTeli
qveynis masStabiT gamoweris saSualebiT iyideboda. Jurnali religiuri xasiaTis
statiebs moicavda da mosarCelis wignebis, kasetebisa da Canawerebis reklamirebas
eweoda. JurnalSi ganTavsebuli iyo SekveTis forma, sadac CamoTvlili iyo gasayidi
nivTebi da maTi Sesabamisi fasebi. myidvels agreTve SeeZlo mieTiTebina nivTis sa-
surveli raodenoba da mTliani Tanxa. mosarCele Tavis produqcias reklamirebas
uwevda agreTve tele-radio mauwyeblobis meSveobiT, rac kaliforniis Statis adgi-
lobriv samauwyeblo sadgurebsac moicavda.
1980 wels apelantma kaliforniis Statis Tanasworobis dacvis sabWom apelants
amcno, rom religiuri masalebi ar Tavisufldeboda sarealizacio gadasaxadebisgan
da sTxova mas, daregistrirebuliyo, rogorc gamyidveli, raTa gadasaxadebis anga-
riSgebisa da gadaxdisaTvis Seewyo xeli. mosarCelem upasuxa, rom mas aseTi gadasa-
xadebisgan konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba aTavisuflebda. 1981 wels sabWom ape-
lants auditi Cautara da kvlavac urCia, gamyidvelad daregistrirebuliyo da kali-
forniaSi kampaniebis Catarebisas ganxorcielebul yvela gayidvaze sarealizacio
gadasaxadi gadaexada. sabWos aseve miaCnda, rom apelantsa da kaliforniis Stats
Soris sakmarisi kavSiri arsebobda, raTa misTvis safosto SekveTebiT ganxorciele-
bul Sesyidvebze gadasaxadebi daewesebinaT.
apelantis dokumentaciis ganxilvis Sedegad sabWom daadgina, rom àpelanti1974
wlis 1 aprilidan 1981 wlis 31 dekembris CaTvliT kaliforniis StatSi hyidda pirad
xelSesaxeb qonebas. gayidvebis Sedegad apelantma safosto SekveTebidan 1 702 942
aSS dolari, xolo kaliforniaSi kampaniebis mimdinareobisas gavrcelebuli saqon-
lidan 240 560 aSS dolari miiRo~. es cifrebi kaliforniis StatSi realizebul da
moxmarebul religiuri Sinaarsis matarebel saqonels moicavda: bibliebsa da bib-
liebis saxelmZRvaneloebs, dabeWdil qadagebebsa da qadagebaTa krebulebs, audi-
okasetebze Caweril qadagebebs, religiur wignebs, pamfletebsa da religiur musi-
kas. am cifrebze dayrdnobiT sabWom apelants acnoba, rom misi sagadasaxado dava-
lianeba 166145,10 aSS dolars Seadgenda. es Tanxa sarealizacio da samomxmareblo
gadasaxadebs, maTze daricxul procentsa da jarimas moicavda. apelants ar gaupro-
testebia sabWos mier gadasaxadebis iseT arareligiur saqonelze daweseba, rogo-
ricaa samRvdeloebis emblemiani maisurebi, Wiqebi, TefSebi, jamebi, sanTlebi, bib-
283
liis dasadebi stendebi, saweri kalmebi da fanqrebi, religiuri scenebis amsaxveli
reproduqciebi, vazebi da a.S.
apelantma gaasaCivra sabWos gadawyvetileba religiur masalebze gadasaxadebis
dakisrebis nawilSi. igi imeorebda Tavis Sexedulebas, rom religiur masalebze gada-
saxadebis daweseba konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas arRvevda. sabWom saCivris mos-
menisas gadawyvita, jarima gaeuqmebina, magram gadasaxadebisa da maTze daricxuli
procentis davalianebis gastumreba kvlavac moiTxova. Statis saproceso kanonm-
deblobis Tanaxmad, apelantma moTxovnili Tanxa gadaixada da Semdeg saCivari Seitana
sabWos mier am Tanxis anazRaurebis Taobaze. sabWom uaryo apelantis saCivari, amitom
man sarCeli Statis sasamarTloSi Seitana. is ZiriTadad amtkicebda, rom Statis mier
religiuri masalebis gayidvaze sarealizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxadebis
daweseba konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas ewinaaRmdegeboda, romlis Tanaxmad, da-
uSvebelia iseTi `kanonis miReba, romelic daawesebs religias an SezRudavs aRmsa-
reblobis Tavisuflebas~.
sasamarTlom saqme sabWos sasargeblod gadawyvita da daadgina, rom apelants
Tanxis anazRaureba ar ekuTvnoda. imave gadawyvetilebamde mivida kaliforniis Sta-
tis saapelacio sasamarTlo da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarT-
loc, romelmac daadgina, rom zogadi daniSnulebis gadasaxadebis amoReba da ga-
daxda am SemTxvevaSi ar awesebda raime mniSvnelovan konstituciur SezRudvebs
apelantis religiur saqmianobasa Tu Sexedulebebze. Sesabamisad, religiis Tavi-
suflebis konstituciuri debuleba ar avaldebulebs Stats, gaaTavisuflos ape-
lanti zogadi daniSnulebis sarealizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxadebisgan.
qadageba sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi
xolo Semdeg mRvdelmTavarma ... mociqulebi sajaro sapatimroSi

Casxa. magram uflis angelozma RamiT gaaRo sapyrobilis kari, gamoiyvana
isini da uTxra: `wadiT, dadeqiT taZarSi da uqadageT xalxs am sicocxlis
yoveli sityva~. es rom moismines, ganTiadisas Sevidnen taZarSi da
aswavlidnen. amasobaSi movidnen mRvdelmTavari da masTan myofni, moiwvies
sinedrioni da israelianTa uxucesebis sabWo da gagzavnes sapatimroSi maT
mosayvanad. magram msaxurni rom mividnen, ver naxes isini sapyrobileSi, ukan
gamobrundnen da moaxsenes: `sapatimro saguldagulod daketili dagvixvda
da mcvelebi karebTan mdgomni. magram, rom gavaReT, Sig veravin vnaxeT.~
Semdeg viRac mivida da ganacxada: àger is kacebi, romlebic Tqven
sapyrobileSi CaamwyvdieT, taZarSi dganan da xalxs aswavlian!~ maSin wavida
meTauri msaxurebis TanxlebiT da moiyvana isini sinedrionis winaSe.
mRvdelmTavarma uTxra maT: `sastikad agikrZaleT, rom ar geswavlebinaT
am saxeliT. aha, Tqven ki ierusalimi moZRvrebiT aavseT.~ magram petrem da
mociqulebma miuges: `RmerTs ufro metad unda vemorCilebodeT, vidre
adamianebs. amis mowmeni varT Cven da suliwmida, romelic RmerTma uboZa
mis morCilT.~ da yoveldRe daucxromlad aswavlidnen da axarebdnen
taZarSi da saxlebSi ieso qristes.
saqme mociqulTa 5: 17-23, 25-29, 32, 42
284
zemoT citirebul nawyvetSi axlad warmoqmnili qristianuli mimarTulebis winam-
ZRolebs nabrZanebi hqondaT, ar eqadagaT sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi. am brZanebis
darRvevisaTvis dapatimrebis Semdeg isini cixidan idumal pirobebSi gaiqcnen da
kvlav sajaro qadagebas Seudgnen. es teqsti garkveul gafrTxilebas warmoadgens
religiis `privatizaciis~, anu religiis uklebliv saxlebSi mijaWvis mcdelobis
winaaRmdeg.
Teologi deivid treisi werda, rom religia aris `gancalkevebuli sagani, romlis
Sesaxebac mraval inteleqtuals SeuZlia araferi icodes. rogorc wesi, eklesiebis
mier waqezebulebs, maT SeuZliaT ar Seiswavlon religia, radgan ukve `yvelam~ icis,
rom religia zogierTi adamianisaTvis saWiro kerZo samomxmareblo produqtia. re-
ligiis yofili socialuri roli sakmaod saziano iyo. misi amJamindeli privatizacia
ki imdenad uvnebeli procesia, rom SeiZleba mas civilizebuli distanciidan keTil-
dReobac ki usurvo. religia iseT rames gvagonebs, rac im SemTxvevaSi moswonT, Tu
es sxvebis mowonebasac imsaxurebs.~65
`privatizaciis~ Tezisis Sesaxeb debatebma amerikul cxovrebaSi religiis Tana-
medrove sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebac ki Camoayaliba.
riCard jon nouhauzma SeTxza maxvilgonivruli fraza `SiSveli sajaro TavSeyris
adgili~, riTac aRwera sekularizmis ideologiis iseTi zrda, romelic `gamoricxav-
da religias da religiur faseulobebs sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sferoebidan~.66
nouhauzi iyenebda am metaforas, raTa gaekritikebina politikuri da sulieri WeS-
maritebis vakuumi, romelic politikuri movlenebidan religiuri xmis gamoricxvis
Sedegad Cndeba. qvemoT mocemulia magaliTebi, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba `sajaro Tav-
Seyris adgilebis~ metafora amerikis religiuri Temebis pirdapiri mcdelobisas,
iqadagon da gaavrcelon religiuri literatura sazogadoebriv quCebsa da parkebSi.
aq aRsaniSnavia saxelisuflebo organoebis sistematuri Zalisxmeva, CamoaSoron re-
ligiuri Temebi sazogadoebis farTo fenebs.
saqmeebSi niemotko merilendis Statis winaaRmdeg67 da pulosi niu-hemfSiris
Statis winaaRmdeg68 sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom religiur jgufebs hqondaT ufleba
qalaqis quCebiTa da parkebiT Sexvedrebisa da SekrebebisTvis esargeblaT. saqmeSi
marSi alabamis Statis winaaRmdeg69 sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT dadginda, rom im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu kompania mTel qalaqs flobs, mas ar SeuZlia amtkicos, rom ila-
xeba misi kerZo sakuTrebis interesebi da Sedegad SezRudos ieRovas mowmeebis `fun-
damenturi Tavisufleba~, isargeblon am qalaqis saqmiani ubnis trotuarebiT reli-
giuri literaturis gasavrceleblad. alabamis Stati mopasuxes warmoadgenda xsene-
bul saqmeSi, radgan Serifis moadgilem, romelic qalaqis policielad msaxurobda,
qalbatoni marSi kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis gamo daapatimra. sasamarTlom aR-
niSna, rom presisa da religiis Tavisufleba gacilebiT `sasurvel poziciaSi~ mo-
iazreba da qalbaton marSis sisxlissamarTlebrivi msjavrdeba gaauqma.
ieRovas mowmeebis msgavsad, romlebic kardakar dadian da qadageben, saerTaSo-
riso sazogadoeba (korporacia) aris religiuri sazogadoeba, romelic avrcelebs
an yidis sazogadoebis religiur literaturas da moiZiebs Semowirulobebs kriSnas
religiis mxardasaWerad. sazogadoeba Tavis wevrebs aswavlis sankirTans, religiur
rituals, romelSic kriSnas mimdevrebi sazogadoebis wevrebs sajaro adgilebSi
egebebian da yvavilebsa da amerikis patara droSebs Cuqnian. sazogadoebam da jozef
285
bekam, sazogadoebis taZris winamZRvarma mineapolisis StatSi, gaasaCivres minesotis
Statis sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebis wesi, romelic Statis bazrobis reguli-
rebas exeboda. minesotis Statis bazrobis wesis Tanaxmad, `nebismieri saqonlis gayid-
va an gavrceleba, maT Soris beWdviTi an werilobiTi masalebisa, CaiTvleba dasjad
qmedebad, Tu ar iqneba mopovebuli sazogadoebis da/an sxva uflebamosili organos
licenzia.~ wesis Tanaxmad, yvela adamians da jgufs, romlebic literaturas yiddnen
an avrcelebdnen, es nebarTva salicenzio kantoraSi unda aeRo. beri fiSeris warmo-
madgenlobiT kriSnas mimdevrebma warmatebas miaRwies minesotis Statis uzenaes
sasamarTloSi, romelmac daadgina, rom mocemuli wesi sankirTanis rituals konsti-
tuciis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis darRveviT zRudavda. kriSnas
mimdevrebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTloSi profesorma lorens
Tribma warmoadgina, romelic amtkicebda, rom saqme sityvis Tavisuflebasa da sa-
jaro forumis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas exeboda. saCivari Tanabari xelmisawvdo-
mobis Sesaxeb ar dakmayofilda.
hefroni kriSnas saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg70

bazroba didi sazogadoebrivi RonisZiebaa da stumrebs minesotis mTeli Stati-
dan da qveynis danarCeni adgilebidanac izidavs. gasuli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
TormetdRiani bazrobis damswreTa saSualo raodenoba 1 320 000 adamiani iyo. samu-
Sao dReebSi yoveldRiuri saSualo daswreba 115 000 adamiani, uqme dReebSi 160 000
adamiani iyo...
mosamarTle uaitis gancxadebiT, romelmac uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
leba gamoacxada, pirveli Sesworeba ar iZleva vinmes Sexedulebebis nebismier dros
da adgilas sasurveli gziT gavrcelebis uflebis garantias... `Cven xSirad gagvicia
sanqcia amgvar SezRudvebze im pirobiT, Tu es ar exeboda regulirebuli sityvis
Sinaarss, emsaxureboda mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo interess da iZleoda informaciis
gadacemis alternatiuli arxebis arsebobis saSualebas.~ am SemTxvevaSi ki dasadge-
nia, kanonieria Tu ara gasaCivrebuli wesiT dadgenili SezRudvebi kriSnas mimde-
varTa Sexedulebebis gadacemis adgilsa da saSualebaze, ufro konkretulad ki,
SeuZlia Tu ara minesotis Statis sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebas, mosTxovos
kriSnas saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis wevrebs, romelTac surT sankirTanis ritualis
Statis bazrobaze ganxorcieleba, SezRudon TavianTi savaWro da sagamavrceleblo
qmedebebi konkretuli adgilmdebareobiT.
saolqo sasamarTlom daadgina, rom, Statis interesebidan gamomdinare, dawese-
buli SezRudvebi bazrobis mocemul teritoriaze gamarTlebuli iyo. minesotis Sta-
tis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ver dainaxa raime saSiSroeba kriSnas mimdevarTaTvis
dadgenili wesidan gamonaklisis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi. magram aSS-s uzenaesma sasamar-
Tlom ganmarta, rom kriSnas mimdevrebs ar gaaCndaT specialuri gamonaklisis moT-
xovnis ufleba. misive gancxadebiT, ar SeiZleba sxvadasxva religiuri mimdinare-
obebisa Tu jgufebis gansxvaveba da maTTvis gamonaklisis daSveba im niSnebiT, rom-
lebiTac isini sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi garkveul qmedebebs axorcieleben, iqneba
es Semowirulobebis moZieba Tu procesis ritualizacia. religiuri organizaciebi
arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar sargebloben privilegirebuli uflebiT, gadascen da gaav-
286
rcelon informacia bazrobis adgilebze im organizaciebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
gansxvavebuli socialuri, politikuri Tu ideologiuri Sexedulebebis prozeli-
tizmi surT. es arareligiuri organizaciebi, romlebic TavianTi saqmianobisTvis
mxardaWeras eZieben, sargebloben im religiuri jgufebis Tanabari uflebebiT, ro-
melTac SeuZliaT mividnen sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi da sakuTari Sexedulebebi
gaavrcelon, iqneba es Semowirulobebis Segroveba Tu literaturis gavrceleba.
mosamarTleebi brenani, blekmuni, marSali da stivensi ar daeTanxmnen sasmarTlo
Semadgenlobis umravlesobas. mosamarTle brenani amtkicebda, rom sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba sankirTanis ritualTan dakavSirebiT àr Seesabameboda ukve arse-
bul precedentebs... mTavrobis mier SemoRebuli wesebi, romlebic konfliqtSi Sedian
religiuri rwmenis aRmsareblobasTan, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda ganixile-
bodes.~
***
los-anjelesis olqma miiRo gadawyvetileba, romelic krZalavda `pirveli Ses-

worebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebebis~ ganxorcielebas los-anjelesis saerTaSo-
riso aeroportSi. saqmeSi los-anjelesis warmomadgenlebi èbraelebi iesosaTvis~
winaaRmdeg71 sasamarTlo did sirTuleebs waawyda imaze msjelobisas, warmoadgenda
Tu ara saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aeroporti sajaro TavSeyris adgils.
saqmeSi kriSnas saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba lis winaaRmdeg72 sasamarTlom naTeli
mohfina èbraelebi iesosaTvis~ saqmeSi Riad darCenil sakiTxs. saqme exeboda kriSnas
mimdevrebisTvis religiuri literaturis gavrcelebis akrZalvas im sam aeroportSi,
romlebic qalaq niu-iorkis teritorias emsaxureboda. sasamarTlo daeyrdno sajaro
TavSeyris adgilebis formalur dayofas, romlis Tanaxmad, arsebobs WeSmaritad
sajaro adgilebi da naxevrad (kvazi) sajaro adgilebi, romlebic xelmiuwvdomelia
sazogadoebisaTvis konkretuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. aq sirTules qmnida
isic, rom kriSnas saqmeSi gamoyenebuli dayofis miuxedavad, aeroportis xelmZRvane-
loba nebas rTavs aeroportebis gamoyenebas nebismieri saxis gamoxatvisTvis, iqneba
es politikuri Tu komerciuli. ama Tu im sajaro Tanamdebobis politikosi kandida-
tebi xSirad sargebloben aeroportebiT preskonferenciebis gasamarTad. biznesga-
rigebebze molaparakebebi xSirad aeroportebSi mimdinareobs. sajaro gazeTebiTa da
saqonliT vaWrobisTvis pirebs aeroportebSi specialuri farTic ki gamoeyofaT.
saqmeSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi kokindas winaaRmdeg73 mosamarTleTa um-
ravlesobam gadawyvita, rom safosto ganyofilebis winamdebare trotuari ar warmo-
adgens `tradiciul sajaro TavSeyris adgils~ gamoxatvisaTvis. saqmeSi amerikis Se-
erTebuli Statebi greisis74 winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom gaauqma braldeba erT-erTi
muxlis safuZvelze, romelic krZalavda gamoxatvas ùzenaesi sasamarTlos SenobebSi
an teritoriaze.~ sasamarTlom arakanonierad gamoacxada am muxlis gamoyeneba erT-
erTi qalbatonis mimarT, romelic sasamarTlos irgvliv mdebare trotuarebze pir-
veli Sesworebis teqstian trafarets daatarebda. ufro adreul gadawyvetilebaSi
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom trotuarebi, `didi tradiciebisa da samTavrobo brZa-
nebis Sesabamisad, SeiZleboda Sekrebebisa da debatebisTvis gamoyenebuliyo.~ Tum-
caRa greisis saqmeSi sasamarTlos ar daufiqsirebia trotuarebis es tradiciuli
287
roli, rogorc gamomxatvelobiTi saqmianobis adgili. amis nacvlad sasamarTlom
wamoayena saintereso mosazreba, rom sasamarTlos irgvliv mdebare trotuarebi
arafriT gansxvavdeba sxva trotuarebisgan da arc raime niSniT xasiaTdeba, rac maT
SezRudul gamoyenebaze miuTiTebda.
kerpis Tayvaniscema
ar gaiCinoT Cems garda sxva RmerTebi. ar gaikeTo kerpebi, arc rame

xati... da ar sce Tayvani maT da ar emsaxuro.
gamosvlaTa 20: 3-5
rodesac ieRovas mowmeebi evangeluri SezRudvebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen, maT im

kanonebsa da wesebTan brZolac uxdebodaT, romlebic maT Svilebs saxelmwifo dro-
Sis misalmebas avaldebulebda. sxva religiuri jgufebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT konk-
retul sferoebSi warmatebebs miaRwies. jer kidev 1918 wels ohaios StatSi mcxov-
rebi menoniti damnaSaved cnes imisTvis, rom droSis misalmebaze uaris gamo saxlSi
gagzavnil Tavis cxra wlis qaliSvils skolaSi aRar atarebda. aseve, nebraskis Statis
maswavlebeli, romelic ùflis eklesiis~ wevri iyo da romelmac misalmebaze uari
ganacxada, samsaxuridan daiTxoves. 1925 wels vaSingtonis StatSi cxra wlis biWs
mcirewlovanTa gamosasworebel saxlSi yofna miusajes imis gamo, rom èlias xmis
sazogadoebis~ wevr mSoblebs daemorCila da skolaSi droSas aRar esalmeboda. 1928
wels delaveris StatSi droSis armisalmebis gamo 38 moswavle garicxes.75
ieRovas mowmeebs kategoriuli pozicia misalmebis mimarT 1935 wlamde ar hqo-
niaT. am wels mosamarTle ruTerfordma dagmo hitleris gandideba germaniaSi (sadac
ieRovas mowmeebs devnidnen) da misalmeba `Heil Hitler~ kerpTmsaxurebad gamoacxada.
1935 wlis 6 oqtombers erovnuli radios gadacemaSi ruTerfordma xotba Seasxa
karlton b. niqols juniors, mesame klasis moswavles linSi, masaCusetsis StatSi,
romelmac uari ganacxada droSis misalmebaze da Tavi ùfali ieRovas da misi same-
fos~ msaxurad gamoacxada.
sul cota, ocdaaT StatSi droSis misalmeba kanonis an Cveulebis moTxovna iyo.
ruTerfordis sityvis Semdeg ieRovas mowmeebis Svilebma mTeli qveynis teritoriaze
uari ganacxades, am wesebs damorCilebodnen. 1936 wlisTvis 120 aseTi bavSvi skolebidan
gairicxa, 1939 wlisTvis ki maTma ricxvma orass gadaaWarba. Statebis sasamarTloebma
erTsulovnad Tqves uari ieRovas mowmeebis konstituciuri uflebis aRiarebaze.
tipuri iyo uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare arTur ragis mier gamocxadebuli
gadawyvetileba karlton niqolsis garicxvis gamarTlebis Sesaxeb. igi werda: èrTgu-
lebis ficis dadebas araferi aqvs saerTo religiasTan. droSis winaSe ficis dadebis
procesi ar Seicavs kerpTayvaniscemis an raime sxva religiuri ritualis elementebs.~76
rodesac 12 wlis doroTi leolsi jorjiis Statis skolidan droSis armisalmebis
gamo garicxes, uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila misi moTxovna federalur
iuris-diqciaze.77 amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianeba ieRovas mowmeebs
daexmara, saqmeebis umetesoba Tavis Tavze aiRo da niu-jersis StatSi sanimuSo proce-
sic Caatara. miuxedavad amisa, niu-jersis Statmac mxari dauWira garicxvis gadawy-
vetilebas, xolo uzenaesma sasamarTlom saCivari uaryo.78
288
aSS-s uzenaes sasamarTloSi am sakiTxis pirveli srulyofili ganxilva pensilva-
niis Statis erT-erTi qalaqis, minersvilis ganaTlebis sabWos qmedebas ukavSirdeba.
1935 wlis oqtomberSi sabWom lilian da uiliam gobitisebi, 12 da 10 wlisa, skolidan
droSis armisalmebis gamo garicxa. Semdgom bavSvebi ocdaaTi milis moSorebiT
mdebare ieRovas mowmeebis mier gaxsnil `samefos skolaSi~ dadiodnen. maTma mamam,
valterma Svilebis skolaSi aRdgenisaTvis iuridiul daxmarebas mimarTa da 1937
wels olin r. moilma da amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebam federa-
luri sarCeli Seitanes bavSvebis skolaSi aRdgenis moTxovniT. saolqo mosamarTlem
albert b. marisma, TviTon kvakerma, 1938 wlis 18 ivniss daadgina, rom ganaTlebis
sabWom konstituciis me-14 Sesworeba daarRvia. saapelacio sasamarTlom, presbite-
rianeli uiliam klarkis TavmjdomareobiT, mxari dauWira qveda instanciis sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetilebas.
uzenaes sasamarTloSi ruTerfordi gobitisebis sasargeblod amtkicebda, rom
ès sakiTxi~ ukavSirdeboda `Statis TviTnebur da totalitarul wess, romelic
safrTxes uqmnida ufali ieRovas samefos Teokratiuli xelisuflebisadmi morCi-
lebas.~ gobitisebis saqmis gadawyvetamde ori kviriT adre sasamarTlom qenTvelis79
saqmeze ieRovas mowmeebis sasargeblod erTsulovani gadawyvetileba gamoitana. mag-
ram es ar iyo raimes momaswavebeli niSani. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare hiuzi
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda saqmis ganxilvisas da uaryofda, rom irRveoda religiis
Tavisufleba. hiuzma sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamocxadeba mosamarTle frank-
furters daavala. gobitisis saqmis Semdeg frankfurteri sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
werda da ambobda, rom ìstoriis manZilze yvelaze metad galanZRul da devnil
umciresobas, ebraelebs~ ekuTvnoda. igi TviTon avstria-ungreTidan amerikis Seer-
Tebul StatebSi Camosuli imigranti iyo. 1942 wlis 5 dekembers igi werda: `radgan
arc erT formalur religiasTan mWidro kavSiri ar maqvs, CemTvis religiuri grZno-
bebi albaT ufro amerikis moqalaqeobis gaZlierebul grZnobebTan asocirdeba.~
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, me-14
Sesworeba moicavda ara marto pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebul aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis klauzulas, aramed religiis damwesebeli kanonebis akrZalvasac. es
mosazreba, romelic sasamarTlos wevrebma erTsulovnad aRiares, gobitisis saqmis
Semdeg kidev did xans sargeblobda gavleniT.
minersvilis ganaTlebis sabWo gobitisis winaaRmdeg80

ama Tu im dogmis eqskluziur Tu yovlismomcvel sarwmunoebad dawesebisTvis
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare brZolas ùflebaTa bilSi~ religiis Tavisuf-
lebis ganmtkiceba mohyva. pirveli da me-14 Sesworebebi miznad isaxavda amgvari gan-
meorebiTi brZolebis Tavidan acilebas saxelmwifo religiis dadgenis akrZalvisa
da TiToeuli seqtisTvis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis gziT. am sa-
yovelTaod aRiarebuli da Zvirfasi uflebis irgvliv dava mxolod maSin aris ga-
marTlebuli, rodesac, am saqmis msgavsad, sakiTxi individualur pirTa sindissa da
sazogadoebis saWiroebebs Soris arsebul konfliqts exeba.
eWvs gareSea, rom pirTa Sexedulebebi samyaros saidumloebaTa da maTTan ada-
mianis urTierTobis Sesaxeb kanonismieri regulirebis farglebs scildeba. saxel-
289
mwifos ar SeuZlia Caerios rwmenis Tu urwmunoebis organizebul an individualur
gamoxatvaSi. rwmenis gavrcelebis — an Tundac sjulis uqonlobis — ufleba ekle-
siasa Tu samrekloSi, meCeTsa Tu sinagogaSi Tanabrad aris daculi. amis msgavsad,
konstituciac aniWebs pirebs uflebas, iyvnen daculni garkveuli sanqciebisgan
sakuTari religiuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas, Tundac es saqmianoba sxvaTa re-
ligiur Sexedulebebs exebodes, iqnebian isini umciresoba Tu dominanturi mimdi-
nareobis warmomadgenlebi.
magram adamianTa Soris urTierTobebis mravalferovan bunebas SeuZlia adamianis
mier religiuri valdebulebebis aRqmasa da mis TanamcxovrebTa saero interesebs So-
ris konfliqti warmoSvas. Cveni da uamravi sxva sasamarTlos amJamindeli movaleobaa
azrTa SeTavsebis Zieba da aseTi konfliqtis aRmofxvra. Tumca, radgan sindisis
Tavisuflebis dacvisas saqme gvaqvs pirad interesebTan, romlebic gansakuTrebiT
Zvirfasia, religiuri rwmenidan gamomdinare moTxovnebs moqmedebis farTo areali
unda mieniWos.
Cven gvesmis, rom erovnuli droSa aris simbolo Cveni erovnuli erTianobisa,
romelic konstituciis farglebSi yvela Sida dapirispirebis daZlevis saSualebaa.
am sasamarTlos hqonda SesaZlebloba daedgina, rom `droSa warmoadgens simbolos
eris siZlierisa, Tavisuflebis emblemas misi WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT... is mianiSnebs
mTavrobaze, romelic marTulTa Tanxmobas emyareba; Tavisuflebaze, romelic mxo-
lod kanoniT aris regulirebuli; sustTa dacvaze Zlierebisgan; garantiaze TviT-
neburad xelisuflebis gamoyenebisgan, da Tavisufali institutebis absolutur
usafrTxoebasa da dacvaze sagareo agresiisagan.~
am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs moqalaqeobis cnebis ganviTarebisa da Camoyalibebis
periodTan. Cven Soris arsebobs mravali fsiqologiuri da eTikuri Sexeduleba imaze,
Tu rogor sjobs bavSvTa aRzrda ise, rom maT sakuTari adgili moipovon sazoga-
doebaSi. ... Cven ukve davadgineT, rom, Tumca sajaro ganaTleba Cveni erT-erTi yve-
laze Zvirfasi demokratiuli faseulobaa, uflebaTa bili ukrZalavs saxelmwifos,
aiZulos bavSvi, sajaro skolaSi iaros.
saskolo administracia cdilobs daamtkicos, rom aqvs ufleba TiToeuli bavSvi
daafiqros erovnuli droSis mniSvnelobaze imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra mosazrebebs
unergaven mas mSoblebi. amgvari mcdelobisas saxelmwifo, rogorc wesi, araxelsay-
rel mdgomareobaSi vardeba mSobelTa prerogativebTan WidilSi, sanam — da es aris
religiuri tolerantobis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis elementi — mSoblebs aqvT
xelSeuvali ufleba eWvqveS daayenon saganmanaTleblo programis calkeuli aspeqti.
droSis misalmeba rom skolis programis misaRebi nawilia maTTvis, vinc did yurad-
Rebas ar aqcevs sindisis Tavisuflebis sakiTxebs, kamaTs ar unda iwvevdes. magram
Cven rom ugulebelvyoT misalmebis ceremoniis savaldebulo xasiaTi da vamtkicoT,
rom gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mqone moswavleebi am ceremoniisgan dacvis speci-
aluri imunitetiT unda sargeblobdnen, es igive iqneboda, rom gvemtkicebina, TiT-
qosda analogiuri imunitetis miniWeba saskolo disciplinaSi sirTulis elementebs
ar Seitanda da sxva moswavleebs ar daafiqrebda misalmebis ceremoniis mizanSewo-
nilobasa da saWiroebaze.
ojaxuri urTierTobebis siwminde, mSoblebis statusisaTvis Sesaferisi ufleba-
mosileba da damoukidebloba, realurad ki sruli TavisuflebiT sargebloba im
290
mowesrigebuli sazogadoebis winapirobaa, romelic Cveni erovnuli droSis qveS mo-
iazreba. sazogadoebas, romelic mzad aris civilizaciis saukeTeso faseulobebis
SesanarCuneblad da dasacavad, SeuZlia TviTdacvis mizniT gamoiyenos saganmanaT-
leblo procesi moswavleebSi im qvecnobieri grZnobebis Casanergad, romlebic adami-
anebs aerTianebs mcire dapirispirebebisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira minersvilis ganaTlebis sabWos.
istoriuli anotacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom gobitisis81 saqmeze sasamarTlom
TiTqmis erTsulovani gadawyvetileba miiRo, iuridiul literaturaSi gadawyveti-
leba mravaljer gaakritikes. axalma respublikam, romlis dafuZnebaSi frankfur-
tersac miuZRvoda wvlili, ganacxada, rom sasamarTlo `saxifaTod axlos~ mivida
omis isteriis msxverplad gadaqcevasTan. liberalur-protestantulma Jurnalma,
`qristianulma saukunem~ ganacxada, rom `sasamarTloebi, romlebic ieRovas mowmeebs
ver daicaven, ver daicaven nebismier sxvasac.~ iezuitebis Jurnali, àmerika~ werda,
rom sasamarTlom nebarTva gasca `federaluri da Statebis konstituciebiT gawe-
rili yvelaze Zvirfasi uflebebis~ destruqciaze. harvardis saganmanaTleblo mi-
momxilveli ki werda, rom am gadawyvetilebis Sedegad umciresobaTa samoqalaqo
Tavisuflebebi ùmravlesobis~ neba-survils unda damorCileboda. ocdacxrametma
samarTlebrivma mimoxilvam imsjela am gadawyvetilebaze, da aqedan 31 kritikuli
aRmoCnda. cotaa sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelmac Tanamedrove amerikaSi
aseTi masStabis kritika daimsaxura.
ieRovas mowmeebi ukve sakmaod arapopularulebi iyvnen. 1940 wlis 3 ivniss gadawy-
vetilebis gamotanamde isini texasis StatSi araerTxel gaxdnen brbos Zaladobis
msxverplni. gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg pirebze individualuri Tavdasxmebi
ganxorcielda meinis (cema, kenebukSi `samefo darbazis~ dawva), dasavleT virjiniis,
vaiomingis (kuprSi amovleba da bumbulis dayra), nebraskis (kastracia), arkanzasis
(srola), ilinoisis, indianis, merilendis, misisipisa da oregonis StatebSi (brbos
Tavdasxma). incidentebis ormoci procenti or StatSi, oklahomasa da texasSi moxda.
rogorc wesi, incidentebi patara qalaqebis aratolerantul garemoSi xdeboda.
kanonismierma zomebma ieRovas mowmeebis mdgomareoba kidev ufro daamZima. mravalma
sazogadoebam da Temma droSis misalmebis axali valdebulebebi SemoiRo. indianis StatSi
ori qalbatoni daapatimres (2-dan 10 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT) `droSis wabilwvis~
motiviT, radgan isini misalmebis sawinaaRmdego literaturas avrcelebdnen. Tumca maT
winaaRmdeg gamotanili ganaCenebi saboloo jamSi gauqmda. misisipis Statis kanonm-
deblobis Tanaxmad, `sanam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da misisipis Statis sicoc-
xlesa da arsebobas safrTxe emuqreba germaniis, italiisa da iaponiis qmedebebis
Sedegad, omis dasrulebamde iseTi swavleba da literaturis gavrceleba, romelic
`mizanmimarTulad mouwodebs droSis armisalmebis, Seuracxyofisa Tu upativcemu-
lobisken~, gaxdes sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli da iyos dasjadi Tavisuflebis aR-
kveTiT.~
ieRovas mowme r. e. teilori am aqtis Sesabamisad gaasamarTles. daamtkica ra misi
braleuloba sami xmiT samis winaaRmdeg, misisipis uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo te-
iloris sarCeli religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb. sul cota ocdaTer-
Tmet StatSi miRebul iqna samarTlebrivi zomebi sajaro skolebidan im ieRovas mowme
bavSvebis gasaricxad, romlebic droSas ar esalmebodnen. federaluri xelisufle-
291
bisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos gauazrebeli nabijebisa da meore msoflio omiT daCr-
dilvis Sedegad 1941-1943 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli ieRovas mowmeebis `kanonieri~
da ukanono devna meoce saukunis amerikaSi religiuri Seuwynareblobis udides tal-
Ras warmoadgenda.
sami Statis (kanzasis, minesotisa da vaSingtonis) sasamarTloebma uari Tqves go-
bitisis saqmeSi arsebul dasabuTebaze da Seiwynares isini, vinc droSas ar esalme-
boda. iusticiis departamentis samoqalaqo uflebebis ganyofileba 1942 wlis 4 maiss
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prokurorebs urCevda, adgilobriv oficialur pi-
rebTan erTad iseTi zomebi mieRoT, romlebic `Tavidan aicilebda RvTismsaxurebis
Tavisuflebis SezRudvas.~ TviT uzenaes sasamarTloSi mosamarTleebi bleqi, dug-
lasi da merfi erT-erTi saqmis ganxilvisas werdnen: `radgan Cven aqamde viziarebdiT
gobitisis saqmis gadawyvetilebas, vfiqrobT, upriani iqneboda am SemTxvevaSi ganvac-
xadoT, rom is gadawyvetileba arasworad iyo miRebuli...~
1942 wlis agvistoSi ieRovas mowmeebma gaasaCivres dasavleT virjiniis Statis
ganaTlebis sabWos mier gamocemuli gankargulebis konstituciuri safuZvlebi. gan-
karguleba gobitisebis saqmidan aRebul asls warmoadgenda da moswavleebs droSis
misalmebas avaldebulebda. mowmeTa nawili ukve garicxuli iyo virjiniis Statis
skolebidan.
dasavleT virjiniis ganaTlebis sabWo barnetis winaaRmdeg82

1940 wlis 3 ivnisis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sedegad saqmeze minersvilis
ganaTlebis sabWo gobitisis winaaRmdeg83 dasavleT virjiniis Statis sakanonmdeblo
organom Sesworebebi Seitana calkeul sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi da daavaldebula yve-
la skola, CaetarebinaT saxelmZRvanelo kursebi istoriaSi, samoqalaqo urTierTo-
bebsa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da mocemuli Statis konstituciebSi àme-
rikanizmis idealebis, principebisa da suliskveTebis swavlebisa da gavrcelebis,
agreTve saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organizaciisa da marTvis Sesaxeb codnis gaRrma-
vebis mizniT.~ Statis skolebis zedamxedvelis rCeviT, ganaTlebis sabWos daevala
sajaro skolebisaTvis aRniSnul sagnebSi saxelmZRvanelo kursebis SemuSaveba. aqtma
aseve daavaldebula kerZo, samrevlo da religiuri skolebi, SeemuSavebinaT `sajaro
skolebSi savaldebulos analogiuri kursebi.~
1942 wlis 9 ianvars ganaTlebis sabWom gamosca gankarguleba, romelic umeteswi-
lad gobitisis saqmis gadawyvetilebis detalebs Seicavda da brZanebda, rom droSis
misalmebis ceremonia `sajaro skolebis programuli RonisZiebebis regularuli
nawili~ gamxdariyo, da rom yvela maswavlebelsa da moswavles `moeTxoveboda dro-
SiT warmodgenili eris pativiscemaSi misalmebis gziT monawileoba; droSis misal-
mebaze uari unda ganxiluliyo, rogorc daumorCilebloba da miRebuli unda yofi-
liyo adekvaturi zomebi.~
gankarguleba Tavdapirveli saxiT moiTxovda `droSis zogadad aRiarebuli wesiT
misalmebas~, xolo am wess SemdgomSi gansazRvravda. mSobelTa da maswavlebelTa
asociaciam, biWebisa da gogonebis skauturma organizaciebma, wiTelma jvarma da
qalTa klubebis federaciam protesti gamoTqves, rom misalmebis es saxe `Zalian
hgavda hitleris gandidebas~. Sedegad misalmebis proceduram garkveuli modifika-
292
ciebi ganicada, magram ieRovas mowmeebisTvis es araviTar SeRavaTs ar warmoadgenda.
axali moTxovnebis Sesabamisad mimsalmebels marjvena xeliT unda aeRo `gaWimuli
saluti~ da Semdegi sityvebi gaemeorebina: `me viqnebi erTguli amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis droSisa da im respublikis, romelsac is warmoadgens; erTguli ganuyofeli
erisa, sadac TavisuflebiTa da samarTlianobiT yvela Tanabrad sargeblobs.~
am wesis Seusabamo qmedeba ganisazRvra, rogorc `daumorCilebloba~, romelic
garicxvis sanqciiT isjeboda. skolaSi xelaxla miReba, aqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebeli
iyo, Tu wesi ar Sesruldeboda. amasobaSi garicxul bavSvs àrasapatio gacdenebi~
eTvleboda da SesaZloa, es gacdenebi arasrulwlovnis mier samarTaldarRvevis
Cadenad yofiliyo kvalificirebuli. moswavlis mSoblebi SesaZloa sisxlis samarT-
lis pasuxisgebaSi miecaT, xolo braleulobis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis ara
umetes 50 aSS dolaris odenobis jarima an ara umetes 30 dRiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
SeefardebinaT.
mosarCeleebi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleT virjiniis Statis mo-
qalaqeebi, amerikis federalur saolqo sasamarTloSi Setanili sarCeliT moiTxovd-
nen sasamarTlo brZanebas, romelic SezRudavda am kanonebisa da wesebis gamoyenebas
ieRovas mowmeebis mimarT. mowmeebi warmoadgenen garkveul jgufs, romelTa swav-
lebis mixedviT RmerTis mier dawesebuli valdebulebebi ufro maRla mdgomi WeSma-
ritebaa, vidre droebiTi xelisuflebis mier SemoRebuli kanonebi. maTi religiuri
rwmena `gamosvlis~ meoce Tavis 4-5 (gamosvlaTa 20: 4-5) winadadebebs, romlis
Tanaxmad: àr gaikeTo kerpebi, arc raime xati imisa, rac aris maRla caSi, dabla
miwaze da wyalSi miwis qveS; ar sce Tayvani maT, da arc emsaxuro~ sityvasityviT
emTxveva. maT miaCniaT, rom droSa swored aseT `xats~ warmoadgens da am mizeziT
isini uars amboben mis misalmebaze...
ùflebebis bilis~ mTavari mizani swored zogierTi sakiTxis politikuri davebis
sferosgan Camocileba da maTi im iuridiul principebad Camoyalibeba iyo, romlebi-
Tac Tavad sasamarTloebi isargeblebdnen. sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTre-
bis ufleba, sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba, RvTismsaxurebisa da Sekrebis Tavisuf-
leba da sxva fundamenturi uflebebi ar SeiZleba xmis micemis Sedegebs eqvemdeba-
rebodes; isini ar SeiZleba emyarebodes aranairi arCevnebis Sedegebs.
gobitisis saqmis84 dedaazris Tanaxmad, èrovnuli erToba erovnuli usafrTxo-
ebis safuZvelia~ da xelisuflebas àqvs ufleba, gamoiyenos Sesabamisi saSualebebi
mis misaRwevad~. amis Sedegad gakeTda daskvna, rom èrovnuli erTobisken~ mimar-
Tuli amgvari iZulebiTi zomebi absoluturad konstituciuria. am varaudis WeS-
maritebazea damokidebuli mocemuli saqmis bedi.
erovnuli erToba, rogorc xelisuflebis TviTmizani, am SemTxvevaSi davis sag-
ans ar warmoadgens. problema ufro is aris, Cveni konstituciis farglebSi dasaSve-
bia Tu ara mis misaRwevad aseTi iZulebiTi zomebis gamoyeneba. Cven vqmniT Cvens
mTavrobas marTulTa TanxmobiT da ùflebebis bili~ ar aZlevs xelisuflebis saTa-
veSi myofT uflebas, am Tanxmobaze raime saxis iZuleba moaxdinon.
inteleqtualuri individualizmisa da kulturuli mravalferovnebis miRweva
SesaZlebelia mxolod drodadro uCveulo da eqscentruli damokidebulebis uz-
runvelyofis xarjze, rodesac isini iseTi zianis momtania sxvebisTvis an saxelmwi-
fosTvis, rogorc mocemul SemTxvevaSi. safasuri Zalze didia, magram Tavisufleba,
293
iyo gansxvavebuli ar aris SezRuduli umniSvnelo sakiTxebiT. es mxolod Tavisuf-
lebis aCrdili iqneboda. Tavisuflebis arsi mdgomareobs uflebaSi, iyo gansxvave-
buli warmodgenebis mqone arsebuli wesrigis fuZemdeblur sakiTxebze.swored ami-
tom, arc erT maRal Tu dabal Tanamdebobis pirs ar SeuZlia daawesos an gansazR-
vros, ra iqneba orTodoqsuli politikis, nacionalizmis, religiisa Tu sxva sakiT-
xis mimarT da aiZulos moqalaqeebi, aqedan gamomdinare iwamon da imoqmedon. amJamad
Cven ar gvafiqrdeba garemoeba, romelic aseT gamonakliss dauSvebda. miviCnevT, rom
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mxridan droSis misalmebisa da ficis dadebis iZuleba
warmoadgens konstituciur farglebSi maTi uflebamosilebis gadametebas da rom
es iZuleba iWreba inteleqtisa da sulierebis sferoSi, romlis oficialuri kont-
rolisgan dacvac swored amerikis konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis mizania.
barnetis saqmis85 maswavlebelTa mimarT gavrcoba. 1977 wels masaCusetsis
Statis sakanonmdeblo organom warmoadgina kanonproeqti, romlis Tanaxmad `sas-
wavlo dRis pirveli gakveTilis dawyebisas yvela sajaro skolis TiToeul klasSi
yovel maswavlebels moeTxoveboda~ klasisTvis droSis erTgulebis ficis deklama-
cia/sajarod wakiTxva. masaCusetsis Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am
kanonmdeblobis damtkiceba pirveli Sesworebis darRveva iqneboda. dava droSis wi-
naSe erTgulebis ficis dadebis sakiTxze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politi-
kuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovan nawilad rCeba. magaliTisTvis, 1988 wlis saprezidento
kampaniis dros maSindelma vice-prezidentma jorj buSma Tavisi oponenti, masaCu-
setsis Statis gubernatori maikl dukakisi swored imitom gaakritika, rom is uze-
naesi sasamarTlos zemoT xsenebul dadgenilebas eTanxmeboda.
licenzirebul nomerze teqstis iZulebiT datana. saqmeSi vuli meinardis
winaaRmdeg86 ieRovas mowme aprotestebda niu-hempSiris Statis devizs `Tavisufal-
ma icocxle an mokvdi~, romelic am Statis samanqano nomrebze iyo amotvifruli. mas
bralad edeboda nomridan am sityvebis waSla. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Stats ar
SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebi aiZulos, `gamoiyenon TavianTi sakuTreba, rogorc Sta-
tis ideologiis gamavrcelebeli mobiluri bilbordi.~
ufleba ar iyo fotografirebuli.87 frensis j. kvarings, qristians, sjeroda,
rom `raime xatis argaCenis~ valdebuleba ukrZalavda mas arsebuli sagnebis msgavsi
gamosaxulebis qonas. mas ar hqonda fotoebi, televizori, da ewinaaRmdegeboda sax-
lSi nebismieri saxis suraTis arsebobas. igi uars ambobda, Seesrulebina nebraskis
Statis moTxovna da marTvis mowmobaze sakuTari fotosuraTi etarebina. saolqo sasa-
marTlom ori xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli moT-
xovna religiis Tavisuflebas zRudavda da rom nebraskam ver warmoadgina Statis
sasicocxlo interesi misTvis fotosuraTis tarebis moTxovnaSi. mogvianebiT kvarin-
gis saCivars mxari uzenaesma sasamarTlomac dauWira oTxi xmiT oTxis winaaRmdeg.88
uari mkvlelobaze, omis mxardaWerasa da masSi monawileobaze
meore sjuli 5:17

àra kac hkla~
fsalmuni 34: 14
`Seikave Seni ena borotebisgan da bageni Seni — cbieri sityvebisgan. eride
borotebas da hqmen keTili; ezide mSvidoba da mihyevi mas~;
294
fsalmuni 120: 6-7
`didxans mkvidrobda Cemi suli mSvidobis moZuleebTan. me mSvidoba msurs
da, rom davilaparakeb, isini saomrad emzadebian.~
fsalmuni 122: 6-9
ìTxoveT mSvidoba ierusalimisTvis, damSviddnen moyvarulni Senni. iyos
mSvidoba Sens zRudeebSi, simSvide Sens sasaxleebSi. CemTa ZmaTa da
megobarTa gamo, vambob: mSvidoba Sen! Cveni ufali RmerTis saxlisTvis
gisurveb sikeTes Sen.~
esaia 2: 3-4
`daiZreba uTvalavi xalxi da ityvis: modi, avideT uflis mTaze, iakobis
saxlSi; gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da misi bilikiT viaroT, radgan rjuli
sionidan gamova da uflis sityva — ierusalimidan. samarTals ganikiTxavs
igi erebs Soris da amxilebs uTvalav xalxs; maxvilebisgan saxnisebs
gamoWedaven da Subebisgan — namglebs, eri erze aRar aRmarTavs maxvils da
aRaravin iswavlis oms.~
saxareba maTesi 5: 9
`netar arian mSvidobismyofelni, vinaidan isini RmrTis Zeebad iwodebian.~
saxareba maTesi 5: 21-25
`Tqven gsmeniaT winaparTa mimarT Tqmuli: ara kac-hkla; xolo vinc moklavs,
samarTalSi unda mieces. me ki geubnebiT Tqven: vinc umizezod urisxdeba
Tavis Zmas, samarTalSi unda mieces; xolo vinc etyvis Tavis Zmas: raka,
sinedrions unda warudges; da vinc etyvis Tavis Zmas: Slego, cecxlis geenaSi
unda Cavardes.~
saxareba maTesi 5: 38-41
`Tqven gsmeniaT, rom Tqmula: Tvali Tvalisa wil da kbili kbilisa wil.
xolo me geubnebiT Tqven: nu aRudgebiT win borots; aramed vinc Semogkravs
marjvena yvrimalSi, miuSvire mas meorec. da Tu vinmes surs giCivlos da
wagarTvas Seni perangi, mieci mas mosasxamic. anda Tu vinme gaiZulebs, erTi
milis manZilze gamomyevio, orze gahyevi mas.~
mahaTma gandi
`Sen SegiZlia dartymas dartymiT upasuxo, Tu ar xar sakmarisad mamaci,
rom mihyve araZaladobriv gzas.~
mahTma gandi
àraZaladobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba ar niSnavs „borotebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaze uars~. piriqiT, araZaladobriobis Cemi koncefcia ufro aqtiuri
da realuri brZolaa borotebis winaaRmdeg, vidre SurisZieba, romelic,
Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, aZlierebs borotebas. me mwams gonebrivi
da, Sesabamisad, moraluri winaaRmdegobis warmatebisa amoralobisa da
uzneobis winaaRmdeg. me minda mTlianad davablagvo tiranis xmali ara ufro
basri xmliT, aramed misi im molodinis gacruebiT, rom me mas fizikuri
ZaliT davupirispirdebi. Cemma sulierma winaaRmdegobam is unda gaaognos.
pirvelad aseTi winaaRmdegoba daabrmavebs mas, bolos ki aiZulebs, aRiaros
damarcxeba, Tumca es damarcxeba ki ar Seuracxyofs mas, aramed sulierad
ganaviTarebs. SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom es idealuri mdgomareobaa. da es
asec aris.~
295
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis89 klasikuri wyaroebi. SeuZlia Tu ara sajaro
moxeles, mosTxovos pirs samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebis moTxovnis dasabu-
Teba? vTqvaT, samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebas pirovneba moiTxovs bibliaze
dayrdnobiT. SeuZlia Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos gamoscados piri imaSi, Tu
ramdenad icis man zemoT aRniSnuli amonaridebi bibliidan? ris mixedviT unda gani-
sazRvros, ramdenad gulwrfelia samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebis esa Tu is
kandidati?
moses zemoT moyvanili klasikuri mcnebebi krZalaven adamianis mkvlelobas. „ara
kac hkla~ — aris ki es teqsti safuZveli imisa, rom piri gaTavisufldes samxedro
samsaxurisgan?
Zvel samyaroSi, manam, sanam sakraluri da sekularuli ar iyo erTmaneTisgan
mkacrad gamijnuli, omi ara marto israelSi, aramed yvela mis axlo myof kulturaSi
iTvleboda religiur saqmed. magaliTad, ieso naves wigni xazs usvams „wminda omis~
sakiTxs, romlis Tanaxmadac RmerTi TviTon exmareba israelis armias mtris rigebSi
panikis TesviT. mowmobs ki aseTi teqstebi imas, rom morwmunes unda surdes omSi
monawileobis miReba?
meore mxriv, zemoT moyvanili fsalmunebi da amonaridi esaias winaswarmetyve-
lebidan miuTiTebs Zveli israelis miswrafebas mSvidobisken, rodesac saomari iara-
Rebi soflis meurneobis iaraRebad gadaiqceva da rodesac „eri ar aswevs laxvars
sxva eris winaaRmdeg da aravin iswavlis oms~. ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara es teqsti ieso
naves monaTxrobs wminda omis Sesaxeb? niSnavs ki es imas, rom yvela morwmune paci-
fisti unda iyos?
axali aRTqmis zemoT moyvanili pasaJebi iesos mier mSvidobis didebas da mis mier
SurisZiebisa da borotebis dagmobas warmoadgens. SeuZlia Tu ara qristians an araq-
ristians, romelic aRiarebs axali aRTqmis am nawils, daeyrdnos am teqstebs da da-
afuZnos maTze Tavisi keTilisindisieri winaaRmdegoba samxedro samsaxuris mimarT?
gandis swavleba uaxles istoriaSi araZaladobrivi meTodebiT winaaRmdegobis
albaT yvelaze efeqtur magaliTs gvTavazobs. misi moZRvrebis Sedegi, britanuli
imperiis damxoba indoeTSi — imperiisa, romelic im dros yvelaze Zlieri iyo msof-
lioSi — namdvilad gasaocaria. gandis mrwamss induizmi warmoadgenda, Tumca is
icnobda qristes moZRvrebas araZaladobriobaze. gandi aRwerda qristes, rogorc
„ufliswuls pasiur mowinaaRmdgeTa Soris~. SeuZlia Tu ara keTilisindisieri wina-
aRmdegobis ganmcxadebels gandis moZRvrebaze dayrdnoba?
pacifizmi da samarTliani omi. qristes moZRvrebis mimdevrebi eklesiis isto-
riis adreul periodSi seriozulad aRiqvamdnen mis swavlebas araZaladobriobaze
da amis gamo uars acxadebdnen romaul jarSi msaxurze. sxvebi uars ambobdnen im
motiviT, rom jariskacebi valdebulni iyvnen, daedoT erTgulebis fici imperato-
ris, rogorc RmerTis winaSe, es ki ewinaaRmdegeboda meore sjulis ZiriTad kanons,
„nu geyoleba sxva RmerTebi Cem garda~90 da fundamentur qristianul rwmenas, rom
ieso qriste aris RmerTi.
mas Semdeg, rac qristianoba imperiis oficialur religiad iqca, qristianebma
daiwyes fiqri ara marto imaze, dasaSvebi iyo Tu ara jarSi msaxuri, aramed imazec,
SeeZlo Tu ara saxelmwifos ewarmoebina omi, da Tu SeeZlo, arsebobda Tu ara raime
SezRudva, romelic qristianul religias omis mimarT unda daewesebina. samarTliani
296
omis Teoriis ZiriTadi fuZemdebeli iyo avgustine avreliusi.91 Tanamedrove inter-
pretatori mis Teorias mokled Semdegnairad ganmartavs: sami saxis omi SeiZleba
yofiliyo moralurad gamarTlebadi: TavdacviTi omi agresiis winaaRmdeg; omi adre
Cadenili usamarTlobis gamosasworeblad da omi moparuli da warTmeuli sakuTrebis
dasabruneblad. magram mxolod istoriuli garemoebebi ar qmnis „samarTliani~ omis
winapirobas. saTanado uflebamosilebiT aRWurvilma xelisuflebam unda gadawyvi-
tos, rom omis warmarTva aucilebelia. mas Semdeg, rac aseTi gadawyvetileba iqneba
miRebuli, jariskaci valdebulia daemorCilos brZanebas. ufro metic, omi unda
warimarTos „marTlzomieri ganzraxviT~, anu ara SurisZiebis an didebisa da sarge-
belis mopovebis mizniT. omi aris marTalTa dasacavad aucilebeli sadamsjelo inst-
rumenti, saWiro, raTa kanonis damrRvevebs ar mieces borotebis Cadenis saSualeba.
marTlzomieri ganzraxva ara marto omis dawyebis gadawyvetilebaSi unda Candes,
aramed mis samarTlianad warmarTvaSic. ar unda xdebodes umizezo Zaladoba, ekle-
siebis Seuracxyofa, morodioroba da genocidi. SurisZieba, sisastike da represiebi
akrZaluli unda yofiliyo. avgustinem Seqmna samarTliani omis Teoriis ConCxi,
romelsac safuZvlad mSvidobisken zneobrivi ltolva udevs.
saukuneebis Semdeg saerTaSoriso samarTalSi miRweul iqna konsesusi imis Taoba-
ze, Tu ra SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba iyos omi gamarTlebuli, kerZod: 1) Tu is gamocxa-
debulia da warmarTulia legitimuri xelisuflebis mier; 2) Tu amowurulia kon-
fliqtebis gadaWris yvela mSvidobiani gza; 3) Tu is warmarTulia samarTliani safuZ-
vliT (magaliTad mSvidobisa da samarTlianobis aRsadgenad) da warmatebis goniv-
ruli imediT; 4) warmarTulia proporciulobis principis Sesabamisad, romlis Ta-
naxmadac, sikeTe, romelic omiT unda iqnes miRweuli, ufro didia, vidre boroteba,
romelic Tan sdevs oms da 5) warmarTulia omis kanonis farglebSi. magaliTad, uz-
runvelyofilia imuniteti mSvidobiani mosaxleobisTvis.
SeuZlia Tu ara keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis ganmcxadebels, miuxedavad imi-
sa, religiuria is Tu ara, daeyrdnos samarTliani omis am Teorias da moiTxovos
samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisufleba? Tu keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis uf-
leba mxolod pacifistebs unda hqondeT? Tu pasuxi dadebiTia, aZlevs Tu ara es
daskvna saxelmwifos imis uflebas, rom mianiWos romelime religias upiratesoba
sxvasTan SedarebiT? vTqvaT, saxelmwifom gadawyvita, rom esa Tu is piri samxedro
samsaxurisgan samarTliani omis Teoriis Sesabamisad unda gaTavisufldes. maSin
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom aseTi gaTavisufleba scildebodes moTxovnis farglebs? anu,
sxva sityvebiT, Tu pirma, vTqvaT, keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba gamoxata konkre-
tul omSi monawileobaze, SeiZleba Tu ara is gaTavisufldes omTan dakavSirebuli
yovelgvari samsaxurisgan?
`moTxovna, rom adamianma moklas sxva da Seswiros Tavisi sicocxle, yvelaze mkac-
ri moTxovnaa, rac ki sazogadoebam SeiZleba daakisros Tavis moqalaqes. moTxovnis
pirveli nawili _ sxvis mosaklavad mzadyofna _ ewinaaRmdegeba qristianul religiur
tradiciebs, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares amerikul kulturas. es ar niSnavs,
TiTqos qristianebis umravlesobas qveynis istoriis manZilze swamda, rom adamianis
mokvla zneobrivad gaumarTlebeli iyo, ubralod, saxarebiseuli eTika da eklesiis
pacifisturi mimarTuleba TavisTavad svams kiTxvas: SeiZleba Tu ara saerTod aseTi
mkvlelobis gamarTleba?~92
297
rezolucia keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobaze,
pirveli kontinenturi kongresi (1775)
radganac arseboben adamianebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT iaraRis tareba
TavianTi religiuri principebis gamo, es kongresi ar avaldebulebs maT,
aramed urCevs, nebayoflobiT Seitanon wvlili sayovelTao gasaWiris Jams
TavianTi moZmeebis tanjvis SemsubuqebaSi da sakuTari religiuri
principebis Sesabamisad emsaxuron TavianT qveyanas.
aqti seleqciuri msaxurobis Sesaxeb (1917)93

aqti uzrunvelyofda samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebas mxolod
„kargad organizebuli religiuri seqtis an moqmedi organizaciis
wevrebisTvis, romelTa mrwamsi da principebi ukrZalaven mis wevrebs,
monawileoba miiRon omSi nebismieri formiT.~
samxedro samsaxurisgan mxolod pacifisturi eklesiis wevrebis gaTavisuflebas

is upiratesoba aqvs, rom saxelmwifosTvis ufro advilia gansazRvra, vin unda iyos
gaTavisuflebuli da vin _ ara. magram aris ki administraciuli xelsayreloba kon-
stituciuri standarti? aris ki tradiciuli pacifisturi eklesiis wevroba, rogo-
ricaa, magaliTad, megobarTa sazogadoeba (Society of Friends), igive kvakerebi, imis
winapiroba, rom mis wevrs aqvs pacifisturi mrwamsi? gamoricxavs ki pacifisturi
jgufis arawevroba samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom
pirs SeiZleba pacifisturi jgufis wevris identuri Sexedulebebi hqondes?
rodesac amerika meore msoflio omisTvis emzadeboda, kongresma gaauqma tradi-
ciuli eklesiis wevrobis moTxovna da miiRo Semdegnairad Sesworebuli aqti:
aqti samxedro samsaxurSi seleqciuri gawvevis Sesaxeb (1940)94

„es aqti ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc moTxovna, rom adamianma,
romelic religiuri ganaTlebisa da mrwamsis gamo keTilsindisierad
winaaRmdegia omSi monawileobisa nebismieri formiT, monawileoba miiRos
SeerTebuli Statebis saxmeleTo Tu sazRvao Zalebis sabrZolo momzadebasa
da samsaxurSi. nebismier pirs, romelic iTxovs sabrZolo momzadebisa
da samsaxurisagan gaTavisuflebas da adgilobrivi sabWo mas, misi
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis gamo, daukmayofilebs moTxovnas, aqvs
ufleba, sazRvao an saxmeleTo ZalebSi gawvevis SemTxvevaSi imsaxuros
arasabrZolo samsaxurSi ise, rogorc es gansazRvrulia prezidentis mier;
an Tu is keTilsindisierad winaaRmdegia aseT arasabrZolo samsaxurSi
msaxurobisa, miuxedavad misi aseTi gawvevisa, mieces ufleba, imuSaos
saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis samuSaoze samoqalaqo ganxriT~.
1940 wlis aqti samxedro samsaxurSi seleqciuri gawvevis Sesaxeb bevrad farTo
iyo, vidre 1917 wlisa. am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic samxedro samsaxu-
risgan mxolod „kargad organizebuli religiuri seqtis~ wevrebs aTavisuflebda,
es aqti pirisgan mxolod „religiur ganaTlebasa da mrwamss moiTxovda~.
SeerTebuli Statebi zigeris winaaRmdeg95
zigeri niu-iorkis samxreT olqis sasamarTlom samxedro samsaxurSi msaxurze

uaris gamo gaasamarTla. man pirvelad 1957 wels gamoxata keTilsindisieri winaaR-
298
mdegoba samxedro samsaxuris mimarT. man ganacxada, rom Tavisi religiuri mrwamsis
gamo winaaRmdegi iyo, monawileoba mieRo omSi nebismieri formiT. seleqciuri sam-
saxuris sistemis formis Sevsebisas man Riad datova SekiTxva imis Taobaze, swamda
Tu ara uzenaesi arsebis da ganacxada, rom misi „skepticizmi Tu RmerTis rwmenis
arqona ar niSnavda imas, rom mas arafris ar swamda~. mas „swamda sikeTisa da saTno-
ebisa da hqonda religiuri rwmenis tolfasi wminda eTikuri mrwamsi~. zigers inte-
leqtualuri da zneobrivi patiosnebisadmi Tavisi eTikuri mrwamsis mxardasaWerad
platonis, aristotelesa da spinozas sityvebi mohyavda. zigeris eTikuri mrwamsi
iyo RvTis rwmena ara Cveulebrivi, tradiciuli gagebiT, aramed Taviseburi, gansxva-
vebuli datvirTviT. misi mrwamsi sasamarTlom cno, rogorc gulwrfeli, patiosani
da keTilsindisierad gamoxatuli, xolo misi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba — indi-
vidualur ganaTlebasa da mrwamsze dafuZnebuli. miuxedavad amisa, zigers uari eTqva
samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebaze imis safuZvelze, rom misi mrwamsi ar efuZ-
neboda uzenaesi arsebisadmi rwmenas, rogorc moiTxovda aqtis me-6 muxli.96 zigeris
damcvelma aRiara, rom zigeris mrwamsi ar emyareboda uzenaesi arsebisadmi im rwmenas,
romelic zogadad iyo aRiarebuli, magram mas mainc ekuTvnoda gaTavisufleba, rad-
gan arsebuli kanoniT zigeris mrwamsi Seesabameboda religiis ganmartebas da
akmayofilebda aqtSi moyvanili religiuri ganaTlebisa da mrwamsis ganmartebas.
saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
man ganacxada, rom aqtSi moyvanili uzenaesi arsebisadmi rwmenis moTxovna ganasxva-
vebda erTmaneTisgan „Sinagan da gare samyarosgan Tavs moxveul mrwamss~, rac
dauSvebeli klasifikacia~ iyo mexuTe Sesworebis jerovani samarTlebrivi proce-
duris klauzulis mixedviT.
jekobsoni aseve gasamarTlebul iqna niu-iorkis samxreT olqis sasamarTlos mier
samxedro samsaxurSi msaxurze uaris gamo. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma qvemde-
bare sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebaze uari
emyareboda araswor faqtobriv informacias imis Taobaze, rom jekobsons ar swamda
uzenaesi arsebisa.
1958 wels jekobsonma pirvelad moiTxova keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis ganm-
cxadeblis statusi. man ganacxada, rom swamda „adamianis Semoqmedi~ uzenaesi arsebis,
romelic „uzenaesi WeSmaritebaa~ da romlis „Sedegicaa adamianTa arseboba~. misTvis
yvelaze „mniSvnelovani religiuri wesi~ iyo is, rom „aravin Tavisi surviliT ar
unda gawiros sxva adamianis sicocxle raime miznis misaRwevad~. 1958 wels man moiT-
xova samxedro samsaxurisgan sruli gaTavisufleba, ganacxada ra, rom raime formiT
monawileoba samxedro samsaxurSi aiZulebda mas, CarTuliyo procesebSi, romlebic
mZime tvirTad daawveboda mis sindiss. man vrceli memorandumi warmoadgina, sadac
religia ganmarta, rogorc „adamianis arsebobis fundamenturi problemebisadmi ada-
mianis damokidebulebis arsi~. man ganacxada, rom swamda RmerTis, rogorc samyaros
arsebobis ZiriTadi mizezisa. misi azriT, arsebobda ori saxis kavSiri RmerTTan:
vertikaluri, anu pirdapiri da horizontaluri kavSiri adamianebisa da samyaros
meSveobiT. igi am ukanasknels aRiarebda. sabWom ar gaaTavisufla jekobsoni omSi
yvelanairi formiT monawileobisgan. jekobsonma gadawyvetileba gaasaCivra. sakiTxis
ganmxilvelma Tanamdebobis pirma gadawyvita, rom jekobsonis moTxovna, gaTavisuf-
lebuliyo samxedro samsaxurisgan, pirad zneobriv kodeqss eyrdnoboda da rom misi
299
moTxovna gulwrfeli ar iyo. Sesabamisad, saapelacio sabWom uaryo jekobsonis moT-
xovna. sabWom ar ganmarta, ras efuZneboda misi aseTi gadawyvetileba — aragulwr-
felobas Tu imas, rom jekobsonis rwmena pirad zneobriv kodeqss eyrdnoboda. saape-
lacio sasamarTlom Secvala gadawyvetileba dausabuTeblobis motiviT, radgan ver
gaarkvia, ras efuZneboda saapelacio sabWos gadawyvetileba da ganacxada, rom jekob-
sonis moTxovna srul SesabamisobaSi modioda aqtTan.
forest brit peteri kaliforniis CrdiloeT olqis sasamarTlom gaasamarTla
samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevaze uaris braldebiT. seleqciuri samsaxuris sistemis
formaSi man miuTiTa, rom ar miekuTvneboda arc erT religiur seqtas an organiza-
cias. man gaaprotesta SekiTxva, swamda Tu ara uzenaesi arsebis, da ganacxada, rom
misi pasuxi damokidebuli iyo uzenaesi arsebis ganmartebaze. man aseve daamata, rom
Tavisi zneobrivi kodeqsis darRvevad miiCnevda adamianis sicocxlis xelyofas, da
rom aseTi rwmena ufro Rirebulad miaCnda, vidre saxelmwifos winaSe valdebuleba.
Tavisi mrwamsis religiuri xasiaTis dasamowmeblad, man moiyvana religiis jon heines
holmsiseuli ganmarteba, romlis mixedviT religia aris „gacnobiereba bunebaSi
garkveuli Zalis manifestaciisa, romelic exmareba adamians, moawesrigos Tavisi
cxovreba misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad ... [es] aris swored adamianis bunebis uzenaesi
gamoxatuleba.~
rac Seexeba mis rwmenas, peterma ganacxada: „[mas] SeiZleba daerqvas uzenaesi ar-
sebis rwmena. ubralod, es ar aris is sityvebi, romlebsac me vxmarob~. 1959 wels ar
iqna dakmayofilebuli misi keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobaze damyarebuli moTxovna,
Tumca masalebSi aranairi mtkicebuleba ar moipoveba imisa, rom is gulwrfeli ar
iyo Tavis rwmenaSi. misi gasamarTlebis Semdeg samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevaze uaris
braldebiT saapelacio sasamarTlom aRiara, rom peteri gulwrfeli iyo Tavis mrwam-
sSi, Tumca daamtkica gadawyvetileba.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, azrTa gacvlas iseT fundamentur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa adamianis sicocxle, sikvdili an misi saboloo gankiTxva,
gamoyenebuli enis imgvari araadekvaturoba axasiaTebs, rogorc arc erT sxva sfe-
ros. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, es garemoeba arTulebs kongresis mier termin „uze-
naes arsebaSi~ Cadebuli sazrisis gagebas. am situacias kidev ufro arTulebs indi-
videbis sulieri cxovrebis simdidre da mravalferovneba. SeerTebul StatebSi
daaxloebiT 250 seqta arsebobs. zogierTs RmerTis swams, zogierTs — garkveuli
zebunebrivi RvTaebis, sxvebs religia warmoudgeniaT, rogorc cxovrebis iseTi
forma, romlis saboloo mizania adamianebis Tanaarseboba srulyofili urTierT-
gagebisa da mSvidobis pirobebSi. arian iseTebic, romelTac RmerTi adamianTa arse-
bobis sazrisad warmoudgeniaT. sxvebi, magaliTad budistebi, iseTi simSvidis mdgo-
mareobisken miiswrafvian, romelic sakuTari Tavis uaryofiTa da sulieri ganwmen-
diT miiRweva. induizmis filosofiaSi uzenaesi arseba zebunebrivi realobaa, ro-
melic aris WeSmariteba, codna da bedniereba.
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, religiuri rwmenis aseTi mravalferovneba imaze mi-
uTiTebs, Tu raoden rTulad gadasawyveti problemis winaSe idga kongresi, rodesac
samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisufleba dauSva. es garemoeba imasac usvams xazs, ra-
oden didi yuradReba dasWirda kongress imisTvis, rom sworad Camoeyalibebina sam-
300
xedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebis pirobebi, romlebic winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda
mosuliyo religiuri rwmenisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomis dauSveblobis karga xnis
win damkvidrebul politikasTan.
Tumca, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mainc arsebobda garkveuli saxelmZRvanelo
principebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac SeiZleboda msjeloba konkretuli piris sam-
xedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebis sakiTxze. 1940 wlis aqtSi Sesworebis SetaniT
kongresma mizanmimarTulad Secvala sityva „RmerTi~ uzenaesi arsebiT, raTa gaefar-
Toebina kanonis moqmedebis sfero. kongresma aseve Tavi Seikava uzenaesi arsebis
bunebis ganmartebisgan, miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris gafrTxi-
leba, romlis mixedviTac TviT sityva „RmerTs~ morwmuneTaTvis sxvadasxvagvari
mniSvneloba aqvs. garda amisa, samxedro samsaxurSi seleqciuri gawvevis Sesaxeb aqtis
mixedviT, samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebis ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo prin-
cipad aRiarebulia „religiuri ganaTleba da mrwamsi~.
sabolood, uzenaesma sasamarTlom zemoTqmuli Semdegi testis saxiT Camoayali-
ba: gulwrfeli da gonivruli mrwamsi, romelic misi mflobelisTvis igivea, rac sxve-
bisaTvis, (vinc samxedro samsaxurisgan Tavisufldeba) _ RmerTi, Seesabameba sakanon-
mdeblo ganmartebas.
daskvnis saxiT sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom zigers marTlac hqonda religiuri
mrwamsi. am gulwrfeli mrwamsis fonze, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, sabWo aucileb-
lad gaaTavisuflebda mas samxedro samsaxurisgan, zemoT moyvanili testi rom ga-
moeyenebina. sasamarTlos azriT, mrwamss, romelmac masSi winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia,
mis cxovrebaSi is adgili ekava, romelic tradiciul RvTaebas uWiravs misi megob-
rebis, kvakerebis cxovrebaSi. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom SeiZleboda, zigers naTlad
ver moexdina imis demonstrireba, Tu ras warmoadgenda misi mrwamsi ùzenaesi arse-
bis~ ordinaluri gagebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, es ar iyo
mniSvnelovani, radganac, rogorc iTqva, kongress arc ufiqria aseTi testis Semo-
Rebaze.
jekobsonis saqmeSi saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadebelma SeZlo
omisadmi misi winaaRmdegobis kavSiris demonstrireba uzenaes arsebasTan. uzenaesma
sasamarTlom daamtkica es gadawyvetileba.
rac Seexeba forest peteris saqmes, uzenaesma sasamarTlom moiyvana peteris sit-
yvebi mis mrwamsTan dakavSirebiT: „[mas] SeiZleba daerqvas uzenaesi arsebisadmi rwme-
na. ubralod, es ar aris is sityvebi, romlebsac me vxmarob~. Sesabamisad, zemoT moy-
vanili principebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom daakmayofila peteris moTxovnac.
zigeris saqmis Semdeg, 1967 wels, universaluri samxedro ganaTlebisa da samsa-
xuris Sesaxeb aqti Sesworda da amoRebul iqna termini „uzenaesi arseba~. Tumca isev
SenarCunda formulireba, rom „religiuri ganaTleba da rwmena~ ar moicavda „Ziri-
Tadad politikur, socialur an filosofiuri Sexedulebebs, an ubralod pirad
zneobriv normebs~. Sesworebuli aqtis intepretirebis ilustrirebaa saqme uelSi
SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg.
uelSi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg97

mosarCele eliot eSton uelS I I SeerTebuli Statebis saolqo sasamarTlom bra-
leulad cno samxedro ZalebSi msaxurze uaris safuZvelze da miusaja sami wliT
301
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. saapelacio sasamarTlom, mas Semdeg, rac daaskvna, rom mom-
Civnis keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobas aranairi religiuri safuZveli ar hqonda,
daamtkica pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoiTxova es saqme qvemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlodan,
raTa dava uelSis patimrobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier zigeris
saqmeSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze ganexila.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoyo is mizezebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac saapelacio
sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba miiRo da romelTa safuZvelzec mTavrobas surda zi-
gerisa da uelSis saqmeebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba.
pirveli mizezi iyo is, rom uelSma, zigerisgan gansxvavebiT, uaryo misi Sexedule-
bebis religiuroba. magaliTad, keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb gancxadebis
formis Sevsebisas zigerma brWyalebSi Casva sityva „religia~, xolo uelSi mas pir-
dapir Seexo da mogvianebiT Tavisi mrwamsis wyarod „istoriisa da sociologiis~
sferoebSi miRebuli codna daasaxela. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT,
uelSma „uaryo, rom misi winaaRmdegoba samxedro samsaxuris mimarT religiur mrwam-
sze~ iyo dafuZnebuli da daaskvna, rom „saapelacio sabWo valdebuli iyo daejere-
bina misi sityvebisTvis~.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, zigeris saqmis uelSis saqmisgan gansxvavebis
aseTi mcdeloba arasworia im mizezis gamo, rom is gadametebul yuradRebas uTmobs
ganmcxadeblis mier sakuTari rwmenis interpretacias. misi mosazrebiT, uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gancxadeba zigeris saqmeSi, rom ganmcxadeblis mier sakuTari rwmenis
daxasiaTebas didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos, ar niSnavda, rom am saqmeSic ganmcxa-
deblis mier Tavisi Sexedulebebis arareligiurad cnobas aseve didi mniSvneloba
unda miniWeboda. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, rodesac piri acxadebs, rom misi
winaaRmdegoba omis mimarT religiur xasiaTs atarebs — es informacia sakmaod
relevanturia im sakiTxis gasarkvevad, ra roli aqvs am mrwamss mis cxovrebaSi. magram,
radganac cotam Tu icis sityva `religiis~ farTo buneba, amitom ganmcxadeblis
gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom misi rwmena arareligiuria, sakmaod arasando dasayr-
denia maTTvis, vinc samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebis administrirebas uzrun-
velyofs.
sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, uelSis saqme swored is SemTxvevaa, romelic zemoaRniS-
nul sakiTxs exeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom man Tavdapirvelad Tavisi rwmena daaxasiaTa,
rogorc arareligiuri, mogvianebiT sakmaod damafiqrebeli werili miswera saape-
lacio sabWos, romelSic ganacxada, rom misi rwmena namdvilad religiuri iyo, magram
„religiis eTikuri gagebiT~. man aseve ganmarta: „me vaxsene, rom adamianisTvis si-
cocxlis warTmeva ar mimaCnia religiur codvad. me megona, rom batoni bredi — ius-
ticiis departamentis Tanamdebobis piri, romelic ixilavda uelSis saCivars _ re-
ligias misi tradiciuli gagebiT gulisxmobda, amitom, sruliad gulwrfeli rom
vyofiliyavi, me ar damixasiaTebia Cemi rwmena, rogorc religiuri~.
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, meore mizezi, romelze dayrdnobiTac mTavroba cdi-
lobda am ori saqmis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebas, iyo is, rom zigerisgan gansxvave-
biT, uelSis Sexedulebebi, „ZiriTadad politikuri, sociologiuri an filosofiuri
Sexedulebebi an ubralod piradi zneobrivi kodeqsi~ iyo. adgilobrivi sabWosadmi
302
uelSis werilSi vkiTxulobT: „me SemiZlia mxolod vimoqmedo imis mixedviT, Tu vin
var me da rogori Sexeduleba maqvs ama Tu im sakiTxze. me vfiqrob, rom samxedro
sistema umiznod xarjavs adamianur da materialur resurss da aRvivebs indiferen-
tulobas adamianuri saWiroebebisa da miznebis mimarT. me vfiqrob, rom saSualebebi,
romlebiTac Cven vcdilobT „davicvaT~ Cveni cxovrebis wesi, radikalurad cvlis
amave cxovrebis wess. me aseve vfiqrob, rom Tu ar vaRiarebT Cvens politikur, so-
cialur da ekonomikur realobebs, Cven, rogorc eri, ver avasrulebT im pasuxis-
mgeblobas, rac gvakisria.~
uzenaesi sasamarTlos azriT, piroba, rom keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba ar unda
emyarebodes „politikur, sociologiur an filosofiur Sexedulebebs, an ubralod
pirad zneobriv normebs~, ar gulisxmobs calsaxad imas, rom aseTi Sexedulebebis
mqone pirebi ar SeiZleba gaTavisufldnen samxedro samsaxurisgan. Tu pirs marTlac
myari Sexedulebebi aqvs qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovan saSinao da sagareo sakiTxebze,
an, Tundac, omSi monawileobis winaaRmdeg misi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba, arse-
biTad, emyareba Sexedulebebs saxelmwifo politikaze, is SeiZleba gaTavisufldes
samxedro samsaxurisgan. magram, Tu piris Sexedulebebi ar aris myari, an misi winaaR-
mdegoba omis mimarT saerTod ar efuZneba zneobriv, eTikur an religiur principebs,
aramed emyareba mTlianad politikas, pragmatizmsa da racionalobas, maSin is ar
SeiZleba gaTavisufldes samxedro samsaxurisgan.
uelSis gancxadebiT, mas „sjeroda, rom adamianisTvis sicocxlis warTmeva zne-
obrivi codva iyo~. Tavdapirvel gancxadebaSi man aseTi ram dawera: „me mjera, rom
adamianis sicocxle TavisTavad Rirebuli ramaa. Sesabamisad, aravis mivayeneb zians,
arc movklav. es mrwamsi (da Sesabamisi valdebuleba, Tavi Sevikavo sxvis mimarT Zala-
dobisgan) ar aris ufro aRmatebuli, vidre is, romelic adamianebs Soris urTier-
Tobis Sedegad warmoiSoba. es aris mrwamsi, romelic gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
adamianebs Soris urTierTobaSi. Sesabamisad, me ar SemiZlia davemorCilo saxelmwi-
fos moTxovnas da vikisro is valdebulebebi, romlebic, Cemi azriT, amoraluri da
winaaRmdegobrivia~. uelSis am mrwamsze da saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvnis safuZ-
velze, rom uelSs marTlac gaaCnda aseTi mrwamsi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita,
rom is imsaxurebda samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebas.
mosamarTle harlenis Tanmxvedri azri

mosamarTlis azriT, konstituciuri sakiTxi, romelsac pasuxi unda gascemoda
am saqmeSi, iyo is, hqonda Tu ara kongress ufleba, mieRo kanoni, romelic pirs sam-
xedro samsaxurisgan mxolod maSin aTavisuflebda, Tu misi Sexedulebebi Teistur
religiur mrwamss eyrdnoboda. mosamarTlis mixedviT, kongress, ra Tqma unda, SeeZ-
lo konstituciis daurRvevlad ar gaeTavisuflebina keTilsindisieri winaaRmde-
gobis ganmcxadeblebi samxedro samsaxurisgan. aseTi kursi „neitraluri~ iqneboda
da, misi azriT, ar daarRvevda aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulas. Tumca kon-
gress, radganac arCia, rom daeSva samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisufleba, ar SeeZ-
lo gaevlo zRvari Teistur da araTeistur religiur mrwamssa da sekularul mrwamss
Soris. aseTi gansxvaveba, mosamarTlis azriT, ar Seesabameboda konstituciis pirveli
Sesworebis religiis dawesebis princips.
marqsistuli komunizmi, rogorc religia. komunizmis mkvlevrebi xSirad axasi-
aTeben mas, rogorc religias. komunizmi adamianuri urTierTobis farTo mimoxilvas
303
moicavs da marqsistul morals da cxovrebis wess gvTavazobs. advilia paralelebis
gavleba komunistur ierarqiasa da misionerebsa da qristianul ierarqiasa da misi-
onerebs Soris. komunizmi gvTavazobs „socialur xsnas~ usamarTlobis aRmofxvris
Semdeg, gansxvavebiT qristianuli religiisgan, romelic aseTi gadarCenis SesaZleb-
lobas sikvdilis Semdeg xedavs, rodesac samarTlianoba izeimebs. komunisturi rwme-
na, rom klasobrivi brZola gardauvalia da rom es brZola proletariatis gamarj-
vebiT damTavrdeba, winaswarmetyvelebis garkveuli formaa. marTlac, marqsis bevri
idea bibliidanaa gadmoRebuli.
komunizmi ar iTvleba religiad konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis miznebidan
gamomdinare. Tumca Tu sityva „RmerTi~ amoRebuli iqneba religiis ganmartebidan,
ratom ar SeiZleba komunizmi religiad CavTvaloT? yvelaze martivi argumenti is
aris, rom Tavad komunizmi ar aRiarebs sakuTar Tavs religiad. magram davuSvaT,
komunisturma partiam ganacxada pretenzia imaze, rom misi moZRvreba aRiarebul
iqnes religiad. SeuSlis ki politikuri xasiaTi mis religiad kvalificirebas? gana
islami naklebad samarTlianad iTvleba religiad, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas didi
politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs centraluri aziis mravali qveynisTvis?
arCeviTi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba. roca vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg opo-
zicia gaZlierda, gaCnda keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis axali saxe. vietnamis omis
mowinaaRmdegeni ar iyvnen mxolod tradiciuli pacifistebi, romlebsac swamdaT,
rom omi arasodes araa gamarTlebuli saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad.
am omis mowinaaRmdegeebSi iyvnen iseTebic, romelTac swamdaT, rom omi garkveuli
garemoebebisas zneobrivad dasaSvebi da aucilebelic kia, magram yovelnairad ga-
umarTlebelia sxva SemTxvevaSi. aseTi pozicia cnobilia „SerCeviTi keTilsindisieri
winaaRmdegobis~ saxeliT.
uelSis saqmis Semdeg sasamarTlom ori msgavsi saqme ganixila. porter jiletis
saqme uelSis saqmes ori garemoebiT waagavda: vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg misi protesti
„myar religiur, eTikur da zneobriv Sexedulebebs~ emyareboda. aseve, uelSis msgav-
sad, manac uari ganacxada, damorCileboda samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis moTxovnas.
luis negrma kaTolikuri seminaria daamTavra. man kargad icoda vatikanis meore
msoflio saeklesio krebis gancxadeba usamarTlo omis dagmobis Sesaxeb: „saomari
qmedeba, romelic mimarTulia nebismieri qalaqisa Tu vrceli adgilis gasanadgureb-
lad iq mcxovreb mosaxleobasTan erTad, danaSaulia RmerTisa da Tavad adamianis
winaaRmdeg. aseTi qmedeba erTmniSvnelovnad da dauyovnebliv imsaxurebs dagmobas.~
negrma es swavleba vietnamis omis mimarT gamoiyena da gadawyvita, rom es konkretuli
omi ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo gamarTlebuli, TviTon mas ki ar SeeZlo emsaxura jarSi.
negri uelSisgan Semdegi ori mizeziT gansxvavdeboda: mas ar gamouxatavs winaaRmde-
goba samxedro samsaxuris, rogorc aseTis, mimarT da ukve iyo samxedro samsaxurSi,
rodesac uari ganacxada ufrosis brZanebebis Sesrulebaze vietnamSi gamgzavrebis
Taobaze. garda amisa, brZanebis Sesrulebaze negris uari ar emyareboda bundovan
„yofierebis safuZvels~, aramed efuZneboda misi eklesiis swavlebas iseTi konfliq-
tebis zneobriobaze, rogoric vietnamis omi iyo.
arsebobs kidev erTi gansxvaveba uelSisa da jiletis saqmeebs Soris. uelSis saq-
meSi sasamarTlom farTo mniSvnelobiT ganmarta kanoni. jiletisa da negris saqme-
ebSi ki sasamarTlom sityvasityviT miiRo kanonis ena da gaTavisufleba mxolod
304
maTTvis dauSva, „vinc keTilsindisierad ewinaaRmdegeboda omSi nebismieri formiT
monawileobas~. es ori saqme daxasiaTebul iqna, rogorc „yvelaferi an araferi: ar-
CeviTi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis marcxi~.
winamdebare saqmeebi warmoaCens sakiTxs imis Taobaze, aTavisuflebs Tu ara ada-
mians samxedro samsaxurisgan konkretuli omis da ara zogadad omis mimarT keTil-
sindisieri winaaRmdegoba. kerZod, sasamarTlos unda gadaewyvita, konkretuli omis
mimarT winaaRmdegoba iyo Tu ara samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebis safuZve-
li. orive aseve eyrdnoboda konstituciur principebs, romlebic krZalavs saxel-
mwifos mier religiis gamoxatvis regulirebas da moiTxovs saxelmwifos mier ne-
itralobis dacvas religiis mimarT.
negri larsenis winaaRmdeg98

sasamarTlos mixedviT, imisTvis, rom ganisazRvros konkretuli omis mimarT ke-
Tilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis samarTlebrivi statusi, yuradReba unda mieqces aq-
tis me-6 muxlis Semdeg frazas: „keTilsindisierad ewinaaRmdegeba omSi nebismieri
formiT monawileobas~. es fraza, misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba mxolod ise
iqnes gagebuli, rom omTan da samxedro samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli sindisis qenjna
keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobas unda warmoadgendes nebismier omSi monawileobaze.
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, sityvebi —
„nebismieri formiT~ omis modifikaciaa Tu omSi monawileobis. azris damaxinjeba
iqneboda, rom fraza „omSi monawileoba~ gagebuli ar yofiliyo, rogorc „monawile-
oba yvela saxis omSi~, radgan sityva „omi~ isev zogadi mniSvnelobiT iqneba gamoye-
nebuli — omi, rogorc aseTi. am normis analizis Sedegad sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis ganmcxadebeli nebismieri formis oms unda ewina-
aRmdgebodes.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, momCivnis moTxovnis ZiriTadi sisuste is iyo,
rom me-6 muxli ubralod, ar atarebs diskriminaciul xasiaTs religiuri seqtebisa
da rwmenis mimarT, garda, ra Tqma unda, iseTi rwmenisa, romelic oms exeba. aRniSnuli
muxli ambobs, rom is, vinc keTilsindisierad ewinaaRmdegeba oms, gaTavisufldeba
samxedro samsaxurisgan. mTavari moTxovna, romelsac keTilsindisieri protestis
ganmcxadebeli unda akmayofilebdes, aris is, rom misi rwmena unda emyarebodes „re-
ligiur ganaTlebasa da rwmenas~ da aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, romel religiur
mimdinareobas miekuTvneba igi. Sesabamisad, kongresis mier samxedro samsaxurisgan
piris gaTavisuflebisTvis Seqmnili struqtura Seesabameba mis mier arCeul grZel-
vadian politikas sxvadasxva religiebisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomis dauSveblobis
Sesaxeb.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos azriT, ar arsebobda sababi, ganxiluliyo moT-
xovna imis Sesaxeb, rom, Tu kongresi aTavisuflebs samxedro samsaxurisgan konkre-
tuli religiis mimdevrebs, sasamarTlom an saerTod unda gaauqmos aseTi gaTavisuf-
leba, an ise ganavrcos igi, rom yvela religia moicvas. mosarCele daobda imaze,
rom, radgan kongresma aRiara erTi tipis keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba, maSin dawe-
sebis klauzula avaldebulebda mas, daeSva da daecva sxva tipis keTilsindisieri
winaaRmdegobac.
305
garda imisa, rom saxelmwifos sWirdeba adamianuri resursi omSi, sasamarTlos az-
riT, samxedro gawvevis administrirebaSi centraluri interesi mdgomareobs samar-
Tlianobis dacvaSi imis gansazRvrisas, Tu „vin imsaxurebs, rodesac yvela ar msaxu-
robs~. mTavroba amtkicebda, rom samarTlianobas safrTxe daemuqreba, Tu me-6 muxli
konkretuli omis mimarT keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobasac moicavs. aseTi winaaRm-
degobis safuZvelze gaTavisuflebis moTxovna garkveulad ganusazRvreli ganzomi-
lebis moTxovnaa da Teoriulad am safuZvelze gaTavisufleba diskriminaciuli gadaw-
yvetilebebis miRebas gamoiwvevda praqtikaSi.
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula krZalavs religiuri mrwamsis saxelmwi-
fo regulirebas an saxelmwifos Carevas religiuri ideebis gavrcelebaSi. is aseve
krZalavs saxelmwifo programebis gamoyenebas religiuri gamoxatvisTvis xelis SeS-
lis an romelime religiuri mimdinareobis diskriminaciisaTvis maSinac ki, Tu Sez-
Rudva mxolod arapirdapiri xasiaTisaa. religiis imperativebis sawinaaRmdego, ne-
itralurad maregulirebeli, saero miznis mqone kanonebis gamoyenebac ki SeiZleba
daigmos aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzuliT, Tu pirveli Sesworebis Rirebu-
lebebze dakisrebuli tvirTi gaumarTlebelia saxelmwifos legitimuri miznebidan
gamomdinare. Tumca konkretuli omis mimarT keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis ganm-
cxadeblebze samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis efeqti mTlad gaumarTlebeli ar aris.
samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis kanonebi ar ereva arc erT religiur ritualSi da ar
aniWebs upiratesobas arc erT Teologiur pozicias. xolo konkretuli tvirTi iseT
pirebze, rogoricaa momCivani, sasamarTlos azriT, mkacrad gamarTlebadia saxel-
mwifos legitimuri interesiT, uzrunvelyos adamianuri resursi saWiro samxedro
miznebisTvis.
mosamarTle duglasis gansxvavebuli azri

jiletis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT mosamarTle duglasma aRniSna, rom sasamarTlos
arasdros gaucia pasuxi kiTxvaze, SeiZleba Tu ara keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis
ganmcxadebels movTxovoT, moklas sxva adamiani, ganurCevlad imisa, misi winaaRmde-
goba „religias~ emyareba Tu zneobriv Rirebulebebs. „me vfiqrobdi, rom TiToeuli
adamianis keTildReoba warmoadgenda pirveli Sesworebis sicocxlisunarianobis
gadamwyvet tests~.
rac Seexeba saqmes negri larsenis winaaRmdeg, mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom momCiv-
nis gancxadebis safuZvelze Semdegi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleboda: kaTolikuri
religiis doqtrinebis mixedviT, pirs SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos misi saxelmwifos
mier gamocxadebul omSi, Tu aseTi omi Seesabameba misi eklesiis Sexedulebas
samarTlian omze. Sesabamisad, kaTolikes aqvs moraluri valdebuleba, ar miiRos
monawileoba usamarTlo omSi.
mosamarTlis azriT, mexuTe mcneba — „ara kac hkla~ warmoadgens samarTlian da
usamarTlo oms Soris gansxvavebis safuZvels. me-16 saukuneSi fransisko viqtoriam,
saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erTma pionerma da salamankis universitetis xelmZ-
Rvanelma es gansxvaveba Semdegnairad warmoadgina: „Tu qveSevrdomi darwmunebulia
omis usamarTlobaSi, man ar unda miiRos monawileoba masSi, Tundac es mas princma
ubrZanos. es dResaviT naTelia, radgan aravis SeuZlia daakanonos udanaSaulo ada-
mianis mkvleloba~. mas esmoda, rom yvelas ar hqonda informacia omis mizezebis Sesa-
xeb, magram, misi azriT, maTi ucodinaroba ar iyo sapatio mizezi omSi monawileobis-
306
Tvis. dRes, ukve 400 wlis Semdeg, baltimoris katexizmo uSvebs mexuTe mcnebis gamo-
nakliss „jariskacisTvis, romelic samarTlian omSi ibrZvis~.
mosamarTlis Tanaxmad, aravis SeuZlia uTxras kaTolikes, samarTliania Tu ara
esa Tu is omi. aseTi gadawyvetileba TviTon individma unda miiRos Tavisi sindisis
karnaxiTa da konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
iseve, rogorc gansxvaveba samarTlian da usamarTlo oms Soris, valdebuleba,
rom piri daemorCilos Tavis sindiss, ar aris axali doqtrina kaTolikur eklesiaSi.
naTqvamia: „Cven unda davemorCiloT RmerTs da ara adamianebs~.
tomasi sameTvalyureo sabWos winaaRmdeg99

edi tomasi, ieRovas mowme, zogadad liTongadamamuSavebeli ganyofilebidan
tankis gansazRvruli nawilis damuSavebis ganyofilebaSi gadaiyvanes. tomasma uari
ganacxada aseT samuSaoze, radgan, misi TqmiT, rwmena ukrZalavda sabrZolo iaraRe-
bis damuSavebaSi monawileobas. saxelmwifom argumentad moiyvana, rom, misgan gansx-
vavebiT, sxva ieRovas mowmeebi Tanaxma iyvnen emuSavaT iaraRis damuSavebis ganyofi-
lebaSi. saqmeze uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare burgerma ganacxada, rom sasa-
marTlos kompetenciaSi ar Sedioda imis garkveva, vis hqonda ufro sworad gagebuli
am seqtis moZRvreba, momCivans Tu sxva momuSave ieRovas mowmeebs. misive gancxade-
biT, sasamarTlo ar warmoadgens sulieri interpretaciebis msajuls da am konk-
retul saqmeSi man unda gaarkvios, gulwrfelia Tu ara mosarCele imis gancxadebisas,
rom rwmena ukrZalavs aseTi formiT muSaobas. am saqmeSi sasamarTlom uaryo qvem-
dgomi sasamarTlos Sexeduleba, rom religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis dakmayo-
fileba yovelTvis religiis dauSvebel dawesebas warmoadgens. mxolod mosamarTle
renkvisti ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas da yuradReba gaamaxvila re-
ligiis Sesaxeb konstituciur debulebaSi, religiis dawesebis dauSveblobisa da aR-
msareblobis Tavisuflebis gamoxatvis principebs Soris winaaRmdegobaze.
mosamarTle renkvistis gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTlis azriT, religiis dawesebisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis kla-
uzulebs Soris konfliqtis sami mizezi arsebobs. pirveli mizezia mzardi sazoga-
doebrivi keTildReobis kanonmdebloba, romelic sul ufro masStabur xasiaTs iZens.
meore mizezia sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, rom pirveli Sesworeba
inkorporirebulia me-14 SesworebaSi (strombergi kaliforniis winaaRmdeg100 ). mesame
mizezad mosamarTlem daasaxela zogadad sasamarTloebis mier orive klauzulis
zedmetad farTo interpretireba. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, sasamarTlo mudmivad
aviwroebda im „gasasvlels~, romelic nebismier saxelmwifo qmedebas unda gaevlo,
raTa konstituciuri Semowmebis msxverpli ar gamxdariyo.
mosamarTlis azriT, verc erTi am mizezTa Soris ver iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli
maT mier, vinc miiRo pirveli Sesworeba. pirveli Sesworeba maSin iqna miRebuli, ro-
desac sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis kanonmdebloba ar iyo masStaburi xasiaTis da
federalur xelisuflebasac sakmaod SezRuduli uflebamosileba hqonda. Sesaba-
misad, imis albaTobac mcire iyo, rom es ori klauzula erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi
movidoda.
daskvnis saxiT mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom, radganac isini, vinc miiRo pirveli
Sesworeba, ver gaiTvaliswinebdnen sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis kanonmdeblobis
307
masStabebis zrdas an pirveli Sesworebis inkorporirebas me-14 SesworebaSi, ar iyo
cnobili, rogori mosazreba eqnebodaT maT dRes am ori klauzulis moqmedebis
farglebis Taobaze.
SabaTis wesis aRsruleba
`daicavi SabaTi dRe, rom wmidad Seinaxo igi, rogorc ufals, Sens RmerTs,
ubrZanebia. eqvs dRes imuSave da akeTe yvela Seni saqme. meSvide dRe uflis,
Seni RmerTis SabaTia: araferi saqme ar akeTo arc Sen, arc Senma vaJma, arc
Senma asulma, arc Senma ymawvilma, arc Senma xarma, arc Senma saxedarma, arc
erTma Senma pirutyvma, da arc Senma mdgmurma, romelic Sens qalaqebSi
cxovrobs, rom daisvenos Senma ymam da ymaqalma SenTan erTad. gaxsovdes,
rom yma iyavi Senc egviptis qveyanaSi da gamogiyvana iqidan ufalma, Senma
RmerTma, magari xeliT da SemarTuli mklaviT. amitom gibrZana ufalma,
Senma RmerTma SabaTi dRis Senaxva.~
meore rjuli 5: 12-15
SabaTis msaxureba qvemoT ormagi efeqtis principiT ganixileba. aq warmodgenilia

ori magaliTi, romlebic SabaTis msaxurebasTan aris dakavSirebuli Sromis kanonm-
deblobis farglebSi. pirveli SabaTis wesis damcvelisaTvis umuSevrobis kompensa-
ciis gacemas ukavSirdeba. meore ki Seexeba damqiraveblis valdebulebas, samoqalaqo
uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavis safuZvelze moaxdinos daqiravebuli piris religiuri
msaxurebis, maT Soris SabaTis wesis dacvis Sesabamisi adaptacia.
Serberti verneris winaaRmdeg101

apelanti, meSvide dRis adventisti, samxreTkarolinelma damqiravebelma samsa-
xuridan daiTxova, radgan am qalbatons Tavisi sarwmunoeba SabaT dRes muSaobas
ukrZalavda. axal samsaxurSi mowyoba imave sarwmunoebrivi mizeziT ver moxerxda.
umuSevrad darCenilma qalbatonma samxreT karolinis umuSevrobis sakompensacio
aqtis safuZvelze sakompensacio Tanxa moiTxova. kanonis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom
adamianma Semweoba miiRos, mas unda „SeeZlos Sroma... an samuSaos unda Seesabame-
bodes~. Semdgom ki naTqvamia, rom adamiani im SemTxvevaSi ver miiRebs Semweobas „Tu...
man safuZvliani mizezis gareSe uari ganacxada damsaqmeblis mier SeTavazebul Se-
sabamis samuSaoze~. dasaqmebis komisiam es qalbatoni swored am debulebas dauqvemde-
bara, radgan man uari ganacxada „damsaqmeblis mier SeTavazebul Sesabamis samuSa-
oze~... am gadawyvetilebas mxari dauWira spartanburgis olqis sajaro saCivrebis
sasamarTlom, Semdeg ki samxreT karolinis uzenaesma sasamarTlom. Statis uzenaesma
sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom momCivnis moTxovnis uaryofa kompensaciis mi-
Rebaze mis arc erT konstituciur uflebas ar arRvevda, radgan statutis aseTi
ganmarteba „aranairad ar zRudavs apelantis religiis Tavisuflebas da mas arc
religiuri mrwamsis sakuTari sindisis Sesabamisad gamoxatvaSi uSlis xels~. uzena-
esma sasamarTlom es gadawyvetileba gaauqma.
niSnavs Tu ara Semweobis gacemaze uaris Tqma apelantis religiis Tavisuflad
aRmsareblobis garkveuli saxiT SezRudvas? cxadia, religiuri principebisa da msa-
308
xurebisTvis msgavsi SezRudvis Sedegebi SeiZleba mxolod Statis keTildReobis
kanonmdeblobis arapirdapir Sedegs warmoadgendes. adgili ara aqvs kriminaluri
sanqciis gziT apelantis iZulebas, kviraSi eqvsi dRe imuSaos. Tumca, „Tu kanonis
mizans an Sedegs warmoadgens erTi an yvela religiis msaxurebis Seferxeba, an reli-
giebs Soris usamarTlo gamorCeva, kanoni arakonstituciurad iTvleba arapirdapiri
zemoqmedebis pirobebSic ki~ (braunfeldi braunis winaaRmdeg102 ). aq TvalnaTliv Cans,
rom qalbatons Semweobis miRebaze uari ganucxades ara mxolod religiuri msaxu-
rebis gamo, aramed zewolis mizniT, raTa mas uari eTqva am religiuri wesis Sesru-
lebaze. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba mas, erTi mxriv, rwmenasa da Semweobas Soris
arCevanis gakeTebas, meore mxriv ki sakuTari sarwmunoebis erT-erTi mcnebis uaryo-
fas aiZulebda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, samxreT karolinis sasamarTlos mier statutis
ganmarteba konstituciurad aramyaria. igi efuZneba Sexedulebas, rom dausaqmeb-
lobis sakompensacio Semweoba warmoadgens apelantis ara „uflebas~, aramed mxolod
„privilegias~. dRes eWvs aRar iwvevs, rom Semweobaze an privilegiaze uaris Tqma an
maT misaRebad garkveuli pirobebis wayeneba religiisa da misi gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
lebas arRvevs.
am SemTxvevaSi daculi saxelmwifo interesi saerTod ar Seesabameba im intere-
sebs, romlebic religiur msaxurebaze SedarebiT nakleb pirdapir zemoqmedebas amar-
Tlebs. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom kvira dRes vaWrobisa da muSaobis amkrZalavi kanoni
gamoiwvevda „(orTodoqsi ebraeli vaWrebis) ... religiur ritualTa aRsrulebis uf-
ro gaZvirebas”. Tumca statuti mxardaWerili iqna gamawonasworebeli faqtoriT —
yvela muSisTvis unificirebuli dasvenebis dRis dawesebis mZlavri saxelmwifo inte-
resiT. SabaTis wesis damcvelisTvis kanonis moTxovnebisgan gaTavisufleba gamoiw-
vevda seriozul administraciul problemas, an gaTavisuflebul klass imdenad didi
upiratesoba mieniWeboda, rom mTel sistemas araqmediTad aqcevda. mocemul SemTx-
vevaSi arc erTi aseTi gamamarTlebeli garemoeba ar SeiZleba iyos safuZveli Statis
sasamarTlos gansazRvrebisTvis, romlis mixedviTac apelantis religia warmoadgens
dabrkolebas Semweobis misaRebad.
mosamarTle stiuartis Tanmxvedri azri

samxreT karolinis StatisTvis moTxovnis wayeneba, moaxdinos kanonebis adminis-
trireba apelantisTvis kompensaciis gadasaxdelad, niSnavs, Stats ardawesebis kla-
uzulis darRvevisaken vubiZgoT sasamarTlos mier dRes Camoyalibebuli formuli-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es garemoeba CemTvis problemas ar warmoadgens, radgan vfiq-
rob, rom dawesebis klauzulis sasamarTlo koncefcia istoriulad aramyari da kon-
stituciurad mcdaria. vfiqrob, religiis Tavisuflebis garantia, romelic aRmsa-
reblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulaSia Cadebuli, xelisuflebas uyenebs mtkice moT-
xovnas, Seqmnas keTilganwyobisa da Tanxmobis atmosfero individualuri rwmenisa
Tu urwmunoebisTvis. mokled, vfiqrob, rom konstitucia xelisuflebas avaldebu-
lebs, daicvas ara mxolod umciresobis an umravlesobis, aramed yoveli Cvenganis
religiis Tavisufleba.
mosamarTle harlenis gansxvavebuli azri, romelsac SeurTda mosamarTle uaiti

samxreT karolinis uzenaesma sasamarTlom es kanoni sakuTar ganzraxvas moargo.
309
man Tanmimdevrulad daasabuTa, rom adamiani „Seuferebelia samuSaosTvis~, Tu misi
dausaqmebloba ganpirobebulia ara sawarmos uunarobiT uzrunvelyos samsaxuriT,
aramed piradi motivebiT.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi yovelive is, rac Statis sasamarTlom gaakeTa, aris aRiare-
buli principebiT sargebloba. spartanburgis yvela fabrika eqvsdRian samuSao gra-
fiks icavda. apelanti „samuSaosTvis Seuferebeli~ aRmoCnda da, amgvarad, Semweobac
ar ekuTvnoda, radgan piradma Sexedulebam xeli SeuSala, dasaqmebuliyo sruli sa-
muSao dRiT mrewvelobis im dargSi da im adgilze, sadac adre muSaobda. is, rom
piradi Sexedulebebi mis religiur mrwamss efuZneboda, araarsebiTi aRmoCnda Statis
sasamarTlos mier kanoniT sargeblobisas. amrigad, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Statma
diskriminacia ganaxorciela apelantis mimarT misi religiuri Sexedulebebis gamo,
an rom mas Semweobis miRebaze imis gamo eTqva uari, rom igi meSvide dRis adventisti
gaxldaT. am Semweobis miRebaze misi moTxovnis uaryofa imave mizeziT moxda, ra mize-
ziTac uaryofdnen sxvebis moTxovnebs, romlebic piradi mizezebiT aRmoCndnen
„samsaxurisTvis Seuferebelni~.
am fonze, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ufro naTeli xdeba. sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT, Tu Stati irCevs, rom dausaqmeblobis kompensacia miakuTvnos pirs
misi samsaxureobrivi vargisianobis gamo, aseTi midgoma ewinaaRmdegeba saqmeSi braun-
fildi braunis winaaRmdeg miRebul gadawyvetilebas, sadac sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula ar darRveula Statis mier SabaTis wesis
damcvelTa moTxovnis uaryofiT, ewarmoebinaT biznesi kvira dRes. braunfildis saq-
meSi kvira dRes muSaobisa da vaWrobis amkrZalavi kanonebidan gamonaklisebis daSveba
SabaTis wesis damcvelTaTvis Seusabamo iqneboda kanonis saero mizanTan, uzrunveleyo
sayovelTao dasvenebis dRe da sasamarTlos iZulebuls gaxdida religiuri rwmenebis
Semowmeba moexdina TiToeul saqmeSi. aqac gamonaklisebis daSveba religiur niadagze
Seqmnida maTi sasamarTlo Semowmebis saWiroebas da winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda kanonis
SezRudul mizanTan, wesrigSi moeyvana ekonomika industriuli arastabilurobis pe-
riodSi.
muSa-mosamsaxuris religiuri moqmedebisa da rwmenebis gonivruli adapta-
ciis valdebuleba. 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavi ukanonod miiCnevs
damqiraveblis mier muSaxelis diskriminacias religiur niadagze. religia gansazR-
vrulia rogorc „moqmedebis, ise rwmenis momcvelad, sanam damqiravebeli ver SeZ-
lebs daamtkicos, rom mas ar SeuZlia gonivruli adaptacia moaxdinos ... misi biznesi-
saTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe~. lari g. hardisoni iyo axali wevri uflis msoflio
eklesiisa, romlis mixedviTac, ar SeiZleba muSaoba paraskevis daisidan SabaTis da-
isamde. hardisoni muSaobda centralur saerTaSoriso msoflio aviaxazebSi, romelic
dRe-RameSi 24 saaTs da kviraSi Svid dRes muSaobs. man uari ganacxada SabaTs muSa-
obaze. aviaxazebis wesebis mixedviT hardisons ar hqonda SabaTs muSaobaze uaris
TqmisaTvis aucilebeli samuSao staJi. aviaxazebi uaryofda profkavSirebis daJine-
bul moTxovnas samuSao staJTan dakavSirebuli wesebis Secvlis Taobaze da Sesabami-
sad, hardisoni gaTavisuflebul iqna samuSaodan. saolqo sasamarTlom sma-s sasar-
geblod gamoitana gadawyvetileba. saapelacio sasamarTlom ki daadgina, rom dar-
Rveuli iyo V I I Tavi. saerTaSoriso msoflio aviaxazebi hardisonis winaaRmdeg103 saq-
meSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom, romlis gadawyvetilebac mosamarTle uaitma gadmosca,
310
miiCnia, rom sma-s mier hardisonis religiuri rwmenis adaptacia gaumarTlebel zians
miayenebda mas. rogorc uaiti wers, mocemul SemTxvevaSi damqiraveblis valdebu-
leba gonivruli angariSgawevisa ar gulisxmobs minimalur danaxarjze mets, da rom
damqiravebeli ar aris valdebuli moaxdinos muSaxelis Canacvleba, koleqtiuri xel-
SekrulebiT dadgenili samuSao staJis sistemis xelyofiT. sasamarTlom aRniSna,
rom hardisonisTvis SabaTis dasvenebis dRed micema niSnavda imas, rom „SabaTs das-
venebis privilegia religiuri rwmenis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda~.
sarwmunoebaze moqceva. ori wlisa da eqvsi Tvis muSaobis Semdeg paula hobim
Tavis damqiravebels ganucxda, rom igi meSvide dRis adventistebis eklesiaSi unda
moinaTluliyo da SabaTs muSaobas veRar SeZlebda religiuri mizezebiT. rodesac
man uari ganacxda paraskev saRamos da SabaTs muSaobaze, damqiravebelma igi samuSa-
odan daiTxova. maSin hobim umuSevrobis kompensacia moiTxova, rac ar dakmayofilda.
hobis da Serbertis saqmeebs Soris faqtobrivi gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom hobi
meSvide dRis adventistTa rwmenaze axali moqceuli iyo. Statis sasamarTloebma
umuSevarTa saCivrebis komisiis sasargeblod gamoitanes gadawyvetileba. hobi flo-
ridis umuSevarTa saCivrebis komisiis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi104 uzenaesma sasamarTlom
sapirispiro gadawyvetileba miiRo. Serbertis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis
avtorma, mosamarTle brenanma, romelmac gadmosca sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba,
aRniSna: „komisia Cvengan moiTxovs, rom religiaze axalmoqceuls gansxvavebulad,
naklebi keTilganwyobiT mivudgeT, vidre misi sarwmunoebis sxva mimdevrebs. Cven
uars vacxadebT aseT qmedebaze ... hobis moqcevis dro araarsebiTia Cveni azrisaTvis
imis Sesaxeb, rom misi aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba dairRva~.
religiis gamoxatva samuSao adgilze
religiis gamoxatva federalur samuSao adgilze. 1997 wlis 14 agvistos pre-

zidentma klintonma gamosca saprezidento direqtiva, romelic aregulirebda re-
ligiur RvTismsaxurebas da religiis gamoxatvas federalur samuSao adgilebze.
direqtivis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo organoebs ar SeeZloT muSakis religiuri gamoxat-
vis regulireba misi Sinaarsis mixedviT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos interesi
ama Tu im organos efeqtianad muSaobis mimarT ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre muSakis
sityvis Tavisufleba, direqtiva miuTiTebda, rom saxelmwifo organos sityvis Ta-
visuflebis regulirebis uflebamosileba „samarTlianad da SezRudulad~ unda
gamoeyenebina.
direqtiva krZalavda raime formiT muSakis iZulebas, mieRo monawileoba an, pi-
riqiT, ar mieRo monawileoba religiur saqmianobaSi. direqtiva icavda muSaks reli-
giuri diskriminaciuli daSinebisgan, religiuri motiviT Seuracxyofis an abuCad
agdebisgan, rogorc misi ufrosis, aseve sxva muSakebis mier. direqtivis Tanaxmad,
muSakebs SeeZloT gamoexataT da gaeziarebinaT TavianTi religiuri Sexedulebebi
sxva TanamSromlebisTvis, rac SeiZleba mxolod iseT regulirebas yofiliyo daq-
vemdebarebuli, romelic efuZneboda dawesebulebis efeqtianad funqcionirebisTvis
xelis SeSlis gonivrul varauds.
direqtiva, Seesabameboda ra samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavs, awesebda, rom
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis arc erT saxelmwifo organos ar SeeZlo daewina-
urebina, an uari eTqva dawinaurebaze, daeqiravebina, an uari eTqva daqiravebaze, an
311
sxvagvarad upiratesoba mieniWebina an, piriqiT, SeezRuda muSaki an potenciuri mu-
Saki misi religiis, religiuri mrwamsisa Tu religiuri Sexedulebis gamo.
direqtiva miuTiTebda, rom samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavi avaldebulebda yvela
damqiravebels, maT Soris saxelmwifo organoebsac, gonivrul farglebSi daekmayofile-
binaT konkretuli religiuri RvTismsaxurebis moTxovnebi. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo
organos Tavisi samuSao ganrigi muSakTa religiuri msaxurebisTvis unda Seesabamebina,
Tu muSakis mier samsaxuris gacdena ar warmoSobda zedmet sirTules dawesebulebis
funqcionirebisTvis. muSaks SeeZlo etarebina religiuri samosi, Tu es xels ar uSlida
organizaciis funqcionirebas. 1993 wlis religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqtis mixedviT,
„im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizaciis samuSao wesi arsebiTad zRudavs konkretuli muSakis
religiur gamoxatvas, maSin organizaciam unda gaaTavisuflos muSaki aseTi wesisgan, Tu
organizacias ara aqvs arsebiTi daintereseba aseT gaTavisuflebaze uaris saTqmelad da
ar arsebobs sxva naklebad SemzRudavi saSualeba, romelic xels Seuwyobda organizaciis
am interesis aRsrulebas.~
1964 wels miRebuli samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavi krZalavs muSakis samu-
Saoze ayvanas diskriminaciuli safuZvliT. aqtis mixedviT, dauSvebelia „... indivi-
dis daqiravebaze uaris Tqma an misi gaTavisufleba, an sxvagvarad misi diskriminacia
kompensaciiT, samuSao pirobebiT an samuSao privilegiebiT, misi rasis, religiis,
sqesisa Tu warmoSobis niadagze~.
kerZo damqiraveblebis pozitiuri valdebuleba, daakmayofilon muSakTa re-
ligiuri mrwamsisa da RvTismsaxurebis moTxovnebi. garda imisa, rom samoqalaqo
uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavi krZalavda samuSaoze ayvanisas religiur niadagze diskri-
minacias, is aseve akisrebda damqiravebels pozitiur valdebulebas, daekmayofile-
bina muSakis religiuri moTxovnebi. gamonakliss am wesidan warmoadgenda is SemTx-
veva, rodesac damqiravebeli aCvenebda, rom mas ar SeeZlo gonivrul farglebSi da-
ekmayofilebina muSakis an momavali muSakis religiuri ritualis moTxovnebi, an
aCvenebda, rom aseTi moTxovnis dakmayofileba gamoiwvevda misi saqmianobis zedmet
garTulebas.
winamdebare saqmeSi damqiravebels surda religiis gavrceleba samuSao proces-
ze. jeik da helen Tounlebi qristianebi iyvnen, romelTac ar SeeZloT religiisa da
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis, maT Soris Tounlebis kompaniis saqmianobis gamijvna. 1963
wels, rodesac daaarses Tounlebis kompania, romelic maRaros aparaturas awar-
moebda, maT dades fici, rom maTi biznesi qristianul mrwamsze orientirebuli iqne-
boda. damfuZneblebis mier dadebuli fici sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeboda kompaniis
saqmianobaze. magaliTad, yovel werils, romelic kompaniidan igzavneboda, Tan erT-
voda saxareba; yovel komerciul dokumentze kompania bibliidan amonaridebs beWdav-
da; is finansurad exmareboda eklesiebsa da misionerebs; yovel kviras samuSao saaTeb-
Si marTavda religiur rituals. Tounlebma mosTxoves yvela muSaks, daswrebodnen
aRniSnul rituals, Tan RvTismsaxurebaze daxarjul dros unazRaurebdnen. ritual-
ze ardaswreba samsaxuris gacdenad iTvleboda. erT-erTma muSakma, luis pelvasma,
moiTxova aseTi ritualisgan gaTavisufleba imis safuZvelze, rom aTeisti iyo. kom-
paniis xelmZRvanelobam ganucxada pelvass, rom daswreba am ritualze savaldebulo
iyo da rom mas daswrebas avaldebulebda muSakTa cnobari, romelzedac xeli hqonda
mowerili. Tumca, xelmZRvanelobis gancxadebiT, pelvass SeeZlo aseTi ritualebis
312
dros daeZina, an sulac gazeTi waekiTxa. pelvasma ganagrZo ritualebze daswreba,
magram or TveSi dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofis komisiis daxma-
rebiT sarCeli Seitana sasamarTloSi religiuri diskriminaciis motiviT da datova
kompania.
dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofis komisia

Tounlis sainJinro-samrewvelo kompaniis winaaRmdeg105
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

Tounlebis kompaniis mtkicebiT samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavis gamoyeneba
maT kompaniaSi arsebuli samuSao politikis (religiuri ritualis Catarebis) mimarT
arRvevda pirveli Sesworebis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulas.
sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom VI I Tavis moqmedeba vrceldeboda Tounlebis saval-
debulo ritualze. V I I Tavis 701(i)-e da 703(a)-e muxlebi miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom muSa-
kisTvis, misi protestis miuxedavad, religiur ritualze daswrebis moTxovna ewinaaR-
mdegeboda V I I Tavis mier religiuri diskriminaciis akrZalvas. ufro metic, sasamarTlom
aRniSna, rom 702-e muxliT V I I Tavis moqmedebisgan religiuri korporaciebis gaTavi-
suflebaSi kongresi ar gulisxmobda iseTi (samewarmeo) organizaciis dacvas, rogoric
iyo Tounlebis kompania. Tumca sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom jeik da helen Tounlebs
hqondaT aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzuliT garantirebuli garkveuli uf-
lebebi, romelTa xelyofa dauSvebeli iyo samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavis sa-
fuZvelze.
sasamarTlos interpretaciiT, 703(a)-e da 702(i)-e muxlebi qmnida ornawilian struq-
turas, romelic gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo religiasTan dakavSirebul sasamarTlo
saqmeebSi. pirveli nawili gulisxmobda, rom mosarCeles unda daesabuTebina prima facie
religiuri diskriminaciis SemTxveva.106 mas Semdeg, rac mosarCele daasabuTebda prima
facie diskriminaciis arsebobis faqts, mtkicebis tvirTi gadainacvlebda damqirave-
belze, romelsac unda daemtkicebina, rom man keTilsindisierad scada muSakis reli-
giuri mrwamsis adaptacia. Tu es cda warumatebeli iyo, mas unda daemtkicebina, rom
`SeuZlebeli iyo aseTi moTxovnis gonivrul farglebSi dakmayofileba zedmeti
garTulebis gareSe.~
pelvasma SesTavaza Tounlis, daekmayofilebina misi religiuri moTxovna reli-
giur ritualze daswrebisgan gaTavisuflebis Taobaze. pirveli instanciis sasamar-
Tlom gadawyvita, rom pelvasis moTxovnis dakmayofileba ar gamoiwvevda Tounlis
saqmianobis zedmet garTulebas. man ganacxada, rom pelvasis ritualze daswrebisgan
gaTavisufleba ar gamoiwvevda aranair xarjs Tounlis komerciuli saqmianobisTvis
da ar SeuSlida xels sxva muSakebis muSaobas.
Tounli amtkicebda, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos unda ganexla is su-
lieri tvirTi, rasac pelvasis moTxovnis dakmayofileba gamoiwvevda. saapelacio
sasamarTlom aRiara, rom am SemTxvevaSi sulier danakliss marTlac eqneboda adgi-
li. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, Tounli marTebulad acxadebda, rom „sazRauri ar
SeiZleba yovelTvis gazomil iqnes dolarebSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve sulieri
„sazRauri~. Tumca sasamarTlom eWvis qveS daayena, rom aseT „sulier sazRaurs~
SeeZlo mogebaze orientirebuli damqiraveblisTvis sirTuleebis Seqmna. sasamarT-
los mosazrebiT, moTxovnis dakmayofilebiT gamowveuli zedmeti sirTuleebis das-
313
turad ar SeiZleboda hipoTezuri sirTulis arsebobis moyvana, aramed warmodgenili
unda yofiliyo aseTi dakmayofilebiT muSakebze uSualo tvirTis dakisrebis an samu-
Sao procesis darRvevis mtkicebuleba.
sasamarTlom moiSvelia hardisonis sasamarTlo precedenti imis dasamtkiceb-
lad, rom V I I Tavi ar moiTxovda muSakebis uflebebis xelyofas damqiraveblis reli-
giuri gamoxatvis adaptaciisTvis. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom V I I Tavis 702-e muxli,
romelic gamoricxavda religiuri organizaciebis, asociaciebisa da saganmanaTleb-
lo institutebis mimarT V I I Tavis gavrcelebas, gamousadegari iyo iseTi sekularuli
organizaciisTvis, rogoric iyo Tounlis kompania.
mosamarTle nunanis gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle nunanis gancxadebiT, aRniSnul saqmeSi ar dastudeba pelvasis iZu-
leba mrwamsis uaryofis an kompaniis mflobelTa religiis sasargeblod Secvlis
Taobaze. Tavad pelvasisave gancxadebiT, mas SesTavazes, RvTismsaxurebis dros ga-
ekeTebina yurTsacvami, waekiTxa an sulac daeZina. yurTsacvamiT is ver moismenda
misi aTeizmis sawinaaRmdego religiur doqtrinas. wignis kiTxviTa da ZiliT is ar
miiRebda monawileobas religiur ritualSi.
mosamarTlem Tavisi mosazrebis sailustraciod moiyvana skolis bavSvebis Sek-
reba da maTze religiuri indoqtrinaciis ganxorcieleba. bavSvebis amgvari iZuleba,
misi azriT, aSkarad arRvevda religiis Tavisuflebas. Tumca Sekreba, romelze
daswrebazec pelvasma protesti gamoTqva, kompaniis teritoriaze gaimarTa da pel-
vasic ar iyo bavSvi. daswreba aseT ritualze, mosamarTlis azriT, ar warmoadgenda
religiur aqts. is, risi gakeTebis uflebac pelvass hqonda aseTi ritualis dros,
Tayvaniscemis sapirispiro aqti iyo. mas hqonda ufleba, sajarod gamohyofoda ritu-
als. mas hqonda ufleba, ar moesmina `religiuri mesiji~. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT,
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is daisjeboda aseTi saqcielis gamo, profkavSirebs Civilis
safuZveli eqnebodaT. mosamarTlis azriT, Tounlis kompaniam daakmayofila pel-
vasis keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba ritualze daswrebis mimarT.
eklesia, rogorc damqiravebeli: gaerTianebis warmomadgenloba da koleqti-
uri SeTanxmeba. SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo Cikagos kaTolikuri sa-
episkoposos winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo saqmeSi erovnuli sabWo irwmuneboda, rom Sro-
miTi urTierTobebis aqti mis iurisdiqciis qveS aqcevda samrevlo (religiur) sko-
lebs. lemonis sasamarTlo precedentis moSveliebiT, uzenaesma sasamarTlom ga-
nacxada, rom sabWos moTxovnis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi religiur xelmZRvane-
lobasa da sabWos Soris damyarebul mWidro urTierTkavSirs SeiZleboda Sedegad
mohyoloda religiis klauzuliT ganmtkicebuli uflebebis xelyofa. sabWos mieni-
Weboda ufleba, SeemuSavebina muSakis daqiravebis pirobebi da, Sesabamisad, SeerCia
is savaldebulo sakiTxebi, romlebic koleqtiur SeTanxmebaSi unda asaxuliyo. sa-
bolood, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom dauSvebeli iyo religiuri skolebis SromiTi
urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWos iurisdiqciisTvis daqvemdebareba. am saqmeSi Riad
darCa sakiTxi, SeuZliaT Tu ara religiuri skolebis maswavleblebs Seqmnan gaerTi-
aneba Statis Sromis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, romelic cnobilia vagneris aqtebis
saxelwodebiT. niu-iorkis episkoposis eparqiis kaTolikuri umaRlesi skola kul-
vertis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi107 sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom niu-iorkis Statis kanonm-
deblobaSi Sesuli Sesworebebi religiuri skolebis maswavleblebs Statis SromiTi
314
urTierTobebis sabWos iurisdiqcias miakuTvnebda, da rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos
uari erovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis aqtis gamoyenebaze kaTolikuri saepisko-
posos winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo saqmeSi miznad isaxavda, ar Sewyvetiliyo vagneris
aqtebis moqmedeba religiuri skolebis mimarT.
eklesia, rogorc damqiravebeli: diskriminacia samuSaoze ayvanisas. samoqa-
laqo uflebebis aqtis V I I Tavi moicavs sam damoukidebel normas, romlebic sxvadas-
xva garemoebebisas aTavisuflebs religiur damqiravebels aqtis zogadi normebisgan.
yvelze viwro normaa 703(e)-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac: „ar CaiTvleba samuSaoze
ayvanis ukanono praqtikad damqiraveblis mier muSakebis daqiraveba religiis, sqe-
sisa an warmoSobis niadagze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu religia, sqesi an warmomavloba aris
bona fide is kvalifikaciebi, romlebic gonivrul farglebSi saWiroa ama Tu im biz-
nesisa Tu korporaciis normalurad funqcionirebisaTvis.~
703 (e) (2) muxli nebas rTavs: „skolas, kolejs, universitets an sxva saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebas, daiqiravos is muSakebi, romelTac aqvT konkretuli religi-
uri mrwamsi, Tu aseTi skola, koleji, universiteti an sxva saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebuleba mTlianad an arsebiTad sakuTrebaSia, dafinansebulia, marTulia an kontro-
lirdeba konkretuli religiisa Tu religiuri korporaciis, asociaciis an sazoga-
doebis mier, an Tu aseTi skolis, kolejis, universitetisa Tu sxva saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis saswavlo gegma mimarTulia konkretuli religiis gavrcelebisken.~
yvelaze mniSvnelovan SeRavaTs religiuri damqiraveblebisTvis awesebs 702-e mux-
li, romlis mixedviTac, „V I I Tavi ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli ... religiuri korpora-
ciis, asociaciis, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis an sazogadoebis mimarT maT mier
konkretuli religiis mimdevari piris samuSaoze ayvanasTan dakavSirebiT, romelmac
unda Seasrulos korporaciis, asociaciis, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis an sazo-
gadoebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli da misi Sesabamisi samuSao~. aqtis 1964 wlis
versiaSi 702-e Tavi religiuri motiviT samsaxurSi diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego
kanonismieri akrZalvisgan aTavisuflebda mxolod damqiraveblis religiur saqmi-
anobas. 1972 wels kongresma miiRo aqtis Sesworeba, romlis mixedviTac 702-e muxli
gavrcelda religiuri organizaciebis yvela tipis saqmianobis mimarT.
winamdebare saqmeSi warmodgenilia samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis 702-e muxlis
gamoyeneba religiuri organizaciis sekularuli arasamewarmeo saqmianobis mimarT.
ùkanaskneli dRis wmindanebis~ ieso qristes eklesiis arqiepiskoposis

sazogadoeba da sxvebi amosis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg;
SeerTebuli Statebi amosis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg108
samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis 702-e muxli aTavisuflebs religiur organizaci-

ebs aqtis V I I Tavisgan, romelic krZalavs religiur niadagze diskriminacias samuSa-
oze ayvanisas. winamdebare saqmes pasuxi unda gaeca kiTxvaze, arRvevda Tu ara pirveli
Sesworebis dawesebis klauzulas 702-e muxlis gamoyeneba religiuri organizaciis
sekularuli arasamewarmeo saqmianobis mimarT.
dezeretis gimnazia soltleik-sitiSi, iutas StatSi warmoadgens Ria sazogado-
ebriv arasamewarmeo dawesebulebas marTuls „ukanaskneli dRis wmindanebis~ ieso
qristes eklesiis arqiepiskoposis sazogadoebisa da „ukanaskneli dRis wmindanebis~
ieso qristes eklesiis prezidentis sazogadoebis mier. orive maTgani „ukanaskneli
315
dRis wmindanebis ieso qristes eklesiasTan~ asocirebuli religiuri warmonaqmnia,
romelic arakorporatiul religiur gaerTianebas warmoadgens da romelsac xSirad
mormonTa saxelwodebiT moixsenieben.
meisoni muSaobda gimnaziaSi 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavdapirvelad rogorc inJi-
ner-mSeneblis asistenti da Semdeg rogorc inJiner-mSenebeli. 1981 wels is samsa-
xuridan gaaTavisufles, radgan ver SeZlo saeklesio rekomendaciis miReba109, ro-
melic eklesiis wevrobis damadasturebel dokuments warmoadgenda. meisonma sxveb-
Tan erTad Seitana sarCeli sasamarTloSi am organizaciebis winaaRmdeg religiuri
diskriminaciis safuZvliT, riTac irRveoda samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis 703-e mux-
li. mopasuxe mxare uaryofda braldebas im motiviT, rom aqtis 702-e muxli icavda
mas pasuxismgeblobisgan. mosarCele amtkicebda, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 702-e muxli
aZlevda uflebas religiur damqiraveblebs, arareligiur samuSaoze ayvanisas moex-
dinaT religiur niadagze diskriminacia, maSin igi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda dawesebis
klauzulasTan.
saolqo sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad ganixila sakiTxi imis Taobaze, iTxovda Tu
ara aRniSnuli saqmis faqtebi mosarCelis konstituciur argumentze gadawyveti-
lebis miRebas. sasamarTlom imsjela 702-e muxlis safuZvelze V I I Tavis moqmedebisgan
religiuri damqiraveblis religiuri saqmianobis gaTavisuflebaze da Sedegad Se-
imuSava samnawiliani testi imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogori saqmianoba warmoadgenda
religiurs.110 sasamarTlom es testi meisonis saqmeSi gamoiyena da gadawyvita, rom:
1) gimnazia rogorc finansurad, aseve mmarTvelobis sakiTxebSi mWidrod iyo dakavSi-
rebuli eklesiasTan; 2) ar arsebobda pirdapiri kavSiri gimnaziis saqmianobasa da
mormonebis eklesiis an eklesiis administraciis religiur dogmebs Soris; 3) gimna-
ziaSi meisonze dakisrebuli arc erTi funqcia iribadac ki ar iyo dakavSirebuli
mormonebis religiur mrwamsTan Tu ritualTan. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom me-
isonis saqme arareligiur saqmianobas exeboda.
Semdeg sasamarTlom ganixila mosarCelis konstituciuri moTxovna aqtis 702-e
muxlis mimarT. sasamarTlom gamoiyena lemonis saqmeSi SemuSavebuli samnawiliani
testi da gadawyvita, rom 702-e muxls sekularuli mizani hqonda, rac uzrunvelyof-
da religiuri qcevisadmi saxelmwifos neitralobasa da masSi Carevis dauSveblobas.
Tumca sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom 702-e muxli ar akmayofilebda lemonis testis meore
nawils, radgan normis ZiriTad Sedegs religiis mxardaWera warmoadgenda.
saolqo sasamarTlom saqmis gadawyvetisas aseve gaiTvaliswina, rom 702-e muxli
privilegias aniWebda konkretul religiur erTeulebs, imis magivrad, rom mieca
aseTi privilegia ufro farTo jgufisTvis, romlis mxolod erTi nawili iqneboda
religiuri organizaciebi. garda amisa, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom 702-e muxli ar
emyareboda istoriul tradicias da zRudavda religiuri organizaciis arareligi-
ur samuSaoze dasaqmebul muSakTa aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas. sasamarTlom ga-
dawyvita, rom 702-e muxli mxars uWerda religiur organizaciebs, aZlevda ra maT
eqskluziur uflebas, CarTuliyvnen iseT saqmianobaSi, romelic pirdapir xels uw-
yobda konkretuli religiuri dogmebis gavrcelebas. sasamarTlom es norma arakons-
tituciurad gamoacxada sekularuli saqmianobis mimarT. saolqo sasamarTlom saqme
meisonis sasargeblod gadawyvita.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos SeeZlo daekmayofilebina religi-
316
uri moTxovnebi dawesebis klauzulis daurRvevlad. sasamarTlos mtkicebiT, dawe-
sebis klauzula farTo saSualebas iZleoda imisTvis, raTa daculi yofiliyo sasur-
veli neitraloba, romelic saSualebas miscemda religias, saxelmwifos mxridan misi
saqmianobis dafinansebisa da masSi Carevis gareSe earseba. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna,
rom raRac momentSi udavod SesaZlebeli iyo religiis adaptaciis gadazrda reli-
giis ukanono xelSewyobaSi, Tumca, misi azriT, winamdebare saqme ar warmoadgenda
msgavs situacias.
lemonis testis pirveli nawili moiTxovs, rom kanons sekularuli mizani hqon-
des. sekularuli mizani ar niSnavs imas, rom kanonis mizani aranairad ar unda exe-
bodes religias, risi Sedegic iqneboda mTavrobis mxridan religiuri jgufebisadmi
indiferentuloba. piriqiT, lemonis testis ZiriTadi mizani iyo, ar daeSva Sesabamisi
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi samTavrobo organos, am SemTxvevaSi kongresis, neitralobis
dakargva da religiur sakiTxebSi romelime konkretuli Sexedulebis mxardaWeris
ganzraxviT misi qmedeba.
lemonis analizidan gamomdinare, dasaSvebia iseTi sakanonmdeblo mizani, rome-
lic uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo Carevis Semsubuqebas religiuri organizaciebis mier
TavianTi misiis gansazRvrasa da SesrulebaSi. apelanti amtkicebda, rom am saqmeSi
aseTi mizani ar arsebobda, radgan 702-e muxli uzrunvelyofda adekvatur dacvas
religiuri damqiraveblisTvis aqtis 1972 wlis Sesworebamde, rodesac is aTavisuf-
lebda aseTi damqiraveblis mxolod religiur saqmianobas religiuri diskriminaciis
sakanonmdeblo akrZalvisgan. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT 1972 wlis Seswore-
bamde mocemuli gaTavisufleba adekvaturi iyo im TvalsazrisiT, rom aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis klauzula mets ar moiTxovda. Tumca sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada,
rom religiuri organizaciebisTvis aseTi moTxovnis wayeneba sakmaod didi tvirTi
iyo, radgan es imas niSnavda, rom organizacias unda amoecno, mis romel saqmianobas
CaTvlida sekularuli sasamarTlo religiurad. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos gancxa-
debiT, potenciuri pasuxismgeblobis SiSs SeiZleba gavlena moexdina organizaciis
mier religiuri misiis Sesrulebaze.
1972 wlis Sesworebis sakanonmdeblo istoriis detaluri ganxilvis Semdeg sa-
olqo sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kongresis mizans warmoadgenda religiur sakiTxe-
bze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi saxelmwifo Carevis minimumamde dayvana. uze-
naesi sasamarTlo daeTanxma saolqo sasamarTlos imaSi, rom aseTi mizani ar arRvev-
da dawesebis klauzulas.
lemonis testis meore moTxovna mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kanonis ZiriTadi an pir-
dapiri Sedegi arc unda uwyobdes xels da arc zRudavdes religias. kanoni ar SeiZ-
leba arakonstituciurad CaiTvalos imis gamo, rom is aZlevs saSualebas eklesias,
gaavrcelos religia, rac misi mTavari funqciaa. imisTvis, rom kanoni, lemonis tes-
tis mixedviT, arakonstituciurad CaiTvalos, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT,
aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifo Tavisi qmedebebiTa da gavleniT TviTon uWerdes mxars
religias.
rogorc uzenaesma sasamarTlom CaTvala, saolqo sasamarTlo SiSobda, rom mis
mier eklesiebisTvis SeRavaTis dawesebis mxardaWera uflebas miscemda finansuri
resursebis mqone eklesiebs, TavianTi gavlena da rwmena komerciul, mogebaze orien-
tirebul garemoSi SesvliT gaevrcelebinaT. uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar aRiara sa-
317
olqo sasamarTlos aseTi SiSis safuZvlianoba, radgan, misi gancxadebiT, winamdebare
saqme moicavda arakomerciul saqmianobas, romelic miznad ar isaxavda gavlenis
zrdas. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom religiis xelSewyoba gimnaziis mier
ar SeiZleboda mikuTvneboda saxelmwifos da ara eklesias.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom damajereblad ar miiCnia saolqo sasamarTlos argumen-
tacia, rom 702-e muxli privilegias aniWebda calkeul religiur erTeulebs. sasamar-
Tlos gancxadebiT, kanonis mier konkretuli religiuri jgufisadmi gansxvavebuli
mopyroba ar niSnavda kanonis TavisTavad arakonstituciurobas. aseTi mosazreba,
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda misive daskvnasTan, rom dawese-
bis klauzula uzrunvelyofda sakmaod did Tavisuflebas religiis moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad. maSin, rodesac, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo im ganzrax-
viT moqmedebda, rom gaeuqmebina regulacia, romelic zRudavda religiis gamoxat-
vas, sasamarTlo ver xedavda raime mizezs, rom sargebeli mxolod sekularul erTe-
ulebze gavrcelebuliyo.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos azriT, ar SeiZleboda imaze seriozulad dava, qmnida Tu
ara 702-e muxli saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris dauSveblad mWidro urTier-
TkavSirs. es kanoni, sasamarTlos azriT, piriqiT, sakmaod mkacrad mijnavda saxelm-
wifosa da eklesias. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, kanoni aseve ar ewinaaRmde-
geba lemonis testis mesame nawils.
apelantebi amtkicebdnen, rom 702-e muxli garkveuli politikuri uTanxmoebis
saSiSroebas qmnida. Tumca sasamarTlo daeyrdno mosazrebas, rom mxolod politi-
kuri uTanxmoeba ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo mizezi sxvagvarad dasaSvebi qmedebis uka-
nonod aRiarebisa. Sesabamisad, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
mosamarTle brenanis Tanmxvedri azri,

romelsac SeuerTda mosamarTle marSali
mosamarTle brenanis azriT, arasamewarmeo saqmianobis buneba ararelevanturs
xdida konkretuli saqmis mixedviT imis gansazRvras, religiuri iyo aseTi saqmiano-
ba, Tu sekularuli.
mosamarTle brenanis mixedviT, nebismieri gamonaklisi V I I Tavidan garkveulwilad
zRudavda muSakTa religiis Tavisuflebas. gaTavisufleba gulisxmobda, rom piri
arCevanis winaSe dgeboda: an unda mieRo garkveuli religiuri dogmebi, an daeto-
vebina samsaxuri. aseTi normis safuZvelze iZulebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba,
mosamarTlis azriT, qmnida seriozul daZabulobas religiur sakiTxebSi individis
sindisis TavisuflebasTan.
Tumca, meore mxriv, mosamarTle brenanis gancxadebiT, religiur organizaciebs
surT sruli avtonomia iseTi Sida sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, rogoricaa liderebis
arCeva, doqtrinebis SemuSaveba da, ubralod, dawesebulebis marTva. religiuri Temi
axdens TviTgamorkvevas, adgens ra, rom konkretuli saqmianoba xels uwyobs organi-
zaciis religiuri misiis Sesrulebas da es saqmianoba mxolod misiisTvis Tavdade-
bulma xalxma unda Seasrulos. eklesiis aseTi SesaZlebloba, mosamarTlis azriT,
asaxavs im ideas, rom religiuri organizaciis avtonomiurobis dacva individebis
religiis Tavisuflebis dacvasac emsaxureba. aseTi TviTgamorkvevis procesSi saxel-
mwifos Carevas, mosamarTlis azriT, aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis xelyofa hqvia,
318
vinaidan religiur organizacias SeuZlia garkveul religiur dogmebze dayrdnobiT
gansazRvros dasaqmebis pirobebi.
es logika, brenanis azriT, gvTavazobda, rom idealur variantSi religiur orga-
nizaciebs hqonodaT ufleba, religiur safuZvelze diskriminacia mxolod religiur
saqmianobaTa mimarT moexdinaT. es amave dros, gulisxmobda, rom ama Tu im saqmianobis
religiuri xasiaTi konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare unda garkveuliyo. imis
dadgena, saqmianoba religiuria Tu sekularuli, araa advili da yoveli kerZo SemTx-
vevis analizs moiTxovs, rac iwvevs saxelmwifos mudmiv Carevas religiur sakiTxebSi.
garda amisa, maSin, rodesac eklesia SeiZleba Tvlides garkveul saqmianobas religi-
urad, sasamarTlom is SeiZleba sulac ar miiCnios aseTad. Sesabamisad, mosamarTle
brenanis azriT, religiur organizacia iZulebuli iqneboda, mxolod iseTi saqmiano-
ba CaeTvala religiurad, romelic ar iqneboda sadavo. amis Sedegad religiuri Temis
TviTgamorkvevis procesi nawilobriv sasamarTlo saqmeebiT iqneboda marTuli. Se-
sabamisad, konkretuli saqmeebis analizi gamoiwvevda saxelmwifos zedmet CarTu-
lobas religiis sakiTxebSi da Seqmnida religiuri saqmianobis daTrgunvis saSiSro-
ebas.
aseTi saSiSroeba, mosamarTlis azriT, gansakuTrebiT arasamewarmeo saqmianobas
emuqreboda. is, rom garkveuli saqmianoba ar iyo mogebaze orientirebuli, qmnida
angariSgasawev arguments, rom is wmindad sekularuli ar iyo. es, mosamarTlis az-
riT, iwvevda eklesiis erTi SexedviT samarTlian protests, rom garkveuli erTeuli
ara marto imisTvis funqcionirebs, rom moutanos Semosavlebi eklesias, aramed re-
ligiuri mizniTac aris STagonebuli.
amgvarad, raime riski, rom religiur organizacias ar miecema ufleba, moaxdinos
iseTi saqmianobis klasificireba religiurad, romelsac is marTlac Tvlis religi-
urad, yvelaze maRalia arasamewarmeo saqmianobis SemTxvevaSi. aseTi arsebiTi saSiS-
roeba, mosamarTlis azriT, cxadyofda imas, rom dauSvebeli iyo konkretuli SemTx-
vevebis mixedviT arasamewarmeo organizaciis bunebis gansazRvra da amarTlebda ara-
samewarmeo saqmianobis calsaxa gaTavisuflebas V I I Tavis moqmedebisgan.
bavSvTa ganaTleba
ganaTlebis mimarT aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis damkvidrebis pirveli mcdeloba

sakmaod mcirericxovan da Zvel religiur seqtas — amiSebis religiur mimdinareobas
ekuTvnis. amiSebi warmoadgendnen menonitebis111 religiuri sazogadoebrivi jgufis
erT-erT ganxras, romlis mimdevrebmac 1693 wels sakuTari eklesiuri Temi daaarses.
1720-1775 wlebSi isini amerikaSi gadasaxldnen da ZiriTadad pensilvaniis StatSi
dasaxldnen. amiSebis Zveli ordeni warmoadgenda Tavdapirveli amiSuri sazogado-
ebis ganxras, romelic xasiaTdeboda ukiduresi simkacriT da bibliisadmi erTgule-
biT. isini misdevdnen miwaTmoqmedebas, saubrobdnen germanulad, ecvaT yvelasgan
gansxvavebuli me-18 saukunis tansacmeli da hqondaT pacifisturi Sexedulebebi.
amiSebi fiqrobdnen, rom codna, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli miwaTmoqmedebasTan,
adamianSi ampartavnobis grZnobas iwvevs, rac damRupveli codvaa.
sajaro ganaTleba, rogorc aseTi, ar ewinaaRmdegeboda amiSebis mrwamss. me-19
saukuneSi amiSebis bavSvebi Tavisuflad eswrebodnen gakveTilebs skolebSi. Tumca meoce
saukuneSi amiSebs gauCndaT azri, rom savaldebulo saSualo da umaRlesi saswavleblebi
319
maTi religiisTvis udides safrTxes warmoadgenda. Tanamedrove saSualo skola bavSvebs
aZlevda kiTxvaze, werasa da ariTmetikaze met codnas, anu im sagnebze met codnas, rom-
lebsac amiSebis sazogadoeba Cveulebriv iyenebda xolme. konsolidirebulma saskolo
olqebma amiSebi da sxva religiis mimdevrebi erTad Seyara. amiSebi TandaTanobiT amCnev-
dnen, rom gardatexis asakSi myofi maTi bavSvebi, romelTac seqsualuri grZnobebi uya-
libdebodaT, nel-nela amayebi xdebodnen, Seusabamod icvamdnen da msoflios sxva
bavSvebis msgavsad sijiutiT xasiaTdebodnen. 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac skolebSi aikrZala
bibliis kiTxva da locva da evoluciuri Teoriis swavleba sayovelTao gaxda, amiSebis
ukmayofileba sajaro skolebis mimarT kidev ufro gamZafrda.
me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi amiSebi konsolidirebul skolebSi TavianTi bav-
Svebis gaSvebaze uaris Tqmis braldebiT xSirad isjebodnen jarimebiTa da Tavisuf-
lebis aRkveTiT. pirvelad mxolod 1955 wels iqna miRweuli garkveuli kompromisi
pensilvaniis StatSi. kerZod, amiS axalgazrdebs miecaT ufleba, daswrebodnen gakve-
Tilebs amiSTa profesiul saswavleblebSi da mSoblebis zedamxedvelobiT Seesru-
lebinaT saSinao davalebebi miwaTmoqmedebaSi.
pensilvaniis Statisgan gansxvavebiT, aiovas StatSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis
organoebi aiZulebdnen amiS moswavleebs sajaro skolis gakveTilebze daswrebas.
1968 wlis Sobis wina Rames pastorma lindholma, romelic amiSebis religiuri Tavi-
suflebis nacionaluri komitetis damfuZnebeli iyo, sTxova pensilvaniel advokats,
uiliam bols, daecva viskonsinis StatSi Svilis skolaSi gaSvebaze uaris braldebiT
dakavebuli erT-erTi amiSi. bolma SesTavaza Statis xelisuflebas, pensilvaniis
msgavsad, wasuliyo kompromisze, Tumca xelisufleba aseT daTmobaze ar daTanxmda.
1969 wels viskonsinis Statis pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva ga-
imarTa. bolma sasamarTloSi warmoadgina mowmeebi, romlebmac calsaxad aRniSnes,
rom amiSebis religiuri mrwamsi aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeboda Tanamedrove skolebs.
bolis erT-erT mowmes prokurorma Semdegi kiTxviT mimarTa: „ra aris ganaTlebis
mizani, Tu ara sazogadoebis winsvlis uzrunvelyofa?“. kiTxvaze pasuxi ki Semdegi iyo:
„yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, romel sazogadoebaze vmsjelobT~. bolma aseve
warmoadgina olqis Serifis Cveneba, rom man ar icoda arc erTi amiSi axalgazrda,
romelic raime kriminalur saqmianobaSi monawileobda. bolma waago sasamarTlo saqme
rogorc pirveli, ise saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloebSi, Tumca igive saqme moigo
viskonsinis uzenaes sasamarTloSi. viskonsinis Statma saCivariT mimarTa amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos. igi amtkicebda, rom „religia~, romlis
Tavisuflad aRmsareblobac pirveli SesworebiT iyo daculi, warmoadgenda kults
da araviTar SemTxvevaSi cxovrebis stils. miuxedavad imisa, rom imdroindeli prece-
dentebiT Stati marTali iyo, bolma SeZlo sakiTxisadmi axali midgomis Camoyalibeba
da uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqme mis sasargeblod gadawyvita.
viskonsinis Stati ioderis winaaRmdeg112

viskonsinis Statis saCivaris safuZvelze uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganixila vis-
konsinis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelmac ukanonod cno mopasuxeTa
msjavrdeba Statis savaldebulo ganaTlebis kanonis darRvevis braldebiT, pirveli
Sesworebis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulisa da me-14 Sesworebis safuZvel-
320
ze. qvemoT moyvanili mizezebis gamo uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadastura viskonsinis
Statis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samarTlianoba.
ionas ioderi da valas mileri, amiSuri religiis mimdevrebi iyvnen, xolo adin
iutci konservatiuli amiSur-menonituri eklesiis wevri iyo. viskonsinis savalde-
bulo ganaTlebis kanoni moiTxovda maTgan Svilebis mibarebas sajaro an kerZo sko-
laSi. mSoblebi kategoriul uars acxadebdnen bavSvebisTvis skolaSi daswrebis ne-
barTvis micemaze, ris Sedegad bavSvebi ar iqnen CarTulni romelime kerZo Tu sa-
jaro dawesebulebis saswavlo procesSi. Sesabamisad, isini viskonsinis savaldebu-
lo ganaTlebis kanonis subieqtebad cnes.
isini savaldebulo ganaTlebis kanonis darRvevis braldebiT gasamarTldnen da
fuladi jarimac daekisraT. amiSebi irwmunebodnen, rom savaldebulo ganaTlebis
kanonis moTxovna arRvevda pirveli da me-14 SesworebebiT ganmtkicebul maT uf-
lebebs. pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisas mowmeebis Cvenebebma
daadastura, rom mopasuxeebis mrwamsi marTlac Seesabameboda amiSuri religiis
moTxovnebs da rom maTi Svilebis daswreba sajaro skolaSi marTlac ewinaaRmdege-
boda amiSur mrwamss da cxovrebis wess. sasamarTloSi mowmeebad mowveuli eqsperte-
bis Cvenebebis Tanaxmad, amiSebis sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba im fundamenturi mrwamsiT,
rom xsna moiTxovs cxovrebas saeklesio sazogadoebaSi, romelic gamoyofilia msof-
liosgan da Tavisufalia misi gavlenisgan. samyarosgan gariyuli cxovreba da aseTi
Rirebulebebi amiSuri mrwamsis ZiriTadi elementebia.
garda amisa, amiSuri sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa misi erTguleba har-
moniuli cxovrebisadmi, rac, maTi azriT, bunebasTan da miwasTan axlo cxovrebas
gulisxmobs. amiSuri mrwamsi misi mimdevrebisgan moiTxovs, rom maT sarCo mxolod
fermerobiTa da sxva msgavsi saqmianobiT moipovon. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos azriT,
SeiZleba daskvnis gamotana, rom amiSuri religia gansazRvravs misi mimdevrebis cxov-
rebis stils.
formaluri ganaTlebis mimarT amiSebis protesti swored zemoT xsenebul Ziri-
Tad religiur Rirebulebebs eyrdnoba. isini ewinaaRmdegebian umaRles ganaTlebas,
radganac igi ar Seesabameba amiSebis Rirebulebebsa da cxovrebis wess. maTi Sexedu-
lebiT, saSualo ganaTleba dauSvebel gavlenas axdens maT bavSvebze, radgan is ewi-
naaRmdegeba amiSur mrwamss. skola did mniSvnelobas aniWebs inteleqtualur da mec-
nierul miRwevebs, konkurencias, warmatebas sazogadoebaSi da Tanacxovrebas sxva
studentebTan. amiSuri sazogadoeba ki yuradRebas amaxvilebs araformalur praqti-
kul swavlebaze; sibrZneze da ara teqnikur codnaze: sazogadoebriv keTildReobaze
da ara konkurenciaze; sazogadoebisgan gancalkevebul cxovrebaze da ara Tanamed-
rove sazogadoebasTan integrirebaze.
formaluri ganaTleba amiSur mrwamss ara marto imitom ewinaaRmdegeba, rom is
amiSebs iseT garemoSi aqcevs, romelic mtrulia maTi mrwamsis mimarT da did mniSv-
nelobas aniWebs konkurencias, aramed imitomac, rom aseTi ganaTleba gardatexis
asakSi xels uwyobs maTi bavSvebis gaucxoebas sazogadoebis mimarT. am mniSvnelovan
periodSi bavSvebma sxvadasxva xelobebi unda Seiswavlon, raTa SeZlon amiSi ferme-
risa Tu diasaxlisisTvis Cveuli cxovrebis warmatebiT gaZRola. es xelobebi im
kategorias miekuTvneba, romelic magaliTiTa da praqtikuli saqmianobiT ukeT iswav-
leba, vidre saklaso oTaxSi. Sesabamisad, iseT skolaSi siaruli, sadac araamiSi da
xSirad amiSebis mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili maswavleblebic ki arian, qmnis bariers
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bavSvis amiSur sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis. amiSuri sazogadoebis erT-erTi
eqspertis gancxadebiT, Tanamedrove skola ar aris saTanadod aRWurvili imisaT-
vis, raTa amiSuri sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi gaiziaros.
amiSebi ar ewinaaRmdegebian dawyebiT ganaTlebas, radgan fiqroben, rom maT Svi-
lebs sWirdebaT elementaruli unarebi, raTa waikiTxon biblia, iyvnen kargi fer-
merebi da moqalaqeebi da SeeZloT urTierToba araamiSuri mrwamsis warmomadgen-
lebTan.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom viskonsinis savaldebulo ga-
naTlebis kanoni winaaRmdegobaSi modioda mopasuxeTa TavisuflebasTan, emoqmedaT
gulwrfeli mrwamsis Sesabamisad. magram man aseve daaskvna, rom skolaSi daswrebis
moTxovna iyo saxelmwifo xelisuflebis „gonivruli da konstituciuri~ gamoyeneba,
ris safuZvelzec amiSebis sarCeli ar unda dakmayofilebuliyo. viskonsinis Statis
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da pirvel
Sesworebaze dayrdnobiT daakmayofila amiSebis moTxovna. viskonsinis Statis uzena-
esi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa umravlesobis SexedulebiT Statma ver aCvena, rom
saganmanaTleblo sistemis efeqturoba ufro Rirebulia, vidre mopasuxis ufleba,
religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, udavoa, rom Tavisi moqalaqeebisTvis ganaT-
lebis uzrunvelyofis pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvil saxelmwifos unda hqondes
sabazo ganaTlebis gonivruli regulirebis uflebamosileba. sajaro skolaSi ganaT-
lebis miRebis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos erT-erTi ZiriTadi da umniSvnelovanesi
funqciaa. Tumca, miuxedavad aseTi pasuxismgeblobis didi mniSvnelobisa, uzenaesi
sasamarTlos azriT, is mainc uTmobs adgils mSoblis uflebas, uzrunvelyos Tavisi
SvilisTvis tolfasi ganaTleba kerZo dawesebulebaSi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos gan-
cxadebiT, mSoblis mier Tavisi SvilisTvis religiuri aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis mimar-
Tulebis SerCevas didi Rirebuleba aqvs amerikul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlos az-
riT, saxelmwifos interesi sayovelTao ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofaSi, ra Rirebula-
dac ar unda CaiTvalos is, ar aris absoluturi maSin, rodesac xelyofs fundamen-
tur uflebebs, romlebic daculia konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT.
sasamarTlos azriT, imis gasarkvevad, ewinaaRmdegeboda Tu ara savaldebulo
ganaTlebis kanoni amiSebis religiur mrwamss, upirveles yovlisa, saWiro iyo imis
gansazRvra, iyo Tu ara amiSebis religiuri mrwamsi da maTi cxovrebis stili erTma-
neTze ise damokidebuli, rogorc amas Tavad amiSebi amtkicebdnen. cxovrebis sti-
li, Tu is mTlianad sekularul Sexedulebebs efuZneba, ar SeiZleba iyos saxelm-
wifos mier ganaTlebis gonivruli regulirebis damabrkolebeli faqtori. imisTvis,
rom cxovrebis stili daculi iyos religiuri klauzulebiT, is ZiriTadad religiur
mrwamss unda emyarebodes. Tumca, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, Tavad imis ganmarteba,
Tu ras niSnavs „religiuri~ mrwamsi, sakmaod delikaturi sakiTxia. regulirebuli
Tavisuflebis koncefcia gamoricxavs nebismieri pirisTvis imis uflebis micemas,
rom man Tavad Seqmnas adamianis qcevis standartebi, romlis mimarTac sazogadoebas,
rogorc erT mTlians, mniSvnelovani interesi unda gaaCndes. Sesabamisad, Tu amiSebis
moTxovna maT subieqtur Sefasebasa da umravlesobis mier aRiarebuli Tanamedrove
sekularuli Rirebulebebis uaryofas efuZneboda, maSin, sasamarTlos azriT, maT
moTxovnas ara aqvs religiuri safuZveli.
saqmis masalebi imaze miuTiTebda, rom amiSebis tradiciuli cxovrebis stili ar
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iyo mxolod maTi piradi, individualuri arCevanis Sedegi, aramed gamomdinareobda
myari religiuri mrwamsidan. amiSebis yoveldRiuri cxovreba da religiuri saqmi-
anoba iRebs saTaves maTi mrwamsidan. amaze, sasamarTlos azriT, miuTiTebs amiSuri
religiis erT-erTi fundamenturi mcneba, romelic mouwodebs amiSuri religiis
mimdevrebs, ar daemorCilon qveynis kanonebs. ufro metic, amiSebisTvis religia ara
marto rwmenis sakiTxia, aramed, rogorc mowmed mowveulma eqspertma ganacxada, is
gansazRvravs amiSebis cxovrebis stils da aregulirebs maTi yoveldRiuri cxovre-
bis TiToeul detals.
viskonsinis Statis argumenti ZiriTadad im mosazrebas eyrdnoboda, rom amiSi
mSoblebis gaTavisufleba savaldebulo ganaTlebis kanonis moTxovnebisgan uaryo-
fiT Sedegs gamoiwvevda. kerZod, mSoblebi ar imoqmedebdnen bavSvis saukeTeso in-
teresis Sesabamisad, radgan SeuzRudavdnen bavSvebs amiSur cxovrebasa da gare sam-
yaros Soris gonivruli arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, sasamarTlos
azriT, arc saqmis masalebi da arc individualuri gamocdileba ar miuTiTebs imaze,
rom mSoblebi, Cveulebriv, ekiTxebodnen TavianT 14-16 wlis Svilebs, undaT Tu ara
maT im saeklesio skolaSi swavla, romlis mimdevrebic maTi mSoblebi arian.
sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, calsaxaa, rom Tu saxelmwifos, rogorc parens patriae
aRWurvili iqneba uflebamosilebiT, „gadaarCinos~ bavSvi misi amiSi mSoblebisTvis
savaldebulo ganaTlebis moTxovnis Sesrulebis iZulebiT, maSin saxelmwifo Tavis-
dauneburad mTlianad ganusazRvravs bavSvs religiur momavals. Sesabamisad, winam-
debare saqmeSi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos, rogorc parens patriae, funda-
menturi interesi da mSoblis aseve fundamenturi interesi, gansazRvros bavSvis
religiuri momavali da ganaTleba. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, istoria da
dasavluri civilizaciis kultura asaxavs mSoblis mier bavSvis aRzrdasa da ganaT-
lebaze zrunvis sakmaod Zlier tradicias. mSoblis aseTi mniSvnelovani roli bav-
Svis aRzrdasa da ganaTlebaSi, sasamarTlos azriT, aseve damkvidrebulia, rogorc
myari amerikuli tradicia.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom da-
adastura viskonsinis Statis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samarTliano-
ba.
mosamarTle duglasis nawilobriv gansxvavebuli azri
mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, bavSvebis Sexedulebebi, romelTac exebodaT es saqme,
viskonsinis sasamarTloebma ganixila. amitom, duglasis azriT, saqme isev unda dabru-
neboda qveda instanciis sasamarTlos xelmeore ganxilvisTvis.
mosamarTlis Tanaxmad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier amiSebis sazogadoebis wes-
rigsa da kanonmorCilebaze gakeTebuli aqcenti ar iyo relevanturi. religia iTv-
leba religiad, imis miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra tipis da ramdeni samarTaldarRveva aqvT
Cadenili mis mimdevrebs. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, am saqmeSi, amiSebis mrwamsi yvela
istoriuli standartiT akmayofilebs pirveli Sesworebis Sesabamis religiis gan-
martebas.
mosamarTlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo marTebulad uaryofs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom qmedeba, Tundac religiuri safuZvlis mqone, arasdros araa pirveli Sesworebis
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis dacvis obieqti. am gadawyvetilebiT sasa-
marTlo uaryofs reinoldsi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg113 saqmeSi aRiarebul
323
princips, romelic gulisxmobs, rom kongresi moklebulia Sexedulebebis regu-
lirebis sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebas, Tumca sruliad Tavisuflad SeuZlia
gamoiyenos igive uflebamosileba iseTi qmedebebis mimarT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba
socialur valdebulebebs an sazogadoebriv wesrigs. reinoldsis saqmeSi aRiarebul
iqna, rom poligamia mormonebis religiis nawils warmoadgenda. miuxedavad amisa,
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom es mxolod da mxolod rwmena iyo da sxva araferi.
mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, qmedeba, romelsac sasamarTlo antisazogadoebrivad
CaTvlis, SeiZleba dasjadi iyos im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu safuZvlad udevs myari da
gulwrfeli religiuri mrwamsi. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba iZleva saSualebas, religias bevrad farTo dasayrdeni mieces,
vidre odesme hqonia. ufro metic, mosamarTlis Tanaxmad, aseTi gadawyvetileba qmnis
winapirobas, reinoldsis saqmis precedentis gauqmebisaTvis.
qristianuli skolebi. qristianuli skolebis SexedulebiT, biblia aCvenebs, rom
RmerTma mianiWa mSoblebs ufleba da valdebuleba, aRzardon da miscen ganaTleba
TavianT Svilebs; rom maT isargebles religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis uflebiT
da daaarses religiuri skolebi da ara sekularuli skolebi religiuri ganaTlebis
damatebiT; rom saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba, akontrolos aseTi skolebis kuriku-
lumi an maswavleblebi; rom skola da eklesia erTni arian da radganac saxelmwifos ar
SeuZlia SezRudos eklesia, mas aseve ar SeuZlia areguliros skolis saqmianoba.
luisvilis baptisturi eklesia xelmZRvanelobda qristianul skolas, romlis
kurikulumi mxolod bibliaze orientirebul saxelmZRvaneloebs aRiarebda. magali-
Tad, maTematikis saxelmZRvanelo bibliur citatebs Sekrebisa da gamoklebis amoca-
nebTan akavSirebda. skolam uari ganacxada, miewodebina saxelmwifosTvis moswavle-
Ta sia, romelic saWiro iyo kurikulumis dasamtkiceblad da akreditebuli maswav-
leblebis dasaqiraveblad. saqmeSi nebraskis Stati luisvilis baptisturi eklesiis
winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom daakmayofila saxelmwifos moTxovna, SeCerebuliyo skolis
funqcionireba.
msgavsi gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli aiovas StatSic.114 Statis sasamarTlom ar
daakmayofila savaldebulo ganaTlebis kanonisgan gaTavisuflebis moTxovna. sasa-
marTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebisas ganacxada, rom mrwamsis gulwrfe-
loba iyo erTaderTi faqtori, riTac msgavsni iyvnen amiSebi da mosarCeleebi; rom
mosarCeleebis mrwamsi gacilebiT naklebad iyo dakavSirebuli maT yoveldRiur
cxovrebasTan, vidre amiSebisa. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, amiSebis kultura ufro
metad aris izolirebuli amerikuli cxovrebis stilisgan, vidre mosarCeleebisa,
romelTa Svilebi aucileblad Caebmebian yoveldRiur konkurenciaSi, icxovreben
mravalferovan da rTul sazogadoebaSi.
meore mxriv, saqmeSi Stati vaisneris winaaRmdeg115 pirveli instanciis sasamarT-
loSi mSoblebi gasamarTlebul iqnen maTi Svilebis mier gakveTilebis gacdenis gamo.
Stati iTxovda yvela mSoblisgan maTi Svilebis Statis minimaluri standartebis
Sesabamis skolaSi daswrebas. saapelacio sasamarTlo daeyrdno ioderis sasamarTlo
precedents da gadawyvita, rom saxelmwifos arasdros ucdia daesabuTebina Tavisi
interesis samarTlianoba minimaluri standartis wesis religiuri skolebis mimarT
gamoyenebisas. Sesabamisad, saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma pirveli instanciis
324
religiuri samosis tareba
simCa goldmani, orTodoqsi ebraeli da sahaero Zalebis kapitani, fsiqologad

msaxurobda marCis sahaero Zalebis bazaze. is yovelTvis atarebda ermolkas _ Tavsa-
buravs, romelic RvTisadmi mis morCilebas gamoxatavda. sahaero Zalebs SemuSavebuli
hqondaT regulaciebi Tavsaburavebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gansazRvravda, rogori Tav-
saburavebis gamoyeneba iyo daSvebuli da rodis. rodesac goldmans Tavsaburavis moxda
ubrZanes, man sarCeli Seitana sasamarTloSi da moiTxova Tavsaburavis amkrZalavi
regulaciebis gauqmeba. saolqo sasamarTlom daakmayofila misi moTxovna. saapelacio
sasamarTlom gaauqma pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, radgan miiCnia,
rom sahaero Zalebs ar gaaCndaT sxva interesi, garda xsenebuli wesebis mkacri aRsru-
lebis Sedegad miRebuli efeqtisa. saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTle abner mitkvam,
romelic Tavad iyo ebraeli, ganucxada Tavis kolegebs, rom ermolkis tarebas yvela
ebraeli ar emxroboda. ramdenad relevanturi iyo es informacia goldmanis saqmis
gadawyvetaSi ar aris cnobili. mogvianebiT imave Semadgenlobis sasamarTlom ukanonod
gamoacxada Tavdacvis departamentis regulacia, romelic krZalavda homoseqsualuri
orientaciis mqone pirebis msaxurs samxedro ZalebSi (stefani aspinis winaaRmdeg116 ).
mosamarTle mitkvam am saqmeSi goldmanis117 saqmis precedenti moiyvana da aRniSna, rom
Zlieri da damoukidebeli samxedro Zalebi umniSvnelovanesi iyo saxelmwifo usafrTxo-
ebisTvis da amitom sasamarTloebma ar unda Secvalon samxedro Zalebis gadawyvetile-
bebi. iyo Tu ara goldmanis mier ermolkis tareba mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo usafr-
TxoebisTvis? uzenaesma sasamarTlom 5 xmiT 4-is winaaRmdeg goldmanis sawinaaRmdego
gadawyvetileba miiRo.
goldmani uainbergeris winaaRmdeg118

sahaero Zalebis wesdebis mixedviT, samxedro formebi aRvivebs ierarqiuli erTi-
anobis grZnobas da gamoricxavs raime individualur gansxvavebas, garda wodebrivi
gansxvavebisa. sahaero Zalebis sasicoxlo mniSvnelobas aniWeban formebs, rogorc
mSvidobian dros, aseve saomari mdgomareobisas, radgan piradi Semadgenloba yovel-
Tvis mzad unda iyos, efeqturi dacvis uzrunvelyofisTvis. disciplinis saWiro
Cvevebi ki safrTxis dadgomamde unda Camoyalibdes. uzenaesi sasamarTlo daeTanxma
sahaero Zalebis pozicias, rom samxedroebma brZanebaTa morCileba omis dros ar
unda iswavlon da rom momentaluri damorCilebis Cveva omamde unda iyos gamomu-
Savebuli.
aseTi Cvevebis SesaZenad sahaero Zalebs specialuri 190-gverdiani dokumenti
hqondaT SemuSavebuli, romlis Tanaxmadac sahaero Zalebis wevrma samxedro valde-
bulebis Sesrulebisas samxedro forma unda ataros, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca nab-
rZanebi aqvs samoqalaqo tanisamosis tareba. dokumentis danarCeni nawili detalu-
rad aRwers yvela nivTs, romelic samxedro formasTan erTad unda ataros samxedrom.
nebadarTuli Tavsaburavis tareba mxolod bazis gareT SiZleba. am wesidan gamonak-
lisis saxiT, pirs mxolod ufrosis nebarTviT SeuZlia Tavsaburavis tareba religi-
ur ceremoniebze, romlebic SenobaSi an sacxovrebel adgilas tardeba. nebadarTu-
lia aseve religiuri nivTebis tareba samosis qveS.
mosarCele goldmani amtkicebda, rom pirveli Sesworebis aRmsareblobis Tavisuf-
325
lebis klauzula moiTxovda sahaero Zalebisgan religiuri Tavsaburavis tarebis
nebarTvas, radgan es xilvadi, Tumca „mokrZalebuli~, samosi araviTar saSiSroebas
samxedro disciplinas ar uqmnida. is amtkicebda, rom sahaero Zalebis mosazreba,
TiTqos misi ermolka safrTxes uqmnida disciplinas, safuZvels iyo moklebuli,
radgan arc konkretul gamocdilebas eyrdnoboda da arc mecnierul daskvnas. pi-
riqiT, misi gancxadebiT, eqspertis Cvenebam aCvena, rom religiuri xasiaTis gamonak-
lisi regulaciebidan sasurvelic ki iyo, radgan sahaero Zalebs ufro humanur
adgilad aqcevda.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom araarsebiTad CaTvala eqspertis gancxadeba. samosis re-
gulirebis mizanSewoniloba samxedro pirebis gadasawyveti iyo da maT konstitucia
ar avaldebulebda, uari eTqvaT TavianT profesiul Sexedulebaze. sasamarTlos
gancxadebiT, pirveli Sesworeba ar moiTxovda sahaero Zalebisgan goldmanis moT-
xovnis dakmayofilebas, radgan es erTgvarovnebis darRvevas gamoiwvevda, rasac sa-
mosis regulaciebi ewinaaRmdegeboda. Sesabamisad, uzenaesma sasamarTlom ucvle-
lad datova saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
mosamarTle stivensis Tanmxvedri azri,

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTle uaiti da mosamarTle paueli
mosamarTle stivensis azriT, kapitani goldmani Tavis samsaxurebriv movaleobas
iseT sistemaSi asrulebda, sadac samxedro formidan mcire gadaxveva ar Seuqmnida
saSiSroebas sahaero Zalebis samxedro misias. ufro metic, mosamarTlis azriT, ar-
sebobda sakmao safuZveli im daskvnisaTvis, rom goldmanis mimarT gatarebuli mkac-
ri zomebi represiuli xasiaTis iyo. mas ar Seqmnia problema Tavsaburavis tarebasTan
dakavSirebiT maSin, rodesac Cvenebas iZleoda samxedro sasamarTloSi. mosamarTle
stivensis azriT, sasamarTlom unda ganixilos sahaero Zalebis wesebis gamoyenebis
kanoniereba ara mxolod kapitan goldmanis, aramed mTeli personalis mimarT, rom-
lis gulwrfeli religiuri rwmenac garkveul samxedro brZanebebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
am saqmeSi gasaCivrebuli wesi efuZneba sruliad neitralur da obieqtur stan-
darts _ xilvadobas. igi ar aris motivirebuli romelime religiuri rwmenisadmi
SuRliT an gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT. gamonaklisis daSveba ermolkis tarebi-
saTvis erTgvarovnebis WeSmariti principis ugulvebelyofa iqneboda, rasac emyareba
aRniSnuli wesi.
mosamarTle brenanis gansxvavebuli azri,

mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, samxedro dawesebuleba Tavisi mkacri moTxovnebiT,
SesaZloa indiferentuli iyos umciresobebis saWiroebebisa da Rirebulebebis mi-
marT. magram religiis klauzulis umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa, daicvas umciresobebis
uflebebi umravlesobis mxridan maTi arcodniT gamowveuli ugulebelyofisgan.
mosamarTlis azriT, uzenaesi sasamarTlos konstituciuri funqcia iyo pirveli Ses-
worebis am miznis realizacia.
mosamarTle o’konoris gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, ubralod imis aRiareba, rom samxedro ZalebSi discip-
linis SenarCunebis interesi Zalian mniSvnelovania, ar aris sakmarisi imisTvis, rom
saxelmwifos uari religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze konstituciurad CaiTva-
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los. pirma, romlis qmedebebi Tundac ukeTilSobilesi miznisken iyos mimarTuli,
mainc kanonis farglebSi unda imoqmedos. Sesabamisad, mosamarTlis azriT, saxelmwi-
foc, romelic Tavisi umniSvnelovanesi interesis Sesrulebas cdilobs, SeiZleba
daeqvemdebaros garkveul SezRudvebs. garda amisa, pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas imis
Taobaze, miayenebs Tu ara arsebiT zians gansakuTrebul saxelmwifo interess mo-
sarCelis moTxovnis dakmayofileba.
im konkretul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac samxedro dawesebuleba ver amtkicebs dama-
jereblad regulaciebis mkacri gatarebis saWiroebas da individi askvnis, rom misi
gaTavisuflebiT Seqmnili saSiSroebis argumenti usafuZvloa, mosamarTle o’konori
miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos samxedro ZalebSi erTgvarovnebis politika naklebad
Rirebulia, vidre individis religiis Tavisufleba.
***
SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis mixedviT, kongresi aRWurvilia uflebamo-

silebiT, akrifos gadasaxadebi, dafaros davalianebebi, uzrunvelyos sayovelTao
usafrTxoeba da sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba, SeimuSaos wesebi mTavrobisaTvis da
regulaciebi saxmeleTo da sazRvao samxedro ZalebisaTvis. mosamarTle brenanma,
romelic ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas zemoT ganxilul saqmeSi, ganac-
xada, rom sasamarTlos gulubryvilo mxardaWera usafuZvlo samxedro saWiroebi-
sadmi (rom samxedro disciplinis SenarCunebisTvis saWiroa religiis Tavisuflebis
SezRudva) moiTxovda kongresisgan, gamoesworebina sasamarTlos mier daSvebuli
Secdoma. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Semdeg ramdenime ebraulma organizaciam
scada moepovebina kongresis mxardaWera. kongresma maSinve ubrZana Tavdacvis sami-
nistros, Camoeyalibebina jgufi, romelic Seiswavlida, Tu rogor unda momxdariyo
samxedro Zalebis wevrebis mxridan religiis moTxovnaTa dacvis interessa da dis-
ciplinis SenarCunebis samxedro interess Soris potenciuri konfliqtis minimizacia.
Semswavlelma jgufma daaskvna, rom formebi samxedro sistemaSi mniSvnelovnad
uwyobda xels disciplinis SenarCunebas, saomari sulisa da erTianobis ganwyobis
Seqmnas. Tumca jgufma aseve daaskvna, rom tanisamosis qveS religiuri nivTebis
tareba daSvebuli unda yofiliyo, Tu es saSiSroebas ar uqmnida usafrTxoebasa da
janmrTelobas. Tavdacvis departamentma 1985 wels gamoacxada, rom ermolkis tareba
daSvebuli iyo, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca adgili hqonda „samxedro saWiroebas~.
1988 wels kongresma gadawyvita, rom samxedro Zalebis wevrs SeeZlo etarebina
religiuri samosi samxedro formasTan erTad, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac
Tavdacvis saministro gadawyvetda, rom religiuri samosis tareba xels SeuSlida
samxedro movaleobis Sesrulebas an aseTi samosi sufTa da konservatiuli ar iyo.
religiuri samosis tareba sasamarTloSi. niu-iorkis pirveli instanciis sasa-
marTlom gadawyvita, rom ebrauli mrwamsis mimdevar maier uainbergers unda moexada
Tavisi ermolka an daetovebina sasamarTlo darbazi („qlous-iT-enterpraizisi“
uainbergeris winaaRmdeg119 ). niu-iorkis uzenaesi sasamarTlos saapelacio palatam
gaauqma es sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, radgan miiCnia, rom sasamarTlos ar SeeZlo
daeyenebina piri tribunalsa da religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobas Soris arCeva-
nis winaSe. am saqmemde niu-iorkis saapelacio sasamarTlom mxari dauWira pirveli
327
instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, romelic ukrZalavda kaTolike iurist
mRvdels, etarebina Tavisi yelsabami sasamarTloSi advokatad gamosvlisas (la roka
leinis winaaRmdeg120 ). sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare braitelma ganacxada, rom advokati
eqvemdebareboda mosamarTlis tanisamosTan dakavSirebul im regulaciebs, romlebic
gonivrul kavSirSi iyo sasamarTloSi wesrigisa da etiketis SenarCunebasTan, mowme-
ebisa da mxareTa dacvasTan, da zogadad marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebasTan. bra-
itelis azriT, mosamarTlem SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvas samRvdeloebis war-
momadgenlisa da sxvebis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba. mosamarTlis mtkicebiT, riski
imisa, rom samarTliani sasamarTlo ar Sedgeboda, ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre
advokatis religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis `SemTxveviTi SezRudva~, romelic
aiZulebda mas moexsna Tavisi religiuri mrwamsis simbolo.
kaTolikeebi icaven religiur rituals da ar miirTmeven xorcs paraskevobiT,
Tumca kaTolikuri eklesia uSvebs gamonakliss aseTi ritualidan. niSnavs ki es imas,
rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia mosTxovos kaTolikes miirTvas xorci paraskevs? uainber-
geris saqme sasamarTlom ganasxvava la rokas saqmisgan. man ganacxada, rom mowinaaR-
mdge mxares ar gamouTqvams protesti ermolkis tarebaze, maSin, rodesac olqis
prokurorma gaaprotesta mama la rokas mier kaTolikuri yelsabmis tareba. arsebi-
Tia/gadamwyvetia ki es gansxvaveba? sami wlis Semdeg la rokas isev aukrZales yelsa-
bamis tareba sasamarTloSi. rodesac la rokam isev gaikeTa yelsabami, olqis proku-
rorma isev protesti gamoxata, magram amjerad sasamarTlom sasuliero pirs dauWira
mxari. la roka daeyrdno papis gancxadebas, romlis Tanaxmad, mRvdelma samosiT unda
gamoxatos Tavisi gansakuTrebuli misia.
religiuri samosi da saklaso oTaxi. janet kuperi, siqizmis mimdevari da euge-
nis sajaro skolis maswavlebeli, saswavlo procesis dros TeTr tanisamoss da TeTr
Calmas atarebda. skolisadmi miweril werilSi is acxadebda, rom am samosis tarebiT
icavda religiuri rwmenis moTxovnas. skolis direqtorma gaafrTxila kuperi, rom
misi saqcieli arRvevda oregonis statuts, romlis Tanaxmad sajaro skolis arc
erT maswavlebels ar hqonda ufleba etarebina religiuri samosi Tavisi samsaxu-
rebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas. sasamarTlo procesze uzenaesi sasamarTlos mo-
samarTle lindem ganacxada, rom oregonis statuti religiuri samosis saklaso
oTaxSi tarebis winaaRmdeg dasaSvebi iyo, radgan gamoricxavda skolaSi religiuri
gavlenis moxdenas.
religiuri rituali cixeSi
mRvdelmsaxureba cixeSi da religiiT motivirebuli cixis reforma. religiur

teqstebSi warmodgenili moZRvrebebiT motivirebuli morwmuneebi didi xnis man-
Zilze eweodnen sakuTari rwmenis socialuri Sedegebis analizs. aman ubiZga maT ara
marto aqtiurad CarTuliyvnen cixis mRvdelmsaxurebaSi, aramed xeli SeewyoT zo-
gadad penitenciur sistemaSi reformis ganxorcielebisaTvis. saukuneebis ganmavlo-
baSi mravali morwmune ganicdida patimrobis mZime pirobebs. am gamocdilebam Tavisi
wvlili Seitana cixeSi mRvdelmsaxurebis damkvidrebasa da zogierT SemTxvevaSi re-
formistuli moZraobis wamowyebaSi, rasac mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi mohyva cixis
pirobebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. sxva SemTxvevebSi morwmuneebis patimrobam
sakmaod Rirebuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis daweras misca stimuli. magaliTad,
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1963 wlis patimrobisas martin luTer kingma dawera cnobili „werili birmingemis
cixidan~. misi ritorika, romelic rasobrivi niSniT dapatimrebulTa gaTavisufle-
bas moiTxovda, sakmaod efeqturi iyo, radgan dawerili iyo im sulieri winamZRvris
mier, romelic Tavad gisosebs miRma imyofeboda rasobrivi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg
araZaladobrivi protestis gamo. aseve magaliTad SeiZleba moyvanil iqnes Carlz
kolsonis patimroba. misma religiurma moZraobam cixeSi Sedegad gamoiRo cixis
amxanagobis (Prison Fellowship) Camoyalibeba, romelic patimrebs emsaxureba da miznad
isaxavs cixis pirobebis gaumjobesebas amerikaSi. garda imisa, rom religiuri jgu-
febi xSirad iyvnen cixis reformis iniciatorebi, religia aseve mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebda cixis administraciis mier patimrebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebaSi.
o’lone `Sabazis sakuTrebis~ winaaRmdeg121

lisburgis cixeSi patimrebis jgufs davalebuli hqonda samuSaos Sesruleba cixis
Senobis gareT. cixis administracias problemebi eqmneboda, rodesac patimrebi
garkveuli mizezebis gamo (maT Soris religiur ritualze daswrebis mizeziT) moiT-
xovdnen ZiriTad SenobaSi dabrunebas samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi. dRis ganmavlo-
baSi patimrebis ukan dabruneba risks uqmnida usafrTxoebas da warmoSobda adminis-
traciul sirTuleebs. patimrebis yovel jgufs mxolod erTi mcveli zedamxedve-
lobda, amitom mTliani jgufi iZulebuli iyo mTavar SesasvlelTan mobrunebuliyo,
Tu erT patimars mainc moundeboda SenobaSi dabruneba. mTavar SesavlelTan cixeSi
Semavali da iqidan gamomavali ZiriTadi transporti moZraobda, amitom cixis admi-
nistracia Sesasvlels gansakuTrebiT sarisko zonad aRiqvamda. patimris ukan dab-
runebisas SesasvlelTan moZraoba iketeboda manam, sanam patimrebs ar gaCxrekdnen.
aseTi problemebis gamo cixis administraciam yvelaferi iRona, raTa gareT momu-
Save patimrebi iq dRis bolomde darCeniliyvnen. kerZod, cixis administraciam miiRo
Sida administraciuli aqti, romelic krZalavda gareT momuSave patimrebisTvis dRis
ganmavlobaSi cixeSi dabrunebas, garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa. magaliTad,
cixis administraciis mier miRebuli aqti Senobis gareT momuSave muslimebs uflebas
ar aZlevda, daswrebodnen TavianT religiur rituals jumuas, romlis mkacrad
dacvasac iTxovs yurani. patimrebma Seitanes sarCeli pirveli instanciis sasamarT-
loSi im motiviT, rom cixis aseTi politika xelyofda pirveli Sesworebis aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebis klauzuliT ganmtkicebul maT uflebebs. pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom ukan dabrunebis akrZalva gonivrul farglebSi emsa-
xureboda wesrigis, usafrTxoebisa da patimarTa reabilitaciis mizans. sasamarTlom
uaryo winadadeba patimrebis religiuri moTxovnis dakmayofilebis alternatiuli
gzebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos ganacxadebiT, ar arsebobda sxva patimrebis uflebebis
naklebad SemzRudavi alternativa, romelic safrTxis qveS ar daayenebda cixis legi-
timur instituciur mizans.
saapelacio sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom cixis aseTi politika mxolod maSin iq-
neboda gamarTlebuli, Tu saxelmwifo aCvenebda, rom gasaCivrebuli regulaciebi
xels uwyobda usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovan penologiur mizans. garda amisa, cixis
politikis gasamarTleblad saxelmwifos unda eCvenebina, rom ar arsebobda alter-
natiuli gza patimrebis religiuri moTxovnis dakmayofilebisa usafrTxoebisTvis
riskis gareSe. saapelacio sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, didi mniSvneloba unda miniWe-
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boda cixeSi momuSave eqspertebis Cvenebas, Tumca mxolod es Cvenebebi ar iyo obieq-
turi safuZveli alternatiuli gonivruli regulaciis ararsebobis Taobaze dask-
vnis gamosatanad. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SesaZlebeli iyo
religiuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisaTvis alternatiuli gonivruli zomebis mi-
Reba, romlebic ar xelyofda arc usafrTxoebis interess da arc patimrebis uflebas
religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze, maSin saxelmwifos mier religiur ritualSi
monawileobis akrZalva dauSvebeli iyo da xelyofda patimarTa pirveli SesworebiT
ganmtkicebul uflebebs.
sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna is faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvravda im meTodis
gonivrulobas, romlis saSualebiTac unda dakmayofilebuliyo patimarTa religi-
ur ritualSi monawileobis moTxovna. ama Tu im meTodis gonivrulobas gansazRvrav-
da misi danergvis Sedegad gamowveuli xarjebi, Statis raodenoba da patimarTa mid-
rekileba uwesrigo qcevisken.
saapelacio sasamarTlom saqme pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos daubruna ze-
moT moyvanili msjelobis Sesabamisad ganxilvisTvis. uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamo-
iTxova saqme pirveli instanciis sasamarTlodan, raTa SeemuSavebina saTanado stan-
dartebi, romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneboda patimarTa aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli sarCelis gansaxilvelad.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, aRniSnuli saqmis ganxilvas ramdenime saxel-
mZRvanelo principi daedo safuZvlad. pirveli, patimrebi ar kargaven yvela konsti-
tuciur garantias maTi cixeSi moTavsebis gamo. patimrebi calsaxad inarCuneben pir-
veli SesworebiT ganmtkicebul uflebebs, maT Soris aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas.
meore, kanonieri patimroba gulisxmobs mravali privilegiisa da uflebis SezRudvas.
SezRudvebi konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebiT sargeblobaze ara marto pa-
timrobis Sedegia, aramed gamarTlebulia legitimuri penologiuri mizniTac, rac
gulisxmobs danaSaulis aRkveTas, patimarTa reabilitaciasa da cixis instituciuri
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas.
zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebis dabalansebisas sasamarTlom araerTxel aRniSna,
rom penologiuri miznis Sefaseba cixis administracias unda miendos, romelic
pasuxismgebelia cixis marTvaze. cixis administraciisadmi sasamarTloebis pativis-
cemis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, uzenaes sasamarTlos SemoRebuli hqonda cixis regu-
laciebis winaaRmdeg konstituciuri sarCelebis „gonivrulobis~ Sefasebis Sedare-
biT martivi testi. gonivrulobis testis mixedviT, rodesac cixis regulacia xel-
yofs patimrebis konstituciur uflebebs, regulacia dasaSvebad CaiTvleba, Tu is
gonivrul farglebSi dakavSirebulia legitimur penologiur interesTan. aseTi
midgoma, sasamarTlos azriT, uzrunvelyofs administraciis SesaZleblobas, winas-
war gansazRvros usafrTxoebis problemebi da miiRos racionaluri gadawyvetile-
bebi. garda amisa, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, aseTi midgoma gamoricxavs sasamar-
Tlo sistemis uadgilo Carevas iseTi problemebis gadaWraSi, romlebic yvelaze
naklebad eqvemdebareba sasamarTlo direqtivebiT regulirebas Sesabamisobis Tval-
sazrisiT.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar gaamarTla saapelacio sasamarTlos mier cixis ad-
ministraciisTvis imis mtkicebis tvirTis dakisreba, rom ar arsebobda sxva goniv-
ruli meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac religiuri moTxovnebi usafrTxoebisTvis
330
safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe dakmayofildeboda. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT,
cixis administraciisTvis aseTi mtkicebis tvirTis dakisreba ar asaxavs pativisce-
mas, romelsac SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia gamoxatavs cixis administraciis
mimarT.
„gonivrulobis testis~ gamoyenebis Semdeg cixis politikis moTxovnebis mimarT
uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom isini sruliad Seesabameboda mis mier SemuSa-
vebul standarts. cixis politikis moTxovna, rom patimarTa garkveul jgufebs da-
kisrebodaT cixis gareT muSaoba, gamarTlebuli iyo instituciur wesrigsa da usafr-
Txoebaze mzrunvelobiT. rac Seexeba dRis ganmavlobaSi cixis mTavar SenobaSi dabru-
nebis akrZalvas, cixis administraciis wevrebis CvenebebiT, patimarTa ukan dabruneba
aferxebda moZraobas cixis SesasvlelTan, adgilTan, romelic sarisko teritoriad
iyo miCneuli. garda amisa, patimarTa ukan dabruneba sakmaod did tvirTs akisrebda
mcvelebs, romlebsac yoveli konkretuli moTxovnis mixedviT unda gadaewyvitaT,
daerToT Tu ara maTTvis ukan dabrunebis neba. damatebiT, cixis politika gamarTle-
buli iyo patimarTa reabilitaciis interesiTac. uzenaesi sasamarTlos azriT, pati-
marTa ukan dabrunebis akrZalva yvela am kanonier mizanTan SesabamisobaSi iyo, amitom
es moTxovnac Seesabameboda „gonivrulobis~ standarts.
garda amisa, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Tumca patimrebs ar SeeZloT cixis amkrZa-
lavi regulaciebis gamo jumuas ritualis dacva, maT ar ezRudebodaT SesaZleblo-
ba, monawileoba mieRoT sxva religiur ceremoniebSi, rogoricaa ramadani, marxva da
locva. am religiur ritualebSi monawileobis miRebis moTxovnebi sruliad dakma-
yofilebuli iyo cixis administraciis mier.
Sesabamisad, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita,
rom gasaCivrebuli regulaciebi gonivrulad iyo dakavSirebuli legitimur penolo-
giur miznebTan, ris gamoc isini ar xelyofdnen pirveli Sesworebis aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis klauzuliT ganmtkicebul uflebebs.

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi marSali, blekmuni da stivensi
mosamarTle brenanis azriT, am saqmeSi sasamarTlosTvis mTavari sirTule imis
gansazRvra iyo, rogor unda yofiliyo saukeTesod daculi patimarTa konstituci-
uri uflebebi. Sesabamisad, mosamarTlis azriT, am saqmis gadasawyvetad SesamuSave-
beli standartis mizani ar unda iyos is, rac sasamarTlom ganacxada, anu imis
uzrunvelyofa, rom sasamarTloebi saTanado pativiscemiT moekidon cixis administ-
raciis wevrebis gadawyvetilebebs. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, konstitucia ar aris
Seqmnili imisTvis, rom gazardos sajaro moxeleTa qmedebebis efeqtianoba, an imis-
Tvis, rom uzrunvelyos sakmarisi ndoba administraciuli eqspertebis mimarT. mosa-
marTle brenanis Tanaxmad, konstitucia warmoadgens adamianis uflebebis dacvas im
xelyofisgan, romelic SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas, rogorc marTvisTvis aucile-
beli saSualeba.
brenanis mosazrebiT, „gonivrulobis~ sasamarTlo Semowmebis standartad aRi-
areba araadekvaturia nebismieri saxis konstituciuri sarCelis gansaxilvelad. ase-
Ti standartis Setyobineba cixis administraciisTvis imis miniSnebaa, rom sakmarisia
maT „gonivrulad~ imoqmedon da maTi yvela qmedeba gamarTlebuli iqneba. mosamarT-
lis gancxadebiT, gonivrulad moqmedebis direqtiva sakmarisi rom iyos uflebamo-
331
silebis yvelanairi gamoyenebis Sesamowmeblad, maSin konstitucia aRar iqneboda
saWiro.
Tu saqmianoba, romelSic patimrebs surT monawileoba, Seicavs risks usafrTxo-
ebisTvis, an Tu regulacia ubralod krZalavs patimrebis mier religiis gamoxatvis
adgils, drosa da formas, maSin cixis regulacia ukanonod mxolod maSin CaiTvleba,
Tu ar arsebobs SezRudvis gonivruli gamarTleba. xolo mosamarTlis azriT, Tu
patimris uflebis dakmayofileba ar Seicavs saSiSroebas da Tu cixem mTlianad
waarTva mas es ufleba, maSin cixis administraciam unda aCvenos, rom aseTi akrZalva
proporciuli xasiaTisaa da aucilebelia mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo interesis uz-
runvelsayofad.
mosamarTlis azriT, radgan cixem unda STaagonos patimrebs socialuri da samar-
Tlebrivi normebis pativiscema, man aseve naTlad da dasabuTebulad unda warmoaCi-
nos patimrebis uflebis absoluturi SezRudvis saWiroeba. ufro metic, brenanis
gancxadebiT, cixis administracias aqvs SesaZlebloba, moipovos yvela is mtkicebu-
leba, romelic arsebiTia uflebebis aseTi SezRudvis upiratesobis dasadgenad sxva
alternativebTan SedarebiT.
brenanis gancxadebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu am saqmeSi sasamarTlo Semowmebis
standartad „gonivrulobis~ principia aRebuli, cixis moxeleebi mainc ver amtki-
ceben patimrebisTvis jumuaSi monawileobis akrZalvis gonivrulobas.
mosamarTle aseve ar daeTanxma uzenaesi sasamarTlos msjelobas imis Taobaze,
rom regulaciiT patimrebisTvis mxolod jumuas religiur ritualSi monawileobis
SezRudva ar niSnavda patimrebis konstituciuri uflebebis SezRudvas, radgan maT
SeeZloT sxva religiuri qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. brenanis azriT, aseTi msjeloba
arasworia, radgan sasamarTlo ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom jumua erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani religiuri ritualia muslimebisTvis, romlis Sesrulebasac upiro-
bod moiTxovs yurani.
mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, muslim patimrebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, monawileoba
miiRon jumuas religiur ritualSi yvela federalur cixeSi, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom normaluri garemoebebis arsebobisas, aseTi praqtika Seesabameba cixis adminis-
traciis moTxovnebs. marTlac, lisburgis Statis cixe patimrebs xuTi wlis ganmav-
lobaSi rTavda nebas, mieRoT monawileoba am religiur ritualSi da maT, brenanis
gancxadebiT, amis Sedegad arasodes SeqmniaT wesrigis darRvevis problema. federa-
luri cixeebisa da lisburgis cixis gamocdilebis safuZvelze, mosamarTle brenani
askvnis, rom gonivrulobis testi cixis administraciisgan moiTxovs imis damtkice-
bas, rom alternativebi, rac patimrebs jumuaSi monawileobis nebas darTavda, gaumar-
Tlebeli iyo.
patimroba, mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, gamoricxavs patimris monawileobas adami-
anTa farTo sazogadoebaSi. religiuri sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi monawileobis akr-
Zalvam ki, mosamarTlis azriT, SeiZleba patimars Rirsebis grZnoba da codvebisgan
gaTavisuflebis bolo imedic daukargos. aseTi akrZalva, brenanis azriT, ufro met
gamarTlebas moiTxovs, vidre mxolod imis mtkiceba, rom sxvanairi moqmedebis kursi
ararealuria.
332
peiotis122 moxmareba
amerikeli indielebis mier peiotis ritualuri moxmarebisaTvis
daSvebuli gamonaklisebi kanonmdeblobaSi narkotikebis Sesaxeb
federaluri xelisufleba da ramdenime Stati iTvaliswinebs gamonaklisebs pe-
iotis religiuri moxmarebisaTvis. aSS-s federalur dadgenilebaTa kodeqsis Tanax-
mad: „peiotis Setana kontrolirebadi nivTierebebis pirveli Tanrigis CamonaTval-
Si ar Seexeba peiotis aranarkotikuli daniSnulebiT gamoyenebas amerikeli indi-
elebis eklesiis keTilsindisier religiur ritualebSi da amerikeli indielebis
eklesiis wevrebi gaTavisuflebulni arian registraciisgan. nebismieri pirovneba,
romelic awarmoebs peiots da indiel amerikelTa eklesias amaragebs peiotiT, val-
debulia gaiaros yovelwliuri registracia da Seasrulos kanoniT gaTvaliswine-
buli yvela moTxovna.~
qvemoT moyvanil saqmeSi alfred smiti da galen bleki, amerikeli indielebis
eklesiis wevrebi, daiTxoves samuSaodan sakraluri miznebisaTvis TavianTi eklesiis
ritualSi peiotis moxmarebisTvis. rodesac smitma da blekma moiTxoves umuSevar-
TaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli kompensacia, adamianuri resursebis departamentis dasaq-
mebis samsaxurma gadawyvita, rom isini ar imsaxurebdnen Semweobas, vinaidan samuSa-
osTan dakavSirebuli „gadacdomisTvis~ daiTxoves. sasamarTloSi samarTalwarmoebis
mimdinareobisas oregonis Statis kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebda gamonaklisebs
peiotis moxmarebisaTvis. samarTalwarmoebis pirvel etapze oregonis sasamarTlo-
ebma uari ganacxades, ganexilaT sakiTxi imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara msgavsi gamonaklisis
daSveba konstituciiT savaldebulo. Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
smitsa da bleks hqondaT kompensaciis miRebis ufleba, vinaidan „gadacdomis~ debu-
lebis mizani diskvalifikaciis Sedegad maT religiur gamoxatvaze dakisrebul
tvirTs ver amarTlebda. aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoiTxova saqme qveda instan-
ciidan. im motiviT, rom oregonis uzenaes sasamarTlos ar gadauwyvetia, peiotis
sakraluri gamoyeneba akrZaluli iyo Tu ara Statis kontrolirebadi nivTierebebis
kanoniT (radganac swored es sakiTxi iyo mxareebs Soris davis sagani), man gaauqma
gadawyvetileba da saqme Statis uzenaes sasamarTlos daubruna xelmeored gansaxil-
velad. am ukanasknelma gadawyvita, rom peiotis religiuri gamoyeneba eqceoda
oregonis kanonis akrZalvis farglebSi, romelic ar uSvebda gamonaklisebs narkoti-
kuli nivTierebebis „sakraluri moxmarebisaTvis~. amis Semdgom Statis sasamarTlom
ganixila, ramdenad konstituciuri iyo aseTi akrZalva aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis
klauzulis123 safuZvelze da uaryofiTi daaskvna gamoitana. sasamarTlom daamtkica
Tavisi adrindeli gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, Stats ar hqonda momCivne-
ebisTvis umuSevarTaTvis gaTvaliswinebul Semweobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba zemoT
aRniSnuli praqtikis ganxorcielebis motiviT. aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom kvlav
gamoiTxova saqme qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan.
dasaqmebis samsaxuri smitis winaaRmdeg124

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli saqme sasamarTlosgan moiTxovs, ga-
dawyvitos, aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula rTavs Tu ara nebas oregonis
Stats, narkotikebze zogadi sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalvis moqmedebis sferoSi
333
moaqcios peiotis religiuri moxmareba da, Sesabamisad, umuSevrobis Semweobaze uari
ganucxados im pirebs, romlebic amgvari qmedebisTvis samuSaodan daiTxoves.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, religiis Tavisuflad aRmsarebloba, pirvel
rigSi, niSnavs individis uflebas sakuTari survilisamebr iwamos an iqadagos esa Tu
is religia. Sesabamisad, pirveli Sesworeba gamoricxavs „religiuri warmodgenebis
saxelmwifo regulacias, rogorc aseTs”. saxelmwifos ufleba ara aqvs, aiZulos vin-
me, aRiaros gansazRvruli mrwamsi, dasajos religiuri doqtrinis gamoxatva, romel-
sac igi mcdarad miiCnevs, religiuri Sexedulebebis an religiuri statusis safuZ-
velze daawesos uflebaTa specialuri SezRudvebi, an Tavisi xelisufleba religiur
doqtrinasa Tu dogmaze arsebuli davis erT-erTi mxaris sasargeblod gadasawyvetad
gamoiyenos. Tumca „religiis aRmsarebloba~ xSirad rwmenasa da aRsarebasTan er-
Tad fizikuri aqtebis ganxorcielebasac (an ganxorcielebisgan Tavis Sekavebas) mo-
icavs: RvTismsaxurebis SesrulebisaTvis Sekrebas, purisa da Rvinis sakralur moxma-
rebaSi monawileobas, prozelitizms an gansazRvruli sakvebis mirTmevisgan Tavis
Sekavebas. ra Tqma unda, CamoTvlili praqtikebis akrZalva „aRmsareblobis Tavisuf-
lebis SezRudva~ iqneboda.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki, sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, pirebi iTxoven „aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis~ mniSvnelobis aRiarebas ufro maRal doneze. maTi mtki-
cebiT, „[religiis] Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis SezRudvis~ moicavs individis daval-
debulebas, daicvas zogadi daniSnulebis kanoni, romelic moiTxovs (an krZalavs)
misi religiuri mrwamsiT akrZaluli (savaldebulo) qmedebis Sesrulebas. aSS-s
uzenaesi sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali ar icnobs SemTxvevas, am sasamarT-
los ganecxadebinos, rom individis religiuri rwmena aTavisuflebs mas im qmedebis
amkrZalavi kanonis Sesrulebisgan, romlis regulirebis kanonieri uflebac saxel-
mwifos gaaCnia. rogorc mosamarTle frankfurterma aRniSna saqmeSi minersvilis
saskolo olqi gobitisis winaaRmdeg125: „religiuri SemwynareblobisaTvis xangrZlivi
brZolis mimdinareobisas sindisis patiosan qenjnas ar gauTavisuflebia individi
im zogadi daniSnulebis kanonis Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan, romlis mizansac ar
warmoadgenda religiuri mrwamsis xelSewyoba an SezRudva. im religiuri rwmenis
qona, romelic politikuri sazogadoebis relevantur interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba,
ar aTavisuflebs moqalaqes politikuri valdebulebis Sesrulebisgan~. am principis
mxardaWera moxda saqmeSi reinoldsi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg,126 sadac
uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac konstitucias ewinaaRm-
degeboda poligamiis amkrZalavi sisxlis samarTlebrivi kanonebis gamoyeneba maT
mimarT, visi religiac am praqtikas savaldebulod miiCnevda. garda amisa, saqmeSi
braunfildi braunis winaaRmdeg127 uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira kvira dRes
muSaobisa da vaWrobis amkrZalav kanonebs, mosarCeleTa moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod,
rom aseTi kanonebi mZime tvirTs akisrebdnen im pirTa religiur gamoxatvas, romelTa
religiebic moiTxovdnen maTgan sxva dReebSi muSaobisgan Tavis Sekavebas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli ukanaskneli saqme, sadac individis religiiT
akrZaluli qmedebis mavaldebulebeli neitraluri da zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebi
iyo gasaCivrebuli, aris SeerTebuli Statebi lis winaaRmdeg.128 aq amiSi damqiravebeli
sakuTari da Tavisi muSa-mosamsaxureebis saxeliT iTxovda socialuri uzrunvelyofis
gadasaxadis gadaxdis valdebulebisgan gaTavisuflebas im motiviT, rom amiSebis mrwamsi
krZalavda monawileobas saxelmwifo mxardaWeris programebSi. sasamarTlom uaryo
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moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac gamonaklisis daSveba konstituciurad savaldebulo iyo.
„Tu, magaliTad, gansazRvruli religiis mimdevaris mrwamsiT omi codvas warmoadgens da
Tuki federaluri sabiujeto saxsrebis garkveuli nawili SeiZleba omTan dakavSirebul
saqmianobaze ixarjebodes, am individs, zemoT aRniSnuli principis gaziarebis SemTxveva-
Si, sruliad kanonieri moTxovna eqneba, gaTavisufldes saSemosavlo gadasaxadis na-
wilisgan. sagadasaxado sistema ver ifunqcionirebda, Tuki denominaciebisTvis neba-
darTuli iqneboda sagadasaxado sistemis gasaCivreba maTi religiuri mrwamsebis sawi-
naaRmdego miznebisaTvis akrefili Tanxis gamoyenebis safuZvelze...~
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo mopasuxeTa argu-
menti, romlis mixedviTac, rodesac sxvagvarad akrZalul qmedebas Tan axlavs reli-
giuri warmodgenebi, saxelmwifo regulirebisgan Tavisufali unda iyos ara marto
mrwamsi, aramed qmedebac.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, is gamonaklisi gadawyvetilebani, romliTac man
daadgina, rom pirveli Sesworeba krZalavs zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebis gamoyene-
bas religiurad motivirebuli qmedebisadmi, moicavda ara marto aRmsareblobis Ta-
visuflebis klauzulas, aramed konstituciuri dacvis sxva saSualebebsac, rogori-
caa sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba129 an mSoblebis uflebebi.130 mocemuli saqme ki,
sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, ar warmoadgens amgvar hibridul situacias.
smitisa da blekis mtkicebiT, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu zogadi daniSnulebis sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi kanonebisgan gaTavisufleba avtomaturad ar unda gavrceldes reli-
giurad motivirebul individebze, moTxovna religiuri gamonaklisis daSvebaze unda
Sefasdes Serbertis131 saqmeSi Camoyalibebuli dabalansebis testis safuZvelze.
Serbertis testis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo qmedebani, romlebic mniSvnelovan tvirTs
akisreben religiur gamoxatvas, dasabuTebul unda iqnes sasicocxlo saxelmwifo
interesiT. Serbertis testis gamoyenebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxolod sam saq-
meSi132 gamoacxada Zaladakargulad umuSevrobis kompensaciis gacemis Sesaxeb Sta-
tis wesebi, romlebic sargeblis xelmisawvdomobas gansazRvravdnen ganmcxadeblebis
mzadyofnis gaTvaliswinebiT, emuSavaT TavianTi religiiT akrZaluli pirobebis sa-
fuZvelze. am testis safuZvelze uzenaes sasamarTlos arasodes gamoucxadebia sa-
xelmwifo qmedeba arakonstituciurad, garda umuSevrobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli
kompensaciis uaryofis saqmeebisa. saqmeSi bouveni rois winaaRmdeg133 uzenaesma sa-
samarTlom uari ganacxada Sebertis testis gamoyenebaze federaluri kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebuli daxmarebis programis mimarT, romelic sargeblis mimRebi ganmcxa-
deblebisgan socialuri uzrunvelyofis nomrebis wardgenas moiTxovda. aRniSnul
saqmeSi, momCivanTa mtkicebiT, maTi ori wlis qaliSvilisTvis socialuri uzrun-
velyofis nomris miReba daarRvevda maTive religiur mrwamss. am saqmeSi sasamarTlos
gancxadebiT, umuSevrobis Semweobis programebis ganmasxvavebeli niSani mdgomare-
obda imaSi, rom maTSi monawileobis kriteriumebi axdenda ganmcxadeblis umuSevro-
bis ukan arsebuli gansazRvruli garemoebebis Semowmebis stimulirebas: „kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis Tanaxmad, (Serbertis saqmeSi) pirs ar gaaCnda umu-
Sevrobis Semweobis miRebis ufleba, Tuki „sakmarisi safuZvlis gareSe~ datova samu-
Sao an uari ganacxada xelmisawvdom samuSaoze. „sakmarisi safuZvlis~ standartma
Seqmna ìndividualuri gamonaklisebis daSvebis meqanizmi...~ uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebani, amave sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, emyareba princips, romlis mixed-
335
viTac, rodesac saxelmwifos SemuSavebuli aqvs individualuri gamonaklisebis sis-
tema, mas ar SeuZlia sasicocxlo mizezebis gareSe uari ganacxados am midgomis gamo-
yenebaze.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos daskvniT, imis miuxedavad, izRudeba Tu ara saxelmwifos
an Statis oficialuri struqturebis mier gadawyvetilebaTa miReba „religiuri sa-
WiroebiT~, amas aranairi gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia gansazRvruli qmedebis sayo-
velTao sisxlissamarTlebriv akrZalvaze; Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli testi ar aris ga-
moyenebadi msgavsi saCivrebis ganxilvisas. saxelmwifos SesaZlebloba, cxovrebaSi
gaataros socialurad zianis momtani qmedebebis akrZalvebi da saxelmwifos poli-
tikis sxva aspeqtebi ar SeiZleba „damokidebuli iyos saxelmwifos qmedebebiT pro-
testis gamomxatveli religiuri individis sulier ganviTarebaze gamowveuli Sede-
gebis Sefasebaze~. msgavsi kanonis Sesrulebis valdebulebis gadaqceva imaze da-
mokidebulad, individis religiuri mrwamsi Seesabameba Tu ara am kanons, ewinaaRm-
degeba rogorc konstituciur tradicias, ise zogadad saR azrs.
`sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis~ standartis gamoyeneba mocemul sferoSi
naklebad efeqturia. am saqmeSi mopasuxeTa mier am standartis dakmayofilebis moT-
xovna sruliad araTanazomieria im SemTxvevebTan SedarebiT, rodesac wydeba saxelm-
wifos mxridan rasobriv niadagze gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis, an gamoxatvis Sina-
arsis regulirebis legitimurobis sakiTxi. am sferoebSi sasicocxlo saxelmwifo
interesis standarti uzrunvelyofs Tanabar mopyrobasa da sadavod qceuli gamo-
xatvis SeuzRudav dacvas, rac konstituciuri normebia. mocemul saqmeSi ki igi iw-
vevs kerZo uflebis safuZvelze zogadi daniSnulebis kanonis ignorirebas; rac sa-
samarTlos umravlesobis mosazrebiT, konstituciuri anomaliaa.
garda amisa, aseve SeuZlebelia mopasuxeTa SemoTavazebis limitireba „sasicoc-
xlo saxelmwifo interesis~ standartis gamoyenebiT mxolod im SemTxvevebSi, rode-
sac akrZalul qmedebas individis religiaSi centraluri adgili ukavia. aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebis sferoSi mosamarTleebis mier religiuri rwmenebis „centralu-
robis~ gansazRvra „sasicocxlo interesis~ standartis gamoyenebamde ar aris imaze
metad Sesabamisi, vidre maT mier sityvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi ideaTa „mniSvne-
lovnebis~ garkveva iqneboda amave testiT sargeblobamde.
„sasicocxlo interesis~ testis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, igi yvela religiurad
motivirebul qmedebaze unda gavrceldes. Sedegad, mravali kanoni ver daakmayofi-
lebs tests, mis mniSvnelobasTan srul SesabamisobaSi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. uze-
naesi sasamarTlos SexedulebiT nebismier sazogadoebas, romelic aseT sistemas aRi-
arebs, anarqia emuqreba. safrTxe izrdeba sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli religiuri
mrwamsebis mravalferovnebisa da misi miswrafebis pirdapirproporciulad, ar Se-
aferxos an xelyos arc erTi maTgani. swored aSS-s kosmopolituri naciisa da mis
mier religiur gansxvavebaTa dafasebisa da dacvis gamo aSS-s ar SeuZlia, ukanonod
miiCnios qcevis nebismieri wesi, romelic „uzenaesi wesrigis~ interesebs ar Seesaba-
meba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, aRniSnulis miuxedavad, ùflebaTa biliT~ sa-
xelmwifos xelyofisgan daculi faseulobebi ar aris politikuri procesebidan
gamoTiSuli. iseve, rogorc sazogadoebas, romelic Tvlis, rom pirveli Sesworeba
presis arasaTanado dacvas uzrunvelyofs, SeuZlia miiRos beWdviTi sityvis gav-
336
rcelebisaTvis xelis Semwyobi kanonebi, aseve sazogadoebas, romelic miiCnevs, rom
religiuri mrwamsi arasaTanadod aris daculi, sruli SesaZlebloba, aqvs Tavisi
mzrunveloba aRniSnuli faseulobisadmi kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebis gziT gamoav-
linos. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, srulebiT ar aris gasakviri, rom ramdenime Statma
dauSva gamonaklisebi Tavis kanonebSi peiotis sakralur gamoyenebasTan dakavSire-
biT. sasamarTlos kargad moexseneba, rom religiuri rwmenis adaptaciis gadacema
politikuri procesebis xelSi zians miayenebs im religiur praqtikas, romelic ar
aris umravlesobis mier gaziarebuli. Tumca misi SexedulebiT, aucilebelia upira-
tesobis miniWeba demokratiuli saxelmwifos gardauvali SedegisaTvis, TiToeuli
individis rwmenis kanonad gadaqcevis an mosamarTleebis mier religiuri rwmenis
centralurobis xarisxis kanonis socialur mniSvnelobasTan Sepirispirebis siste-
masTan SedarebiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, radgan peiotis
moxmareba akrZaluli iyo oregonis kanonmdeblobiT da es akrZalva konstituciur
xasiaTs atarebda, oregons aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulasTan srul Sesa-
bamisobaSi SeeZlo uareyo mopasuxeTa moTxovna umuSevrobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli
Semweobis miRebaze. Sesabamisad gauqmda Statis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
leba.
mosamarTle o’konoris Tanmxvedri azri,

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi brenani, marSali da blekmuni
mosamarTle o’konoris mosazrebiT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdegeba
pirveli Sesworebis mtkiced Camoyalibebul iurisprudencias da Seusabamoa indivi-
dis religiis Tavisuflebaze amerikeli eris fundamentur SexedulebebTan.
sasamarTlos umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT, rodesac saqme gvaqvs zogadi daniSnu-
lebis sisxlissamarTlebriv akrZalvasTan aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis iurispru-
dencia ar gamoiyeneba. aseT daskvnamde misvlisaTvis, o’konoris azriT, sasamarTlom
ara marto deformirebulad unda ganmartos pirveli Sesworeba, aramed religiuri
qcevis SemzRudavi zogadi daniSnulebis regulaciebTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi
permanentulad gamoyenebuli aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis doqtrinis ugulebelyo-
fac unda moaxdinos.
pirveli Sesworebis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis Tanaxmad: „kongresi
ar miiRebs kanons, romelic ... SezRudavs aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas~. o’konori,
pirvel Sesworebaze dayrdnobiT, erTmaneTisgan ar ganasxvavebs mrwamssa da qmedebas:
„gulwrfeli religiuri mrwamsiT motivirebuli religiuri qceva, TviT am mrwamsTan
erTad, sul mcire, hipoTeturad unda iyos daculi aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis
klauzuliT~. klauzulis sasamarTlo interpretaciiT ki igi nebas rTavs saxelmwi-
fos, yovelgvari gamarTlebis gareSe akrZalos individis religiiT savaldebulo
qmedeba, sanam aRniSnuli akrZalva zogadi daniSnulebisaa. Tumca pirs, romelsac
religiurad motivirebuli qmedebis ganxorcieleba ekrZaleba, aseve ekrZaleba Ta-
visi religiis Tavisuflad aRmsarebloba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebi specifikurad
religiuri qcevisadmi mimarTul kanonebze maRla dgas. Tumca, o’konoris mosazre-
biT, pirveli Sesworeba ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan zogadi daniSnulebisa da re-
ligiuri qcevisadmi specifikurad mimarTul kanonebs. imisaTvis, rom pirveli
337
Sesworeba sicocxlisunariani iyos, igi mxolod im ukidures da hipoTezur situ-
aciebs ar unda moicavdes, rodesac saxelmwifos pirdapir samiznes religiuri qceva
warmoadgens. o’konoris SexedulebiT, Statebis mxolod Zalze mcire raodenoba Tu
iqneba iseTi miamiti, rom religiuri qmedebis pirdapir amkrZalavi kanoni miiRos.
o’konoris daskvnis Tanaxmad, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli srulebiT ar niSnavs imas,
rom individs religiurad motivirebuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis absoluturi
ufleba aqvs. sasamarTlos araerTxel aRuniSnavs, rom pirveli Sesworebis iuris-
prudenciis safuZvelze qmedebis Tavisufleba, rwmenis Tavisuflebisgan gansxvave-
biT, SeuZlebelia absoluturi xasiaTis iyos. is yovelTvis pativs scemda rogorc
pirveli Sesworebis miTiTebebs, ise saxelmwifo interesebs, misTvis religiurad mo-
tivirebuli qmedebis SezRudvis sasicocxlo interesiT gamarTlebis moTxovnis waye-
nebiT. sasicocxlo interesi pirveli Sesworebis im miTiTebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas
uzrunvelyofs, romlis Tanaxmadac religiis Tavisufleba damoukidebeli Tavisuf-
lebaa, igi privilegirebul mdgomareobaSia imyofeba da sasamarTlo ar dauSvebs mis
xelyofas rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri gziT, sanam msgavsi qmedeba aucile-
beli ar gaxdeba maRali rangis sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesiT.
sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom ioderisa da qenTvelis saqmeebSi aRmsareblobis Tavi-
suflebis klauzula faqtobrivad interpretirebuli iqna, rogorc zogadi daniSnu-
lebis amkrZalavi kanonebis gamoyenebis akrZalva religiurad motivirebul qmedebas-
Tan mimarTebaSi. Tumca igi cdilobs, gaeqces am saqmeebSi miRebul gadawyvetilebebs
da maT hibriduls uwodebs. amave dros, o’konoris mosazrebiT, aSkaraa, rom orive
maTgani aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulaze dayrdnobiT iqna gamotanili da
yovelTvis aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis iurispruden-
ciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis nawilad iyo gaazrebuli. ufro metic, yvela im saqmeSi,
romelic sasamarTlom Tavisi kategoriuli wesis gasamarTleblad moiSvelia, kon-
stituciuri sarCelebis uaryofa konfliqturi interesebis detaluri Sefasebis sa-
fuZvelze moxda. magaliTad, saqmeSi prinsi masaCusetsis winaaRmdeg134 sasamarTlom
miiCnia, rom religiur niadagze bavSvTa Sromis kanonmdeblobisgan gaTavisufle-
baze uari gamarTlebuli iyo bavSvebis Sromis regulirebis saxelmwifo interesiT;
xolo saqmeSi jileti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg135 sasamarTlom sakmarisad
miiCnia samxedro saqmeebSi saxelmwifo interesi samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis ka-
nonebis Sesrulebisgan gaTavisuflebis moTxovnis uaryofisaTvis.
dabolos, o’konoris daskvnis mixedviT, sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi mi-
uTiTebs, rom arakeTilganwyoba umciresobaTa religiebis mimarT aSS-Si arsebuli
mmarTvelobiTi sistemis „gardauval Sedegs~ warmoadgens da aseTi religiebis adap-
tacia politikur procesebs unda mivandoT. o’konoris SexedulebiT ki, pirveli
Sesworeba swored im individebis uflebaTa dasacavad iqna SemuSavebuli, romelTa
religiuri qceva ar aris gaziarebuli umravlesobis mier da SeiZleba maT mtrul
damokidebulebasac iwvevdes. aSS-s aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis doqtrina naTlad
amtkicebs umravlesobis wesis sastik zegavlenas iseT arapopularul da axlad aR-
mocenebul religiur jgufebze, rogorebicaa ieRovas mowmeebi da amiSebi. „ufle-
baTa bilis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda gansazRvruli obieqtebis amoReba politi-
kuri dacvis sferodan, maTi ganTavseba umravlesobisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa xel-
misawvdomobis farglebs miRma da sasamarTlos mier gamosayenebel samarTlebriv
338
principebad maTi daweseba. dauSvebelia, vinmes ufleba sicocxleze, Tavisufle-
baze, sakuTrebaze, sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebaze, Sekrebisa da RvTismsaxurebis
Tavisuflebaze da sxva fundamentur uflebebze damokidebuli iyos arCevnebis Se-
degebze~.
mosamarTle o’konoris Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo ara marto arasworad ganmartavs
pirvel Sesworebas; es srulebiT ar aris aRniSnuli saqmisaTvis aucilebeli. o’ko-
noris azriT, sasamarTlo imave Sedegs miiRebda aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis damk-
vidrebuli iurisprudenciis gamoyenebiT.
udavoa, rom oregonis kriminaluri akrZalva peiotis moxmarebaze mZime tvirTad
awveba mopasuxeTa SesaZleblobas religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze, vinaidan
es narkotikuli nivTiereba indieli amerikelebis eklesiis sakraments warmoadgens.
aseve udavoa is, rom oregonis Stats im kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis udidesi
interesi aqvs, romlebic Statis moqalaqeebis mier „kontrolirebadi nivTierebe-
bis~ flobasa da gamoyenebas aregulirebs. narkotikebis borotad gamoyeneba „mosax-
leobis janmrTelobasa da keTildReobaze cudi zegavlenis momxden, dRevandeli
sazogadoebis erT-erT yvelaze mZime problemas warmoadgens~.
federaluri kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, peioti specialurad regulirebulia, ro-
gorc pirveli Tanrigis kontrolirebadi nivTiereba. es ki gulisxmobs, rom, kong-
resis SexedulebiT, arsebobs peiotis borotad gamoyenebis maRali potenciuri SesaZ-
lebloba da mas ara aqvs samedicino daniSnuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, mosamarTle
o’konoris mosazrebiT, gadamwyvetia imis garkveva, mopasuxeTaTvis gamonaklisis daS-
veba Statis zogadi sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalvidan warmoadgens Tu ara „ukanono
Carevas Statis sasicocxlo interesis ganxorcielebaSi~.
oregonis sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalvis erTmniSvnelovani gamoyeneba auci-
lebelia misi ZiriTadi interesis ganxorcielebisaTvis, pirveli Tanrigis kontroli-
rebadi nivTierebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli fizikuri zianis Tavidan acilebis miz-
niT. vinaidan kontrolirebadi nivTierebiT janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyeneba xdeba
misi momxmareblis motivaciis miuxedavad, aseTi nivTierebebis moxmareba, maT Soris
religiuri miznebisaTvis, arRvevs kanonis ZiriTad mizans. yovelive zemoTqmulis
gaTvaliswinebiT, o’konoris azriT, mocemul saqmeSi specialuri gamonaklisis daS-
veba seriozulad daazianebda moqalaqeebis mier narkotikuli saSualebebis flobisa
da moxmarebis akrZalvaze oregonis Statis sasicocxlo interess. Sesabamisad, msgav-
si garemoebebis arsebobisas pirveli Sesworeba ar moiTxovs Statisgan mopasuxeTa
religiurad motivirebuli qmedebis adaptacias.
mosamarTle blekmunis gansxvavebuli azri,

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi brenani da marSali
blekmunis mosazrebiT, sasamarTlom wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeimuSava Sesabamisi da
mkacri standarti religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze tvirTis damakisrebeli
Statis kanonis konstituciurobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad. aseTi kanoni SeiZleba
konstituciurad CaiTvalos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi zogadi xasiaTisaa da
Statis uari religiuri gamonaklisis daSvebaze gamarTlebulia sasicocxlo intere-
siT, romlis uzrunvelyofac SeuZlebelia naklebad SemzRudveli saSualebebiT.
blekmunma gaiziara mosamarTle o’konoris Sexedulebebi aRmsareblobis Tavisuf-
lebis doqtrinis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, misi mosazrebiT, arasworia mopasuxeTa
339
moTxovnebis Sepirispireba „narkotikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis~ Statis farTo inte-
resTan. maTi moTxovnebi peiotis religiuri, ritualuri gamoyenebisaTvis gamonak-
lisis ardaSvebaze Statis viwro interesis Sesabamisad unda Sefasdes.
blekmunis SexedulebiT, imisaTvis, rom Statis interesi Tavisi akrZalvis cxov-
rebaSi gatarebaze sasicocxlo xasiaTs atarebdes religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareb-
lobaze moTxovnis gadasawonad, ar SeiZleba, igi mxolod abstraqtuli an simboluri
iyos. dauSvebelia, Stati sarwmunod amtkicebdes, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZal-
vis gamoyeneba gadamwyvetia ama Tu im sasicocxlo interesis ganxorcielebisaTvis,
Tuki mas faqtobrivad ar ucdia am akrZalvis cxovrebaSi gatareba. am saqmeSi Statma
ver moaxdina verc erTi konkretuli interesis demonstrireba narkotikebis Taobaze
arsebuli kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebaSi peiotis religiurad momxmarebelTa wina-
aRmdeg. Stats arc ki ufiqria mopasuxeTa pasuxisgebaSi micema da arc peiotis reli-
giur momxmarebelTa winaaRmdeg sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalvis cxovrebaSi ga-
tarebis mizniT gaweuli mniSvnelovani samuSaos Taobaze gaukeTebia gancxadeba. Sesa-
bamisad, Statis mier mtkicebadi interesi mxolod cxovrebaSi argatarebuli akrZal-
vis simbolur SenarCunebas udris.
gulmodgined SezRuduli ritualuri konteqsti, romelSic mopasuxeebi moixmar-
dnen peiots, Zalze Sors dgas kanoniT akrZaluli narkotikebis garTobis mizniT
upasuxismgeblo da zRvardaudebeli moxmarebisgan. amerikel indielTa eklesiis Sida
SezRudvebi da zedamxedveloba Tavisi wevrebis mier peiotis moxmarebaze mniSvne-
lovnad aqarwylebs janmrTelobasa da usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul Statis
SeSfoTebas.
aRniSnulis garda, blekmunis azriT, am saqmeSi religiuri gamonaklisis daSvebis
momTxovnTa interesebi da Rirebulebebi mniSvnelovanwilad emTxveva im interesebsa
da faseulobebs, romelTa xelSewyobasac Stati isaxavs miznad narkotikebis Taobaze
kanonebis gziT. amerikel indielTa eklesiis doqtrina ara marto krZalavs peiotis
arareligiur gamoyenebas; igi aseve zogadad propagandas uwevs ojaxur pasuxismgeb-
lobasa da alkoholisgan Tavis Sekavebas. arsebobs mravali mtkicebuleba, rom ek-
lesiis mier uzrunvelyofili sulieri da socialuri mxardaWera sakmaod efeqtu-
ri aRmoCnda amerikel indielebSi alkoholizmis uaryofiTi Sedegebis dasamarcxeb-
lad. narkotikebis ukanono da upasuxismgeblo moxmarebis nacvlad amerikel indi-
elTa eklesiis wevrebis sulieri kodeqsi swored im Rirebulebebis ilustrirebas
axdens, romelTa mxardasaWeradac aris gamiznuli oregonis kanonebi narkotikebis
Sesaxeb.
mopasuxeTa mtkicebiT, peiotis mcenare maT RvTaebas ganasaxierebs da misi sak-
vebad miReba RvTismsaxurebisa da saidumloebis Sesrulebis aqts warmoadgens. pe-
iotis gareSe isini ver Seasruleben TavianTi religiis ZiriTad rituals. Tuki ore-
goni konstituciurad uflebamosilia, pasuxisgebaSi misces amerikel indielTa ek-
lesiis wevrebi RvTismsaxurebis aqtisaTvis, amiSebis msgavsad isinic „iZulebulni
iqnebian, gadasaxldnen sxva, ufro Semwynareblur regionSi~.
zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mosamarTle blekmuni miiCnevs, rom oregonis
interesi peiotis religiuri moxmarebis winaaRmdeg narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis
gamoyenebaze ar aris imdenad sasicocxli, rom religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze
mopasuxeTa ufleba gadawonos. vinaidan Stats ar SeuZlia konstituciasTan Sesaba-
340
misobaSi ganaxorcielos sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalva mopasuxeTa winaaRmdeg,
narkotikebis Taobaze Statis kanonmdeblobis safuZvlad arsebuli interesiT SeuZ-
lebelia gamarTlebuli iqnes uari umuSevrobis Semweobis miRebaze.
Statis sakanonmdeblo organos gamoxmaureba smitis saqmeze: oregonis sisx-
lissamarTlebrivi kanonSi gamonaklisis daSveba peiotis ritualur gamoyene-
baze. oregonis Statis mTavari prokurori deiv fronmeieri sasamarTlo procesze
amtkicebda, rom „saxifaTo narkotikuli saSualebebis gamoyenebasa da xelmisawvdo-
mobaze kontrolTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifos interesi sasicocxlo xasiaTisaa~.
Tumca uzenaes sasamarTloSi am Teoriaze dayrdnobiT warmatebis miRwevis Semdeg
oregonis sakanonmdeblo organos komitetis winaSe prokurori amave Teoriis wina-
aRmdeg gamovida. igi arwmunebda kanonmdeblebs, daeSvaT gamonaklisi amerikel indi-
elTa mier peiotis ritualur gamoyenebaze. Statis sakanonmdeblo organom gaiTva-
liswina prokuroris rCeva da dauSva gamonaklisi.
kongresis gamoxmaureba smitis saqmeze. TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi religiuri
sazogadoeba gaerTianda samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa saxelganTqmul organizacieb-
Tan religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis koaliciis formirebisaTvis, raTa daer-
wmunebinaT kongresi, mieRo religiis Tavisuflebis ufro saimedod dacvis uzrun-
velmyofi kanonmdebloba. kongresma mravali sxdoma miuZRvna am sakiTxis ganxilvas.
dokumentirebul iqna zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebis gamoyenebis Sedegad momxdari
religiis Tavisuflebis postsmitiseuli darRvevebi. Sedegad, kongresma farTo or-
partiuli mxardaWeriT miiRo religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqti,136 romelsac
prezidentma klintonma 1993 wlis 16 noembers moawera xeli. aqtis safuZvelze aikr-
Zala arsebiTi tvirTis dakisreba pirovnebis religiur gamoxatvaze, Tundac zogadi
daniSnulebis qcevis wesis safuZvelze. gamonaklisad iqna aRiarebuli SemTxveva, ro-
desac religiaze tvirTis dakisreba aucilebelia 1) sasicocxlo saxelmwifo inte-
resis ganxorcielebisaTvis da 2) es ukanaskneli yvelaze naklebad SemzRudveli saSu-
alebaa am interesis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.
am aqtis miRebidan erTi wlis Semdeg kongresma miiRo amerikeli indielebis re-
ligiis Tavisuflebis aqti,137 romelic peiotis gamoyenebas Seexeboda. aqtis erT-
erTi muxlis Tanaxmad: „peiotis moxmareba, floba da transportireba nebismieri
indielis mier keTilsindisierad tradiciuli ritualuri miznebisaTvis indiele-
bis tradiciul religiur praqtikasTan kavSirSi kanonieria da ar aikrZaleba amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis an nebismieri Statis mier. dauSvebelia nebismieri indielis
dasja da diskriminacia aseTi moxmarebis, flobisa da transportirebis gamo, saxelm-
wifo mxardaWeris programebis safuZvelze sxvagvarad xelmisawvdomi sargeblis
miRebaze uaris CaTvliT~. Tumca aqtiT ar aris akrZaluli im pirovnebaTa registra-
cia, romlebic peiotis kultivirebasa da gavrcelebas axdenen.
wminda miwisa da wminda adgilebis dacva
bibliis mixedviT, qanaani „wminda miwad~ iTvleba, radgan is im aRTqmis nawilia,

romelic abraamsa da mis STamomavlobas xvda wilad: „mogcem Sen da Sens STamomav-
lobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas, qanaanis mTel qveyanas, samaradiso sakuTrebad da
Tqveni RmerTi viqnebi~, dabadeba 17:8.138 am religiuri Sexedulebis gamo israelSi,
iordaniasa da palestinaSi dResac uTanxmoebaa abraamis erTmaneTTan moqiSpe STa-
341
momavlebs Soris, romlebic saukuneebis manZilze upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs ro-
gorc religiur, ise politikur niadagze.
me-17 saukunis puritanebi amtkicebdnen, rom bibliis es adgilebi abraamis STa-
momavlebisTvis aRTqmuli miwis Sesaxeb exeboda amerikas, rogorc axal aRTqmul
qveyanas, axal qanaans, RmerTisgan rCeuls. texasis aneqsiis Semdeg (1845 wlis 1 martis
aqtiT) puritanebis es Sexeduleba kidev ufro ganmtkicda. evropel kolonistebs
amis Semdeg aswavlidnen, rom am kontinentze batonoba maTi xvedria. sul raRac xuT
weliwadSi ocneba realobad iqca. kalifornia kavSirSi 1850 wels gaerTianda. TeTrka-
nianebis kontinentze batonobis pretenziam, Tu mosamarTle o’konors davesesxebiT,
„damangreveli zegavlena” moaxdina amerikeli indielebis kulturasa da arsebobaze.
arsebobda sami winaaRmdegoba TeTrkanianebis moTxovnasa da aborigenebis war-
modgenebs Soris am miwasTan dakavSirebiT.
1) TeTrkanianma kolonistebma CaTvales, rom maTi inglisuri samefo sigelebi da
„Sesyidvebi~ sxva evropeli mmarTvelebisgan (magaliTad, md. misisipis miwebi, ro-
melic napoleonma prezident tomas jefersons dauTmo) sakmarisi iyo axali qveynis
dasapatroneblad.
2) Zalian didi gansxvaveba iyo sakuTrebis uflebasTan ingliselTa da indielTa
damokidebulebas Soris.
3) TeTrkanianma axalmosaxleebma TiTqmis araferi icodnen da arc ainteresebdaT
aborigenebis religiuri Sexedulebebi wminda miwasTan dakavSirebiT. es uTanxmoeba
ver mogvarda, miuxedavad uamravi xelSekrulebisa, romlebic indielebis cxovrebis
wesis pativiscemas uzrunvelyofda. kulturuli ganxeTqileba sabolood Zalado-
baSi gadaizarda. mkvidri amerikelebis am miwidan gaZevebiT TeTrkanianebi ganuxre-
lad miiltvodnen kontinentze gabatonebisken. kulturulma konfliqtma uamravi
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira da es movlena mogvianebiT genocidad Sefasda.
qvemoT aRweril saqmeSi mosamarTle brenani Tavis gansxvavebul azrSi aRniSnavs,
rom amerikeli indielebis rwmena pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli miwis gamoyenebasTan.
indielebis religiis Taviseburi buneba ganpirobebulia indieli amerikelebis cnobi-
erebiT, romelic miwas wminda, cocxal arsebad aRiqvams. ritualebi erTsa da imave
adgilas sruldeba ara tradiciis gavleniT, aramed imitom, rom miwa, rogorc cocxa-
li arseba, unikaluria, da yvela adgili gansakuTrebuli sulieri simdidrisa da
mniSvnelobis matarebelia.
indielebisTvis yvelaze wminda adgilad iTvleba e. w. „amaRlebuli adgilebi~,
sadac adamianebamde arsebuli sulebi adamianebTan erTad dasaxldnen. imis gamo,
rom es sulebi religiuri Zalis da „mkurnalobis~ wyarod iTvlebian, mravali tomis
rituali am adgilebis xSir monaxulebas iTvaliswinebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovan sari-
tualo adgilebad iTvleba Cimnis mTa, mkurnalis mTa da merve mwvervali.
religiuri ceremoniebi gansakuTrebuli miznebis miRwevis erToblivi mcdelobaa
da misi Sesrulebis wesebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. ritualebis axsnis mcdeloba
ukve mis darRvevad iTvleba, radgan ritualis mTeli Zala mdgomareobas ara samya-
ros axsnis an TiToeuli morwmunis ganaTlebis SesaZleblobaSi, aramed mis qmediT
unarSi, daicvas da xeli Seuwyos tomobriv yofas.
radikalurad gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvs am sakiTxisadmi mosamarTle o’konors.
is xazs usvams xelisuflebis uflebas, „isargeblos sakuTari miwiT~. SeerTebuli
342
Statebis satyeo samsaxurma 49 milis sigrZis gza SeakeTa CrdiloeT kaliforniis
eqvsi mdinaris erovnul tyeSi. samsaxurma wamoayena winadadeba, ori patara qalaqi
gasketi da orleansi 75 milis magistraliT daekavSirebinaT. am saqmeSi ganxiluli
konfliqti im eqvsmiliani segmentis gamo warmoiSva, romelic Cimnis mTis regionSi
gaivlida. mosamarTle o’konoris daxasiaTebiT, am miwas „istoriulad religiuri
daniSnulebiT iyenebdnen iurokis, karokis da tolovas tomis indielebi~. o’konorma
agreTve aRniSna, rom SemoTavazebuli proeqti „gamanadgurebel gavlenas moaxdens
indielTa tradiciul religiur moRvaweobaze~. is varaudobs, rom „ramdenime
religiur wes-Cveulebas gansakuTrebiT didi safrTxe daemuqreba~.
lingi Crdilo-dasavlel indielTa sasaflaos

dacvis asociaciis winaaRmdeg139

am saqmeSi sasamarTlom imsjela imis Taobaze, ukrZalavs Tu ara pirveli Ses-
worebiT gaTvaliswinebuli aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula mTavrobas, gas-
ces tyis gaCexvis an gzebis gayvanis nebarTva erovnuli tyis im nawilSi, romelsac
Crdilo-dasavleT kaliforniis indielTa sami tomisTvis tradiciulad religiuri
daniSnuleba hqonda. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom mTavrobas es ar ekrZaleba.
1977 wels satyeo samsaxurma gamoaqveyna moxseneba garemomcvel garemoze zemoq-
medebis Sesaxeb, romelSic ganxiluli iyo Cimnis mTis zonaSi gamavali moukirwylavi
gzis rekonstruqciis gegma. moxsenebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli komentarebis
sapasuxod satyeo samsaxurma Caatara am regionSi amerikeli indielebis kulturuli
da religiuri msaxurebis adgilebis kvleva. kvleva 1979 wels dasrulda da daadgina,
rom mTeli regioni gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea indielTa religiuri kon-
ceptualizaciisa da saqmianobisTvis. am adgilebs saritualo daniSnuleba aqvs da
ceremoniebis Catareba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli myudro da wynar garemoze.
kvlevis daskvnis mixedviT, am midamoebSi gzis gayvana gamousworebel zians miayenebda
wminda adgilebs, romlebic Crdilo-dasavleT kaliforniis indielebis religiuri
cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, gzis mSeneblobis
gagrZeleba arasasurvelad iqna miCneuli.
1982 wels satyeo samsaxurma gadawyvita, ar gaeTvaliswinebina es rekomendacia
da daiwyo daskvniTi angariSis momzadeba gzis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT. regiona-
lurma satyeo samsaxurma iseTi marSruti SearCia, romelic gverds uvlida arqe-
ologiur adgilebs da im teritorias, sadac adgilobrivi indielebi spiritualur
RonisZiebebs atarebdnen. arc es alternatiuli varianti iqna miRebuli, radgan am
marSrutis gasayvanad kerZo miwebis SeZena iyo saWiro. garda amisa, is gaivlida aram-
dgradi niadagis monakveTze da yvela SemTxvevaSi gadakveTda indielebis saritualo
adgilebs. satyeo samsaxurma imavdroulad miiRo samoqmedo gegma, romlis mixedvi-
Tac nebadarTuli iyo tyis garkveuli raodenobiT gaCexva. gegma agreTve uzrun-
velyofda erTnaxevari milis manZilze damcavi zonis arsebobas angariSSi CamoTv-
lili yvela religiuri adgilis garSemo.
administaciuli zomebis amowurvis Semdeg mopasuxeebma — indielTa organizaci-
ebma, calkeulma indielebma, garemos damcavma organizaciebma, maTma wevrebma da
kaliforniis Statma — gzis gayvanisa da tyis gaCexvis orive gadawyvetileba SeerTe-
343
buli Statebis CrdiloeT kaliforniis saolqo sasamarTloSi gaasaCivres. mopasu-
xeebi amtkicebdnen, rom satyeo samsaxuris gadawyvetilebebi arRvevda aRmsareblo-
bis Tavisuflebis klauzulas, ramdenime federalur kanons da samTavrobo valde-
bulebas hupas rezervaciaSi mcxovreb indielTa mimarT.
sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg daadgina uvado sasamarTlo akrZalva Cimnis
mTis regionSi gzis gayvanasa da tyis gaCexvis gegmis ZalaSi Sesvlaze. sasamarTlos
daskvniT, orive proeqti ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi daarRvevda samTavrobo valde-
bulebas hupas indielebisTvis wyliT sargeblobisa da Tevzaobis uflebebis Senar-
Cunebis Taobaze.
saapelacio instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis periodSi kongresma miiRo kaliforniis
udabnos 1984 wlis aqti,140 romlis mixedviTac satyeo samsaxuris marTvis gegmiT
gansazRvruli adgilebi ukacriel zonad cxaddeboda, rac am regionSi komerciul
saqmianobas, maT Soris, tyis gaCexvas krZalavda. statutis farglebs gareT rCeboda
miwis viwro monakveTi, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gasket-
orleansis gzis gayvana.
sasamarTlo Semadgenlobam nawilobriv daamtkica qveda instanciis sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba. man erTxmad uaryo saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba imis Ta-
obaze, rom mTavrobis mier SemoTavazebuli RonisZiebebi arRvevda hupas rezerva-
ciaSi mcxovreb indielTa winaSe aRebul valdebulebebs.
man agreTve nawilobriv gaauqma saolqo sasamarTlos mier dawesebuli akrZalva
imis safuZvelze, rom is ukve warmodgenili iyo kaliforniis udabnos aqtiT, romelic
tyis gaCexvas krZalavs saolqo sasamarTlos mier miTiTebul teritoriaze. saolqo
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sxva nawilebSi, romlebic kanonis moTxovnebs emyare-
boda erTxmad darCa ZalaSi.
aseve ZalaSi darCa saolqo sasamarTlos konstituciuri gadawyvetileba, Tumca
es verdiqti erTxmad ar yofila miRebuli. sakuTriv satyeo samsaxuris mier gamoq-
veynebul kvlevaze dayrdnobiT, umravlesobam miiCnia, rom sagzao magistralis Cimnis
mTis regionSi gayvana mniSvnelovan, Tumca, ZiriTadad, arapirdapir uaryofiT ze-
gavlenas moaxdenda indielebis religiur cxovrebaze. sasamarTlos Semadgenlobis
umravlesobam aseve daaskvna, rom mTavrobam ver SeZlo gzis gayvanaSi sasicocxlo
saxelmwifo interesis demonstrireba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos miTiTebiT, mas eWvi ar epareba indielTa rwmenis gulwr-
felobaSi da imaSi, rom mTavrobis moqmedebebi sakmaod arasasurvel zemoqmedebas
moaxdens maT religiur cxovrebaze. indieli amerikelebis azriT, maTi religiuri
saqmianobisTvis sakamod bevri xelisSemSleli faqtori arsebobs imisTvis, rom Seiz-
Rudos maTi aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebac, miT umetes Tu xelisufleba ver amtki-
cebs, rom am gzis gayvana da regionSi tyis gaCexva aucilebelia. uzenaesi sasamarTlo
am mosazrebas sadavod miiCnevs da mohyavs saqme boueni rois winaaRmdeg,141 sadac
gasaCivrebuli iyo federaluri kanoni, romelic sxvadasxva socialuri programebis
gansaxorcieleblad Statebs socialuri uzrunvelyofis nomrebis miniWebas avalde-
bulebda.
sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom am saqmeebs Soris ar arsebobs azrobrivi gansxvaveba.
orive SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebis sadavo moqmedeba gamoiwvevs uxeS Carevas kerZo
pirebis SesaZleblobaSi, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr aRasrulon religiuri ritu-
alebi. magram xelisuflebis amgvari saqcieli araviTar SeTxvevaSi ar aiZulebs am
344
adamianebs, Seicvalon religiuri Sexedulebebi; aseve ar Seilaxeba maTi religiuri
saqmianobis ufleba, im uflebebisa da upiratesobebis CamorTmeviT, romliTac yvela
moqalaqe sargeblobs.
moTxovna, rom rois saqmisagan gansxvavebiT, es saqme Sefasdes, rogorc religiis
Tavisuflebis „ufro mniSvnelovani~ SezRudva, imis safuZvelze, rom xelisuflebis
qmedeba am SemTxvevaSi „meqanikuri~ iyo, usafuZvloa, radgan sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs,
daadginos im rwmenis WeSmariteba, romelic am or saqmeSi religiuri protestis sa-
fuZvels warmoadgens. aseve SeuZlebelia xelisuflebis qmedebis arasasurveli
zegavlenis masStabebis gansazRvra. maSasadame, SeuZlebelia pirovnebis religiur
saqmianobaSi Carevis erTi SemTxveva daeqvemdebaros meorisgan gansxvavebul konsti-
tuciur Semowmebas.
mopasuxeebi imowmeben ioderis, Serbertis, tomasis da hobis142 saqmeebs, sadac
uzenaesma sasamarTlom daakmayofila moTxovnebi samTavrobo programebis winaaR-
mdeg, romlebic zRudavda adamianebis SesaZleblobas, ewarmoebinaT religiuri saqmi-
anoba.
uzenaes sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom mopasuxeebi arasworad axdenen am saqmeebis in-
terpretirebas. sasamarTlo adasturebs sakuTar gadawyvetilebebs imis Taobaze,
rom religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis arapirdapiri SezRudva da sanqcireba,
iseve rogorc pirdapiri akrZalvebi, saWiroebs pirveli Sesworebis mixedviT gada-
sinjvas.
sadac ar unda gadiodes zRvari religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis arakonsti-
tuciur akrZalvebsa da mTavrobis legitimur saqmianobas Soris, is ar SeiZleba damo-
kidebuli iyos imis Sefasebaze, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens mopasuxis sulier ganvi-
Tarebaze samTavrobo moqmedebani. xelisufleba ar uaryofs, rom am saqmeSi warmod-
genil tyis gaCexvasa da gzis mSeneblobas SeiZleboda damangreveli gavlena moex-
dina indielTa tradiciul religiur cxovrebaze. es religiuri saqmianoba mWidro-
daa dakavSirebuli Cimnis mTis unikalur regionTan, romelsac „maRali adgilis~
saxeliT icnoben. aq Sesrulebuli religiuri ritualebi, indielebis azriT, xels
uwyobs maT individualur sulier ganviTarebas da Zalze mniSvnelovania tomis ke-
TildReobisTvis. indielebi SeuZleblad miiCneven ritualebis sxva adgilas Cata-
rebas. amis miuxedavad, isini ar iyvnen erTsulovnebi, rodesac gzis gayvanas apro-
testebdnen. maSasadame, saeWvoa imis mtkiceba, rom es mSenebloba maT religias Se-
iwiravs. Tumca, sul cota, ramdenime religiur ceremonias mniSvnelovan zians mi-
ayenebs.
sazogadoebis didi survilis miuxedavad, xelisufleba mainc ver SeZlebda yvela
moqalaqis religiuri moTxovnilebisa da survilis dakmayofilebas. sasamarTlo fiq-
robs, rom samTavrobo RonisZiebebi yovelTvis umniSvnelovanesi iqneba zogierTi
moqalaqis sulieri keTildReobisTvis. sxvebi imave RonisZiebebs Seuracxmyofelad
da maTi religiuri dogmatebisadmi SeuTavseblad miiCneven. pirveli Sesworeba yvela
moqalaqeze Tanabrad unda vrceldebodes da is arc erT maTgans ar unda ukrZalav-
des iseTi sazogadoebrivi programis ganxorcielebas, romelic xels ar uSlis reli-
giis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobas. konstitucias ar SeuZlia SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos
mTavrobis mimarT wayenebuli sapirispiro moTxovnebi, romelTagan bevri religiuri
rwmeniT aris ganpirobebuli.
indieli amerikelebi cdiloben xazgasmiT aRniSnon Cimnis mTis regionze sakuTari
345
religiuri damokidebulebis sazRvrebi. marTalia, isini mxars uWeren tyis gaCexvisa
da gzis gayvanis SezRudvas, magram imavdroulad ar ewinaaRmdegebian am adgilis
turistuli an sarekreacio mizniT gamoyenebas. Tumca myudro garemos maTi saqmi-
anobisTvis saWirod miiCneven.
konstituciis Tanaxmad, mTavrobas ufleba ara aqvs, moaxdinos im religiebis
diskriminacia, romelTaTvisac zogierT adgils wminda mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan,
iseTi kanonebi, romlebic indielebs am adgilebis monaxulebas ukrZalavs, sxva kon-
stituciur problemebs warmoSobs. am adgilebiT sargeblobis rogori uflebebic
ar unda hqondeT indielebs, isini ar gamoricxavs mTavrobis uflebas, gamoiyenos
Tavisi teritoria.
sasamarTlo aqve miuTiTebs, rom mTavrobis ufleba isargeblos Tavisi terito-
riiT xels ar unda uSlides xelisuflebas religiuri praqtikis adaptaciaSi. Tu ar
CavTvliT proeqtis Sewyvetas, rTuli warmosadgenia, rogor SeiZleboda ufro meti
mzrunveloba gamoeCina xelisuflebas am SemTxvevaSi. aseTi mzrunveloba Seesabameba
„SeerTebuli Statebis politikas, daicvas amerikeli indielebis rwmenisa da tradi-
ciuli religiebis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis ufleba~ (amerikel indielTa religiis
Tavisuflebis aqti143).
gansxvavebuli azris mqone mosamarTle pirveli Sesworebisadmi sxvagvar midgomas
gvTavazobs. es midgoma absoluturad ewinaaRmdegeba aq moyvanili gadawyvetilebebis
safuZvlebs. sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs indielTa mdgomareobas, magram, amis miuxeda-
vad, miaCnia, rom sawinaaRmdego midgoma ar Seesabameba konstitucias, sasamarTlo praq-
tikas da uzenaesi sasamarTlos institucionaluri rolis sapasuxismgeblo xasiaTs.
gansxvavebuli azris mqone mosamarTlis Tanaxmad, gansaxilveli „sakonstitucio
garantia mimarTulia xelisuflebis yvela moqmedebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic xels
uSlis religiur qcevas~. sasamarTlos azriT, ki konstituciaSi mxolod is weria,
rom: „kongresi ar miiRebs kanons, romelic ... SezRudavs aRmsareblobis Tavisuf-
lebas~ (roi144 , ioderi145 ).
mosamarTle fiqrobs, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo am gadawyvetilebiT ar iTvalis-
winebs ori gansxvavebuli kulturis xangrZliv konfliqts da maTi interesebis daba-
lansebis nacvlad, am rTul misias federalur sakanonmdeblo organos akisrebs.
mosamarTle gvTavazobs, samarTlebrivi standartis meSveobiT davadginoT, romeli
samTavrobo programaa imdenad „aucilebeli~, rom amarTlebs „zogierTi religiuri
qmedebis SezRudvas~. am testis safuZvelze sasamarTlos moeTxoveba, gansazRvros
yvela im religiuri warmodgenisa da saqmianobis Rirebuleba, romelsac SeiZleba
safrTxe daemuqros mTavrobis ama Tu im programiT. sasamarTlos azriT, amgvari
midgomis konstituciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana SeuZlebelia da is mosamarTle-
ebisgan iseTi rolis Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rac maT funqciebSi ar Sedis.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma qvemdgomi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, rom pirveli Sesworeba mTavrobas ar aZ-
levs Cimnis mTis regionSi gzis gayvanisa da tyis gaCexvis uflebas. imis gamo, rom
saolqo sasamarTlos akrZalva SeiZleba gadaisinjos am gadawyvetilebisa da sxva
relevanturi sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic SesaZloa warmoiSva akrZalvis
dawesebis Semdeg, uzenaesma sasamarTlom es saqme qveda instancias daubruna Semdgomi
ganxilvisaTvis.
346
mosamarTle brenanis gansaxvavebuli azri,
romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi marSali da blekmuni
uzenaesi sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom „aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula adgens
imas, Tu rogor ar unda eqceodes mTavroba adamianebs da ara imas, Tu ras SeiZleba
moiTxovdes adamiani xelisuflebisgan~. am konstituciuri principisadmi mowiwebis mi-
uxedavad, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mTavroba federaluri
miwiT imgvarad sargeblobs, rom safrTxes uqmnis adgilobriv amerikul sarwmunoebas,
xelisufleba arafers „akeTebs~ morwmuneebis sawinaaRmdegod. nacvlad amisa,
sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom mkvidri amerikelebi, romlebic mTavrobisgan moiTxoven maTi
religiisTvis saxifaTo moqmedebebisgan Tavis Sekavebas, cdiloben, mTavrobisgan miiRon
federaluri sakuTreba beneficiur mflobelobaSi. mosamarTle brenanis azriT, am ori
gamaognebeli daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba sasamarTlos gansazRvrebidan, rom federa-
luri miwiT sargeblobis iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic mocemul religiur
saqmianobas SeuZlebels xdis, ar zRudavs am religias aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis
klauzulis mixedviT, radgan amgvari gadawyvetilebebi aravis aiZulebs, moiqces Tavisi
rwmenis sapirispirod, da arc religiuri saqmianobisTvis dasjas iwvevs. es konstituci-
uri garantia ase naTlad ar uCvenebs SezRudvebis an religiuri gamoxatvis tipebs Soris
gansxvavebas. is mimarTulia samTavrobo moqmedebis nebismieri formis winaaRmdeg, rome-
lic axSobs religiur moRvaweobas. mosamarTle brenani da misi Tanamoazreebi ar eTanx-
mebian sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, radgan sasamarTlo uars ambobs, aRiaros konsti-
tuciuri ziani, romelsac mopasuxeebs ayenebs, da gaacnobieros, rom mkvidr amerikelebs
faqtobrivad konstituciuri dacvis gareSe tovebs, SesaZloa, maTi religiuri saqmi-
anobisTvis yvelaze saxifaTo dros.
mosamarTle brenani xazs usvams im tradiciul religiur mniSvnelobas, romelic
Crdilo-dasavleT kaliforniis erovnuli tyis e. w.. „amaRlebul adgils~ hqonda
200 wlis manZilze indielebisTvis. satyeo samsaxuris kvlevis Tanaxmad, indiel
amerikelTa religia ar aris saqmianobis gancalkevebuli sfero, romelic socialu-
ri, politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebisgan izolirebulad mimdinareobs. indielTa
cxovrebis wesisTvis damaxasiaTebelia adamianis urTierToba bunebriv garemosTan,
ris safuZvelzec yalibdeba indielTa religiuri gamocdileba. Tu tradiciuli
dasavluri religiebi samyros RvTaebriv qmnilebad moiazrebs, traibaluri reli-
giebisTvis samyaros Seqmna mudmivad mimdinareobs da am procesSi monawileobis
miReba maTi moraluri da religiuri valia. indielebi kacobriobis katastrofebisgan
dacvis am movaleobas ritualebiT da ceremoniebiT asruleben. maT swamT, rom misi
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi kacobriobas safrTxe emuqreba.
mosamarTle brenanis azriT, sasamarTlo ar gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom am magistralis
gayvana gadaudebeli aucileblobiT aris gamowveuli an rom igi gadawonis im gama-
nadgurebel zeganlenas, rasac misi mSenebloba moaxdens mopasuxeTa religiur cxov-
rebaze. amis nacvlad sasamarTlo iziarebs xelisuflebis, rogorc miwis mesakuTris,
upiratesobas federaluri sakuTrebiT sargeblobisas. brenani ar eTanxmeba sasa-
marTlos dasabuTebas, rom pirveli Sesworeba dauSveblad miiCnevs mxolod pirdapir
akrZalvebs, arapirdapir iZulebas da religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobisaTvis san-
qciebis dawesebas, xolo samTavrobo programebis Tanmdevi Sedegebi konstituciur
problemas ar warmoadgens.
347
mosamarTle aseve arasworad miiCnevs sasamarTlos mier hobis, tomasis da Ser-
bertis146 saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebebze dayrdnobas. am Sem-
TxvevebSi kanonebi, romlebic davis sagans warmoadgenda, adamianebs aiZulebda ar-
Cevanis gakeTebas erTi mxriv, religiuri dogmatebisadmi erTgulebis SenarCunebasa
da umuSevrobis Semweobis daTmobas, xolo meore mxriv, sakuTari religiuri Sexe-
dulebebis winaaRmdeg wasvlas Soris. maSasadame, religiebi, romlebic am saqmeebSi
figurirebda, iseTive iZulebis analizs eqvemdebareba, rogorsac uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlo am SemTxvevaSi gvTavazobs. am saqmeebSi kanonebis winaaRmdeg saCivrebis mxar-
daWerisas sasamarTlo arsad miuTiTebda, rom gamoyenebuli iZulebiT amowuruli
iqna aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzuliT aRiarebuli SezRudvebi religiis
gamoxatvaze.
am saqmeSi mopasuxeebma aCvenes, rom mTavrobis aseTi moqmedeba mTlianad abrko-
lebs maT religiur moRvaweobas da iseve, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli saqmeebis SemTx-
vevaSi moxda, es maT uflebas aZlevs, isargeblon aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis kla-
uzuliT uzrunvelyofili garantiiT.
aseve arasworia sasamarTlos mtkicebuleba, rom mopasuxis moTxovna uaryofilia rois
saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT. saqmeSi boueni rois147 winaaRmdeg momCivnebi protests
gamoTqvamdnen sakuTari ori wlis qaliSvilisTvis Semweobis moTxovnisas socialuri
uzrunvelyofis nomris miniWebaze. mSoblebis azriT, es maTi Svilis sulier ganviTarebaze
uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdenda. rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom maTi saCivari ar
daakmayofila, sakuTar gadawyvetilebas imiT asabuTebda, rom SeuZlebelia aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis klauzulis iseT interpretacia, TiTqos is xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs
sakuTari Sida saqmeebis warmoebas TiToeuli moqalaqis rwmenis Sesabamisad.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, federaluri miwiT sargeblobis gadawyvetilebebs Tan iseTi
Sedegebi axlavs, romlebic sajaro ganxilvas moiTxovs. amerikel indielTa religiis
Tavisuflebis aqtiT kongresma cno is uaryofiTi gavlena, romelsac miwiT sargeb-
loba Tu sxva samTavrobo gadawyvetileba xSirad axdens mkvidri amerikelebis reli-
giur cxovrebaze. aqti agreTve mogviwodebs, msgavsi gadawyvetilebebis miRebamde
konsultaciebi gaimarTos indielTa religiur liderebTan.
saboloo analizSi gansxvavebuli azris mqone mosamarTle ubrundeba sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebas, romelic mopasuxeTa zianis konstituciur xasiaTs ar aRi-
arebs, radgan upiratesobas aniWebs xelisuflebis uflebas, Tavisuflad gankargos
saxelmwifo sakuTreba. mowinaaRmdege mosamarTlis azriT, am gadawyvetilebas safuZ-
vlad udevs dasavluri kulturis xasiaTi, romelic miwas gamoyenebisa da sakuTrebis
TvalsazrisiT uyurebs, xolo mkvidri amerikelebisTvis kerZo sakuTrebis cneba uc-
xoa da ewinaaRmdegeba maT rwmenas, romlis mixedviTac miwa wminda adgilad iTvleba.
sasamarTlom am urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesTa dabalansebisTvis xelSewyobis
nacvlad am problemis gadaWris uflebamosileba mxolod erT mxares miando.
aqedan gamomdinare, mosamarTle brenani gamarTlebulad miiCnevs gansakuTre-
buli „mniSvnelobis~ demonstrirebis moTxovnas, sanam mTavrobisgan federaluri
miwiT sargeblobis sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis Cvenebas moviTxovT. Tumca
„gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba~ ar unda gaigivdes sakuTriv religiis gadarCenasa
Tu ganadgurebasTan. imis gamo, rom mkvidri amerikelebi mTel xmeleTs wmindad miiC-
neven, maT amis mtkiceba aRar unda movTxovoT.
348
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, aseTi midgomis SemTxvevaSi mas ekisreba rTuli misia,
ganasxvaos, romelia mocemuli rwmenisTvis „yvelaze mniSvnelovani~ rituali. Tum-
ca, mosamarTle brenanis azriT, ar aris aucilebeli sasamarTlom ganaxorcielos
msgavsi tipis gamokvlevebi: sxva religiuri mimdevrebis msgavsad mkvidri amerikelebi
Tavad gansazRvraven, romel praqtikas uWiravs centraluri adgili maT rwmenaSi,
mxolod im moTxovnebis dacvis pirobiT, rom maTi mtkiceba gulwrfel xasiaTs ata-
rebs. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos gadasawyveti iqneba ara is, mkvidr amerikelebs
esmiT Tu ara sakuTari religia, aramed is, moaxerxes Tu ara maT imis demonstrireba,
rom miwaTsargeblobis Taobaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba qmnis maTi religiuri
saqmianobisaTvis arsebiTi da realuri zianis miyenebis safrTxes.
am saqmeSi, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, federaluri miwaT-
sargeblobis gadawyvetileba, romelic mTel religias ganadgurebas uqadis, ar zRu-
davs religiur praqtikas aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis farglebSi. im
safrTxis miuxedavad, romelic realurad emuqreba amerikel indielTa religias,
sasamarTlo gvarwmunebs, rom es gadawyvetileba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Seuwyobs
xels xelisuflebis religiur Seuwynareblobas. Tumca Zneli warmosadgenia, rogo-
raa daculi moqalaqeTa uflebebi, roca am gzis mSenebloba aSkarad SeuZlebels
xdis religiur moRvaweobas. aseTi cru Tavisufleba abuCad igdebs „SeerTebuli
Statebis politikas — daicvas amerikeli indielebis rwmenisa da tradiciuli reli-
giebis aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba~, agreTve uxeSad arRvevs pirveli Sesworebis
principebs.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mosamarTleebi ar iziareben am gadawyve-
tilebas.
amerikeli indielebis religiis Tavisuflebis dacva kongresis mier. saqmeSi
plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg148 mosamarTle brauni aRniSnavda, rom „ori rasis iZu-
lebiTma daSorebam gamoiwvia feradkanianebis arasrulfasovnad Sefaseba ... ara kanonis
Tanaxmad, aramed imitom, rom amas TviTon feradkanianebi ar ewinaaRmdegebian;~ TiTqos
axlaxans gaTavisuflebuli monebi iyvnen, 1877 wlis rekonstruqciis bolos samoqalaqo
uflebebis gareSe rom darCnen da samxreTel kanonmdeblebs iseTi kanonebis miRebas
sTxovdnen, romlebic rasebis iZulebiT gamijvnas daawesebda. Tanamedrove gagebiT, ple-
sis sasamarTlos es msjeloba gamaognebel Seuwynareblobas gamoxatavs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT lingis149 saqmeSi mosamarTle o’konori aRniSnavda, rom sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetileba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ise ar unda yofiliyo gagebuli,
TiTqos igi xelisuflebis Seuwynareblobis waxalisebas axdenda Tavisi moqalaqeebis
religiuri moTxovnilebebisaTvis. magram sainteresoa, normaluri urTierTobebis
pirobebSi vin adgens ama Tu im moqmedebis xasiaTs: is, vinc uSualod axorcielebs am
moqmedebas, Tu is, viszec gavlenas axdens igi?! amasTan, Tu religiuri sazogadoebis
azriT, sasamarTlo xelisufleba gagebiT ar ekideba mis moTxovnilebebs, SeuZlia
Tu ara mas dacvisaTvis saxelmwifos politikur Stoebs mimarTos?
lingis saqmidan ramdenime TveSi kongresma Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs CamoarTva
uflebamosileba, gaeyvana gasket-orleansis magistrali. aseTi sakanonmdeblo re-
aqcia SesaZloa motivirebuli iyo rogorc satyeo meurneobis kerZo interesebis-
Tvis saxelmwifo subsidiis SeCerebis mizniT, ise mkvidri amerikelebis religiis Tavi-
suflebis dacviT.
349
lingis da smitis150 saqmeebma naTeli gaxada, rom amerikel indielTa religiis
Tavisuflebis aqti ver uzrunvelyofda sasamarTlo wesiT aRsrulebad uflebebs.
wminda adgilebi da eklesiaTa mSeneblobis istoriuli mniSvneloba. eklesiis
mSenebloba SesaZloa rwmenis Zlieri gamoxatuleba iyos. es Teologiuri mosazreba
asaxulia vatikanis meore msoflio saeklesio krebis sabWos deklaraciaSi wminda
liturgiis Sesaxeb, mas vxvdebiT agreTve bibliasa da locvebSi, romlebic eklesiis
mSeneblobas Seexeba.
masaCusetsis uflebaTa deklaraciis (1780) meore muxlSi naTqvamia: „sazogado-
ebis TiToeuli wevris ufleba da movaleobaa, sajarod eTayvanos uzenaes arsebas,
samyaros Semoqmeds da mfarvels. da araferma unda avnos mis pirovnebas, SezRudos
misi Tavisufleba, adidos sakuTari RmerTi ise, rogorc mas sindisi karnaxobs; im
pirobiT, rom is xels ar SeuSlis sazogadoebriv wesrigs.~ Statis konstituciis am
debulebis safuZvelze, saqmeSi „niu-inglendis iesos sazogadoeba~ bostonis Rirs-
SesaniSnaobaTa komisiis winaaRmdeg151 masaCusetsis uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zalada-
kargulad gamoacxada qalaqis komisiis brZaneba, romelic iezuitebs eklesiis inte-
rieris Secvlas ukrZalavda.
amasTan dakavSirebiT xSirad akritikebdnen religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis
aqts. pirveli pretenzia imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xelisuflebis danawilebis Teo-
ria krZalavs kongresis mier iseTi kanonis miRebas, romelic sasamarTlo gadawyve-
tilebas sakanonmdeblo wesiT auqmebs. da meore, kongresma gadaaWarba me-14 Seswo-
rebis mexuTe muxliT miniWebul uflebamosilebas iseTi farTo kanonis miRebiT,
romelic zemoqmedebs yvela Statis da adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaze.
saqmeSi samxreT karolina kacenbaxis winaaRmdeg da kacenbaxi morganis winaaRm-
deg152 sasamarTlom konstituciurad cno saarCevno uflebaTa aqti imis safuZvelze,
rom kongress ufleba aqvs, daadginos samoqalaqo omis Sesworebebis aRsrulebis
imaze farTo normebi, vidre sasamarTlo xelisufleba Tvlis saWirod konstituciis
miseuli interpretaciis safuZvelze.
qalaqi borni floresis winaaRmdeg153

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanax-
mad unda CamoerTmiaT eklesiis mSeneblobis nebarTva, gasaCivrebul iqna 1993 wlis
religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqtis154 safuZvelze. saqme eWvqveS ayenebs kongre-
sis uflebamosilebas, miiRos amgvari kanoni. uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom
religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqti aWarbebs kongresis uflebamosilebas.
texasis Statis qalaq bornis (mdebareobs san-antoniodan 28 milis daSorebiT
CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT) erT-erT gorakze mdebareobs wm. petres kaTolikuri
eklesia. eklesia aSenebulia 1923 wels da misi agebuleba zustad imeorebs regionis
istoriul stils. eklesia daaxloebiT 230 morwmunes itevs, rac misi mzardi mrev-
lisTvis Zalian cotaa. kviris mesaze ormocidan samoc morwmunemde ver axerxebda
daswrebas. kongregaciis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad san-antonios arqiepisko-
posma Senobis gafarToebis nebarTva gasca.
ramdenime TveSi qalaqis sabWom gamosca dadgenileba, romlis mixedviTac isto-
riuli RirsSesaniSnaobebis komisias unda moemzadebina ZeglTa dacvis gegma Semo-
350
Tavazebuli istoriuli RirsSesaniSnaobebiTa da ubnebiT. dadgenilebis Tanaxmad,
komisias winaswar unda ganexila mSenebloba, romelic istoriul nagebobebs raime
saxiT Seexeboda.
garkveuli drois Semdeg arqiepiskoposma moiTxova mSeneblobis nebarTva, ro-
melic SesaZlebels gaxdida eklesiis gafarToebas. qalaqis xelisuflebam es Txovna
ar daakmayofila gankargulebis safuZvelze da ganacxada, rom eklesia istoriul
Zegls warmoadgenda. arqiepiskoposma nebarTvaze uaris gamo sarCeli Seitana Seer-
Tebuli Statebis CrdiloeT texasis saolqo sasamarTloSi.
sarCeli sxvadasxva moTxovnas ayenebda, magram arsebiTad sasamarTlo dava wari-
marTa religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqtisa da konstituciasTan misi Sesabami-
sobis sakiTxis garSemo. arqiepiskoposi nebarTvis mosapoveblad aqts eyrdnoboda.
saolqo sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aqtis miRebiT kongresma gadaaWarba me-14 Seswo-
rebis mexuTe muxliT miniWebul uflebamosilebas. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma
es gadawyvetileba da aqti konstituciurad miiCnia. uzenaesma sasamarTlom qvemdgomi
sasamarTlosgan gamoiTxova saqme da misi gadawyvetileba gaauqma.
kongresma religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqti miiRo dasaqmebis samsaxuri smitis
winaaRmdeg155 saqmeze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sapasuxod. am saqmeSi uzenaesi sasa-
marTlo ganixilavda aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulaze damyarebul moTxov-
nas, romelic indieli amerikelebis eklesiis wevrebma warmoadgines. maT uari eTqvaT
umuSevrobis Semweobaze samsaxuris dakargvis Semdeg im mizeziT, rom manamde peiots156
iyenebdnen. maTi religiuri wes-Cveuleba iTvaliswinebda peiotis religiuri daniS-
nulebiT moxmarebas. aqedan gamomdinare, isini asaCivrebdnen oregonis zogadi daniS-
nulebis statuts, romlis mixedviTac narkotikebis miReba danaSaulad iTvleboda. am
moTxovnis Sefasebisas uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari Tqva Serbertis157 saqmeSi gamoyene-
bul dabalansebis testze. am testiT sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo iZulebuli
iqneboda daedgina, uSlida Tu ara xels oregonis statuti religiur saqmianobas da
amgvari xelis SeSla iyo Tu ara gamarTlebuli sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesiT.
amgvari Semowmeba, sasamarTlos azriT, gamoiwvevda anomalias, kerZod, zogadi daniSnu-
lebisa da neitraluri kanonebis uaryofis konstituciuri uflebis dadgenas. es ano-
malia kidev ufro gaurkvevel xasiaTs miiRebda im sirTulis gamo, romelic Tan axlavs
zogierTi wes-Cveulebis mniSvnelobis gansazRvras am Tu im adamianisTvis.
sasamarTlos am konstituciur interpretacias kongresis mravali wevri akriti-
kebda. uTanxmoeba religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqtis miRebiT dasrulda. am aqtis
Tanaxmad, kanonis miznebisaTvis termini „Statis samarTali~ CaiTvala rogorc adgi-
lobrivi, ise municipaluri dadgenilebebisa da gankargulebebis momcvelad.
religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqtis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da farTo debu-
lebebis miRebisas kongresi eyrdnoboda misTvis me-14 SesworebiT garantirebul uf-
lebamosilebas. me-14 Sesworeba uzrunvelyofs:
nawili 1. arc erT Stati ar aris uflebamosili, miiRos an aRasrulos iseTi kanoni,
romelic Selaxavs SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebis Rirsebasa da xelSeuxeblobas;
arc romelime Stats SeuZlia, CamoarTavs vinmes ufleba sicocxleze, Tavisuflebasa
da sakuTrebaze jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris gareSe; arc vinmes SeiZleba
uari eTqvas, Statis iurisdiqciis farglebSi, iyos kanonis safuZvelze Tanabrad
daculi.
351
nawili 5. kongresi uflebamosilia, saTanado kanonmdeblobiT aRasrulos am
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebi.
davis sagans warmoadgens is, Tu ramdenad kanonierad ganaxorciela kongresma
misTvis me-5 nawiliT miniWebuli uflebamosileba religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis
aqtis miRebiT.
kanonis konstituciurobis mtkicebisas mopasuxe acxadebs, rom aqti dasaSvebi
àRmasrulebeli~ kanonmdeblobis nawilia, romlis meSveobiTac kongresi icavs me-
14 Sesworebis jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris klauzuliT garantirebul erT-
erT Tavisuflebas, religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis uflebas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos azriT, yvela unda acnobierebdes, rom mexuTe nawili kon-
gresisTvis „pozitiuri sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis miniWebaa~. kanonmdeblo-
ba, romelic aRkveTs an cdilobs, gamoasworos sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi, jdeba kon-
gresis uflebamosilebaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac krZalavs imgvar qcevas, romelic Ta-
visTavad ar aris antikonstituciuri da iWreba „Statebis avtonomiur sakanonmdeb-
lo kompetenciaSi~.
aseve sruli WeSmaritebaa is, rom kongresi Tavis àRmasrulebel~ uflebamosi-
lebaSic ar aris SeuzRudavi. sasamarTlo marTebulad miiCnevs mopasuxis SeniSvnas
imis Taobaze, rom mexuTe nawilis Tanaxmad kongresi uflebamosilia miiRos kanoni,
romelic aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri uflebis implementacias
moaxdens. im muxlis debulebebi, romlebsac mexuTe nawili exeba, Seicavs agreTve
me-14 Sesworebis jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris princips. kongresis ufleba,
uzrunvelyos aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis implementacia, gamomdina-
reobs uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan saqmeze qenTveli koneqtikutis wi-
naaRmdeg158 — „Tavisuflebis fundamenturi koncefcia, romelic me-14 Sesworebis
jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris principSia gamoxatuli, moicavs pirveli Ses-
worebiT garantirebul Tavisuflebebs~.
miuxedavad amisa, kongresisTvis mexuTe nawiliT miniWebuli uflebamosileba
mxolod me-14 Sesworebis debulebaTa „aRsrulebaze~ vrceldeba. SesworebaSi
Cadebul mizanTan da me-5 nawilis teqstTan srul SeusabamobaSia imis mtkiceba, rom
kongress ufleba ara aqvs, Statebs daakisros me-14 Sesworebis SezRudvebis Sinaarsi.
Tumca kanonmdebloba, romelic cvlis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis
mniSvnelobas, SeuZlebelia mis aRmasruleblad CaiTvalos. kongresi ar aris ufle-
bamosili, konstituciuri uflebis cxovrebaSi gatrebiT Secvalos sakuTriv ufleba.
mas mxolod „aRsrulebis~ uzrunvelyofis ufleba aqvs miniWebuli da ara imis gansaz-
Rvris, Tu ra Seadgens konstituciur darRvevas. sxva SemTxvevaSi es ar iqneba kons-
tituciis me-14 Sesworebis debulebebis implementacia.
rTulia daadgino, sad gadis zRvari arakonstituciuri qmedebebis aRmkveT Ro-
nisZiebebsa da im zomebs Soris, romlebic kanonis arss cvlian. aqedan gamomdinare,
kongress unda hqondes misi dadgenis farTo Tavisufleba, radgan gansxvaveba realu-
rad arsebobs da aucilebelia misi mxedvelobaSi miReba. uzrunvelyofili unda iyos
proporciuloba aRsakveT ziansa da am miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebul zomebs Soris.
mosamarTle kenedim, romelmac gadmosca sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, warmo-
adgina me-14 Sesworebis miRebis sakanonmdeblo istoria, rac misi mosazrebiT adastu-
rebda àRmasrulebeli~ klauzulis ufro makoreqtirebel funqcias, vidre materi-
352
alur-samarTlebrivs. misi TqmiT, kongresis aRniSnuli uflebamosileba arc prece-
dentuli samarTlis safuZvelze damdgara kiTxvis niSnis qveS. samxreT karolina
kacenbaxis winaaRmdeg.159
sasamarTlo gadadis uSualod religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqtis ganxilvaze,
raTa daadginos, eqceva Tu ara igi konstituciis me-14 Sesworebis mexuTe nawilis
jerovani àRmasrulebeli~ kanonmdeblobis farglebSi.
mopasuxis mtkicebiT, aqti gamoxatavs kongresis makoreqtirebel an prevenciul
uflebamosilebas da warmoadgens aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis dacvis samarTlian
meqanizms. igi aRkveTs iseTi kanonebis miRebas, romlebic religiis Tavisuflebaze
zegavlenis moxdenis arakonstituciuri miznis mqonea an auqmebs maT. religiis Ta-
visuflebis aseTi darRvevebis gamovlenis sirTulis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, kong-
ress SeuZlia Zaladakargulad gamoacxados nebismieri kanoni, romelic xels uSlis
religiur qmedebas, Tu is ar aris gamarTlebuli sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesiT.
Tu kongress SeuZlia akrZalos diskriminaciuli kanonebi, raTa rasobrivi diskri-
minaciiT ar dairRves Tanabari dacvis klauzula, mopasuxis azriT, is uflebamosilia
zustad aseve moiqces religiis Tavisuflebis mxardasaWerad.
rodesac prevenciuli normebi Seesabameba sasamarTlos damcav zomebs, Tanxved-
ra unda arsebobdes gamoyenebul meTodebsa da dasaxul miznebs Sorisac. Zlieri
damcavi meqanizmi, romelic erT saxis zians aRkveTs, SesaZloa sxvis mimarT usamar-
Tlo iyos.
sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, mravlismTqmelia religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis
aqtis saarCevno uflebaTa aqtTan Sedareba. im sasamarTlo praqtikasTan SedarebiT,
romelic asaxavs kongresisa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis dapirispirebas saarCevno
uflebebis Taobaze gamarTul sasamarTlo saqmeebSi, religiis Tavisuflebis aRdge-
nis aqtis sakanonmdeblo praqtika ar Seicavs Tanamedrove SemTxvevis arcerT maga-
liTs, rom zogadi daniSnulebis kanonebis miReba religiuri fanatizmis safuZvelze
momxdariyos. am qveyanaSi devnisa da Seviwroebis istorias, romelic detalurad
aris asaxuli sakanonmdeblo mosmenebSi, ar axsovs arc erTi msgavsi SemTxveva uka-
naskneli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rTulia imis mtkiceba, rom isini ama Tu im religiuri
praqtikisadmi mtrobisa da siZulvilis mizniT miRebuli kanonebis magaliTebs warmo-
adgenen an am qveyanaSi farTod gavrcelebul religiur diskriminaciaze miuTiTeben.
religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqti, miuxedavad sakanonmdeblo praqtikis Sina-
arsisa, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos makoreqtirebel da prevenciul kanonad, romelic
arakonstituciur qcevas aRkveTs. amis nacvlad is dacvis konstituciuri saSuale-
bebis arsebiTad Secvlas eswrafvis. kanonTa garkveuli tipebis amkrZalavi preven-
ciuli zomebi SesaZloa Sesabamisi iyos, rodesac arsebobs safuZvliani mizezi vifiq-
roT, rom im kanonebis arakonstituciurad cnobis albaToba, romlebzedac zegavlena
iqonia kongresis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobam, Zalze maRalia...
religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqti ase SezRuduli ar aris. moqmedebis farTo
areali uzrunvelyofs mis Carevas xelisuflebis yvela doneze. is cvlis kanonebs
da krZalavs yvela saxis oficialur qmedebas. am kanonis SezRudvebi exeba federa-
luri, Statis da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis yvela organosa da Tanamdebobis pirs,
agreTve yvela federalur Tu Statis kanons, miRebulia is am kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlam-
de Tu mas Semdeg. kanonis moqmedebis vada ar aris SezRuduli.
353
xarjebi, romlebsac es aqti moiTxovs, rogorc Statebze samarTalwarmoebis mZime
tvirTis dakisrebis, ise maTi zogadi maregulirebeli uflebamosilebis Sekvecis Tval-
sazrisiT, bevrad aRemateba smitiseuli gagebiT aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzu-
lis safuZvelze arakonstituciuri qcevis romelime nimuSs. religiis Tavisuflebis
aRdgenis aqti ar Seqmnila imisaTvis, rom gamoavlinos Statis iseTi kanonebi, romlebic
SesaZloa arakonstituciuri iyos religiasTan misi damokidebulebis gamo. umetes
SemTxvevaSi Statebis kanonebi, romlebsac aqti exeba, ar aris religiuri fanatizmiT
motivirebuli. StatebSi dReisaTvis arsebuli mmarTvelobis sistemis pirobebSi
kanonebi mZime tvirTad awveba adamianebs. Tu religiis gamoxatva SemTxveviT dabrkolda
zogadi daniSnulebis kanoniT, es imas ar niSnavs, rom adamianebi, romlebsac es SezRudva
sakuTari rwmenis gamo SeexoT, ufro metad dazaraldnen, vidre sxva moqalaqeebi. amas-
Tan, aqti awesebs minimaluri SemzRudavi zomebis moTxovnas, romelic imavdroulad
migviTiTebs, rom kanonmdebloba ufro farToa, vidre sakonstitucio darRvevis
prevenciis an gamosworebis mizans Seefereba.
rodesac kongresi sakuTari uflebamosilebis farglebSi moqmedebs, mas ara marto
ufleba aqvs, aramed movalec aris, Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT konstituciis arss gamo-
xatavdes. erovnuli gamocdileba gvaswavlis, rom konstitucia yvelaze kargad maSin
sruldeba, roca xelisuflebis yvela Sto pativs scems rogorc konstitucias, ise sxva
Stoebis moqmedebebsa da gadawyvetilebebs. rodesac xelisuflebis politikuri Stoebi
sasamarTlos zemoxsenebuli sakonstitucio interpretaciis sawinaaRmdegod moqmede-
ben, unda vifiqroT, rom sxva saqmeebSi sasamarTlo sakuTar precedentebs damkvidre-
buli principebis Sesabamisad gamoiyenebs.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos azriT, kongresma unda gansazRvros, ra sWirdeba kanon-
mdeblobas imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyos meToTxmete Sesworebis garantiebi. kong-
resis diskrecia SeuzRudavi ar aris da sasamarTloebi itoveben uflebas, Tavad
gadawyviton, gadaaWarba Tu ara kongresma sakuTar konstituciur uflebamosilebas.
religiis Tavisuflebis aRdgenis aqti ewinaaRmdegeba umniSvnelovanes principebs,
romlebic aucilebelia saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnisa da federa-
luri balansisTvis.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo auqmebs saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas aqtis
konstituciurad cnobis Taobaze.
mosamarTle o’konoris gansxvavebuli azri,

romelsac nawilobriv SeuerTda mosamarTle breieri
o’konori ar eTanxmeba sasamarTlos mier gansaxilveli aqtis konstituciasTan
Sesabamisobis gansazRvrisas dasaqmebis samsaxuri smitis winaaRmdeg saqmeze miRebuli
gadawyvetilebis gamoyenebas,160 romelmac kongress ubiZga religiis Tavisuflebis
aRdgenis aqtis, rogorc aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis cxovrebaSi ufro
mkacrad gatarebis saSualebis, miRebisken. mosamarTle o’konori ar icvlis azrs
smitis gadawyvetilebis aramarTebulobis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, is svams kiT-
xvas, ramdenad sworad warmoaCens smitis saqme aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis cnebas.
mosamarTle o’konori sasamarTlos eTanxmeba im sakiTxSi, rom kongress ufleba
ara aqvs, „Statebs daakisros me-14 Sesworebis materialuri SezRudvebi~, da damo-
ukideblad gansazRvros konstituciuri uflebebis sazRvrebi.~
Tumca o’konoris azriT, es ar amcirebs kongresis valdebulebas, gaakeTos saku-
354
Tari daskvnebi konstituciis arsTan dakavSirebiT. kongress sasamarTloze aranak-
lebad evaleba konstituciuri moTxovnebis ganxilva da misi miTiTebebis Sesabamisad
moqmedeba. magram, rodesac kongresi kanonebs iRebs misi delegirebuli uflebamosi-
lebis xelSewyobis mizniT, aseTi gadawyvetilebebi unda Seesabamebodes am sasamar-
Tlos konstituciur interpretacias da iseTi debulebebiT dadgenil gansazRvrul
SezRudvebs kongresis sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa konsti-
tuciis me-14 Sesworeba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos analizi imis Taobaze, aris Tu ara aqti kongresisTvis me-
xuTe nawiliT miniWebuli uflebamosilebis gamoxatuleba, efuZneba varauds, rom
smitis saqme sworad warmoaCens aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis arss. mosa-
marTle o’konori miiCnevs, rom sasamarTlom smitis mixedviT daadgina aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis moTxovnaze gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis araswori standarti. smitis
saqmeSi aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula isea gagebuli, TiTqos is saxelmwi-
fos uflebas aZlevs, dausabuTeblad akrZalos pirovnebis religiuri Sexedulebebis
Sesabamisi qceva, Tu es akrZalva zogadi daniSnulebisaa. Tumca aRmsareblobis Tavi-
sufleba ar aris mxolod antidiskriminaciuli principi, romelic mxolod im kano-
nebisgan gvicavs, romlebic religiur saqmianobas gamoarCevs uaryofiTi damokide-
bulebisTvis. aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula aris religiur saqmianobaSi
monawileobis pozitiuri garantia, romelic imavdroulad gamoricxavs saxelmwi-
fos dauSvebel Carevas maSinac ki, rodesac religiuri qceva ewinaaRmdegeba zogadi
daniSnulebis kanons. smitis saqmemde, rodesac ganixileboda aRmsareblobis Ta-
visuflebis klauzulis qvemdebare saqme, sadac kanoni mniSvnelovnad zRudavda
religiurad motivirebul qmedebas, uzenaesi sasamarTlo mTavrobisgan moiTxovda
sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis dasabuTebas. am principis uaryofa smitis saq-
meSi sasamarTlos mier ar efuZneboda arc precedentul samarTals da arc istorias.
mosamarTle o’konoris azriT, sasamarTlom am gadawyvetilebiT didi ziani miayena
religiis Tavisuflebas, amitom saWirod miiCnevs orive saqmis gadasinjvas.
istoriuli faqtebi seriozuli eWvis safuZvels gvaZlevs aRmsareblobis Tavi-
suflebis klauzulis am sasamarTloseuli interpretaciis gamo. sakanonmdeblo oq-
mebidan Cans, rom am klauzulis avtorebi mas ganixilavdnen garantiad, romlis mixed-
viTac saxelmwifo zedmetad ar SeuSlida xels morwmuneebs, Tavisuflad ewarmoebi-
naT religiuri saqmianoba.
SeerTebul StatebSi ramdenime koloniam adreve gaacnobiera, rom sakuTari rwme-
nis Tavisuflad aRmsarebloba ZiriTadi Tavisuflebaa. amasTan, isini aRiarebdnen,
rom saxelmwifo religiur saqmeebSi mxolod maSin unda Caerios, roca saWiroa samo-
qalaqo mSvidobis dacva da „garyvnilebis~ aRkveTa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tu re-
ligiuri Sexedulebebi ewinaaRmdegeboda saero samarTals, religia upiratesi mdgo-
mareobiT sargeblobda. aseTi ideebi emTxveva uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sexedulebas,
romelic smitis saqmemde arsebobda.
mosamarTle o’konoris mtkicebiT, rogorc adreuli koloniebis gamocdileba
gvafiqrebinebs, ùflebaTa bilis~ ratifikaciis periodSi miRebuli iyo, rom saxel-
mwifos SeZlebisdagvarad unda Seewyo xeli religiuri saqmianobisTvis. mas mohyavs
jeims medisonis, tomas jefersonis, jorj vaSingtonis, oliver elzvorTisa da isaak
barkusis naazrevi.
355
sami zogadi principidan pirvelis mixedviT es moazrovneebi religiis Tavisuf-
lebas gansakuTrebul konstituciur statuss aniWebdnen. religiis Tavisuflad
aRmsareblobis ufleba individualuri Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani garantia iyo.
meore, yvela Tanxmdeboda imis Taobaze, rom saxelmwifos Careva religiur saqmiano-
baSi ar iyo advilad mosawoni qmedeba. dabolos, yvela iziarebda mosazrebas, rom
`WeSmariti religia da jansaRi morali aris samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis da bednierebis
erTaderTi myari safuZveli~. am ideaTa gaTvaliswineba konstitucias uyenebs moT-
xovnas, daakmayofilos im moqalaqeTa religiuri moTxovnilebebi, romelTa reli-
giuri praqtika ewinaaRmdegeba zogadi daniSnulebis kanons.
mosamarTle o’konoris azriT, konstituciis religiuri klauzulebi religiis
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis mniSvnelovan valdebulebas aweseben, romelsac ar
Seesabameba arc smitis da arc am saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba. maSasadame, is
saWirod miiCnevs maT gadasinjvas da ar eTanxmeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas.
cxovelTa msxverplad Sewirva
santeria. santeriis religia me-19 saukuneSi warmoiSva, rodesac iorubas tomis

asiaTasobiT wevri aRmosavleT afrikidan kubaSi monebad Caiyvanes. maTma tradici-
ulma afrikulma religiam kaTolicizmis mniSvnelovani elementebi SeiTavsa, ris
Sedegadac santeria, anu `wmindanTa cxovrebis wesi~ warmoiSva. sulebis mimarT, ro-
melTac oriSebi ewodebaT, kubeli iorubelebi RvTismosaobas kaTolike wmindane-
bis ikonografiis saSualebiT gamoxataven. santeriis ritualebze xSirad SexvdebiT
kaTolikur simboloebs. santeriis mimdevrebi kaTolikur mesebsac eswrebian.
santeriis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, TiToeul adamians aqvs RmerTisgan moniWebuli
bedi, romelic oriSebis daxmarebiTa da energiiT aRsruldeba. santeriis religiis
safuZvelia oriSebTan damyarebuli piradi urTierToba. amasTan, RvTismosaobis erT-
erT ZiriTad formas cxovelTa Sewirva warmoadgens. cxovelebis Sewirvas, rogorc
religiuri ritualis nawils, uZvelesi istoria aqvs. cxovelTa Sewirva xSirad
moixsenieba Zvel aRTqmaSi da is iudaizmis praqtikaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
ierusalimis meore taZris ganadgurebamde. Tanamedrove islamSi tardeba yovel-
wliuri msxverplSewirvis rituali, romelic abraamis mier kravis Sewirvas eZRvneba.
santeriis religiis mixedviT, oriSebi Zlevamosilni, magram amave dros mokvdavni
arian. maTi sicocxlisunarianoba msxverplSewirvazea damokidebuli. Sewirvis ri-
tualebi tardeba dabadebis, qorwinebis, gardacvalebis dros, agreTve avadmyofTa
mosarCenad, axal wevrTa da sasuliero pirTa kurTxevisas da yovelwliuri sadResas-
waulo wirvis dros. santeriis ritualebSi SesaZlo Sesawiri cxovelebia: qaTami,
mtredi, ixvi, zRvis goWi, Txa, cxvari da ku. cxovelebs klaven kiserTan saZile ar-
teriis gadaWriT. gankurnebisa da gardacvalebis ritualebis Semdeg, Sewirul
cxovelebs sakvebad amzadeben da miirTmeven.
santeriis mimdevrebi farTomasStabian devnas ganicdidnen kubaSi, ase rom, reli-
giasa da ritualebs malulad axorcielebdnen. santeriis religiisa da misi ritualebis
SeuzRudavi da Ria praqtika dResac iSviaTobaa. santeria amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
umeteswilad kubis revolucias gamoqceulma adamianebma Seitanes. qvemoT mocemuli
saqmis ganxilvisas saolqo sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dResdReobiT floridis Statis
samxreT nawilSi sul cota 50 000 santeriis mimdevari cxovrobs.
356
lukumi babalu eis eklesia floridis Statis qalaq haialeas winaaRmdeg161

principi, romlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia religiuri rwmenisa Tu praq-
tikis SemzRudveli kanonebis miReba, ise kargad aris gaTavisebuli sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebis mier, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi am darRvevasTan dakavSi-
rebiT Zalze cota saqme arsebobs.162 sasamarTlos SeSfoTebis gamo, rom es saqme
pirveli Sesworebis fundamentur princips exeboda, is gamoTxovil iqna qvemdgomi
sasamarTlodan. uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganxilvam daadastura, rom saqmeSi warmod-
genili normatiuli aqtebi im oficialuri pirebis mier iyo miRebuli, romelTac ar
esmodaT, ar surdaT gaegoT, an imis ugulebelyofa arCies, rom maTi qmedebebi ewi-
naaRmdegeboda qveynis arsebiT valdebulebas, daecva religiis Tavisufleba.
momCivani, lukumi babalu eis eklesia (SemdgomSi eklesia), warmoadgens arasame-
warmeo korporacias, romelic floridis Statis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT 1973 wels
Seiqmna. eklesia da misi mrevlis wevrebi santeriis religiis mimdevrebi arian. ekle-
siis meTauri aris ernesto pikardo, romelic agreTve am eklesiis sasuliero piria
da atarebs italeros religiur tituls, xarisxiT meores santeriis religiaSi. 1987
wlis aprilSi eklesiam ijariT aiRo miwis garkveuli farTobi floridis Statis
qalaq haialeaSi da ganacxada, rom ganzraxuli hqonda RvTismsaxurebis adgilis,
skolis, kulturuli centrisa da muzeumis aSeneba. pikardo miuTiTebda, rom ekle-
siis mizani iyo santeriis religiis praqtikis, maT Soris cxovelTa Sewirvis ritualis
Riad ganxorcieleba. eklesiam daiwyo saWiro licenziebisa da nebarTvebis mopoveba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom licenziebis mopovebis procesi arc ise martivad mimdinare-
obda, 1987 wlis agvistosTvis yvela formaloba mogvarda.
santeriis eklesiis daarsebis perspeqtivam haialeas sazogadoebis SeSfoTeba ga-
moiwvia da haialeaSi eklesiis gaxsnis Sesaxeb gavrcelebulma cnobam qalaqis sabWos
1987 wlis 9 ivniss sagangebo sajaro sxdomis Catarebisken ubiZga. am sxdomaze sabWom
sagangebo rezolucia miiRo. rogorc masSi iyo naTqvami, qalaqis mcxovrebni SeSfo-
Tebulni iyvnen imis gamo, rom `zogierTi religiis farglebSi arsebuli praqtika ar
Seesabameba sazogadoebriv morals, mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas.~ rezoluciaSi aseve
gacxadebuli iyo, rom `qalaqi kvlavac akrZalavda yvela im religiuri jgufis saq-
mianobas, romelic sazogadoebriv morals, mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas ewinaaRmde-
geboda.~ garda amisa, qalaqis meriam gamosca specialuri gankarguleba, romelSic
mTlianad inkorporirebuli iyo floridis Statis kanonebi cxovelTa mimarT sastiki
mopyrobis Sesaxeb. inkorporirebuli kanoni `nebismiers, vinc saWiroebis gareSe an
sastiki xerxebiT moklavda cxovels~, sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas akis-
rebda.
qalaqis oficialur pirebs surdaT Semdgomi sakanonmdeblo zomebi mieRoT, mag-
ram floridis Statis kanonmdebloba ukrZalavda adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebs cxovelTa mimarT sastiki mopyrobis Sesaxeb iseTi normatiuli aqtebis
miRebas, romlebic Statis kanonmdeblobas ewinaaRmdegeboda. qalaq haialeas pro-
kurorma floridis Statis generaluri prokurorisgan moiTxova komentari imis Ta-
obaze, ukrZalavda Tu ara arsebuli kanonmdebloba `religiur jgufs, msxverplad
Seewira cxoveli religiuri ritualis an praqtikis dros~, da SeeZlo Tu ara qalaqis
xelmZRvanelobas gamoeca gankarguleba, romlis Tanaxmad `cxovelTa religiuri
357
miznebiT Sewirva kanongareSed gamocxaddeboda~. generalurma prokurorma daaskvna,
rom `cxovelTa ritualuri Sewirva ara rogorc kvebis produqtebis moxmarebis
mizniT~ ar warmoadgenda aucileblobiT gamowveul mkvlelobas da, Sesabamisad,
kanoniT iyo akrZaluli.
am komentaris Semdeg qalaqis sabWom miiRo rezolucia, romelic qalaqis politikas
gansazRvravda am sakiTxis mimarT. miRebul rezoluciaSi haialeas sazRvrebSi cxovelTa
ritualuri Sewirvis winaaRmdeg naTqvamia, rom cxovelTa Sewirvis praqtikiT dakavebuli
nebismieri piri an organizacia `sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas daeqvemdebareba~.
1987 wlis seqtemberSi qalaqis sabWom cxovelTa religiuri miznebiT Sewirvis
Sesaxeb mravali dadgenileba miiRo. `Sewirva~ gansazRvruli iyo, rogorc `cxovelis
sajaro Tu kerZo ritualSi an ceremoniaSi mokvla, wameba an dasaxiCreba ara rogorc
kvebis produqtis moxmarebis mizniT~. erT-erTi dadgenileba Seicavda daTqmas,
romelic cxovelTa `licenzirebul dawesebulebebs~ da `sakvebi produqtebis mox-
marebis mizniT~ maT xocvas exeboda. aseve ikrZaleboda cxovelebis mokvla qalaqSi
dadgenili sazRvrebis farglebSi. yvela dadgenileba qalaqis sabWos mier erTxmad
iqna miRebuli. maTi darRvevisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarima ara umetes 500 aSS
dolarisa, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ara umetes 60 dRisa, an orive erTad. aqtebis ZalaSi
Sesvlis Semdeg eklesiam da pikardom sarCeli aRZres amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
saolqo sasamarTloSi. mopasuxe mxares warmoadgenda haialeas qalaqi, misi meri da
qalaqis sabWos wevrebi individualuri statusiT.
saolqo sasamarTlom qalaqis sasargeblod gamoitana gadawyvetileba da daadgina,
rom mosarCeleTa uflebebi religiis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis
farglebSi ar iyo darRveuli. Tumca amave dros sasamarTlom aRiara, rom `dadgenilebe-
bi sulac ar iyo religiurad neitraluri~, da rom `qalaqis SeSfoTeba cxovelTa Se-
wirvis sakiTxiT nakarnaxevi iyo qalaqSi eklesiis daarsebiT~. saolqo sasamarTlom
daaskvna, rom dadgenilebebis mizani iyo ara eklesiis qalaqidan gandevna, aramed cxo-
velTa Sewirvis arsebuli praqtikis Sewyveta.
saolqo sasamarTlom daadgina, rom cxovelTa Sewirva gamoiwvevda (1) ritualSi
monawileTa da farTo sazogadoebis janmrTelobisaTvis arsebiTi safrTxis Seqmnas,
(2) cxovelTa Sewirvis damswre bavSvTa emociur travmas, (3) cxovelTa sastik da
araaucileblobiT ganpirobebul ganadgurebasa da (4) nebadarTuli sasaklaoebis
farglebs gareT cxovelTa daxocvas. axasiaTebda ra am interesebs, rogorc àrsebi-
Tad sarwmunos~, sasamarTlo Seecada `daebalansebina saxelisuflebo da religiuri
interesebi~ da mivida daskvnamde, rom `saxelisuflebo interesebi absoluturad
amarTlebda Sewirvis ritualis kategoriul akrZalvas~.
qalaqis sabWo ar miiCnevda santerias pirveli Sesworebis farglebs miRma arsebul
`religiad~. mas arc SeeZlo aseTi Sexeduleba hqonoda. amerikis SeerTebuli State-
bis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Tumca cxovelTa Sewirvis praqtika SesaZ-
loa zogierTebSi zizRis grZnobas iwvevs, àr aris aucilebeli, rom pirveli Seswo-
rebis iurisdiqciaSi mosaqcevad religiuri rwmena vinmesTvis misaRebi, logikuri,
Tanmimdevruli an gasagebi iyos. cxovelTa Sewirvasa da religiur RvTismsaxurebas
Soris arsebuli istoriuli kavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT, momCivanTa mxridan imis mtki-
ceba, rom `cxovelTa Sewirva maTi religiis ganuyofeli nawilia~, ar SeiZleba
èqscentrulad da daujereblad CaiTvalos~.
358
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier im saqmeebis ganxilvis Sedegad, romlebic konstitu-
ciis pirvel Sesworebas exeboda, dadginda, rom pirveli Sesworeba krZalavs raime
oficialuri mizeziT konkretuli religiis an zogadad religiis msjavrdebas. re-
ligiis Tavisuflebis garantiebi amoqmeddeba maSinve, rogorc ki gansaxilveli kanoni
moaxdens zogierTi an yvela religiuri Sexedulebis diskriminacias da daareguli-
rebs an akrZalavs religiuri miznebiT ganpirobebul qcevas. da marTlac, swored
religiuri devnisa da Seuwynareblobis istoriuli magaliTebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis avtorebi. magaliTad, saqmeSi makdanieli
petis winaaRmdeg163 uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma Statis mier miRebuli kanoni,
romelic sasuliero pirebs ukrZalavda garkveuli sajaro Tanamdebobebis dakavebas
maTi `religiuri statusis~ gamo. imave principis Tanaxmad, saqmeSi fauleri rod
ailendis Statis winaaRmdeg164 sasamarTlom daadgina, rom municipaluri dadgeni-
leba, romelic sazogadoebriv parkSi ieRovas mowmis qadagebas krZalavda da amave
dros kaTolikuri mesisa Tu protestantuli msaxurebis dros qadagebis nebas rTav-
da, konstituciis Seusabamo aqts warmoadgenda.
neitralobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis ganxilvis Semdeg sasamarTlo erT daskv-
namde mivida: dadgenilebebi miznad religiis Seviwrovebas isaxavda; santerias mim-
devarTa da maTi religiuri praqtikis mimarT arakeTilganwyoba iyo gamomJRavne-
buli; dadgenilebebi Tavisi arsiT ewinaaRmdegeboda amgvar religiur praqtikas;
dabolos, dadgenilebebi imaze metad zRudavda garkveul religiur qcevebs, vidre
am SezRudvis gasamarTleblad moyvanili kanonieri miznebis miRwevisTvis iyo saWiro.
aqedan gamomdinare, mocemuli dadgenilebebi ar iyo neitraluri bunebis.
am saqmis mopasuxe mxare amtkicebda, rom dadgenilebebi or interess emsaxureba:
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvasa da cxovelTa winaaRmdeg sisastikis aRmofxvras.
magram uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, dadgenilebebi ver uzrunvelyofs am
interesebis dacvas. miuxedavad qalaqis administraciis didi mondomebisa, aRmoefxvra
cxovelTa winaaRmdeg sisastike, dadgenilebebi mxolod im mkvlelobebs krZalavs,
romlebic religiuri msxverplSewirviT aris ganpirobebuli. arareligiuri miznebiT
cxovelTa sikvdilisa Tu mokvdinebis mravali saxeoba sulac ar aris akrZaluli.
qalaqis administracia Tanxmdeboda imaze, rom àrc floridis Statsa da arc
TviT qalaq haialeaSi ar iyo miRebuli zogadi kanonmdebloba cxovelTa mokvlis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb~. miuxedavad amisa, is amtkicebda, rom cxovelTa Sewirva gansxvav-
deba kanoniT daSvebuli cxovelTa mokvlisgan. qalaqis warmomadgenelTa gancxade-
biT aSkaraa, rom cxovelTa mokvla kvebis mizniT `mniSvnelovan~ mizans emsaxureba;
rom mwerebisa da parazitebis ganadgureba `gamarTlebulia~; da rom namet cxovelTa
evTanazia `logikuria~. magram es mtkicebulebebi ver xsnis, ratom unda ataros mxo-
lod religiam am dadgenilebebis tvirTi im dros, rodesac cxovelTa arareligiuri
mkvlelobebis umravlesobac eqceva qalaqis interesSi, aRmofxvras cxovelTa mimarT
sastiki mopyroba.
erT-erTi dadgenileba exeboda sazogadoebriv janmrTelobas, romelsac safr-
Txes Ria sajaro adgilebSi gadagdebuli gatyavebuli da gamoSignuli cxovelebi da
Seumowmebeli xorcis moxmareba uqmnida. magram janmrTelobisaTvis Seqmnili riski
didia nebismier SemTxvevaSi, iqneba es santerias Sewirvis rituali Tu cxovelTa
arareligiuri miznebiT mokvla. qalaqis administracia ar ukrZalavs monadireebs,
359
nanadirevi saxlSi miitanon iseve, rogorc ar aregulirebs SemdgomSi gatyavebuli
da gamoSignuli nawilebis moSorebis sakiTxs.
igive problema warmoiSveba, rodesac Seumowmebeli xorcis moxmarebis Sedegad
janmrTelobisaTvis warmoqmnil riskze vsaubrobT. qalaqis sabWos dadgenilebebis
Tanaxmad, monadireebs da meTevzeebs SeuZliaT miirTvan TavianTi nadavli oficialuri
inspeqtirebis gavlis gareSe. aseve, kanoni moiTxovs gasayidi xorcis inspeqtirebas,
magram gamonakliss awesebs Sinaur pirobebSi miRebul xorcze, romelic òjaxis wev-
rebsa da arakomerciuli miznebiT ojaxSi darCenil stumrebSi~ vrceldeba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom qalaq
haialeas gasaCivrebul samarTlebriv aqtebSi Cadebuli saxelisuflebo interesebi
mxolod religiuri Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare qcevis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba avaldebulebs saxelmwifos, iyos religiis Sem-
wynarebeli da, Sesabamisad, yvela oficialur pirs unda axsovdes sakuTari uzenaesi
valdebuleba konstituciisa da masSi uzrunvelyofili uflebebis winaSe. kanonebis
SemoqmedT ar unda SeeZloT iseTi aSkara Tu faruli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, rom-
lebic religiis an garkveuli praqtikis devnasa da Seviwrovebas uzrunvelyofs.
zemoT xsenebuli dadgenilebebi am konstituciur principebs ewinaaRmdegeba da uze-
naesi sasamarTlos mier gauqmebulad cxaddeba.
religiuri sazogadoebis wevrobis uflebis dacva
meore rjulis wigni xSirad saubrobs adamianebSi gamefebuli borotebisagan

„ganwmendaze~ (magaliTad, ganzrax mkvleloba, 2 rj. 19:13; cru Cveneba, 2 rj. 19:19;
ix. agreTve 2 rj. 13:5, 17:7, 12, 21:9, 21, 22:21, 22, 24, 24:7). am koncefciis gavlenis qveS
qristianuli eklesiis disciplinac moeqca. yvelaze adreuli cnobebi eklesiidan
wesebis damrRvevTa (codvilTa) gandevnis Sesaxeb exeba sisxlis aRreviT qorwinebas
or qristians Soris korinTSi, saberZneTis zRvispira qalaqSi, sadac Cveni welTaR-
ricxvis I saukunis 50-ian wlebSi pavle mociquli misionerul saqmianobas eweoda.
Tavis pirvel werilSi korinTelTa mimarT pavle mociquli werda, rom qristianebs
ar unda miemarTaT romis imperiis warmarTuli sasamarTloebisaTvis da erTmaneTSi
arsebuli uTanxmoebebi ojaxuri siyvarulis suliskveTebiT moegvarebinaT. imave
werilSi pavle mociquli werda, rom eklesiam gansakuTrebuli wesebi unda daawesos
codvil wyvilTa sazogadoebisgan gancalkevebisaTvis. orive, romauli da bibliuri,
samarTali (2 rj. 22:20; 27:20; lev. 18:7-8) krZalavda mamakacsa da mis dedinacvals
Soris qorwinebas. pavle mociquli iseve aRSfoTebulia imiT, Tu ra guldamSvidebiT
iwynarebs mrevli sisxlis aRrevas, rogorc TviT sisxlis aRrevis ukeTurobiTa da
uxamsobiT. Semdgom pavle mociquli Seusabamo saqcielis ramdenime kategorias
CamoTvlis, romelic, misi azriT, eklesiidan gandevnas imsaxurebs.
xma dadis saerTod, rom siZvaa TqvenSi, Tanac iseTi siZva, romlis msgavsi
warmarTebSic ki ar aris, rom viRacas mamis coli hyavs. da Tqven kidec
qedmaRlobT imis nacvlad, rom glovobdeT, raTa moikveTos Tqvengan aseTi
saqmis Camdeni... aramed gwerT Tqven, rom ar iqonioT kavSiri imasTan, vinc
Zmad iwodeba, magram garyvnilia, an xarbi, an kerpTayvanismcemeli, an
maginebeli, an loTi, an mtacebeli. aseTTan arc ki WamoT.
pirveli werili korinTelTa mimarT 5: 1-3, 11
360
dResdReobiT mxolod ramdenime religiuri Temi iyenebs eklesiidan gandevnas
(anaTemas) eklesiuri kanonebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg. magram Tu eklesia wyvets,
ase moiqces, unda hqondes Tu ara mas saeklesio disciplinis Tavisuflad aRsrule-
bis ufleba mTavrobis Carevis gareSe?
maTes saxarebaSi ganxilulia sakiTxi, rogor unda xdebodes saeklesio discip-
linis aRsruleba. codvilis sazogadoebisgan CamoSorebis procedura sami nabijisgan
Sedgeba. pirvel rigSi damrRvevs misi saqcieli calke unda ganemartos, radgan calke-
ulma gafrTxilebam SesaZloa sasurveli Sedegi moitanos da piri Tems sazogadoeb-
rivi gakicxvis gareSe daubrundes (ix. iakob mociqulis werili 5: 19-20: `Cemo Zmebo
da debo, Tu romelime Tqvengani gadascdeba WeSmaritebas da vinme moaqcevs mas, ico-
des, rom cdomilebis gzidan codvilis momqcevi sikvdilisagan ixsnis suls da mraval
codvas dafaravs~). Tu am gafrTxilebam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, maSin Semdegi nabiji
unda gadaidgas. am SemTxvevaSi piris gamkicxvels Tan ori mowme unda axldes. mxolod
amis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli davis sazogadoebaSi Riad gamotana, sazogadoebaSi,
romelic piris eklesiidan gandevnis uflebiT sargeblobs.
xolo Tu Seni Zma Sescodavs, midi da amxile igi, roca martoni iqnebiT. Tu
gagigonebs, SegiZenia Seni Zma. xolo Tu ar gagigonebs, waiyole kidev erTi
an ori sxva, raTa ori an sami mowmis piriT damtkicdes yoveli sityva. Tu
arc maT gaugonebs, eklesias uTxari. Tu arc eklesias gaugonebs, maSin iyos
igi SenTvis, rogorc warmarTi da mebaJe. WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven: rasac
dedamiwaze SekravT, zecaSic Sekruli iqneba. xolo rasac gaxsniT
dedamiwaze, gaxsnili iqneba zecaSic. aseve WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven:
Tu orni Tqvengan SeTanxmdebian dedamiwaze, iTxovon nebismieri ram,
miecemaT maT Cemi mamisagan, romelic zecaSia. vinaidan, sadac ori an samia
Sekrebili Cemi saxeliT, mec iqa var maT Soris.
maTes saxareba 18: 18-20
saeklesio disciplinis darRvevasTan dakavSirebuli ciliswameba. mravali ek-

lesia icavs religiur valdebulebas, ganwmindos sakuTari mrevli doqtrinisa da wesebis
damrRvevTagan. rogorc zemoT citirebuli nawyvetebidan Cans, aseTi praqtikis sakmao
safuZveli bibliaSia mocemuli. saqmeSi karteri papinos winaaRmdeg165 piris eklesiidan
gandevna da eklesiis SenobaSi arSeSveba sasamarTlom reagirebis gareSe datova. meore
mxriv, pensilvaniis Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganixila saqme, sadac robert l.
bearis sarCeli exeboda qamberlendis olqSi menonituri reformistuli eklesiis mier
mis gandevnas da mrevlis mxridan mis ignorirebas. beari amtkicebda, rom misi ojaxi
dangrevis piras iyo misuli, vinaidan mis colsa da bavSvebs ar SeeZloT masTan soci-
aluri Tu fizikuri kontaqti daemyarebinaT da misi biznesic nadgurdeboda, radgan
mas ar SeeZlo muSaxelis daqiraveba, sesxis aReba da warmoebuli produqciis gasaReba.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba eklesiisTvis
sakmaris damcav arguments ar warmoadgenda.166
saqmeSi moili francis winaaRmdeg167 sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT „saguSago koS-
kis~ gamomcemelsa da ieRovas mowmeebis liderebs ciliswamebisTvis 15000 aSS dola-
ris odenobis jarima daekisraT. mosarCele mxares warmoadgenda olin r. moili, ad-
vokati, romelsac udidesi wvlili miuZRoda mowmeebis adrindel sakonstitucio
361
samarTalwarmoebaSi; mopasuxe mxares ki heiden kovingtoni warmoadgenda. 1939 wels
moilma didi moculobis werili dawera, romelSic mosamarTle ruTerfords akri-
tikebda. mopasuxeebma „saguSago koSkSi~ gamoaqveynes Setyobineba, romlis Tanaxmadac
moili aRar warmoadgenda sazogadoebis wevrs `samefosadmi araerTgulebis~ gamo;
da rom im droidan moili zians ayenebda maT, vinc mas endoboda, ìseve, rogorc
iudam daamtkica sakuTari araerTguleba ieso qristes mimarT.~ sasamarTlom yu-
radReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom „saguSago koSkis~ mkiTxvelebi ara marto mowmeebi,
aramed sxva adamianebic iyvnen. publikaciis aseTma „moculobam~ gaabaTila ciliswa-
mebis is „kvalificiuri privilegia~, romliTac mowmeebi, rogorc religiuri sazo-
gadoeba, sargeblobdnen.
samRvdeloebaze dawesebuli disciplina. eriskacebis msgavsad, samRvdeloebis
wevrebic ar arian daculni codvis Cadenisa da gadacdomisgan. cud yofaqcevaze
pasuxismgeblobasa da sazogadoebis mxridan Sesabamisi „wamlobis~ saWiroebasTan da-
kavSirebuli sakiTxebi dResac aqtualuria. gavrcelebul ndobas imis Taobaze, rom
samRvdeloebis wevrebi umwikvloni arian, ukanasknel wlebSi ganviTarebulma isto-
riebma safuZveli mniSvnelovnad Seuryia. magaliTad, yofila samRvdeloebis wevrTa
mxridan seqsualuri yofaqcevis normebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi.168 kidev ufro didi
saSinelebaa, rodesac seqsualuri yofaqcevis darRvevis msxverpli bavSvi xdeba.169
eklesiebs udavod gaaCniaT disciplinuri sanqciebis gamoyenebis ufleba samR-
vdeloebis disciplinis damrRvev wevrTa mimarT, doqtrinalur safuZvelze iqneba
es Tu eTikurze. Tumca am skandalebis dros samRvdeloebis zogierTma wevrma, rom-
lis winaaRmdegac sanqciebi iyo miRebuli, Sesabamis eklesiebs ciliswamebisTvis uCiv-
la. zogierTma sasamarTlom uaryo aseTi sarCelebi im motiviT, rom aseTi saqmeebis
ganxilva religiuri sazogadoebis avtonomiaSi uxeSi Careva iqneboda. 170 sxva
sasamarTloebi ki sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebamde mividnen.171
SezRudvebi eklesiis uflebaze, gamoiyenos disciplinuri sanqciebi yofil
wevrTa mimarT. qristes eklesiad wodebul religiur TemSi `saZmodan gankveTis~
saxelwodebiT cnobili disciplinuri proceduris Sesruleba xdeba adgilobrivi
mrevlis sruli Semadgenlobis monawileobiT. rodesac mrevlis wevri eklesiis
qcevis kodeqss arRvevs da monaniebaze uars ambobs, uxucesni mrevlis winaSe saRmrTo
werilis im adgilebs kiTxuloben, romelic dairRva. amis Semdeg mrevli arTmevs
gakicxul pirs wevrobis uflebas da uars ambobs am piris Semdgom Tandaswrebaze.
saqmeSi guini kolinsvilis qristes eklesiis winaaRmdeg172 uxucesebma Cvenebis mice-
mis dros ganacxades, rom es procesi or mizans emsaxureba: 1) wesebis damrRvevs
martoobis garemos uqmnis da Sedegad monaniebisa da wevrebTan xelaxali gaerTi-
anebis survils uCens; da 2) uzrunvelyofs, rom eklesia da misi danarCeni wevrebi
wminda da ucodvelni iqnebian.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom 205 000 aSS dolaris odenobis jarimis gadaxda
daakisra erT-erT eklesias, radgan iq moRvawe samma uxucesma garkveuli sanqciebi
miiRo mosarCelis, martoxela mSoblis winaaRmdeg, romelsac eklesia brals mruSobaSi
sdebda. mosarCele adgilobrivi mrevlis winaSe sajarod gamoacxades mruSad. rogorc
disciplinuri proceduris nawili, igive informacia am qalbatonis mruSobis Sesaxeb
oTxi sxvadasxva eklesiis mrevlSi gaavrceles. eklesiis mier gadawyvetilebis gasa-
Civrebis miuxedavad, oklahomas Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom jarimis gadaxda mainc
362
mosarCelis sasargeblod gadawyvita. sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, „mosarCelem Tavis nebiT
daTmo eklesiis wevroba da amiT daadastura sakuTari survili, aRar mieRo monawi-
leoba eklesiasTan dakavSirebul sulier urTierTobebSi. uxucesTa mier Semdgom
miRebuli disciplinuri zomebi ki, romlebic mosarCeles eklesiis cxovrebaSi aqti-
ur Cabmas gulisxmobda, pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis farglebs scil-
deba da saxelmwifos mxridan Sesabamis regulirebas moiTxovs.~
ucxoTa da CagrulTa daxmareba
mdgmurs nu Seaviwroveb, nu daCagrav, radgan Tqvenc mdgmurebi

iyaviT egviptelTa qveyanaSi.
gamosvlaTa 22:21
bibliuri samarTali gvavaldebulebs, ucxoelebsa da Cvens miwaze droebiT mcxov-
rebT daxmareba aRmovuCinoT. meore rjulic mogviwodebs gvaxsovdes ebraelTa
egvipturi monoba, rogorc monebze gansakuTrebuli zrunvis safuZveli.
am bibliurma pasaJebma da gaeros 1951 wlis konvenciam ltolvilTa statusis
Sesaxeb, agreTve 1967 wlis oqmma ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb, ganapiroba mravali
religiuri sazogadoebis mcdeloba, Seefarebina ltolvilebi gvatemalidan da sal-
vadoridan, rodesac am qveynebSi daZabuli politikuri mdgomareoba iyo. amerikis
mTavrobis poziciis Tanaxmad, es adamianebi ar iyvnen politikuri devnis obieqtebi,
isini „ekonomikuri migrantebi~ iyvnen da, ubralod, sakuTari mdgomareobis gaumjo-
besebas cdilobdnen.
saqmeSi SeerTebuli Statebi elderis winaaRmdeg173 jon elders brali dasdes
sami salvadorelis sazRvarze ukanonod gadayvanaSi. elderi kaTolike iyo da xelmZ-
Rvanelobda organizacia „kasa oskar romeros~, romelic qveynidan gamoqceul sal-
vadorelebs ifarebda. `kasa romeros~ did daxmarebas uwevdnen sxvadasxva religiuri
seqtebi. elders sjeroda, rom sisastikes gamoqceuli salvadorelebis daxmarebiT
Tavis qristianul movaleobas asrulebda. amas adgilobrivi baptisturi, kaToli-
kuri, presbiterianuli da sxva eklesiebis winamZRvrebic qristianuli Tanadgomis
gamoxatulebad miiCnevdnen.
saolqo sasamarTlos mosamarTlis erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebiT, elderma sa-
samarTloze aCvena, rom is qristianul movaleobas asrulebda, Tumca mTavrobis
unificirebuli imigraciis politika ufro wonadi iyo vidre elderis aRmsareblobis
Tavisufleba. Sesabamisad, mosamarTlem uari ganacxada sisxlissamarTlebrivi
braldebis uaryofaze. elderi udanaSaulod cnes naficma msajulebma.
aqve SeiZleba magaliTad moviyvanoT saqme SeerTebuli Statebi agilaris winaaR-
mdeg,174 sadac mopasuxeebi damnaSaveebad cnes.
aseT saqmeebSi aRmsareblobis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli winaaRmdegoba mTav-
robisgan moiTxovs sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis Cvenebas. xelisufleba xSirad
„unificirebuli imigraciis politikas~ an èrovnul usafrTxoebas~ iSveliebs argu-
mentebad. magram sakiTxavia, emuqreba Tu ara qveynis usafrTxoebas safrTxe, rodesac
eklesia cdilobs, daxmareba aRmouCinos saomar viTarebas gamoqceul ltolvilebs?
aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, rom religiuri sazogadoebebis mier centralur amerikaSi
arsebuli viTarebis Sefaseba efuZneba pirvelad cnobebs maTi wevrebisgan, romlebic
im regionSi saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas ewevian?! aqvs Tu ara mTavrobas ufleba, uaryos
yvela sawinaaRmdego azri erovnuli usafrTxoebis motivze dayrdnobiT?
363
mkurnaloba locviTa da rwmeniT
markozi 16:17-18
`... morwmuneTagan ganuyrelni iqnebian es saswaulni: ... daadeben xels sneulT,

da ganikurnebian isini.”
iakobisa 5:14-16
àvadmyofobs romelime Tqvengani? eklesiis xucesT mouxmos, raTa ilocon
misTvis da zeTi scxon uflis saxeliT. rwmenis locva ixsnis sneuls, da aRadgens
mas ufali; da Tu codvebi aqvs Cadenili, mieteveba mas. aRiareT erTmaneTis winaSe
Tqveni codvebi, da iloceT erTurTis gamo, raTa ganikurnoT, vinaidan bevri
ram ZaluZs marTlis gulmodgine locvas.~
saqmeSi xalxi koulis winaaRmdeg175 vilis vernon kouls brali dasdes arakvali-
ficiur samedicino saqmianobaSi. koulis mxilebisTvis mas klienti ewvia, romelic
sinamdvileSi niu-iorkis samedicino sazogadoebis gamomZiebeli iyo. klienti aTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi saTvales atarebda da kouli mas „mxedvelobis gankurnebas~ dah-
pirda. koulma klients saTvale moaxsnevina da locvas Seudga; igi ixsenebda sakuTar
gamocdilebas, rodesac saTvalis mravalwliani tarebis Semdeg is locvis meSveobiT
ganikurna. kouli CvenebaSi miuTiTebda, rom mas gankurnebis piroba ar daudia, is
mxolod adamiani iyo da gankurneba RmerTs SeeZlo. misi TqmiT, klienti mkurna-
lobas xels Seuwyobda, Tu gaTavisufldeboda SiSis, Sinagani winaaRmdegobebisa da
mcdari azrebisgan.
Sesabamisi statuti samedicino saqmianobis gansazRvrisas gulisxmobs calkeul
pirTa mier „diagnozis dasmis, mkurnalobis, operaciis Catarebis an romelime daava-
debisTvis medikamentebis daniSvnis~ aRkveTas. statutSi agreTve aRniSnulia, rom
es muxli ar unda iqnes gagebuli ise, TiTqos is gavlenas axdens raime saxis reli-
giur saqmianobaze an romelime eklesiaze. kouli „qristianuli mecnierebis~ eklesiis
wevri iyo da mis wesebs asrulebda. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom „qristianuli mecni-
erebis~ rwmenis saxeliT moRvaweoba mxolod arakanonieri samedicino saqmianobis
SesaniRbad iyo gamoyenebuli. sasamarTloze gansxvavebuli azri gamoTqva mosamar-
Tle barletma, romelmac uaryo sakanonmdeblo organos ufleba, danaSaulad gamoac-
xados daavadebis mkurnaloba locvis saSualebiT.
dadgenili qcevis wesi sxvagvaria, roca saqme gvaqvs bavSvebis mkurnalobasTan
locvis saSualebiT. saqmeSi xalxi pirsonis winaaRmdeg176 luTer pirsoni Cikagos
kaTolikuri eklesiis wevri iyo. mas ar swamda eqimebis da sjeroda, rom avadmyofoba
locviT ganikurneboda. misi 16 wlis qaliSvili yivanaxveliT avadmyofobda, Semdeg
pnevmonia gadaitana da gardaicvala. maSinac ki, rodesac gogonas simptomebma „saxi-
faTo~ saxe miiRo, pirsonma eqimi ar gamoiZaxa da sjeroda, rom locviT SeZlebda mis
gadarCenas. pirsons brali dasdes SvilisTvis samdicino daxmarebis aRmoCenaze ganz-
rax uaris TqmisTvis. man daimowma niu-iorkis konstituciis aRmsareblobis Tavisuf-
lebis klauzula. sasamarTlom ki ganacxada, rom „bunebiTi, iseve rogorc saerTo
samarTali mSobels akisrebs axalgazrdaze zrunvis movaleobas.~
kaliforniis Statis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, mSobeli damnaSaved iTvleba,
364
Tu is Segnebulad ar uzrunvelyofs Svils aucilebeli samosiT, sakvebiT, TavSe-
safriT an samedicino momsaxurebiT.
1984 wels kaliforniaSi sam sxvadasxva saqmeSi mSoblebs brali dasdes sakuTari
Svilebis sicocxlis gaufTxileblobiT mospobaSi, radgan „qristianuli mecnierebis~
es moRvaweebi avadmyof Svilebs mxolod locvebiT, yovelgvari samedicino saSuale-
bebis gareSe mkurnalobdnen. am saqmeebSi prokuroris pozicia aseTi iyo: mkurnalobis
definicia 270-e muxlis safuZvelze ar krZalavda samarTlebriv devnas sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis mkvlelobis muxlis mixedviT.
arsebobs masaCusetsis Statis sulieri mkurnalobis statuti, romlis Tanaxmad,
bavSvs ar unda moakldes fizikuri mzrunveloba mxolod imis gamo, rom mas sulieri
saSualebebiT mkurnaloben. saqmeSi Stati tvitCelis winaaRmdeg177 devid da jinjer
tvitCelebi „qristiani mecnierebi~ iyvnen da sulieri meTodebiT mkurnalebisa swam-
daT. rodesac maTi ori wlis vaJi, robini mZimed daavadda, mSoblebi TavianTi Sexe-
dulebebis erTgulni darCnen. robini xuT dReSi gardaicvala da Statma mSoblebs
gaufrTxileblobiT sicocxlis mospobaSi dasdo brali. sasamarTlom isini damnaSa-
veebad cno. apelaciaSi tvitCelebi zemoT moyvanil statuts imowmebdnen, rogorc
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebas. sasamarTlo miuTiTebda, rom masa-
Cusetsis saerTo samarTali mSobels avaldebulebda mZime avadmyofisTvis samedi-
cino daxmarebis aRmoCenas. amasTan, aRniSnuli statuti ar exeboda gaufrTxileb-
lobiT sicocxlis mospobas. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, 1975 wels generalurma pro-
kurorma gamosca daskvna, romliTac uaryofiTi pasuxi gasca kiTxvaze moxdeboda
Tu ara im mSoblebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, romlebmac religiuri rwmenis
niadagze uari Tqves SvilebisTvis samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofaze. sasa-
marTlom gaauqma mSobelTa msjavrdeba imis safuZvelze, rom maTi pozicia kanonis
oficialur interpretacias emyareboda.
365
rwmena da
rwmenis
organizacia
rwmenis gamoZieba
saqmeebSi, romlebic religiuri saqmianobis reguli-

rebas exeba, xSirad ismis SekiTxva ama Tu im religiuri
mrwamsis namdvilobasa da misi gamoxatvis gulwrfelo-
baze. maTi umravlesoba, sisxlis gadasxmasTan, pei-
otis178 moxmarebasTan, rwmeniT gankurnebasTan dakavSi-
rebuli saqmeebis CaTvliT, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes,
rogorc „rwmenis gamoZieba~.
moZraoba „me var~ Teosofiuri religiis zogad gan-
sazRvrebaSi eqceva. misi damfuZnebeli gai balardi,
dabadebuli 1878 wels, amtkicebda, rom kaliforniaSi
mdebare mTa Sastaze mas gamoecxada axalgazrda mama-
kaci da SesTavaza Wiqa „yovlisSemZle cxovrebisa~. es
mamakaci me-17 saukunis okultisti, „amaRlebuli moZR-
vari~ sen-Jermen de pre iyo (mokvdavi, romelic TiTqos
sulad gadaiqca da adamianebTan urTierTobda). swored
man mouTxro balards reinkarnaciis Sesaxeb, astralu-
ri freniT amogzaura igi Tavis warsul sicocxleebSi
da aswavla, rogor unda daeRwia Tavi reinkarnaciis uR-
lisgan RmerTTan kontaqtiT. gai balardi 1939 wels
gardaicvala.
mogvianebiT gai balardis coli, edna balardi, da
maTi Svili donaldi fostis TaRliTur gamoyenebaSi
amxiles. balardebma gaaprotestes braldeba. maT ga-
nacxades, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mTavrobis mier
warmodgenili faqtebi simarTles Seefereboda, pir-
veli Sesworebis safuZvelze maT gaaCndaT imuniteti
samarTlebrivi devnisgan. saolqo sasamarTlom uaryo
es moTxovna.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom edna balardi brale-
ulad cno fostis gamoyenebiT Svidjer, xolo misi Svi-
li donaldi _ samjer TaRliTuri gegmis ganxorciele-
baSi.
366
SeerTebuli Statebi balardis winaaRmdeg179

balardebi fostis TaRliTuri miznebiT gamoyenebisaTvis iqnen msjavrdebulni.
kerZod, isini yalbi prezentaciebisa da dapirebebis meSveobiT cdilobdnen wevrebis
moZiebasa da Seyvanas moZraobaSi `me var~. saqmeSi Tvrameti yalbi prezentacia iyo
warmodgenili. maTi Sinaarsi Semdegi iyo: aw gardacvlili gai balardi, ieso, jorj
vaSingtoni da godfri rai kingi SerCeul da daniSnul iqnen „RvTaebriv macneebad~
„amaRlebuli maswavleblis~ sen-Jermenis mier; RvTaebrivi arseba sen-Jermenis sit-
yvebi kacobriobas gadaecema gai balardis mediumis saSualebiT ... gai, edna da do-
nald balardebs TavianTi zebunebrivi miRwevebis gamo aqvT nebismieri, maT Soris
ganukurnebeli, senisgan adamianebis gankurnebis Zala. SemdgomSi ki aRniSnuli iyo,
rom xsenebulma pirebma aTasobiT daavadebuli adamiani gankurnes.
wayenebuli braldebis mixedviT, es prezentaciebi mcdari iyo da balardebi miznad
isaxavdnen motyuebuli adamianebis fulis an sxva qonebrivi faseulobebis ukanono
misakuTrebas. procesis sawyis etapze gamoiTqva protesti balardebis religiur
mrwamsTan dakavSirebuli mtkicebulebebis dasaSvebobis mimarT. sasamarTlo moeTaT-
bira braldebulebis advokats, nafici msajulebis dauswreblad da federaluri
prokurorisa da balardebis TanxmobiT miaRwies SeTanxmebas, saqmis mocemul stadi-
aze gansaxilveli sakiTxi braldebulTa keTilsindisierebiT SemoefarglaT. sasamar-
Tlom nafic msajulebs orive mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze aseTi rCeviT mimarTa:
`saqmeSi warmodgenilia braldebulebis ramdenime gancxadeba RvTisa da zebunebrivi
Zalis rwmenaze. maTi swavleba SesaZloa mraval adamians daujereblad moeCvenos ...
igi simarTles Seefereba Tu ara, ar warmoadgens sasamarTlos da nafic msajulTa
interesis sagans. sasamarTlos ar miaCnia arsebiTad is, Tu ras qadagebdnen an aswav-
lidnen isini. maT ar miecemaT SesaZlebloba, spekulireba moaxdinon TavianT prezen-
taciebSi warmodgenili faqtebis realurobiT... aqedan gamomdinare, braldebulTa
religiuri mrwamsi ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagans. Ziri-
Tadi sakiTxi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: braldebulebs gulwrfelad da keTilsindisi-
erad sjeraT Tu ara misi. Tu sjeraT, isini gamarTlebul unda iqnen. Tu ar sjeraT,
rom ieso an sen-Jermeni daeSva dedamiwaze, ar sjeraT imisi, rac daweres an rasac
qadagebdnen da safosto gzavnilebs fulis gakeTebis mizniT iyenebdnen, nafic msa-
julTa Semadgenlobam braleulad unda cnos isini.~
sasamarTlom gaimeora aRniSnuli gafrTxileba da ufro daakonkreta igi: „bral-
debulebis keTilsindisierebis sakiTxi gadamwyvetia saqmeSi. Tqveni interesis sa-
gans ar unda warmoadgendes maTi religiuri mrwamsi. nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobas
miecema sityva im kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, gulwrfelad da keTilsindisierad
sjerodaT Tu ara braldebulebs braldebaSi warmodgenili gancxadebebisa; gul-
wrfelad da keTilsindisierad sjerodaT Tu ara, rom maT mier gacxadebuli sarge-
beli im adamianebs gadaecemoda, romlebic gamoiyenebdnen da daemorCilebodnen maT
swavlebebs; Tu es prezentaciebi mxolod tyuili iyo, braldebulebis, an romelime
maTganis mxridan gulwrfeli rwmenis gareSe; iyo Tu ara prezentaciebi Sedgenili
fulis gakeTebis mizniT da safosto gzavnilebs am mizniT iyenebdnen Tu ara~.
rogorc aRvniSneT, dacvis mxare daTanxmda msgavs midgomas da ar gauprotestebia
igi procesis mimdinareobisas. Tumca axali sasamarTlo procesis win maT aRiares,
367
rom Secdoma iyo maTi religiuri doqtrinisa da rwmenis WeSmaritebis sakiTxis ganu-
xilveloba nafici msajulebis mier. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma miRebuli
gadawyvetileba da axali mosmena daniSna. misi SexedulebiT, Secdoma iyo ganxilvis
sagnis SezRudva mxolod braldebulebis keTilsindisierebis sakiTxiT. saapelacio
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, „imis dasamtkiceblad, rom braldebulebma SeimuSaves
braldebaSi aRwerili TaRliTuri gegma, aucilebelia damtkicdes, rom maT SeimuSa-
ves, sul mcire, erTi prezentacia mainc ... da rom, sul mcire, erTi prezentacia
mainc iyo mcdari~.
mosamarTle duglasis gancxadebiT, romelmac uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tileba gamoacxada, sasamarTlo ar iziarebs im mosazrebas, rom braldebulebis reli-
giuri doqtrinisa da rwmenis WeSmaritebis sakiTxi nafic msajulebs unda ganexilaT:
„kanoni ar icnobs mwvaleblobas da mowodebulia xeli ar Seuwyos arc erT dogmas,
arc erTi seqtis dawesebas~.180 pirvel Sesworebas ori mxare aqvs. erTi mxriv, igi
„aRmofxvris kanonis safuZvelze aRmsareblobis an RvTismsaxurebis nebismieri for-
mis miRebis iZulebas~, magram aseve „icavs religiis arCeuli formis Tavisuflad
aRmsareblobis~.181 „aqedan gamomdinare, Sesworeba or koncefcias moicavs: rwmenis
Tavisuflebas da moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. pirveli absoluturi xasiaTisaa, xolo
meore, Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba iyos aseTi~.182 azris Tavisufleba
rwmenis Tavisuflebasac moicavs da fundamenturi mniSvnelobisaa Tavisufal ada-
mianTa sazogadoebaSi. igi moicavs sicocxleze, sikvdilsa da mis Semdgom cxovrebaze
im Teoriebis SenarCunebis uflebas, romlebic orTodoqsuli rwmenis mimdevarTa
mxridan mwvaleblobad ganixileba. mwvaleblobasTan dakavSirebuli sasamarTlo pro-
cesebi ucxoa konstituciisaTvis. adamianebs ufleba aqvT, swamdeT imis, risi damtki-
cebac ar xelewifebaT. dauSvebelia, maT waeyenoT moTxovna TavianTi religiuri
doqtrinisa Tu rwmenis damtkicebis Taobaze. religiuri gamocdileba, romelic viRa-
cisTvis cxovrebasaviT realuria, SesaZloa warmoudgeneli iyos sxvebisTvis. is, rom
isini SeiZleba mokvdavTa xedvis areals scildebodes, srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom
kanonis winaSe maTi eWvqveS dayeneba unda moxdes. bevris religiuri mrwamsi axali
aRTqmidan gamomdinareobs, Tumca rTuli warmosadgenia maTi gamocda nafici msaju-
lebis winaSe, romlebmac unda gadawyviton, Seicavs Tu ara yalb cnobebs es swavleba.
axali aRTqmis saswaulebi, qristes RvTaebrivi xasiaTi, sicocxle sikvdilis Semdgom,
locvis saswaulebrivi Zala mravali adamianis Rrma religiur rwmenas miekuTvneba.
Tu adamians im motiviT daapatimreben, rom nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom yalbad
miiCnia misi mrwamsis swavlebani, religiis Tavisuflebisagan aRaraferi darCeba. kon-
stituciis safuZvelze saxelmwifos interesis sferodan gamoiricxa adamianis damo-
kidebuleba RmerTisadmi. mas mieniWa RvTismsaxurebis ufleba Tavisi survilisamebr,
iseve, rogorc ufleba, ar upasuxos Tavisi religiuri Sexedulebebis WeSmaritebis
Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvebs. braldebulebis religiuri Sexedulebebi SeiZleba bevrs
warmoudgenlad an absurdulad miaCndes, magram, Tu am doqtrinebis sinamdvilisa
Tu simcdaris sakiTxi nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani gaxdeba, igive
SeiZleba daemarTos nebismieri sxva individis religiur mrwamss. rodesac msajulebi
Tavis Tavze iReben msgavsi amocanis gadawyvetas, isini akrZalul sferoSi Sedian.
pirveli Sesworeba ar arCevs gansazRvrul jgufs Tu garkveul religias gansakuT-
rebuli mopyrobisaTvis. is yvelas erT mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
368
uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saolqo sasamarTlom sworad gansaja, rodesac
nafic msajulTa winaSe gansaxilvelad ar daayena braldebulebis religiuri doq-
trinisa da rwmenis WeSmaritebisa Tu siyalbis sakiTxi.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma saapelacio sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba da saqmidan gamomdinare sxva sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad saqme
qvemdgom sasamarTlos daubruna.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, stounis gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle stounis daskvnis mixedviT, igi ar aris mzad, ganacxados, rom reli-
giis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri garantia uzrunvelyofs imunitets gansazRvru-
li religiuri gamocdilebis Taobaze yalbi gancxadebebis gziT fulis TaRliTuri
mopovebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnisagan. misi azriT,
Tu dRis wesrigSi dadgeboda sakiTxi imis Taobaze, braldebuli Tavisi TaRliTuri
gegmis nawilad iyenebda Tu ara gancxadebas, TiTqos fizikurad xeli CamoarTva sen-
Jermens san-franciskoSi da Tavisi sulieri Zalis wyalobiT gankurna asobiT da-
avadebuli adamiani, mosamarTles eWvic ar epareba, rom mTavroba SeZlebda, nafici
msajulebis winaSe waredgina mtkicebuleba, rom braldebuli arasodes yofila san-
franciskoSi da arc adamianebi ganukurnavs.

mosamarTle jeqsoni braldebulebis swavlebas srul sicrues uwodebs. Tumca
igi amave dros acxadebs, rom aseTi daskvna ar warmoadgens pasuxs konstituciur
SekiTxvaze, eqvemdebareba Tu ara samarTlebriv devnas religiuri gamocdilebis an
rwmenis mcdari prezentacia, aramed xazs usvams msgavsi devnis safrTxes.
mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, mas ver warmoudgenia, rogor SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan
iqnes izolirebuli sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi sjera adamians da msjeloba imis
Taobaze, Tu ra aris dasajerebeli. yvelaze damajerebeli mtkicebuleba imisa, rom
adamians sjera Tavisi gancxadebebisa, iqneba Sesabamisi piris praqtikaSi maTi sinam-
dvilis damtkiceba. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelaze kargi saSualeba im piris mxilebisa,
romelmac winaswar ganzraxulad gaakeTa mcdari gancxadebebi, aris imis damtkiceba,
rom arasodes momxdara is, rac man ganacxada. Sesabamisad, mosamarTle svams kiTxvas:
`rogor SeZlebs saxelmwifo imis damtkicebas, rom braldebulebisTvis cnobili iyo
raimes simcdaris Sesaxeb, romlis simcdaresac ver amtkicebs?~
meore mxriv, mosamarTlis mtkicebiT, religiaSi inteleqtualuri gulwrfelo-
bis gamokvleva safuZvlian fsiqologiur problemebs warmoqmnis. uiliam jeimsi,
romelsac mecnieruli naSromebi ekuTvnis am sferoSi, aRniSnavs, rom religiis mamoZ-
ravebel Zalas Teologia da ceremoniebi ar warmoadgens. misi sicocxlisunarianoba
adamianebis religiuri gamocdilebiT aris uzrunvelyofili. „Tuki vikiTxavT, ra
aris es gamocdileba, mas miekuTvneba saubari uxilavTan, xmebi da xilvebi, gaTavi-
sufleba SiSisgan...~. mosamarTle jeqsonis mtkicebiT, Tuki religiis Tavisufleba
moicavs msgavsi gamocdilebis sxvebisaTvis gaziarebis uflebas, mas SeuZleblad mi-
aCnia nafici msajulebis mier SeTxzulis gamijvna realurisgan. msgavsi gamocdile-
ba, iseve rogorc ferebi da xmebi, arsebobs erTisTvis da ara aucileblad sxvebis-
Tvis. jeqsonisTvis gaugebaria, religiuri prezentaciisadmi skepticizmisa da urw-
munoebis ra done unda arsebobdes, rom gautoldes samarTlebrivi devnis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis sakmaris TaRliTobas.
369
rogorc Cans, arseboben adamianebi, romlebic simSvidesa da simamaces hpoveben
„me var~ kultis swavlebaSi. Tuki seqtis wevrebs akmayofilebT „sen-Jermenis~ RvTa-
ebrivi miTiTebani, Znelia eWvis Setana imaSi, rom isini ar iReben imas, risTvisac
ixdian. arseboben adamianebi, romlebic amaRlebuli Rirebulebebis ZiebaSi arian
TavianTi erTferovani cxovrebis Sesacvlelad. isini mentalur dabneulobasa da
moralur anarqiaSi cxovroben, eZeben WeSmaritebas, silamazesa da moralur Tanad-
gomas. yovelive amis cudi mxare, mosamarTle jeqsonis SexedulebiT, mdgomareobs
ara fulSi, aramed im moralur da sulier sawamlavSi, rasac xsenebuli adamianebi
iReben. Tumca es swored is sakiTxia, romelic konstituciam prokuroris xelmisaw-
vdomobis farglebs miRma datova religiisa da sityvis Tavisuflebis safasurad.
aqedan gamomdinare, jeqsonma Tavis gansxvavebul daskvnaSi braldebis uaryofas
dauWira mxari.
***
Semdegi saqme Seexeba amerikeli ron habardis mier daarsebul saientologiis

eklesias. habardma gamosca broSurebi saTauriT `dianetika~ _ misi moZraobis cen-
traluri rwmenisa da wesebis zogadi mimoxilva. mTavroba akritikebda saientologTa
praqtikaSi arsebul Terapiul meTodebs da maT yalb mkurnalobad miiCnevda.
saientologiis fuZemdebeli eklesia SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg183

`dianetikis~ ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamiani flobs rogorc re-
aqciul, ise analitikur gonebas. analitikuri goneba uzenaes kompiuters warmoad-
gens. igi uSecdomoa da mas ar SeiZleba mieweros adamianis arc erTi mcdari gadaw-
yvetileba, romelic socialuri problemebisa da ufro individualuri tanjvis
gamowvevasTan aris dakavSirebuli. yvelanairi garTuleba kavSirSia reaqciul go-
nebasTan, romelic „engramebisgan~ Sedgeba. isini TavianT uaryofiT kvals toveben
nervul sistemaze tkivilisa da stresis dros.
`dianetika~ ar warmoadgens mxolod gonebis aRwerilobas. is praqtikuli mecni-
erebaa, romelsac SeuZlia gankurnos adamiani mravali daavadebisagan. mis ZiriTad
mizans adamianis „ganwmenda~ da, Sedegad, racionaluri da saimedo analitikuri go-
nebis gaTavisufleba warmoadgens. „ganwmendisaken~ mimarTuli samuSao procesi aRwe-
rilia, rogorc „auditi~.184 procesi moicavs saubars auditorTan, romelic waruZR-
veba subieqts (adamians) cxovrebiseul gzaze, gzad „engramebis~ aRmoCeniTa da ga-
nadgurebiT. imis miuxedavad, rom auditis ZiriTad daniSnulebas adamianis sulieri
mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba warmoadgens, fizikuri janmrTelobisaTvis sargeblis
motanasac hpirdeba. habardis mtkicebiT, arTriti, dermatiti, asTma, koronaruli
sirTuleebi, mxedvelobis daqveiTeba, wyluli da sinusiti fsiqosomaturi xasiaTisaa
da gankurnebas eqvemdebareba.
`dianetikis~ gamoCenidan ramdenime wlis gasvlis Semdeg, habardma saientolo-
giis ufro farTo Teoriebis Camoyalibeba daiwyo. `dianetika~ saientologiis erT
nawilad ganixileboda. habardi Tavisi rwmenis aRmosavlur religiebTan, gansakuT-
rebiT induizmTan da budizmTan, garkveul naTesaur kavSirebze miuTiTebda. misi
370
mtkicebiT, adamiani Tavisufal da ukvdav suls warmoadgens, romelic mxolod Ca-
saxlebulia Sesabamis adamianur sxeulSi. habardma ganaviTara filosofiuri Teoria,
romelic samyaros ganmartavs rogorc „msgavsebis~, „WeSmaritebisa~ da „komunika-
ciis~ kavSirs.
TandaTanobiT habardis saientologiis mimdevrebma daiwyes formaluri religi-
uri organizaciebis Seqmna. vaSingtonis saientologiis fuZemdebeli eklesia (rome-
lic erT-erT apelants warmoadgens saqmeSi) daregistirebul iqna kolumbiis olqSi.
sasamarTlo procesze warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis mixedviT, am eklesiisa da
masTan asocirebuli organizaciebis ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda mniSvnelo-
vani Tanxis gadaxdis sanacvlod (procesis mimdinareobisas gadasaxdeli Tanxa Sead-
genda 500$-s 24-saaTiani kursisTvis) „auditis~ Catareba saientologiiT daintere-
sebuli adamianebisaTvis. saientologiasTan asocirebuli akademia ki auditorebs
amzadebda. auditorebs samuSaos eklesia unazRaurebda pirdapiri gziT.
habardis eleqtrofsiqometri gadamwyvet, sul mcire, mniSvnelovan rols Tama-
Sobs auditis procesSi. eleqtrofsiqometri sicruis deteqtoris msgavsi mowyobi-
lobaa. igi im emociuri reaqciis dasafiqsireblad gamoiyeneba, romelic auditoris
mier dasmul SekiTxvebs mosdevs. amiT xdeba pirovnebis mentaluri da sulieri mdgo-
mareobis diagnozis dasma. eleqtrofsiqometri 125$-ad iyideba da misi reklamireba
saientologiur publikaciebSi xdeba, romelTa raodenobam ukanasknel wlebSi
gigantur masStabebs miaRwia (yovelTviuri Jurnali saxelwodebiT Ability, romlis
mease nomeric daibeWda sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobisas, habardis ori wigni
da sxva mecnieruli naSromebi, broSurebi da a. S.). am literaturis didi nawili sa-
samarTlos winaSe mtkicebulebis saxiT iqna warmodgenili, Tumca saolqo sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetilebiT, eleqtrofsiqometris Sesaxeb informacia gakritikebulia,
rogorc „mcdari da SecdomaSi Semyvani~.
balardis saqmis relevanturoba mocemul SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa. aq eleqtrofsi-
qometri daigmo ara imitom, rom ziani mohqonda, aramed prezentaciebis „simcdaris~
gamo. am prezentaciaTa umravlesobas ki swored saientologTa literatura Seicav-
da, rogorc religiuri doqtrinis centraluri nawils. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamar-
Tlos SexedulebiT, Tuki miRebuli iqneboda apelantebis moTxovna literaturis
religiuri statusis Taobaze, maSin daskvna misi mcdari xasiaTis Sesaxeb iqneboda
daskvna saientologTa religiuri doqtrinebis simcdaris Sesaxeb.
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, gauqmda saolqo sasamarTlos dadge-
nileba. mosamarTle raitis gancxadebiT, „nafic msajulTa gadawyvetileba prezenta-
ciaTa mcdari xasiaTis Taobaze, dafuZnebuli saientologiis eklesiis „doqtrina-
lur religiur literaturaze~, ar iqna mxardaWerili~.
***
1982 wels saientologiis eklesiis yofilma wevrma samoqalaqo sarCeliT mimarTa

sasamarTlos.185 misi mtkicebiT, igi eklesiis wevri „saientologiis moZraobis bune-
bisa~ da misi doqtrinis Taobaze mcdari prezentaciebis wyalobiT gaxda. mosamar-
Tle artur garitis miTiTebiT, „saientologiis eklesiad ganxilva sarCelSi warmod-
genil mtkicebaTa uaryofis tolfasi iqneboda~. man daniSna mosmena imis gadasawyve-
tad, eklesia religias warmoadgenda Tu ara. sakiTxi eklesiis sasargeblod gadawyda.
371
torkaso votkinsis winaaRmdeg186

merilendis konstituciis uflebaTa deklaraciis 37-e muxlis Tanaxmad: „dauSve-
belia religiuri testis wayeneba nebismieri anazRaurebadi Tanamdebobis dakavebis
an sazogadoebrivi ndobis pirobad, garda RmerTis arsebobaSi rwmenis deklari-
rebisa~. mosarCele Tanamdebobaze notariusis ofisSi Statis gubernatoris mier
dainiSna, Tumca komisiam uari ganucxada samsaxuris dawyebaze, RmerTis arsebobaSi
rwmenis deklarirebis moTxovnis Seusruleblobis motiviT. torkasom mimarTa meri-
lendis saolqo sasamarTlos imis safuZvelze, rom Statis moTxovna rwmenis dek-
larirebaze arRvevda aSS-s konstituciis pirvel da me-14 Sesworebebs. saolqo
sasamarTlom, romlis gadawyvetilebac saapelacio sasamarTlom daamtkica, uaryo
mosarCelis moTxovnebi federaluri konstituciis safuZvelze. sasamarTlom ganac-
xada, rom Statis konstituciuri debuleba TviTaRsrulebadi iyo da Tanamdebobis
dasakaveblad RmerTis arsebobaSi rwmenis deklarirebas àRmasrulebeli~ kanonmdeb-
lobis SemuSavebis saWiroebis gareSe moiTxovda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, Stats, iseve rogorc federalur mTavrobas, ar
SeuZlia, konstituciis safuZvelze aiZulos pirovneba, Riad ganacxados gansazRv-
ruli religiisadmi rwmenis arsebobis an ararsebobis Sesaxeb; arc im kanonebis miReba
an moTxovnebis daweseba SeuZlia konstituciis dacviT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
yvela religiis daxmarebas aramorwmuneTa sawinaaRmdegod an mxolod gansazRvrul
religiaTa daxmarebas RmerTis arsebobis rwmenis safuZvelze.187
sajaro Tanamdebobis dakavebaze Statis religiuri testis mxardaWerisas meri-
lendis umaRlesma sasamarTlom (saapelacio sasamarTlo) ganacxada:
`momCivans aravin avaldebulebs iwamos an ar iwamos dasjis an sxva
iZulebis safuZvelze. sanam igi rwmenis deklarirebas ar moaxdens, mas ar
SeuZlia daikavos sajaro Tanamdeboba, magram amave dros mas aravin
aiZulebs, daikavos sajaro Tanamdeboba.~
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT is, rom pirs aravin aiZulebs daikavos sa-
jaro Tanamdeboba, ar SeiZleba konstituciiT akrZaluli da Statis mier dakisre-
buli kriteriumis safuZvelze Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis uaris gamamarTlebel
garemoebad CaiTvalos; sajaro Tanamdebobis dakavebaze merilendis religiuri tes-
ti konstituciis darRveviT xelyofs apelantis uflebas religiisa da rwmenis Ta-
visuflebaze. Sesabamisad, gauqmebul iqna saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
eklesiis statusis gansazRvra
Tuki dauSvebelia religiis testis gamoyeneba, aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli im reli-

giuri statusis daqvemdebareba testisadmi samTavrobo kriteriumis safuZvelze, ro-
melic ar gamoiyeneba Tavad religiis mier? swored es sakiTxi iqneba ganxiluli
mocemul paragrafSi. imis gadasawyvetad, hqonda Tu ara ganmcxadebels samxedro
samsaxurSi gawvevis kanonismieri gadavadebis ufleba, romelic miniWebuli hqondaT
studentebs, romlebic sasuliero pirebad emzadebodnen Teologiur an saRvTismetyvelo
skolebSi, niu-iorkis gamwvevi samsaxuris direqtoris mier Camoyalibebul iqna Teolo-
giuri komisiebi, adgilobrivi gamwvevi sabWoebisaTvis konsultaciis gawevis mizniT.
372
irvin levi 15 wlis iyo, rodesac bruklinis mesiftas Talmudur seminariaSi miiRes.
igi cxrawliani swavlebis mesame weliwadze imyofeboda, roca 18 wlis gaxda da zogadi
wesis safuZvelze daeqvemdebara gawvevas samxedro samsaxurSi. niu-iorkSi iudaizmis
yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgarma sakonsultacio komisiam reko-
mendacia gauwia gamwvev sabWos irvinis moTxovnis uaryofaze. irvinma sasamarTlos
mimarTa. igi acxadebda, rom komisia proteqciul damokidebulebas iCenda reformi-
rebuli da konservatiuli iudaizmis mimarT, orTodoqsuli iudaizmisgan gansxvavebiT,
da mesiftas 50-mde WeSmariti seminariidan mxolod erTis studentebs aRiarebda
samxedro samsaxuris moxdisgan gaTavisuflebis Rirsad. saqmeSi levi keinis winaaR-
188
mdeg federaluri saolqo sasamarTlos mosamarTle hendis gadawyvetilebiT sabWom
ukanonod moaxdina Tavisi pasuxismgeblobis delegireba komisiaze. Sesabamisad, irvin
levi gaTavisuflebul iqna samxedro samsaxurisgan. analogiuri pozicia daikava sasa-
189
marTlom saqmeSi SeerTebuli Statebi samuelsis winaaRmdeg, romelic mesiftas sxva
or students Seexeboda. uzenaesma sasamarTlom erTxmad gaauqma gamwvevi sabWos gadaw-
yvetileba.
iglsi samuelsis winaaRmdeg190

niu-iorkis adgilobrivi gamwvevi sabWoebisaTvis kompetenturi konsultaciis
gawevis mizniT Seqmnili Teologiuri komisiebidan erT-erTi iudaizmis warmomad-
genlebisgan Sedgeboda. mas evaleboda rCevis micema sabWoebisaTvis rabinebisa da im
studentebis samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevisgan gaTavisuflebis Taobaze, romlebic
sasuliero pirad gaxdomisaTvis emzadebodnen.
1942 wlis maisSi samuelsma Seavso adgilobrivi gamwvevi komisiis kiTxvari, sadac
miuTiTa, rom ukve ori wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda umaRles saswavlebelSi; iyo
mesiftas Teologiuri seminariis studenti da rabinobisTvis emzadeboda; 1940 wli-
dan moyolebuli, misi ZiriTadi saqmianoba religiuri msaxureba iyo; ukanaskneli
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi safeiqro kompaniaSi iyo dasaqmebuli; da saqmianobas, rome-
lic yvelaze metad miesadageboda mis pirovnebas, sulieri lideroba warmoadgenda.
1942 wlis agvistoSi samuelsi registrirebul iqna adgilobrivi gamwvevi komisiis
mier. 1944 wlis maisSi man gaiara fizikuri Semowmeba da igi samxedro samsaxurisaTvis
vargisad cnes. amave wlis ivnisSi samuelsi warsdga Teologiuri komisiis winaSe da
ganacxada, rom igi seminariis damTavrebas 1954 wels gegmavda, xolo 1939 wels sas-
wavleblis mitoveba janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebam aiZula. aseve amtki-
cebda, rom ori wlis ganmavlobaSi religiis msaxurad muSaobda.
komisiis moxsenebis mixedviT, seminaria, sadac samuelsi swavlobda, ar amzadebda
axalgazrdebs eqskluziurad rabinobisaTvis; uzrunvelyofili iyo specialuri kla-
sebi studentebis sasuliero momzadebisaTvis. maTze daswreba im studentebisTvisac
iyo SesaZlebeli, romlebic ar apirebdnen rabinobas, magram sasuliero seminariis
damTavrebis Semdgom religiis sferoSi gegmavdnen saqmianobis gagrZelebas. aqedan
gamomdinare, komisia mivida daskvnamde, rom aucilebeli iyo imis garkveva, yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi ra mizans emsaxureboda ganmcxadeblis mier swavlebis kur-
sis gavla. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, komisiis SexedulebiT, mxedvelobaSi unda
yofiliyo miRebuli seminariis buneba, studentis gulwrfeloba swavlebis miznebis
373
gacxadebisas da misi qceva. komisiis daskvniT, samuelsi „keTilsindisierad ar emzade-
boda rabinis karierisaTvis~.
rac Seexeba uzenaes sasamarTlos, misi gadawyvetilebiT, gamwvev komisias ar mo-
uxdenia Tavisi funqciebis delegireba komisiaze. arsebobda mtkicebuleba, romli-
Tac mxardaWerili iyo sabWos eWvi samuelsis keTilsindisierebis mimarT: „SesaZ-
loa, ganmcxadebels Teologiuri skolis gamoyeneba surda omis ganmavlobaSi samxed-
ro samsaxurisaTvis Tavis dasaRwevad~.
koqsi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg191

momCivani koqsma 1940 wlis 16 oqtombers Seavso gamwvevi sabWos kiTxvari, sadac
miuTiTa, rom 22 wlis iyo da 1936 wlidan satvirTo manqanis mZRolad muSaobda. koqsi
moiTxovda mis klasificirebas samxedro samsaxurisadmi keTilsindisieri winaaRmde-
gobis mqoned. koqsis mtkicebiT, igi ieRovas mowme gaxda 1942 wlis martidan. Tavda-
pirvelad sabWom uaryo misi moTxovna, magram imave wlis 12 ivniss daakmayofila is.
aTi dRis Semdeg ganmcxadebelma pirvelad moiTxova sruli gaTavisufleba samxedro
samsaxuris moxdisagan. man ganacxada, rom Tavisi religiis sasuliero piri iyo. ad-
gilobrivma sabWom uari ganacxada koqsis moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. am gadawyve-
tilebas saapelacio sabWomac dauWira mxari.
sasamarTlo procesze momCivanma warmoadgina mtkicebuleba, romelic Seicavda
Watch Tower Bible and Track-is sazogadoebis ordinaciis sertifikats, romlis mixed-
viTac koqsi „saTanado wesiT kurTxeuli saxarebis RvTismsaxuri~ iyo da misi „sruli
samuSao dro~ misionerul saqmianobas eTmoboda. aseve warmodgenil iqna koqsis ekle-
siis winamZRvris werilobiTi mtkicebuleba, romlis Tanaxmad mosarCele „regula-
rulad muSaobda sasuliero pirad, kardakar siaruliTa da bibliuri swavlebisa da
bibliuri saubrebis ganxorcielebiT~. koqsis Cvenebis Tanaxmad, 1942 wlis 28 oqtomb-
ridan mas SeeZlo TveSi 150 saaTi daeTmo sasuliero valdebulebebis Sesrule-
bisaTvis samoqalaqo samuSaos Sesrulebis gareSe. 1944 wels gamarTul sasamarTlo
procesze koqsis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebiT, mis sasuliero valdebulebebSi Se-
dioda kardakar qadageba, dakrZalvis ceremoniis Sesruleba da bibliis swavleba
saxlebSi. ar yofila warmodgenili 1942 wlidan moyolebuli koqsis mier religiuri
saqmianobisaTvis daTmobili jamuri drois mtkicebuleba, arc misi samoqalaqo sa-
muSaosa da masze daxarjuli drois Sesaxeb cnobebi.
meore momCivani, tompsoni aseve 1940 wlis 16 oqtombers iqna registrirebuli da
moiTxovda gaTavisuflebas sasuliero pirad yofnis safuZvelze. tompsonis mier
Sevsebuli kiTxvaris mixedviT igi 30 wlis iyo; ukanaskneli 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi uZRveboda
gastronomul maRazias; sasuliero piri iyo 1940 wlis agvistodan. adgilobrivma sabWom
tompsoni samxedro samsaxurisadmi keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis mqoned aRiara. 1943
wels tompsonma saCivariT mimarTa saapelacio sabWos Tavisi, rogorc RvTismsaxuris,
movaleobebis ganmartebiT. igi acxadebda, rom, rogorc religiuri wignebis damrigebeli,
imsaxurebda gaTavisuflebas RvTismsaxuri sasuliero pirebisaTvis gamonaklisis daSvebis
Taobaze samxedro begaris maregulirebeli wesebis Sesabamisad.
samxedro momzadebisa da begaris Sesaxeb aqtis me-5 nawilis mixedviT, „religiis
regularuli da saTanado wesiT ordinirebuli sasuliero pirebi” gaTavisufle-
374
bul iqnebian samxedro momzadebisa da begarisagan. ieRovas mowmeebis mimarT moce-
muli regulaciis gamoyenebaSi gamwvevi sabWoebisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis mizniT
niu-iorkis gamwvevi samsaxuris direqtorma gamosca administraciuli aqti, sadac
aRwerili iyo testi, romlis safuZvelzec unda gadawyvetiliyo, imsaxurebdnen Tu
ara gaTavisuflebas ieRovas mowmeebi sasuliero pirad yofnis niadagze. aqtis mixed-
viT, „is mowmeebi, romlebic TavianT srul samuSao dros an mis mniSvnelovan nawils
religiuri doqtrinebis swavlebas uTmoben, zogadad gaTavisuflebulni arian~. aqts
Tan erTvoda im mowmeebis CamonaTvali, romlebic imsaxurebdnen gaTavisuflebas.
arc erTi momCivani ieRovas mowme ar iyo moxseniebuli CamonaTvalSi. aqtis Tanaxmad,
ieRovas im mowmeebis klasificirebis sakiTxi, romlebic CamonaTvalis miRma darCnen
da organizaciis oficialuri wodebebi gaaCniaT, adgilobrivi gamwvevi sabWoebis
mier unda gadawydes konkretul SemTxvevaSi arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
aqtis safuZvelze gadamwyvet kriteriumebs warmoadgens Semdegi: „miuZRvnes Tu ara
maT TavianTi cxovreba religiuri mrwamsis xelSewyobas; asruleben Tu ara isini
imave funqciebs, romlebsac zogadad axorcieleben sxva religiaTa regularuli an
saTanado wesiT ordinirebuli sasuliero pirebi; iseTive wesiT ganixilebian Tu ara
ieRovas sxva mowmeebis mier, rogorc sxva religiaTa regularuli da saTanado we-
siT ordinirebuli sasuliero pirebi~.
orive SemTxvevaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT mxari dauWira
gamwvevi sabWoebis klasifikacias.
mosamarTle duglasis gansxvavebuli azri,

romelsac SeuerTda mosamarTle bleki
mosamarTle duglasis azriT, saqmeSi warmodgenili faqtebiT dasturdeba momCi-
vanTa mier sasuliero piris statusis qona. TiToeuli maTgani mniSvnelovan dros
uTmobda religiur saqmianobas, rac maTi rwmenis qadagebaSi gamoixateboda. Tuki
pirovneba CarTulia msgavsi tipis saqmianobaSi, misi motivebi naklebad mniSvnelo-
vania. dauSvebelia sasuliero pirad registraciaze uaris Tqma mxolod imis safuZve-
lze, rom mosarCele Tavisi drois mxolod nawils uTmobs religiur saqmianobas.
SeerTebuli Statebi munis winaaRmdeg192

es saqme Seexeboda unifikaciis eklesiis fuZemdeblis san miung munis pasuxismgeb-
lobis sakiTxs Ceis manheten bankSi Tavis saxelze Setanili didi odenobis Tanxaze
(1,7 milioni dolari 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi) procentuli SemosavlisaTvis gaTvaliswi-
nebuli gadasaxadis gadauxdelobisaTvis. mravali religiuri lideri sakuTar saxelze
inaxavs religiuri sazogadoebis miznebisaTvis gamosayenebel qonebas. ramdenime
Statis (kalifornia, ilinoisi, niu-iorki) mier miRebul iqna kanonebi erTpirovnuli
korporaciis Taobaze, romlebiTac sanqcirebulia ierarqiuli tipis (rogoricaa kaTo-
likuri eparqia) eklesiaTa sakuTrebis floba adgilobrivi episkoposis saxelze.
saolqo sasamarTlos mosamarTlem nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobas Semdegi inst-
ruqcia warudgina: „Tu aRmoaCenT, rom munis angariSebze arsebuli Tanxebi unifika-
ciis saerTaSoriso eklesiis sakuTrebas warmoadgens; an muni maT flobda mindobili
sakuTrebis saxiT saerTaSoriso unifikaciuri eklesiisaTvis da gamoiyena eklesiis
miznebisaTvis; da Tu aRniSnuli Tanxebis procentebi unifikaciis saerTaSoriso ek-
lesiasac ekuTvnis da mis mier iqna gamoyenebuli, maSin es procentebi ar CaiTvleba
375
munis mier gadasaxdel dasabegr Semosavlad”. munma gaaprotesta instruqcia da
ganacxada, rom Tu man sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoiyena sadavo Tanxebi, es, TavisTa-
vad, mindobili sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis ararsebobaze mianiSnebda.
muni msjavrdebul iqna federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis deklaraciis siyal-
bis gamo da miesaja 18 TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. sasamarTlo193 gadawyvetilebis
gasaCivrebisas muni amtkicebda, rom dairRva konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba, vinai-
dan pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom ar miuTiTa nafic msajulebs, rom am ukanask-
nelT sabolood unda mieCniaT unifikaciuri eklesiis definicia eklesiis religiuri
miznis Sesaxeb. saapelacio sasamarTlom uaryo munis argumentebi.
mosamarTle ouqsis nawilobriv gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle ouqsma daafiqsira sasamarTlo Semadgenlobis umravlesobisgan
nawilobriv gansxvavebuli pozicia, romlis mixedviTac gadamwyvet sakiTxs warmoad-
genda, munis saxelze arsebuli angariSebi eklesiis sakuTreba iyo Tu braldebulis
personaluri sakuTreba. misi azriT, es saqme ar exeboda ordinarul saero gadasaxa-
debis gadamxdels, romelic gansazRvrul aqtivebs flobda sxvis sasargeblod min-
dobili sakuTrebis saxiT. am SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli iyo msoflio
masStabiT arsebuli moZraobis fuZemdebeli da lideri, amitom sakiTxi imis Taobaze
munis saxelze arsebuli Tanxebidan miRebuli sargebeli eklesias ekuTvnoda Tu TviT
braldebuls, ar iyo iseTi cxadi, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleboda gamoCeniliyo.
religiur saqmianobaSi CarTuli individis mier gamosayeneblad gadacemuli Tan-
xebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc saCuqari im religiuri organizaciisaTvis, ro-
melTanac am pirovnebas mWidro kavSiri aqvs. rogorc saqmidan Cans, am Tanxebma munamde
ZiriTadad eklesiis wevrebis wyalobiT miaRwia da arsebobda garkveuli mtkicebuleba,
rom donorebi gegmavdnen msjavrdebulis mier maT gamoyenebas religiuri miznebisaTvis.
sasamarTlos mier nafici msajulebisaTvis instruqciis micemisas, rom am uka-
nasknelT unda ganexilaT yvela mtkicebuleba imis gasarkvevad, arsebobda Tu ara
unifikaciuri eklesiis moZraoba da vis ekuTvnoda munis saxelze arsebuli angari-
Sebi, sasamarTlom rva faqtorze gaamaxvila yuradReba. CamonaTvalSi mocemuli,
Tumca ara xazgasmuli, iyo „im pirTa ganzraxva, romlebmac munis saxelze moaxdines
Tanxebis transferi~. am faqtoris ubralo moxseniebis nacvlad, mosamarTle ouqsis
mosazrebiT, sasamarTlos unda erCia nafici msajulebisaTvis, gadamwyveti mniSvne-
loba mieniWebinaT misTvis. donorebis ganzraxvisaTvis naTelis mofena eklesiis
Semosavlis wyarosa da munis, rogorc religiuri lideris, rolis garkvevas SeeZlo.
swored am sakiTxebze unda momxdariyo, ouqsis mixedviT, nafic msajulTa yurad-
Rebis koncentrireba. sasamarTlos mier micemuli instruqcia SesaZleblobas aZlev-
da nafic msajulTa Jiuris, beneficiuri sakuTrebis sakiTxi munis sawinaaRmdegod
gadaewyvita donorebis ganzraxvis garkvevis gareSe.
sakuTrebis aramiznobrivi gamoyenebisadmi miZRvnili sasamarTlo instruqcia
aseve garkveul problemebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. samarTlebrivi kuTxiT mindobili
mesakuTre, romelic piradi sargeblobisaTvis mimarTavs mindobil sakuTrebas, eqvem-
debareba dabegvras mimndobi mesakuTris miTiTebebidan gadaxvevis zomamde, Tumca
wayenebuli braldeba ar iTvaliswinebda msgavs viTarebas. aqedan gamomdinare, min-
dobili Tanxis aramiznobrivi gamoyenebis sakiTxi braldebis mxarisaTvis ararele-
vanturi iyo mocemul saqmeSi.
376
ouqsis mtkicebiT, mindobili sakuTreba SeiZleba maSinac arsebobdes, roca
mindobil mesakuTres SeuZlia, sakuTari sargeblisaTvis gamoiyenos Tanxis (mindo-
bili sakuTrebis) nawili, da es qmedeba ar gamoiwvevs mindobili sakuTrebis gauq-
mebas. es gansakuTrebiT Seesabameba religiuri lideris mier Tanxebis flobis Sem-
Txvevas, vinaidan misi sacxovrebeli xarjebis anazRaurebac eklesiis religiuri miz-
nebis farglebSi eqceva.
garda yovelive zemoaRniSnulisa, mosamarTle ouqsis SexedulebiT, sasamarTlos
instruqcia muns akisrebda mtkicebis tvirTs beneficiuri sakuTrebis mimarT. xsene-
buli instruqciis Tanaxmad, Tu nafic msajulTa Semadgenloba gamoitanda daskvnas,
rom „sadavo Tanxebi unifikaciis saerTaSoriso eklesiis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda,
an braldebuli maT flobda mindobili sakuTrebis saxiT eklesiis sasargeblod, maSin
daricxuli procentebi ar daeqvemdebareboda dabegvras saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT~.
instruqciidan gamomdinare, swored muns unda daerwmunebina nafic msajulTa Jiuri,
rom sakuTreba moZraobas ekuTvnoda.
munma mimarTa aSS-s uzenaes sasamarTlos qveda instanciidan saqmis gamoTxovis
moTxovniT. mis peticias 40-mde organizacia da individi uWerda mxars. uzenaesma
sasamarTlom uaryo Suamdgomloba. munma weliwad-naxevari gaatara cixeSi.
ufleba saeklesio sakuTrebaze
komunistebis mier kontrolirebuli eklesiebi. ruseTis xelisuflebaSi ko-

munistebis mosvlasTan erTad sruliad ruseTis patriarqi tixon beliavini gadayene-
bul iqna komunistebis keTilganwyobiT mosargeble sqizmaturi jgufis, „obnovlen-
cebis~, anu „ganmaaxleblebis~ mier. CrdiloeT amerikis arqiepiskoposad tixonis mier
daniSnuli iyo platon roctvenski, „obnovlencebma~ ki jon kedrovski daniSnes aRniS-
nul Tanamdebobaze (imis miuxedavad, rom igi qorwinebaSi imyofeboda, rac kanonikurad
Seusabamo iyo episkoposis xarisxTan). 1923 wlis 7 noembers kedrovski ewvia niu-iorkSi
arsebul wminda nikolozis sakaTedro taZars da ganacxada, rom movida „ruseTis
eklesiis sakuTrebis samarTavad~, rogorc sabWoTa eklesiis warmomadgeneli. amis
sapasuxod platonma CrdiloeT amerikis sasuliero pirTa kreba moiwvia. krebam gamoi-
tana daskvna, rom ruseTis sapatriarqo komunistebis iZulebis qveS imyofeboda. kreba
daeyrdno tixonis 1920 wlis dadgenilebas, romelic sapatriarqos saqmianobis Sewyvetis
SemTxvevaSi arqiepiskoposTa eparqiebs adgilobriv doneze organizebis uflebamosi-
lebas aniWebda „uzenaesi saeklesio xelisuflebis uflebamosilebis aRdgenamde~.
detroitis saeklesio krebam platoni aRiara arqiepiskoposad. amis miuxedavad, niu-
iorkis sasamarTloebma „obnovlencebi~ aRiares ruseTis eklesiad da kedrovskis gadas-
ces sakuTreba wminda nikolozis sakaTedro taZarze. amerikaSi arsebul marTlmadi-
debel eklesiaTa udidesi nawilis xelmZRvaneloba gadaecaT sameurveo sabWoebs
platonis TavmjdomareobiT. Sesabamisad, maT Tavi daaRwies kedrovskis.
sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoeba 1945 wels ganaxlda. am droisaTvis kedrovski
gardacvlili iyo da sakaTedro taZari memkvidreobiT ergo mis Svils, jon kedrofs,
„obnovlencebis~ eklesiam ki dakarga sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxardaWera da Sewyvita
arseboba. aSS-Si miRebul iqna kanoni religiuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZ-
velzec CrdiloeT amerikis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia cnobil iqna ruseTis
revoluciamde marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mflobelobaSi arsebuli qonebis kanonier
mesakuTred. amerikulma jgufma mimarTa sasamarTlos sakaTedro taZarze sakuT-
rebis uflebis dabrunebis moTxovniT.
377
kedrofi CrdiloeT amerikis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
wminda nikolozis sakaTedro taZris winaaRmdeg790

vinaidan jon kedrofi samarTlebrivad ar iyo uflebamosili, mosarCelis statu-
siT esargebla, man sasamarTloSi sarCeli sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT mo-
sargeble (òbnovlencebis~ Semdgom) ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis de facto li-
deris, mitropolit sergi stargorodskis gadawyvetilebiT platonis nacvlad
CrdiloeT amerikis arqiepiskoposad daniSnuli beniamin fedCenkovis saxeliT Seitana.
igi Tavis uflebas asabuTebda moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqis droebiTi
Semcvlelisa da wminda sinodis gadawyvetilebiT, romlis mixedviTac fedCenkovi
CrdiloeT amerikisa da aleutiis kunZulebis eparqiis arqiepiskoposad dainiSna.
Tavis droze ruseTSi momxdari gadatrialeba CrdiloeT amerikis eparqiazec ai-
saxa. sabWoTa revoluciamde es ukanaskneli aRiarebda moskovis sulier da adminis-
traciul kontrols. bevrma rusma revoluciisgan TavSesafari swored amerikaSi
hpova, rac TavisTavad aZlierebda aSS-Si mcxovrebi rusi marTlmadideblebis uar-
yofiT damokidebulebas ruseTis axali xelisuflebisadmi. rusuli oromtriali,
religiuri saqmianobis SezRudva da eklesiuri ierarqiis evolucia (òbnovlence-
bis~ xelSi gadasvla) mravali sasulieri piris mier arakanonikurad da mwvaleblu-
rad iqna miCneuli. aman kidev ufro rTuli gaxada ruseTidan amerikuli eparqiis
marTva. yovelive amas patriarq tixonis gadawyvetileba daemata, romelic Seexeboda
eklesiis marTvas rTul periodSi. am gadawyvetilebiT amerikis eparqias farTo avto-
nomia eniWeboda, Tu ruseTis mmarTveli xelmZRvaneloba ver SeZlebda funqcioni-
rebas. rusuli eklesiis amerikaSi dabadebuli wevrebis raodenobis zrdis tendenciam
aseve daRi daasva amerikuli eparqiis identifikacias ruseTis ierarqiisadmi. xsene-
bulma faqtebma amerikaSi separatistuli moZraobis warmoqmna gamoiwvia.
1945 wlis 16 Tebervals amerikaSi arsebulma rusulma eklesiam miiRo miTiTeba,
romelic rusul marTlmadidebel deda eklesiasTan gaerTianebas moiTxovda. aRniS-
nuli „ukaziT~, amerikul marTlmadidebel eklesias Tavi unda Seekavebina „sabWoTa
kavSiris winaaRmdeg politikuri saqmianobisgan~, xolo arqiepiskoposis kurTxeva
moskovis patriarqis mier unda momxdariyo. amis sapasuxod amerikulma marTlmadide-
belma sazogadoebebma mTlianad gawyvites urTierToba sazRvargareT moqmed ruse-
Tis marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan, garda „sulieri da Zmuri urTierTobisa~. amiT
dasrulda rusul deda eklesiasa da mis amerikul STamomavals Soris davis mogva-
rebis bolo mcdeloba. davam sasamarTloSi gadainacvla.
kanoni religiuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. niu-iorkis saapelacio sasamarTlom
Tavis gadawyvetilebas ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis xelmZRvanelobis mier
daniSnuli arqiepiskoposis, beniaminis aRiarebaze uaris Taobaze safuZvlad daudo
religiur sazogadoebaTa aqtis me-5 muxlis c) punqti. savaraudod, Statis sakanon-
mdeblo organos, kongresis msgavsad, kargad hqonda Seswavlili sakiTxi. mas kargad
moexseneboda, rom revoluciis Semdgom ganxorcielda ruseTis marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis represireba. sapatriarqo SemdgomSi aRdgenil iqna komunistebis mier,
Tumca sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas kargad moexseneboda misi statusi arsebul
sabWoTa wyobilebaSi. aseve kargad iyo misTvis cnobili, rom CrdiloeT amerikis
eklesiam sabWoTa zegavlenisgan Tavis daRwevis mizniT gamoacxada avtonomia pat-
378
riarq tixonis 1920 wlis dadgenilebis safuZvelze. arsebobda realuri safrTxe,
rom is saeklesio qoneba da Semosavlebi, romlebiTac marTlmadidebeli RvTismsa-
xurebi sargeblobdnen, xelSi CaegdoT sapatriarqos warmomadgenlebs. zemoT moyva-
nili faqtebis safuZvelze Statis sakanonmdeblo organom miiCnia, rom moskovis
sapatriarqos aRar gaaCnda WeSmarit religiur organizaciad moqmedebis SesaZleb-
loba da sabWoTa xelisuflebis saerTaSoriso politikis cxovrebaSi gatarebis fa-
rul iaraRs warmoadgenda. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, ra Tqma unda, saka-
nonmdeblo xelisuflebas SeuZlia Tavisuflad imoqmedos aRniSnuli informaciis
safuZvelze, magram ar aris uflebamosili, miiRos kanoni, romelic konstituciiT
akrZalul qmedebas akanonebs. uzenaesi sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, zemoxsenebuli
kanoni scildeba konstituciur sazRvrebs. religiur sazogadoebaTa aqtis me-5 mux-
lis c) punqtiT ganxorcielda ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis niu-iorkis ek-
lesiaTa kontrolis gadacema ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis centraluri mmar-
Tveli ierarqiidan (patriarqi da wminda sinodi) amerikaSi rusuli eklesiis (eklesiis,
romelic SezRudulia CrdiloeT amerikisa da aleutis kunZulebis eparqiiT) xelmZR-
vanelobaze. es kanoni, sasamarTlos poziciiT, arRvevs me-14 Sesworebas; igi xels
uSlis religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobas; kanonmdebloba, romelic aregulirebs
eklesiis marTvas, eklesiaTa moqmedebas, sasuliero pirTa daniSvnas 1937 wels niu-
iorkSi Catarebul saeklesio krebaze miRebuli statutebisadmi Sesabamisobis moT-
xovniT, usamarTlod zRudavs aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas.
religiur sazogadoebaTa aqtis me-5 muxlis c) punqtis mxardaWerisas saapelacio
sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom igi mxolod SesaZleblobas aZlevda sakaTedro taZris
mmarTvelebs, gamoeyenebinaT igi amerikaSi ruseTis eklesiis wevrebis survilebis
Sesabamisi msaxurebisaTvis. Tumca man realurad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebiT,
eklesiis erTi administracia meoreTi Secvala; Sesabamisad, pirveli Sesworebis
principebis sawinaaRmdegod gamoiyena saxelmwifo Zalaufleba eklesiis erTi seg-
mentisaTvis sargeblis miniWebis saxiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, uzanaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, gauqmda saapelacio
sasamarTlos dadgenileba da saqme qvemdgom sasamarTlos daubrunda xelaxla gansa-
xilvelad.
presbiterianuli eklesia SeerTebul StatebSi meri elizabet blus

memorialuri presbiterianuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg194

aRniSnul saqmeSi warmodgenilia qonebrivi dava, romelic warmoiSva eklesiis
ZiriTadi ierarqiuli organizaciidan ori adgilobrivi eklesiis gamosvlis mcde-
lobis Sedegad. jorjiis Statis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, adgilobrivi eklesiebis
sargeblobaSi myof qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saero sa-
samarTlos unda gaerkvia, ganacxada Tu ara uari ZiriTadma eklesiam religiisa da
misi gamoxatvis im doqtrinaze, romelsac emxroboda maSin, rodesac adgilobrivi
eklesiebi mas SeuerTdnen. umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, rac am saqmeSi ikveTeba, mdgoma-
reobs imaSi, aniWebs Tu ara pirveli Sesworeba saero sasamarTlos uflebas, saekle-
sio qonebis mikuTvnebis Taobaze gadawyvetileba gamoitanos eklesiis doqtrinis
sakuTari interpretaciis safuZvelze.
379
am saqmeSi warmodgenili momCivani, amerikis presbiterianuli eklesia adgilob-
rivi presbiterianuli eklesiebis gaerTianebaa. igi imarTeba tribunalebisagan Sem-
dgari ierarqiuli struqturis meSveobiT, romlis umaRles organos generaluri
asamblea warmoadgens.
1966 wels adgilobrivma eklesiebma CaTvales, rom ZiriTadi eklesiis qmedebani
da gancxadebebi ewinaaRmdegeboda organizaciis konstituciasa da im religiur
doqtrinas, romelic aRiarebuli iyo gaerTianebis periodSi da mxari dauWires Zi-
riTadi eklesiuri organizaciidan gamoyofasa da adgilobrivi eklesiebis avtono-
miur presbiterianul organizaciebad Camoyalibebas. mopasuxe eklesiebis winamZRv-
rebma, iseve rogorc umravlesobam, uari ganacxades ZiriTadi eklesiis iurisdiqci-
isadmi damorCilebaze. Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadma eklesiam savanis presbiteriaSi Seqmna
administraciuli komisia Serigebis miRwevis mizniT, Tumca adgilobrivma saekle-
sio xelmZRvanelobam mtkice pozicia SeinarCuna. Sedegad, komisiam daiwyo moqme-
deba axali adgilobrivi xelmZRvanelobis daniSvnamde saeklesio qonebaze kontro-
lis dasamyareblad.
umaRlesi saeklesio tribunalebisadmi (sinodi da generaluri asamblea) mimar-
Tvis nacvlad adgilobrivma winamZRvrebma damoukidebeli sarCelebiT mimarTes
Catemis olqis umaRles sasamarTlos ZiriTadi eklesiis mxridan sadavo qonebis xel-
yofis akrZalvis ganzraxviT. saqmeebi erT warmoebaSi iqna gaerTianebuli. ZiriTadma
eklesiam Segebebuli sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos mosarCeleTa moTxovnebis uaryo-
fis moTxovniT, imis safuZvelze, rom saero sasamarTloebi ar iyvnen uflebamosilni
gadaewyvitaT, gadauxvia Tu ara ZiriTadma eklesiam religiisa da misi gamoxatvis
doqtrinas. Suamdgomloba ar iqna dakmayofilebuli. nafic msajulebs saqme waredgi-
naT im Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, rom jorjiis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs adgilobrivi
saeklesio qonebis mindobil sakuTrebas ZiriTadi eklesiis sasargeblod mxolod erTi
pirobiT, rom ZiriTadma eklesiam unda misdios religiisa da misi gamoxatvis im doq-
trinas, romelic adgilobrivi eklesiebis gaerTianebis periodSi arsebobda. aqedan
gamomdinare, nafic msajulTa Jiuris daevala, rom gadaewyvita: udrida Tu ara Ziri-
Tadi eklesiis qmedebani sawyis doqtrinaze uaris Tqmas, ise rom, axali doqtrinebi
ukiduresad gansxvavdeboda im miznebisgan, romelTa misaRwevad dafuZnda eklesia.
nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobam adgilobrivi eklesiebis sasargeblod gamoitana
gadawyvetileba. Sesabamisad, gauqmebulad iqna gamocxadebuli mindobili sakuTreba
da ZiriTad eklesias aekrZala Careva adgilobrivi eklesiebis mier qonebiT sargeb-
lobaSi. jorjiis Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daamtkica es gadawyvetileba. aSS-s
uzenaesma sasamarTlom ki gamoiTxova saqme qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan pirveli Ses-
worebidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad. gadawyvetileba ga-
uqmda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, pirveli Sesworeba mkacrad SemosazRvravs saero
sasamarTloTa rols saeklesio qonebrivi davebis gadawyvetaSi. Tumca aseve naTelia,
rom religiur organizaciebs Soris qonebrivi davis Taobaze miRebuli ara yvela
saero sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba uqmnis safrTxes pirveli SesworebiT dacul Rire-
bulebebs. arsebobs samarTlis neitraluri principebi, romelTa gamoyenebac SesaZ-
lebelia nebismieri qonebrivi davis gadawyvetisas im eklesiaTa „dawesebis~ gareSe,
romelTac mieniWebaT ufleba qonebaze. pirveli Sesworebis faseulobebi aSkarad
380
safrTxis qveSaa, maSin, rodesac sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoeba saeklesio qonebis
Taobaze gadaizrdeba saero sasamarTloebis mier religiur doqtrinebTan dakavSi-
rebuli davis gadawyvetaSi. es pirvel rigSi religiuri doqtrinis Tavisufali gan-
viTarebis Seferxebisa da gamokveTilad eklesiuri interesebis sferoSi saero inte-
resebis CarTvis risks Seicavs. swored amis gamo krZalavs pirveli Sesworeba saxel-
mwifo organoebis gamoyenebas arsebiTad religiuri miznebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, pirveli Sesworeba saero sasamarTloebs avaldebulebs, saeklesio qonebrivi
davebi religiuri doqtrinis safuZvelSi arsebuli davebis gadawyvetis gareSe mo-
agvaron.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, jorjiis Statma daarRvia pirveli Sesworebis
moTxovna. mis mier religiuri doqtrinidan gadaxris Teoriis gamoyenebiT saero
sasamarTlo xelisuflebas daevala ganesazRvra, warmoadgenda Tu ara ZiriTadi
eklesiis qmedebani iseT „arsebiT gadaxras~ rwmenisa da misi gamoxatvis principebi-
dan, romlebic adgilobriv eklesiaTa gaerTianebis dros arsebobda, rom unda
Sewyvetiliyo ZiriTadi eklesiis sasargeblod arsebuli mindobili sakuTreba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, es gansazRvreba or elements moicavs.
Tavdapirvelad sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Tu ara
ZiriTadi eklesiis sadavo qmedeba sawyisi doqtrinisgan. amis gadasawyvetad auci-
lebelia, rom sasamarTlom eklesiis doqtrinaTa sakuTari interpretacia moaxdinos.
arsebiTi winaaRmdegobis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom ukve im sakiTxis gadawy-
vetas unda mihyos xeli, sakmarisad mniSvnelovania Tu ara msgavsi gansxvaveba tra-
diciuli TeologiisaTvis, rom SeCerdes mindobili sakuTreba. amis gasarkvevad ki
saero sasamarTlom unda moaxdinos religiisaTvis im sakiTxebis SedarebiTi mniSvne-
lobis Sefaseba, romlebic kamaTis sagans warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, doqtri-
nidan gadaxris Teoria sasamarTlos aiZulebda, gadaewyvita religiis siRrmeSi myofi
sakiTxebi, kerZod moexdina gansazRvruli religiis doqtrinebis da maTi mniSvne-
lobis interpretireba. pirveli Sesworeba cxadad ukrZalavs saero sasamarTloebs
msgavsi rolis Sesrulebas. Sesabamisad, saero sasamarTloebs SeeZloT gadaewyvitaT
uflebrivi dava eklesiis doqtrinis interpretirebisa da Sefasebis gareSe eklesiis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Zalze viwro mimoxilvis safuZvelze, kerZod, imis
garkveviT, iyo Tu ara es gadawyvetileba TaRliTobis, SeTqmulebis an TviTnebobis
Sedegi. aseTi midgoma, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, ar iwvevs saero sasamarTlos
CarTvas arsebiTi eklesiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi, gansxvavebiT doqtrinidan gadax-
ris standartis gamoyenebis SemTxvevisgan. amitom, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixed-
viT, dauSvebelia amieridan saero sasamarTlom eklesiis gadawyvetilebis gamokvle-
visas doqtrinidan gadaxris standarti gamoiyenos.
uflis eklesiaTa merilendisa da virjiniis uxucesTa sabWo

Sarpsburgis uflis eklesiis winaaRmdeg195
momCivnebsa (uxucesTa generaluri sabWos warmomadgenlebs) da mopasuxeebs (or

separatistul jgufs) Soris saeklesio qonebrivi davis gadawyvetisas merilendis
saapelacio sasamarTlo daeyrdno religiuri sazogadoebebis mier qonebis flobis
maregulirebel Statis sakanonmdeblo aqtebs (kerZod ki am dokumentebis im nawilebs,
381
romlebic adgilobrivi eklesiebisaTvis qonebis gadacemas Seexeboda), sazogado-
ebaTa qartiebis pirobebsa da uxucesTa generaluri sabWos konstituciis debulebebs
saeklesio qonebis sakuTrebasa da kontrolis Taobaze. apelantebis mtkicebiT, meri-
lendis sasamarTloebis mier gamoyenebuli kanoni uxucesTa generalur sabWos pir-
veli Sesworebis darRveviT arTmevda uflebas saeklesio qonebaze. vinaidan meri-
lendis sasamarTloebis mier davis gadawyveta religiuri doqtrinis gamokvlevis
safuZvelze ar momxdara, aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo moTxovna federalur
iurisdiqciaze.
mosamarTle brenanis Tanmxvedri azri,

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi duglasi da marSali
saqmeSi presbiterianuli eklesia SeerTebul StatebSi meri elizabet blus me-
moriamaluri presbiterianuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg196 uzenaesma sasamarTlom aR-
niSna, rom „pirveli Sesworebis Rirebulebani aSkarad safrTxis winaSe dgeba, ro-
desac saeklesio qonebasTan dakavSirebuli sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoeba saero
sasamarTloebis mier religiisa Tu misi gamoxatvis doqtrinaze arsebuli davebis
gadawyvetaSi gadaizrdeba~. aqedan gamomdinare, Statebs SeuZliaT nebismieri sxva
midgoma gamoiyenon, sanam is doqtrinaluri sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi ar gadaizrdeba.
saqmeSi uoTsoni jonsis winaaRmdeg197 SemuSavebuli midgomis Tanaxmad, Statebs
SeuZliaT kanonis Zala mianiWon eklesiis farglebSi miRebul qonebriv gadawyveti-
lebebs „misi wevrebis umravlesobis an im organos mier, romelic specialurad ekle-
siuri marTvis miznebisaTvis aris dafuZnebuli~, aseve ierarqiul eklesiaSi umaRle-
si xelmZRvanelobis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. uoTsonis midgomis mixedviT,
saero sasamarTloebi ar ikvleven, aqvs Tu ara eklesiis Sesabamis mmarTvel organos
qonebis kontrolis ufleba religiuri samarTlis mixedviT im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac
umaRlesi uflebamosilebis mqone organos Tu organoTa identifikacia arsebiTi
kamaTis sagans warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT, uoTsonis midgoma Seesabameba pirveli
SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebul akrZalvebs, Tuki eklesiis Sesabamisi mmarTveli organos
gansazRvra SesaZlebelia doqtrinaluri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis gareSe.
yvela tipis qonebrivi davis dros gamosayeneblad SemuSavebuli samarTlis neit-
raluri principebi uzrunvelyofen religiur qonebaze samarTalwarmoebis gadawy-
vetis sxva saSualebas. „formaluri sakuTrebis uflebis~ doqtrinis mixedviT, saero
sasamarTloebs SeuZliaT, sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi reversiis Taoba-
ze konstituciuri klauzulebisa da korporaciebis Taobaze zogadi kanonebis Ses-
wavlis gziT gadawyviton. da kvlav, dauSvebelia sakuTrebiTi samarTlis zogad prin-
cipebze dayrdnoba, Tuki maTi gamoyeneba samoqalaqo sasamarTlosgan doqtrinaluri
sakiTxebis gadawyvetas moiTxovs.
mesame SesaZlo midgomaa saeklesio sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli SeTanxmebebis
maregulirebeli specialuri kanonebis iseTi wesiT SemuSaveba, romelic Tavidan
agvacilebs saxelmwifos CarTvas doqtrinalur gamokvlevaSi. aseTi kanonebiT kont-
roli saeklesio ierarqiasa da doqtrinaze eklesiis mmarTvel organoebs unda Se-
unarCundeT.
serbuli ganxeTqileba. serbi marTlmadideblebi Tavdapirvelad ruseTis mar-
Tlmadidebeli eklesiis farglebSi Semaval jgufs warmoadgendnen. rusuli revo-
luciis Semdgom serbebma TavianTi marTlmadidebeli eklesia Camoayalibes bel-
382
gradis patriarqis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1921 wels axali eklesiis mmarTveli organos,
episkoposTa wminda sabWos gadawyvetilebiT CrdiloeT amerikis eparqia Seiqmna. ek-
lesiis konstituciis Tanaxmad, es eparqia „serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda rogorc sulierad, ise ierarqiulad~. eparqiis kon-
stituciis mixedviT ki mas sruli administraciuli Tavisufleba hqonda, serbeTis
marTmadidebeli eklesiisadmi „kanonikuri~ kuTvnilebis miuxedavad.
1963 wels iugoslaviaSi myofma eklesiis xelmZRvanelobam CrdiloeT amerikis
episkoposi gadaayena. episkoposma ganacxada, rom igi ar aRiarebda belgradSi miRe-
bul komunistur gadawyvetilebebs. amis Semdgom amerikisa da kanadis eparqiam moiT-
xova „samSoblos dedaeklesiasTan~ kanonikur-ierarqiuli erTianobis Sewyveta da
mxolod locvis sulieri erTianobis SenarCuneba. eparqiis wevrebi orad gaiyvnen.
moxuci emigrantebis ori mesamedi dedaeklesiasTan kanonikuri erTianobis momxre
iyo. meore msoflio omis Semdgomi emigrantebis TiTqmis ori mesamedi ki, romelic
ukiduresi undoblobiT iyo ganwyobili Tanamedrove iugoslaviuri saxelmwifos
mimarT, separacias iTxovda. ilinoisSi dawyebulma samarTalwarmoebam sabolood
aSS-s uzenaes sasamarTlomde miaRwia.
SeerTebuli Statebisa da kanadis serbuli

marTlmadidebeli eparqia milivoeviCis winaaRmdeg198

saqmeSi momCivans warmoadgenda 1963 wels serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
(dedaeklesia) mier mopasuxe episkopos milivoeviCis nacvlad amerikul-kanaduri
eparqiis xelZRvanelad daniSnuli episkoposi okokoljiCi. 1964 wels wminda asam-
bleam da wminda sinodma milivoeviCs dedaeklesiis episkoposisa da sasuliero piris
wodeba CamoarTves. milivoeviCis mier Setanili sarCelis safuZvelze ilinoisis
uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom vinaidan dedaeklesiis qmedeba arsebiTad
ewinaaRmdegeboda misive Sida regulaciebs, igi TviTneburi da dausabuTebeli iyo.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom aseve usafuZvlod miiCnia eparqiuli reorganizacia (Crdi-
loeT eparqiis dayofa 3 eparqiad).
aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqme qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan gamoiTxova imis
gansasazRvrad, warmoadgenda Tu ara ilinoisis uzenaesi sasamarTlos dadgenileba
Carevas ierarqiuli eklesiis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis mier gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis procesSi konstituciis pirveli da me-14 Sesworebebis darRveviT. uzenaesma
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ilinoisis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier eklesiuri
kompetenciisa da ierarqiis gamokvleva da mis Sesabamisad moqmedeba ewinaaRmdege-
boda pirvel da me-14 Sesworebebs. Sesabamisad, gauqmebul iqna qveda instanciis sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetileba.
ilinoisis uzenaesi sasamarTlos daskvnas, romlis Tanaxmadac dedaeklesiis
gadawyvetilebani „TviTneburi~ iyo, safuZvlad daedo is, rom dedaeklesiam gasaCiv-
rebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas daarRvia Tavisive kanonebi da procedurebi.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, imis miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara sivrce „izolire-
buli saero sasamarTlo mimoxilvisaTvis~ „TaRliTobisa~ da „SeTqmulebis~ viwro
kategoriebis safuZvelze, rodesac saeklesio organoebi arakeTilsindisierad moq-
medeben sekularuli miznebisaTvis, yovelgvari gamonaklisi „TviTneburobis~ saxiT
383
Seusabamoa konstituciur mandatTan, romlis farglebSic, saero sasamarTloebi
valdebulni arian aRiaron ierarqiuli religiuri organizaciebis umaRlesi orga-
noebis gadawyvetilebebi disciplinis, rwmenis, Sida organizaciis, eklesiuri wesis,
tradiciis an samarTlis sakiTxebze. imis gasarkvevad, aris Tu ara eklesiis qmdebani
„TviTneburi~, aucilebelia im procedurebis gamokvleva, romelTa dacvasac eklesiis
umaRlesi organoebisagan, savaraudod, moiTxovs kanonikuri an saeklesio samarTali.
Tumca swored aseTi tipis gamokvleva akrZalulia pirveli SesworebiT. xsenebuli
gamonaklisis aRiarebiT xelyofili iqneboda is ZiriTadi wesi, romelic saero sasamar-
Tlos ganxilvis sferodan gamoricxavs religiur davas da romlis mixedviTac saero
sasamarTlo valdebulia aRiaros saeklesio gadawyvetilebani.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, religiuri mrwamsis arsi swored imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom eklesiuri gadawyvetilebebi aRiarebul unda iqnes, rogorc mrwamsis
sakiTxi, maTi racionalobisa da obieqturobis miuxedavad. Sesabamisad, jerovani
samarTlebrivi proceduris konstituciuri koncefciebi, romlebic moicavs samo-
qalaqo terminebs „fundamentaluri samarTlianobisa~ da obieqturobis saxiT, nakle-
bad relevanturia saeklesio kompetenciaSi Semaval msgavsi sakiTxebis mimarT.
miTumetes, rom dedaeklesiis konstituciis Tanaxmad, romlis umaRlesi organoebis
(wminda asambleisa da wminda sinodis) uflebamosilebasac episkoposebis daniSvnasa
Tu gaTavisuflebaSi aRiarebda saqmeSi warmodgenili orive mxare da maT Soris
ilinoisis uzenaesi sasamarTloc:
...episkoposTa wminda asamblea warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis
umaRles ierarqiul organos mrwamsis, valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis,
saeklesio wesrigisa (disciplinis) da eklesiis Sida organizaciis
sakiTxebSi, iseve rogorc umaRles sasamarTlo organos eklesiis
iurisdiqciis farglebSi.
episkoposTa wminda asamblea da episkoposTa wminda sinodis kanonikuri da
saeklesio gadawyvetilebani mrwamsis, valdebulebebis Sesrulebis,
saeklesio wesrigisa da eklesiis Sida organizaciis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT marTlzomieri da sabolooa.
rac Seexeba dedaeklesiis mier ganxorcielebuli eparqiuli reorganizaciis ara-
marTlzomierebis Taobaze ilinoisis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis kons-
tituciurobis sakiTxs, aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom ilinoisis sasamar-
Tlo daeyrdno „neitralur principebs~, rac „gamoricxavda sasamarTlos CaTrevas
Teologiuri da doqtrinaluri sakiTxebis gansazRvraSi~. kerZod, ilinoisis sasa-
marTlo daeyrdno amerikul-kanaduri eparqiis konstitucias, romelSic asaxuli
iyo am eparqiis ganzraxva, SeenarCunebina damoukidebloba da avtonomia administ-
raciul sakiTxebSi. ilinoisis sasamarTlom aseve moaxdina serbeTis marTlmadideb-
eli eklesiis konstituciis interpretireba Tavis daskvnasTan Sesabamisad. amis mi-
uxedavad, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, maSin, roca saeklesio samar-
TliT dedaeklesiisa da amerikul-kanaduri eparqiis konstituciebis interpretacia
eklesiis umaRlesi organoebis kompetencias ganekuTvneba, ilinoisis uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom es ganmarteba TavisiT Caanacvla. es ki akrZalulia pirveli da me-14 Seswo-
rebebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma iliniosis sasamar-
Tlos es gadawyvetilebac.
384
mosamarTle renkvistis gansxvavebuli azri,
romelsac SeuerTda mosamarTle stivensi
mosamarTle renkvistis mixedviT, momCivnebma, TavianTi moTxovniT kontroli
daemyarebinaT amerikul-kanaduri eparqiis qonebaze, ilinoisis Statis sasamarT-
loebs ZiriTad sakiTxad faqtobrivad am eparqiis legitimuri episkoposis vinaobis
dadgena ganusazRvres. am amocanis Sesrulebas sasamarTloebi eklesiis kanonikuri
samarTlis gamoyenebiT Seecadnen, gamokvlevaSi doqtrinaluri sakiTxebis CarTvis
gareSe.
renkvistis mosazrebiT, „saeklesio organoebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis
aRiarebis wesi~, TavisTavad moiTxovs gadawyvetilebaTa raobaze mxareTa mier war-
modgenili mtkicebulebebis Semowmebas. mtkicebulebaTa winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis
SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo dgeba arCevanis winaSe, romeli mxaris mtkicebas mianiWos
upiratesoba. arCevanis gakeTebas ki, savaraudod, safuZvlad unda daedos orive mo-
dave mxaris mier aRiarebuli kanonikuri samarTali. Tuki aRniSnuli ar ewinaaRm-
degeba pirvel Sesworebas, Sesabamisad, gaurkvevelia, ratom ar unda hqondeT ilino-
isis Statis sasamarTloebs uflebamosileba, kanonikuri samarTlis eqspertebis Cve-
nebaTa safuZvelze gamoitanon daskvna, rom saqmeSi warmodgenili saeklesio orga-
nos gadawyvetileba misive gacxadebuli wesebisa da procedurebis darRveviT iqna
miRebuli. renkvistma Tavisi Sexedulebis dasadasturebel magaliTad Semdegi SemTx-
veva moiyvana: „davuSvaT, wminda asambleis SemadgenlobaSi 100 episkoposi Sedis. epis-
koposisaTvis saeklesio wodebis CamosarTmevad aucilebelia asambleis wevrTa xmebis
umravlesoba, ise rom sxdomaze damswreTa raodenoba 40 episkoposze naklebi ar unda
iyos. gaurkvevelia, ratom unda iqnes saero sasamarTlo SeboWili asambleis gadawyve-
tilebiT, Tuki gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileoba mxolod 30-ma episko-
posma miiRo~. mosamarTlis SexedulebiT, es magaliTi gacilebiT TvalsaCinoa, vidre
saqmeSi warmodgenili SemTxveva, magram principi orive SemTxvevaSi identuria.
jonsi volfis winaaRmdeg199

am saqmeSi warmodgenilia dava saeklesio qonebis sakuTrebaze, rac ierarqiul
saeklesio organizaciaSi gaerTianebul adgilobriv eklesiaSi momxdar ganxeTqile-
bas mohyva. ZiriTadi kiTxva, rac mocemul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT daismis, Semdegia:
aSS-s konstituciis pirvel da me-14 SesworebaTa moTxovnebis dacvis mizniT saero
sasamarTloebma es dava „samarTlis neitraluri principebis~ safuZvelze unda ga-
dawyviton, Tu valdebulni arian, daemorCilon ierarqiuli eklesiis avtoritetuli
organos gadawyvetilebas.
meikonis Statis vinevilis presbiterianuli eklesia 1904 wels dafuZnda. misi
iuridiuli registracia 1915 wels ganxorcielda. eklesia Tavdapirvelad aSS-s pres-
biterianuli eklesiis augusta-meikonis presbiteriis Semadgenlobis wevr eklesiad
iTvleboda. xsenebuli eklesiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ierarqiuli struqtura,
romlis mixedviTac adgilobrivi eklesiis marTva krebas hqonda mindobili. am ukanas-
knelis gadawyvetilebebs ki umaRlesi saeklesio sasamarTloebi, presbiteria, sinodi
da generaluri asamblea akontrolebdnen. ierarqiis TiToeuli donis uflebebi da
valdebulebebi eklesiis konstituciaSi iyo Camoyalibebuli.
385
1973 wlis 27 maiss vinevilis eklesiis kongregaciul Sekrebaze adgilobrivi ekle-
siis wevrTa umravlesobam, pastoris CaTvliT, mxari dauWira aSS-s presbiterianuli
eklesiisagan gamoyofas. am ukanasknels dauyovnebliv ecnoba separaciis Sesaxeb miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebis Taobaze. adgilobrivi eklesia ki sxva denominacias _ amerikaSi
presbiterianul eklesias SeuerTda. miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad umcireso-
baSi darCenili wevrebi vinevilis eklesiis saqmeebSi aRar monawileobdnen da TavianT
religiur saqmianobas sxvagan axorcielebdnen.
vinevilis kongregaciaSi momxdari ganxeTqilebis sapasuxod augusta-meikonis
presbiteriam davis Sesaswavlad da mis mosagvareblad komisia Seqmna. komisiis ga-
dawyvetilebiT, umravlesobas CamoerTva vinevilis presbiterianuli eklesiis marT-
vis uflebamosileba. umciresobaSi darCenili eklesiis wevrebi komisiam „vinevilis
presbiterianuli eklesiis WeSmariti kongregaciis” wevrebad miiCnia. umravlesobas
ar miuRia monawileoba komisiis mier Catarebul gamoZiebaSi da arc misi gadawyve-
tileba gausaCivrebia ZiriTadi eklesiis umaRles organoebSi.
umciresobis dajgufeba Seecada sasamarTloSi epova samarTali, Tumca federa-
lurma sasamarTlom uari ganacxada sarCelis miRebaze iurisdiqciis ararsebobis
gamo. SemdgomSi umciresobis dajgufebis wevrebma Statis sasamarTloSi Seitanes
koleqtiuri sarCeli vinevilis eklesiis qonebis flobasa da sargeblobaze maTi,
rogorc aSS-s presbiterianuli eklesiis wevri kongregaciis, eqskluziuri uflebis
dawesebis moTxovniT. sasamarTlom saeklesio qonebrivi davebisadmi „samarTlis
neitraluri principebis~ midgoma gamoiyena da saqme umravlesobis sasargeblod
gadawyvita. jorjiis Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira qvemdgomi sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebas da uaryo konstituciis pirvel da me-14 Sesworebebze
dafuZnebuli umciresobis moTxovnebi.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, neitraluri principebis midgomis ZiriTad
upiratesobebs miekuTvneba misi moqmedebis sruliad saero xasiaTi da nebismieri
tipis religiuri organizaciisa da ierarqiis moqnili adaptaciis unari. meTodi
sakuTrebiTi samarTlis obieqtur da myarad damkvidrebul koncefciebs emyareba.
amdenad, igi uzrunvelyofs saero sasamarTloTa Tavisuflebas religiis doqtri-
nebisa da ierarqiebis sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi CaTrevisagan. Sesabamisi reversiuli da
mindobili sakuTrebis maregulirebeli debulebebiT religiur sazogadoebebs Se-
uZliaT gansazRvron, Tu ra bedi eweva eklesiis sakuTrebas ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi, an
romel religiur organos eqneba uflebamosileba, gadawyvitos sakuTrebis uflebis
sakiTxi ganxeTqilebisa Tu doqtrinaluri davis arsebobis dros. amgvari midgomiT
religiur organizacias SeuZlia uzrunvelyos saeklesio qonebrivi davebis gadawy-
veta misi wevrebis survilebis Sesabamisad.
aRniSnuli srulebiT ar gulisxmobs, rom neitraluri principebis midgomis gamo-
yeneba Tavisufalia yovelgvari sirTulisagan. neitraluri principebis meTodi sa-
ero sasamarTloebisgan gansazRvruli religiuri dokumentebis Semowmebas moiT-
xovs. am Semowmebis ganxorcielebisas saero sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli sifrTxi-
le unda gamoiCinos, raTa dokumentis mxolod saero elementebs daeyrdnos da ara
religiur warmodgenebs imis gansasazRvrad, gamiznuli hqondaT Tu ara mxareebs
mindobili sakuTrebis Seqmna. savsebiT SesaZlebelia iseTi viTarebis warmoqmna, ro-
desac ZiriTadi eklesiis konstitucia an wesdeba Seicavs religiur koncefciebs
386
qonebis sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebul debulebebSi. Tuki aseT SemTxvevaSi sakuTre-
biTi debulebis interpretacia aucilebelia saero sasamarTlos mier religiuri
davis gadawyvetisaTvis, maSin sasamarTlo unda daemorCilos avtoritetuli saekle-
sio organos gadawyvetilebas. Tumca neitraluri principebis midgomis gamoyenebisas
garkveuli problemebis warmoqmnis safrTxes gadawonis neitralobisa da doqtrina-
lur sakiTxebSi Caurevlobis principi. aqedan gamomdinare, uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mixedviT, saxelmwifo konstituciurad uflebamosilia, saeklesio qonebrivi davebis
gadawyvetis saSualebad samarTlis neitraluri principebi aRiaros.
gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone mosamarTlis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sapasu-
xod, romlis mixedviTac saeklesio qonebis sakuTrebaze wamoWrili davis gadawyve-
tisas sasamarTlom unda uaryos neitraluri principebis midgoma da daemorCilos
eklesiis farglebSi avtoritetuli organos gadawyvetilebas, uzenaesma sasamar-
Tlom ganacxada, rom aseTi midgoma aucilebels gaxdida eklesiis ierarqiisa da
marTvis Seswavlas imis gadasawyvetad, Tu xelmZRvanelobis romeli segmenti flobs
umaRles kontrols saeklesio qonebaze. gansazRvrul saqmeebSi am amocanis Sesru-
leba rTuli ar iqneboda, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevaSi „makontroleblis vinaoba
SesaZloa araerTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvruli~ yofiliyo da, Sesabamisad, rogorc
ZiriTadi, ise adgilobrivi eklesiis konstituciisa da sxva dokumentebis detaluri
gamokvleva gaxdeboda saWiro; sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, msgavsi tipis saqmeebSi gan-
sxvavebuli mosazrebis mqone mosamarTlis mier SemoTavazebuli wesis gamoyeneba
saeklesio ierarqiis akrZaluli gamokvleva iqneboda.
jorjiis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, „saeklesio qonebis floba eklesiis xelmZR-
vanelobis mier dadgenili pirobebis Sesabamisad unda ganxorcieldes~, xolo ierar-
qiul religiur sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli adgilobrivi eklesia „ZiriTadi ekle-
siis mTliani organizmis nawilia da organizaciis umaRles xelisuflebas, mis ka-
nonebsa da regulaciebs eqvemdebareba~. yovelive es gvTavazobs vinevilis presbi-
terianuli eklesiis qonebasTan dakavSirebuli davis gadawyvetas saeklesio wesri-
gis wignis Sesabamisad, romelic aSS-s presbiterianul eklesiasTan gaerTianebuli
adgilobrivi eklesiebis kanonebsa da regulaciebs adgens. msgavsi gadawyveta saero
sasamarTlosgan moiTxovda religiuri doqtrinis sakiTxebis ganxilvasa da presbi-
teriis mier daniSnuli komisiis funqciebis uzurpirebas, romelmac ukve gansaz-
Rvra, rom momCivnebi vinevilis eklesiis „WeSmarit kongregacias~ warmoadgenen. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, Tu jorjiis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT vinevilis eklesiis buneba
aSS-s presbiterianuli eklesiis „kanonebisa da regulaciebis~ Sesabamisad unda gani-
sazRvros, maSin pirveli Sesworeba jorjiis sasamarTloebisagan presbiterianuli
komisiis gadawyvetilebis aRiarebas moiTxovs. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, aSS-s
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma jorjiis Statis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tileba da daubruna mas saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad.
mosamarTle pauelis gansxvavebuli azri, romelsac SeuerTdnen

mosamarTleebi stiuarti da uaiTi
mosamarTle pauelis azriT, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyve-
tilebiT aRiarebul iqna axali, oretapiani analizis meTodi. am meTodis mixedviT,
sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad unda gamoiyenos axlad gansazRvruli „samarTlis ne-
itraluri principebi~ im kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, flobs Tu ara adgilobrivi
387
eklesia qonebaze uflebas ZiriTadi saeklesio organizaciis sasargeblod. dadebiTi
pasuxis SemTxvevaSi kontroli adgilobriv saeklesio qonebaze ZiriTadi eklesiis
sasuliero krebas unda mieniWos. uaryofiTi pasuxi ki adgilobrivi kongregaciis
uflebis aRiarebas gulisxmobs. pirvel etapze „samarTlis neitraluri principebis~
midgoma moqmedebs, rogorc mtkicebulebis SemzRudveli wesi. sasamarTlos evaleba,
Seamowmos adgilobrivi eklesiis wesdeba (Tuki aseTi arsebobs), ZiriTadi eklesiuri
organizaciis wesrigisa Tu disciplinis wigni da saeklesio qonebaze uflebis mare-
gulirebeli saxelmwifo kanonebi. sasamarTlo gamoZiebas unda atarebdes da eyr-
dnobodes srulebiT saero xasiaTis sakuTrebiTi samarTlis obieqtur da myarad
damkvidrebul koncefciebs. pauelis mosazrebiT, religiuri dokumentebi ZiriTa-
dad religiur warmodgenebzea agebuli da mxolod saero wesiT maTi wakiTxva, sava-
raudod, dabneulobas warmoSobs da davis sagans naTels ver mohfens. garda amisa,
rodesac saeklesio qonebasTan dakavSirebuli religiuri ierarqia ar aris calsaxad
gansazRvruli, SeuZlebelia am ierarqiis mtkicebulebebi neitraluri principebis
wesis gamoyenebiT iqnes ganxiluli. mtkicebulebaTa amgvari ukmarisobis pirobebSi,
savaraudod, sasamarTlo saero kanonidan warmoebuli eklesiis marTvis wess aRi-
arebs. magaliTad, aRniSnul saqmeSic presbiteriis zogadi xelisufleba vinevilis
eklesiaze ar iyo gansazRvruli am ukanasknelis qonebaze kontrolis saero termi-
nebiT. Sedegad, jorjiis sasamarTloebma ver moiZies saTanado mtkicebuleba da sa-
ero kanonidan gamomdinare eklesiis marTvis kongregaciuli forma gamoiyenes. reli-
giur marTvasTan dakavSirebuli mtkicebulebebis SezRudva ar SeiZleba gamarT-
lebuli iqnes imis safuZvelze, rom igi saero sasamarTloebs religiuri doqtrinisa
da ierarqiis sakiTxebSi Carevisagan aTavisuflebs. vinevilis eklesiaSi momxdari
ganxeTqileba religiuri doqtrinisa da gamoxatvis sakiTxebze eklesiis wevrebs So-
ris arsebuli uTanxmoebis Sedegi iyo. saeklesio wesrigis wignis Tanaxmad, am sakiT-
xebis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba ZiriTadi eklesiis umaRles organoebs ekuTv-
nodaT, romlebic TavianTi gadawyvetilebiT erT-erT dajgufebas aniWebdnen kont-
rols saeklesio qonebaze. jorjiis sasamarTloebma, saero kanonidan gamomdinare,
kontrolis ufleba umravlesobas mianiWes da uaryves saeklesio sasamarTlos doq-
trinaluri gadawyvetileba. aseTi arapirdapiri Careva eklesiis farglebSi arsebuli
religiuri davis gadawyvetaSi aranakleb akrZalulia pirveli SesworebiT, vidre
pirdapiri intervencia. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mosamarTle pauelis
mixedviT, problemis yvelaze samarTliani gadawyveta iqneboda eklesiis xelmZRva-
nelobis (im xelmZRvanelobis, romelsac modave mxareebma davis warmoqmnamde dauq-
vemdebares Tavi) gadawyvetilebaTa usityvo aRiareba saero sasamarTloebis mier.
analizis oretapiani meTodi sakmarisia mxolod ZiriTadi eklesiis sasuliero
krebasa da erTsulovan adgilobriv eklesias Soris davis gadasawyvetad. rodesac
neitraluri principebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gamokvleva ar gamoavlens mindo-
bili sakuTrebis arsebobas ZiriTadi eklesiis sasargeblod, xolo adgilobrivi
kongregacia modave jgufebadaa dayofili, adgilobriv eklesiaze kontrolis ufle-
bis sakiTxi kvlav Riad rCeba. mosamarTle pauelis daskvniT, uzenaesi sasamarTlo
aRiarebs aSS-s presbiterianuli eklesiis mier, romlis nawilicaa vinevilis adgilob-
rivi eklesia, problematuri sakiTxis avtoritetul gadawyvetas presbiteriis farg-
lebSi. Tumca, amave dros, uzenaesi sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom jorjiis sasamarT-
388
loebs, pirveli Sesworebis Sesabamisad, SeuZliaT daeyrdnon saqmeSi uoTsoni jon-
sis winaaRmdeg200 davis gadawyvetis aRiarebul wess eklesiis kanonikuri samarTlis
mixedviT. Statis sasamarTlosTvis am midgomis gamoyenebis moTxovnis nacvlad aSS-s
uzenaesma sasamarTlom moiwona Statis samarTlidan gamomdinare Semdegi alter-
natiuli wesi: „jorjiis sasamarTloebs aqvT ufleba, aRiaron prezumfciuli wesi
umravlesobis warmomadgenlobisa, romelic uaryofadia Tu damtkicdeba, rom adgi-
lobrivi eklesiis identuroba sxva saSualebis gamoyenebiT unda ganisazRvros~. amis
damtkiceba SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi eklesiis wesdebisa Tu konstituciis moTxovnis
CvenebiT, rom adgilobrivi eklesiis bunebis gansazRvra sxva gziT unda moxdes.
adgilobrivi eklesiis farglebSi davis gadawyvetis uflebamosilebas aSS-s pres-
biterianuli eklesia presbiterias aniWebs. eklesiis marTvis aseTi struqturis Cve-
nebiT momCivnebma uaryves adgilobrivi kongregaciis umravlesobis mier eklesiis
identurobis sakiTxis gadawyvetis prezumfcia. amis miuxedavad, aSS-s uzenaesi
sasamarTlo, mosamarTle pauelis SexedulebiT, imis nacvlad, rom Tavadve gadaew-
yvita saqme pirveli Sesworebis principebis Sesabamisad, Statis sasamarTloebs uto-
vebs SesaZleblobas, aRiaron iseTi SemzRudveli mtkicebulebiTi wesi, romelic
momCivnebis xsenebul mtkicebulebas araadekvaturad miiCnevda umravlesobis kont-
rolis prezumfciis uarsayofad. uzenaesi sasamarTlo arc mtkicebulebiTi wesis
konstituciuri sazRvrebis Sesaxeb akeTebs miTiTebas. misi gancxadebiT: „Statis
sasamarTloebs aqvT Tavisufleba, gamoiyenon nebismieri wesi, romelic konstitu-
ciuria~. aqedan gamomdinare, uzenaesi sasamarTlo jorjiis Statis sasamarTloebs
gadasawyvetad utovebs federaluri konstituciuri samarTlis mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebs da Tu isini gadauxveven saqmeSi uoTsoni jonsis winaaRmdeg201 aRiarebul
wess, maSin maT SeuZliaT gaataron uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier daugegmavi kursi.
jonsis saqmis Semdgom. 1803 wels dafuZnebuli skeneqtedis presbiterianuli
eklesia gamoeyo nacionalur eklesias, radikalur politikur jgufebTan am ukanask-
nelis kavSiris gamo. saapelacio sasamarTlom neitraluri principebis midgomis ga-
moyenebiT adgilobriv eklesias mianiWa ufleba sadavo qonebaze. nacionaluri ekle-
sia Tavis moTxovnas asabuTebda „brZanebaTa wignis~ moTxovniT, romlis mixedviTac,
adgilobrivi eklesiis qoneba ierarqiul organizacias gadaecemoda, rodesac adgi-
lobrivi eklesia wyvetda arsebobas. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, nacionaluri ekle-
siis sasargeblod nagulisxmevi mindobili sakuTrebis aRmoCena aucilebels gax-
dida religiuri doqtrinis akrZalul gamokvlevas.202
sxva saqmeSi los-anjelesis oTxma episkopalurma eklesiam datova protestan-
tuli episkopaluri eklesiis rigebi, am ukanasknelis generaluri konventis mier
qalTa ordinaciis aRiarebis motiviT. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, erT-erTi mo-
pasuxe eklesiis (wminda mociqulebi) wesdebis mixedviT, misi likvidaciis SemTxveva-
Si eklesiis qoneba eparqiis sasargeblod unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, amitom, rad-
ganac adgili hqonda „faqtobriv likvidaciasTan~, eklesiis qoneba eparqiis kont-
rolqveS gadavida „dafiqsirebuli trastis~ safuZvelze.
danarCeni sami eklesiis wesdebebSi aseTi debuleba ar iyo, Tumca miTiTebuli iyo,
rom eparqiis konstitucia, kanonebi da disciplina yovelTvis maTi wesdebebis nawili
iqneboda. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, „amgvari gancxadeba ar aris imaze metad
SemzRudveli, vidre saavtomobilo dileris mtkiceba, rom igi yovelTvis „jeneral
389
motorsis~ produqcias gaavrcelebs da am ukanasknelis wesebsa da politikas daicavs~.
amgvarad, sasamarTlom ver aRmoaCina „dafiqsirebuli trasti~ da samive eklesias neba
darTo, qonebasTan erTad daetovebinaT ZiriTadi eklesia.203
jonsis saqmis Semdgom saeklesio qonebrivi davebis gadawyvetisas sasamarTloebs
ar mouwiaT arCevanis gakeTeba neitralur principebsa da ierarqiul midgomebs Soris
precedentuli wesebis gareSe. isini ubralod uTiTebdnen, rom arsebuli preceden-
tuli samarTali da Sesabamisi Statis kanoni erTi an meore midgomis gamoyenebas
moiTxovda. am doqtrinis gamoyenebiT kolorados saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmeSi
kolorados episkoposi moutis winaaRmdeg204 umravlesobis wesi neitralur principad
aRiara da im adgilobrivi eklesiis umravlesobis sasargeblod gamoitana gadawyveti-
leba, romelic aSS-s protestantul episkopalur eklesias gamoeyo. kolorados uzena-
esma sasamarTlom gaauqma es gadawyvetileba, radgan sxva neitraluri principi aRmo-
aCina. misi SexedulebiT, adgilobrivi eklesiis wesdeba, iseve rogorc „ZiriTadi
eklesiis kanonikuri samarTlis relevanturi debulebani”, ZiriTadi eklesiis sa-
sargeblod mindobili sakuTrebis arsebobis demonstrirebas axdenda.205
saqmeSi ruseTis farglebs gareT rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis episkopo-
sebi da xelmZRvanelebi wminda aRdgomis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wina-
aRmdeg206 Statis sasamarTloebma gadawyvites, rom adgilobriv kongregacias SeeZlo
demokratiuli arCevnebis gziT, romelic arRvevda eklesiis kanonikur samarTals,
ganesazRvra Tavisi damokidebuleba msoflios erT-erT uZveles ierarqiul eklesi-
asTan, da amasTan erTad SeenarCunebina sakuTrebis ufleba saeklesio qonebaze ekle-
siis datovebis Semdeg. eklesiis sulier da samarTlebriv xelmZRvanelobaSi Semavali
episkoposebi uzenaes sasamarTloSi Setanil TavianT peticiaSi mouwodebdnen sasa-
marTlos, xelaxla ganexila jonsis saqme da miuTiTebdnen am saqmis Semdgom sasamar-
Tloebs Soris arsebul uamrav konfliqtze eklesiis marTvis sakiTxebis gansazR-
vrasTan dakavSirebiT. es simarTles Seefereba TviT iseTi gamokveTilad ierarqiuli
struqturis mqone eklesiebis SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoricaa presbiterianuli da epis-
kopaluri eklesiebi. magaliTad, presbiterianuli eklesiis mier uamravi fulis da-
xarjvis miuxedavad, raTa mis yvela kongregacias saqmeSi jonsi volfis winaaRmdeg207
warmodgenili neitraluri pricipebis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi dokumentacia hqo-
noda, mis mimarT sxvadasxva StatSi gansxvavebul damokidebulebas iCendnen. meri-
lendSi igi ierarqiulad ganisazRvra, pensilvaniaSi ki kongregaciulad.208 neitra-
luri principebis erT-erTi safrTxe swored mis Tandayolil subieqturobaSia. mo-
samarTles SeuZlia, saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis erTi „neitraluri~ safuZveli Sear-
Cios, maSin roca xelmisawvdomia sxva principic, romlis Sedegic eklesiis ierarqiis
ignorireba ar iqneba.
eklesiaTa uflebebi àxal sakuTrebaze~. aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesiis saxelwo-
deba daculia arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis sawinaaRmdego kanoniT. saqmeSi
purseli sameris winaaRmdeg,209 sadac meTodisturi episkopaluri samxreTis eklesia
or sxva eklesiasTan gaerTianda erTiani meTodisturi eklesiis Seqmnis mizniT, ek-
lesiis disidenti wevrebis qmedeba, romlebmac Zveli saxelwodebiT axali eklesia
daafuZnes, sasamarTlom axlad daarsebuli eklesiis uflebebis darRvevad miiCnia.
saqmeSi religiuri teqnologiebis centri volerSeimis winaaRmdeg210 miRebuli
gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia religiuri sagnebis komerciuli
390
saidumloebiT dacul faseulobebad aRiareba. am saqmeSi uaryofil iqna saiento-
logiis eklesiis moTxovna, sasamarTlos brZanebiT akrZaluliyo misi yofili wevre-
bis mier, romlebmac axali civilizaciis eklesia daaarses, saientologiis eklesiidan
miRebuli sagnebis gamoyeneba. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, saientologiis eklesiis
sakraluri sagnebis faseuloba „sulieri~ xasiaTisa iyo da ara komerciulis.
rac Seexeba saavtoro uflebas „wminda~ teqstebze, am sferoSi aRsaniSnavia saqme
„kastelo pabliSingi~ rotelis winaaRmdeg,211 romelic Seicada davas kaTolikuri
locvanis inglisuri Targmanis gavrcelebis kontrolze. aSS-s kaTolikuri asoci-
aciis Tanamdebobis piri wignis am versiis aramarTlzomierebas amtkicebda da ram-
denime msxvil Semsyidvels miswera, rom Tavi SeekavebinaT misi yidvisagan. gamomce-
melma antimonopoliuri sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos asociaciis winaaRmdeg. uam-
ravi ucxouri episkopaluri asociacia CaerTo saqmeSi da Segebebuli sarCeli iqna
Setanili im motiviT, rom gamomcemeli arRvevda maT uflebas locvanis avtorobaze
da CarTuli iyo arakeTilsindisier savaWro operaciebSi. saolqo sasamarTlom uaryo
Segebebuli sarCeli, Tumca saqme kaTolikuri asociaciis sasargeblod gadawyvita.
saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, sruli
moculobiT daakmayofila asociaciis Segebebuli sarCeli da ganacxada, rom ar
arsebobs saerTo religiuri gamonaklisi antimonopoliuri kanonebidan; antimono-
poliur saqmeSi religiuri organizaciis winaaRmdeg, sasamarTloebma frTxilad unda
Seafason antimonopoliuri darRvevebis buneba, maT Soris bazarze zegavlena, im
religiuri miznebis mimarT, romelTa implementaciac iyo ganzraxuli, sanam Sesaba-
misi saqmianoba, gamonaklisis saxiT, gaTavisuflebuli iqneba kanonis moqmedebis are-
alidan.
391
ganaTleba
dawyebiTi da saSualo religiuri skolebi
eversoni euingis olqis ganaTlebis sabWos

winaaRmdeg212
niu-jersis kanoni uflebas aZlevda adgilobriv
saskolo olqs, bavSvebis skolaSi da skolidan trans-
portirebis wesebi SeemuSavebina. mopasuxe ganaTlebis
sabWom kanonis Sesabamisad daawesa mSoblebisTvis Svi-
lebis skolaSi da skolidan transportirebisTvis ga-
weuli xarjebis anazRaureba. am TanxaSi Sedioda im bav-
Svebis transportirebis anazRaurebac, romlebic ka-
Tolikur samrevlo skolebSi swavlobdnen. samrevlo
skolebi TavianT moswavleebs aZlevdnen rogorc seku-
larul ganaTlebas, aseve regularul religiur inst-
ruqcias kaTolikuri rwmenis dogmebis Sesabamisad. am
skolebis zedamxedvelma iyo kaTolike mRvdeli.
apelantma, rogorc gadasaxadebis gadamxdelma,
sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos, sadac irwmuneboda,
rom es kanoni da mis Sesabamisad miRebuli rezolucia,
romelic unazRaurebda xarjebs samrevlo skolebis
moswavleebs, arRvevda federalur da Statis konsti-
tuciebs. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daakmayo-
fila mosarCelis moTxovna, Tumca saapelaciom gaauqma
qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da daadgina,
rom kanoni da mis Sesabamisad miRebuli rezolucia ar
arRvevda konstitucias.

apelanti amtkicebda, rom Statis kanoni da mis Se-
sabamisad miRebuli rezolucia samrevlo skolis mos-
wavleebis mSoblebisTvis xarjebis anazRaurebis Taoba-
ze ori mizeziT ewinaaRmdegeboda konstitucias. pir-
veli, rom kanoni aniWebda saxelmwifos uflebas gada-
saxadebiT akrefili fuli gadaeca kerZo pirebisTvis
392
maTi kerZo interesis dasakmayofileblad. mosarCelis azriT, aseTi uflebis miniWeba
arRvevda me-14 Sesworebis jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris klauzulas. meore,
rom kanoni da rezolucia avaldebulebda mosaxleobas, gadaexadaT gadasaxadebi
kaTolikuri skolebis dasaxmareblad. apelanti irwmuneboda, rom mosaxleobisTvis
aseTi valdebulebis dakisreba warmoadgenda saxelmwifos mier Tavisi Zalauflebis
gamoyenebas religiuri skolebis dasaxmareblad, rac ewinaaRmdegeba pirvel Seswo-
rebas.
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, udavoa, rom kanoni, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs
bavSvebs, miiRon sekularuli ganaTleba, sajaro interess emsaxureba. sasamarTlos
Tanaxmad, aseve arasworia im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom radganac saxelmwifo unazRa-
urebs individebs transportirebis xarjebs, amitom es kanoni emsaxureba ara sajaro,
aramed kerZo interess. subsidiebi da sesxebi fermerebisTvis, satransporto siste-
mebisTvis da sxva kerZo saqmianobebisTvis, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, xSiri praqti-
kaa SeerTebul StatebSi.
rac Seexeba apelantis meore arguments, rom kanoni xels uwyobda religiis da-
wesebas da, Sesabamisad, ewinaaRmdegeboda pirvel Sesworebas, sasamarTlom ganmarta,
rom religiis dawesebis pirveli Sesworebis klauzula imas niSnavs, rom arc Stats
da arc federalur mTavrobas ar SeuZlia daawesos religia; arc erTs ar SeuZlia
miiRos iseTi kanonebi, romlebic exmareba erT religias, yvela religias an upira-
tesobas aniWebs erT religias meoresTan SedarebiT; arc erTs ar SeuZlia aiZulos
piri, Tavisi nebis sawinaaRmdegod miiRos rwmena an Tavi Seikavos konkretuli rwmenis
aRmsareblobisgan; rom aravin SeiZleba daisajos konkretuli religiuri mrwamsis
qonis an arqonis gamo, eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis an ardaswrebis gamo;
ar SeiZleba, rom gadasaxadebi, mcire Tu didi odenobiT, aikrifos religiuri saqmi-
anobisa Tu religiuri institutis mxardasaWerad; arc erTs, arc Stats da arc fede-
ralur xelisuflebas, ar SeuZlia sajarod Tu farulad monawileoba miiRos reli-
giuri organizaciisa Tu jgufis saqmianobaSi, iseve rogorc am ukanasknelT ar SeuZ-
liaT miiRon monawileoba saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. jefersonis mixedviT, religiis
ardawesebis klauzula gamiznuli iyo imisTvis, rom „eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris
separaciis kedeli~ aRmarTuliyo.
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, niu-jersis Stats ar
SeeZlo gamoeyo gadasaxadebiT akrefili Tanxebi im institutis sasargeblod, rome-
lic religiur moZRvrebas aswavlida. meore mxriv, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom imave
pirveli Sesworebis mixedviT, ar SeiZleba individis religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareb-
lobis SezRudva. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, ar SeiZleba kaTolikes,
baptistis, ebraelisa Tu sxva rwmenis warmomadgenlisTvis, misi rwmenis gamo, sazoga-
doebrivi keTildReobis kanonmdeblobiT sargeblobaze uaris Tqma. amdenad, niu-
jersis Statis mosaxleobac, ganurCevlad maTi religiuri mrwamsisa, ar SeiZleboda
SezRuduli yofiliyo Statis zogadi kanonmdeblobis sargeblis miRebaSi.
aRniSnuli kanoniT gansazRvruli finansuri daxmareba uzrunvelyofda bavSvebis
samrevlo skolaSi daswrebas. arsebobda imis albaTobac, rom aseTi daxmarebis ga-
reSe mSoblebs SeiZleba uari eTqvaT samrevlo skolaze da TavianTi Svilebi sajaro
skolaSi gaeSvaT, sadac moswavleebis transportirebis xarjebs saxelmwifo anazRa-
urebda.
393
ufro metic, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, policieli, romelic moswavleebs sat-
ransporto incidentebisgan icavda, imave mizans asrulebda, rasac es kanoni, rome-
lic, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofda ufaso transportirebas bavSvebisTvis. mSoblebs
aseve SeiZleba uari eTqvaT samrevlo skolebSi Tavisi bavSvebis gaSvebaze, Tu poli-
cieli ar daicavda samrevlo skolis moswavleebs satransporto incidentebisgan.
religiuri skolebis gankveTa iseTi saxelmwifo momsaxurebis miRebisgan, ro-
goricaa policiis, saxanZros daxmareba da sxva, ra Tqma unda, gaauaresebda samrevlo
skolebis funqcionirebas, rac, sasamarTlos azriT, ar iyo pirveli Sesworebis mi-
zani. pirveli Sesworeba moiTxovda saxelmwifos neitralobas religiur da arare-
ligiur jgufebTan urTierTobaSi.
am mizezebis gamo sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom pirveli Sesworeba ar ukrZalavda
niu-jersis Stats, gamoeyo gadasaxadebiT akrefili Tanxebi samrevlo skolebis mos-
wavleebis transportirebis xarjebis asanazRaureblad. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT,
pirvelma Sesworebam eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris separaciis kedeli aRmarTa,
romelic SenarCunebuli unda yofiliyo.
sekularuli mizani rogorc sajaro mizani. eversonis sasamarTlo saqme pir-
veli iyo, romelSic saxelmwifo programis mimarT eklesiis dawesebis principi iqna
gamoyenebuli. marTalia, sasamarTlos ar gamouyenebia termini „sekularuli mizani~,
magram man calsaxad ganacxada, rom kanoni, romelic xels uwyobda bavSvebis mier
sekularuli ganaTlebis miRebas, sajaro mizans emsaxureboda.
kanonis sekularobis moTxovna TavisTavad sakmaod sainteresoa. sasamarTlo
aqamde arasdros dayrdnobia sekularobis princips imisTvis, rom ukanonod gamo-
ecxadebina saxelmwifo an federaluri programa, romelic uzrunvelyofda reli-
giuri ganaTlebis dafinansebas. am qveTavSi moyvanil yvela saqmeSi, sasamarTlo swra-
fad poulobs sekularul mizans gasaCivrebul saxelmwifo daxmarebebSi. sekula-
robis principi gamoxatavs mniSvnelovan Sexedulebas eklesiis dawesebis dauSveb-
lobasTan dakavSirebiT. gadasaxadis gadamxdeli ar unda iyos iZulebuli, gadaixa-
dos im religiuri instruqciisTvis, romlisac mas ar swams.
lemoni kurcmanis winaaRmdeg;

erli di Cenzos winaaRmdeg; robinsoni di Cenzos winaaRmdeg213

warmodgenili ori saCivari exeba pensilvaniisa da rod ailendis kanonebs, rom-
lebic saxelmwifo daxmarebas awesebdnen dawyebiTi da saSualo religiuri skolebis-
Tvis. orive kanoni gasaCivrebuli iyo im motiviT, rom isini arRvevdnen eklesiis
dawesebisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis pirveli Sesworebis klauzulebs, aseve
me-14 Sesworebis jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris klauzulas.
pensilvanias miRebuli hqonda sakanonmdeblo programa, romelic uzrunvelyofda
arasajaro dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebisTvis sekularul sagnebSi maswavleblebis
saxelfaso xarjis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da saswavlo masalebis xarjebis anazRaurebas.
rod ailends ki SemuSavebuli hqonda kanoni, romlis mixedviTac Stats arasajaro
dawyebiTi skolis pedagogebisTvis 15%-iani saxelfaso danamati unda gadaexada. ori-
ve kanonis mixedviT, Statebis daxmareba gankuTvnili iyo religiuri saganmanaTleb-
lo institutebisTvis.
394
rod ailendis kanoni. saxelfaso danamatis Sesaxeb rod ailendis aqti 1969 wels
miiRes. aqtis miReba im mosazrebam ganapiroba, rom arasajaro dawyebiT skolebSi
ganaTlebis xarisxs gauareseba emuqreboda, radgan arasajaro skolebi ver pasuxob-
dnen mzardi xelfasebis moTxovnebs, romelTa dakmayofilebac saWiro iyo kompe-
tenturi maswavleblebis mosazidad. aqti avaldebulebda sajaro moxeleebs, rom
uzrunveleyoT 15%-iani saxelfaso danamati im maswavleblebisTvis, romlebic seku-
larul sagnebs aswavlidnen arasajaro dawyebiT skolebSi. saxelfaso danamati xel-
fasTan erTad im maqsimalur xelfasze meti ar unda yofiliyo, romelsac iRebda
maswavlebeli sajaro skolaSi. danamatis mimRebi Statis ganaTlebis sabWos mier
sertificirebuli pedagogi unda yofiliyo.
imisTvis, rom maswavlebels ufleba hqonoda, mieRo saxelfaso danamati, is im
arasajaro skolis maswavlebeli unda yofiliyo, romlis TiToeuli moswavlis seku-
laruli ganaTlebis saSualo danaxarji ar aRemateboda sajaro skolis imave maCve-
nebels.
aqti aseve moiTxovda, rom maswavleblebi, romlebic am danamats miiRebdnen, mxo-
lod im sagnis maswavleblebi unda yofiliyvnen, romelic sajaro skolebSi iswavle-
boda. aseve maT mxolod is saxelmZRvanelobi unda gamoeyenebinaT, romlebic sajaro
skolebSi gamoiyeneboda. dabolos, yovel maswavlebels winaswar unda ganecxadebina
werilobiTi Tanxmoba, rom im periodis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac is saxelfaso danamats
miiRebda, ar aswavlida religiis kurss.
rod ailendis moqalaqeebma sarCeli Seitanes pirveli instanciis federalur
sasamarTloSi. maT moiTxoves, rom rod ailendis saxelfaso danamatis Sesaxeb aqti,
romelic religiis dawesebisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulebs ewina-
aRmdegeboda, arakonstituciurad yofiliyo cnobili. mopasuxeebad gamodiodnen
sajaro moxeleebi, romelTac dakisrebuli hqondaT aqtis aRsruleba, maswavleblebi,
romlebic iRebdnen saxelfaso danamats da im moswavleebis mSoblebi, romlebic
swavlobdnen religiur skolebSi.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo ganxilvamde sul 250 maswavlebels hqonda ganac-
xadi Setanili saxelfaso danamatze da isini yvelani kaTolikur skolebSi aswavlidnen.
sasamarTlo ganxilvaze warmodgenil iqna mtkicebulebebi sekularuli ganaTlebis
bunebis Taobaze im kaTolikur skolebSi, romlis maswavleblebsac, aqtis mixedviT,
saxelfaso danamati ekuTvnodaT. miuxedavad sasamarTlos aRiarebisa, rom religiuri
Rirebulebebi am skolebSi did gavlenas ar axdenda sekularuli sagnebis Sinaarsze, man
gadawyvita, rom samrevlo skolebis sistema kaTolikuri eklesiis misiis ganuyofeli
nawili iyo. sasamarTlom aqti arakonstituciurad cno im motiviT, rom is saxelmwifosa
da eklesias Soris zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSirs ayalibebda.
pensilvaniis kanoni. pensilvaniis Statma miiRo programa, romelic rod ailen-
dis programis msgavsi iyo. Stati unazRaurebda arasajaro skolebs maswavleblebis
xelfasebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da saswavlo masalebis xarjebs. imisTvis, rom
skolas ufleba hqonoda mieRo anazRaureba, mas calke unda ewarmoebina sekularuli
ganaTlebis momsaxurebis sabuRaltro procedurebi, romlebic audits eqvemdebare-
boda. Tanxebi am programisTvis Tavdapirvelad doRze dawesebuli gadasaxadidan
moizides, Tumca Semdeg nawili ukve sigaretze dawesebuli saxelmwifo gadasaxade-
bidan amoRebuli saxsrebiT finansdeboda.
395
rod ailendis programis msgavsad, am programiTac ramdenime SezRudva iyo gaT-
valiswinebuli Statis daxmarebaze. anazRaureba mxolod im sagnebisTvis iyo gan-
kuTvnili, romlebic sajaro skolis saswavlo gegmaSi Sedioda. garda amisa, dafinan-
seba mxolod Semdeg sekularul sagnebze unda gavrcelebuliyo: maTematika, Tanamed-
rove ucxouri enebi, fizikuri aRzrda. kanoni aseve krZalavda nebismieri iseTi
kursis dafinansebas, romelic Seicavda religiur moZRvrebas an romelime seqtis
aRmsareblobas.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi mosarCeleebi iyvnen pensilvaniis moqalaqeTa
asociaciebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis ideas.
garda amisa, individualur mosarCeleebad gamodiodnen calkeuli moqalaqeebi, ma-
galiTad, moqalaqe lemoni pensilvaniis sajaro skolis moswavlis mSobeli iyo. igi
amtkicebda, rom doRis bileTis yidvisas man gadaixada specialuri gadasaxadi, rom-
liTac ifareboda aqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli religiuri dawesebulebis xarjebi. mopa-
suxeebad gamodiodnen sajaro moxeleebi, romelTac ekisrebodaT aqtis sisruleSi
moyvana, da ramdenime religiuri skola.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom aqti ar arRvevda arc eklesiis
dawesebisa da arc aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulebs.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, pirveli Sesworebis avtorebma ara marto ekle-
siis an saxelmwifo religiis daweseba akrZales, aramed nebismieri iseTi kanonis mi-
Rebac, romelic religiis dawesebas aRiarebda. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, kanoni
SeiZleba aRiarebdes ukanono mizans, Tumca ar axorcielebdes mas. konkretuli kano-
ni SeiZleba ar awesebdes religias, magram aRiarebdes an xels uwyobdes mis dawesebas,
im azriT, rom is SeiZleba pirvel nabijs warmoadgendes religiis dawesebis mimar-
TulebiT.
sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, yvelanairi analizi am mxriv im kriteriumebis gaTva-
liswinebiT unda daiwyos, rac sasamarTlom mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi SeimuSava. es
kriteriumebia: pirveli, kanons sekularuli sakanonmdeblo mizani unda hqon-
des; meore, misi pirdapiri an ZiriTadi Sedegi ar unda iyos religiis mxardaWera
an, piriqiT, misi SezRudva; da mesame, kanonma ar unda Camoayalibos zedmetad
mWidro urTierTkavSiri saxelmwifosa da religias Soris.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saxelmwifos sruli izolireba religiisgan SeuZle-
belia. garkveuli formiT urTierToba saxelmwifosa da religias Soris gardauvalia.
Sesabamisad, imisTvis, rom ganisazRvros, warmoadgens Tu ara zedmetad mWidros
konkretuli urTierToba saxelmwifosa da religias Soris, sasamarTlos azriT, de-
talurad unda ganisazRvros im institutebis funqcia, romlebic saxelmwifo dax-
marebas iReben. aseve unda ganisazRvros TviTon saxelmwifo daxmarebis buneba da
daxmarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli urTierToba saxelmwifosa da religiur xelm-
ZRvanelobas Soris.
a) rod ailendis programa

rod ailendis samrevlo skolis Senobaze aRbeWdili iyo sxvadaxva religiuri
simboloebi, religiuri naxatebi. saklaso oTaxebSi da derefnebSi idga religiuri
qandakebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod 30 wuTi eTmoboda religiur instruqcias,
skolebSi adgili hqonda farTo eqstrakurikulur religiur praqtikas. maswavleb-
lebis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi sxvadasxva religiuri sazogadoebrivi jgufis wevri
396
iyo. yvelaferi es gaxda rogorc pirveli instanciis, aseve uzenaes sasamarTlos
daskvnis safuZveli, rom samrevlo skolebis saqmianobis udides nawils religiuri
saqmianoba moicavda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, saxelmwifosTan religiuri skolebis mWidro
kavSiris saSiSroebis Seqmnas aseve xels uwyobda rod ailendis aqtSi Cadebuli pi-
robebi. samrevlo skolebis farTo religiuri saqmianobis gamo aqtSi Cadebuli iyo
saxelmwifo kontrolisa da zedamxedvelobis meqanizmebi imis uzrunvelsayofad,
rom saxelmwifo daxmareba mxolod sekularul ganaTlebas moxmareboda.
garda amisa, sasamarTlos azriT, arsebobda agreTve imis saSiSroeba, rom maswav-
lebeli, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom sekularul sagans aswavlida, ver iqneboda
religiurad sruliad neitraluri, radgan mas Rrmad religiur garemoSi uwevda
muSaoba. aseTi daskvnis safuZvlad uzenaes sasamarTlos mohyavs samrevlo skolebis
struqtura, romelSic skolebis direqtorebs, ori gamonaklisis garda, kaTolike
sasuliero pirebi warmoadgenen. skolebis miznebisTvis mrevlis finansuri saxsrebis
gankargvas aseve axdens kaTolike sasuliero piri. garda amisa, sasamarTlos mtkice-
bulebad mohyavs saskolo regulaciebis saxelmZRvanelodan samrevlo skolis mar-
Tvis standartebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, moswavlis religiuri formireba ar aris Sez-
Ruduli mxolod kursis formaluri gavliT da arc konkretuli sagnis SeswavliT.
regulaciebi rCevas aZlevs maswavleblebs, ganuviTaron bavSvebs religiuri RvTis-
msaxurebisadmi interesi. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom aR-
niSna, rom arsebobs potenciuri saSiSroeba imisa, rom aseTi programa religiis gav-
rcelebas uwyobs xels.
garda amisa, sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobis daweseba
skolebze imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom saxelmwifo daxmareba mxolod sekularul
ganaTleba xmardebodes, qmnis saxelmwifosa da religias Soris zedmetad mWidro
urTierTkavSiris Camoyalibebis saSiSroebas.
b) pensilvaniis programa
pensilvaniis kanonic, rod ailendis msgavsad, uzrunvelyofda saxelmwifo fi-
nansur daxmarebas religiuri skolebis maswavlebelTaTvis.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom pensilvaniis programasTan dakavSirebiT, iseve rogorc rod
ailendis mimarT, aRniSna, rom saxelmwifo SezRudvebi da zedamxedveloba im mizniT,
rom uzrunvelyofiliyo maswavlebelTa araideologiuri roli, xels uwyobda sa-
xelmwifosa da eklesias Soris zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris Camoyalibebas.
ufro metic, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, pensilvaniis kanons damatebiT is defeq-
tic hqonda, rom uzrunvelyofda Tanxis gadacemas pirdapir religiuri skolebis-
Tvis da ara moswavleebis an maTi mSoblebisTvis. garda amisa, saxelmwifos ufleba,
Caetarebina saeklesio skolebisTvis auditi im mizniT, rom Seefasebina skolis finan-
suri dokumentebi da ganesazRvra, Tanxebis ra nawili ekuTvnoda religiur da seku-
larul ganaTlebas, sasamarTlos azriT, qmnida mWidro da gangrZobad urTierTobas
saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom, rogorc pensilvaniis, aseve rod ailen-
dis kanoni sxva saxis saSiSroebasac Seicavda am programebis politikuri uTanxmoebis
potenciur wyaroebad gadaqcevis gamo. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, sazogadoebaSi, sadac
397
moswavleebis sakmaod didi nawili ganaTlebas religiur skolebSi iRebda, didi
SesaZlebloba iyo imisa, rom religiuri skolebisTvis saxelmwifo daxmareba gamoiwvevda
farTomasStabiani politikuri kampaniis wamowyebas. religiuri skolebis daxmarebis
SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos azriT, samrevlo skolebis mxardamWerni politikur arenas
sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad gamoiyenebdnen. xolo isini, vinc ewinaaRmdgeba am
saxelmwifo daxmarebas konstituciuri, fiskaluri, Tu religiuri safuZvlis gamo, aseve
politikuri kampaniiT upasuxeben.
zogadad, politikuri debatebi saxelmwifos demokratiuli sistemis jansaRi ga-
moxatulebaa, magram, sasamarTlos azriT, isini religiuri kuTxiT im arsebiTi zianis
momtania, romlis winaaRmdegac pirveli Sesworebaa mimarTuli. sasamarTlos Tanax-
mad, sazogadoebrivi azris gayofa religiuri skolebis saxelmwifo daxmarebasTan
dakavSirebiT, sxva iseTi sakiTxebis ignorirebas gamoiwvevs, romlebic dauyovnebliv
gadawyvetas saWiroeben.
iseve, rogorc pensilvaniis kanoni, rod ailendis kanonic sasamarTlos mier ara-
konstituciurad iqna cnobili.
religiuri skolebi lemonis saqmis Semdgom. lemonis saqmeSi miRebulma gadawyve-
tilebam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula sasamarTlos mier ganaTlebis sferosTan
dakavSirebul sxva saqmeebis gadawyvetaSi. Tumca lemonis samnawiliani testi sakmaod
didi kritikis qveS moeqca. magaliTad, erT-erTi kritikosi werda, rom samnawiliani
testis Sedegad urTierTsawinaaRmdego sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRebuli
da rom SeuZlebeli iyo am gadawyvetilebebis erTmaneTTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
swored am Seusabamobis ilustrireba iyo is, rom, magaliTad, sasamarTlom ukananod
gamoacxada religiuri skolebis moswavleTaTvis Terapiuli da diagnosamedicino
momsaxurebis gaweva sajaro mosamsaxureTa mier religiuri skolis teritoriaze,
Tumca kanonierad aRiara igive momsaxureba neitralur adgilze; ukananod gamoacxada
religiuri skolebisTvis maswavleblebis mier momzadebuli testebis administrire-
bis xarjebis anazRaureba imave religiuri skolebisaTvis, maSin rodesac kanonierad
iTvleboda saxelmwifos mier momzadebuli testebis administrirebisTvis gaweuli
xarjebis anazRaureba; kanonieri iyo saxelmwifos mier religiuri skolis moswavle-
ebisTvis saxelmZRvaneloebis gadacema, radgan winaswar SeiZleboda imis Semowmeba,
saxelmZRvaneloebi religiuri Sinaarsisa iyo Tu ara; magram ukanono iyo saxelmwi-
fos mier religiuri skolis moswavleebisTvis iseTi saganmanaTleblo saSualebebis
gadacema, rogorebic iyo rukebi da audioCamwerebi; saxelmwifos SeeZlo gadaexada
religiuri skolis moswavleebis transportirebis xarjebi, magram ar SeeZlo daefinan-
sebina maTi eqskursiebi saxelmwifo, kulturul da samecniero centrebSi, romlebic
gaamdidrebdnen maT sekularul ganaTlebas. yvelaferi es, kritikosebis azriT,
miuTiTebda qaosur, aralogikur da Seusabamo sasamarTlo praqtikaze.
miuleri alenis winaaRmdeg214

minesotis sagadasaxdo kanoni awesebda TiToeuli moswavlis saswavlo, trans-
portirebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis safasuris 500-dan 700 dolaramde odenobis
anazRaurebas. es kanoni ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi uproblemod moqmedebda, sanam
is gasaCivrebul ar iqna eklesiis dawesebis klauzulis darRvevis safuZvelze.
398
uzenaesma sasamarTlom winamdebare saqme lemonis saqmeSi SemuSavebuli standar-
tebis mixedviT ganixila.
sasamarTlom, upirveles yovlisa, ganixila sakiTxi imis Taobaze, emsaxureboda
Tu ara minesotis kanoni sekularul mizans. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, Statis gadaw-
yvetileba, rom SeRavaTi gaewia yvela mSoblisTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu sad swav-
lobdnen maTi Svilebi, warmoadgenda sakmaris mtkicebulebas imisa, rom kanons seku-
laruli mizani hqonda. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, moqalaqeebis ganaTlebis done
ekonomikuri da politikuri keTildReobis mniSvnelovan indikators warmoadgens
da, sasamarTlos azriT, Statis mcdeloba, daxmareba gaewia mSoblebisTvis ganaT-
lebis mzardi xarjebis dafarvaSi, mxolod Statis mier Tavisi mosaxleobisTvis ga-
naTlebis uzrunvelyofis sekularul mizans emsaxureboda. sasamarTlos mosaz-
rebiT, minesotis Stats SeeZlo daeskvna, rom kerZo skolebis, rogorc religiuris,
ise arareligiuris, finansuri keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovan sajaro
interess emsaxureboda. aseTi skolebi uzrunvelyofen mravalricxovani moswavle-
ebis ganaTlebas da sajaro skolebs mniSvnelovani tvirTisgan aTavisufleben. yve-
laferi es gaxda safuZveli uzenaesi sasamarTlos daskvnisTvis, rom es kanoni sru-
lad akmayofilebda lemonis pirvel standarts kanonis miznis sekularobis moTxov-
nis Sesaxeb.
sasamarTlom aseve ganixila sakiTxi imis Taobaze, uwyobda Tu ara xels minesotis
kanoni arasajaro skolebis religiuri miznebis ganxorcielebas. sasamarTlom ga-
dawyvita, rom es kanoni lemonis testis meore nawilsac akmayofilebda da gamoyo
kanonis ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtori. pirveli, rom am kanonis garda, minesotis
Statis sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba sxva SeRavaTebsac sTavazobda mosaxleobas, maT
Soris samedicino xarjebsa da saqvelmoqmedo Semowirulobebze.
garda amisa, sasamarTlom kanonis Zlier mxared aRiara is, rom igi Tanabar Se-
RavaTs awesebda yvela mSoblisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, kerZo Tu sajaro, religiur
Tu arareligiur skolaSi swavlobda misi Svili. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, SeRa-
vaTis uzrunvelyofa jgufebis farTo speqtrisTvis sekularuli Sedegis mniSvne-
lovan indikators warmoadgenda.
sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom SeRavaTis micema mSoblebis da ara pirdapir sko-
lebisaTvis religiis dawesebis klauzulis analizis umniSvnelovanes faqtors war-
moadgenda. is, rom minesotis kanoni mSoblebs exmareboda da ara pirdapir skolebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom saboloo ekonomikuri Sedegi orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive
iyo, sasamarTlos azriT, kanonis konstituciurobaze metyvelebda.
momCivnebi amtkicebdnen, rom kanoni, saboloo jamSi, religiur dawesebulebebs
uWerda mxars. maT mtkicebulebad mohyavdaT statistikuri monacemebi, romelTa
Tanaxmad, sajaro skolebis mSoblebis umravlesoba SeRavaTiT ar sargeblobda da
kanoni, ZiriTadad, mxolod religiur skolebSi moswavle bavSvebis mSoblebisTvis
iyo sasargeblo. sasamarTlom ar ganixila aseTi tipis dava detalebSi. man aRniSna,
rom dauSvebeli iyo iseTi wesis aRiareba, romlis mixedviTac neitraluri kanonis
konstituciuroba daefuZneboda wliur angariSebs, romlebic Seicavda sxvadasxva
moqalaqeTa klasobrivi jgufebis mier SeRavaTze gakeTebuli ganacxadebis raodeno-
bis maCveneblebs. sasamarTlos azriT, is, rom sxvadasxva kerZo pirebi konkretul
wels sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver axerxebdnen ganacxadis Setanas SeRavaTze neitra-
399
luri kanonis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, nakleb mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvraSi, kon-
stituciuria Tu ara es kanoni.
sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom kerZo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi im mSob-
lebTan erTad, romlebic ixdian aseT skolebSi bavSvebis ganaTlebis safasurs, sak-
maod pozitiur gavlenas axdens ganaTlebis sferoSi. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT,
religiurma skolebma, garda TavianTi religiuri miznebis ganxorcielebisa, uzrun-
velyves ganaTlebis miRebis alternatiuli SesaZlebloba milionobiT amerikelis-
Tvis. isini konkurencias uweven sajaro skolebs da zogierT StatSi mniSvnelovnad
amsubuqeben sajaro skolebis funqcionirebisTvis damaxasiaTebel sagadasaxado
tvirTs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom gamarTlebulad CaTvala, detalu-
rad ar ganexila empiriul monacemebze damyarebuli argumenti, romelic momCivanma
wamoayena. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom saganmanaTleblo SeRavaTis Sesaxeb
minesotis kanoni sruliad akmayofilebda pirveli Sesworebis dawesebis klauzu-
las.
grend rapidis saskolo olqi bolis winaaRmdeg215

grend rapidis saskolo olqSi xorcieldeba or programa kerZo skolebis mos-
wavleebisTvis. „erToblivi drois programa~ moicavda maTematikur, musikalur, fi-
zikur da sxva saxis ganaTlebis kurss. maswavleblebi am programis farglebSi sajaro
skolebis srul ganakveTze momuSave pirebi iyvnen. programiT gaTvaliswinebuli sas-
wavlo kursi moswavlis skolaSi daswrebis drois aT procents moiTxovda.
`saTemo ganaTlebis programa~ iswavleboda kerZo skolebSi regularuli sasko-
lo dRis damTavrebis Semdeg da moicavda xelosnobisa da espanuri enis saswavlo
kurss. maswavleblebi saskolo olqis mier naxevar ganakveTze daqiravebuli ZiriTa-
dad, religiur skolebSi mTlian ganakveTze momuSave pirebi iyvnen.
orive programis xelmZRvaneli iyo sajaro moxele, romelmac SearCia progra-
maSi monawile religiuri skolebi. programebis monawile skolebis umetesoba kaTo-
likuri da protestantuli iyo.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, saxelmwifom SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos religiis
gavrcelebas, rogorc konkretuli religiuri dogmebis indoqtrinaciiT, ise Tavisi
uflebamosilebebisa da valdebulebebis religiuri seqtebis uflebamosilebebTan
da valdebulebebTan identificirebiT. Tu aseTi identificireba saxelmwifos mxri-
dan religiis mxardaWeras, an mis raimenair SezRudvas gulisxmobs, maSin, sasamar-
Tlos Tanaxmad, irRveva religiis dawesebis klauzulis centraluri principi. Sesa-
bamisad, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, lemonis testis mTavari amocanaa imis garkveva,
warmoadgens Tu ara simboluri kavSiri eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris seqtis mim-
devrebisTvis religiis gavrcelebis mxardaWeras, xolo aramimdevrebisTvis maTi
individualuri religiuri arCevanis uaryofas. aseTi Sedegis ganxilva, sasamarTlos
azriT, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda moxdes, rodesac saqme exeba bavSvebs.
am programebis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom programebiT uzrunvelyofili daxma-
reba pirdapir moswavleebs xmardeboda da ara skolebs. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT,
yvela daxmareba religiuri skolebisTvis, ra Tqma unda, saboloo jamSi moswavles
xmardeboda da aseTi argumentis miReba gamoiwvevda religiuri skolebisTvis yvela
400
formis araideologiuri daxmarebis dakanonebas, maT Soris im daxmarebisa, romelic
sasamarTlom sxvadasxva saqmeebis ganxilvisas uaryo. sasamarTlos azriT, mTavari
iyo ara daxmarebis adresatis vinaoba, aramed is, rom daxmareba arsebiTi xelSewyoba
iyo religiuri dawesebulebis funqcionirebisTvis.
programebis momxreebi aseve amtkicebdnen, rom maTi Sedegi araarsebiTi iyo, rad-
gan programebiT gaTvaliswinebuli saswavlo kursi mxolod kurikulumis damateba
iyo, moicavda im sagnebis swavlebas, romlebic manamde ar iswavleboda religiur sko-
lebSi da ar iyo savaldebulo skolis SinaganawesiT an saxelmwifo regulaciebiT.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, SeuZlebeli iyo imis garkveva, uzrunvelyof-
dnen Tu ara am sagnebis swavlebas religiuri skolebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ar
iqneboda Setanili sajaro skolebis kurikulumSi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom arasak-
marisad damajereblad CaTvala momCivnebis mier am programebiT uzrunvelyofili
saswavlo sagnebis gansxavaveba im niSniT, rom isini kurikulumis damateba iyo da ara
ZiriTadi sagani. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu programebiT
uzrunvelyofili ramdenime sagani marTlac ar iswavleboda adre, isini (programebi)
Seicavda maTematikas, kiTxvas da sxva iseT sagnebs, romlebic manamde Sedioda sas-
kolo kurikulumSi da Sesabamisad, miuxedavad programis „damatebiTi~ xasiaTisa, is
ewinaaRmdegeboda religiis dawesebis klauzulas. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom
momCivnebis argumentis dakmayofileba SesaZleblobas miscemda sxva sajaro skolebs,
TandaTanobiT TavianTi sruli kontrolis qveS moeqciaT religiuri skolebis kuri-
kulumi. religiuri skolebi aRar gaagrZelebdnen arsebuli kursebis swavlebas, rad-
gan isini ramdenime weliwadSi Canacvlebul iqneboda msgavsi saxelmwifo programe-
biT, romlebic imave sagnebs moicavda.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom aRniSnul programebSi monawile 41 skoli-
dan 40 „Rrmad religiuri~ iyo da gadawyvita, rom saxelmwifo programebi sami gziT
uwyobdnen xels religiis gavrcelebas. upirveles yovlisa, didi albaToba iyo, rom
„Rrmad religiuri~ skolebis gavlenis gamo, maswavleblebi moswavleebis indoqtri-
nacias ganaxorcielebdnen saxelmwifos xarjze. meore, sekularuli saxelmwifos mi-
er uzrunvelyofili religiuri skolebis programebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sim-
boluri kavSiri saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris Seicavda saxelmwifos mier moswav-
leebSi da farTo sazogadoebaSi religiis gavrcelebis mxardaWeris `mesijs~.
dabolos, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, programebiT finanseboda religiuri dawesebu-
lebis funqciebi, kerZod, religiuri skolebis sekularuli sagnebis swavleba.
aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom „saTemo ganaT-
lebisa~ da „erToblivi drois programebis~ ganxorcielebas mosdevda religiis mxar-
daWeris pirdapiri Sedegi, rac ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli Sesworebis religiis dawesebis
klauzulas.
agilari feltonis winaaRmdeg216

dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb 1965 wlis aqtis I Tavi uflebas aZlevda
ganaTlebis saministros, gaenawilebina finansuri daxmareba adgilobriv saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebebs Soris, raTa daekmayofilebina mcire Semosavlis mqone oja-
xebis bavSvebis ganaTlebis saWiroeba.
401
1966 wlidan niu-iorki uzrunvelyofda saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebas, aRniSnu-
li aqtis I Tavis Sesabamisad, religiuri skolebis moswavleebisTvis religiuri sko-
lebis bazaze. am skolebSi arsebuli saswavlo programebi moicavda kiTxvisa da maTe-
matikis damatebiT gakveTilebs (unarSezRuduli moswavleebisTvis) da inglisuris,
rogorc meore enis, gakveTils. am gakveTilebs nebayoflobiT atarebdnen sajaro
skolebis muSakebi (maswavleblebi, fsiqiatrebi, fsiqologebi da sxva).
uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom am saqmeSi irRveoda lemonis testis mesame
principi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris da-
uSveblobis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos azriT, aseTi urTierTkavSiris warmoSobis saSiS-
roeba Semdeg safuZvlebs emyareboda: pirveli, daxmareba „Rrmad religiur~ gare-
moSi iyo warmodgenili; meore, radganac daxmareba moswavleebisTvis gakveTilebis
Catarebas gulisxmobda, mudmivi kontroli iyo saWiro imisTvis, rom gakveTilebis
msvlelobisas ar momxdariyo moswavleebisTvis religiuri `mesijis~ gadacema; da
mesame, administraciuli TanamSromloba sajaro skolebisa da religiuri skolis
muSakebs Soris qmnida zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris safuZvels. uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom es daxmareba arakonstituciurad gamoacxada.
mosamarTle pauelis Tanmxvedri azri

mosamarTle pauelis azriT, am daxmarebas, eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris zed-
metad mWidro kavSiris Seqmnis saSiSroebis garda, politikuri uTanxmoebis warmo-
Sobis safrTxec axlda. mosamarTlis Tanaxmad, aseTi saSiSroeba gulisxmobda poli-
tikur debatebs religiuri skolebisTvis saxelmwifo daxmarebis micemis mizanSe-
wonilobisa da SezRuduli saxelmwifo resursebis saTanadod ganawilebis Sesaxeb.
pauelis gancxadebiT, niu-iorkis Statis mravalferovani religiuri mosaxleobis
pirobebSi gardauvali iyo religiuri skolebisTvis daxmarebis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo
gadawyvetilebis politikuri ganxilva. mosamarTlis azriT, es programa aseve wina-
aRmdegobaSi modioda lemonis testis „Sedegis~ nawilTan.
mosamarTle burgeris gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle burgerma aRniSna, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba programis
arakonstituciurad cnobis Sesaxeb uamrav moswavles waarTmevda im damatebiT gak-
veTilebze daswrebis uflebas, romelsac isini Zalze saWiroebdnen. mosamarTlis
gancxadebiT, yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi iyo is, rom
udidesi adamianuri xarjis fonze, rac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Tanamdevi
iqneboda, sasamarTlo arc ki Seecada aqtis pirveli Tavis mxridan religiis Tavisuf-
lebisaTvis mtkicebadi safrTxis identificirebas.
mosamarTle o’konoris gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle o’konoris gancxadebiT, azri imis Sesaxeb, rom sajaro skolis mas-
wavleblebis mier religiuri skolebis bazaze gakveTilebis Catareba xels Seuwyob-
da religiis gavrcelebas, usafuZvlo iyo niu-iorkis gamocdilebis fonze. mosa-
marTlis gancxadebiT, cxrameti wlis ganmavlobaSi arc erTxel ar yofila sajaro
skolis maswavleblis mier moswavleebis konkretuli religiuri dogmebiT saxelm-
wifos xarjze indoqtrinaciis faruli Tu Ria mcdeloba.
gadaxveva agilaris sasamarTlo precedentidan. dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaT-
lebis Sesaxeb aqtis I Tavis programa, romelic ukanonod gamocxadda agilaris sasa-
marTlo saqmeSi, 1965 wels dawyebuli siRaribis winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erTi mTa-
402
vari komponenti iyo. am aqtis miRebisas kongresi miznad isaxavda yvela im bavSvis
daxmarebas, romelic saganmanaTleblo an ekonomikuri sirTuleebis winaSe idga. kon-
gresma sajarod aRniSna kanonis miRebisas, rom ganaTlebis programa yvela moswavles
unda Sexeboda, imis miuxedavad, sajaro skolaSi swavlobda is Tu kerZoSi. I Tavis
saganmanaTleblo programis akrZalviT sasamarTlom SeaCera niu-iorkis aTasobiT
moswavlis swavlis procesi.
agilaris sasamarTlo precedentidan pirveli gadaxveva moxda saqmeSi vitersi
mxedvelobas moklebulTa momsaxurebis vaSingtonis departamentis winaaRmdeg217 ,
romelSic sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom saxelmwifo daxmareba pirdapiri gziTac SeiZ-
leba mimarTuli iyos religiuri skolebis arasekularuli funqciis Sesasruleblad.
dabadebidan smenas moklebuli jeims zobresti meeqvsedan merve klasis CaTvliT
eswreboda gakveTilebs tuskonis adgilobriv sajaro skolaSi, arizonis StatSi,
sadac is saskolo olqis mier uzrunvelyofili iyo smenas moklebulTaTvis gankuTv-
nili TarjimaniT. mecxre klasidan mSoblebma religiuri mizezebis gamo is salpo-
intis kaTolikur skolaSi gadaiyvanes da unarSezRuduli individebis ganaTlebis
Sesaxeb aqtis Sesabamisad moiTxoves, rom olqs uzrunveleyo Tarjimani salpointis
skolaSi. olqma mimarTa olqis prokurors, romelmac ganacxada, rom aseTi moTxov-
nis dakmayofileba daarRvevda SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucias. arizonis gene-
raluri prokuroric daeTanxma saolqo prokuroris Sexedulebas. am Sexedulebebze
dayrdnobiT olqma uari ganucxada zobrests moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. mSoblebma
mimarTes sasamarTlos, sadac amtkicebdnen, rom unarSezRudulTa ganaTlebis aqti
da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula moiTxovdnen olqisgan Tarjimanis uz-
runvelyofas da, rom religiis dawesebis klauzula ar ewinaaRmdegeboda aseTi moT-
xovnis dakmayofilebas. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom TarjimaniT uzrunvelyofa
xels Seuwyobda saxelmwifo xarjze zobrestis religiur ganviTarebas, rac religiis
dawesebis klauzulis sawinaaRmdego iqneboda. saapelacio sasamarTlom daadastura
qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samarTlianoba.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom zobrestis saqmeSi ganacxada, rom religiis dawesebis kla-
uzula ar ukrZalavda olqs, uzrunveleyo unarSezRuduli bavSvisTvis Tarjimani,
raTa xeli Seewyo misTvis ganaTlebis miRebaSi. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, saxelmwi-
fo programa, romelic moqalaqeTa farTo jgufisTvis neitralurad uzrunvelyofs
sargebels, ar eqvemdebareba mtkicebas religiis dawesebis klauzulis darRvevis
Taobaze mxolod imis gamo, rom religiur dawesebulebebs aseve SeuZliaT miiRon
programis farglebSi finansuri sargebeli. sasamarTlos azriT, radganac unarSez-
Ruduli individebis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb aqti ar qmnida imis finansur interess, rom
mSoblebs aerCiaT religiuri skola, amitom Tarjimanis uzrunvelyofa ar SeiZle-
boda mikuTvnebul yofiliyo saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebisTvis.
sasamarTlos daskvniT, mxolod is, rom Tarjimani — sajaro mosamsaxure _ es-
wreboda religiur gakveTilebs, ar aqcevda ukanonod am daxmarebas. arapirdapiri
daxmarebisgan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, am saqmeSi moswavle pirdapir
iRebda sargebels, skola ki mxolod iribad. garda amisa, Tarjimani, maswavleblisgan
gansxvavebiT, raimes arc aklebda da arc umatebda skolis religiur garemos. is
mxolod Targmnida im masalas, rac mTeli klasisTvis iqneboda warmodgenili. sasa-
marTlos gancxadebiT, ar arsebobda sajaro mosamsaxuris religiur skolaSi muSa-
obis absoluturi akrZalva.
403
mosamarTle blekmuni, mosamarTle stivensTan da mosamarTle o’konorTan erTad,
ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. blekmunis azriT, sasamarTlom am saq-
meSi daakanona sajaro mosamsaxuris pirdapiri monawileoba religiur indoqtrina-
ciaSi. mosamarTlis mixedviT, saxelmwifo kveTda dasaSveb zRvars da uzrunvelyofda
religiuri ideis gavrcelebis saSualebas. blekmunis azriT, Tu dakmayofildeboda
momCivnis moTxovna, calsaxa iyo, rom saxelmwifos mier daqiravebuli Tarjimani
xels Seuwyobda mis religiur ganaTlebas da amiT daexmareboda salpointis skolas
religiuri indoqtrinaciis misiis ganxorcielebaSi. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT,
dawesebis klauzula irRveva, Tu religiuri skola saxelmwifo resursebs Tavisi
religiuri miznebisTvis iyenebs.
reiCel agostini da sxvebi beti-luiz feltonisa da sxvebis winaaRmdeg;

qalaq niu-iorkis ganaTlebis sabWos kancleri da sxvebi beti-luiz
feltonisa da sxvebis winaaRmdeg218

agilari feltonis winaaRmdeg219 saqmeze uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom pir-
veli Sesworebis dawesebis klauzula ukrZalavda niu-iorks, gaegzavna sajaro skolis
maswavleblebi religiur skolebSi unarSezRuduli bavSvebisTvis gakveTilebis Casa-
tareblad. winamdebare saqmeSi momCivnebi amtkicebdnen, rom agilaris saqme aRar
Seesabameboda uzenaesi sasamarTlos religiis dawesebis iurisprudencias da moiTxov-
dnen sasamarTlosgan, rom is aRar yofiliyo moqmedi precedenti.
mosamarTle o’konorma, romelmac gadmosca sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, ganac-
xada, rom dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb aqtis I Tavis amocanas warmoad-
genda, yvela bavSvisTvis, ganurCevlad misi ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa, sruli ga-
naTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofa. man aRniSna, rom momsaxurebani, uz-
runvelyofili kerZo skolis bavSvebisTvis, sajaro skolebis sxva momsaxurebaTa
Tanazomieri unda iyos. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, I Tavis programebi agreTve unda
iyos sekularuli, araideologuri da neitraluri. amasTanave, es programebi unda
iyos damatebiTi da Camnacvlebeli im programebisa, romlebic ukve iswavleba kerZo
skolebSi. garda amisa, mxolod sajaro moxeleebi SeiZleba iyvnen kerZo skolaSi I
Tavis programis instruqtorebi. kerZo skolaSi gakveTilis Catarebamde, instruq-
tors miecemoda detaluri werilobiTi da zepiri instruqcia I Tavis sekularuli
miznebisa da gansazRruli wesebis Taobaze, romelTa Sesrulebac uzrunvelyofda
sekularobis moTxovnis dacvas.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmeSi grend rapidis saskolo olqi bolis winaaRmdeg220
ganzogadebuli saxiT Semdegnairad warmoaCina sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Ziri-
Tadi punqtebi: 1) iTvleba, rom nebismieri sajaro moxele, romelic kerZo skolis
bazaze muSaobs, konkretul religias uwevs propagandas; 2) kerZo skolis teritori-
aze sajaro moxelis yofna qmnis eklesiisa da saxelmwifos simbolur kavSirs; 3) nebis-
mieri saxelmwifo daxmareba, romelic religiuri skolis ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo
funqciis subsidirebas uzrunvelyofs, afinansebs religiur indoqtrinacias, maSinac
ki, Tu daxmareba gamoeyofa skolas kerZo piris da ara saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebis
Sedegad. damatebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoyo agilaris saqmiT aRiarebuli me-
oTxe principi, romlis Tanaxmad, kontroli religiuri skolis bazaze momuSave
404
sajaro moxeleebze — maTi muSaobis sekularuli xasiaTis uzrunvelsayofad, qmnida
saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSirs.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, bolisa da agilaris221 Semdgomma saqmeebma
sruliad Secvala aseTi saqmeebisadmi midgoma da zemoT CamoTvlili prinicipebic.
Tumca, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, ar Secvlila is ZiriTadi principebi, romlebsac sa-
samarTlo iyenebda imis Sesafaseblad, arRvevda Tu ara saxelmwifo daxmareba dawe-
sebis klauzulas. magaliTad, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, aseTi saqmeebis ganxilvi-
sas ZalaSi rCeboda imis garkevevis aucilebloba, saxelmwifo, religiis mxardaWeris
mizniT moqmedebda Tu, piriqiT, misi SezRudvis mizniT. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom
bolisa da agilaris sasamarTlo saqmeebis Semdgomi cvlilebebi, sasamarTlos mier
im kriteriumebis axleburi gagebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romlebze dayrdnobiTac
unda gadawyvetiliyo, hqonda Tu ara religiisadmi daxmarebas dauSvebeli Sedegi.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom agilaris saqmis Semdeg aseve Seicvala re-
ligiuri indoqtrinaciisadmi midgoma. upirveles yovlisa, uzenaesma sasamarTlom
gaauqma mikisa da bolis sasamarTlo saqmeebiT aRiarebuli prezumfcia, rom sajaro
moxelis religiur skolaSi muSaobis gardauvali Sedegia religiuri indoqtrina-
cia an saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris simboluri kavSiri. am prezumfciis gauqmebis
ilustrirebaa uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba zobrestis saqmeSi. am saqmeSi
sasamarTlom daukmayofila zobrests religiur skolaSi saxelmwifos mier daqirave-
buli Tarjimanis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis moTxovna da uaryo mosazreba, rom re-
ligiis dawesebis klauzula absolutur SezRudvas awesebda sajaro mosamsaxuris
religiur skolaSi muSaobaze. sasamarTlom ar aRiara mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
saxelmwifos mier daqiravebuli Tarjimani religiuri garemos gavlenis qveS moeq-
ceoda da moswavles religiur dogmebs STaagonebda. amis sapirispirod, sasamarT-
lom daaskvna, rom Tarjimani keTilsindisierad daicavda eTikur da profesiul nor-
mebs da patiosnad gadaTargmnida im teqsts, rac gakveTilze warmoiTqmeboda. Sesa-
bamisad, zobrestis saqmem uaryo mosazreba (romelsac daeyrdno sasamarTlo bo-
lisa da agilaris saqmeebSi), rom sajaro moxelis ubralo daswreba kerZo skolis
bazaze Sedegad iZleoda moswavleebis religiur indoqtrinacias. zobrestis saqmiT
aseve uaryofil iqna mosazreba, rom sajaro moxelis kerZo skolaSi yofna qmnis
saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris simbolur kavSirs.
garda amisa, uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo wesi, romelsac is daeyrdno bolis
saqmis ganxilvisas, rom yvelanairi daxmareba, romelic pirdapir exeba religiuri
skolis saganmanaTleblo funqcias, arakonstituciuria. amis magaliTia vitersi va-
Singtonis brmaTa momsaxurebis departamentis winaaRmdeg222 saqmeSi miRebuli ga-
dawyvetileba, rom dawesebis klauzula ar ukrZalavda saxelmwifos, mieca granti
usinaTlo adamianisTvis, romelic qristianul skolaSi eswreboda gakveTilebs. am
saqmeSi sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom grantis gamoyofisTvis ganmsazRvreli faqtori
ar iyo konkretuli institutis religiuri Tu arareligiuri buneba. sasamarTlos
mosazrebiT, aranairi gansxvaveba ar arsebobda grantis aseT gamoyofasa da sa-
xelmwifos mier muSakisTvis Cekis micemas Soris, imis winaswar codniT, rom es ukanas-
kneli mTlian Tanxas an mis nawils kontribuciis saxiT gadascemda religiur dawe-
sebulebas. ZiriTadi am orive situaciaSi iyo is, rom, religiuri dawesebuleba aseT
daxmarebas mxolod kerZo piris damoukidebeli arCevanis Sedegad iRebda.
405
zobrestisa223 da vitersis saqmeebSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba cxadyofda, rom
„erToblivi drois programa~ bolis saqmeSi da niu-iorkis I Tavis programa agilaris
saqmeSi aRar SeiZleboda CaTvliliyo indoqtrinaciiT religiis mxardaWeris Sedegis
matareblad. marTlac, is principebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac miiRo gadawyveti-
leba sasamarTlom bolis saqmeSi, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Semdgomi gadawyvetilebebis
mixedviT, ukve aRar iTvleboda marTebulad. pirveli, uzenaesma sasamarTlom zob-
restis saqmiT uaryo, rom sajaro mosamsaxure mxolod imis gamo, rom is religiur
skolaSi aswavlida, gadauxvevda Tavis pasuxismgeblobas da religiur indoqtrina-
cias mihyofda xels. zobrestis saqmiT aseve uaryofil iqna bolis saqmeSi gamotani-
li daskvna, rom saxelmwifo dafinansebaze myofi maswavleblis yofna religiur
skolaSi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris simbolur kavSirs qmnida. bolis saqmeSi
mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom religiis dauSvebeli xelSewyoba ar moxdeboda, Tu
sajaro skolis maswavlebeli imave tipis gakveTils religiuri skolis moswavleebs
arareligiuri skolis teritoriaze Cautarebda. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, ama
Tu im programis konstituciurobis sakiTxs gansazRvravda is, Tu sad iqneboda Ca-
tarebuli gakveTili, rac, uzenaesi sasamarTlos azriT, yovlad uazro da arago-
nivruli msjeloba iyo.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom aseve uaryo mosazreba, rom I TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli
momsaxureba agilaris saqmeSi damatebiTi ganaTlebis Canacvlebas warmoadgenda. uze-
naesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, agilaris saqmeSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba emyare-
boda spekulacias imis Taobaze, rom SeuZlebeli iyo zRvaris gavleba damatebiTsa
da zogad ganaTlebas Soris. sasamarTlos azriT, miRebuli gadawyvetileba aseve ar
emyareboda mtkicebulebas, rom I Tavis regulaciebi iseTi momsaxurebiT irRveoda,
romelic anacvlebda religiuri skolis mier uzrunvelyofil ganaTlebas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, beneficiarebis identifikaciis kriteriumi,
romelic religiuri indoqtrinaciis finansur stimuls qmnis, TavisTavad moicavs
religiis mxardaWeris efeqts. arc zobrestis saqmeSi da arc vitersis saqmeSi aseTi
finansuri stimulis arseboba ar dafiqsirebula. finansuri stimuli ar arsebobs
im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifo daxmareba gamoyofilia neitraluri, sekula-
ruli kriteriumis safuZvelze, romelic arc xels uwyobs religias, arc zRu-
davs mas da xelmisawvdomia rogorc religiuri, aseve sekularuli benefici-
arebisTvis.
am msjelobis gamoyenebis Sedegad uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom I Tavis
programa arc xels uwyobda religias da arc zRudavda mas, radgan ar qmnida reli-
giuri indoqtrinaciis finansur stimuls.
rac Seexeba agilaris saqmeSi gacxadebul daskvnas, rom I Tavis programis Sedegad
zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiri iqmneboda eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris, uze-
naesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom yvela tipis urTierTdamokidebulebas ara aqvs
religiis mxardaWeris Sedegi. agilaris saqmeSi sasamarTlom sam safuZvelze dayr-
dnobiT gamoitana zedmetad mWidro urTierTdamokidebulebis daskvna: 1) programa
moiTxovda sajaro moxeleebze zedamxedvelobas; 2) igi aseve iTxovda administraci-
ul TanamSromlobas; 3) didi albaToba iyo, rom programa gaamZafrebda politikur
uTanxmoebas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, pirveli ori safuZveli TavisTavad arasakmari-
406
sia zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris SeqmnisTvis. zobrestis saqmis Semdeg sasamar-
Tlom daaskvna, rom sajaro mosamsaxure ar mihyofda xels indoqtrinacias mxolod
imitom, rom is religiur garemoSi aRmoCndeboda. aseTi daskvna, uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos azriT, aseve uaryofda sajaro mosamsaxureebis saqmianobaze monitoringis
ganxorcielebis aucileblobas.
daskvnis saxiT uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom niu-iorkis I Tavis programa
ar ewinaaRmdegeboda arc erTs im sami kriteriumidan, romlebic gamoiyeneboda imis
gansasazRvrad, xels uwyobda Tu ara saxelmwifo religiis gavrcelebas. programa
ar iwvevda religiur indoqtrinacias; ar gansazRvravda beneficiarebs religiuri
niSniT; ar qmnida zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSirs. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom da-
askvna, rom agilaris saqme da bolis saqmis nawili, romelic „erToblivi drois prog-
ramas~ exeboda, aRar SeiZleboda CaTvliliyo moqmed precedentad.
mosamarTle souteris gansxvavebuli azri, romelsac SeurTdnen mosamarTleebi

stivensi, ginsburgi da breiri (nawilobriv)
mosamarTle souteri ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. man ganacxada,
rom sasamarTlos mier miRebuli Sedegi uaryofda sakmaod gonivrul zRvars, gav-
lebuls bolisa da agilaris saqmeebiT, da akanonebda religiuri institutebisadmi
saxelmwifo daxmarebas religiis dawesebis klauzulis ZiriTadi SezRudvis dar-
RveviT.
mosamarTlis azriT, agilaris saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba sakmaod goniv-
ruli iyo da, ubralod, zedmetad mWidro urTierTobis Seqmnaze gadatanilma aqcen-
tma daCrdila is faqtebi, romlebic damoukideblad iTxoven dawesebis klauzulis
ori umniSvnelovanesi principis gamoyenebas: 1) saxelmwifos ekrZaleba, moaxdinos
religiis pirdapiri gziT subsidireba; 2) saxelmwifos ekrZaleba, ganaxorcielos
raime iseTi qmedeba, romelic SeiZleba miCneul iqnes religiis mxardaWerad. mosa-
marTlis gancxadebiT, religiis subsidirebis dauSveblobis wesi gamoxatavs amerikis
istoriis manZilze mravaljer Seswavlil mware gakveTils, rom saxelmwifos re-
ligiisadmi mxardaWera zRudavs ara marto maT religiis Tavisuflebas, vinc am reli-
gias ar misdevs, aramed Tavad am konkretul religias, romelic zedmeti sekula-
rizmis saSiSroebis winaSe dgeba.
mosamarTlis azriT, swored es principebi dairRva agilarisa da bolis progra-
mebis Semdegi maxasiaTebeli niSnebis gamo: orive uzrunvelyofda gakveTilebs re-
ligiuri skolis bazaze, orive programa Seicavda im sagnebs, romlebic ZiriTadi iyo
dawyebiT da saSualo ganaTlebaSi, rogoricaa kiTxva da maTematika; miuxedavad imisa,
rom am programebs damatebiTi ganaTlebis saxeli mieniWa, isini uzrunvelyofdnen
im sagnebis swavlebas, romelTa swavlebac sxvagvarad religiuri skolebis pasuxis-
mgebloba iyo. Tumca programebi sTavazobdnen daxmarebas arasajaro skolebs, reli-
giuri skolebis monawileoba maTSi sakmaod farTo iyo. dabolos, daxmareba pirdapir
skolebs xmardeboda, gansxvavebiT arapirdapiri daxmarebisgan, romelic kerZo
damoukidebeli arCevanis Sedegia.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifo dafinansebaze myofi maswavleblebis moTavsebas religi-
uri skolebis fizikur da socialur garemoSi, mosamarTlis azriT, aq mTavari is ar
iyo, rom maswavlebeli religiuri gavlenis qveS moeqceoda. arc is iyo mTavari, rom
maswavlebeli Tavis gakveTilebSi skolis religiur misias asaxavda, rac warmoSobda
407
saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis saWiroebas da Sedegad zedmetad mWidro urTierTobis
damyarebas gamoiwvevda. mosamarTlis Tanaxmad, mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom programa
uSvebda swavlebis iseT pasuxismgeblobas, romelic ganurCeveli iyo Tavad skolis
pasuxismgeblobisgan. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis val-
debuleba, aswavlon kiTxva, im bavSvebzec vrceldeba, romelTac sirTuleebi hqon-
daT kiTxvaSi. miuxedavad imisa, daerqmeva Tu ara garkveul gakveTilebs damatebiTi,
es faqti ar ganasxvavebs maT skolis ZiriTadi sagnebisgan.
daskvnis saxiT, mosamarTlem aRniSna, rom Tu raime zRvari unda gavlebuliyo
religiuri skolebis standartuli sagnebis swavlebis saxelmwifo daxmarebis asakr-
Zalad, maSin bolsa da agilarSi gavlebuli zRvari iyo yvelaze gonivruli, romlis
principuli dacvac SesaZlebeli iyo.
mosamarTle souterma aseve aRniSna, rom I Tavis programis obieqti TavisTavad
iyo Rirebuli, magram miuxedavad amisa, konstituciuri zRvari gavlebuli unda
yofiliyo, rac konstituciuri saxelmwifos arsebobis sazRaurs warmoadgenda.
gai miTCeli meri l. helmsis winaaRmdeg224

ganaTlebis konsolidaciisa da gaumjobesebis aqtis I I Tavis, skolebis daxmarebis
programis farglebSi federaluri xelisufleba anawilebda federalur saxsrebs
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
exmarebodnen sajaro da kerZo skolebs saganmanaTleblo saSualebebiT. bevri kerZo
skola, romelic am daxmarebas iRebda, religiuri iyo. winamdebare saqmeSi sasamar-
Tlos winaSe dadga sakiTxi imis Taobaze, xels uwyobda Tu ara I I Tavis programa
religiis dawesebas, anu irRveoda Tu ara programis aRsrulebis Sedegad pirveli
Sesworebis religiis dawesebis klauzula.
programaSi monawile kerZo skolebi daxmarebas imis mixedviT iRebdnen, Tu ram-
deni moswavle swavlobda skolaSi. I I Tavis programis farglebSi gamoyofili Tanxebi
kerZo skolebisTvis sajaro skolis moswavleebze gaweuli danaxarjis toli unda
yofiliyo. saskolo olqebs unda uzrunveleyoT kerZo skolis moswavleebis samar-
Tliani monawileoba programaSi. garda amisa, programiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmareba
unda yofiliyo damatebiTi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi arafederaluri wyaroebidan
miRebuli daxmarebis Camnacvlebeli. ramdenime SezRudva iyo agreTve kerZo skolebis
mimarT. yvelanairi daxmareba kerZo skolebisTvis unda yofiliyo sekularuli, ne-
itraluri da araideologiuri xasiaTis. garda amisa, kerZo skolebs ar SeeZloT I I
Tavis daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofili saSualebebis misakuTreba, isini maT droebiTi
sargeblobis pirobiT gadaecemodaT.

sasamarTlom warmoadgina kriteriumebi, ris mixedviTac man winamdebare saqmeze
gamoitana gadawyvetyileba. Tu lemonis225 saqmeSi sasamarTlo ixilavda kanonis: a)
sekularul mizans, b) mis mier religiis gavrcelebis xelSewyobas an, piriqiT, Sez-
Rudvas da g) saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris
Seqmnis saSiSroebas, agostinis226 saqmeSi sasamarTlom lemonis am samnawiliani tes-
tis modificireba moaxdina. sasamarTlos daskvniT, mis mier saxelmwifosa da ekle-
sias Soris mWidro urTierTkavSirisa da kanonis pirdapiri Sedegis Taobaze ganxilul
408
saqmeebSi gamoyenebuli msjeloba ZiriTadad msgavsi iyo. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom
moaxdina lemonis testis mesame nawilis modificireba, rogorc kriteriumisa, ro-
melic gamoyenebuli iqneboda kanonis Tanmdevi Sedegis SefasebisaTvis. kanonis Sede-
gis Sefasebis modificirebuli kriteriumebi Semdegi iyo: iyo Tu ara saxelmwifo
daxmarebis Sedegi religiuri indoqtrinacia; gansazRvravda Tu ara daxmareba bene-
ficiarebs religiuri safuZvliT da qmnida Tu ara is zedmetad mWidro urTierT-
kavSirs.
sasamarTlom winamdebare saqme mxolod Sedegis testis Sesabamisad ganixila, rad-
ganac mopasuxeebi ar daobdnen programis sekularuli miznis Taobaze. garda amisa,
sasamarTlom saqme Sedegis testis mxolod pirveli ori kriteriumis Sesabamisad
ganixila, radgan mopasuxeebi aseve ar daobdnen programis mier mWidro urTierT-
kavSiris Seqmnis sakiTxze. am kriteriumebis mixedviT, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom
programis Sedegi ar iyo religiuri indoqtrinacia da arc religiur safuZvelze
xdeboda programis beneficiarebis SerCeva.
sasamarTlos daskvna imis Taobaze, rom am daxmarebis Sedegi ar iyo religiuri
indoqtrinacia, Semdeg safuZvels emyareboda: sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, imisTvis,
rom arsebobdes testis pirveli nawilis mixedviT religiuri indoqtrinacia, aseTi
indoqtrinacia saxelmwifo qmedebis Sedegi unda iyos. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT,
Tu saxelmwifo, romelsac surs xeli Seuwyos garkveuli sekularuli miznis miRwe-
vas, sTavazobs daxmarebas yvelas, rogorc sekularul, aseve arasekularul dawese-
bulebas, ganurCevlad religiisa, maSin am daxmarebas mxolod sekularuli efeqti
aqvs da usafuZvloa daskvna, rom saxelmwifo qmedebis Sedegad adgili aqvs raime
indoqtrinacias. Tumca, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, aseTi daxmarebis struqturis
Seqmnisas saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos erTi mxriv, daxmarebis donis sakmarisoba
am sekularuli miznis xelSewyobisTvis sekularul dawesebulebaSi, xolo meore
mxriv arasaero dawesebulebebis araumetesi daxmareba. imis gansazRvraSi, neitra-
luria Tu ara saxelmwifo daxmareba, anu uzrunvelyofilia Tu ara is yvelasTvis,
ganurCevlad religiisa, saWiroa gaeces pasuxi kiTxvas imis Taobaze, iRebs Tu ara
konkretuli religiuri dawesebuleba saxelmwifo daxmarebas kerZo, individualu-
ri arCevanis Sedegad. religiuri dawesebulebis mier saxelmwifo daxmarebis miReba
individualuri arCevanis Sedegad uzrunvelyofs, rom saxelmwifo ver mianiWebs
upiratesobas konkretul dawesebulebebs, rac Sedegad religiis dawesebas gamoiReb-
da.
garda amisa, testis meore nawilTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom, Tum-
ca programa sTavazobda kerZo, da maT Soris religiur, skolebs iseT daxmarebas,
romelsac isini adre ar iRebdnen, es ar niSnavda imas, rom programa qmnida stimuls
mSoblebisTvis, aerCiaT aseTi ganaTleba. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, yvela saxis
programas garkveuli xarisxiT igive Sedegi hqonda.
mopasuxeebi amtkicebdnen, rom sasamarTlos zemoT aRniSnuli testis magivrad
Semdegi ori wesiT unda exelmZRvanela: pirveli, rom pirdapiri daxmareba religiuri
skolebis saganmanaTleblo misiisadmi TavisTavad dauSvebeli iyo; da meore, rom
nebismieri iseTi daxmarebis uzrunvelyofa religiuri skolebisTvis, romelic SeiZ-
leba religiuri miznebisTvis yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, aseve dauSveblad unda miC-
neuliyo. sasamarTlom mopasuxeTa argumenetebi agostinisa da zobrestis sasamar-
409
Tlo precedentebTan Seusabamod CaTvala Semdegi safuZvlebis gamo: sasamarTlos
gancxadebiT, ar hqonda mniSvneloba, daxmareba pirdapiri iyo Tu iribi im SemTxve-
vaSi, rodesac religiuri skola aseT daxmarebas iRebda kerZo, individualuri ar-
Cevanis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, pirdapiri saxelmwifo daxmareba religiuri skolisT-
vis ar iyo TavisTavad sakmarisi safuZveli, imisTvis, rom saqme gvqonda religiisaT-
vis saxelmwifo mxardaWerasTan. rac Seexeba mopasuxeTa meore arguments, sasamarT-
los mixedviT, radganac saxelmwifo daxmareba gamoyenebadia sajaro skolebisTvis
da daxmarebis miReba xdeboda konstituciiT daSvebuli gziT, aseTi daxmarebis nebis-
mieri gamoyeneba indoqtrinaciisTvis ar SeiZleboda mikuTvneboda saxelmwifo qme-
debas da, Sesabamisad, ar iyo konstituciuri gansjis sakiTxi.
mosamarTle tomasma, romelmac sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamoacxada, moiyvana
oTxi mizezi, romelTa gamoc, skolisTvis saxelmwifo daxmarebis konstituciurobis
Semowmebisas, mniSvneloba ar unda miniWeboda skolis „Rrmad religiur~ bunebas.
pirveli mizezi, mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, iyo is, rom aseTi faqtoris gaTvalis-
winebis praqtika sakmaod Semcirda bolo precedentebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom „Rrmad
religiurobis~ faqtori moxseniebul iqna ramdenime sasamarTlo saqmeSi, mosamarT-
lis gancxadebiT, sasamarTlos ar miuRia gadawyvetileba am faqtorze dayrdnobiT,
garda bolisa da agilaris saqmeebisa, romlebic agostinis saqmeze miRebuli gadaw-
yvetileba ukve aramoqmed precedentebad iTvlebodnen.
meore mizezi, mosamarTlis azriT, iyo is, rom beneficiaris religiur bunebas ar
unda miniWeboda didi mniSvneloba konstituciuri Semowmebisas, Tu daxmarebis mim-
Rebi adekvaturad xels uwyobda mxolod sekularuli miznis miRwevas. mosamarTlis
gancxadebiT, Tu programa sTavazobs daxmarebas rogorc religiur, maT Soris „Rrmad
religiur~, aseve arareligiur dawesebulebebs, maSin gaugebaria, romeli religiuri
Sexeduleba daawesa saxelmwifom da, Sesabamisad, gaugebaria, raSi mdgomareobs Se-
sabamisi konstituciuri darRveva.
garda amisa, mosamarTlis azriT, daxmarebis mimRebis dakiTxva imis gasarkvevad,
warmoadgenda Tu ara is „Rrmad religiurs~, ara marto uadgilo, aramed Seuracx-
myofelic ki iyo. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, ukve didi xnis damkvidrebuli principi
iyo, rom sasamarTloebs Tavi unda SeekavebinaT piris an dawesebulebis religiur
mrwamsSi Carevisgan.
dabolos, mosamarTlem aRniSna „Rrmad religiuri~ skolebis daxmarebisadmi
mtruli ganwyobis samarcxvino istoriis Sesaxeb. mosamarTle tomasis Tanaxmad, re-
ligiuri skolebis daxmarebisadmi dapirispireba aqtualuri gaxda 1870 wels, rode-
sac kongresi ixilavda bleinis Sesworebas, romliTac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo reli-
giuri dawesebulebisaTvis daxmarebis akrZalva. konstituciis Sesworebis sakiTxi
im dros ixileboda, rodesac sakmaod mtruli damokidebuleba iyo kaTolikuri ek-
lesiisadmi da zogadad kaTolikeebisadmi. mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, am dros sityva
„seqtanturi~ kaTolikeebis koduri sityva iyo da is kaTolikes niSnavda. daskvnis
saxiT mosamarTlem aRniSna, rom am saqmeSi dawesebis klauzula ar moiTxovda
religiuri skolebis gamoricxvas saxelmwifo daxmarebis programebidan.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom miusadaga zemoT aRniSnuli agostinis ori kriteriumi
winamdebare saqmes da gadawyvita, rom I I Tavis programas ar hqonda religiis xelSew-
yobis Sedegi. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom I I Tavis programa Sedegad ar iRebda saxelm-
410
wifos mier religiur indoqtrinaciis mxardaWeras, radgan is gansazRvravda daxma-
rebis beneficiarebs neitralurad, anawilebda daxmarebas mSoblebis kerZo arCevanis
Sedegad da ar uzrunvelyofda dauSvebeli Sinaarsis mqone daxmarebas. sasamarTlom
daaskvna aseve, rom I I Tavis programa ar gansazRvravda daxmarebis mimRebebs reli-
giuri safuZvliT. Sedegad saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gauqmda.
mosamarTle souteris gansxvavebuli azri,

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTle stivensi da ginsburgi
mosamarTle souterma gaakritika uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. man ga-
nacxada, rom mxolod neitralobis principi ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo konkretuli
saxelmwifo daxmarebis konstituciurobis ganmsazRvreli. mosamarTlis gancxade-
biT, garda neitralobisa da aradiskriminaciulobisa, kidev sxva faqtorebi unda
yofiliyo mxedvelobaSi miRebuli, rodesac saqme religiuri skolebisaTvis saxelm-
wifo daxmarebas exeboda.
sajaro skolebi
religiuri swavlebisaTvis gamoyofili dro

religiasa da sajaro skolebze pirveli gaxmaurebuli saqmis mTavarma gmirma,
vaSti kromvel makkolumma, gadmosca am saqmis istoria.
1940 wels Cepmenis olqma (ilinoisis Stati) miiRo gegma, romelic uSvebda mis
skolebSi kaTolikur, iudaur da ZiriTad protestantul swavlebebs. makkolumis
Svilma, meoTxe klasis moswavlem, jeims terim protestantuli ganaTlebis miReba
moisurva. vaSti makkolumma neba darTo, magram CaTvala, rom es „indoqtrinacia~
iqneboda. roca jimi mexuTe klasSi gadavida, mamam aukrZala religiis gakveTilebze
daswreba, magram damrigebelma maswavlebelma jims mosTxova, rom klasSi 100%-iani
daswreba unda yofiliyo. rodesac jimi religiis gakveTils acdenda, mas musikisaT-
vis gankuTvnil patara oTaxSi acdevinebdnen, sadac yuradRebas iqcevda Tavisi gan-
martoebiT.227
vaSti makkolumma saCivriT mimarTa skolis direqtors, romelmac uaryo misi moT-
xovnebi. vaStim amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebis erT-erTi ganSto-
ebis, Cikagos sabWos daxmarebiT sasamarTloSi Seitana sarCeli; Tavisi ekonomikuri
gaWirvebis miuxedavad man 5000 dolari gamoyo saqmisaTvis. makkolumma 6000 werilze
meti miiRo, zogisTvis igi „uRmerTo aTeisti~ iyo, sxvebisTvis ki _ Tavisuflebis
nimuSi.228
makkolumi ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg229

es saqme exeba Statis uflebamosilebas, gamoiyenos Tavisi gadasaxadebiT uzrun-
velyofili sajaro skolis sistema religiuri swavlebis dasaxmareblad im CarCoebSi,
rasac mas uwesebs federaluri konstituciis pirveli da me-14 Sesworebebi.
momCivanma, vaSti makkolumma, samarTalwarmoebis sawyis etapze moiTxova Cepmenis
saolqo sasamarTlos brZaneba Cepmenis ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg. igi dainterese-
buli iyo saqmis SedegiT, rogorc Cempenis rezidenti, gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli da
rogorc mSobeli, visi Svilic Cepmenis sajaro skolaSi dadioda. ilinoisSi moqmedebs
411
savaldebulo ganaTlebis kanoni, romelic, gamonaklisebis daSvebiT, mSoblebisagan
moiTxovs, 7-dan 16 wlamde asakis Svilebi gadasaxadebiT uzrunvelyofil sajaro
skolebSi gaagzavnon, sadac isini swavlebisaTvis gamoyofil mTel dros gaatareben.
mSoblebi, romlebic arRveven am kanons, saTanado sasjels eqvemdebarebian, garda
im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac bavSvebi dadian kerZo an samrevlo skolebSi, romlebic
Seesabameba saxelmwifos mier dadgenil saganmanaTleblo standartebs. ganaTlebis
regionalur sabWoebs ekisrebaT zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba sajaro skolebis
Senobebis gamoyenebaze saskolo olqebSi.230
makkolumis mier sasamarTlo brZanebis moTxovna ganaTlebis sabWos mimarT imas
efuZneboda, rom kerZo religiuri dajgufebebis mier daqiravebul religiis maswav-
leblebs neba eZleodaT, yovel kviras evloT skolis SenobebSi saero swavlebisaT-
vis gankuTvnil saaTebSi da 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi religiuri swavlebiT Caenac-
vlebinaT saero swavleba, romelic kanoniT savaldebulo iyo. momCivnis mtkicebiT,
sajaro skolebTan dakavSirebuli es religiuri programa arRvevda konstituciis
pirvel da me-14 Sesworebebs. makkolumis moTxovnis mizani iyo, ganaTlebis sabWos
„mieRo da aemoqmedebina wesebi, romlebic akrZalavda Cempenis #71 saskolo olqis
yvela sajaro skolaSi religiur swavlebas nebismieri saxiT~.
1940 wels iudauri, kaTolikuri da protestantuli aRmsareblobebis daintere-
sebulma wevrebma Camoayalibes nebayoflobiTi asociacia — Cepmenis religiuri ga-
naTlebis sabWo. maT moipoves nebarTva sajaro ganaTlebis sabWosgan, rom SeeTava-
zebinaT religiuri swavleba sajaro skolis moswvleebisaTvis meoTxedan mecxre kla-
sis CaTvliT. klasebi Camoyalibda im moswavleebisaTvis, romelTa mSoblebma dabeW-
dil baraTebze aRniSnes, rom maT Svilebs neba eZleodaT, mieRoT religiuri ganaT-
leba; dabal klasebSi isini kviraSi 30 wuTs mecadineobdnen, maRal klasebSi ki _
ormocdaxuT wuTs. asociaciis mier daqiravebuli religiis maswavleblebi skolis
direqtoris zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofebodnen. klasebSi aswavlidnen protestanti
maswavleblebi, kaTolike mRvdlebi da rabinebi. gakveTilebi Cveulebriv saklaso
oTaxebSi tardeboda. moswavleebi, romlebic ar irCevdnen religiur swavlebas, ar
Tavisufldebodnen sajaro skolis valdebulebebisagan; maT moeTxovebodaT saklaso
oTaxebis datoveba da saero ganaTlebis misaRebad skolis Senobis sxva adgilas
gadasvla. meore mxriv, moswavleebs, romlebic religiuri swavlebisaTvis gaTavisuf-
lebuli iyvnen saero swavlebidan, moeTxovebodaT religiur swavlebaze daswreba.
am daswrebas amowmebdnen maTi saero maswavleblebi.
faqtebi miuTiTebda religiuri swavlebis miznebisaTvis gadasaxadebiT uzrun-
velyofili qonebis gamoyenebaze da religiuri ganaTlebis xelSewyobis saqmeSi sko-
lis administraciisa da religiuri sabWos mWidro TanamSromlobaze. amgvarad saxel-
mwifos savaldebulo ganaTlebis sistema xels uwyobda da CarTuli iyo sxvadasxva
religiuri dajgufebebis mzrunvelobis qveS myofi religiuri swavlebis programaSi.
sasamarTlos azriT, eWvgareSe iyo, rom xdeboda gadasaxadebiT amoRebuli TanxebiT
daarsebuli da uzrunvelyofili sajaro skolis gamoyeneba religiuri jgufebis
dasaxmareblad maTi rwmenis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. es ki, misi azriT, pirdapir eqceva
pirveli Sesworebis akrZalvis qveS, rogorc ganimarta eversonis saqmeSi, romlis
mixedviT, religiis klauzulebi aRmarTavda „separaciis kedels eklesiasa da saxel-
mwifos Soris~. eversonis saqmeSi umravlesobac da umciresobac daeTanxma am azrs.
412
magram maT Soris uTanxmoeba mxolod iman gamoiwvia, Tu ramdenad esadageboda konk-
retuli saqmis faqtebs pirveli Sesworeba.
ganaTlebis sabWos warmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen, rom istoriulad pirveli
Sesworeba gamiznuli iyo imisaTvis, rom xelisuflebisaTvis aekrZala upiratesobis
miniWeba erTi religiisaTvis meoresTan SedarebiT, da ara yvela religiisaTvis mi-
ukerZoebeli daxmarebis gaweva. damatebiT isini iTxovdnen, rom sasamarTlos uareyo
eversonis precedenti, romlis mixedviT me-14 Sesworebam pirveli Sesworebis da-
wesebis klauzulis akrZalva gamoyenebadi gaxada Statebis winaaRmdeg. warmodgeni-
li argumentebis srulad gaazrebis Semdeg mosamarTle bleki SeuZleblad miiCnevda
am mtkicebulebidan romelimes miRebas.
im poziciis dafiqsireba, rom Stats ar SeuZlia pirveli da me-14 Sesworebis Se-
sabamisad gamoiyenos sajaro skolis sistema romelime religiis mier Tavisi moZRv-
rebis gavrcelebisTvis, sulac ar niSnavs religiisadmi da religiuri swavlebebi-
sadmi xelisuflebis mtrul damokidebulebas. amgvari mtruli damokidebulebis
gamovlena ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli Sesworebis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis garan-
tiaSi Camoyalibebul amerikis erovnul tradicias. pirveli Sesworeba efuZneba
princips, rom rogorc saxelmwifo, ise religia ukeT SeZleben dasaxuli miznebis
miRwevas, Tu TiToeuli maTgani Tavisufali iqneba meoris zemoqmedebisgan. anu, ro-
gorc iTqva eversonis saqmeSi, pirveli Sesworeba aRmarTavs kedels eklesiasa da
saxelmwifos Soris, ramdenad maRali da gadaulaxavic ar unda iyos igi.
sasamarTlos azriT, aq ara mxolod Statis gadasaxadebiT uzrunvelyofili sa-
jaro skolis gamoyeneba xdeba religiuri moZRvrebis gasavrceleblad. Stati aseve
did daxmarebas uwevs calkeul religiur jgufebs imisaTvis, rom moswavleebiT uz-
runvelyos maTi religiuri klasebi Statis savaldebulo sajaro skolis meqanizmis
gamoyenebiT. es ar aris eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separacia, — acxadebs sasamar-
Tlo.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle frankfurteris Tanmxvedri azri,

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi jeqsoni, ratliji da bartoni
frankfurteris azri SemdegSi mdgomareobda: „sajaro skola Cveni demokratiis
simbolo da Cveni saerTo miznis ganxorcielebis gavrcelebuli saSualebaa. saxel-
mwifos saqmianobaSi ucxo Zalebis Carevaze ufro mniSvnelovania, rom sxvadasxva
Zala ar Caerios skolis saqmianobaSi da is aRreva, romelsac konstitucia ewinaaR-
mdegeba, Tavidan iqnas acilebuli...~ man Tavisi azri Seajama erTi gamonaTqvamiT r.
frostis poemidan „kedlis SekeTeba~: „kargi Robe qmnis karg mezoblebs~.
kedlebisa da xazebis Sesaxeb. makkolumis saqmis sasamarTlo procesze mosa-
marTle blekma kvlav moaxdina jefersonis mier danberis baptistebisadmi gagzav-
nili werilis citireba „eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciis kedlis~ metaforiT.
eversonis saqmeSi, blekis azriT, kedeli maRali da gadaulaxavi unda yofiliyo.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrma jeqsonma daiCivla, rom es kedeli iseTive daklaknili
iyo, rogoric virjiniis universitetSi „jefersonis mier Seqmnili saxelganTqmuli
gveliseburi kedeli~. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare burgeris azriT, „separa-
ciis xazi „kedelTan~ msgavsebisagan Sors aris da warmoadgens konkretuli urTier-
Tobebis garemoebebze damokidebul cvalebad bariers~.
makkolumis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT gamarTul simpoziumze konstituciis gamoCe-
413
nilma ebraelma komentatorma, milton r. konvicma mxari dauWira sasamarTlos gadaw-
yvetilebas. prinstonis wamyvanma politologma korvinma mosamarTle blekis mier
jefersonis werilze dayrdnoba Secdomad miiCnia. analitikosma salivanma ki aRniSna,
rom garkveuli programebisTvis dro „46 Statis 3000-ze met TemSi~ gamoiyofa. igi
fiqrobda, rom makkolumis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba savse iyo bundovanebiT
da masSi bevri ram iyo sadavo. male saswavlo drois gamoyofasTan dakavSirebuli
sxva saqmec Semovida sasamarTloSi, amjerad gansxvavebuli saqmis viTarebiT: saubari
iyo religiis swavlebis adgilze, sajaro skolis Senobis gareT. mosamarTle jeq-
sonma gamoTqva SiSi, rom kedeli xdeboda ara mxolod „gveliviT daklaknili~, aramed
„mrude da Caxveuli~.
zoraxi klausonis winaaRmdeg231

qalaq niu-iorkSi moqmedebs programa, romelic nebas rTavs sajaro skolebs, ga-
aTavisuflos moswavleebi saswavlo dRis ganmavlobaSi. maT SeuZliaT datovon sko-
lis Senoba, ezo da wavidnen religiur centrebSi religiuri ganaTlebis misaRebad
an RvTismsaxurebaze dasaswrebad. moswavle Tavisufldeba mSoblebis werilobiTi
Txovnis safuZvelze. moswavleebi, romlebic ar arian gaTavisuflebulni, saklaso
oTaxebSi rCebian. eklesiebi yovel kviras angariSs abareben skolebs da ugzavnian im
moswavleebis siebs, romlebic sajaro skolebidan arian gaTavisuflebulni, magram
ar eswrebian religiur swavlebas. religiisaTvis gamoyofili drois es programa ar
gulisxmobs arc religiur swavlebas sajaro skolebSi, arc xarjebis dafarvas sa-
jaro skolis fondidan. yvela xarji, saganacxado blankebis CaTvliT, ifareba reli-
giuri organizaciebis mier. amitom es saqme gansxvavdeba makkolumis saqmisgan. am
ukanasknelSi religiis maswavleblebi skolis saklaso oTaxebs iyenebdnen. amitom
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom programa arRvevda pirvel Sesworebas.
apelantebi, niu-iorkis mkvidri gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebi, romelTa bavSvebi
niu-iorkis sajaro skolebSi swavlobdnen, daupirispirdnen arsebul kanons da amt-
kicebdnen, rom es SemTxveva arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda makkolumis saqmisagan.
maTi argumenti SemdegSi mdgomareobda: skolis mniSvneloba da gavlena gamoiyeneba
religiuri swavlebis programis xelSewyobisTvis.
aq gamoTqmulia azri, rom sistema aiZulebs sajaro skolis moswavleebs, miiRon
religiuri ganaTleba. sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom programis ganxorcielebis praqtika
amgvari daskvnis gamotanis sababs ar iZleva; aq ar aris miniSnebuli, rom sajaro
skolebi aiZulebs moswavleebs religiur skolebSi siaruls da sjis gamcdenebs.
warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis mixedviT Cans, rom skolis administracia neitralu-
ria da mxolod mSoblebis werilobiTi Txovnis safuZvelze aTavisuflebs bavSvebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom pirveli Sesworebis moTxovnebi ar
irRveva.
sasamarTlos azriT, pirveli Sesworeba ar iTxovs nebismieri SemTxvevisaTvis
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separacias. Sesworeba gansazRvravs im gzas, Tu rogor ar
unda iyos saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTze damokidebuli. sxvagvarad religia da
saxelmwifo erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili iqneboda. eklesiebs ver mos-
Txovdnen gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, xolo municipalitetebi ar darTavdnen nebas
414
policias da saxanZro razms, daecvaT religiuri gaerTianebebi. konstituciis dar-
Rvevad CaiTvleboda ficis dadebis dros sityvebis warmoTqma: „da Semewios RmerTi“,
da saerTod, yoveli mimarTva RmerTisadmi, rac xSirad gvxvdeba amerikis kanonebSi,
sazogadoebriv ritualebsa da ceremoniebSi, aseve is locva, riTac ixsneba sasamar-
Tlos sxdomebi: „RmerTma ixsnas SeerTebuli Statebi da misi Rirseuli sasamarTlo“.
sasamarTlo acxadebs, rom amerikelebi religiuri xalxia da am qveyanaSi TiTo-
euli pirovnebis RvTismsaxurebis ufleba garantirebulia. rodesac saxelmwifo
xels uwyobs religiur swavlebas an TanamSromlobs religiur liderebTan, igi ame-
rikis saukeTeso tradiciebs misdevs. konstituciaSi SeuZlebelia im moTxovnis da-
naxva, rom xelisuflebam religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT indiferentuloba unda
gamoiCinos. sasamarTlos azriT, es iqneboda arareligiuri moqalaqeebisTvis upi-
ratesobis miniWeba religiur moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT... Sesabamisad, damtkicebul
iqna qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
mosamarTle blekis gansxvavebuli azri

misi azriT, aq erTaderTi kiTxva ibadeba: SeuZlia Tu ara niu-iorks savaldebulo
ganaTlebis kanonmdeblobis gamoyeneba religiuri gaerTianebebis dasaxmareblad ise,
rom moizidon moswavleebi, romlebic uars ityodnen religiuri ganaTlebis miReba-
ze, saxelmwifos rom ar moexdina maTze zewola. aseTi iZulebis nebismieri saxiT
gamoyeneba religiuri gaerTianebebis dasaxmareblad an yvela religiuri gaerTiane-
bisTvis arareligiur moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT upiratesobis miniWeba da piriqiT
aris swored is, rasac, blekis azriT, pirveli Sesworeba krZalavs. bleki acxadebda,
rom niu-iorki religiuri gaerTianebebis moswavleebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi
daxmarebis gawevis mizniT savaldebulo ganaTlebis kanoniT manipulirebda. es aris
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ara separcia, aramed kombinacia.
mosamarTle bleki aRniSnavda, rom pirveli Sesworebis mizani iyo garantiis Seq-
mna, raTa arc erT Zlier seqtas ar SeZleboda politikuri da saxelisuflebo Zalis
gamoyeneba misgan gandgomilTa dasasjelad. es ki miiRweva mxolod religiis sfero-
dan saxelmwifos sruli izolaciiTa da misgan neitralobis moTxovniT, raTa yoveli
denominaciisa da yvela urwmunos Tavisufleba daculi iyos. bleki brals sdebs
sasamarTlos, rom man daiviwya es neitraloba, rodesac niu-iorkis savaldebulo
sistemas uwoda programa, romelic ubralod „xels uwyobs religiis maswavlebels
an TanamSromlobs religiur liderebTan“.
igi acxadebs, rom religiis Tavisuflebis amerikuli sistemis pirobebSi xalxi
dadis religiur msaxurebaze ara kanonis SiSis, aramed RmerTis siyvarulis gamo. ase
rom, adamianis suli Tavisuflad akeTebs arCevans rwmenas an urwmunoebas Soris sa-
xelmwifos mxridan raime saxis zewolis gareSe. pirveli Sesworeba dakargavda Tavis
daniSnulebas, Tu morwmunes an urwmunos kanonis winaSe Tanabar mdgomareobaSi ar
Caayenebda. xelisuflebas ar unda mieces neba, rom „TanamSromlobis“ sababiT Seipa-
ros religiuri arCevanis xelSeuxebel sferoSi...

igi miiCnevs, rom sasamarTlo ver asxvavebs valdebulebas da religias. misi az-
riT, es saqme makkolumis232 saqmisagan mxolod detalebiT gansxvavdeba. magram mak-
kolumis saqmeze da am saqmeze sasamarTlos mier gamoTqmuli azrebis Sedareba mas
415
afiqrebinebs, rom makkolumi iyo `qariSxali Cais WiqaSi~, xolo saxelmwifosa da
eklesias Soris aRmarTuli kedeli mas Semdeg ufro mrude da Caxveuli gaxda, vidre
es mosalodneli iyo.
locva da bibliis kiTxva skolebSi

Semdeg saqmeSi ganixileba, SeuZlia Tu ara xelisuflebas, daawesos „aradenomi-
naciuri locva“ sajaro skolebisTvis. aris Tu ara xelisufleba msajuli, romelic
wyvets, romeli RvTismsaxurebis formaa misaRebi? aris Tu ara misi amgvari qmedeba
dawesebis klauzulis darRveva? 1962 da 1963 wlebSi sasamarTlom pasuxi gasca am
kiTxvebs. pirveli gadawyvetileba xelisuflebis mier Sedgenil locvas exeboda. me-
ore ki — uflis locvis, „mamao Cvenos“, aRvlenasa da bibliis kiTxvas.
enjeli vitales winaaRmdeg233

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyetileba
mopasuxe mxarem, niu-iorkis niu-haid parkis Tavisufali skolis gaerTianebis #9
olqis ganaTlebis sabWom, Statis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, ubrZana skolis direq-
tors, yoveli saswavlo dRis dawyebis win Semdegi locvis xmamaRla warmoTqma
daewesebina: „yovlisSemZle RmerTo, Cven vaRiarebT Cvens damokidebulebas Senze da
viTxovT, gvakurTxo Cven, Cveni mSoblebi, maswavleblebi da Cveni qveyana“. es yovel-
dRiuri procedura regentebis Statis sabWos rekomendaciiT iqna miRebuli. es
samTavrobo uwyeba Statis konstituciiT Seiqmna da niu-iorkis kanonmdeblobam mas
Statis sajaro skolis sistemaze farTo zedamxedvelobis aRmasrulebeli da sakanon-
mdeblo uflebebi mianiWa. am sajaro dawesebulebam Seadgina locvis teqsti, romelic
gamoqveynda, rogorc „skolebSi zneobrivi da sulieri swavlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis“
nawili, sadac aRniSnuli iyo: „gvwams, rom es gancxadeba misaRebi iqneba yvela qalisa
da mamakacisaTvis da movuwodebT maT, dagvexmaron am programis ganxorcielebaSi“...
sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom niu-iorkis Statis programa oficialurad awesebs re-
ligiur rwmenas regentebis locvis meSveobiT. misi azriT, mopasuxe mxaris argumen-
ti, rom locva „aradenominaciuria“ da rom Statis sasamarTlos mier mowonebuli
programis mixedviT, moswavlisaTvis locvis wakiTxva nebayoflobiTia, programis
konstituciuri defeqtebis ignorirebas axdens. es argumentebi programas ver
aTavisuflebs dawesebis klauzulis SezRudvisagan, rogorc es SesaZlebeli iqneboda
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis mimarT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es klauzu-
lebi nawilobriv erTmaneTs faravs, isini krZalavs xelisuflebis ori gansxvavebuli
saxis SeWras religiis TavisuflebaSi. aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulisagan
gansxvavebiT, dawesebis klauzula ar aris damokidebuli xelisuflebis mxridan pir-
dapiri iZulebis demonstrirebaze da igi irRveva im kanonebiT, romlebic ofici-
alur religias awesebs, maSinac ki, Tu am kanonebs pirdapiri iZulebis xasiaTi ar
aqvs. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom kanonebi, romlebic oficialurad awesebs
RvTismsaxurebas, ar gulisxmobs calkeuli pirebis iZulebas. rodesac romelime
religiis ukan xelisuflebis Zalaufleba, prestiJi da finansuri mxardaWera dgas,
cxadia, xdeba arapirdapiri zewola religiur umciresobebze im mizniT, rom gabato-
nebuli, oficialuri mxardaWeris mqone religiis winaSe daTmon TavianTi poziciebi.
niu-iorkis Statis kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze regentebis locvis oficialuri
daweseba ar Seesabameba dawesebis klauzulis miznebs.
416
sasamarTlos azriT, imis mtkiceba, rom sajaro skolebSi religiuri msaxurebis
akrZalvisTvis konstituciis gamoyeneba religiisadmi mtruli damokidebulebis ga-
moxatvaa, udidesi Secdomaa. arc mkrexelobaa da arc antireligiuria, rom xeli-
suflebas ara aqvs oficialuri locvis Sinaarsis Sedgenis an misi sanqcirebis uf-
leba. man es wminda religiuri funqcia xalxs unda dautovos, romelic Tavad gadaw-
yvets, rogor warmarTos Tavisi religiuri cxovreba.
mosamarTle stiuartis gansxvavebuli azri

misi azriT, sasamarTlom ar unda CaTvalos, TiTqos niu-iorkma gavlena moaxdina
vinmes religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze, radgan Statis sasamarTloebma naTe-
li gaxades, rom is, vinc locvas warmoTqvams, sruliad Tavisufali unda iyos raime
saxis iZulebisagan.234 magram sasamarTlo ambobs, rom am ubralo locvis warmoTqmis
daSvebiT niu-iorkis xelmZRvanelobam „oficialuri religia~ daawesa. mosamarTle
stiuarti fiqrobs, rom, piriqiT, skolis bavSvebisTvis locvis warmoTqmis akrZalva
igivea, rac amerikeli eris sulier memkvidreobasTan ziarebis akrZalva.
biblia sajaro skolebSi. Tavisufali sajaro ganaTlebis momxre horas mani icav-
da bibliis gamoyenebas masaCusetsis sajaro skolebSi. igi, rogorc Statis ganaTle-
bis sabWos mdivani, Tavis daskvniT angariSSi acxadebs: „Cveni sistema gulmodgined
nergavs saerTo qristianul morals; igi Tavis morals afuZnebs religiaze; igi
miesalmeba biblias; da bibliis miRebiT mas eZleva imis micemis saSualeba, risi mice-
mac sxva sistemas ar SeuZlia — „Tavad isaubros sakuTar Tavze~. mani fiqrobs, rom
Cvens droSi ar arsebobs erTi qalaqic ki, romlis skolebSic ar kiTxuloben bibliis
mefe jeimsiseul versias.
saeklesio kanonebi kaTolikeebs ukrZalavs bibliis iseTi Targmanis wakiTxvas,
romelic ar aris aRiarebuli eklesiis mier. mefe jeimsis biblia, romelsac Cveuleb-
riv iyeneben sajaro skolebSi, ar aris kaTolikuri eklesiis mier sanqcirebuli Tar-
gmani. kaTolikeebma igi ar miiRes, radgan igi protestantuli iyo. 1859 wels bostonSi
11 wlis tomas uolma uari ganacxada aTi mcnebis wakiTxvaze mefe jeimsis bibliidan,
ris gamoc maswavlebelma dasaja. bostonis sasamarTlom maswavlebeli gaamarTla.
kaTolike gogona garicxul iqna elsuorTis skolidan bibliis mefe jeimsis ver-
siis kiTxvaze uaris Tqmis gamo. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom „bibliis kiTxva ar aris
sarwmunoebasTan imaze metad dakavSirebuli, vidre berZnul-romauli miTologiis
kiTxva~.235 sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom akrZalul wignTa indeqsi kaTolikeebs sxva
wignebis wakiTxvasac ukrZalavs da acxadebs: „erTi aRmsareblobisadmi akrZalvis
uflebis miniWeba yvela skolas mis mimarT daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi Caayeneb-
da~.
ebraelebmac Seitanes saCivari bibliis kiTxvis gamo. luizianis StatSi ebraelma
mSoblebma protesti gamoTqves sajaro skolebSi axali aRTqmis raime nawilis wakiT-
xvaze. luizianis uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom bibliis kiTxvis praqtika ar-
Rvevda Statis konstitucias da axali aRTqma gamoacxada „qristianobis safuZvlad
da sakiTxav wignad, romelic efuZneba im swavlebas, rom qriste aris RmerTi. amitom
misi swavleba upiratesobas aniWebs qristianebs da amave dros axdens ebraelebis
diskriminacias~.236
ToTxmeti Statis sasamarTloebma mxari dauWires bibliis kiTxvas, rva Statis
sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom es praqtika arRvevda Statis konstitucias.237 ocdaCvid-
417
metma Statma dauSva bibliis kiTxva, maT Soris Cvidmetma — statutis meSveobiT. am
praqtikis winaaRmdeg Statis konstituciis safuZvelze yvelaze adrindeli gadawyve-
tileba miRebul iqna minori cincinatis ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqmeSi.238 uka-
naskneli msgavsi saqme iyo samxreT dakotaSi 1929 wels.239
wina saqmeebisagan gansxvavebiT, Sempis saqme federalurma sasamarTlom ganixila
pirveli Sesworebis safuZvelze. mosarCeleebi, eduard da sidnei Sempebi, unitari-
anuli eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen, romlebic pensilvaniaSi abingtonis dawyebiT skolaSi
atarebdnen sam Svils. Sempebi amtkicebdnen, rom samebis, qristes RvTiurobisa da
RvTis, rogorc Surismgebeli msajulis, Teologiuri doqtrinis Semcveli wm. werili
ewinaaRmdegeboda maT rwmenas. ufrosma Svilma, elorim, protesti ganacxada bibli-
idan aTi strofis regularulad yovel saswavlo dRes wakiTxvaze. man pirvelad
protestis demonstrireba moaxdina TavisTvis yuranis kiTxviT im dros, roca biblias
xmamaRla kiTxulobdnen. mosarCele mxaris eqspertis, rabin solomon greizelis
azriT, axali aRTqma, iudauri rwmenis TvalTaxedviT, mkrexeluri Sinaarsis Semcveli
iyo. federaluri sasamarTlos samma mosamarTlem bibliis kiTxva arakonstituciur
qmedebad miiCnia.
abingtonis saskolo olqi Sempis winaaRmdeg;

miurei kiurletis winaaRmdeg240

dawesebis klauzulis gamoyenebis sakiTxis garkvevisas sasamarTlom aRmoaCina,
rom Statebi skolebSi yoveli saswavlo dRis dawyebis win bibliis garkveuli stro-
febis kiTxvas da erTobliv locvas iTxovdenen (Sempisa da miureis saqmeebi241 ). es
qmedebebi sakurikulumo aqtivobebis Semadgenel nawilad ganixileba. sasamarTlom
Sempis saqmeSi saswavlo dRis dawyebis win bibliis kiTxva religiur ceremoniad mi-
iCnia da, misi azriT, swored amas moiTxovda Stati, rac arRvevs dawesebis klauzu-
las.
miureis saqmeSi warmodgenil qmedebebs msgavsi specifikuri religiuri xasiaTi
ara aqvs. Stati acxadebs, rom es programa aris mcdeloba, win wamoswios zneobrivi
Rirebulebebi Cveni drois materialisturi tendenciebis sapirispirod, daicvas
amerikis institutebi da aswavlos literatura. mowinaaRmdege mxare acxadebda, rom
skolebSi bibliis mefe jeimsis versiis kiTxva seqtanturi qmedeba iyo. sasamarTlo
amas Statis mier religiuri xasiaTis qmedebis sanqcirebad miiCnevs da aradamaje-
reblad Tvlis im gancxadebas, rom am SemTxvevaSi biblia gamoiyeneba saero mizniT
da rogorc arareligiuri zneobrivi STagonebis saSualeba.
sasamarTlo askvnis, rom orive saqmeSi kanonebi moiTxovs religiuri qmedebebis
Sesrulebas, rasac momCivnis uflebebis pirdapir darRvevamde mivyavarT. Sefasebas
ar arbilebs is, rom calkeul moswavleebs neba eZlevaT, ar miiRon masSi monawileoba
mSoblebis Txovnis safuZvelze (ix. enjeli vitales winaaRmdeg242 ). ufro metic, ga-
umarTlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom am SemTxvevebSi religiuri praqtika, SesaZloa,
SedarebiT naklebad iWreba pirveli Sesworebis moqmedebis sferoSi. sasamarTlos
azriT, neitralobaSi momxdari garRveva, rac dRes SeiZleba viwro nakadi iyo, male
damangreveli niaRvari gaxdeba da, medisonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „saWiroa gangaSis
atexa Cvens Tavisuflebebze pirveli eqsperimentis CatarebisTanave~.
418
Tumca, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom ganaTleba ver iqneba sruli SedarebiTi reli-
giaTmcodneobis an religiis istoriisa da civilizaciis miRwevebTan misi kavSirebis
Seswavlis gareSe da biblia SeiZleba iswavlebodes misi literaturuli da istori-
uli xasiaTis gamo. bibliisa da religiis amgvari swavleba, rodesac igi obieqturad
aris warmodgenili, rogorc saero ganaTlebis programis nawili, aranairad ar ewi-
naaRmdegeba pirvel Sesworebas. magram sasamarTlo acxadebs, rom zemoxsenebuli
qmedebebi ar eqceva am kategoriebSi. isini religiuri xasiaTisaa da maT Sesrulebas
Stati pirveli Sesworebis im moTxovnebis darRveviT moiTxovs, romlis mixedviT
xelisuflebam unda SeinarCunos mtkice neitraliteti religiis mimarT.
sasamarTlos miuReblad miaCnia is azri, rom neitralobis koncefcia, romelic
Stats nebas ar aZlevs, moiTxovos religiuri qmedebis Sesruleba, Tundac umravle-
sobis TanxmobiT, ewinaaRmdegeba umravlesobis aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas. aRmsa-
reblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula aSkarad krZalavs Statis mier nebismieri moqala-
qis religiis Tavisuflebis Selaxvas, Tumca ar gulisxmobs, rom umravlesoba ufle-
bamosilia Statis saxelisuflebo berketebi gamoiyenos Tavisi rwmenis gamosaxatad.
mosamarTle brenanis Tanmxvedri azri

mosamarTle aRniSnavs, rom sajaro skolebSi swavla arasodes yofila savaldebu-
lo; mSoblebi moralurad da konstituciurad Tavisuflebi arian, airCion is akade-
miuri garemo, romelSic surT, rom maTma Svilebma miiRon ganaTleba. pirveli Ses-
worebis dawesebis klauzulis damokidebuleba sajaro skolis sistemisadmi saukeTe-
soa imiT, rom igi icavs calkeuli mSoblebis amgvar arCevans da TiToeuli Statis an
saskolo olqis amomrCevlebis umravlesobas ar aniWebs upiratesobas. arCevani, ro-
melic amgvarad aris daculi, keTdeba demokratiuli Rirebulebebis matarebel sa-
jaro saero ganaTlebasa da zogierT kerZo an religiur skolas Soris, romelic
sakuTar Rirebulebebs sTavazobs sazogadoebas. mosamarTle brenanis azriT, pir-
veli Sesworeba saxelmwifos ukrZalavs, SezRudos arCevanis es Tavisufleba rome-
lime alternativis mimzidvelobis dakninebiT _ kerZo skolebis Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudvis gziT, survilisamebr danergon esa Tu is Rirebulebebi, an sajaro skolebis
TavisuflebisaTvis safrTxis SeqmniT...
mosamarTlis azriT, saero miznebi, romlebsac religiurobis gamomxatveli qme-
debebi emsaxureba, or kategoriad iyofa: qmedebebi, romlebic saTaves iRebs uSu-
alod religiuri gamocdilebidan da maTSi monawileoben bavSvebi; da qmedebebi, rom-
lebic imdenad daclilia religiuri Sinaarsisgan, rom maTi ganxilva SesaZlebelia
rogorc arareligiurisa. rac Seexeba im mosazrebas, rom religiuri swavleba SeiZ-
leba emsaxurebodes zneobrivi da sulieri Rirebulebebis Setanas sajaro skolebSi,
mosamarTle brenani fiqrobs, rom es miznebi aSkarad religiuri xasiaTisaa da ikr-
Zaleba dawesebis klauzuliT. amitom igi ar amarTlebs am qmedebebs im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tu isini wminda saero xasiaTis sargebels moitanen, radgan msgavs arareligiur
gavlenaze laparakobdnen makkolumis saqmeSi religiuri swavlebisaTvis gamoyofili
drois programis Sesaxeb.
amgvari religiuri praqtikis gamarTlebisas acxadeben, rom igi saero miznebs
emsaxureba, moswavleebi ufro Semwynarebelni iqnebian erTmaneTis mimarT da gaumjo-
besdeba disciplina. mosamarTle miiCnevs, rom am miznebis miRweva naklebad sakamaTo
meTodebiTac SesaZlebelia. magaliTad, saxelganTqmuli amerikeli sazogado moRva-
419
weebis mier warmoTqmul sityvebi, an amerikeli eris Tavisuflebis memkvidreobis
Semcveli dokumentebi (mag. „erTgulebis aRTqma~); igi am miznebis misaRwevad efeqtur
saSualebad Tvlis saswavlo dRis dawyebis win wuTieri dumilis dacvas. es saSuale-
bebi ise moemsaxureba dasaxul miznebs, rom arc religiuri Temebis wevrebis religiis
Tavisuflebas SezRudavs da arc eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separacias daarRvevs.
mosamarTle acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo orive SemTxvevaSi arakonstituciurad moqme-
debs, rodesac Sedegi arapirdapir religiur Sinaarss atarebs da maSinac, roca igi
religias Tavisi saero miznebisTvis iyenebs.
mosamarTle akritikebs im azrs, rom am problemebis gadaWra SesaZlebelia Te-
ologiis „saerTo birTvis~ SeqmniT, romelic yvela mrwamss moergeba, magram arc
erT maTgans ar mianiWebs upiratesobas. mosamarTle Tavis pozicias analitikosebis
SexedulebebiT amyarebs. erT-erTma maTganma aRniSna: „istoria ar metyvelebs maT
sasargeblod, vinc imeds amyarebs eklesiisgan gamoyofili religiis saerTo mniSv-
nelis Seqmnaze~.243 mRvdelma gustav veigelma ki gamoTqva farTod gavrcelebuli
Sexeduleba: „nebismieri religiuri sazogadoebis moraluri kodeqsis unificirebaa
SesaZlebeli, magram Rrmad morwmune pirovnebebs ar surT amgvari SekumSva~. amerikis
ganaTlebis sabWo acxadebda: „saerTo birTvis~ SeqmniT xdeba zogierTi rwmenis Ser-
bileba da maTi dayvana saerTo arsebiT principebamde. aman SesaZloa migviyvanos
axali seqtis — sajaro skolis seqtis — Camoyalibebamde, romelic Tavis adgils
daikavebs sxva arsebul religiebs Soris da maT metoqeobas gauwevs~. mosamarTle
fiqrobs, rom Tu dawesebis klauzula ewinaaRmdegeba araseqtantur religiur
praqtikas,244 „saerTo birTvis“ midgomac, mravali religiuri jgufis azriT, aRmsa-
reblobis Tavisuflebis kluzulis darRveva iqneba. amitom mosamarTle askvnis, rom
dasaSvebsa da dauSvebels Soris zRvari unda gaivlos istoriisa da fuZemdebeli
mamebis Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad.
mosamarTle stiuartis gansxvavebuli azri

1940 wels qenTvelis saqmeSi245 miRebuli gadawyvetilebidan moyolebuli, sasa-
marTlom mxolod orjer cno arakonstituciurad Statis kanonebi imis safuZvelze,
rom isini xels uwyobda religiis dawesebas da arRvevda me-14 Sesworebas.246 meore
mxriv, sasamarTlom im kanonebis mxardaWera gamoxata, romlebic kvira dRes gansazRv-
ravda iZulebiT dasvenebis dRed,247 da adgenda sajaro skolebis fondebidan kom-
pensaciis gacemas samrevlo skolebis moswavleebis mgzavrobisaTvis.248
mosamarTle acxadebs, rom pirveli Sesworebis sxva garantiebisgan gansxvavebiT
dawesebis klauzulisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia religiis mxardaWeraSi saxelmwifos
SezRudva. am SezRudvaze gamoiTqva azri eversonis saqmeSi: „saxelmwifom Tavisi Za-
laufleba ar unda gamoiyenos religiis mxardaWeris an romelime religiisaTvis upi-
ratesobis miniWebisaTvis~. Semdgom saqmeSi sasamarTlom aRiara, rom am SezRudvas
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa moiTxovda.
mosamarTle stiuarti Tvlis, rom orive saqmeSi (Sempis da miureis saqmeebi249)
warmodgenilia debulebebi, romlebic aSkarad rTavs nebas nebismier moswavles, sur-
vilis SemTxvevaSi ar miiRos monawileoba am qmedebebSi. arc erT saqmeSi ar Cans ra-
ime saxis iZuleba. aranairi samxili ar iqna moyvanili mtkicebulebad miureis saqmeSi,
420
sadac saqmis Sewyveta mowinaaRmdege mxaris moTxovnebis usafuZvlobis gamo gadaw-
yda. Sempis saqmeSi arsebuli masalebi, mosamarTlis azriT, miuTiTebda mxolod
mSoblis subieqtur winaswarmetyvelebaze imasTan dakavSirebiT, ra SeiZleboda moh-
yoloda statutiT dadgenil qmedebebSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmas. amgvar qmedebas
ar hqonia adgili. Sesabamisad, gaurkvevelia, ra SeiZleboda mas mohyoloda da ra
administraciuli garigebis safuZvelze SeZlebda skola, zewolisagan gaeTavisuf-
lebina is pirovneba, romelsac am qmedebebSi monawileobis miRebis survili ar eqne-
boda.
mosamarTle stiuarti acxadebs, rom is, rasac amerikis konstitucia aucileblad
icavs, aris yoveli amerikelis, ebraelis Tu agnostikosis, qristianis Tu aTeistis,
budistis Tu Tavisuflad moazrovnis Tavisufleba, swamdes an ar swamdes, RvTis-
msaxurebas aRasrulebdes an ar aRasrulebdes, loculobdes an dumils icavdes,
sakuTari sindisis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebis mxridan iZulebisa da SezRudvis gareSe.
igi fiqrobs, rom SesaZloa, skolis sabWoebi SeuZleblad miiCneven am konstituciuri
standartis pirobebSi saswavlo saaTebis dros religiuri qcevebis administrirebas
ise, rom maTSi monawileobis survilis armqone piri Tavisufali iyos yovelgvari
oficialuri zewolisgan. magram misi azriT, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos skolis
sabWoebi gamomgoneblobisa da keTili nebis iseT naklebobas ganicdian, rom am miznis
miRweva SeuZlebeli iyos.
Tavdapirveli ganzraxvis gamokvleva. uzenaesi sasamarTlos zogierTi mosa-
marTle gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas pirveli Sesworebis avtorebis „Tav-
dapirveli ganzraxvis~ amocnobaze da misdami erTgulebis SenarCunebaze. Sempis
saqmeze Tavisi Tanmxvedri azris gamoTqmisas mosamarTle brenani Semdeg pozicias
ikavebs: „dasaSvebsa da dauSvebels Soris zRvari unda gaivlos istoriis da fuZe-
mdebeli mamebis Sexedulebis safuZvelze~. magram mogvianebiT brenani wers, rom „fu-
Zemdebeli mamebis miznebis gacnobiereba yovelTvis ver gadaWris konkretul prob-
lemebs~.
skolaSi locvisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomaa qveynis masStabiT skolebis sabWo-
ebSi misi realuri gavlenis gaanalizeba. am gavlenis gamokvlevebis mixedviT 1953-
1968 wlebSi mTel qveyanaSi arc erT saqmes ar gamouwvevia Sempis saqmis msgavsi re-
aqcia. Sempis saqmeze kongresis reaqcia dauyovneblivi da mrisxane iyo. kongresis
wevrebma ar moiwones gadawyvetileba. senatorma brikerma wamoayena winadadeba, mi-
eRoT konstituciuri Sesworeba Sempis gadawyvetilebis gasauqmeblad. miuxedavad
iseTi liderebis mxardaWerisa, rogoricaa senatori everet dirkseni, winadadebam
mxardaWera ver moipova. am mcdelobas warmateba ar mohyolia maSinac, roca orjer
ganaaxles saqmis ganxilva 1970 da 1980 wlebSi.250 sasamarTlos Tavs daatyda sazoga-
doebis kritikis qarcecxli. Sempis saqmis avtors, mosamarTle tom klarks, mouwia,
ganemarta, rom misi Sexeduleba ar gulisxmobda imas, rasac zogierTi politikosi
da komentatori acxadebda.
421
aTi mcnebis gamokvra skolis SenobebSi
kentukis statuti moiTxovda kerZo SemowirulobebiT SeZenili aTi mcnebis eg-

zemplaris gamokvras Statis yoveli sajaro skolis saklaso oTaxebSi. 1978 wlis 17
ivniss ZalaSi Sesuli es kanoni kedelze gamosakravi tabulis parametrebsac ki gan-
sazRvravda.
ZiriTad warweras mcire SriftiT ganmarteba unda mohyoloda imis Sesaxeb, rom
aTi mcnebis teqstis saero demonstrireba miznad isaxavda misi, rogorc dasavluri
civilizaciisa da amerikuli saerTo samarTlis fundamenturi samarTlebrivi kodeq-
sis, warmodgenas. sasamarTlom kanoni gaauqma saero miznis arqonis gamo.
stouni grehemis winaaRmdeg251

momCivnebi amtkicebdnen, rom statuti xelyofda konstituciis pirveli Seswo-
rebis klauzulebs dawesebisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb da moiTxov-
dnen sasamarTlo brZanebas misi moqmedebis SesaCereblad. kentukis sasamarTlom
mxari dauWira statuts, radgan CaTvala, rom mas savsebiT saero, arareligiuri mizani
hqonda; igi arc xels uwyobda da arc xelyofda romelime religias an religiur
jgufs da arc saxelmwifos emuqreboda misTvis ucxo religiur sferoSi CaTreviT.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo ki miiCnevs, rom miznebis aSkarad saero xasiaTi ver abaTilebs
statutis konfliqts konstituciis pirvel SesworebasTan. amave sasamarTlom ara-
konstituciurad cno bibliisa da sauflo locvis kiTxva sajaro skolebSi miuxeda-
vad mtkicebisa, rom es wesi materializmis epoqaSi zneobriv RirebulebaTa propa-
gandas emsaxureboda.
sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom aTi mcnebis gamokvra skolis kedlebze religiur mi-
zans emsaxureba. aTi mcneba sakraluri teqstia iudaizmsa da qristianobaSi da saero
miznebis deklarirebiT TvalSi nacris Seyra azrs moklebulia, radgan aTi mcneba ar
Semoifargleba mxolod adamianTa Soris amqveyniuri urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli
normebiT, igi upirveles yovlisa morwmuneebs gansazRvrul religiur valdebu-
lebebs akisrebs. es is SemTxveva ar aris, rodesac biblia, SesaZloa, konstituciis
Sesabamisad istoriis, civilizaciis, eTikis da msgavsi sagnebis Sesaswavlad gamo-
iyenebodes. religiuri teqstebis kedlebze gamokvras ar SeiZleba msgavsi saswavlo
daniSnuleba hqondes. misi zemoqmedeba piradi aRmsareblobis sferoze vrceldeba
da ar Seesabameba dawesebis klauzulas.
mosamarTle renkvistis gansxvavevbuli azri

mosamarTle acxadebs, rom sasamarTlos uaryofiT daskvnas sakanonmdeblo or-
ganos mier gacxadebuli da Statis sasamarTlos mier dadasturebuli statutis
saero miznis Taobaze precedenti ar gaaCnia dawesebis klauzulis iurisprudenciaSi.
transcendenturi meditacia rogorc religia: malnaki iogis winaaRmdeg252
„SemoqmedebiTi gonebis mecniereba — transcendenturi meditacia“ (SCI/TM), ro-

gorc fakultaturi sagani, SemoRebul iqna xuT saSualo skolaSi. saxelmZRvanelod
gamoiyeneboda maharaSi maheS iogis mier Sedgenili wigni. swavlebis process warmar-
422
Tavdnen aSS-s „msoflio gegmis aRmasrulebeli sabWos“ mier momzadebuli pedagogebi.
transcendenturi meditaciis praqtikis arsebiTi nawili mdgomareobda imaSi, rom
yovel monawiles eZleoda personaluri mantra. mantras gadacema xdeboda kursze
(„pujaze“) savaldebulo daswrebis dros. es qmedeba gasaCivrebuli iqna skolis mos-
wavleebis mSoblebisa da „eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciisaTvis gaerTianebuli
amerikelebis“ mier. sasamarTlom kursi cno, rogorc religiis dawesebis antikonsti-
tuciuri qmedeba.
kursis damcvelebi amtkicebdnen, rom puja arareligiuri ceremoniali iyo da
misi daniSnuleba koncentraciisa da simSvidis miRwevis xerxebis SeswavlaSi mdgoma-
reobda. mosamarTle adamsma, Tavis Tanmxvedr azrSi aRniSna, rom religiis Tanamed-
rove gansazRvrebiT, romelic gamoTqmuli iyo zigeris253 , uelSis254 da torkasos255
saqmeebSi, aqcenti keTdeboda amerikis tradiciul religiebze. religias pretenzia
aqvs WeSmaritebis codnaze, Tumca aucilebeli ar aris, rom masSi CarTuli iyos sam-
Rvdeloeba, ceremoniebi, organizacia da xdebodes misi propaganda. mosamarTlis
TqmiT, transcedentur meditacias hqonda pasuxebi adamianisa da samyaros bunebis,
samyaros mamoZravebeli Zalisa da bednierebis miRwevis gzebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos
mier transcendenturi meditacia araTeistur religiad iqna miCneuli.
locvisTvis gankuTvnili dro
religiuri wuTieri dumili. `mecadineobis dawyebis win religiuri wuTieri

dumilis dacva imavdroulad emsaxureba saero miznebs ise, rom safrTxes ar uqmnis
sazogadoebis arc erTi wevris religiis Tavisuflebas da eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
gamijvnas.~ mosamarTle brenanis es yvelasTvis misaRebi sityvebi, romelic man 1963
wels Sempis256 saqmeze warmoTqva, 1980-ian wlebSi sadavo gaxda.
ramdenime StatSi daSvebulia amgvari wuTieri dumili sajaro skolebis gamosaSveb
saRamoze. 1978 wels miRebulma alabamis kanonma sajaro skolebisTvis SemoiRo erT-
wuTiani dumili „meditaciisTvis~, rac 1981 wels Sesuli SesworebiT Semdegi formu-
lirebiT Seicvala: „meditaciisa da nebayoflobiTi locvisTvis~. ukve 1982 wlis Ses-
woreba maswavleblebs nebas rTavda, „msurveli moswavleebisTvis~ CaetarebinaT loc-
va „yovlisSemZle RmerTisadmi mimarTviT, romelic samyaros Semoqmedi da uzenaesi
msajulia~. am SesworebebTan dakavSirebiT uzenaes sasamarTlos SeeZlo gamoeca mok-
le sasamarTlo brZaneba enjelisa da Sempis saqmeebze dayrdnobiT, Tumca man arse-
biTad ganixila saqme da gamosca mosazrebaTa krebulisgan Semdgari gadawyvetileba.
SesaZloa, amis safuZvels warmoadgenda saolqo sasamarTlos mier gamoxatuli aSkara
upativcemuloba, rodesac man Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos midgoma religiis dawesebis mimarT „mcdaria~ da alabama uflebamosilia,
sakuTari arCevanis safuZvelze daawesos saxelmwifo religia. saolqo sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba gauqmda saapelacio sasamarTlos mier. uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari
dauWira am gadawyvetilebas. sadavo darCa sakiTxi imis Taobaze, wesdeba Tu ara
religia 1981 wlis statutis safuZvelze „meditaciisa da nebayoflobiTi locvis~
daSvebiT. mosarCeled mogvevlina ismael jefri, romelmac sarCeli sakuTari Svi-
lebis saxeliT aRZra. misi Svilebidan ori meoreklaseli iyo, erTic sabavSvo baRSi
dadioda. jefri acxadebda, rom misi Svilebi devnas ganicdidnen, vinaidan uars acxa-
debdnen maswavleblebis mier Catarebul locvebSi monawileobaze.
423
uolasi jefris winaaRmdeg257

miznis testis gamoyenebisas ZiriTadi kiTxva, romelzedac pasuxi unda gaeces,
Semdegia: „aris Tu ara saxelmwifos mizani religiis mxardaWera an misdami ara-
keTilganwyoba~. Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlo araorazrovnad miuTiTebs, rom
1981 wlis statutis miReba ar iyo raime saero mizniT motivirebuli.
am kanonis iniciatorma senatorma donald holmsma sakanonmdeblo mosmenisas
ganmarta, rom es kanoni sajaro skolebisTvis „nebayoflobiTi locvis dabrunebis
mcdeloba~ iyo. mogvianebiT senatorma Tavisi sityvebi saolqo sasamarTlos winaSec
gaimeora. Statma ver daamtkica Tavisi saero ganzraxva.
kanonmdeblebis ganzraxvis ueWveli mtkicebuleba, romelsac sakanonmdeblo oqmi
da statutis iniciatoris Cveneba Seicavda, aseve dasturdeba am statutsa da saqmeSi
warmodgenil or Sesworebas Soris urTierTkavSiris safuZvelze. saolqo sasamar-
Tlom miiCnia, rom 1981-82 wlebis Sesworebebi saero mizans ar emsaxureboda. sadavod
qceuli statutis meore Sesworebis saeklesio Sinaarsze naTlad metyvelebs misi
teqsti. am ori Sesworebis SedarebiT 1978 wlis aqtis sawyis teqstTan naTeli xdeba
1981 wlis statutis religiuri xasiaTic.
statuts sawyis da saboloo variantebs Soris mxolod sami teqstualuri gansxva-
veba arsebobs: 1) pirvelis moqmedeba vrceldeboda pirvelidan meeqvse klasis CaT-
vliT, xolo meore yvela klass moicavs; 2) pirveli iyenebda sityvas „unda~, xolo
meore — sityvas „SeuZlia~; 3) dabolos, pirveli mxolod „meditacias~ exeboda, meore
ki „meditaciasa da nebayoflobiT locvas~. am saqmeSi zemoxsenebul pirvel gansxvave-
bas araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan jefris Svilebi 1981-1982 akademiuri
wlisTvis meoreklaselebi iyvnen. meore gansxvavebac umniSvneloa, radgan savalde-
bulo xasiaTi pirveli statutis mixedviT pirvelidan meeqvse klasis CaTvliT vrcel-
deba. amdenad, rCeba erTaderTi relevanturi gansxvaveba, romelic Seexeba sityvebs
„nebayoflobiTi locva~.
sajaro skolebisTvis locvis dabrunebis sakanonmdeblo ganzraxva, rasakvirve-
lia, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rom daicva TiToeuli moswavlis ufleba,
survilisamebr ilocos wuTieri dumilis dros saswavlo procesis ganmavlobaSi.
1978 wlis statuti uzrunvelyofda am uflebas, ramdenadac xels ar uSlida arc
erT moswavles, eloca meditaciis wuTis dros. apelantebma ver daasaxeles verc
erTi saero mizani, romelsac winamorbedi statuti ar akmayofilebda. amgvarad, 1981
wlis statutis teqstTan dakavSirebiT ori daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: 1) statuti
miRebuli iqna Statis mxridan locvis xelSewyobis mizniT, da 2) misi miReba ar emsa-
xureboda saero mizans.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom alabamis sakanonmdeblo xelisuf-
lebas arsebuli kanonis Secvla hqonda ganzraxuli. es gadawyvetileba motivirebuli
iyo Statis mxridan locvis mxardaWeris surviliT. „nebayoflobiTi locvis~ damate-
ba imaze miuTiTebs, rom Stati cdilobs, locva upirates qcevad Seafasos. aseTi
mxardaWera ar Seesabameba damkvidrebul princips, rom saxelmwifo srul neitralo-
bas unda iCendes religiis mimarT.
am principis mniSvnelovnebis gamo sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom ufleba ara aqvs, es
saqme umniSvnelo SemTxvevad CaTvalos, romelSic mxolod da mxolod politikuri
424
umravlesobis mier aRiarebuli ramdenime simboluri sityvaa gasaCivrebuli. yove-
live zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom 1981 wlis statuti ar-
Rvevs pirvel Sesworebas (dawesebis klauzulas) da saapelacio sasamarTlos gadaw-
yvetilebas ZalaSi tovebs.
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare burgeris gansxvavebuli azri,

romelsac SeurTda mosamarTle renkvisti
burgeris TqmiT, sasamarTlos bevri mosazreba SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sasamarTlo sxdoma RmerTisadmi mimarTviT daiwyo. aseve
iqceva warmomadgenelTa palata da senati yoveli sxdomis gaxsnisas. aseTi sakanon-
mdeblo locva sakmaod gaazrebulia da erT wuTze metxans grZeldeba.
amasTan dakavSirebiT zogierTi ityvis, rom mosamarTleebi da kongresis wevrebi
ar arian skolis moswavleebi. sxvebi am uTanxmoebas Seafaseben, rogorc „aurzaurs
arafris gamo~, radgan aravis SeuZlia maswavlebels aukrZalos, saswavlo dRe daiw-
yos wuTieri dumiliT moswavleebis meditaciisTvis, fiqrisTvis an locvisTvis, Tu
maT ase surT.
mosamarTle renkvisti axsenebs saqmes eversoni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg,258
sadac dawesebis klauzulasTan dakavSirebiT moyvanilia tomas jefersonis werili
danberis baptisturi asociaciisadmi. werilSi aRniSnulia: „religiis dawesebis wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTuli klauzula miznad isaxavda saxelmwifosa da religias Soris
separaciis kedlis aRmarTvas.~
jefersonis es damabneveli metafora, TiTqmis ormoci welia, mZime tvirTad awevs
dawesebis klauzulas. aRniSnuli werili ùflebaTa bilis~ miRebidan ToTxmeti wlis
merea dawerili safrangeTSi. aqedan gamomdinare, es sityvebi ekuTvnis ara pirveli
Sesworebis religiur klauzulaTa avtors, aramed mxolod am procesebze damkvir-
vebels. ùflebaTa bilis~ miRebaSi uSualod monawileobda jeims medisoni da dawe-
sebis klauzulis miseuli interpretacia sul sxvagvarad JRers.
dawesebis klauzulis WeSmariti arsi mis istoriaSi unda veZioT. misma avtorebma iseTi
principebi Camoayalibes, romlebic dResac aqtualuria. maTi miznebidan nebismieri
gadaxveva qartiis ugulebelyofas niSnavs da mcdari gadawyvetilebebis miRebas winapirobaa.
dawesebis klauzula imisaTvis Seiqmna, rom xeli SeeSalaT nebismieri eklesiis
„saxelmwifo~ eklesiad gamocxadebisTvis; agreTve federaluri xelisuflebis mxri-
dan romelime religiisa Tu seqtisTvis upiratesobis miniWebis aRsakveTad. es akr-
Zalva Statebzec vrceldeba, magram dawesebis klauzulaSi araferia naTqvami imis
Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifom neitraluri pozicia unda daikavos religiasa da urwmu-
noebas Soris. arc kongressa da Statebs ekrZalebaT legitimuri saero miznebis gan-
xorcieleba aradiskriminaciuli religuri saSualebebiT.
sasamarTlo alabamis statuts akritikebs imis gamo, rom Stati gamoxatavs sur-
vils, „mxari dauWiros locvas, rogorc upirates qcevas~. mosamarTle renkvistis
azriT, ùflebaTa bilis~ avtorebisTvis da bevri sazriani amerikelisTvis Sokismom-
gvreli iqneboda imis gageba, rom TiTqos konstitucia alabamis sakanonmdeblo orga-
nos ukrZalavs locvis xelSewyobas. Tavad jorj vaSingtonma gamoacxada „saxalxo
madlierebis dRe~ oficialur dResaswaulad. istoriam unda gansajos, vin ufro
marTali iyo — eris mama 1789 wels, Tu dRevandeli sasamarTlo, romelmac dawesebis
klauzulis arss gadauxvia.
425
mosamarTle burgeri askvnis, rom Statis saero interesia, SeimuSavos sajaro
skolaTa marTvis meqanizmi, xolo pirveli Sesworebis dawesebis klauzula ar krZa-
lavs locvis amgvar ganzogadebul „mxardaWeras~. aqedan gamomdinare, burgeri
saWirod miiCnevs saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas.
sasamarTlos mier istoriis damowmeba. sxvadasxva saqmeebis ganxilvisas uzena-
esi sasamarTlo xSirad eyrdnoboda istoriul monacemebs pirveli Sesworebis miRe-
basTan dakavSirebiT, dawesebis klauzulaze gamoTqmul mosazrebebs. sasamarTlos
amgvar qcevas kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebden, rogorc istorikosebi, ise sasamarT-
los calkeuli wevrebi. istorikosebi mTavar sirTuled miiCnevdnen sasamarTlos
tendenciurobas istoriuli faqtebis damowmebisas.
jefris saqmeze Tavis gansxvavebul azrSi mosamarTle renkvisti miuTiTebs „isto-
riul mtkicebulebaze~, rom religiis ardawesebis klauzula ar moiTxovs xelisuf-
lebisgan neitralobis SenarCunebas religiurobasa da urwmunoebas Soris; arc kon-
gressa da Statebs ekrZalebaT legitimuri saero miznebis ganxorcieleba aradiskri-
minaciuli religiuri saSualebebiT. renkvisti aq imowmebs robert l. kords,259 mag-
ram mxedvelobidan gamorCeba misive kritika: „uzenaesi sasamarTlo amerikis „isto-
rias~ xSirad iyenebda dawesebis klauzulasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove moTxov-
nebis gasamarTleblad~.
moswavleebis mier inicirebuli da maT mier Catarebuli locva
kongresis kompromisi: Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis aqti, magram ara sakonsti-

tucio Sesworeba `nebayoflobiTi locvisTvis~. prezidentma ronald reiganma
kongress SesTavaza, mieRo sakonstitucio Sesworeba, romelic dauSvebda nebayof-
lobiT jgufur locvas sajaro skolebSi. am winadadebam mxardaWera ver moipova.
momdevno wels warmomadgenelTa palatas waredgina religiuri gamoxatvis dacvis
kanonproeqti, romelic sabolood Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis aqtma Secvala. es
ukanaskneli religiur gamoxatvasTan erTad icavda moswavleTa gamoxatvis nebis-
mier formas. kanonis saWiroeba iman ganapiroba, rom federaluri sasamarTlos qveda
instanciebi ar iTvaliswinebdnen saqmeSi vidmari vinsentis winaaRmdeg260 SemuSavebel
midgomas, romelic moiTxovda religiuri gamoxatvis Tanabar uflebas saSualo
skolis moswavleebisTvis. kanonproeqts mxars uWerdnen evangelistebi, samoqalaqo
uflebebis damcvelebi da organizaciebi, romlebic skolebSi religiis gavrcele-
bas uwyobdnen xels, maT Soris sazogadoebriv saqmeTa erToblivi baptisturi komi-
teti da eklesiaTa erovnuli sabWo. kanoni ZalaSi Sevida prezident reiganis xelmo-
weriT 1984 wlis 11 agvistos.
vestsaidis sazogadoebis skolebis ganaTlebis sabWo mergensis winaaRmdeg261

sasamarTlo ganixilavs saqmes imis Sesaxeb, ukrZalavs Tu ara Tanabari xelmisawv-
domobis aqti vestsaidis saSualo skolas moswavleTa religiuri jgufisTvis arasas-
wavlo dros skolaSi Sekrebis nebarTvaze uaris Tqmas, da Tu ukrZalavs, maSin arRvevs
Tu ara es aqti pirveli Sesworebis dawesebis klauzulas.
vestsaidis saSualo skolis moswavleebs ufleba aqvT, gawevriandnen sxvadasxva
426
saskolo jgufsa da klubSi, romelic skolis SenobaSi ikribeba gakveTilebis Semdeg.
maT survilisamebr SeuZliaT airCion ocdaaTamde registrirebuli jgufidan erT-
erTi.
skolis sabWo am jgufebs mTliani saswavlo programisTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovnad
Tvlis, radgan maTi saSualebiT studentebs uviTardebaT samoqalaqo cnobiereba,
jansaRi midgomebi, uyalibdebaT kargi urTierTobebi, codna da unar-Cvevebi. sabWo
agreTve saWirod miiCnevs, rom yvela klubi funqcionirebdes skolis organizaciuli
xelmZRvanelobiT, raTa da politikuri, religiuri an iseTi organizaciebis gavlenis
qveS ar moeqcnen, romlebic gawevrianebas zRudaven rasis, kanis feris, msoflmxedve-
lobis, sqesis an politikuri mrwamsis safuZvelze. sabWo agreTve mkacrad icavs
specifikuri religiuri Sexedulebebis mqone moswavleTa pativiscemis wess da
uzrunvelyofs moswavleebis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas.
1985 wlis ianvarSi brijit mergensi Sexvda direqtors, doqtor findlis da
skolaSi qristianuli klubis Camoyalibebis nebarTva sTxova. misi TqmiT, klubi daak-
mayofilebda imave pirobebs da isargeblebda imave privilegiebiT, riTac vestsaidis
moswavleTa sxva jgufebi sargeblobdnen. gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom am klubis
organizaciul marTvaSi skola monawileobas ar miiRebda. sasamarTloze micemul
CvenebebSi moswavleebi acxadebdnen, rom sxva miznebTan erTad klubi moswavleebs
uflebas miscemda, waekiTxaT da ganexilaT biblia da erToblivad elocaT. klubSi
gawevrianeba nebayoflobiTi da Tavisufali iqneboda nebismieri mrwamsis moswav-
lisTvis.
findlim Txovna ar daakmayofila. skolis xelmZRvaneloba acxadebda, rom skolis
wesebis mixedviT, skolaSi moqmedi yvela klubis organizaciuli marTva skolis mier
unda momxdariyo. es religiuri klubi am moTxovnas ar akmayofilebda; garda amisa,
skolaSi religiuri klubis arseboba ewinaaRmdegeboda dawesebis klauzulas. mopa-
suxeebma warmomadgenlobiTi sarCeliT mimarTes nebraskis olqis SeerTebuli State-
bis saolqo sasamarTlos da moiTxoves skolis gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba. isini amtki-
cebdnen, rom am klubis Seqmnaze uaris Tqma arRvevda Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis
aqts, romelic federalur dafinansebaze myof sajaro saSualo skolebs ukrZalavs
„Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis~ SezRudvas im moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac surT
Seikribon da nebismieri Sinaarsis sityva warmoTqvan. mopasuxeebi agreTve aprotes-
tebdnen skolis am moqmedebiT maTTvis pirveli da me-14 SesworebebiT miniWebuli
sityvis, mSvidobiani Sekrebisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis uflebis xelyofas.
momCivnebis mtkicebiT, Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis aqti vestsaids ar exeboda;
asec rom yofiliyo, kanoni arRvevda pirveli Sesworebis dawesebis klauzulas da is
arakonstituciurad unda ecnoT. SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom es
saqme gamoiTxova qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan, raTa daecva kanonis konstituciuroba.
saolqo sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba skolis sasargeblod gamoitana. man daad-
gina, rom zemoxsenebul kanons am saqmesTan Sexeba ara aqvs, radgan vestsaidSi ar
aris `SezRuduli Ria forumi~, rogorc es kanoniTaa gansazRvruli da formuli-
rebulia saqmeSi vidmari vinsentis winaaRmdeg262. vestsaidis yvela klubi mWidro
kavSirSia skolis saswavlo programasTan. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila
mopasuxeTa konstituciuri moTxovnebi.
federalurma saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
427
leba da arasworad miiCnia daskvna, rom vestsaidis yvela klubi dakavSirebulia sas-
wavlo programasTan. vestsaidis skolis xelZRvanelobis mier wamoyenebuli „farTo
interpretacia~ azrs ukargavda Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis aqts da nebismier sko-
las rTavda nebas, TviTneburad aekrZala skolis SenobiT sargebloba moswavleTa
yvela araprivilegirebuli klubisTvis maTi gamoxatvis Sinaarsis gamo. swored amis
akrZalvas isaxavda miznad kongresi Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis aqtis miRebiT. vest-
saidSi SezRuduli Ria forumis arsebobis gamo saapelacio sasamarTlom gadawy-
vita, rom aqti krZalavda klubis diskriminacias religiur niadagze. saapelacio
sasamarTlom aseve uaryo skolis sabWos mtkiceba, rom kanoni arRvevda dawesebis
klauzulas. misi azriT, kanonze `nebismieri konstituciuri Tavdasxma, pirvel rigSi,
unda efuZvnebodes gansxvavebas saSualo skolis moswavleebsa da universitetis
studentebs Soris~. uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoiTxova saqme qvemdgomi sasamarT-
lodan da ZalaSi datova mis mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba.
vidmaris saqmeSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom sityvis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis
mizeziT arakonstituciurad gamoacxada saxelmwifo universitetis regulacia,
romelic studentebs ukrZalavda umaRlesi sasawavleblis momsaxurebiT sargeblo-
bas „religiuri miznebisTvis~. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom „Tanabari xelmisawv-
domobis~ wesi ar arRvevda dawesebis klauzulas lemonis263 saqmeze miRebuli gadaw-
yvetilebis Tanaxmad. amis miuxedavad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo miuTiTebda, rom univer-
sitetis studentebi skolis moswavleebTan SedarebiT naklebad eqcevian arasasur-
veli zegavlenis qveS da unda SeeZloT religiisadmi saxelmwifos neitralobis
gacnobiereba.
1984 wels kongresma vidmaris saqmeSi moyvenili es argumenti sajaro saSualo
skolebzec gaavrcela.
sasamarTlos azriT, Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi maSin
wamoiWreboda, Tu vestsaidi erT an ramdenime moswavleTa arasakurikulumo jgufs
miscemda skolaSi Sekrebis uflebas. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tanabari xelmisawv-
domobis uzrunvelyofis mizania erTi mxriv religiuri da politikuri, xolo meore
mxriv sxva arasakurikulumo klubebis diskriminaciis aRkveTa, kanoni efuZneba im
winapirobas, rom religiuri an politikuri klubi TavisTavad ar unda iyos saswavlo
programaSi CarTuli. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sakurikulumo jgufs264 ufro meti
Sexeba unda hqondes saswavlo programasTan, vidre religiur an politikur jgufs.
kanoni, romelmac umravlesobis mxardaWera moipova, rogorc warmomadgenelTa
palataSi, ise senatSi, garkveul sakanonmdeblo konsensuss gamoxatavs. igi mimarTuli
unda yofiliyo sajaro skolebSi religiuri gamoxatvis farTod gavrcelebuli
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg. misi iniciatorebi varaudobdnen, rom kanoni ufro mets
SeZlebda, vidre status-kvos aRiarebaa.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos azriT, termini „moswavleTa arasakurikulumo jgufi~
aRniSnavs iseT saskolo organizacias, romelsac uSualo kavSiri ara aqvs skolis
ZiriTad saswavlo kursTan. jgufs saswavlo kursTan pirdapiri Sexeba aqvs, Tu misi
sagani ZiriTadi kursiT iswavleba; Tu jgufSi monawileobas garkveuli kursi moiT-
xovs; an Tu jgufSi monawileobisaTvis moswavleebs akademiuri krediti eniWebaT.
skolaSi aseTi jgufebis arseboba ar aRZravs kanonismier valdebulebebs.
meore mxriv, Tu skola ver amtkicebs, rom romelime jgufi pirdapir ukavSirdeba
428
kurikulums, maSin igi warmoadgens „arasakurikulumo jgufs~ Tanabari xelmisaw-
vdomobis aqtis miznebisTvis. misi arseboba ki „SezRudul Ria forums~ qmnis, rac
skolas avaldebulebs yvela jgufisTvis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyos.
Tu rogori iqneba esa Tu is jgufi, damokidebulia Sesabamisi skolis saswavlo prog-
ramaze, magram aseTi gadawyvetilebebi sasamarTlos mxridan arsebiTi Seswavlis saga-
ni gaxdeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom vestsaidi ramdenime arasakuriku-
lumo jgufs saSualebas aZlevs, Seikribos skolis SenobaSi arasaswavlo dros. imis
gamo, rom vestsaids aqvs SezRuduli Ria forumi, aqtis Tanaxmad mas ekrZaleba Sek-
rebis msurvel moswavleTa jgufebis diskriminacia maTi gamoxatvis Sinaarsis safuZ-
velze.
kanonTan dakavSirebiT gasarkvevi rCeba mxolod erTi sakiTxi: warmoadgens Tu
ara skolis uari religiuri jgufis funqcionirebaze skolis farglebSi „SezRudul
Ria forumze Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis~ uflebis CamorTmevas. miuxedavad imisa,
rom jgufis Seqmnis msurvelebs Sekrebis saSualeba aqvT gakveTilebis Semdeg, isini
moiTxoven Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas skolisgan oficialuri aRiarebis saxiT. ofi-
cialuri cnoba klubebs saSualebas aZlevs, monawileoba miiRon moswavleTa aqti-
vobebis programaSi da sxva RonisZiebebSi. radgan kanoni krZalavs Sekrebis msurveli
moswavleebisTvis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobaze uaris Tqmas Sekrebis religiuri Sina-
arsis safuZvelze, uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom vestsaidis
uari qristianuli klubis Camoyalibebaze arTmevs misi Seqmnis iniciatorebs Tanabari
xelmisawvdomobis kanonier uflebas.
saskolo sabWos mtkicebiT, klubis oficialuri aRiareba gamoiwvevs klubis reli-
giuri saqmianobis oficialur saskolo programaSi CarTvas da, amgvarad, xels Seuw-
yobs religiur klubSi monawileobasa da sxva moswavleebis am sarwmunoebaze moqce-
vas. maTi azriT, kanoni pirdapir uwyobs xels religiis gavrcelebas.
sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba am mosazrebas: pirveli, is did gansxvavebas xedavs xe-
lisuflebis mier religiis sajaro mxardaWeras, rac dawesebis klauzuliT ikrZa-
leba, da kerZo saubars Soris, romelic daculia sityvis TavisuflebiT. sasamarTlo
saSualo skolis moswavleebs sakmaod mowifulebad Tvlis am gansxvavebis dasanaxad.
meore, sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas, rom kanoni zRudavs skolis xel-
mZRvanelobis daswrebas moswavleebis religiuri jgufebis Sekrebebze da adgens,
rom yvela aseTi Sekreba arasaswavlo dros unda Catardes. amiT moswavleebis mxri-
dan maswavleblebis mibaZviT savaldebulo daswrebis moTxovnis problemis Tavidan
arideba xdeba.
mesame, vestsaidSi arsebuli oficialuri samoswavlo klubebi da maTi Camoyali-
bebis yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomoba gamoricxavs romelime religiuri mimdinareobis
an religiis zogadad oficialur mxardaWeras. amgvarad, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom
aqtis ZiriTadi Sedegi, sul mcire mocemul SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyenebisas ar aris
religiis xelSewyoba. Sesabamisad, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom Tanabari
xelmisawvdomobis aqti ar arRvevda dawesebis klauzulas.
mosamarTle marSalis Tanmxvedri azri

mosamarTle marSali aRniSnavs, rom qristianuli klubis CarTva skolaSi ukve
arsebul forumSi ar uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis neitralobas religiis mimarT.
429
man xazgasmiT miuTiTa sityvis Tavisuflebisa da dawesebis klauzulis konfliqtze,
rasac vidmaris saqmeSi ar hqonia adgili. marSalis azriT, rodesac skola ver axer-
xebs religiuri gamoxatvisgan ganze dgomas, es SesaZloa mis mxardaWeraze ufro
miuTiTebdes, vidre aseTi gamoxatvisadmi tolerantul damokidebulebaze. marSali
miuTiTebs studenturi forumis gansxvavebaze vidmarSi da am saqmeSi. vidmarSi saxel-
mwifo universitetSi arsebobda farTod xelmisawvdomi da damoukidebeli forumi;
universiteti cdilobda, misi saxeli ar gaigivebuliyo romelime studenturi jgu-
fis politikasTan an programasTan da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda studen-
tTa avtonomiurobas. mosamarTlis azriT, vestsaidma saTanado zomebi unda miiRos
qristianuli klubis religiuri gamoxatvisgan da klubis miznebis xelSewyobisgan
Tavis dasaRwevad.
mosamarTle stivensis gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle stivensis azriT, aqtis qvemdebare ar aris am saqmeSi warmodgenili
faqtebi, amitom saWirod ar Tvlis religiis dawesebis principis detalur ganxilvas.
amis miuxedavad, is mainc amaxvilebs yuradRebas am sakiTxis sirTuleze, vinaidan
aqti SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi movides klauzulasTan, radgan moswavleebma SesaZloa
arasworad CaTvalon, rom religiuri klubebi skolis mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. sti-
vensis azriT, kanonis sasamarTlo ganmarteba mas avaldebulebda, pasuxi gaeca kiTx-
vaze, arRvevs Tu ara aqti dawesebis klauzulas religiuri organizaciebisTvis saSu-
alo skolaSi Sekrebis uflebis micemiT, maSinac ki, roca skolis administracia arake-
Tilgonivrulad miiCnevs saeWvo organizaciebis daSvebas. stivensi askvnis, rom aqtis
sasamarTlo ganmarteba iwvevs federaluri xelisuflebis Carevas sajaro skolebis
saqmianobaSi, es ki skolebs sakuTari saganmanaTleblo garemos formirebis ufleba-
mosilebas waarTmevs. kongresma araerTgzis miuTiTa sajaro ganaTlebis adgilobrivi
marTvis upiratesobaze, amgvarad, aqtis sakanonmdeblo istoria Seusabamoa „arasa-
kurikulumo jgufebis~ sasamarTlos mkacr definiciasTan. marTlac, is, rom Tavad
statutSi ar aris mocemuli Sesabamisi definicia, gvarwmunebs, rom adgilobrivi
moxeleebisTvis farTo diskreciis miniWeba iyo ganzraxuli. maSasadame, ar arsebobs
am diskreciis SezRudvis safuZveli imaze metad, vidre amas vidmaris gadawyvetileba
moiTxovs.
locva gamosaSveb saRamoebsa da sportul Sejibrebebze
diplomis gadacemis ceremonia. jeims grosbergi da saSualo skolis damamTavre-

beli klasis sxva moswavleebi mSoblebTan erTad moiTxovdnen, sasamarTlos aekrZala
ufrosklaselTa mier xanmokle, xmamaRali locvis warmoTqma gamosaSveb saRamoze.
am ceremoniebze daswreba nebayoflobiTi iyo — moswavleebs SeeZloT, diplomebi
fostiT mieRoT. saqmeSi grosbergi deusebios winaaRmdeg265 sasamarTlom uari Tqva
akrZalvis dawesebaze, radgan es RonisZieba, umTavresad, jildoebisa da diplomebis
gadasacemad tardeboda. yvela sxva funqcia sasamarTlom meorexarisxovnad miiCnia
da ganacxada, rom religiis nebismieri Sexeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebasTan ar arRvevs
dawesebis klauzulas.
mravali wlis manZilze providensis266 sajaro skolebis administraciebi gamosaS-
veb saRamoebze locvis Casatareblad sasuliero pirebs iwvevdnen. qvemoT aRweril
430
saqmeSi robert lim, saSualo skolis direqtorma, am mizniT rabini david gutermani
moiwvia. lim mas gadasca qristianTa da ebraelTa erovnuli konferenciis mier mom-
zadebuli broSura, romelic Seicavda rCevas, rom diplomebis gadacemis saRamoze
warmoTqmuli locvebi seqtanturi xasiaTis ar yofiliyo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mo-
samarTle kenedisTvis aRniSnuli faqti saxelmwifos mxridan locvis Sinaarsis ga-
kontrolebis mcdelobis mtkicebulebas warmoadgenda. rabin gutermanis mier cere-
moniaze warmoTqmuli locva Semdegi Sinaarsis iyo: is madlobas swiravda RmerTs
iseT qveyanaSi cxovrebisTvis, sadac mravalferovneba da umciresobebis dacva uz-
runvelyofilia; is RmerTs SesTxovda, misi SvilebisTvis da am axali kursdamTav-
rebulebisTvis mieca amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis gaZlierebisa da dacvis saSuale-
ba; rabini madlierebas gamoxatavda amerikaSi politikuri procesis gamo, romelSic
monawileobis saSualeba yvelas hqonda, agreTve sasamarTlo sistemisTvis, sadac
TiToeul moqalaqes SeeZlo samarTlis povna; gutermani RmerTs emadliereboda kur-
sdamTavrebulTa mSoblebis saxeliT da survils gamoTqvamda, axalgazrdebs SeegnoT,
rom mxolod akademiuri codnis miReba ar iyo sakmarisi, da uflis mowodebanic unda
daecvaT: yofiliyvnen samarTlianebi, Semwynareblebi, Tavmdablebi. swored guter-
manis am sityvebma da lis mier gadacemulma broSuram gamoiwvia sasamarTloSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba.
li vaismanis winaaRmdeg267

rod ailendis qalaq providensis sajaro skolebis direqtorebs ufleba aqvT
skolis oficialur gamosaSveb saRamoze locvebis Casatareblad sasuliero pirebi
miiwvion. sasamarTlom unda daadginos am pirebis mier warmoTqmuli locvebi Seesa-
bameba Tu ara pirveli Sesworebis religiur klauzulebs da me-14 Sesworebis im debu-
lebebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba Statebis da maTi saskolo olqebis mimarT.
providensis saskolo sistemaSi saSualo skolis diplomebis gadacemis ceremonia
skolidan moSorebiT ewyoba. mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom am ceremoniaSi monawileoba
nebayoflobiTia. debora vaismanis saqmeSi skolis sabWo amtkicebda, rom msgavsi
xanmokle locvebi am qveynis mravali moswavlisa da maTi mSoblebisTvis Zalze mniSv-
nelovania. isini fiqroben, rom valdebulebi arian RvTisadmi jerovani pativiscema
gamoxaton TavianTi cxovrebis aseT mniSvnelovan momentSi.
sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, Stati uSvebs religiis formalur gamoxatvas saSualo
skolebSi gamosaSveb saRamoebze. sinamdvileSi, im moswavleebisTvisac, romlebsac
amis survili ara aqvT, religiur RonisZiebaSi monawileoba faqtobrivad savalde-
buloa, imis miuxedavad, rom skola diplomis miRebisTvis ceremoniaze daswrebas ar
moiTxovs.
am saqmeSi sasamarTlo saWirod ar Tvlis, daubrundes im rTul sakiTxebs, romle-
bic adrec iwvevda azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, principebs, romlebic exeboda saxelmwifos
mxridan religiuri saqmianobis xelSewyobis dasaSveb dones. am principebis sxva kon-
teqstebSi ganxilvis gareSe, arsebuli precedentebi dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi
religiur msaxurebasTan dakavSirebiT, ganapirobebs qalaq providensis politikis
arakonstituciurad miCnevas. sasamarTlo SesaZleblad Tvlis am saqmeSi gadawyveti-
lebis miRebas zogadi konstituciuri CarCos ganxilvis gareSe, romliTac izomeba
431
sajaro skolebis mxridan religiis xelSewyoba. saxelmwifos kavSiri am SemTxvevaSi
aWarbebs dasaSveb zRvars da qmnis sajaro skolaSi saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWeri-
li da mis mierve warmarTuli religiuri msaxurebis arsebobis safuZvels. religiis
oficialuri gamoxatva ewinaaRmdegeba moswavleebis locvasTan dakavSirebiT damk-
vidrebul wesebs. sasamarTlos mosazrebiT es argumenti sakmarisia mis winaSe mdgari
sakiTxis gadasawyvetad.
principi, romlis mixedviTac xelisuflebas SeuZlia religiis gamoxatvis adap-
tacia moaxdinos, ar cvlis dawesebis klauzuliT dadgenil SezRudvebs. rogorc
minimum, konstituciis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia saxelmwifos mxridan vinmes iZuleba,
monawileoba miiRos religiis mxardaWerasa da mis gamoxatvaSi. saxelmwifos aseve
ara aqvs religiis dawesebis mcdelobis ufleba. am saqmeSi gasaCivrebuli saxelmwi-
fos monawileoba saskolo locvaSi arRvevs zemoxsenebul principebs.
gadawyvetileba religiuri msaxurebis Catarebaze skolis direqtorma miiRo. es
is arCevania, romelic saxelmwifos miewereba da konstituciuri TvalsazrisiT igi-
vea, rom saxelmwifo kanons daewesebina kursdamTavrebulTa locvebSi savaldebulo
monawileoba. agreTve saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebad unda CaiTvalos rabinis mowveva.
aseTi arCevanis mizezi samarTalwarmoebis procesSi ar aris dadgenili, Tumca, sasa-
marTlos azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT uTanxmoebis warmoqmnis potenciali aSkaraa.
uTanxmoeba, rasakvirvelia, SesaZloa axldes religiasTan dakavSirebul nebismier
saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebas, Tumca arc misi arseboba da arc misi warmoqmnis maRali
potenciali TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs saxelmwifos yvela mcdelobis arakonsti-
tuciurobas, moaxdinos religiis adaptacia. uTanxmoebis sakiTxi mocemul SemTxve-
vaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, imdenad ramdenadac saqme gvaqvs Ria religiur
gamoxatvasTan saSualo skolaSi, sadac realurad adgili aqvs zewolas da sadac
moswavleebs ceremoniaSi monawileobis garda sxva arCevani ara aqvT.
saxelmwifos roli ar mTavrdeba locvis Catarebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis mi-
RebiT da sasuliero piris SerCeviT. direqtorma lim rabin gutermans gadasca „inst-
ruqcia samoqalaqo RonisZiebebisTvis~ da urCia, rom misi qadageba araseqtanturi
yofiliyo. am gziT direqtorma locvis Sinaarsis gakontroleba moaxdina. dawesebis
klauzulis mixedviT, amerikeli xalxisTvis oficialuri locvebis Sedgena ar aris
saxelmwifos saqme. swored amis gakeTebas Seecada skolis direqtori.
sasamarTlo samarTlianad Tvlis arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom skola Seecada, cere-
moniaze ar daeSva seqtanturoba — xSirad religiuri SuRlis warmoqmnis safuZveli.
skolis pozicia gasagebia, radgan romelime calkeuli religiis ideebis qadagebam
SeiZleba axal religiur metoqeobas Seuqmnas niadagi. Tumca amgvari axsna mainc ar
wyvets skolis monawileobis dilemas: ramdenad kanonieria iseTi garemos Seqmna, sadac
moswavleebi valdebulebi arian, daeswron religiuri ritualis Semcvel RonisZiebas.
pirveli Sesworebis religiuri klauzulebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom reli-
giis gamoxatvis maRali Rirebulebis gamo is ar SeiZleba nakarnaxevi an akrZaluli
iyos saxelmwifos mier. religiuri msaxureba piradi cxovrebis nawilia, romelic
konstituciis Tanaxmad xelSeuxebelia. yalbi ideebis an Seuracxmyofeli Sinaarsis
Semcveli sityvis moTmenas kanonieri gziT misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas iTvalis-
winebs pluralisturi sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesi, Tumca tolerantobis idea
ormxriv valdebulebas warmoSobs. momCivanTa mtkicebiT, Tavisufal sazogadoebaze
432
uzenaesi sasamarTlos konstituciuri xedva moiTxovs ndobas mis SesaZleblobaSi
aRiaros an uaryos is ideebi, romlebsac ar eTanxmeba, xolo saSualo skolis gamo-
saSveb saRamoze locva sxva araferia, Tu ara arCevanis Tavisufleba. saSualo skolis
moswavleebs aucileblad moeTxovebaT gakveTilebze da Sekrebebze daswreba, iseTi
davalebebis Sesruleba, romlebic maT miuRebel ideebs aRuZravs. moswavleebma SesaZ-
loa usamarTlobad CaTvalon, rom maT arareligiuri ideebis sanacvlod SemoTa-
vazebul formalur locvasac arTmeven. Tumca SeuZlebelia am argumentis gaziareba,
radgan is ugulebelyofs konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis suliskveTebas.
pirveli Sesworeba sityvisa da religiis Tavisuflebas sxvadasxva meqanizmiT
icavs. sityvis Tavisufleba daculia misi gamoxatvis TiTqmis absoluturi garanti-
iT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos monawileobas aqvs adgili. rwmenis
Tavisuflebis damcavi meTodi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba zemoTqmulisgan. reli-
giur diskusiaSi saxelmwifo pirdapir ar monawileobs, radgan konstituciis avto-
rebi religiis dawesebas ganixilavdnen rogorc yovelgvari Tavisuflebis sawinaaR-
mdego movlenas. aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula gulisxmobs sindisisa da
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas, romelic axlosaa pirveli Sesworebis sityvis Tavi-
suflebis klauzulebTan. dawesebis klauzula ki aris religiur sakiTxebSi saxelm-
wifos Carevis gansakuTrebuli akrZalva. sityvis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri de-
bulebebi ar Seicavs msgavs SezRudvebs. is, rac saxelmwifos xelSi SeiZleba daiw-
yos, rogorc religiuri Sexedulebebis gamoxatvisadmi tolerantuli damokidebu-
leba, SesaZloa iZulebisa da indoqtrinaciis politikiT dasruldes. amdenad, saxel-
mwifos mier Seqmnili orTodoqsuloba sindisisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebas didi
riskis winaSe ayenebs.
udavoa, rom saskolo olqis zedamxedveloba saSualo skolis gamosaSveb saRamoze
warmoqmnis sazogadoebriv zewolas im damswre moswavleebzec, romlebic iZulebu-
lebi arian fexze wamodgnen an siCume daicvan locvis dros. amgvari zewola, arapir-
dapiri formis miuxedavad, SeiZleba Ria iZulebis msgavsad realuri iyos. amerikuli
kulturisTvis siCumis dacva SeiZleba mxolod gamoTqmuli mosazrebis gaziarebaze
an sxvisi Sexedulebebis pativiscemaze miuTiTebdes. maTTvis visac ar surs locvaSi
monawileobis miReba protestis grZobas iwvevs dgoma sxvaTa survilis pativiscemis
niSnad. aseve ufrosklaselebic, romlebsac saxelmwifos ZaldatanebiT sakuTari
rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod locvis sruliad gonivruli gancda aqvT, aranakleb zaral-
debian.
aRniSnuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlos mier konstituciuri darR-
vevebis ararsebobis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi, locvis mowinaaRmdegeebi aRmoCndebian
dilemis winaSe, monawileoba miiRon ceremoniaSi Tu protesti ganacxadon. sasamar-
Tlo Tvlis, rom saxelmwifos, dawesebis klauzulis Tanaxmad, ar SeuZlia dawyebiTi
da saSualo skolis moswavleebi am arCevanis winaSe daayenos. fsiqologiuri gamok-
vlevebi cxadyofs, rom mozardebi Tanatolebisgan konformizmisken mowodebis mi-
marT mgrZnobiareni arian da es zegavlena sazogadoebrivi Sekrebebisas gansakuTre-
biT mZafrdeba.
sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove amerikuli sazogadoeba gulwrfelad
dainteresebulia axalgazrdebis bediT. is acnobierebs ama Tu im religiis mimdevris
Sexedulebas, rom moswavleTa cxovrebaSi garkveuli adgili unda eWiros moralur
433
principebs. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan religiis gamoTiSvis yovelgvari mcdeloba
konstituciasTan Seusabamoa. sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom rogorc saganmanaTleblo
procesis manZilze ise skolis dasrulebisas iqneba iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca religi-
uri Rirebulebebi da religiuri adamianebi urTierTqmedebaSi Sevlen sajaro sko-
lebTan da maT moswavleebTan. magram msgavsi, ZiriTadad religiis adaptaciasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, ar dgas sasamarTlos winaSe mocemul saqmeSi. kiTxva, ro-
melzec sasamarTlom unda gasces pasuxi mdgomareobs SemdegSi — unda tardebodes
Tu ara gamosaSveb saRamoze religiuri rituali, romelzec zogierT moswavles Ta-
visi survilis sawinaaRmdegod uwevs daswreba. sasamarTlo dauSveblad miiCnevs sko-
lis mier moswavleebis darwmunebas an iZulebas monawileoba miiRon religiur msa-
xurebaSi. am saqmeSi swored aseTi SemTxvevaa warmodgenili da is pirveli Seswore-
bis dawesebis klauzulas arRvevs.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
mosamarTle blekmunis Tanmxvedri azri,

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi stivensi da o’konori:
sasamarTlo askvnis, rom locva gamosaSveb saRamoze arakonstituciuria, radgan
saxelmwifo moiTxovs am religiur msaxurebaSi monawileobas. sasamarTlo prece-
dentebi gviCvenebs, rom pirveli Sesworebis darRvevis damtkicebisTvis aucilebeli
ar aris saxelmwifos mxridan iZulebis faqtis dadastureba. religiur ceremoniaSi
monawileobisken mimarTuli saxelmwifos zewola aSkarad miuTiTebs saxelmwifos
mxridan religiis xelSemwyob qcevaze. arc raime saxis Zaldatanebisgan Tavis Seka-
vebaa sakmarisi konstituciuri moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. saxelmwifom uari
unda ganacxados religiur saqmianobaSi nebismieri saxis monawileobaze. dawesebis
klauzula sajaro skolebs ukrZalavs romelime religiis privilegirebulad gamoc-
xadebas maSinac ki, roca skola moswavleebs ar aiZulebs religiur msaxurebaSi mona-
wileobas.
udavoa, rom saxelmwifos mier iZulebis gziT religiis mxardaWeris yoveli mcde-
loba safrTxes uqmnis sindisis Tavisuflebas. umniSvnelo zewolac ki xelyofs Ti-
Toeuli adamianis uflebas, sakuTari surviliT iwamos. swored amitom, sasamarTlo
Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT gascda iZulebis akrZalvas da aRiara, rom religiis sruli
Tavisufleba gacilebiT metia vidre Tavisufleba iZulebisgan.
mosamarTle souteris Tanmxvedri azri:

mosamarTle souteri xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom dawesebis klauzula Seexeba saxel-
mwifos im qmedebebs, romlebic ar gamoarCevs arc erT religias an denominacias da
rom saxelmwifo iZuleba religiuri konformizmisken ar aris dawesebis klauzulis
darRvevis aucilebeli Semadgeneli elementi.
dawesebis klauzulis safuZvelze zogierTi moiTxovs religiis „arapriorite-
tuli~ xelSewyobis daSvebas. maTi mtkicebiT, dawesebis klauzulis avtorebi xeli-
suflebisgan ar moiTxovdnen neitraluri poziciis dakavebas religiurobasa da
urwmunoebas Soris; arc federalur mTavrobas ukrZalavdnen religiis aradiskri-
minaciul xelSewyobas.
mosamarTle souteri ixsenebs dawesebis klauzulis Seqmnisas arsebul pirobebs.
ùflebaTa bilze~ senatis mier gaweuli ZiriTadi samuSaos mxedvelobaSi miRebis
434
miuxedavad, warmomadgenelTa palatam uaryo dawesebis klauzulis senatiseuli
versia. saboloo jamSi SeTanxmeba miRweuli iqna Semdeg formulirebaze: „kongresi
ar miiRebs kanons, romelic daawesebs religias an SezRudavs aRmsareblobis Tavisuf-
lebas~. klauzulis avtorebi ar gulisxmobdnen mxolod iseTi kanonebis akrZalvas,
romlebic religias an romelime seqtas Tu rwmenas daawesebs. maT Segnebulad uaryves
aseTi viwro midgoma da konstituciuri akrZalva gaavrceles zogadad religiis mxar-
daWeraze.
direqtor lis argumenti efuZneba mosazrebas, rom, iZleva Tu ara dawesebis kla-
uzula religiis mravalmxrivi, araseqtanturi mxardaWeris uflebas, is saxelmwi-
fos mainc ar ukrZalavs, daafinansos rwmenis gamoxatuleba, romelic aravis aiZu-
lebs religiis xelSewyobasa Tu religiur ritualSi monawileobas. sasamarTlo mxed-
velobaSi iRebs zogierT am arguments, magram fiqrobs, rom maTi sruli aRiareba
damkvidrebuli precedentuli samarTlis uaryofis tolfasia.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zaladakargulad gamoacxada mravali
kanoni, romelic religiis mxardaWeris `mesijs~ Seicavda. SesaZloa sasamarTlo pre-
cedentebi yovelTvis mkafiod ar gamoxatavda erTian pozicias, Tumca isini aravi-
Tar SemTxvevaSi ar gvaZlevs saSualebas, vifiqroT, rom dawesebis klauzulis dar-
Rvevis motiviT wardgenili sarCelis dakmayofilebisaTvis iZulebis mtkicebuleba
aucilebelia.
danamdvilebiT mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom ceremoniaSi locvis CarTva ganpi-
robebuli iyo zogierTi adamianis surviliT, xelisuflebas simbolurad gamoexata
maTi religiisadmi keTilganwyoba. amasTan, es adamianebi srulebiT ar iTvaliswineben
religiuri umciresobebis interesebs.
skolam SeiZleba ganacxados, rom gamosaSveb saRamoze locva arafriT gansxvav-
deba prezidentis religiuri mimarTvebisgan an religiis sxva oficialuri „aRiare-
bisgan~. Tumca es mimarTvebi personalurad aravisTvisaa gamiznuli. rodesac sajaro
skolis xelmZRvanelebi, saxelmwifo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvilni, TavianTi mos-
wavleebis winaSe religiis mxardaWeris demonstrirebas axdenen, isini xelyofen dawe-
sebis klauzulis arss. maTi qceva arakonstituciuria.
mosamarTle skalias gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle skalia adrec gamoTqvamda azrs, rom dawesebis klauzulis ganxilva
unda moxdes religiis adaptaciis, waxalisebisa da mxardaWeris saxelmwifo politi-
kis WrilSi, rac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri da kulturuli memkvid-
reobis aRiarebuli nawilia. es ki gulismxobs, rom klauzulis ganmarteba istoriuli
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda moxdes. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, skalias
azriT, moklebulia istoriul safuZvels. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelic
skolis gamosaSveb saRamoze locvis akrZalvas dawesebis klauzulas miawers, arRvevs
saxalxo dResaswaulebze locvis uZveles amerikul tradicias. sasamarTlo gvTava-
zobs usazRvrod manipulirebad fsiqologiuri zewolis tests, rac kidev erTxel
gvarwmunebs, rom amerikeli eris dacvis garantia — misi konstitucia — ar SeiZleba
eyrdnobodes am sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa cvalebad filosofiur Sexedulebebs
samarTlianobis Taobaze, aramed saxalxo tradiciis myari safuZveli unda hqondes.
amerikeli xalxis istoria mdidaria sazogadoebrivi ceremoniebiT, romlebic Se-
icavs madlierebisa da wyalobis Txovnis gamomxatvel locvebs. locvebi agreTve
435
odiTganve Seadgenda saxelmwifo ceremoniebis mniSvnelovan nawils. sazogadoebriv
RonisZiebebze locvis wesi federaluri xelisuflebis StoebSi didi xania arsebobs.
garda amisa, damkvidrebulia sajaro skolebis gamosaSveb saRamoebze locvis gansa-
kuTrebuli tradicia.
sasamarTlos mosazrebis simcdare ar mdgomareobs mis araswor pasuxSi kiTxvaze,
hqonda Tu ara adgili saxelmwifos mier inicirebul zewolas; sasamarTlos mTavari
Secdoma mis mier dawesebis klauzulis arsis damaxinjebaa. istoriulad religiis
dawesebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iZuleba mdgomareobda religiuri orTodoqsiis
mxridan ZaldatanebaSi, kanonis ZaliT misTvis finansuri daxmarebis gawevasa da
sasjelis dakisrebis muqaraSi. aseve savaldebulo iyo saxelmwifo eklesiaSi siaruli;
ritualebis Catarebis ufleba mxolod oficialuri eklesiis sasuliero pirs hqonda.
dawesebis klauzula SemoRebuli iyo swored religiis amgvari dawesebis asakrZa-
lad federalur doneze. mcdaria mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac oficialurad
mxardaWerili araseqtanturi locva, romelic rabinma gutermanma waikiTxa, arRvevda
SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucias. konstituciis avtorebi namdvilad ewinaaRm-
degebodnen federaluri mTavrobis mxridan religiur zewolas; magram, rogorc
federaluri xelisuflebis mier sazogadoebriv RonisZiebebze araseqtanturi loc-
vis waxalisebac gviCvenebs, maT gaazrebuli hqondaT „sityvis araiZulebiTi xasiaTi~,
msmeneli sruli TavisuflebiT sargeblobda.
rac Seexeba gamosaSveb saRamoze nebayoflobiTi daswrebis sakiTxs, mosamarTle
skalias azriT, araferi metyvelebs ardaswrebis SemTxvevaSi moswavleTa mimarT
disciplinuri sasjelis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze. am SemTxvevaSi barnetis268 saq-
mis damowmeba, sadac moswavleebs moeTxovebodaT erTgulebis ficis dadeba, moT-
xovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi ki skolidan garicxva da danaSaulisken midre-
kil arasrulwlovanTa aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi moTavseba emuqrebodaT, ara-
marTebulia da faqtebs sworad ar asaxavs.
mosamarTle skalia fiqrobs, rom sasamarTlom gadauxvia religiur klauzulaTa
iurisprudenciis kurss iseT Sablonur principebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic ewina-
aRmdegeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebul konstituciur tradiciebs. maT So-
risaa e. w. lemonis testi, romelsac kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebda uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos araerTi wevri. sasamarTlo aCvenebs lemonis saqmis ararelevanturobas da
misi uaryofa SeiZleba CaiTvalos sasamarTlos sxvagvarad ususuri gadawyvetilebis
erTaderT naTel wertilad. samwuxarod, is lemons sakuTari fsiqologiuri iZulebis
testiT anacvlebs. es testi ormagad usargebloa, ramdenadac ar efuZneba amerikeli
xalxis istoriul gamocdilebas da ukidures ganzogadebas eqvemdebareba, rogorc
Tavad fsiqoTerapiis mizezebi...
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sakiTxi aseTi rTuli ar iqneboda, reli-
gia mxolod piradi cxovrebis nawils rom warmoadgendes. mravali morwmunisTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom RmerTs kurTxeva SesTxovos, sxvebTan erTad da
ara rogorc calkeulma adamianma. maTTvis RmerTi „uzenaesi Zala da erTa mmarTve-
lia~. SeiZleba gvjerodes an ara sajaro RvTismsaxurebis mniSvnelobis, magram ofi-
cialur ceremoniebze locvis uZvelesi amerikuli tradicia cxadyofs, rom dawese-
bis klauzula saxelmwifos xels ar uSlis mis adaptaciaSi.
mosamarTle skalia fiqrobs, rom respublikis damaarseblebma kargad uwyodnen
436
seqtanturi religiuri rwmenis safuZvelze samoqalaqo dapirispirebis warmoSobis
saSiSroebis Sesaxeb. maT agreTve icodnen, rom araferi ise ar uwyobs xels sxvadasxva
rwmenis adamianebis Semwynareblobas erTmaneTisadmi, rogorc nebayoflobiT erTob-
livi locva. ra Tqma unda, aravin SeiZleba aiZulo, ase moiqces, Tumca aseve dauSve-
belia erToblivi locvis ganxorcielebis uflebis CamorTmeva adamianebisaTvis. bap-
tisti Tu kaTolike, romelic rabin gutermanis locvas SeuerTda am oficialur
patriotul RonisZiebaze, Tavisufali iyo religiuri fanatizmisgan. usamarTlobaa
sazogadoebis datoveba aseTi mniSvnelovani gamaerTianebeli meqanizmis gareSe mxo-
lod imitom, rom aramorwmune ar Sewuxdes sxva morwmuneebisadmi pativiscemis niSnad
fexze dgomiT an Tundac jdomiT gamowveuli umniSvnelo uxerxulobisgan. aqedan
gamomdinare, mosamarTle skalia arasworad miiCnevs sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas.
studentebis mier sportul Sejibrebebze Catarebuli locva. saSualo skolis
moswavleebisTvis gamosaSveb saRamoze locvis nebarTva zogierTisTvis niSnavda,
rom moswavleebs SeeZloT SeerCiaT TavianTi warmomadgeneli, romelic gamamxnevebel
sityvas warmoTqvamda `maTi cxovrebis mTavari movlenis~ — paraskev saRamos gasa-
marTi safexburTo Sejibris winac. erT saskolo olqSi arCeuli moswavle yoveli
TamaSis win sajaro mimarTvis gziT warmoTqvamda locvas mTeli sezonis ganmavlo-
baSi. bavSvebis mSoblebma, romelTagan erTi kaTolike iyo, meore ki mormoni, aRniS-
nuli praqtika gaasaCivres saolqo sasamarTloSi, rogorc ardawesebis klauzulis
darRveva. sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis procesSi saskolo olqma Secvala Tavisi
wesebi da moswavleebis mier locvis Catareba yvela saSinao TamaSis win dasaSvebad,
magram arasavaldebulod gamoacxada. saolqo sasamarTlom mxari dauWira am axal
wess, magram gamosca brZaneba, romelic nebadarTulad acxadebda mxolod „araseq-
tantur, araprozelitur locvas~. saapelacio sasamarTlom es gadawyvetileba ga-
auqma da safexburTo matCis win locvis wesi arakonstituciurad gamoacxada.
santa-fes damoukidebeli saskolo olqi jein dous winaaRmdeg269

am saqmeSi saskolo olqi xelisuflebis mxridan religiis mxardamWeri gamoxatvis
(romelic dawesebis klauzuliT ikrZaleba) mkveTr gamijvnas moiTxovs imave Sinaar-
sis kerZo gamoxatvisgan, romelic daculia sityvisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufle-
baTa klauzulebiT. saskolo olqis mtkicebiT, am saqmeSi warmodgenili gamoxatva
kerZo xasiaTisaa da ara sajaro. amgvari locva nebadarTulia xelisuflebis poli-
tikiT da igi xorcieldeba saxelmwifo sakuTrebis teritoriaze saxelmwifos mier
dafinansebul saskolo RonisZiebaze. aseT pirobebSi gavrcelebuli yvela saxis mi-
marTva ar momdinareobs xelisuflebisgan, TamaSis wina ceremonia ar aris saxelmwi-
fos mier Seqmnili forumi da masSi calkeuli pirebis monawileoba ar warmoadgens
saxelmwifos pozicias. skolis xelmZRvanelobas arc dadgenili wesebiT da arc Ta-
visi saqmianobiT ar gamouxatavs TamaSis gaxsnis ceremoniis uwesrigo gamoyenebis
ganzraxva moswavleTa sabWos mxridan. piriqiT, skola mxolod erT moswavles aZlevs
nebas, Caataros locvebi mTeli sezonis manZilze.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom moswavleTa sabWos kapelanis arCevnebi ar asworebda
am wesis konstituciur naklovanebebs. arCevnebi ar icavs umciresobaSi myofi moswav-
leebis Sexedulebebs da maT umravlesobis lmobierebis amara tovebs. fundamenturi
437
uflebebi ar SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos arCevnebis Sedegebze, amdenad, olqis ar-
Cevnebi ver uzrunvelyofs moswavleTa mravalferovani gamoxatvis arsebobas. santa-
fes arCevnebma SeiZleba uzrunvelyos moswavleTa umravlesobis CarTuloba, magram
is verafriT icavs umciresobas da maTi interesebis ignorirebis waxalisebas axdens.
saskolo olqma agreTve ver moaxerxa Tavi aeridebina TamaSis gaxsnis ceremoniis
religiuri SinaarsisTvis. olqi sakuTar wesebs miiCnevda ufro neitralurad, vidre
wamaxaliseblad. sinamdvileSi ki aSkaraa, rom misi wesebi religiis rogorc aRqmad,
ise faqtobriv mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs. am saqmeSi „skolis monawileobis xarisxi~
sasamarTlosTvis naTels xdis TamaSis wina locvaze saxelmwifos gavlenas da skolis
im moswavleebis wamgebian mdgomareobas, romlebic amasTan dakavSirebiT protests
gamoTqvamen.
marTalia, momxseneblis sityvis Sinaarsi mis arCevasTan erTad ar ganisazRvreba,
magram skolis wesebis mixedviT, locvis Sinaarsi Semdeg miznebs unda emsaxurebodes:
RonisZiebis sazeimod Catarebas, patiosani sportuli qcevis propagandas da Sejib-
risTvis saTanado garemos Seqmnas.
skola, garda momxseneblis arCevisa Tavisi wesebiT religiuri mimarTvebis mxar-
daWerasa da stimulirebas axdens da amas „RonisZiebis sazeimod aRniSvnis~ mizniT
amarTlebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom skolis wesebiT, gamokveTilad mxolod „uflis
wyalobis Txovnaa~ daSvebuli, santa-fes saSualo skolaSi Catarebuli locva yovel-
Tvis religiuri `mesijis~ gavrcelebaze iyo orientirebuli. amgvarad, skolis poli-
tikis gamokveTili miznebi xels uwyobs religiuri `Setyobinebis~ gavrcelebas da
swored ase esmiT skolis wesebi moswavleebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, arCevnebis win moswavleebis winaSe mdgari mTavari kiTxva
exeboda imas, SeiZleba Tu ara locva Seadgendes TamaSis wina ceremoniis nawils.
sasamarTlo aRiarebs im mniSvnelovan rols, romelsac sajaro RvTismsaxureba asru-
lebs mraval sazogadoebaSi; agreTve survilis gulwrfelobas, rom sajaro msaxureba
mravali RonisZiebis Semadgeneli nawili iyos, rac maT mniSvnelobas gausvams xazs,
magram msgavsi religiuri tipis qceva sajaro skolebSi da sxvagan aucileblad pir-
vel Sesworebas unda Seesabamebodes.
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare renkvistis gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle renkvisti fiqrobs, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT dawesebis
klauzulis safuZvelze saskolo olqis moswavleTa mimarTvis programis arakonsti-
tuciurad gamocxadeba, amaxinjebs damkvidrebul praqtikas. gansakuTrebiT gamaRi-
zianebelia sasamarTlos agresiuli toni, romelic mtrulad ekideba yovelive reli-
giurs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. arc sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da arc misi
gamomxatveli toni ar asaxavs dawesebis klauzulis arss.
sasamarTlos daskvnis mxolod bolosaa naTqvami, rom gasaCivrebuli skolis mos-
wavleTa mimarTvis programis ganxorcieleba Secvlili wesebis safuZvelze jer ar
dawyebula. maSasadame kiTxva ibadeba ara skolis wesebis dawesebis klauzulasTan
Sesabamisobis, aramed am wesebiT konstituciis momavali gardauvali darRvevis Se-
saxeb.
438
winaswarmetyvelebis sferoSi gadavardnili sasamarTlo `gardauvali~ Sedegis
dadgomamde wyvets misi konstituciurobis sakiTxs. amisTvis sasamarTlo mimarTavs
kritikis qarcecxlSi gamovlili lemonis testis yvelaze uxeS versias.
sasamarTlo arasworad ganmartavs arCevnebs. santa-fes skolis arCevnebi or-
safexuriania: pirvel etapze moswavleebi gadawyvetilebas iReben imis Taobaze, unda
hyavdeT Tu ara momxsenebeli safexburTo matCis win, xolo meore etapze irCeven
mas.
nebismieri Sinaarsis gamoxatva, romelic am arCevnebis Sedegia, kerZo xasiaTs
atarebs, radgan moswavleebi Tavad wyveten, ra unda Tqvan saxelmwifos karnaxis
gareSe. sasamarTlos es gadawyvetileba ar efuZneba uzenaesi sasamarTlos prece-
dentul samarTals da arsebiTad ukanonod cnobs moswavleTa yvela tipis arCevnebs.
sasamarTlos mosazreba emyareba arCeul moswavleTa mxridan sajaro locvis ganxor-
cielebis potenciur saSiSroebas.
skolis politikis miznebTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo acxadebs, rom misi Semo-
Reba moswavleTa locvis mxardaWeris ganzraxviT skolis mxridan konstituciis dar-
Rvevaa. magram es politika saero miznebs isaxavs: RonisZiebis sazeimod aRniSvna,
patiosani sportuli qcevisa da moswavleTa usafrTxoebis propaganda, SejibrisTvis
saTanado garemos Camoyalibeba.
sasamarTlo uaryofs sazeimod aRniSvnis saero mizans, amtkicebs ra, rom igi
religiuri ideebis stimulirebasa da mxardaWeras axdens. sasamarTlos daskvniT,
TamaSis gaxsnis ceremoniisTvis sazeimo elferis micemis yvelaze aSkara saSualeba
religiuri `mesijis~ gavrcelebaa. Tumca sakmaod ioli mosafiqrebelia arareligi-
uri xasiaTis sazeimo mimarTva — magaliTad, TamaSis win damsaxurebulad mogebis
Txovna. RvTisadmi mimarTva gaismis amerikis erovnul himnSic, romelic sportuli
RonisZiebebis dawyebis win sruldeba. sasamarTlos logikas rom gavyveT, sajaro
skolaSi TamaSis win erovnuli himnis Sesrulebac dawesebis klauzulis darRvevad
unda miviCnioT.
sasamarTlo sakuTari poziciis gasamyareblad imowmebs uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebas saqmeSi li vaismanis winaaRmdeg,270 romelic exeboda saxelmwifos
mier nakarnaxeb gamoxatvas. aq ki skolis wesebis amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi locvis
teqsts Tavad moswavleebi Seadgendnen, rac kerZo gamoxatvas gulisxmobs. saxelmwi-
fo gamoxatva, romelic religiisadmi mxardaWeras gamoxatavs, ikrZaleba dawesebis
klauzuliT, xolo imave Sinaarsis kerZo gamoxatva daculia sityvis Tavisuflebisa
da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulebiT.
mosamarTle renkvisti varaudobs, rom skolis am wesebis amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi
moswavleebs SesaZloa momxsenebeli absoluturad saero kriteriumebiT aerCiaT.
wesebis amgvari gamoyeneba, savaraudod, konstituciur Semowmebas warmatebiT gaiv-
lida. sxva SemTxvevaSi am wesebis arakonstituciurad gamocxadeba merec SeiZle-
boda. aqedan gamomdinare, mosamarTle renkvistis azriT, ufro swori iqneboda saape-
lacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba.
439
mecniereba da religia saswavlo kurikulumSi
testis Zieba: saero mizani, aradiskriminacia, mxardaWera da neitraloba. saqmeSi stouni

grehemis winaaRmdeg Seiqmna pirveli precedenti, rodesac sasamarTlom garkveuli praqtika
arakonstituciurad cno misi arasakmarisad saero daniSnulebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlo
cdilobda, frTxilad gaemijna „saero mizani~ da kanonis miRebis motivacia. raime saxis
religiuri saskolo programis gauqmeba yovelTvis ar iyo damokidebuli saero miznis
testze, magram am kriteriumma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula Semdeg oTx saqmeSi: stouni
grehemis winaaRmdeg, uolasi jefris winaaRmdeg, epersoni arkanzasis winaaRmdeg da
271
edvardsi agilaris winaaRmdeg. am saqmeebSi sasamarTlom gasaCivrebuli kanonebi ara-
konstituciurad miiCnia, radgan isini ar emsaxureboda gansazRvrul saero miznebs da maT
daniSnulebas garkveuli religiuri rwmenis xelSewyoba warmoadgenda. termini „saero~,
rogorc wesi, ixmareboda „arareligiuris~ mniSvnelobiT, magram „saero~ ar aris TviT-
gansazRvrebadi termini da misi „arareligiuris~ mniSvnelobiT gageba xSirad gamxdara davis
sagani. religiis Tavisuflebis saxelganTqmuli viliamsburgis qartiis (amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis ZiriTad religiur mimdinareobaTa warmomadgenlebis mier SemuSavebuli
qartia, romelic xelmowerili iqna amerikis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela seqtoris
orasamde lideris mier 1988 wlis 25 ivniss. SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis mravali
komentatoris mier qartia aRiarebulia yvelaze droul da mZlavr kvlavdadasturebad
religiis Tavisuflebis pricipebisa, romlebic safuZvlad udevs pirvel Sesworebas)
Tanaxmad, „saero mizani~ unda niSnavdes ara „arareligiur daniSnulebas~, aramed „zogad
saxelmwifo mizans~. sxvagvarad iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom `saxelmwifo saeros sinonimia~,
`religia ki kerZos~ aRniSnavs. amgvari gaigiveba araswori da usamarTloa.
„zogadi saxelmwifo miznis~ xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT kanonmdeblobis sekula-
robis dasadgenad, unda SevamowmoT, aris Tu ara es kanoni „diskriminaciuli~. reli-
giis adaptacia zogjer savaldebuloa aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzulis mi-
xedviT. garda amisa, kanonmdeblebs miniWebuli aqvT uflebamosileba, ganaxorcielon
religiis adaptacia, maSinac roca is ar aris savaldebulo konstituciiT. zogierTi
interpretatori fiqrobs, rom religiis adaptacia garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeba
saeroobis moTxovnas. religiis adaptacia SeiZleba aseve ganvixiloT rogorc reli-
giuri klauzulis „zogadi saxelmwifo miznis~ nawili. am SemTxvevaSi ardawesebis
principi ar ewinaaRmdegeba aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas da religiis aragonivruli
diskriminacia CaiTvleba sekularobis moTxovnis darRvevad.272
mosamarTle o’konori saero miznis moTxovnas ukavSirebs Tavis Teorias, rom sa-
xelmwifo qmedeba arakonstituciuria, Tu is saxelmwifos mxridan religiis mxarda-
Weris an uaryofis SegrZnebas warmoSobs. kanonis „sekularoba~ kiTxvis niSnis qveS
maSin dgeba, roca is migvaniSnebs, rom adamianebi, romlebic ar arian garkveuli reli-
giis mimdevrebi „ucxoni arian da ar miekuTvnebian politikur sazogadoebas~. saqmeSi
uolasi jefris winaaRmdeg273 o’konori werda: „sulac ar aris banaluri, moviTxovoT,
rom kanonmdebloba gamoxatavdes saero mizans da ugulebelyofdes yovelgvar re-
ligiur mxardaWeras. es moTxovna miaweres dawesebis klauzulis mizans — ar dauSvas
saxelmwifos mier religiis ganzrax mxardaWera~. erTi SexedviT, o’konoris es Semo-
Tavazeba religiuri umciresobebis ufro metad Semwynareblobis imeds iZleva, Tumca
mxardaWeris testis gamoyeneba arc ise iolia. zogierTi interpretatori mas akri-
tikebs rogorc sasamarTlos umarTav Carevas politikur procesSi.
440
prof. makkoneli aRniSnavs, rom, rodesac termin „saeros~ „arareligiuris~ mniSv-
nelobiT viyenebT, azrobrivad aradamajerebelia imis mtkiceba, rom saero libera-
lizmi ubralod `neitraluri poziciaa~. sxvebis azriT, konstitucia icavs da xels
uwyobs aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas, radgan religia bunebiTi, Tandayolili fase-
ulobaa. amdenad, religiis Tavisufleba ar aris instrumentuli Rirebuleba, rome-
lic „neitralobidan~ momdinareobs, is TavisTavadi Rirebulebaa. neitraloba ki ar
moiTxovs religiuri qmedebis Sewynarebas, aramed aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba moiT-
xovs saxelmwifos neitralobas religiis mimarT.
religiuri neitralitetis cneba gulisxmobs ara mxolod ganzrax dapirispirebis
Tavidan acilebas: religiuri klauzulebi saxelmwifosgan moiTxovs im sazRvrebis
minimumamde SezRudvas, romlis farglebSic igi religiuri mrwamsis an aramorwmu-
neobis waxalisebas an misTvis xelis SeSlas moaxdens.
zogierTi interpretatori eWvis TvaliT uyurebs neitralobis uzrunvelyofis
SesaZleblobas. prof. hiCkokis azriT, mcdelobas, rom aramorwmuneoba ar dazarale-
buliyo rwmenasTan SedarebiT, xSirad gamouwvevia religiis praqtikuli da Teori-
uli SezRudva. mkacri separaciis klasikuri doqtrina eyrdnoba varauds, rom saxel-
mwifos SeuZlia da unda iyos neitraluri, magram praqtikulad es SeuZlebelia. Rire-
bulebebi aucilebelia nebismieri sazogadoebis funqcionirebisTvis da, Tu ar mox-
deba maTi Segnebuli miReba da sajaro aRiareba, maTi damkvidreba sazogadoebaSi
SeiZleba Sefarulad da gauazreblad moxdes. Rirebulebebi yovelTvis realur an
potenciur konfliqtSia erTmaneTTan da saxelmwifo nebsiT Tu uneblieT gamoarCevs
xolme zogierT maTgans.274
sociologi robert belaxi yuradRebas amaxvilebs „samoqalaqo religiaze~ da
mas ganmartavs, rogorc TiToeuli adamianis cxovrebis religiur aspeqts, romlis
saSualebiTac is cdilobs, axsnas Tavisi istoriuli gamocdileba transcendenturi
realobis TvalsazrisiT. samoqalaqo religia warmoqmnis eris miTologias, rac Ta-
visTavad ar aris mcdari, Tumca igi WeSmaritebis transformacias axdens ise, rom
mas moralur da sulier Sinaarss sZens.275
mecniereba da religia. TiTqmis iseve, rogorc locva, samecniero kurikulumic
sajaro skolaSi davis sagans warmoadgens. Semdegi ori saqme swored mecnierebisa da
religiis Sesaxeb kamaTs asaxavs. pirvel saqmeSi mosarCele suzan epersoni amtki-
cebs, rom misi rogorc skolis maswavleblis Tavisufleba SeizRuda arkanzasis 1928
wlis „antievoluciuri~ kanoniT, romelic krZalavda adamianis sxva saxis sicocxlis
saxeobidan warmoSobis Teoriis swavlebas. mosamarTle abe fortasma es saqme daukav-
Sira jon skoupsis276 cnobil sasamarTlo process tenesis StatSi 1925 wels. am saqmeSi
tenesis Statis warmomadgeneli ilaSqrebda saswavlo kurikulumSi darvinizmis
CarTvis winaaRmdeg im motiviT, rom darvini adamians evoluciuri procesis pro-
duqtad warmoaCenda. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom braleulad cno skoupsi 1925
wlis 13 marts tenesis Statis mier miRebuli kanonis safuZvelze, romelic krZalavda
saxelmwifo dafinansebaze myof saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi iseTi Teoriis
swavlebas, romelic uaryofda RmerTis mier adamianis gaCenis bibliur Tqmulebas
(e.w. `maimunis kanoni~). tenesis uzenaesma sasamarTlom am saqmis sabraldebo verdiqti
gaauqma, Tumca statuti ZalaSi datova.
abe fortasi 1920-ian wlebSi memfisis skolis moswavle iyo. skoupsis sasamarTlo
procesma mas samarTlis Seswavlisken ubiZga. bevri aRniSnavda am saqmis gavlenas
441
epersonis gadawyvetilebaze. fortasis CanawerebSi vkiTxulobT, rom epersonis saq-
meSi mosamarTleebis umravlesoba arkanzasis statutis gauqmebas moiTxovda misi
araerTmniSvnelovnebis gamo. fortasi faqtobrivad erTaderTi iyo, vinc amtkicebda,
rom qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZveli dawesebis klauzu-
la unda gamxdariyo.
am saqmeSi ganxiluli kanoni arakonstituciurad gamocxadda, radgan ar hqonda
saero mizani. aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonis gacxadebuli mizani iyo „adamianis warmo-
Sobis Sesaxeb sadavo sagnis sajaro skolebis saswavlo kursidan amoReba~. mxolod
warmosaxviTi Tu realuri miznis safuZvelze kanonebis gauqmebas ewinaaRmdegeboda
mosamarTle bleiki, romelic epersonis saqmeSi gamoTqvamda Tanmxvedr azrs: „gauge-
baria, ratom ar SeiZleba Stats hqondes ufleba, saswavlo kurikulumidan amoiRos
sajaro skolebisTvis Zalze mtkivneuli da sadavod miCneuli sagani~.
epersoni arkanzasis winaaRmdeg277

am saqmeSi dava mimdinareobs „antievuluciuri~ aqtis Sesaxeb, romelic arkanzasis
Statma 1928 wels miiRo, raTa aekrZla adamianis sicocxlis sxva saxeobidan warmo-
Sobis Teoriis swavleba sajaro skolebSi. statuti warmoadgenda 1920-iani wlebis
„fundamentalisturi~ religiuri vnebaTaRelvis nayofs da tenesis 1925 wlis „maimu-
nis kanonis~ saxesxvaobas. am ukanasknelis konstituciurobas ki tenesis uzenaesma
sasamarTlom 1927 wels skoupsis saxelganTqmul saqmeSi dauWira mxari.
arkanzasis kanoni sajaro skolis an universitetis nebismier maswavlebels ukrZa-
lavs, aswavlos Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad kacobrioba cxovelTa qvesaxeobisgan warmo-
iSva. kanonis Tanaxmad, aseve dauSvebelia aRniSnul dawesebulebebSi im saxelmZRva-
neloebis gamoyeneba, romlebic darvinis Teorias Seicavs. kanonis moTxovnebis dar-
Rvevis SemTxvevaSi samarTaldamrRvevs samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba emuqreba.
es saqme exeba biologiis swavlebas liTl rokis saSualo skolaSi. am procesze
ganxilul movlenebamde saSualo skolaSi biologiis kursisTvis gankuTvnili sa-
xelmZRvanelo ar moicavda darvinis Teorias. Semdeg, 1965-1966 akademiuri wlisTvis,
biologiis maswavleblebis rCeviT skolis administraciam daamtkica saxelmZRva-
nelo, romlis erT-erT TavSi warmodgenili iyo Teoria adamianis cxovelTa qvesa-
xeobisgan warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
Statis udavo uflebaa, mis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebuli sajaro skolebisTvis
Seadginos kurikulumi, magram mas ara aqvs ufleba, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgebloba daawesos samecniero Teoriis an doqtrinis swavlebisaTvis, im safuZvlebze
dayrdnobiT, rac srul winaaRmdegobaSia konstituciis pirvel SesworebasTan. sa-
samarTlo dromoWmulad miiCnevs imis mtkicebas, rom Stats SeuZlia sakuTari
skolebis maswavleblebs Tavs moaxvios nebismieri saxis pirobebi, rogorc ar unda
zRudavdes isini konstituciur garantiebs.
sasamarTlos eWvi ar epareba, rom arkanzasis Stati evoluciis Teoriis akrZalvas
cdilobs im adamianebis mrwamsis gamo, romlebic kacobriobis warmoSobis doqtrinis
erTaderT wyarod biblias miiCneven. kanonSi miniSnebac ar gakeTebula, rom misi
ganmarteba unda momxdariyo saxelmwifo politikis WrilSi da ara zogierTi moqa-
laqis religiuri Sexedulebebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlos azriT, kanonis arseboba
ganpirobebulia fundamentalisturi religiuri mrwamsiT.
442
arkanzasis statutis winamorbedi, tenesis „maimunis kanoni~, Riad acxadebda Tavis
mizans: arakanonierad eqcia iseTi Teoriebis swavleba, romlebic uaryofs adamianis
RvTiur warmomavlobas, rogorc amas biblia gvaswavlis da amis nacvlad amtkicebs,
rom adamiani cxovelisgan warmoiSva. arkanzasma „adamianis RvTiuri warmomavloba~
amoiRo teqstidan, Tumca kanonis motivacia ucvleli darCa. arkanzasis mier Seda-
rebiT rbili gamoTqmebis SerCeva, albaT, gamoiwvia skoupis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT
atexilma aJiotaJma.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo arkanzasis kanonSi ver xedavs religiur neitralobas. ar-
kanzass ganzraxuli ar hqonia saswavlo kurikulumidan adamianis warmoSobaze yovel-
gvari msjelobis amoReba. is mxolod iseTi Teoriis amoRebas cdilobda, romelic
bibliur cnobebs ewinaaRmdegeba. sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom kanoni aSkarad arRvevs
konstituciis pirvel da me-14 Sesworebebs, aqedan gamomdinare, auqmebs arkanzasis
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas.
edvardsi agilaris winaaRmdeg278

uzenaesi sasamarTlo ganixilavs sakiTxs, luizianis aqti „sajaro skolaSi kreaci-
onizmis da evoluciis Teoriebis Tanabrad swavlebis~279 Sesaxeb ewinaaRmdegeba Tu
ara konstitucias pirveli Sesworebis dawesebis klauzulis safuZvelze.
`kreacionizmis aqti~ krZalavs evoluciis Teoriis sajaro skolebSi swavlebas
kreacionizmis swavlebis gareSe. arc erT skolas ar moeTxoveba am Teoriebis swav-
leba, magram, Tu gadawydeba, maSin orive unda iswavlebodes. evoluciis Teoria da
kreacionizmi kanoniT gansazRvrulia, rogorc „samyaros Seqmnis an evoluciis~ mec-
nieruli mtkicebuleba da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebi.
luizianis sajaro skolis moswavleTa mSoblebma, luizianelma maswavleblebma
da religiurma liderebma — saolqo sasamarTloSi gaasaCivres kanonis konstituci-
asTan Sesabamisoba da moiTxoves sasamarTlo akrZalvis daweseba kanonis moqmedebaze.
luizianeli sajaro moxeleebi, romlebic aqtis implimentaciaze iyvnen pasuxismge-
belni, mis dasacavad acxadebdnen, rom kanonis mizans legitimuri saero interesis,
kerZod, akademiuri Tavisuflebis dacva warmoadgenda.
sasamarTlos mohyavs lemonis testi, romelsac uzenaesma sasamarTlom yvela saq-
meSi mimarTa misi miRebis dRidan (1971 w.), garda saqmisa marSi Cembersis winaaRmdeg.
sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifos moqmedeba arRvevs dawesebis klauzulas,
Tu is ver akmayofilebs am testis romelime kriteriums.
lemonis pirveli punqti yuradRebas amaxvilebs kanonis miRebis mizanze, saxel-
mwifo apirebs religiis mxardaWeras Tu mis SezRudvas. saxelmwifos mxridan reli-
giis mxardaWera aSkaraa, roca mis mier miRebuli kanoni religiur miznebs emsaxureba.
es ganzraxva SeiZleba gamoixatos religiis zogad mxardaWeraSi an romelime konk-
retuli mrwamsisTvis upiratesobis miniWebaSi. Tu kanoni religiis mxardaWeris
mizniTaa miRebuli, sasamarTlo lemonis meore da mesame kriteriumis ganxilvas aRar
Tvlis saWirod. am saqmeSi sasamarTlo fiqrobs, rom luizianis aqtis damcvelebi
ver asabuTeben mis saero mizans.
aqtis deklarirebul mizans namdvilad warmoadgens akademiuri Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelyofa. es fraza zogadad SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc maswavleblebis Tavi-
443
sufleba — Tavad gadawyviton, ra aswavlon, Tumca saapelacio sasamarTlom marTe-
bulad aRniSna, rom aqti am miznis gansaxorcieleblad ar Seqmnila. uzenaesi sasa-
marTlosTvis aradamajereblia Statis argumenti, rom SeiZleba sakanonmdeblo orga-
nos termini „akademiuri Tavisufleba~ samarTlebriv konteqstSi ar exmara da SesaZ-
loa egulisxma samarTlianobis ZiriTadi koncefcia: „yvela mtkicebulebis swavle-
ba~. es ukanaskneli romc niSnavdes akademiur Tavisuflebas adamianis warmoSobasTan
dakavSirebiT, aqti mainc ar emsaxureba am mizans. ufro mravalmxrivi kurikulumis
Sedgenis mizani ar miiRweva evoluciis Teoriis swavlebis ukanonod gamocxadebiT
an kreacionizmis swavlebis moTxovniT. kanoni sinamdvileSi zRudavs akademiur Ta-
visuflebas.
sasamarTlo mokrZalebiT ekideba Statis saero miznis artikulacias, magram moiT-
xovs, rom es iyos gulwrfeli da ara yalbi gancxadeba.
sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom maswavleblisaTvis evoluciis Teoriis swavlebis akr-
Zalva kreacionizmis swavlebis gareSe xels ar uwyobs akademiur Tavisuflebas. ka-
noni maswavleblebs ar aniWebs iseT uflebamosilebas, romelsac isini ukve ar flo-
ben, kerZod evoluciuri Teoriis garda saswavlo kurikulumSi Seitanon sxva Teori-
ebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. marTlac, saapelacio sasamarTlom aRmoaCina, rom
luizianis sajaro skolis maswavleblebs arc erTi kanoniT ar ekrZalebodaT rome-
lime samecniero Teoriis swavleba. es kanoni maswavleblebs araviTar axal ufleba-
mosilebas ar aniWebs da amgvarad ar emsaxureba gacxadebul mizans.
metic, „samarTlianobis~ mizani TiTqmis ar miiRweva kanonis safuZvelze kreaci-
onizmisTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT da evulociuri Teoriis swavlebis dakninebiT.
aqti sakurikulumo gzamkvlevis Sedgenas moiTxovs mxolod kreacionizmisTvis;
evoluciuri TeoriisTvis miuwvdomelia agreTve arsebuli resursebiT momsaxure-
bac. mxolod kreacionisti mkvlevarebi SeiZleba iyvnen im specialistTa jgufis wev-
rebi, romlebic resursebiT momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofen. aqti skolis sabWoebs
ukrZalavs maT diskrimiancias, vinc arCevs kreacionizmis swavlebas, magram verafriT
icavs maT, vinc romelime sxva samecniero Teorias mianiWebs upiratesobas.
Tu luizianis sakanonmdeblo organos ganzraxuli hqonda samecniero swavlebis
efeqturobis amaRleba, is xels Seuwyobda kacobriobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb yvela
Teoriis swavlebas. kanonis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad ki, maswavleblebs, romlebsac
SeeZloT am sagnis nebismieri aspeqtis swavleba, axla es Tavisufleba erTmevaT. aqti
ar uzrunvelyofs arc kreacionizmis swavlebas. is am sagans savaldebulod acxadebs
evoluciuri Teoriis swavlebasTan erTad. uzenaesi sasamarTlo iziarebs saapelacio
sasamarTlos daskvnas, rom aRniSnuli kanoni ar emsaxureba akademiuri Tavisuflebis
dacvas da amis nacvlad miznad isaxavs evoluciuri Teoriis diskreditacias.
sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom luizianis sakanonmdeblo organo miznad isaxavda ka-
cobriobis zebunebrivi arsebis mier Seqmnis ideis upiratesobis warmoCenas. aqtis
avtorebis mier SemoTavazebuli definicia terminisa „kreacionizmi~ mxolod kerZo
religiur doqtrinas moicavda. `kreacionizmis aqtis~ iniciatori senatori qeiTi
adasturebda, rom kreacionizmi gulisxmobda warmodgenas samyaros zebunebrivi
Semoqmedis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
sasamarTlo miuTiTebs aqtis sakanonmdeblo istoriaze, romelic adasturebs
kanonis mTavar mizans — sajaro skolebis samecniero kurikulumis Secvla im religi-
444
uri doqtrinisTvis upiratesobis misaniWeblad, romelic uaryofs evoluciis faq-
tobriv safuZvlebs. sakanonmdeblo ganxilvisas senatori qeiTi acxadebda, rom
evoluciis idea ewinaaRmdegeboda mis religiur mrwamss. aqedan gamomdinare, kanonis
mizani samecniero kurikulumSi erT-erTi religiuri mosazrebis mxardaWeris asaxva
iyo, rac evoluciis Teoriisadmi antagonizmis cxadi gamoxatulebaa.
dawesebis klauzula krZalavs rogorc romelime religiuri doqtrinisTvis upi-
ratesobis miniWebas, ise romelime dogmisadmi antagonisturad miCneuli Teoriis
akrZalvas. radgan `kreacionizmis aqtis~ ZiriTad mizans garkveuli religiuri Sexe-
dulebis prioritetulobis warmoCena warmoadgens, kanoni gamoxatavs religiis mxar-
daWeras da amiT arRvevs pirvel Sesworebas. Sesabamisad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo ZalaSi
tovebs saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas.
mosamarTle pauelis Tanmxvedri azri,

romelsac SeurTda mosamarTle o’konori
mosamarTle paueli wlebis ganmavlobaSi riCmondis ganaTlebis sabWos iuristi
iyo. paueli sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom sasamarTlos pozicia aranairad ar zRudavs
Statisa da skolis xelmZRvanelebis tradiciulad farTo diskrecias, Seadginon
sajaro skolis kurikulumi.
is, rom luizianis sakanonmdeblo organos ganzraxuli hqonda saskolo kuriku-
lumis axali informaciiT Sevseba da ara misi Semcireba, rogorc es epersonis saqmeSi
moxda, pauels azrs ar acvlevinebs. orive SemTxvevaSi sakanonmdeblo organo cdi-
lobda, sajaro skolis kurikulumis morgebas garkveuli religiuri mrwamsisTvis _
„adamianis RvTiuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb~.
kanonis saero mizanze arc is garemoeba mianiSnebs, rom is Teoriis samecniero
mtkicebulebebiTaa SezRuduli. saapelacio sasamarTlos Tavis daskvnaSi ar uary-
ofs, rom kreacionizmis safuZvlebi SesaZloa mecnierulad dasturdebodes da mas
arc sWirdeba amis uaryofa. nebismieri Teoriisa Tu sagnis akademiuri Rirebulebis
miuxedavad, dawesebis klauzula zRudavs sajaro moxeleebis diskrecias, gamoarCios
romelime maTgani garkveuli religiuri mrwamsis mxardaWeris mizniT. mosamarTle
pauelis azriT, swored ase moiqca luizianis Statis sakanonmdeblo organo.
mosamarTle paueli aqts arakonstituciurad miiCnevs, Tumca mainc eTanxmeba mo-
sazrebas, rom sajaro skolebis saganmanaTleblo politikas Stati da adgilobrivad
arCeuli skolis sabWoebi unda gansazRvravdnen. garkveuli sagnis swavlebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetileba ar arRvevs dawesebis klauzulas mxolod imitom, rom is, rac iswav-
leba, garkveul religiur dogmebs emTxveva. dawesebis klauzulis mixedviT, mmarTve-
lobis am organoebis gadawyvetilebebSi Careva gamarTlebulia mxolod maSin, roca
maTi religiuri mizani TvalsaCinoa.
mosamarTle pauelis daskvniT, aqtis sakanonmdeblo istoria naTlad cxadyofs,
rom misi mizania calkeuli religiuri mrwamsis waxaliseba. Statisa da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobebis diskrecia sajaro skolebis kurikulumze farToa, Tumca pir-
veli Sesworeba maT ar aniWebs uflebas, moiTxovon swavlebis Sesabamisobis uzrun-
velyofa romelime religiuri seqtis principebsa da akrZalvebTan.
445
mosamarTle skalias gansxvavebuli azri,
romelsac SeuerTda sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare renkvisti
mosamarTle skalia acxadebs, rom, dawesebis klauzulis mixedviT, mxolod moti-
vebis safuZvelze kanonis gauqmebis aucileblobas romc iziarebdes, igi mainc ver
daeTanxmeboda am saqmeze miRebul gadawyvetilebas. luizianis kanonmdeblebi acno-
bierebdnen dawesebis klauzulasTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlo problemebs da am aspeqts
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen. saqmeSi warmodgenilia kanonis saero
miznis damadasturebeli aSkara mtkicebulebebi. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo kanon-
mdeblebis motivaciasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTar intuiciur codnas eyrdnoba da ga-
dawyvetilebas iRebs, rom maT Segnebulad daarRvies sakuTari uflebamosilebis
cnobisas dadebuli fici da icrues.
luizianis uzenaes sasamarTlos ar hqonia sadavo aqtis interpretaciis SesaZ-
lebloba, Statis moxeleebs arasodes ucdiaT misi aRsruleba da is arc arasdros
gamxdara arsebiTi ganxilvis sagani. Cven SegviZlia mxolod varaudiT SemovifargloT
misi mniSvnelobis Taobaze msjelobisas. cnobilia, rom aqti krZalavs „kreacioniz-
mis~ an „evoluciuri Teoriis~ gancalkevebulad swavlebas, magram mxareebi ver Tanxm-
debian imis Taobaze, Tu ras moicavs kreacionizmi. apelantebi amtkiceben, rom is
mecnierulad Rirebul cnobebs moicavs. mowinaaRmdege mxare mas SeniRbul religiur
doqtrinad Tvlis. am terminis savaraudo Sinaarsis orive interpretacias sakanon-
mdeblo istoriaSi garkveuli dasayrdeni aqvs.
mosamarTle skalia ar aris darwmunebuli, rom lemonis „miznis~ testi konsti-
tuciis swori interpretaciaa. asec rom iyos, skalia mainc ar eTanxmeba sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebas. mas mohyavs uzenaesi sasamarTlos mravali saqme, romelSic dawe-
sebis klauzulis safuZvelze gasaCivrebuli kanonis saero mizani zedmeti Zalisx-
mevis gareSe iqna aRmoCenili. lemonis saqmis Semdgom mxolod orjer moxda kanonis
arakonstituciurad cnoba saero miznis ararsebobis gamo. da mainc uzenaes sasamar-
Tlos ar Seuqmnia myari principebi, romlebsac igi lemonis testis gamoyenebisas
daeyrdnoboda momavalSi. erTi ram cxadia, rasac ar unda niSnavdes „sakanonmdeblo
mizani~ sxva konteqstSi, lemonis testis farglebSi is aRniSnavs gasaCivrebul moqme-
debaze pasuxismgebel pirTa namdvil motivebs. amrigad, Tu is, vinc mxari dauWira
aqts, „WeSmariti~ saero mizniT xelmZRvanelobda, maSin aRniSnuli aqti akmayofilebs
lemonis testis pirvel komponents, imisda miuxedavad, emsaxureba Tu ara miRebuli
normebi dasaxul mizans.
lemonis testis avtori (uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare burgeri) aRniSnavda,
rom kanonis arakonstituciurad gamocxadeba testis miznis elementis safuZvelze
mxolod maSin SeiZleba, roca eWvs ar iwvevs kanonis miRebis absoluturad religiuri
motivacia. samive saqmeSi (uolasi, stouni, epersoni), sadac uzenaesma sasamarTlom
arakonstituciurad cno kanonebi dawesebis klauzulis mixedviT saero miznis arar-
sebobis gamo, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sakanonmdeblo organos erTaderT motiva-
cias religiis xelSewyoba warmoadgenda. amgvarad am saqmeSi ganxiluli aqtis gauqme-
ba SeiZleba maSin, Tu luizianis Statis sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ar xelmZRvane-
lobda saero mizniT misi miRebisas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom lemonis mixedviT akrZaluli mizani gulisxmobs „religiis mxar-
daWeras~. uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika ar gulisxmobs, rom dawesebis klauzuliT
446
kanonmdeblebs ekrZalebaT sakuTari religiuri Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad moqmedeba.
sasamarTlo Semadgenlobis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT, mosamarTleebi skalia da
renkvisti ar fiqroben, rom kanonis erTaderTi mizani religiis xelSewyobaa mxolod
imitom, rom mas mxars uWeren garkveuli rwmenis mimdevrebi an imitom, rom is Seesa-
bameba zogierTi an yvela religiuri mimdinareobis principebs. uzenaes sasamarTlos
mraval saqmeSi ar CauTvlia did sirTuled saero miznis danaxva saxelmwifos iseT
qmedebaSi, romelic religiis xelSewyobis gacilebiT met potenciur SesaZleblobas
qmnida, vidre am saqmeSi sadavod qceuli kanoni. amrigad, is garemoeba, rom kreaci-
onizmi emTxveva mraval religiur mrwamss, ar amarTlebs aqtis arakonstituciurad
gamocxadebas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika aseve miuTiTebs, rom religiis mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebisken mimarTuli garkveuli tipis saxelmwifo qmedebebi, ar „uwyobs xels
religias~, rogorc es termini lemonis testSia gamoyenebuli. metic, uzenaesi sasa-
marTlo asaxelebs or SemTxvevas, roca saxelmwifom unda Seuwyos xeli religias da
mesame SemTxvevas, roca mas SeuZlia ase moiqces.
pirveli _ uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, dawesebis klauzula krZalavs ara
mxolod religiis xelSewyobiT motivirebul saxelmwifo qmedebas, aramed religi-
isadmi mtrul damokidebulebasa da mis SezRudvasac. sasamarTlo agreTve acxadebs,
rom saxelmwifos „neitraloba~ religiis mimarT pirveli Sesworebis umTavresi miza-
nia. Stati, romelic aRmoaCens, rom misi moxeleebi xelyofen religias, valdebulia
es aRkveTos, Tundac religiis waxalisebis gziT. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu luizianis
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas miaCnia, rom Statis maswavleblebi arakeTilganwyo-
bilni arian religiisadmi, mas SeuZlia aRkveTos es damokidebuleba lemonis miznis
testTan konfliqtis gareSe.
meore, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, xandaxan mizanmimarTul saxelm-
wifo mxardaWeras aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula moiTxovs. zogierT viTa-
rebaSi Statma saTanado pirobebi unda Seuqmnas moqalaqeTa rwmenas maTi zogadi
daniSnulebis regulaciebisgan gaTavisuflebiT. amrigad, luizianis kanonmdeblebis
motivacia ar modis winaaRmdegobaSi lemonis miznis testTan.
uzenaes sasamarTlos agreTve miuRia gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, rom zogierT
viTarebaSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia moaxdinos religiis adaptacia maSinac, Tu amis sa-
Wiroeba pirveli Sesworebis moTxovnebiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. garkveul doneze
aseTi adaptacia SesaZloa gadaizardos religiis ukanono waxalisebaSi, Tumca zusti
zRvaris gavleba arasodes momxdara. aqedan gamomdinare sadavo aqtis miReba reli-
giis xelSewyobiTac rom yofiliyo motivirebuli da ara aRmsareblobis Tavisufle-
bis an dawesebis klauzulebis moTxovnebis dacviT, SesaZloa am qmedebas mainc daek-
mayofilebina lemonis miznis testi.
mosamarTle skalia amis Semdeg uSualod ganixilavs aqtis miRebis mizezebs. im
mwiri informaciis miuxedavad, romelic am aqtis Sesaxeb msjelobis saSualebas iZ-
leva, skalia askvnis, rom gadawyvetileba aqtis mTlianad religiuri daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb aramarTebulia. sasamarTlo arasworad ganmartavs ramdenime sakiTxs. is
varaudobs, rom „akademiuri Tavisufleba~ niSnavs „maswavleblebis Tavisuflebas,
aswavlon is, rac surT~, Tumca am konteqstSi „akademiur Tavisuflebas~ moqmedebis
viwro sfero aqvs struqturirebul dawyebiT da saSualo saswavlo kurikulumebSi,
447
romlebsac es aqti Seexeba. sinamdvileSi „akademiuri Tavisufleba~ gulisxmobs
moswavleebis Tavisuflebas indoqtrinaciisgan. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba miznad
isaxavda moswavleebis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofas, samecniero mtkicebulebebis
proporciuli gacnobis safuZvelze Tavad gadaewyvitaT, Tu rogor gaCnda sicocxle.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi cdilobdnen, daecvaT TiToeuli moswavlis
ufleba, nebayoflobiT gadaewyvita, risi swamdes, saxelmwifosgan yovelgvari
zewolis gareSe.
im SemTxvevaSic Tu dadgindeba, rom luizianis sakanonmdeblo organos wevrTa
umravlesobam mxari dauWira aqts qristianul fundamentalisturi ideebis xelSew-
yobis ganzraxviT, uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT es ar aris sakmarisi
aqtis arakonstituciurad gamocxadebisTvis, imdenad ramdenadac kanoni saero
miznebsac isaxavda, risi eWvqveS dayenebis safuZvelic sasamarTlos ar aqvs. mosa-
marTle skalia sasamarTlos mzadyofnas aseTi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad miawers
reaqcias saqmeze skoupsi tenesis Statis winaaRmdeg,280 rom saxelmwifos mier dawe-
sebuli moTxovnebi, romlebic evoluciis Teoriis swavlebaze axdens gavlenas auci-
leblad qristianul fundamentalistur represias unda warmoadgendes. am saqmeSi,
skalias azriT, swored sasamarTlos poziciaa represiuli. luizianelebs aqvT uf-
leba, maT skolebSi warmodgenili iyos evoluciuri Teoriis sawinaaRmdego nebismi-
eri mecnieruli mtkicebuleba. SesaZloa luizianis sakanonmdeblo organos moqme-
deba arakonstituciuri iyos, radgan mis mier dawesebuli programa faqtobrivad
mxolod bibliis `dabadebis~ wignis prezentacias gulisxmobs. magram amas ver vityviT
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, romelic Seicavs utyuar mtkicebulebas,
rom kreacionizmi mecnieruli codnis nawilia da ara garkveuli rwmenis gamovlineba.
aseve warmoudgenelia imis mtkiceba, rom SeuZlebelia arsebobdes evoluciuri Te-
oriis sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebebi da amitom kanonSi formulirebuli mizani sic-
rued unda CavTvaloT.
mosamarTle skalias azriT, proporciuli swavlebis aqts (gasaCivrebuli kanoni)
hqonda saero mizani, rac lemonis testis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa; aqedan gamomdinare,
is ufro marTebulad CaTvlida saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas
da saqmis qvemdgom sasamarTloSi dabrunebas xelaxali ganxilvisTvis.
aRsaniSnavia sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris mier uolasis saqmeSi gamoTqmuli lemo-
nis testis kritika, gansakuTrebiT ki „miznis elementisa~: „es konstituciuri Te-
oriaa, romelic ar efuZvneba pirveli Sesworebis istorias — saxeldobr ris axsnasac
is cdilobs~.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom Seqmna dawesebis klauzulis imdenad damabneveli inter-
pretacia, rom TviT yvelaze keTilsindisier sajaro moxeleebsac gauWirdebaT imis
ganWvreta, ra motivebis safuZvelze CaiTvleba maTi qmedeba arakonstituciurad.
sasamarTlo ambobs, rom saxelmwifom ar SeiZleba imoqmedos religiis mxardaWeris
ganzraxviT, Tu mas aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula ar aiZulebs, aseve
gamonaklisia saxelmwifos mxridan religiisadmi mtruli damokidebulebis aRmofx-
vra, an religiuri qcevis adaptaciis uzrunvelyofa, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca es
religiis xelSewyobiT mTavrdeba, rac, rasakvirvelia, arakonstituciuria. magram
Tuki SesaZlebelia kanonis obieqturi miznis, an Tundac kanonSemoqmedTa formaluri
motivaciis dadgena, am ukanasknelTa subieqturi motivebis gansazRvra praqtikulad
448
SeuZlebelia. SesaZlo motiviciaTa raodenoba usazRvroa. mocemul saqmeSi srule-
biT ar aris aucilebeli, kanonmdebels aqtisTvis xma imis gamo mieca, rom mas religiis
mxardaWera surda. SesaZloa is fiqrobda, rom es aqti mis olqSi samuSao adgilebs
Seqmnida, an SeiZleba aqtis iniciatori iyo misi megobari, an is amiT umravlesobis
liders `vals~ ubrunebda. kanonmdeblis es gadawyvetileba SesaZloa garkveuli
zewolis Sedegic iyo an is amiT saxelis moxveWas cdilobda, an kanonproqtis mowi-
naaRmdege kanonmdebels usworebda Zvel angariSs, an SesaZloa sulac SemTxveviT
daaWira Rilaks „diax~ da a. S. anu erTi konkretuli kanonmdeblis ganzraxvis gamoc-
nobac ki SeuZlebelia.
am kiTxvebze saTanado pasuxebis ararsebobis gamo, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gansaz-
Rvra, rom kanonmdeblebis subieqturi ganzraxvis dadgenis mcdeloba sarisko inici-
ativaa da ara mxolod mosamarTleebisTvis, romlebic, savaraudod, Sedegs ver miaR-
weven, aramed kanonmdeblebisTvisac, romlebmac unda Seafason kanonis konstitu-
ciuri vargisianoba ara sakuTari gadawyvetilebis an kanonis Sinaarsis safuZvelze,
aramed imis mixedviT, Tu ra utrialebT sxvebs TavSi.
warsulSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom dawesebis klauzulis samarcxvino iurispru-
denciis gamarTleba scada imiT, rom is „sicxadesa da prognozirebadobas wiravs
moqnilobis sasargeblod~. mosamarTle skalia fiqrobs, rom droa, „moqniloba~ dav-
TmoT „sicxadisa da prognozirebadobisTvis~. amisaTvis kargi dasawyisi iqneboda
lemonis miznis testis uaryofa, testisa, romelic winaaRmdegobas qmnis aRmsareblo-
bis Tavisuflebis klauzulasa da dawesebis klauzulas Soris da romelic ar efuZ-
neba pirveli Sesworebis istorias.
kritikuli azrovneba arakonstituciuria? evoluciis Teoriis Sesaxeb kamaTi
dResac mimdinareobs. edvardsis saqmidan Svidi wlis Semdeg luizianis adgilobrivma
skolis sabWom Semdegi rezolucia miiRo: „dawyebiT Tu saSualo skolaSi evoluciis
mecnieruli Teoria nebismieri saxis masalebis gamoyenebiT an zepiri gadmocemis
saSualebiT unda iswavlebodes. evoluciis samecniero Teoriis swavleba moswavle-
ebisTvis mecnieruli koncefciebis gasacnobadaa gamiznuli da ara samyaros Seqmnis
bibliur versiaze an sxva nebismier Teoriaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad. TiToeuli mos-
wavlis fundamenturi ufleba da privilegiaa, hqondes sakuTari rwmena an iziarebdes
mSoblebis Sexedulebebs sicocxlisa da materiis warmoSobis am metad mniSvnelovan
sakiTxze. moswavleebma kritikulad unda iazrovnon, moiZion yvelanairi informacia
da sakuTari azris Camosayalibeblad yvela alternativa unda ganixilon~.
saolqo sasamarTlom kritikuli azrovnebis xelSewyobis mizani TvalTmaqcobad
miiCnia. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom rezolucias arasakmarisi saero mizani hqonda
da skolis sabWos aukrZala misi aRsruleba (Freiler v. Tangipachoa Parish Board of
Education, 975 F. Supp. 819 E.D. La. 1997)
saskolo sakuTrebis gamoyeneba religiaze sasaubrod
niu-iorkis erT-erTma saskolo olqma kerZo jgufebs ufleba misca, skolis Seno-
bebi daeqiravebinaT gakveTilebis Semdeg. erT-erTma religiurma jgufma survili
gamoTqva, skolis Senoba gamoeyenebina filmebis Cvenebisa da diskusiebisaTvis oja-
xur Rirebulebebze religiur WrilSi. olqma aRniSnul jgufs uari ganucxada saja-
ro skolis SenobiT sargeblobaze maTi RonisZiebis religiuri Sinaarsis gamo. saqmeSi
449
lembs Capeli morikes centraluri kavSiris Tavisufali saskolo olqis winaaRmdeg281
sasamarTlom aRiara, rom ardawesebis klauzulis dacva SeiZleba iyos sakmarisad
sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesi, raTa gaamarTlos gamoxatvis Sinaarsobrivi Sez-
Rudvebi, Tumca ar gamodgeba religiur gamoxatvaze iseTi saxelmwifo SezRudvebis
dawesebis gasamarTleblad, rodesac religiuri gamoxatva ar aris Statis mier mxar-
daWerili, xorcieldeba saxelmwifo sakuTrebis teritoriaze, romelic Riaa saja-
ro sityvisTvis, xolo nebarTva aRebulia imave saganacxado proceduris gavlis Se-
degad, rogorc sxva jgufebis SemTxvevaSi. sasamarTlos azriT, gansxvaveba akrZalul
saxelmwifo gamoxatvas, romelic religias uWers mxars da imave Sinaarsis dacul
kerZo gamoxatvas Soris igivea, rac linCis da vidmaris282 saqmeebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvaveba. amgvarad, kerZo religiuri gamoxatva isevea daculi sityvis Tavisuf-
lebis klauzuliT, rogorc saero kerZo gamoxatva da sajaro skolis Senobis gamoye-
neba kerZo religiuri jgufis mier neitralur pirobebSi ar aris dauSvebeli lemonis
testis romelime elementiT.
lemonis testis sicocxlisunarianoba. mkvlevrebi mudmivad akritikeben lemo-
nis tests, xolo mxareebi sasamarTlosgan masze uaris Tqmas moiTxoven. saqmeSi lembs
Capeli mosamarTle skalia aRniSnavda, rom `viTarca vampiri saSinelebaTa filmSi,
lemonis testi mudmivad ukan dahyveba dawesebis klauzulis iurisprudencias da
afrTxobs saskolo olqebis moswavleebsa da iuristebs~. uzenaesma sasamarTlom saq-
meSi li vaismanis winaaRmdeg283 aSkarad aarida Tavi am testis gamoyenebas, magram
arc mis uaryofas daTanxmda. skalias azriT, lemonis testis gadarCenis saidumlo
misi advilad dasamarebis SesaZleblobaSia. rodesac uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosa-
marTleebs im saqmianobis dagmoba surT, romelsac testi krZalavs, mimaraTaven mas
da roca aseTi saqmianobis mxardaWera surT — sruliad ugulebelyofen tests. xan-
daxan uzenaesi sasamarTlo Sualeduri poziciis daWerasac axerexebs da tests mxo-
lod damxmare meqanizmad ixseniebs. „aseTi sasargeblo „urCxuli~ namdvilad unda
gyavdes gverdSi, sul mcire „mTvlemare~ mdgomareobaSi, ra ici, rodis dagWirdeba~,
aRniSnavs mosamarTle skalia.
mosamarTleebi dResac ver Tanxmdebian lemonis testis sicocxlisunarianobaze.
zogierTi maTgani kvlavac amtkicebs, rom is sasargebloa da ar „gardacvlila~.
umaRlesi ganaTleba
instituciuri xelSewyoba da studentebis mxardaWera

asakma, warmoadgenda ra erT-erT mTavar faqtors zogadad aRmsareblobis Tavi-
suflebasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi, gadamwyveti roli Seasrula ganaTlebis sfe-
roSi. tiltonis284 saqmeSi Zalze naTlad iqna Camoyalibebuli sazRvari, erTi mxriv,
dawyebiT da saSualo da, meore mxriv, post-saSualo saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-
bebs Soris. aRniSnul saqmeSi warmodgenili iyo kongresis mier miRebuli kanoni,
romelic uzrunvelyofda federalur daxmarebas kolejebisa da universitetebis
nagebobaTa mSeneblobaSi. kanoni Seicavda pirobas, romlis mixedviTac dauSvebeli
iyo SenobaTa gamoyeneba religiuri RvTismsaxurebisa da `religiuri swavlebisaTvis~
grantis miRebidan oci wlis ganmavlobaSi. sasamarTlom gaauqma aRniSnuli piroba
im motiviT, rom am kanoniT irRveoda aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis ardawe-
sebis klauzula.285 kanoni dumda federaluri subsidirebis gziT agebul SenobebSi
450
religiur Semoqmedebaze. saqmeSi mopasuxis mxares warmoadgenda oTxi kaTolikuri
koleji, sadac, apelantebis mtkicebiT, saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul SenobebSi
mimdinareoda religiuri msaxureba.
tiltoni riCardsonis winaaRmdeg286

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare burgerma sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-
bis gamocxadebisas kanonis miznad daasaxela „amerikeli axalgazrdebis kolejebiT
uzrunvelyofa~, rac gamokveTili legitimuri saero mizania.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, is argumenti, rom eklesiis mier mxarda-
Werili saqmianobisadmi finansuri daxmarebis nebismieri forma arRvevs pirveli
Sesworebis religiur klauzulebs,287 didi xnis win iqna uaryofili saqmeSi bredfil-
dsi robertsis winaaRmdeg.288 Tavis mxriv, kanoni sakmaod frTxili iyo, raTa uzrun-
veleyo grantis mimRebi dawesebulebebisaTvis federalurad subsidirebuli saSu-
alebebis gamoyeneba saero da ara religiuri funqciebis Sesasruleblad.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare burgeris gancxadebiT, saqmeSi warmodgeni-
li Senobebidan ori biblioTekas warmoadgenda, sadac ar tardeboda gakveTilebi.
danarCeni nagebobani lingvisturi kabinetis, mecnierebis, aseve musikis, dramis da
xelovnebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. ar arsebobda mtkicebuleba, romelic daadastu-
rebda am nagebobebis religiuri mizniT gamoyenebas. imis miuxedavad, rom apelantebma
warmoadgines ramdenime dokumenti, romelTa mixedviTac swavlebaze gansazRvruli
religiuri SezRudvebi iyo dawesebuli, sxva mtkicebulebebis Tanaxmad, es SezRud-
vebi ar iyo faqtobrivad cxovrebaSi gatarebuli da kolejebi maRali donis akade-
miuri TavisuflebiT ufro xasiaTdeboda, vidre religiuri indoqtrinaciiT.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, sayovelTao dakvirvebis safuZvelze
kolejis studentebi naklebad mgrZnobiare da damyolni arian religiuri indoqtri-
naciisadmi. garda amisa, TavianTi WeSmariti bunebis wyalobiT kolejebi da sxva umaR-
lesi saswavleblebi garkveulwilad religiuri zegavlenis SesaZleblobis limitire-
bas sakuTari Sida disciplinis wyalobiT axerxeben. eklesiasTan asocirebuli mra-
vali koleji da universiteti akademiuri Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva
da studentebis Tavisufal da kritikul azrovnebas uwyobs xels.
oTxive kolejs kaTolikuri religiuri organizaciebi xelmZRvaneloben, amas-
Tanave, fakultetebi da studenturi organizaciebic, ZiriTadad, kaTolikuria. amis
miuxedavad, arsebuli mtkicebulebebis Tanaxmad, arakaTolikenic daiSvebian fakul-
tetebze. arc erTi dawesebuleba ar moiTxovs Tavisi studentebisgan religiur msa-
xurebaze daswrebas, Tumca oTxive maTganSi savaldebuloa Teologiuri kursebis
gavla, sadac, kolejebis mtkicebiT, swavleba sagnis akademiuri moTxovnebis Sesaba-
misad xorcieldeba.
am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gadaWarbebuli urTierTkavSiri aseve
mcirdeba mTavrobis mier uzrunvelyofili daxmarebis araideologiuri xasiaTiT.
sxva mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili lemonisa da di Cenzos289 saqmeebSi, rodesac saxel-
mwifo programebis farglebSi maswavleblebis dafinanseba ganxorcielda rogorc
pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri gziT. vinaidan maswavleblebi ar arian aucileblad re-
ligiurad neitraluri individebi, Zlieri zedamxedveloba iqneboda saWiro saxel-
451
mwifos mxridan imisaTvis, rom xsenebuli subsidireba religiuri swavlebis dafinan-
sebaSi ar gadazrdiliyo. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki mTavroba TavisTavad religiurad neit-
raluri saSualebebis uzrunvelyofas axdens, rac, Sesabamisad, amcirebs saxelmwifos
mier religiis finansirebis risksa da saTanado zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis
aucileblobas.
dabolos, religiasTan saxelmwifos gadaWarbebuli urTierTkavSiris albaTobas
amcirebs is garemoeba, rom am saqmeSi ar arsebobs grZelvadiani finansuri urTier-
Tobebi, yovelwliuri auditebi da mTavrobis analizi Sesabamisi dawesebulebebis
mier gaweuli xarjebis saero xasiaTis Taobaze, aramed mocemul SemTxvevaSi mTav-
robis daxmareba erTjeradia da mxolod mSeneblobisaTvis aris gankuTvnili.
burgeris miTiTebiT, arc erTi am sami faqtoridan ar moiTxovs individualur
kontrols. yoveli maTgani mTavrobasTan viwro da SezRudul urTierTobaze mety-
velebs, rac naklebad qmnis im realuri safrTxis realizebis SesaZleblobas, romlis
Tavidan acilebisTvisac moxda religiuri klauzulebis SemuSaveba.
tiltonis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens imis
garkveva, xels uSlis Tu ara kanonis implementacia religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareb-
lobas pirveli Sesworebis darRveviT. apelantebis mtkicebiT, dairRva aRmsareblo-
bis Tavisuflebis klauzula, radgan maT mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebiT nawilobriv
finansdeboda grantebi gasaCivrebuli kanonis safuZvelze. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebiT, aRniSnuli kanoni ar arRvevs pirveli Sesworebis religiur
klauzulas, garda im pirobisa, romelic ocwlian SezRudvas awesebs nagebobaTa
religiuri mizniT gamoyenebaze.
sxva saqmeebi. samxreT karolinaSi kanonis safuZvelze sanqcirebul iqna obli-
gaciebis gacema nagebobaTa mSeneblobaze (garda im Senobebisa, romelTa gamoyenebac
RvTismsaxurebis an religiuri swavlebisaTvis unda momxdariyo) umaRlesi saganma-
naTleblo dawesebulebebis daxmarebisaTvis. gadasaxadebis gadamxdelma gaasaCivra
obligaciebis gacema Carlstonis baptisturi kolejis sasargeblod. uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom saqmeSi hanti makneiris winaaRmdeg290 mxari dauWira kanons da daadgina,
rom is akmayofilebda lemonis tests, vinaidan mosarCelem Zalze susti mtkicebu-
leba warmoadgina uSualod baptisturi kolejis kurikulumze. mosamarTle brenanma
Tavis gansxvavebul azrSi, romelsac mosamarTleebi duglasi da marSali SeuerTdnen,
ganacxada, rom saxelmwifosgan fulis sesxebiT kolejma Tavisi „saganmanaTleblo,
religiuri da fiskaluri saqmeebi~ mTavrobis mxridan „yovlismomcvel da gangrZ-
obad~ zedamxedvelobas dauqvemdebara.
merilendSi SemoRebul iqna yovelwliuri grantebis programa StatSi moqmedi
yvela kerZo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis sasargeblod, garda im ko-
lejebisa da universitetebisa, romlebic Teologiur xarisxebs aniWebdnen TavianT
studentebs. miRebuli Tanxebis gamoyeneba dauSvebeli iyo „religiuri miznebi-
saTvis~. programis marTlzomier ganxorcielebaze zedamxedvelobas merilendis
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sabWo axorcielebda. programis implementaciis pirvel wels
Cvidmetma, maT Soris eklesiasTan asocirebulma xuTma dawesebulebam miiRo granti.
gadasaxadebis oTxma gadamxdelma mimarTa sasamarTlos oTxi kaTolikuri kolejis
mier grantebis miRebis aRkveTis moTxovniT. saqmeSi roemeri merilendis sazogado-
ebriv saqmeTa sabWos winaaRmdeg291 sasamarTlom mxari dauWira xsenebul programas.
452
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle blekmunma, gamoiyena ra lemonis testi, daadgina,
rom programas hqonda saero mizani kerZo umaRlesi ganaTlebis daxmarebis saxiT;
misi ZiriTadi Sedegi ar iyo religiis xelSewyoba, vinaidan sulieri ganviTareba oT-
xive kolejSi meorexarisxovan mizans warmoadgenda da arc politikuri uTanxmo-
ebis gamowvevis safrTxe iyo maRali, radganac sxva kerZo dawesebulebebis subsidi-
rebac xorcieldeboda. mosamarTle stivensma gansxvavebuli pozicia daafiqsira da
miuTiTa „saxelmwifo subsidiis damRupvel tendenciaze, romelic religiur kole-
jebs cdunebis winaSe ayenebda, daeTmoT TavianTi religiuri misia masze srulad
uaris Tqmis gareSe~. amis miuxedavad, saqmeSi ar arsebobda mtkicebuleba, romelic
mosamarTlis xsenebul Sexedulebas daadasturebda. piriqiT, arsebuli masalebis
mixedviT, programiT mosargeble kolejebSi savaldebulo gaxda Teologiuri kur-
sebi da zogierTma leqtorma leqcia locviTac ki gaxsna.
studenturi daxmarebis saxelmwifo programebi. umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebis studentebs TiTqmis yvela Stati uwevs gansazRvruli formis fi-
nansur daxmarebas rogorc grantebis, ise subsidirebuli sesxebis saxiT.
spokanis qristianuli kolejis studentma lari vitersma vaSingtonis usinaT-
loTa komisias mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis. komisia sajaro dawesebuleba iyo, romlis
funqciebSi usinaTloTaTvis ganaTlebis miRebaSi daxmarebis gaweva Sedioda. yvela
saswavlo kursi, romelTa gavlac students surda, emsaxureboda sasuliero pirad
mis gaxdomas. komisiam uari ganucxada viterss daxmarebaze vaSingtonis konstituciis
pirveli muxlis me-11 punqtis safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac dauSvebeli iyo Statis
Tanxebis gamoyeneba „religiuri msaxurebis, saqmianobisa Tu swavlebisaTvis~. vaSing-
tonis uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira komisias, magram federaluri konsti-
tuciis safuZvelze lemonis testis gamoyenebiT. saqmeSi vitersi usinaTloTa momsa-
xurebis vaSingtonis departamentis winaaRmdeg292 aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom ga-
auqma Statis sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba da daubruna saqme xelax-
la gansaxilvelad. mosamarTle marSalma miswera Statis uzenaes sasamarTlos, rom
programa Seesabameboda lemonis samive tests. misi gancxadebiT, „vaSingtonis progra-
miT uzrunvelyofili nebismieri daxmareba, romelic sabolood religiuri dawesebu-
lebebisken miemarTeba, mxolod daxmarebis mimRebis gulwrfelad damoukidebeli
da kerZo arCevanis Sedegia~.
ramdenime Stati uars acxadebs im studentebis daxmarebaze, romlebic „religiur~
kolejebSi swavloben (kolorado), Teologiuri xarisxis miRebas isaxaven miznad
(vaSingtoni), an „religiuri ordenebis wevrebi arian da swavlebis im kurss misdeven,
romelic Teologiuri RvTismetyvelebis an religiuri ganaTlebis xarisxiskenaa mi-
marTuli~ (viskonsini). sasamarTlom roemeris saqmeSi mxari dauWira merilendis
suladobrivi grantis programas, romelic uzrunvelyofda mravali kerZo kolejis
finansur daxmarebas. imis miuxedavad, rom programaSi monawile kolejebis umravle-
soba religiur dawesebulebebTan aris asocirebuli, merilendis umaRlesi ganaTle-
bis komisiam meSvide dRis adventistebis kolejTan mWidro kavSiris mqone liberalu-
ri xelovnebis erT-erTi kerZo koleji „Rrmad religiurad~ miiCnia da uari ganuc-
xada programaSi monawileobaze. kolejma uCivla komisiis wevrebs da amtkicebda,
rom dairRva kolejis uflebebi aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebaze, sityvis Tavisuf-
lebasa da Tanabar dacvaze.
453
saolqo, iseve rogorc saapelacio, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom komisiis gadawyve-
tilebam daarRvia erTi an meti xsenebuli ufleba. amis miuxedavad, roemeris saqmeze
dayrdnobiT orivem daaskvna, rom kolejis gamoricxva programaSi monawileobisagan
SeiZleboda gamarTlebuli yofiliyo merilendis Statis sasicocxlo interesiT,
cxovrebaSi gaetarebina eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciis konstituciuri debu-
leba imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom „Rrmad religiurma~293 dawesebulebebma ar isar-
geblon saxelmwifo fondebidan. saapelacio sasamarTlom daniSna mosmena specialu-
rad imis gasarkvevad, koleji „Rrmad religiuri~ iyo Tu ara. saapelacio sasamar-
Tlos mosamarTle diana mocma ganacxada, rom sasamarTlos unda gaerkvia, „aqvs Tu
ara mniSvneloba kolejisTvis religiur principebs~ da „aris Tu ara religiuri in-
doqtrinacia meorexarisxovan mizanze meti~. Tumca gaurkvevelia, ramdenad legi-
timuria saero sasamarTlos mier msgavsi gamokvlevis Catareba an, Tu kolejis stu-
dentebis didi nawili religiuria, unda Sewyvitos Tu ara Statma kolejis dafinan-
seba. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, vinaidan kolejis 1172 studentidan mxolod 400
iRebda monawileobas savaldebulo religiur msaxurebebSi, es koleji SesaZloa gan-
xiluliyo rogorc ara Rrmad religiuri. Tumca aseve gaurkvevelia, daemuqreba Tu
ara kolejis dafinansebas safrTxe, religiur msaxurebaze damswreTa raodenoba xu-
Tasamde rom gaizardos.
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare uilkinsonma umravlesobisagan gansxvavebuli azri
gamoTqva. misi mtkicebiT, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sedegad religiur dawese-
bulebebs ar eqnebaT naTeli warmodgena imis Taobaze, Tu rodis SeiZleba CaiTvalon
Rrmad religiurad. axla ukve samive kaTolikur kolejs, romlebic dRes iReben
dafinansebas saxelmwifosgan, mouwevT imaze nerviuloba, rom ar gadalaxon reli-
giurobis zRvari, raTa ar Selaxon saxelmwifo interesebi. „Rrmad religiurobis
testi ukve uxerxul poziciaSi ayenebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, moiTxovs ra mis-
gan, gansazRvros, Tu raoden religiuria esa Tu is dawesebuleba da garkveulwilad
TviTneburi sazRvrebi gaavlos ... umravlesobam, saolqo sasamarTlos iZulebisas,
msgavsi procesi gaemarTa, faqtobrivad CaiTria saxelmwifo religiuri mrwamsis de-
talur gamokvlevaSi~.
Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba
tiltonis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg misuris universitetis

kuratoriumma miiRo regulacia, romelic krZalavda sauniversiteto nakveTebisa
da Senobebis gamoyenebas „religiuri RvTismsaxurebis an swavlebisaTvis~. regula-
ciis miRebidan 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi erT-erTi registrirebuli religiuri jgufi
regularulad iRebda nebarTvas Sekrebebis gamarTvaze universitetis SenobebSi. 1977
wels dekanma gari vidmarma uari ganucxada jgufs Sekrebaze 1972 wels miRebuli
regulaciis safuZvelze. universitetis TerTmetma studentma uCivla dekans fede-
ralur sasamarTloSi. mosarCeleTa mtkicebiT, regulacia religiuri saqmianobisa
da gamoxatvis diskriminacias axdenda da arRvevda maT uflebebs religiis Tavi-
suflad aRmsareblobaze, Tanabar xelmisawvdomobasa da sityvis Tavisuflebaze. sa-
olqo sasamarTlom mxari dauWira regulacias da ardawesebis klauzulis safuZ-
velze igi ara marto gamarTlebulad cno, aramed savaldebulodac. amis miuxeda-
vad, saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da
454
regulacia religiuri gamoxatvisadmi diskriminaciulad gamoacxada. misi gancxa-
debiT, ardawesebis klauzula ar gamoricxavs Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis princips,
radgan umaRlesi ganaTlebis konteqsti gulisxmobs, rom sauniversiteto saSuale-
bebi Riaa nebismieri saxis studenturi jgufebisaTvis. saapelacio sasamarTlos mi-
xedviT, am principis „ZiriTad Sedegs~ warmoadgens ara religiis xelSewyoba, aramed
studentebis „socialuri da kulturuli cnobierebisa da inteleqtualuri cno-
bismoyvareobis~ ganviTarebis neitraluri miznis mxardaWera.
vidmari vinsentis winaaRmdeg294

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, studenturi organizaciebis
saqmianobis waxaliseba misuris universitetis gacxadebul politikas warmoadgens.
universiteti oficialurad aRiarebs studentebisgan Semdgar asamde jgufs. igi
regularulad uzrunvelyofs sauniversiteto Senobebs registrirebuli organi-
zaciebis SekrebebisaTvis. msgavsi politikiT universitetma Seqmna forumi, romelic
Riaa studenturi jgufebisaTvis. konstitucia ki krZalavs saxelmwifos mxridan sazo-
gadoebisaTvis nebismieri gamonaklisebis dawesebas Ria forumidan.295 udavoa, rom pir-
veli SesworebiT ganmtkicebuli uflebebi gamoxatvasa da Sekrebaze universitetis
teritoriazec vrceldeba. misuris universitetma diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba
gamoiCina studenturi jgufebis survilisadmi, gamoeyenebinaT sazogadod Ria forumi
religiuri msaxurebisa da msjelobis ganxorcielebisaTvis, rac pirveli SesworebiT
dacul gamoxatvasa da gaerTianebis formebs warmoadgens. amis gamo sakuTari
diskriminaciuli damokidebulebis gamarTlebisaTvis universitetma unda aCvenos, rom
misi regulacia aucilebelia sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis uzrunvelsayofad
da viwrod aris mizanmimarTuli gacxadebuli miznebis misaRwevad. universitetis
mtkicebiT, sasicocxlo interesi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis mtkice gamijvnaSi mdgoma-
reobs. universitetis gancxadebiT, mas ar SeuZlia SesTavazos religiur jgufebs
sauniversiteto SenobebiT sargebloba sxva jgufebTan Tanabar safuZvlebze aSS-s
konstituciis dawesebis kaluzulis darRvevis gareSe. sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, uda-
voa, rom universitetis survili, Seasrulos konstituciuri valdebulebebi, SeiZ-
leba Sefasdes, rogorc sasicocxlo. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom „Tanabari xelmisawv-
domobis~ principi Seusabamoa religiaze sasamarTlos precedentul samarTalTan,
romlis mixedviTac principi ar daarRvevs konstitucias, Tuki daakmayofilebs
lemonis sami elementisgan Semdgar tests: „saxelmwifos mier miRebul normas saero
sakanonmdeblo mizani unda gaaCndes; mis ZiriTad Sedegs ar unda warmoadgendes arc
religiis xelSewyoba da arc misTvis xelis SeSla; dabolos, igi ar unda axdendes
religiasTan saxelmwifos zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris stimulirebas~.
am saqmeSi mocemuli testis ori piroba udavod dakmayofilebulia. rogorc sa-
olqo, ise saapelacio sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom Ria forumis politikas, reli-
giuri gamoxatvisadmi aradiskriminaciuli damokidebulebis CaTvliT, saero mizani
aqvs da Tavidan gvacilebs zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSirs religiasTan. amis
miuxedavad, rogorc saolqo sasamarTlos daskvniT, ise universitetis mtkicebiT,
religiuri jgufebisaTvis SezRuduli sajaro forumis xelmisawvdomobis nebis dar-
Tvis „ZiriTadi Sedegi~ swored religiis xelSewyoba iqneboda.
455
universitetis xsenebuli argumenti saqmis arsis araswor gaazrebas emyareba. mTa-
vari kiTxva, romelsac sasamarTlom unda gasces pasuxi, ar mdgomareobs imaSi, daar-
Rvevs Tu ara dawesebis klauzulas religiuri forumis Seqmna. vinaidan universi-
tetma studenturi jgufebis sargeblobisaTvis Riad gamoacxada Tavisi sakuTreba,
ZiriTadi sakiTxi is aris, aqvs Tu ara universitets aRniSnuli sistemidan calkeuli
jgufebis (maTi gamoxatvis Sinaarsis gamo) gamoricxvis uflebamosileba. savaraudod,
religiuri jgufebi gakveul sargebels sauniversiteto farTis xelmisawvdomobiT
marTlac miiReben, magram, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, religiuri organizaciis mier
mxolod „SemTxveviTi~ sargeblis miReba ar arRvevs akrZalvas religiis „pirdapir
xelSewyobaze~. uzenaesma sasamarTlom or umniSvnelovanes faqtorze gaamaxvila
yuradReba. pirveli — saxelmwifo universitetSi Ria forumis arseboba ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos saxelmwifos mier religiuri seqtebis sanqcirebad; meore — forumi
xelmisawvdomia rogorc arareligiuri, ise religiuri studentebis farTo wrisaT-
vis: asamde aRiarebuli studenturi jgufi arsebobs misuris universitetSi. sargeb-
lis miReba jgufebis aseTi farTo speqtrisaTvis mniSvnelovan saero Sedegze miuTi-
Tebs. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, Tu dawesebis klauzuliT aikrZaleboda sazogado
sargeblis gavrceleba religiur jgufebze, maSin verc „eklesia iqneboda daculi
policiis an saxanZro ganyofilebis mier~.
universitetis mtkicebiT, mas aqvs misuris konstituciis debulebaTa dacvis sa-
sicocxlo interesi, Tumca aseve naTelia, rom misuris Stati bevrad ufro Sors
wavida religiisTvis saxelmwifos arapirdapiri daxmarebis akrZalvis sferoSi, vid-
re TviT federaluri konstitucia. Statis interesi (gamoxatuli saxelmwifosa da
eklesiis separaciaSi, rac ukve uzrunvelyofilia amis amkrZalavi federaluri kon-
stituciis klauzuliT) izRudeba aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis, xolo am konkretul
saqmeSi sityvis Tavisuflebis klauzuliTac. amis gaTvaliswinebiT uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom miiCnia, rom Statis interesi ar aris sakmarisad „sasicocxlo~, raTa reli-
giuri gamoxatvis safuZvelze gaamarTlos diskriminacia da daamtkica saapelacio
***
sxva saqmeSi miuleri alenis winaaRmdeg uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle ren-

kvistma aRniSna, rom sagadasaxado gamoqviTva saganmanaTleblo xarjebisTvis neit-
ralur niadagze xelmisawvdomi iyo sargeblis mimRebTa farTo speqtrisTvis. man
aRniSnuli finansuri sargebeli Seadara swored vidmaris saqmeSi warmodgenil moT-
xovnas, romlis mixedviTac universiteti valdebulia, uzrunvelyos sajaro forumis
rogorc religiuri, ise arareligiuri studentebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba. Tum-
ca calkeul mosamarTleTa saqmeSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli azrebi miuTiTebs kriti-
kul gansxvavebaze neitralur niadagze sasaubro forumebis xelmisawvdomobasa da
religiuri ideebis xelSewyobis mizniT ekonomikurad Rirebuli momsaxurebis uzrun-
velyofas Soris.
1990 wels ronald rozenbergerma da virjiniis universitetis sxva studentebma
daaarses damoukidebeli studenturi organizacia. es niSnavda, rom organizacias,
marTalia, universitetis kontrols gareT, SeeZlo moeTxova organizaciis miznebi-
456
saTvis gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba. mis miznebs ki warmoadgenda „Jurnalis gamoq-
veyneba, religiur da filosofiur gamoxatvaze msjelobis xelSewyoba qristianuli
Sexedulebebisadmi mgrZnobiare da tolerantuli damokidebulebis atmosferos
stimulirebis mizniT, aseve sxvadasxva kulturebis warmomadgenel qristianTa
erTiani keris uzrunvelyofa~. organizacia marTlac beWdavda Jurnals saxelwode-
biT qristianuli perspeqtiva virjiniis universitetSi. gamomcemlebma Jurnals
ormagi misia daakisres: qristianebis mier TavianTi mrwamsis Sesabamisad cxovrebis
uzrunvelyofa da studentebis azrovnebis waxaliseba im sakiTxisadmi, Tu ras niSnavs
personaluri urTierToba ieso qristesTan. Jurnalis yvela gverdi da statia jvriT
iyo aRniSnuli. Jurnalis sareklamo nawilebi aseve qristianuli xasiaTisa iyo.
umravles SemTxvevaSi reklamebis SemkveTebi eklesiebi, qristianuli swavlebis cent-
rebi an qristianuli wignebis maRaziebi iyvnen.
organizaciam studenturi aqtivobebis fondisgan beWdviTi xarjebis anazRaureba
moiTxova, magram uari miiRo imis safuZvelze, rom Jurnali „gansazRvruli mrwamsi-
saTvis xelSewyobas an mis gamoxatvas~ emsaxureboda. SemdgomSi mimarTva waredgina
mTlianad studentur sabWos, Tumca am ukanasknelmac uari ganacxada mis dakmayo-
filebaze yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe.
Sidasauniversiteto saSualebebis amowurvis Semdeg organizaciam, Jurnalis samma
redaqtorma da wevrebma sarCeliT mimarTes federalur sasamarTlos im motiviT,
rom Jurnalis publikaciaTa beWdviTi xarjebis anazRaurebaze uari mxolod misi
religiuri xasiaTis gamo warmoadgenda maTi uflebebis darRvevas sityvis, presisa
da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebaze, aseve kanonis safuZvelze Tanabar dacvaze. saolqo
sasamarTlom universitetis sasargeblod gamoitana gadawyvetileba da ganacxada,
rom adgili ar hqonda dauSvebel Sinaarsobriv diskriminacias. saapelacio sasamar-
Tlo ar daeTanxma saolqo sasamarTlos da miuTiTa, rom sauniversiteto wesebi,
romlebic krZalavda religiuri saqmianobis dafinansebas, marTlac axdendnen dis-
kriminacias Sinaarsobriv niadagze. magram, amave dros, sasamarTlom daamtkica
saolqo sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba, vinaidan saapelacio sasamarT-
los mixedviT, diskriminacia gamarTlebuli iyo eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis
„sasicocxlo interesiT~. saqmem aSS-s uzenaes sasamarTloSi gadainacvla. ZiriTadi
sakiTxi, romelic uzenaes sasamarTlos unda gadaewyvita, mdgomareobda imis garkve-
vaSi, avaldebulebs Tu ara „dawesebis klauzula~ saxelmwifo universitets, mxolod
religiuri Sexedulebebis niadagze gamoricxos studenturi publikacia studenturi
aqtivobebis fondis programaSi monawileobisagan sxva xelSemSleli garemoebebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
rozenbergeri virjiniis universitetis winaaRmdeg296

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, romelic mosamarTle kenedim
gamoacxada, saxelmwifos TavisTavad ar aqvs azris gamoxatvis regulirebis ufleba
misi Sinaarsis an im `mesijis~ safuZvelze, romelsac es gamoxatva Seicavs. garda
amisa, kerZo gamoxatvis sferoSi saxelmwifos regulirebam erTi piri meoris mimarT
upirates mdgomareobaSi ar unda Caayenos. saqmeSi terneris mauwyeblobis sistema
kavSirgabmulobis federaluri komisiis winaaRmdeg297 ki diskriminacia gamoxatvis
457
winaaRmdeg masSi arsebuli `mesijis~ gamo antikonstituciurad iqna prezumirebuli.
aqedan gamomdinare, uzenaesi sasamarTlos TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo arRvevs pir-
vel Sesworebas, rodesac finansur tvirTs akisrebs individebs maTi gamoxatvis Si-
naarsis niadagze. rodesac saxelmwifos samiznes warmoadgens ara gansazRvruli
sagani, aramed pirTa Sexedulebebi masze, pirveli Sesworebis darRveva ufro Tval-
saCinoa. diskriminacia Sexedulebis safuZvelze Sinaarsobrivi diskriminaciis yvela-
ze usamarTlo formas warmoadgens.
saqmeze, romelic saskolo Senobis saSualebebis kerZo gamoyenebis Taobaze sas-
kolo olqis debulebas Seexeboda, aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom olqi,
qonebis mesakuTris msgavsad, uflebamosili iyo, kanonierad daeqvemdebarebina misi
gamoyeneba Tavisi kontrolisaTvis, im pirTa mier am qonebis gamoyenebis mizniT, ro-
melTa sargeblobisTvisac iyo is gankuTvnili;298 vinaidan saxelmwifom SezRuduli
forumi Riad gamoacxada, is valdebulia, pativi sces im samarTlebriv sazRvrebs,
romlebSic sakuTari Tavi moaqcia; dauSvebelia, saxelmwifom gamoricxos gamoxatva,
romlis gansxvavebac umniSvneloa im mizanTan mimarTebaSi, romelsac forumi emsaxu-
reba, an diskriminacia moaxdinos Sexedulebebis niadagze.
aqedan gamomdinare, iseve rogorc lembs Capelis saqmeSi, Jurnalis beWdviTi
xarjebis anazRaurebaze universitetis uari uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier interpre-
tirebuli iqna, rogorc diskriminacia Sexedulebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlos ganc-
xadebiT, universitets ar gamouricxavs religia, rogorc aseTi, programaSi monawi-
leobidan, aramed arakeTilganwyobili damokidebuleba gamoiCina religiuri Sexe-
dulebebis mqone studentebis Jurnalisturi Zalisxmevisadmi. religia, SesaZloa,
gamokvlevis Zalze farTo sferos warmoadgendes, Tumca igi aseve (rogorc am Sem-
TxvevaSi) gansazRvrul rakurssac uzrunvelyofs, romliTac mravalferovani sag-
nebis mimoxilvaa SesaZlebeli.
universitetis mtkicebiT, saxelmwifos unda hqondes mniSvnelovani diskrecia
imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor gaanawilos Tavisi deficituri resursebi sakuTari
saganmanaTleblo misiis Sesasruleblad. universiteti daeyrdno uzenaesi sasamarT-
los gancxadebas vidmaris saqmeSi. saxelmwifo universitetis gadawyvetilebis kri-
tikisas uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada: „Cven kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar vayenebT uni-
versitetis uflebas, miiRos akademiuri gadawyvetilebebi, Tu rogor gaanawilos
SezRuduli resursebi~. Tumca es citata, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, mis mier mxo-
lod imis aRiarebas gulisxmobda, rom Sinaarsze dafuZnebuli arCevanis gakeTebis
SesaZlebloba aqvs saxelmwifos da ara universitets. uzenaesi sasamarTlo aRiarebs
mTavrobis uflebas, imoqmedos sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad, rodesac saxelmwifo
fondebis asignacias axorcielebs gansazRvruli kursis xelSewyobis mizniT. saxel-
mwifos aseve SeuZlia kerZo organizaciebis dafinansebisas legitimuri da Sesabamisi
nabijebi gadadgas, raTa uzrunvelyos, rom grantis mimRebma subsidia gansazRvruli
miznebisTvis gamoiyenos. es, rasakvirvelia, ar gulisxmobs Sexedulebebze dafuZne-
buli SezRudvebis kanonierebas, rodesac universiteti ar aris maTi damwesebeli.
mocemul saqmeSi ori ZiriTadi safrTxe ikveTeba aSS-s konstituciiT garanti-
rebuli sityvis Tavisuflebis principebisTvis. pirveli mdgomareobs saxelmwifo-
saTvis uflebis miniWebaSi, Seamowmos publikaciebi imis dasadgenad, efuZneba Tu ara
isini gansazRvrul ideas da dadebiTi daskvnis gamotanis SemTxvevaSi moaxdinos maTi
458
klasifikacia. meore, pirvelidan logikurad gamomdinare, safrTxe ki individualuri
azridan da misi gamoxatvidan gamomdinare sityvis SezRudvas ukavSirdeba. yovelives
gaTvaliswinebiT, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, universitetis uari finansur
mxardaWeraze ganxilul iqna momCivanTa sityvis Tavisuflebis darRvevad. gasarkvevi
darCa mxolod is garemoeba, iyo Tu ara universitetis qmedeba gamarTlebuli saxelmwifos
mier eklesiis dawesebasTan dakavSirebuli konstituciuri akrZalvis Sesrulebis auci-
leblobiT.
am saqmeSi warmodgenili finansuri daxmarebis programa neitraluria religiis
mimarT. ar arsebobs eWvis aranairi safuZveli, rom universitetma igi religiis xel-
Sewyobis mizniT miiRo. studenturi cxovrebis mravalferovani da SemoqmedebiTi
xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, programis mizans forumis Seqmna da studenturi iniciati-
vebis, maT Soris Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemis mxardaWera warmoadgens. xsenebuli
programis sauniversiteto wesebis mixedviT, gansxvavebuli regulacia gamoiyeneba
religiuri organizaciebis mimarT da maTi saxeliT ar anazRaurdeba gaweuli xarjebi.
aseTad ki miCneulia is organizaciebi, romelTa mizanic mdgomareobs aRiarebuli
uzenaesi WeSmaritebis an RvTisadmi erTgulebis gamoxatvaSi. programis mxardaWeris
kategoriaSi eqceva studenturi axali ambebis, informaciis, garTobis an akademiuri
komunikaciis mediajgufebi, romelTac miekuTvneboda momCivani organizacia. es uka-
naskneli subsidias moiTxovda ara misi qristianuli redaqciuli Sexedulebis gamo,
aramed rogorc studenturi Jurnali.
sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, programis neitraloba masSi monawileobis misaRebad
gaTvaliswinebul studentur Senatanebs ganasxvavebs eklesiis pirdapiri xelSewyo-
bisaTvis akrefili gadasaxadebisgan. es ukanaskneli, ra Tqma unda, dawesebis kla-
uzuliT gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmwifo interesebis sawinaaRmdego iqneboda. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi saqme studentur SenatanTan gvaqvs, romelic gamiznulia asaxos is ar-
sebuli realoba, romlis mixedviTac studenturi cxovreba Tavisi mravali aspeqtiT
sityvis Tavisuflebis aucileblobas moicavs. aqedan gamomdinare, igi unda ganixi-
lebodes, rogorc studentebis aqtivobebis xelSewyobisaTvis gansazRvruli fuladi
saxsrebis amoReba.
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, Tumca universitetis qmedebiT dair-
Rva pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sityvis Tavisuflebis klauzula, igi ga-
marTlebuli iyo dawesebis klauzulis darRvevis Tavidan acilebis aucileblobiT,
rac sasicocxlo interess warmoadgenda. uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma aRniSnuli
gadawyvetileba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, saapelacio sasamarTlo marTebulad moiqca, ro-
desac aRiara konstituciis dawesebis klauzulisaTvis mniSvnelovani safrTxis Seqmnis
saSiSroeba saxelmwifos mxridan religiuri dawesebulebebis pirdapiri dafinansebis
SemTxvevaSi. misi SexedulebiT, Secdoma ara principSi, aramed mocemul saqmesTan
mimarTebiT mis gamoyenebaSi mdgomareobs. mosamarTle kenedis gancxadebiT, saqme ar
ukavSirdeba, Tundac neitraluri programis farglebSi, mTavrobis mxridan religiuri
saqmianobis pirdapiri dafinansebis SemTxvevas: „Cven (uzenaes sasamarTlos) gvjera,
rom saapelacio sasamarTlos ara aqvs srulfasovani warmodgena im udavo faqtze,
rom araviTari saxelmwifo finansebi ar miemarTeba pirdapir Jurnalis safuleSi.~
saapelacio sasamarTlos Secdoma iyo yuradRebis gamaxvileba mTavrobis mier
459
gadaxdil fulze da ara adresatis mier miRebuli sargeblis bunebaze. Tu saxelmwi-
fo Tanxebis xarjva aikrZaleba yovelTvis, roca dafinansebuli momsaxureba, reli-
giurad neitraluri programis farglebSi, garkveuli jgufis mier gamoyenebuli
iqneba religiuri miznebisaTvis, maSin uzenaesi sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTa-
li (vidmaris da lembs Capelis saqmeebi) unda gauqmdes.
dawesebis klauzulis darRveva ar xdeba, rodesac saxelmwifo universiteti Tavis
resursebs xelmisawvdoms xdis mravalferovani religiuri jgufebisTvis (im stu-
denturi jgufebis CaTvliT, romlebic Sekrebis adgilebs seqtanturi saqmianobi-
saTvis iyeneben) religiurad neitralur safuZvelze. realurad ar arsebobs arc
logikuri da arc konstituciuri mniSvnelobis gansxvaveba kolejis mier sakuTari
saxsrebiT studentebisaTvis sauniversiteto momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrun-
velyofasa da mesame pirebisaTvis aRniSnuli momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad gawe-
uli xarjebis anazRaurebas Soris. swored es ukanasknelia ganxilul SemTxvevaSi.
universiteti damoukidebeli organizaciis statusis mqone mravalferovani studen-
turi jgufebisTvis uzrunvelyofs beWdviTi xarjebis anazRaurebas. religiuri sar-
gebeli SeiZleba mxolod SemTxveviTi iyos, radgan beWdva studenturi cxovrebis
yoveldRiur da saero atributs warmoadgens.
moqmedeba gare dafinansebis wesiT universitets faqtobrivad SesaZleblobas
aZlevs, studentur publikacias gaemijnos. kerZod, aRniSnuli wesiT umaRlesi sagan-
manaTleblo dawesebuleba Tavidan icilebs sazedamxedvelo valdebulebebs da Sesa-
bamisi mowyobilobebis Senaxvis, SekeTebisa Tu gamocvlis xarjebs, aseve aqvs sakuTa-
ri xarjebis zusti monacemebi. zedmeti formaloba iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom uni-
versitetma unda daTmos es sargebeli da TviTon uzrunvelyos momsaxureba, raTa
daicvas aSS-s konstitucia.
dawesebis klauzulis dacvisaTvis aucilebeli ar iyo universitetis mier stu-
denturi publikaciebis vargisianobis uaryofa masSi gatarebuli Sexedulebis safuZ-
velze. universitetis regulaciasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebrivi diskriminacia
Tanamdebobis pirebisagan moiTxovda studenturi publikaciebis Seswavlasa da in-
terpretirebas maT safuZvlad arsebuli religiur Teoriasa da mrwamsTan dakavSire-
buli filosofiuri warmodgenebis identificirebis mizniT. msgavsi qmedeba sityvis
Tavisuflebaze adamianis uflebis uaryofas warmoadgenda da religiisadmi gadaWar-
bebulad subieqturi damokidebulebisa da SuRlis stimulirebis risks Seicavda,
rasac SesaZloa konstituciiT savaldebulo neitralobis principis xelyofa mohyo-
loda.
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gauqmda.
mosamarTle o’konoris Tanmxvedri azri

mosamarTle o’konoris gancxadebiT, dauSvebelia, saxelmwifom gansxvavebuli
damokidebuleba gamoiCinos adamianebis mimarT RmerTis an RmerTebisadmi Tayvanis-
cemis mixedviT; mTavrobis religiuri neitralobis moTxovna cxadad ganmartavs,
Tu ratom miviCnieT, rom umaRles saswavleblebs ara aqvT ufleba, religiuri jgu-
febis diskriminacia moaxdinon dawesebulebis resursebisadmi maTi Tanabari xelmi-
sawvdomobis uflebis uaryofis gziT. xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva iseT miuRebel
warmodgenas Seqmnida, TiTqos religiuri cxovrebis wesi keTilganwyobiT ar sargeb-
lobs; Tuki saxelmwifo uars etyoda religiur jgufebs sxvebisaTvis Ria resurse-
biT sargeblobaze, maSin igi moaxdenda ara neitralobis, aramed mtrobis demon-
460
strirebas. aSS-s konstituciis religiuri klauzulebi krZlavs mTavrobis mxridan
religiis xelSewyobas, magram aseve ar axdens religiisadmi diskriminaciuli damo-
kidebulebis sanqcirebas. mocemul saqmeSi daxmareba religiisadmi momCivnis piradi
arCevanis Sedegs warmoadgens. savaraudod, arc erTi saRad moazrovne adamiani
saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT ar gamoitans daskvnas, rom saxelmwifo
Tavad uwyobs xels religiis gamoxatvas.
mosamarTle o’konorma Tavis Tanmxvedr gadawyvetilebaSi sam garemoebaze gaamax-
vila yuradReba da gamoitana daskvna, rom universiteti ar Seuwyobda xels mom-
Civani Jurnalis religiur mimarTulebas misTvis sxva publikaciebis msgavsi daxma-
rebis aRmoCeniT: 1) studenturi organizaciebis damoukidebloba universitetis-
gan; 2) finansuri daxmarebis iseTi ganawileba, romelic uzrunvelyofs mxolod
daSvebuli miznebisaTvis mis gamoyenebas; 3) daxmarebis aRmoCena „mniSvnelovnad gan-
sxvavebuli Sexedulebebis~ mqone mravali studenturi jgufisaTvis. misi gancxade-
biT, universitetis axali ambebis gamoqveynebis garda umaRlesi saswavlebeli prog-
ramiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebiT aseve uzrunvelyofda yviTel Jurnals, iumo-
ristul gazeTs, romelSic qristianoba satiris obieqts warmoadgenda, da Al Salam-
is publikacias, romlis mizansac sauniversiteto sazogadoebaSi islamis ukeT gaaz-
reba warmoadgenda; aqedan gamomdinare, universitetis mier mxardaWeril forumSi
arareligiuri, antireligiuri da sawinaaRmdego religiuri Sexedulebebis simravlis
gaTvaliswinebiT, nebismieri varaudi, rom universiteti erT gansazRvrul Sexedu-
lebas uwyobda xels, alogikuri iqneba.
mosamarTle tomasis Tanmxvedri azri

mosamarTle tomasma, romelmac aseve gansakuTrebuli, Tumca umravlesobasTan
Tanmxvedri pozicia daafiqsira, miuTiTa, rom dawesebis klauzulis precedentuli
samarTlis uwesrigo xasiaTis miuxedavad, aRniSnuli saqme gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas,
xelaxla davamtkicoT erTi sabaziso principi, romelze konsensusis miRweva yovel-
Tvis rTuli iyo: klauzulis mixedviT, savaldebulo ar aris religiuri jgufebis
gamoricxva im saxelmwifo programebSi monawileobidan, romlebic monawileTa farTo
speqtrisTvis aris xelmisawvdomi.
mosamarTle souteris gansxvavebuli azri,

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi stevensi, ginsburgi da breieri
mosamarTle souterma, romlis azrsac sami sxva mosamarTlec SeuerTda (steven-
si, breieri da ginsburgi), umravlesobisgan gansxvavebuli daskvna gamoitana aR-
niSnul saqmeSi. misi gansakuTrebuli poziciis mixedviT, sasamarTlom pirvelad ga-
amarTla saxelmwifos mxridan arsebiTad religiuri saqmianobis pirdapiri gziT da-
finanseba. souteris gancxadebiT, vinaidan ar arsebobs gansxvavebis safuZveli sa-
xelmwifo finansirebis sxvadasxva wyaros Soris religiis dawesebaze pirveli Seswo-
rebis akrZalvis gamoyenebisas, universitetis uari momCivanTa religiuri saqmiano-
bis dafinansebaze savaldebulo iyo pirveli Sesworebis mixedviT.
sasamarTlo, souteris Tanaxmad, gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas ZiriTadad daey-
rdno arguments, rom ekonomikurad Rirebuli momsaxurebiT religiis uzrunvel-
yofa dasaSvebia im Teoriis safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac ar arsebobs ekonomi-
kuri gansxvaveba xsenebul momsaxurebasa da saxelmwifos gamoxatvis forumebis re-
ligiur xelmisawvdomobas Soris, romelic zogierT SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia; msgavsi
argumentacia ki daavaldebulebs sasamarTlos, yovelgvari argumentaciis gareSe
dauSvas pirdapiri daxmareba religiisaTvis Ria forumebis xelmisawvdomobis saba-
461
biT; sasamarTlos pozicia qmnis warmodgenas, rom mxolod sagadasaxado Semosavle-
bidan dafinansebuli pirdapiri daxmarebaa akrZaluli da sakmaod mcdari daskvnis
gamotanis saSualebas iZleva, rom aranebayoflobiTi studenturi Senatani ar warmo-
adgens gadasaxads.
mosamarTle souterma gamoqveynebuli statiebis ramdenime magaliTi moiyvana
Tavisi daskvnis gasamyareblad, romlis Tanaxmad Jurnali ar warmoadgens mxolod
religiuri doqtrinis an Tundac cxovrebiseuli socialuri da personaluri prob-
lemebis gadawyvetis idealuri qristianuli praqtikis aRwerilobiT kvlevas; igi
arc mxolod redaqciis mosazrebis gamoxatvaa, romelic qristianul eTikas Seesa-
bameba da asaxavs qristianul warmodgenas adamianis valdebulebebze; Jurnali pir-
dapiri mowodebaa RmerTTan urTierTobis damyarebisa da ieso qristes moZRvrebis
moraluri valdebulebebis Sesrulebisaken; mis ZiriTad sagans warmoadgens ara mec-
nierTa swavlebebis, aramed saxarebiseuli misiis deklarireba. es ki sxva araferia,
Tu ara qadageba.
saxelmwifo fondebis gamoyeneba qadagebis dafinansebisaTvis kategoriulad aris
akrZaluli dawesebis klauzuliT. mosamarTlem Tavisi argumentis gasamyareblad medi-
sonisa da jefersonis sityvebi moiyvana, romlebmac wamyvani roli iTamaSes pirveli
Sesworebis SemuSavebasa da miRebaSi. kongresis mier pirveli Sesworebis miRebamde oTxi
wliT adre medisonma warmoadgina sakuTari mosazreba religiuri miznebisaTvis saxel-
mwifo Tanxebis gamoyenebis Taobaze. misi gancxadebis Tanaxmad: „xelisuflebas, romel-
sac SeuZlia aiZulos moqalaqe, Tavisi qonebidan Seelios sam penis nebismieri religiis
mxardaWeris mizniT, SeuZlia aseve aiZulos mas, misdios nebismier sxva religias~.
jefersonis mier SemuSavebuli religiis Tavisuflebis damkvidrebis bilis preambulaSi
ki vkiTxulobT, rom adamianis iZuleba, Tavisi fuli mimarTos im mosazrebaTa gavrcele-
bisTvis, romelTac ar iziarebs, despoturia.
saxelmwifo saxsrebiT religiis pirdapiri dafinansebis sawinaaRmdego principi
darRveulia studenturi Senatanebis gamoyenebiT. universiteti saxelmwifo Zala-
uflebas iyenebs, aiZulebs ra studentebs, gadaixadon gansazRvruli Tanxa da misi
nebismieri, Tundac yvelaze mcire, nawilis gamoyeneba religiuri saqmianobis pir-
dapiri daxmarebisaTvis xelyofs konstituciur akrZalvas religiis dawesebaze.
gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba
aSS-s sagadasaxado kodeqsiT saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebuli arian

„mxolod religiuri, saqvelmoqmedo ... an saganmanaTleblo miznebisaTvis Seqmnili
da moqmedi asociaciebi~. qvemoT warmodgenil saqmeSi sasamarTlom „an~ ganmarta
rogorc „da~ da, Sesabamisad, yvela organizaciisgan, romelsac gadasaxadebisgan
gaTavisufleba surda, moiTxova, rom yofiliyo „saqvelmoqmedo~, riTac, faqtobrivad,
saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanoni gadaitana sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi.
am ganmartebam saSualeba misca sasamarTlos, gaTavisuflebuli organizaciebis, maT
Soris, religiuri kolejebisgan, „saxelmwifo politikisadmi~ Sesabamisoba moeTxova.
vinaidan sasamarTlom ver SeZlo sifrTxilis gamoCena „saxelmwifo politikis~
definiciis gansazRvrisas, mocemul saqmes SeeZlo gamxdariyo gadasaxadebisgan ga-
Tavisuflebuli religiuri kolejebis saqmianobis regulirebis uflebamosilebis
farTo interpretirebis safuZveli. magaliTad, erTi analitikosi gamovida inici-
ativiT, akrZaluliyo im religiuri organizaciebis „gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuf-
leba... an maTTan samTavrobo kontraqtebis dadeba, romlebic qalebs ar uSvebdnen
xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze~.
462
bob jonsma, bob jonsis universitetis prezidentma, romelic fundamentalisti
winamZRvaria, noes Svilebis separacia enisa da miwis mixedviT ganmarta, rogorc
rasobrivi separaciis moTxovna Tanamedrove msoflioSi. Sesabamisad, mis universi-
tetSi ukanasknel dromde SenarCunebuli iyo sxvadasxva rasis warmomadgenel stu-
dentebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva.
bob jonsis universiteti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg;

goldsboros qristianuli skolebi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg299
1970 wlamde aSS-s Sinagani sagadasaxado samsaxuri, sagadasaxado kodeqsis 501-e
muxlis Sesabamisad, gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan aTavisuflebda kerZo skolebs, stu-
dentebis miRebisas maTi rasobrivi politikis miuxedavad; amave kodeqsis 170-e muxlis
Tanaxmad ki, msgavsi kolejebisaTvis gankuTvnili kontribuciebis saqvelmoqmedo
gamoqviTvebs axorcielebda. 1970 wlis 12 ianvars sami mosamarTlisgan Semdgarma
kolumbiis olqis saolqo sasamarTlom saqmeSi grini kenedis winaaRmdeg300 gamoi-
tana winaswari sasamarTlo akrZalva, romliTac sagadasaxado samsaxurs aekrZala
saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan misisipis im kerZo kolejebis gaTavisufleba, romlebic
rasobrivad diskriminaciul politikas mimarTavdnen studentebis miRebisas. Sesa-
bamisad, sagadasaxado samsaxurma ganacxada, rom mas aRar gaaCnda iuridiuli safuZ-
veli, raTa gadasaxadebisagan gaeTavisuflebina is kerZo kolejebi, romlebic rasob-
riv diskriminacias eweodnen. garda amisa, sagadasaxado samsaxurma aseve oficialu-
rad gamoacxada, rom „aRar SeeZlo msgavsi tipis kerZo skolebisaTvis gankuTvnili
saCuqrebi saqvelmoqmedo gamoqviTvebad ganexila saSemosavlo gadasaxadis miznebi-
saTvis~.
diskriminaciis mimarT Secvlili politika Camoyalibda sagadasaxado ganmar-
tebaSi:301 „rogorc sasamarTlo, ise sagadasaxado samsaxuri didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
aRiarebdnen, rom kanonis moTxovna „mxolod religiuri, saqvelmoqmedo ... an sagan-
manaTleblo miznebisaTvis~ asociaciis Seqmnisa da moqmedebisa gamiznuli iyo sa-
erTo samarTlis sabaziso (qvelmoqmedebis) koncefciis gamosaxatad ... yvela saqvel-
moqmedo trasti, rogorc saganmanaTleblo, ise sxvagvari, eqvemdebareba moTxovnas,
rom trastis mizani ar SeiZleba iyos ukanono an saxelmwifo politikas ewinaaRmde-
gebodes~. „ganaTlebaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis gamovlenis erovnuli politikis~
safuZvelze, sagadasaxado samsaxuris gadawyvetilebiT „kerZo koleji, romelsac
ar gaaCnia rasobrivad aradiskriminaciuli politika studentebis mimarT, ar CaiT-
vleba „saqvelmoqmedod~ kodeqsis 501-e da 170-e muxlebSi asaxuli saerTo samarT-
lis koncefciebis farglebSi~.
bob jonsis universiteti grinvilSi ganTavsebuli arakomerciuli asociaciaa.
misi mizania „saswavlo dawesebulebis marTva... qristianul religiasa da bibliur
eTikaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT~. asociacia marTavs 5000 studentisgan Semdgar
kolejs. bob jonsis universiteti ar aris asocirebuli arc erT religiur denomi-
naciasTan, Tumca igi miznad isaxavs fundamentalisturi qristianuli religiuri
mrwamsis swavlebasa da gavrcelebas. igi aris rogorc religiuri, ise saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebuleba. kolejis maswavleblebi unda misdevdnen qristianul mrwamss,
universitetis yvela kursze swavleba bibliis Sesabamisad mimdinareobs. studentebis
miRebisas xdeba maTi religiuri mrwamsis Semowmeba. garda amisa, maTi sazogadoebrivi
da piradi qceva mkacrad regulirebulia universitetis xelmZRvanelobis mier dek-
463
larirebuli standartebis Sesabamisad. xelmZRvaneloba ki miiCnevs, rom biblia
krZalavs paemansa da qorwinebas sxvadasxva rasis warmomadgenlebs Soris. am Sexedu-
lebis cxovrebaSi ukeT ganxorcielebis mizniT 1971 wlamde Savkanian studentebs
saerTod ar iRebdnen universitetSi. 1971-dan 1975 wlis maisamde ar ganixilavdnen
dauqorwinebel SavkanianTa ganacxadebs, Tumca iRebdnen im Savkanian studentebs,
romlebic sakuTari rasis warmomadgenlebze iyvnen daqorwinebuli.
saqmeSi makrei ranionis winaaRmdeg302 aSS-s saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebis Semdeg, romlis mixedviTac aikrZala kerZo skolebSi rasobriv niadagze ar-
daSveba, universitetma Secvala Tavisi politika. 1975 wlis 29 maisidan universi-
tetSi dauSves dauqorwinebeli Savkanianebi; Tumca disciplinuri wesi kvlav krZa-
lavda sxvadasxva rasis warmomadgenlebs Soris paemansa da qorwinebas. kolejidan
garicxvas eqvemdebarebodnen is studentebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen msgavs qor-
winebasa da paemans, xolo interrasobriv qorwinebaSi myofi ganmcxadeblebi kvlav
ar daiSvebodnen.
1970 wlamde sagadasaxado samsaxuris mier gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebuli iyo
bob jonsis universiteti, Tumca amave wlis 30 noembers, saqmeSi grini kenedis wina-
aRmdeg miRebuli sasamarTlo akrZalvis Semdeg, kolejs formalurad ecnoba sagada-
saxado politikis Secvlisa da samsaxuris ganzraxvis Taobaze, gaeuqmebina im kerZo
universitetebisaTvis miniWebuli gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebulis statusi, rom-
lebic diskriminaciul rasobriv politikas axorcielebdnen studentebis miRebisas.
1976 wlis 16 aprils sagadasaxado samsaxurma oficialurad gaauqma universi-
tetis statusi. gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sesulad CaiTvala 1970 wlis 1 dekembridan,
anu sagadasaxado politikis cvlilebis Taobaze kolejis informirebidan meore
dRes. universitetma sasamarTlos mimarTa.
samxreT karolinis federalurma saolqo sasamarTlom daadgina, rom universi-
tetis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebis statusis gauqmebiT sagadasaxado samsaxurma
gadaaWarba Tavis uflebamosilebas; misi qmedeba aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda dadgenil
wesebsa da procedurebs da arRvevda universitetis uflebebs pirveli Sesworebis
religiuri klauzulebis safuZvelze.
saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma xsenebuli gadawyvetileba. misi dadgenilebis
mixedviT, imisaTvis, rom dawesebulebam isargeblos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 501-e mux-
liT (da gaTavisufldes saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan), igi unda iyos „saqvelmoqmedo~
saerTo samarTlis safuZvelze da, Sesabamisad, ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes saxelmwifo
politikas. sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, bob jonsis universiteti ver akmayofilebda moT-
xovnas, vinaidan misi „rasobrivi politika arRvevda konstituciaze damyarebul cxa-
dad gansazRvrul saxelmwifo politikas, romelic gmobs rasobriv diskriminacias da
gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifos mxridan ganaTlebis sistemaSi, kerZoSi Tu saxelmwifoSi,
rasobrivi diskriminaciis subsidirebas~. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT sagadasaxado
samsaxuri moqmedebda Tavisi kanonismieri uflebamosilebis farglebSi.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad ki, rodesac saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gadaxdis-
gan aTavisuflebs gansazRvrul subieqtebs, es gadasaxadis yvela gadamxdelze axdens
gavlenas, kerZod, yoveli maTgani garkveulwilad „donorad~ iqceva. gadasaxadebis
gadaxdisgan gaTavisufleba gamarTlebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaTavisuf-
lebul organizacias sazogadoebrivi sargebeli moaqvs — sargebeli, romlis uzrun-
velyofac, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia. imisaTvis, rom organizaciam isar-
geblos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisiT, igi gamokveTilad
unda emsaxurebodes sazogadoebriv interess da harmoniaSi iyos masTan. dawesebu-
464
lebis mizani ar unda xelyofdes im sazogadoebriv sargebels, romlis miRwevac sxva
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda. udavoa, rom rasobrivi diskriminacia ganaTlebis
sferoSi arRvevs sayovelTaod aRiarebul Sexedulebebs elementarul samarTli-
anobaze. saxelmwifo interesi mocemul SemTxvevaSi sasicocxlo xasiaTisaa. saxel-
mwifos aqvs fundamenturi interesi ganaTlebaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis Zirfes-
viani aRmofxvrisa. mTavrobis aRniSnuli interesi mniSvnelovnad gadawonis nebis-
mier tvirTs, romelic SeiZleba momCivanTa religiuri mrwamsis gamoxatvas daekis-
ros maTi sagadasaxado SeRavaTis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi.
mosamarTle pauelis nawilobriv Tanmxvedri azri
mosamarTle pauelis gancxadebiT, igi ar aris darwmunebuli, rom gadamwyveti
kiTxva, romelic organizaciis gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis
gadawyvetisas unda daisvas, is aris, Tu ramdenad emsaxureba Sesabamisi dawesebuleba
`sazogadoebriv interesebs~. pauelis mixedviT, sasamarTlos mier gamoyenebuli ar-
gumentaciiT iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebuli orga-
nizaciis ZiriTad funqcias mTavrobis nacvlad saxelmwifoebrivi politikis gata-
reba warmoadgens. misi SexedulebiT, msgavsi pozicia im rolis ignorirebas warmo-
adgens, romelsac gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan gaTavisufleba asrulebs mravalfe-
rovani saqmianobisa da mosazrebebis waxalisebis mizniT. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT
sargeblobis uflebis miniWeba arakomerciuli organizaciebisTvis sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan sferoebze samTavrobo orTodoqsiis Sesustebis aucilebel
saSualebas warmoadgens.
mosamarTle renkvistma Tavis gansxvavebul daskvnaSi miuTiTa, rom mxolod kon-
gress SeeZlo im saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisaTvis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuf-
lebulis statusis gauqmeba, romlebic rasobriv diskriminacias eweodnen, Tumca,
sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, ver SeZlo amis gakeTeba; aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT
ki sasamarTlo ar aris konstituciurad uflebamosili, kongresis nacvlad es gana-
xorcielos.
religiasTan asocirebuli skolebis akreditacia. sxva mravali Statis msgavsad,
oklahomac advokaturaSi miRebis erT-erT pirobad miiCnevda ganmcxadeblis ameri-
kis iuristTa asociaciis (ABA) mier akreditebul skolaSi swavlebas. 1981 wels ABA-m
uari ganucxada akreditaciaze oral robertsis universitetis samarTlis skolas,
romelic skolaSi swavlis msurvelebs qristianuli religiuri mrwamsis Sesaxeb
gancxadebaze xelmoweras sTxovda. universitetma sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos
imis safuZvelze, rom dairRva misi aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. saqmeSi oral rober-
tsis universiteti amerikis iuristTa asociaciis winaaRmdeg303 sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom amerikis iuristTa asociacia saxelmwifo uflebamosilebas axorcielebda da misi
qmedebiT dairRva pirveli Sesworeba. erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi ABA-m Secvala Tavisi
politika.
465
ormagi
efeqti
ormagi efeqtis princips, kerZod ki mis moralTan

Sesabamisobis Taobaze diskusias xangrZlivi istoria
aqvs. Tu gansazRvrulma qmedebam gamoiwvia rogorc da-
debiTi, ise uaryofiTi Sedegi, is gamarTlebulad CaiT-
vleba, Tu pirs ganzraxuli hqonda dadebiTi Sedegis
miReba da Tu qmedebiT daculi sikeTe proporciulad
aRemateba uaryofiT Sedegis saxiT damdgar zians. kla-
sikur magaliTs warmoadgens adamiani, romelic cdi-
lobs, daicvas Tavisi sicocxle masze ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxmisgan: dazaralebulis dartyma agresoris sikv-
dils iwvevs. dartymis Sedegs warmoadgens agresoris
sikvdili da dazaralebulis usafrTxoeba. dadebiTi
efeqti, dazaralebulis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
saxiT, gadawonis uaryofiT anu Tavdamsxmelis sicoc-
xlis xelyofis Sedegs.
es martivi principi gamoiyeneba situaciaTa umrav-
lesobaSi, rodesac dRis wesrigSi dgeba moraluri ga-
dawyvetilebis miRebis aucilebloba. qvemoT warmod-
genili saqmeebi gTavazobT analogiuri analizis aRi-
arebas im tipis SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi, rodesac
saxelmwifos qmedebas gaaCnia rogorc konstituciurad
daculi efeqti aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis uzrun-
velyofisa, ise konstituciurad akrZaluli efeqti
religiis dawesebis saxiT.
religiuri Sekrebebi sazogadoebriv parkebSi
fouleri rod ailendis Statis winaaRmdeg304

rod ailendis Statis qalaq potaketSi moqmedi ka-
nonmdeblobiT, akrZalulia politikuri da religiuri
Sekrebebis gamarTva sazogadoebriv parkebSi. Tumca,
amave kanonis Tanaxmad, es ar niSnavs, rom nebismier
466
religiur, politikur klubs an sazogadoebas ar hqondes sruli SemadgenlobiT
parkSi misvlis ufleba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aseTi klubis an sazogadoebis
mfarvelobis qveS parkSi ar ganxorcieldeba sajaro mimarTva.
potaketis erT-erT parkSi gaimarTa ieRovas mowmeTa Sekreba, romelic pirveli
instanciis sasamarTloSi religiurad aRiares. Sekrebas oTxasamde adamiani daes-
wro, maTgan 150 ieRovas mowme. apelants warmoadgens seqtis RvTismsaxuri, romelic
cxovrobs masaCusetsis Statis qalaq arlingtonSi. igi potaketSi miiwvies ieRovas
mowmeTa adgilobrivi kongregaciis winaSe sityviT gamosasvlelad. Sekrebaze ape-
lantma orjer mimarTa damswre sazogadoebas. Sexvedram mSvid garemoSi Caiara wes-
rigis darRvevis gareSe.
apelantis gamosvlis saTaurs warmoadgenda „gza mSvidobisken~. man ganixila im
zomebis zedapiruloba, romlebic msoflioSi mSvidobis damkvidrebis mizniT xorci-
eldeboda. mas mxolod ramdenime wuTi dascalda saubari, Semdeg is policiam daakava.
apelants zemoTxsenebuli regulaciis darRvevaSi dasdes brali da braleulad cnes
imis mtkicebis miuxedavad, rom regulacia ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis pirvel
da me-14 Sesworebebs. mas miesaja jarimis gadaxda 5 dolaris odenobiT. mopasuxis
msjavrdebas mxari dauWira rod ailendis uzenaesma sasamarTlom.
apelantis seqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sekrebebi sxva religiuri jgufebis praq-
tikisgan gansxvavebul xasiaTs atarebs. misi religiuri msaxureba sxvebTan SedarebiT
araorTodoqsuli, naklebad ritualuri da formaluria. Tumca, aSS-s uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos Tanaxmad, garda mcire gamonaklisebisa, sasamarTlo araa uflebamosili
ganacxados, rom is, rac religiuri gamoxatva da saqmianobaa erTi jgufisaTvis, ar
warmoadgens pirveli SesworebiT dacul aRmsareblobas; aSS-s konstituciis safuZ-
velze sasamarTlos kompetencias ar ganekuTvneba arc religiur Sekrebebze ganxor-
cielebuli ceremoniebis Sefaseba, uaryofa, maTi klasificireba an regulireba, arc
sxva nebismieri gziT gakontroleba. ceremoniebi religiuri msaxurebis iseTive na-
wils warmoadgens, rogorsac locva. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixed-
viT, sakuTari kongregaciis winaSe erTi RvTismsaxuris gamosvlis regulaciisgan
Tavisufal ceremoniad aRiareba, xolo meoris gamosvlis regulirebisadmi daqvem-
debareba iqneboda erTi religiisaTvis upiratesobis aSkara miniWeba; zustad aRniS-
nuli Sedegi dadgeboda, uzenaes sasamarTlos rom daemtkicebina Statis sasamar-
TloTa gadawyvetileba; baptist, meTodist, presbiterianel an episkopalur RvTis-
msaxurebs, kaTolike mRvdlebs, muslim molebs da budist berebs, yovel maTgans
eqneboda potaketis parkebSi TavianTi kongregaciebis winaSe dausjelad qadagebis
SesaZlebloba; kanonis Zala ki mxolod msgavsi funqciis Semsrulebeli arapopula-
ruli jgufis liderze gavrceldeboda. Sesabamisad, gauqmda rod ailendis Statis
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
sazogadoebrivi parkebis gamoyeneba romis papis wirvisaTvis. sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli aTeisti madalin miurei o’heari 1979 wlis 7 oqtombers moiTxovda ioane
pavle I I -is wirvis akrZalvas vaSingtonis nacionalur parkSi.305 saparko samsaxuri
yovelwliurad 100-mde nebarTvas gascemda kolumbiis federaluri olqis naciona-
lur parkSi religiuri msaxurebis CatarebisaTvis. mosamarTle harold levenralma
uaryo o’hearis moTxovna akrZalvaze im motiviT, rom nacionaluri parki warmoad-
genda sazogadoebriv parks, romelic regularulad xelmisawvdomi iyo pirveli
SesworebiT garantirebuli uflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
467
kvira dRes vaWrobis akrZalva
makgoveni merilendis Statis winaaRmdeg306

es saqme Seexeba merilendis sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonebis (cnobilia, rogorc
kvira dRes samuSao da savaWro adgilebis daxurvis kanonmdebloba) konstituciuro-
bis sakiTxs. aRniSnuli statutebiT zogadad akrZaluli iyo SromiTi, profesiuli
Tu sxva saxis komerciuli saqmianoba kvira dRes.
saqmeSi apelantis mxares supermarketis Svidi TanamSromeli warmoadgenda. maT
bralad waeyenaT swrafCamkeris, iatakis sapoxi siTxis, steplerisa da saTamaSo wyal-
qveSa navis kvira dRes gayidva xsenebuli kanonis darRveviT. kanonis Tanaxmad, Statis
farglebSi akrZaluli iyo kvira dRes nebismieri saqonlis gayidva Tambaqosa da sa-
konditro nawarmis, rZis, puris, xilis, zeTis, benzinis, medikamentebis, gazeTebisa
da Jurnalebis sacalo vaWrobis garda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, „dawesebis~ klauzula ar krZalavs gansazRvru-
li qmedebis federalur an Statis mier regulirebas, romlis mizezi an Sedegi SesaZ-
loa daemTxvas gansazRvruli an yvela religiis doqtrinebs. aRniSnul SemTxvevaTa
umravlesobaSi kongresi an Statis sakanonmdeblo organo midian im daskvnamde, rom
sazogadoebis zogadi keTildReoba moiTxovs msgavs regulacias, yovelgvari reli-
giuri Sexedulebis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad. mkvleloba ukanonoa saero miznebi-
saTvis. Tumca is faqti, rom iudaur-qristianul eklesiebs igive moTxovna aqvT, ar
ukargavs kanonier Zalas mkvlelobis dasjadobas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, kvira dRes muSaobisa da vaW-
robis amkrZalavi kanonebi farTo saxelmwifoebrivi interesis sagania, maTi sawyisi
miznebisa Tu qveteqstebis miuxedavad. maTi mizani da Sedegia unificirebuli das-
venebis dRis uzrunvelyofa yvela moqalaqisaTvis; is, rom aRniSnuli dRe, kvira,
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea dominanti qristianuli eklesiebisaTvis, saxel-
mwifos srulebiT ar uSlis xels sakuTari saero miznebis ganxorcielebaSi. imis
Tqma, rom saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia kvira dRis dasvenebis dRed gamocxadeba, mxolod
imitom, rom saukuneebis win msgavsi kanonebis arsebobas religia ganapirobebda,
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisadmi SuRlis konstituciuri interpretacia ufro
iqneboda, vidre saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris separaciis.
kvira dRis maregulirebeli kanonebi da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. kvira
dRis kanonebi aseve gasaCivrebul iqna aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis xelyofis moti-
viT. mosarCeleni, orTodoqsi ebraelebi, moiTxovdnen pensilvaniis kvira dRis kano-
nis cxovrebaSi gatarebis sasamarTlo akrZalvas imis safuZvelze, rom aRniSnuli
kanoniT isjeboda maT mier SabaTis wesis dacva.307 mosarCeleTa mtkicebiT, orTodoq-
si ebraelebi arCevanis winaSe aRmoCndnen: an SabaTis wesi daerRviaT SabaT dRes muSa-
obis gagrZelebiT, an uari eTqvaT rogorc SabaTis, ise kviris samuSao dReebze da
didi ekonomikuri zarali ganecadaT. uzenaesma sasamarTlom, mosamarTle uorenis
TavmjdomareobiT, daamtkica kanoni da Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom „sta-
tuti mxolod arapirdapir tvirTs akisrebda religiis gamoxatvas Statis kanonieri
miznis ganxorcielebis procesSi, romlis miRwevac sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
religiuri ganqorwinebis saxelmwifo stimulireba. iudaisturi samarTlis mi-
xedviT, qali kanonierad ganqorwinebulad ar CaiTvleba, sanam sakuTari meuRlisgan
468
ar miiRebs ganqorwinebis damadasturebel xelwerils. msgavsi mowmobis gareSe xel-
meore daqorwinebis SemTxveva, saeklesio samarTlis Tanaxmad, miCneul iqneba
colqmrul Ralatad, xolo gaCenili Svili — ukanonod Sobilad. aRniSnuli wesi ar
vrceldeba qmrebze. Sesabamisad, maT aqvT SesaZlebloba, boroti ganzraxvis safuZ-
velze ar gascen xelwerili da TavianT yofil meuRleebs keTilsindisierad daqorwi-
nebis saSualeba ar miscen. mocemuli situaciis gamosworebis mizniT 1983 wels niu-
iorkis Statma orTodoqsuli da konservatiuli ebrauli jgufebis moTxovniT mi-
iRo kanoni,308 romlis mixedviTac meuRlem, romelic daqorwinda RvTismsaxuris an
rabinis mier da qorwinebis baTilad cnobas an ganqorwinebas iTxovs, unda daamtki-
cos, rom „mimarTa an saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde mimarTavs misi SesaZleb-
lobis farglebSi arsebul yvela zomas qorwinebis baTilad cnobis an ganqorwinebis
Semdgom meuRlis xelmeored daqorwinebis xelis SemSleli yvela garemoebis aR-
mofxvris mizniT~. kanoni xelis SemSlel garemoebebad gansazRvravs `qorwinebis
erT-erT mxareze dakisrebul „nebismier religiur an Segnebul SezRudvas an Sefer-
xebas... nebayoflobiT qmedebaze meore mxaris uaris mizeziT~. niu-iorkis saapela-
cio sasamarTlom mxari dauWira am kanons saqmeSi avitzuri avitzuris winaaRmdeg.309
religiuri sakuTrebis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadebisagan
volci niu-iork sitis sagadasaxado komisiis winaaRmdeg310

am saqmeSi apelanti, niu-iorkis Statis riCmondis olqSi uZravi qonebis mesakuT-
re, moiTxovda sasamarTlo akrZalvis dawesebas niu-iorkis sagadasaxado komisiis
mier religiuri organizaciebisaTvis qonebis gadasaxadis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuf-
lebaze mxolod RvTismsaxurebis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebadi religiuri sakuTrebis
mimarT. statuti niu-iorkis konstituciis me-16 muxlidan gamomdinareobda, romlis
mixedviTac gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba SeiZleba momxdariyo mxolod zogadi
daniSnulebis kanonebis safuZvelze. gamonaklisi daiSveboda im uZrav da moZrav qo-
nebaze, romelic eqskluziurad gamoiyeneboda religiuri, saganmanaTleblo saqvel-
moqmedo miznebisaTvis.
apelantis mtkicebiT, niu-iorkis sagadasaxado komisiis mier gadasaxadisgan ga-
Tavisuflebulis statusis miniWeba saeklesio qonebisaTvis apelantisgan arapir-
dapir moiTxovda religiuri organizaciebis finansur mxardaWeras, rac, Sesabamisad,
arRvevda dawesebis klauzulas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, is yovelTvis cdilobda neitralobis dacvas or
religiur klauzulas (aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis da religiis dawesebis) Soris,
romelTagan erT-erTis gafarToeba aucileblad meoresTan konfliqts gamoiwvevs.
konstituciuri neitralobis mimarTuleba mocemul sferoSi SeuZlebelia absolu-
turad sworxazovani iyos; mouqnelobam SesaZloa aRniSnul debulebaTa umTavresi
miznis xelyofamde migviyvanos, romlis Tanaxmadac ar unda moxdes arc erTi religiis
xelSewyoba an Selaxva. zogadi principi, romelic pirveli Sesworebidan da sasamar-
Tlos mier dRemde miRebuli gadawyvetilebebidan gamomdinareobs, Semdegia: sasamar-
Tlo ar gamoiCens Semwynareblobas arc xelisuflebis mier religiis dawesebis da
arc religiaSi saxelmwifos Carevis mimarT. cxadad Camoyalibebuli am ori saxelmwifo
qmedebis gamoricxvis SemTxvevaSi rCeba sakmao sivrce ormxrivad produqtiuli keTil-
469
mosurne neitralobis principis gamoyenebisaTvis, rac religiur gamoxatvas uzrun-
velyofs yovelgvari mxardaWerisa da xelyofis gareSe.
311
saqmeSi eversoni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg, romelSic gasaCivrda niu-
jersis Statis mier gadasaxadebis gziT akrefili fuladi saxsrebis gamoyeneba zo-
gadi programis farglebSi samrevlo skolis moswavleTa saavtobuso xarjebis anaz-
RaurebisaTvis, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom is ar ganixilavda msgavs „daxmarebas~ im
skolebisaTvis, romlebic gansazRvrul religiur mrwamss aswavlidnen, dawesebis
klauzulis ufro seriozul darRvevad, vidre saxelmwifos mier policielTaTvis
xelfasis gadaxda msgavsi skolebis moswavleTa dacvis mizniT.
udavoa, rom religiuri skolebis moswavleTa avtobusiT mgzavroba da policiis
mier maTi dacva „exmareba~ Sesabamis religias, SeinarCunos skolebi, romlebic gamok-
veTilad gansazRvruli mrwamsis momaval mimdevarTa aRzrdas cdiloben. arcerTi
religiuri organizacia, romelic flobs skolas, ar uaryofs Tavis erT-erT ZiriTad
Tu ara, dominantur politikad am mizans. da Tu SesaZlebelia moswavleTa avtobu-
sebiTa da policiis dacviT uzrunvelyofa, maSin, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad,
SeuZlebelia imis danaxva, religiuri klauzulebis miznebis mimarT es SemTxveva riTi
gansxvavdeba yvela eklesiisaTvis Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi farTo policiuri da
saxanZro dacvisagan, aseve, arakomerciuli hospitalebis, xelovnebis galereebis
da biblioTekebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebisgan.
amis msgavsad, erTdroulad, rogorc saxelmwifo, ise samrevlo skolebis moswav-
leTa saxelmZRvaneloebiT uzrunvelyofa eklesiebisadmi aSkara „daxmarebas~ war-
moadgenda, vinaidan is uzarmazari Tanxis dazogvis SesaZleblobas aZlevda ekle-
siebs. fasiani saswavlo masalebiT religiuri skolebis momarageba sasamarTlom ar
miiCnia pirveli Sesworebis sawinaaRmdego „daxmarebis~ sakanonmdeblo miznis demons-
312
trirebad an aseTi kanonis ZiriTad Sedegad. am gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas sasa-
marTlo daeyrdno Tavisive gadawyvetilebebsa da aSS-s religiur tradicias.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, gadasaxadis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuflebis saka-
nonmdeblo mizani ar aris religiis xelSewyoba an xelyofa; es arc mxardaWeraa da
arc mtroba. niu-iorkma, sxva Statebis msgavsad, miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom gansazRv-
rul organizaciebs, romlebsac harmoniuli urTierToba aqvT sazogadoebasTan da
romlebic mis „moralur da mentalur ganviTarebas~ uwyoben xels, xeli ar unda
SeeSaloT TavianT saqmianobaSi qonebis gadasaxadiT an mocemuli gadasaxadis gada-
uxdelobis SemTxvevaSi uZravi qonebis dakargvis safrTxiT. ar momxdara romelime
konkretuli eklesiis an religiuri jgufis, Tundac yvela eklesiis gamoyofa; Statma
qonebis gadasaxadisgan gaaTavisufla religiuri RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili
yvela Senoba, arakomerciuli korporaciebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva tipis
uZravi qoneba, maT Soris saavadmyofoebi, biblioTekebi, sportuli moednebi, mecni-
eruli, istoriuli, profesiuli da patriotuli jgufebi. Stats aqvs pozitiuri
politika, romlis mixedviTac mocemuli jgufebis sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saq-
mianobis uzrunvelyofas sazogadoebriv interesTan Sesabamisad miiCnevs. amdenad,
uzenaes sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom dauSvebelia niu-iorkis statutis ganmarteba,
rogorc religiis dawesebis mcdelobisa; is mxolod aTavisuflebs religiis gamoxat-
vas uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis tvirTisgan.
Tumca mxolod imis gansazRvra, rom qonebis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisufleba ar
470
iyo gamiznuli religiis dawesebis, mxardaWerisa da daxmarebisaTvis, ar niSnavs ga-
moZiebis dasrulebas. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, aseve aucilebelia imis dad-
gena, rom saxelmwifo qmedebis Sedegad ar myardeba zedmetad mWidro urTierTkav-
Siri religiasTan.
eklesiebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miniWebas aucileblad gansazRvruli
arapirdapiri ekonomikuri sargebeli moaqvs maTTvis da, amasTan erTad garkveulwi-
lad saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris mWidro urTierTkavSiris damyarebasac iwvevs.
mTavari sakiTxi isaa, aris Tu ara aRniSnuli kavSiri zedmetad mWidro da xom ar
iwvevs is xangrZliv zedamxedvelobas eklesiaze oficialuri struqturebis mxridan.
pirdapir fulad daxmarebas, saxelmwifo grantis programebis umravlesobis msgav-
sad, SeuZlia xangrZlivi da mWidro administraciuli urTierToba gamoiwvios kanonis
an administraciuli standartebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mizniT. magram uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos mixedviT, saqme ar gvaqvs aRniSnul SemTxvevasTan; Zneli warmosadgenia,
rom eklesiis mier saxelmwifos mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebuli riski naklebi safr-
Txis Semcveli iyos, vidre saxelmwifos mier eklesiis daxmarebis SemTxveva. ar SeiZ-
leba sagadasaxado SeRavaTis miniWebis ganxilva finansur mxardaWerad, vinaidan xe-
lisufleba ar gadascems Tavisi Semosavlebis nawils eklesiebs. is, ubralod, uars
acxadebs eklesiis mier saxelmwifos mxardaWeraze. aravis arasodes uTqvams, rom
biblioTekebis, saxelovnebo galereebis an hospitalebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavi-
suflebam gamoiwvia Statis xelSi maTi Cagdeba an aRniSnul dawesebulebaTa TanamS-
romlebi „saxelmwifos winaSe angariSvaldebulebis~ poziciaSi Caayena. uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetilebiT ar arsebobs realuri kavSiri gadasaxadebisgan gaTa-
visuflebasa da religiis dawesebas Soris. gadasaxadis gadaxdisgan gaTavisufleba
mxolod zRudavs fiskalur urTierTobas eklesiasa da Stats Soris da, Sesabamisad,
aZlierebs sasurvel separacias erTis meorisgan izolirebis gziT.
separacia am konteqstSi sulac ar gulisxmobs kontaqtebis srul ararsebobas.
Tanamedrove cxovrebis kompleqsuroba nebismier SemTxvevaSi iwvevs gansazRvrul
kavSirs da religiuri RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili Senoba-nagebobebisaTvis
policiisa da saxanZro samsaxurebis mier gaweuli daxmareba mxolod Tanmdev sarge-
bels warmoadgens, romliTac SeiZleba isargeblos nebismierma pirovnebam Tu dawe-
sebulebam Statis sazRvrebSi.
aSS-s ormocdaaTive Stati uzrunvelyofs RvTismsaxurebis adgilebis gadasa-
xadisgan gaTavisuflebas (umravlesoba konstituciuri garantiis gziT). eklesiebi
gaTavisuflebulni iyvnen federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan mTeli im drois
manZilze (75 weliwadi), roca am gadasaxads SeeZlo maTze zegavlenis moxdena. amgvari
damokidebuleba aranaklebi „daxmarebaa~ eklesiebisadmi, vidre Statebis mier mini-
Webuli uZravi qonebis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisufleba.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT religiuri Semwynareblobisadmi erovnul damokidebule-
basa da gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebis orsaukunovan istorias, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom am xnis manZilze eklesiis an religiis daweseba ar momxdara. piriqiT, is xels
uwyobda religiuri mrwamsis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobas.
mosamarTle brenanis Tanmxvedri azri

am mosamarTlis Tanaxmad, amerikeli eris arsebobis dasawyisidanve religiuri
organizaciebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebis istoria ar aris gadamwyveti am
471
praqtikis konstituciurad cnobisaTvis. Tumca msgavs praqtikas sakmaod didi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba abstraqtuli konstituciuri enis interpretirebisas. dawesebis
klauzula,313 savaraudod, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis mimarT gansxvavebul interpre-
taciebs moiTxovs. am klauzulis sasamarTloseuli ganmarteba swored amerikeli
eris gamocdilebis gaazrebam gamoiwvia. rac ufro xangrZlivi da sayovelTaod
aRiarebulia esa Tu is praqtika, miT ufro did zegavlenas axdens is konstituciis
interpretaciaze. istoriis roli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania am saqmeSi, Cveni
saxelmwifos arsebobis sawyisi etapidan religiuri sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis farTo
da ucvleli aRiarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
mosamarTle brenanis SexedulebiT, uZrav qonebaze gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan
religiuri organizaciebis gaTavisuflebisaTvis saxelmwifos ori ZiriTadi saero
mizani aqvs: pirveli — maT sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi mieniWaT, radgan sxva kerZo, ara-
komerciuli organizaciebis msgavsad, xels uwyoben sazogadoebis keTildReobas
mravalferovani arareligiuri gzebiT; meore — saxelmwifo religiur organizaciebs
aniWebs SeRavaTebs, vinaidan TavianTi religiuri saqmianobiT isini erTmniSvnelovnad
xels uwyoben pluralizms amerikul sazogadoebaSi. swored am mizniT niu-iorkis
Statma gamonaklisebi dauSva ara marto religiuri da socialuri momsaxurebis orga-
nizaciebis, aramed samecniero, literaturuli, saadvokato, patriotuli da isto-
riuli jgufebisa da zogadad „eqskluziurad qalTa da mamakacTa moraluri da men-
taluri ganviTarebisaTvis organizebuli~ dawesebulebebisaTvis. am sistemis sulis-
kveTebis gaTvaliswinebiT miuRebelia varaudi, TiTqos Statis mizani Seadgenda
religiuri organizaciebisadmi raime gamorCeuli mopyroba iyo.
mosamarTle harlenis Tanmxvedri azri

mosamrTle harlenis mosazrebiT, aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba religiur cxovre-
baSi monawileobas arc uwyobs da arc uSlis xels. Sesabamisad, is akmayofilebs pir-
vel SesworebaSi Cadebul voluntarizmis moTxovnas — Stati „ar iyenebs saxelmwifo
dawesebulebis prestiJs, Zalauflebasa da gavlenas~ moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi reli-
giis waxalisebisaTvis. harlenis daskvnis mixedviT, saqmeSi warmodgenili statuti
akmayofilebs neitralobis moTxovnasac.
kanoni, romelic religiuri organizaciebis gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan gaTavi-
suflebis niu-iorkis konstituciuri debulebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas uzrunvel-
yofs, gansazRvravs aradabegvradi organizaciebis jgufs, romelTa saerTo maxasi-
aTebelia individis kulturuli da moraluri ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli saqmi-
anobis arakomerciuli mizani da gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivad sasikeTo saqmi-
anobis ganxorcieleba.
mosamarTle harlenis SexedulebiT, religiuri organizaciis mier saero saqmi-
anobis dafinansebisas, risi xelSewyobisTvisac es kanonmdeblobaa SemuSavebuli, ne-
itralobis princips srulad Seesabameba, sxva organizaciebis msgavsad, maTTvis saga-
dasaxado SeRavaTebis miniWeba. ufro metic, mosamarTle imdenad farTod ganixilavs
saqmeSi warmodgenil statuts, rom, misi mosazrebiT, eklesiebs sruliad marTlzo-
mierad SeeZloT gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuflebisaTvis mieRwiaT im SemT-
xvevaSic ki, Tu kanonSi naxseneb saero saqmianobis dafinansebas ar eweodnen da mxo-
lod TavianTi wevrebis keTildReobisaTvis arsebobdnen.
472
mosamarTle duglasis gansxvavebuli azri
mosamarTle duglasis mtkicebiT, „orsaukunovani Tavisufleba gadasaxadebisgan~
ararelevanturia am saqmeSi. misi SexedulebiT, istoria gzamkvlevis funqcias rom
asrulebdes, eklesiebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba miT umetes eWvqveS dadge-
boda, vinaidan msgavsi sistema maSin warmoiqmna, rodesac eklesia saxelmwifo dawe-
sebulebas warmoadgenda.
mosamarTles aramarTebulad miaCnia xelmZRvanel principad eversonis314 saqmis
gamoyeneba. misi mosazrebiT, eversonis saqmeSi warmodgenili iyo saxelmwifo finanse-
bis gamoyeneba rogorc samrevlo, aseve sajaro skolebSi bavSvebis avtobusiT mgzav-
robisaTvis. samrevlo skolebSi religias aswavlian, Tumca isini aseve saganmanaTleb-
lo dawesebulebebs warmoadgenen, romlebic sajaro skolebTan konkurentunarian sas-
wavlo kursebs sTavazoben moswavleebs. aqedan gamomdinare, eversonSi warmodgenil
skolebSi ganaTleba, am cnebis saero gagebiT, kombinirebuli iyo religiur indoqt-
rinaciasTan. es saqme ki aSkarad gansxvavebulia. aq saxelmwifo finansur mxardaWeras
uwevs eklesiebs da RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilebs. gadasaxadisgan gaTa-
visufleba, mosamarTle duglasis Tanaxmad, swored rom subsidias warmoadgens.
duglasis Tanaxmad, Tuki morwmuneni uflebamosilni arian, miiRon saxelmwifos
finansuri daxmareba, aseTive ufleba aramorwmuneebsac aqvT. kanonmdebloba ki gansx-
vavebul damokidebulebas iTvaliswinebs morwmuneTa da aramorwmuneTa mimarT. pir-
veli Sesworebis erT-erT moTxovnas warmoadgens sicocxlisunariani, pluralis-
turi sazogadoebis xelSewyoba da agreTve mTavrobis neitraliteti ara marto
seqtebis, aramed morwmuneTa da aramorwmuneTa mimarT. aqedan gamomdinare, mosamar-
Tle duglasi miiCnevs, rom sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi arakonstituciuria.
aris Tu ara gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba subsidia? sagadasaxado kodeqsi
awesebs SezRudvebs gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuflebuli organizaciebis
lobistur saqmianobaze. reganis saqmeSi315 sasamarTlom mxari dauWira aRniSnul
SezRudvebs. momCivani moiTxovda gamoqviTuli kontribuciis gamoyenebas sakuTari
lobisturi saqmianobis mxardaWerisaTvis. mosamarTle renkvistis mixedviT ki, ro-
melmac gadmosca uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: „momCivnis moTxovnaTa Se-
fasebisaTvis aucilebelia kongresis mier miRebuli gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuf-
lebis sistemis efeqtis gaazreba. gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba subsidiis formas
warmoadgens, romlis administrirebac sagadasaxado sistemis meSveobiT xorciel-
deba. gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebas iseTive efeqti aqvs, rogoric organizaci-
isaTvis im odenobis fuladi Tanxis Cuqebas, romelic gadasaxadis saxiT unda
gadaexada. kongresis mier miRebuli kanoni uzrunvelyofda arakomerciuli samoqa-
laqo keTildReobis organizaciebis aseT subsidirebas, xolo im saqvelmoqmedo or-
ganizaciebs, romlebic ar arian CarTulni lobistur saqmianobaSi, damatebiT subsi-
direbas~. mokled rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, kongresis mizans ar warmoad-
genda lobisturi saqmianobis subsidireba. amis sanacvlod man arCia im saqmianobis
dafinanseba, romelsac sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis xelSewyobis mizniT axorci-
eleben arakomerciuli organizaciebi.
Semdgom ganxilul saqmeebSi aSkarad SeiniSneba sagadasaxado sargeblis „subsi-
diad~ ganxilvis tendencia. saqmeSi texasis yovelTviuri gamocema balokis winaaR-
mdeg316 mosamarTle brenanis gancxadebiT: „Cven mxars vuWerT saSemosavlo gadasa-
473
xadis gamoqviTvas swavlebis, transportirebisa da arareligiuri saxelmZRvanelo-
ebis xarjebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, sagadasaxado SeRavaTi exmareboda rogorc sam-
revlo, ise arareligiur kerZo skolebsa da maT moswavleTa mSoblebs. amis miuxeda-
vad, Cven ar vTvliT, rom am subsidiam gaabaTila kanonis ZiriTadi saero mizani Tu
Sedegi.~ mosamarTlem aseve gaaanaliza religiuri literaturis gavrcelebaze sa-
realizacio gadasaxadisgan gaTavisufleba: gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan `nebismieri
gaTavisufleba Seadgens subsidias, romelic gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebze zemoq-
medebs, radgan aiZulebs maT, gaxdnen arapirdapiri donorebi. sanam es subsidia ara-
religiur jgufebs da religiur organizaciebs eniWeba gansazRvruli legitimuri
saero miznis misaRwevad, religiuri jgufebis mier sxvebTan erTad sargebloba ar
ukargavs subsidias dawesebis klauzuliT savaldebulo saero mizansa da ZiriTad
Sedegs. Tumca rodesac saxelmwifo axdens religiuri organizaciebis eqskluziur
subsidirebas, rac savaldebulo ar aris aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzuliT,
maSin saxelmwifos es qmedeba aSkara tvirTs akisrebs aramosargebleebs da gaumarT-
leblad exmareba religiur organizaciebs~.
saqmeSi rozenbergeri virjiniis universitetis winaaRmdeg317 mosamarTle to-
masma Tavis Tanmxvedr azrSi miuTiTa: „gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba umravles
SemTxvevaSi arc ekonomikuri da arc funqciuri TvalsazrisiT ar gansxvavdeba pir-
dapiri fuladi subsidiisgan. erT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo religiur organizaciebs
(sxvebTan erTad) aTavisuflebs zogadi daniSnulebis gadasaxadisgan; meore SemTx-
vevaSi is aTavisuflebs religiur organizaciebs (sxvebTan erTad) am gadasaxadis
gansazRvruli an yvela tvirTisgan, rodesac ubrunebs am Tanxas subsidiis saxiT.
imis miuxedavad, sargebliT uzrunvelyofa dabegvris procesamde xorcieldeba Tu
misi dasrulebis Semdgom, finansuri daxmareba religiuri jgufebisadmi udavoa~.
sqolioSi tomasi daeyrdno profesor Sureis „sagadasaxado danaxarjis~ koncef-
cias,318 romelic emyareboda mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifos gansazRvruli pirovnebisa
Tu jgufisaTvis fuladi asignaciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia specialuri, miznobrivi
sagadasaxado gamoqviTvebisa Tu gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebis gziT, pirdapiri
gadaxdis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis nacvlad.
religiuri literaturis gavrcelebis dabegvra
saqmeSi jimi svogarti kaliforniis Statis marTvis sabWos winaaRmdeg sasamar-

Tlom daadgina, rom sarealizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxadis dakisreba evan-
gelistis mier religiuri literaturis gavrcelebaze ar arRvevs aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis klauzulas. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom gadasaxadis gadamxdelis
saqmianobis gadaWarbebuli regulireba zogadi daniSnulebis yvela gadasaxadis ur-
Tulesi formiT ar warmoadgens ardawesebis klauzulis darRvevas.
jimi svogarti kaliforniis Statis marTvis sabWos winaaRmdeg319

apelantis mtkicebiT, sarealizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxadis dakisreba re-
ligiuri masalebis gayidvaze ardawesebis klauzulis darRvevaa, vinaidan is „reli-
giasTan saxelmwifos zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris safuZvels qmnis~.
474
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, ardawesebis klauzuliT akrZalulia „religi-
uri saqmianobis finansuri mxardaWera da masSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva~. `zed-
metad mWidro urTierTkavSiri~, rogorc lemonis samelementiani testis erT-erTi
nawili, moiTxovs „sargeblis mimRebi dawesebulebebis xasiaTisa da miznebis, saxel-
mwifos mier uzrunvelyofili daxmarebis bunebisa da Sedegad miRebuli saxelm-
wifosa da eklesiis xelmZRvanelobas Soris damyarebuli urTierTobis~ Semowmebas.
saqmeSi volci niu-iork sitis sagadasaxado komisiis winaaRmdeg320 uzenaesma sasamar-
Tlom daadgina, rom religiuri organizaciebis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadebisgan
mxolod religiuri RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili uZravi qonebisaTvis, arako-
merciuli dawesebulebebis gaTavisuflebis zogadi programis farglebSi ar arR-
vevda dawesebis klauzulas. gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebis mxardaWerisas sasamar-
Tlom specialurad aRniSna, rom religiuri qonebis dabegvra, sul mcire, iseTive
administraciuli urTierTkavSiris damyarebas gamoiwvevda saxelmwifosa da ekle-
siis xelmZRvanelobas Soris, rogoric gadasaxadis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuflebas moh-
yva. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis gauqmebas religiasTan saxelmwifos urTierTobis
gafarToeba mohyveboda saeklesio qonebis sagadasaxado Sefasebis, sagadasaxado
valdebulebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis qonebis dagiravebis, dagiravebuli qonebis
gamosyidvis uflebis CamorTmevisa Tu im pirdapiri konfliqtebis gamo, romlebic
am samarTlebriv procesebs mohyveboda. nebismieri alternativis analizisas ZiriTa-
di sakiTxi, romelic sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos, isaa Tu, ramdenad Zlieria
urTierTkavSiri da iwvevs Tu ara is xangrZlivi zedamxedvelobis aucileblobas
oficialuri struqturebis mxridan, rasac kavSiris dauSvebel donemde mivyavarT~.
aqedan gamomdinare, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, unda gadawydes sakiTxi: sare-
alizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxadis gadauxdelobisaTvis Sesabamisi pasuxismgeb-
lobis dakisreba apelantze iwvevs Tu ara „zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSirs~ saxel-
mwifosa da apelants Soris da „sistematur zedamxedvelobas, rasac urTierTkav-
Siris dauSvebel donemde mivyavarT~.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, udavoa, rom zogadi daniSnu-
lebis gadasaxads saero mizani aqvs. is arc xelyofs da arc xels uwyobs religias.
msgavsi gadasaxadis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom religiis sakiTxebze misTvis dama-
xasiaTebelia neitraloba da aradiskriminaciuloba. Sesabamisad, aSkaraa, rom am
saqmeSi pirveli SesworebiT garantirebuli Rirebulebebi zogadi daniSnulebis ga-
dasaxadiT kiTxvis niSnis qveSac ki ar dgeba.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom, TviT lemonis testis „zedmetad mWidro urTierTkav-
Siris~ elementis gamoyenebis miuxedavad, daadgina, rom kaliforniis Statis mier
samomxmareblo da sarealizacio gadasaxadebisaTvis sagadasaxado pasuxismgeblobis
apelantze dakisreba eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris zedmetad mWidro urTierT-
kavSiris damyarebis aranair safrTxes ar Seicavs.
apelantis mtkicebiT, sarealizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxadebis gadaxda um-
kacres sabuRaltro tvirTs akisrebda mas. Tumca uzenaesma sasamarTlom mas mier
warmodgenili faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebi ar cno damajereblad. sasamarTlos
gancxadebiT, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu vivaraudebT, rom gadasaxadebi mniSvnelovan ad-
ministraciul tvirTs akisrebs apelants, msgavsi administraciuli da saaRricxvo
valdebulebani ar aRwevs konstituciurad arsebiT dones; ra Tqma unda, gadasaxa-
475
debis amoReba da gadaxda apelantsa da Stats Soris garkveul kontaqts gulisxmobs,
Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, zogadi daniSnulebis administraciuli da saaRricxvo re-
gulaciebis dakisreba religiur organizaciebze savsebiT SesaZlebelia dawesebis
klauzulasTan konfliqtis gareSe; „arc maregulirebeli urTierTqmedeba (rogo-
ricaa neitraluri sagadasaxdo kanonebis gamoyeneba), romelic ar moicavs religi-
uri doqtrinis gamokvlevas ... arc Statis uflebamosilebis religiur organizaci-
iaze delegireba ... iseve rogorc detaluri monitoringi da mWidro administraci-
uli kontaqti ... TavisTavad ar warmoadgens gadaWarbebuli urTierTkavSiris damya-
rebis akrZalvaze konstituciuri moTxovnis darRvevas~. „dawesebis klauzula ar
aTavisuflebs religiur organizaciebs iseTi saero tipis saxelmwifo saqmianobis-
gan, rogoricaa saxanZro Semowmebani, dasaxlebuli punqtebis raionebad dayofa da
samSeneblo wesebi an samarTliani SromiTi standartebis aqtis moTxovnebi~.321
is, rom apelantma zogadi daniSnulebis sarealizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxa-
debis amoRebisa da gadagzavnis xarjebi unda gawios, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tilebis Tanaxmad, srulebiT ar iwvevs saxelmwifos gadaWarbebul CarTvas religiur
saqmeebSi. apelantis mtkicebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, kanonismieri sistema ar moiTxovs
sajaro mosamsaxureebis Carevas apelantis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, iseve rogorc
xangrZliv zedamxedvelobs masze.
apelantisTvis am gadasaxadebis dakisreba Statisgan arc gayiduli literaturis
religiuri Sinaarsisa da arc misi gayidvisa da SeZenis motivaciis gamoZiebas moiT-
xovs, vinaidan masalebi gadasaxadebiT dabegvras eqvemdebareba miuxedavad Sinaar-
sisa Tu motivaciisa. apelantebis mtkicebis miuxedavad, rom xSirad religiuri lite-
raturisaTvis gadaxdil Tanxas Tan sdevda Semowirulobac da zogjer masalebis
gacema safasuris gadaxdis gareSe xdeboda, aSkaraa, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi „Sekve-
Tis blankebi~ da „preiskurantebi~ mxolod iluzoruls xdis am ori nawilis erTma-
neTisgan gamijvnas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi sakiTxia, gansazRvruli trans-
feri Seadgens Tu ara „gayidvas~. apelantis mosazreba ki, rom saxelmwifo ar aris
uflebamosili, dabegros „ZiriTadi religiuri~ saqmianoba da mxolod arareligiur
saqmianobaze SeuZlia gadasaxadebis dakisreba, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, sa-
xelmwifosgan swored imas moiTxovs, rasac krZalavs religiuri klauzula, kerZod,
„gansazRvros, xarjebis ra nawilia religiuri da ra saero~.
aqedan gamomdinare, aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pasuxismgeblobis
dakisreba apelantze sarealizacio da samomxmareblo gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobi-
saTvis ar arRvevda dawesebis klauzulas.
saxelmwifos zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiri religiasTan. saqmeSi lemoni
kurcmanis winaaRmdeg,322 romelic skolis dafinansebas Seexeboda, sasamarTlom
zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiri calke kriteriumad aRiara ardawesebis klauzulis
darRvevis Sefasebisas. am standartze dayrdnobiT sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad
gamoacxada saxelmwifos finansuri mxardaWeris programa religiuri ganaTlebisadmi.
momdevno ramdenime saqmeSi, romlebSic mocemuli testi gamoiyenes, sasamarTlom ar
moiTxova saxelmwifos zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris mtkicebuleba religiur
ganaTlebaSi. magaliTad, saqmeSi agilari feltonis winaaRmdeg323 sasamarTlom arakon-
stituciurad gamoacxada federaluri programa, romlis farglebSic sajaro sko-
lebis maswavleblebi samrevlo skolebis dabalSemosavliani mSoblebis Svilebs sTava-
476
zobdnen kiTxvisa da maTematikis koreqciuli swavlebis kursebs. programis moqmedebis
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi ar arsebobda mtkicebuleba, rom romelime sajaro mosamsaxure
skolis religiuri zegavlenis qveS moqceuliyo da bavSvebis swavlebisas raime saxis
cvlileba Seetana kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, daugegmavi Sedegis
miRebis ubralo SiSi sakmarisi aRmoCnda programebis gauqmebisaTvis dawesebis kla-
uzulis safuZvelze. SedarebisTvis, rodesac erT-erT saqmeSi zedmetad mWidro urTier-
T-kavSiris damyarebis sakiTxic dadga aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis darRvevis konteq-
stSi, sasamarTlom uaryo argumenti, romlis Tanaxmadac eklesiis farTo monitoringi
Seadgenda „zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSirs~.
zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris testi kvlavac rCeba sasamarTlo davebis ga-
dawyvetis erT-erT standartad, Tumca or bolodroindel saqmeSi, agostini fel-
tonis winaaRmdeg324 da mitCeli helmsis winaaRmdeg325 sasamarTlom zedmetad mWidro
urTierTkavSiris damyarebasTan dakavSirebuli gamoZieba mxolod kanonis Sedegis
gansazRvrisaTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan kriteriumad Camoayaliba.
kapelanis samsaxuri
marSi Cembersis winaaRmdeg326

nebraskis Statis sakanonmdeblo organos yoveli sxdoma ixsneba kapelanis loc-
viT, romelic SeirCeva sakanonmdeblo sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier ori
wlis vadiT da misi samsaxuri anazRaurdeba saxelmwifo fondebidan. presbiteri-
aneli RvTismsaxuri robert palmeri 1965 wlidan msaxurobda kapelanad TveSi 319
dolarisa da 75 centis anazRaurebiT.
ernest Cembersi ki nebraskis sakanonmdeblo organos wevri da amave Statis gada-
saxadebis gadamxdelia. man gaasaCivra kapelanis locvis praqtika sakanonmdeblo da-
wesebulebaSi, rogorc pirveli Sesworebis dawesebis kaluzulis darRveva. saolqo
sasamarTlom uaryo am praqtikis aRkveTis moTxovna sakanonmdeblo imunitetis sa-
fuZvelze da ganacxada, rom dawesebis klauzula ar irRveva locvebiT, misi xelyo-
fa moxda saxelmwifo fondebidan kapelanis dafinansebis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare,
sasamarTlom aukrZala nebraskis sakanonmdeblo organos saxelmwifo saxsrebis ga-
moyeneba kapelanis samsaxuris anazRaurebisaTvis; Tumca uari ganacxada locvebiT
sxdomebis gaxsnis politikis akrZalvaze.
saapelacio sasamarTlom ar gaiziara me-10 Sesworebis safuZvelze sarCelis uar-
yofis argumenti da, saolqo sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, arc Cembersis moTxovna
dayo or, gancalkevebulad gansaxilvel sakiTxad. lemonis samelementiani testis
gamoyenebiT saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kapelanis locvis praqtika ar-
Rvevda testis samive elements: 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi da imave RvTismsaxuris
SerCevisa da misi locvebis mizani da ZiriTadi Sedegi religiuri gamoxatvis xel-
Sewyoba iyo; kapelanis samsaxuris anazRaurebisa da locvebis gamoqveynebisaTvis
Statis Tanxebis gamoyeneba ki iwvevda zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSirs. Sedegad
saapelacio sasamarTlom saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis koreqtireba moax-
dina da aukrZala Stats raime saxis monawileoba kapelanis damkvidrebul praqtikaSi.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad ki, sakanonmdeblo da sxva saxelmwifo saTaTbiro
organoebis sxdomebis locviT gaxsna aSS-s istoriasa da tradiciaSi danergili praq-
477
tikaa. koloniuri periodidan moyolebuli respublikis Seqmnamde da mis Semdegac
sakanonmdeblo locvebis praqtika Tanaarsebobda ardawesebisa da aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis principebTan. sasamarTlo sxdomis im darbazebSi, sadac Tavdapirve-
lad aSS-s saolqo mosamarTlem, xolo Semdgom saapelacio sasamarTlos samma
mosamarTlem ganixila da gadawyvita es saqme, sasamarTlo procesi ixsneboda Semdegi
sityvebiT: „ufalo, daicavi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da misi Rirseuli sasamar-
Tlo~. igive Txovna gaismis uzenaesi sasamarTlos yvela sxdomazec.
pirvelma kongresma erT-erT pirvel sakiTxad TiToeuli sxdomis locviT gaxsni-
saTvis kapelanebis SerCevis wesi miiRo. kongresis gadawyvetilebidan sami dRis Sem-
deg saboloo SeTanxmeba iqna miRweuli ùflebaTa bilis~ teqstze. uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos SexedulebiT, udavoa, rom pirveli Sesworebis religiuri klauzulis avto-
rebi anazRaurebadi sakanonmdeblo kapelanebis arsebobasa da sxdomebis locviT
gaxsnas ar ganixilavdnen ùflebaTa bilis~ darRvevad, vinaidan es praqtika Seufer-
xeblad gagrZelda kongresis pirveli sxdomidan moyolebuli.
ra Tqma unda, calke aRebuli istoriuli magaliTebiT SeuZlebelia konstitu-
ciuri garantiebis Tanamedrove darRvevebis gamarTleba, Tumca uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos mosazrebiT, am saqmeSi moyvanili faqtebi bevrad mets niSnavs, vidre ubralo
istoriuli magaliTebi. istoriuli mtkicebulebani naTels hfens konstituciis Sem-
qmnelTa ganzraxvas ara marto dawesebis klauzulis mniSvnelobis, aramed kongre-
sis mier sanqcirebuli praqtikisadmi misi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. maTi qmedebebi
metyvelebs maTsave ganzraxvaze. aqti, romelic „miRebulia konstituciis safuZvel-
ze Sekrebili pirveli kongresis mier, romlis wevrTa umravlesobamac monawileoba
miiRo konstituciis SemuSavebaSi ... misi WeSmariti mniSvnelobis wonadi da Tanamed-
rove mtkicebulebaa.~327
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, udavoa, rom oraswliani erTmniSvnelovani da
uwyveti istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakanonmdeblo sxdomebis locviT gaxsna aSS-s
sazogadoebis nawilad iqca; RvTis wyalobis Txovna kanonebis miRebaze uflebamosil
saxelmwifo organoze, arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar warmoadgens
religiis „dawesebas~ an nabijs aRniSnulis ganxorcielebisken; es mxolod am qveynis
mosaxleobaSi farTod gavrcelebuli mrwamsebis misaRebi aRiarebaa.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, arc kapelanis samsaxuris saxelmwifo fondebi-
dan anazRaureba warmoadgens sakmaris mizezs nebraskis sakanonmdeblo organos ka-
pelanis Tanamdebobis gauqmebisaTvis. fuladi anazRaureba efuZneba istoriul praq-
tikas, romelic inicirebulia imave kongresis mier, romelmac SeimuSava pirveli Ses-
worebis dawesebis klauzula.
yovelives Sesabamisad, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma saapelacio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba.

mosamarTle brenanis daskvnis Tanaxmad, sakanonmdeblo locvis upiratesad re-
ligiuri xasiaTi TavisTavad naTelia. „uflis wyalobis Txovna saxelmwifo orga-
nosTvis, romelic kanonis miRebis uflebamosilebiT aris aRWurvili~, sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara religiuri aqti. ra saero tipis funqciebsac ar unda asrulebdes forma-
lurad sakanonmdeblo locva, sakanonmdeblo sxdomis gaxsnis, organos wevrebis
478
daSoSminebisa Tu maTSi maRali idealebisa da pasuxismgeblobis SegrZnebis xelSewyo-
bisaTvis, maTi Sesruleba savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo sruliad arareligiuri wesiT.
locvis saero miznis mtkiceba ki, brenanis mosazrebiT, im Rirseuli individebis
Seuracxyofas warmoadgens, romlebmac daaweses aRniSnuli praqtika da xeli Seuwyves
mis SenarCunebas.
mosamarTle brenanis SexedulebiT, locva mniSvnelovan Teologiur sakiTxs war-
moadgens da ar aris mxolod „aSS-s mosaxleobaSi farTod gavrcelebuli mrwamsebis
aRiareba~. gansazRvruli religiuri individebis an jgufebisaTvis Teologiurad
sakmaod problematuria maTTvis ucxo mrwamsis jgufur religiur gamoxatvaSi mo-
nawileoba; zogierTis protesti SeiZleba „araseqtanturma~ locvamac gamoiwvios;
zogierTma SeiZleba locva, romelSic ar aris mimarTva qristesadmi, adamianebsa da
RmerTs Soris urTierTobis arakoreqtul formad CaTvalos; zogma SeiZleba nebis-
mieri Txovnis Semcveli locva ganixilos Seufereblad; zogierTma ki SesaZloa loc-
va, romelic Txovnis elementis naklebobiT xasiaTdeba, araadekvaturad miiCnios;
zogis protesti SesaZlebelia sajaro locvis zedapirulobam ganapirobos; ra Tqma
unda, savsebiT SesaZlebelia zogSi Teologiuri protesti gamoiwvios xelisuflebis
organos mier mxardaWerilma da dafinansebulma locvam. rodesac msgavsi problemebi
warmoiqmneba saerod miCneuli saqmianobisadmi religiuri protestis konteqstSi,
dacvis erTaderT saSualebas warmoadgens aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula.
Tumca am saqmeSi, brenanis SexedulebiT, religiuri protestis potencials im saq-
mianobisadmi vxvdebiT, romelic religiuri cxovrebis fuZemdeblur sakiTxebs
Seexeba, rac, ubralod, saxelmwifos kompetencias scildeba. saxelmwifos mier saku-
Tar Tavze eklesiuri arbitris misiis aReba sruliad Seusabamoa Tavisuflebis kon-
cefciasTan.
brenans sruliad miuReblad miaCnia argumenti, rom saxelmwifosa da religiis
mkacri separacia sulier identurobas akargvinebs ers. misi mosazrebiT, Tumca indi-
videbi SeiZleba marTlac ver iyvnen „neitralurni~ religiur sakiTxebSi, magram,
dawesebis klauzulis Sefasebis Tanaxmad, neitraloba saxelmwifo organoebis mxri-
dan rogorc SesaZlebeli, ise imperatiulia.
samxedro samsaxuris kapelanebi. vest pointis, anapolisisa da kolorados
StatebSi moqmedebda regulacia, romelic samxedro-saxmeleTo da samxedro-saz-
Rvao akademiebis kursantebisgan moiTxovda yovelkvireul protestantul, kaTo-
likur da ebraul kapelanur msaxurebaze daswrebas. studentebis mier koleqtiuri
sarCeliT regulaciebis gasaCivrebis Sedegad moxda maTi arakonstituciurad cnoba,
dawesebis klauzulis safuZvelze. mopasuxis mtkicebiT, „kapelanis samsaxurze das-
wrebis moTxovnis erTaderT mizans warmoadgenda kadetebSi religiuri emociisadmi
im mgrZnobiarobis ganviTareba, romelic samxedro liders moeTxoveboda uSualod
RvTismsaxurebisas sxvebis cxovrebaze religiis zegavlenis xilvis gziT~. saapela-
cio sasamarTlom eWvqveS daayena xsenebuli miznis saero xasiaTi da daadgina, rom
„regulaciebi religiuri RvTismsaxurebis udavo waxaliseba iyo~.328
andersenis saqmes mohyva harvardis samarTlis skolis ori studentis sarCeli
saolqo sasamarTloSi armiaSi kapelanis programis gagrZelebis akrZalvis moTxov-
niT, romelic, maTi SexedulebiT, arRvevda ardawesebis klauzulas. saolqo sasamar-
Tlom saxelmwifos sasargeblod gamoitana gadawyvetileba gamartivebuli wesiT da,
479
Sesabamisad, uaryo sarCeli. saapelacio sasamarTlom daamtkica qvemdgomi sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetileba garda im nawilisa, romelic programis specifikur sakiTxebs
Seexeboda da daabruna is qveda instanciaSi xelaxla gansaxilvelad. saapelacio
sasamarTlo daeyrdno istoriuli da pragmatuli argumentebis erTobliobas.
ketkofi marSis winaaRmdeg329

kongresma aSS-s konstituciis pirveli muxlis safuZvelze daafuZna samxedro Zalebi
„mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebisa da aSS-s Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofis~ miz-
niT. misive gadawyvetilebiT „samxedro ZalebSi organizebul mSvidobian dros~
CarTulia „sagangebo mdgomareobisas erovnuli Tavdacvis uzrunvelsayofad sruli
da dauyovnebeli mobilizaciisaTvis aucilebeli~ yvela organizacia Tu pirovneba.
swored am struqturis farglebSi kongresis mier 1791 wlis 3 martis aqtis safuZvelze
sanqcirebul iqna „samxedro samsaxuris kapelanebis~ arseboba.
aqtis Tanaxmad, kapelanis movaleobaSi Sedioda Sesabamisi nawilisaTvis religi-
uri msaxurebisa da daRupul samxedro mosamsaxureTa dakrZalvis ceremoniebis Ca-
tareba. nawilis xelmZRvanel oficers ki evaleboda Sesabamisi saSualebebis uzrun-
velyofa, transportirebis CaTvliT, kapelanisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis mizniT.
kapelanebis raodenoba samxedro Zalebis Semadgenlobis zrdasTan erTad Tanda-
TanobiT matulobda 1981 wlisaTvis samxedro Zalebis SemadgenlobaSi daaxloebiT
1427 moqmedi da 10 saTadarigo kapelani, maTi 1383 asistenti da religiuri ganaT-
lebis 48 koordinatori Sedioda.
dResdReobiT kapelanebi iniSnebian oficrebad Sesabamisi wodebiTa da iReben uni-
formas, Tumca maTi daniSvna xorcieldeba ara brZanebiT, aramed samxedro Zalebis
kapelanTa sabWos mier aRiarebuli saeklesio dawesebulebis safuZvelze. msgavsi
dawesebulebebis raodenoba 47-s aRwevs da isini 120 denominacias warmoadgenen. ne-
barTvis gamcemi dawesebulebis Teologiur standartebTan erTad ganmcxadebelma
Tavdacvis departamentis mier dawesebuli mkacri minimaluri saganmanaTleblo moT-
xovnebi unda daakmayofilos.
kapelanis Tanamdebobaze dasaniSni individebis SesarCevad ufrosi kapelanis sam-
saxuri awesebs Sesabamis kvotebs, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs aSS-s mTliani mosax-
leobis denominaciuri suraTi. kriteriumad dadgenilia ara samxedroTa arsebuli
religiuri Semadgenloba, aramed mTliani samoqalaqo mosaxleobis religiuri su-
raTi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom omianobisa da sayovelTao mobilizaciis dros armiis
gazrdil SemadgenlobaSi denominaciuri sxvaoba adekvaturad aisaxos.
Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis Semdgom kapelanebi, sxva oficrebis da jariskacebis
msgavs diciplinas eqvemdebarebian da samxedro wvrTnas gadian. maTi momzadeba xdeba
iseT sagnebSi, rogorebicaa armiis organizacia, sardlobasTan urTierToba, da-
gegmva, samxedro maragebi, rukebis kiTxva, omis saxeobebi, usafrTxoeba, gadarCena
brZolis velze da samxedro administracia. isini mzad unda iyvnen samxedro cxov-
rebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli problemebisaTvis, rogorebicaa jariskacTa travmisa
Tu seriozuli Wrilobis, samxedro personalis ojaxuri stresebisaTvis Tavis gar-
Tmeva, brZolis velze momakvdavsa Tu daWrilze mzrunveloba, iseve rogorc daZabu-
lobis Semsubuqeba sardlobasa da samxedro mosamsaxureTa Soris. meore mxriv, kape-
lans ar evaleba iaraRis tareba da srolaSi momzadeba.
480
saapelacio sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, samxedro kapelanTa ZiriTad funqcias warmo-
adgens pluralisturi samxedro sazogadoebis religiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-
filebisaTvis gamiznuli saqmianobis warmarTva; armiis raodenobrivi Semadgenlobisa
da dislokaciis (291000 samxedro msaxurobs sazRvargareT) gaTvaliswinebiT amocana
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da rTulia. armia sxvadasxva eTnikuri, rasobrivi da
religiuri warmomavlobis individebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic samxedro samsaxurSi
gansxvavebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo garemodan midian da
romelTa umravlesoba religiuria. maTi religiuri moTxovnilebebi gansakuTrebiT
izrdeba mSobliuri garemodan mowyvetis, xSirad maTTvis absoluturad ucnob teri-
toriaze aTasobiT milze transportirebis da sxva iseTi sirTuleebisas , romlebsac
ar gadaawydebodnen saxlSi yofnis SemTxvevaSi. armiis Semadgenlobis TiTqmis 37%
dislocirebulia TurqeTSi, saberZneTSi, koreasa da sinais naxevarkunZulze. am te-
ritoriebze amerikel mosamsaxureTa iudaur-qristianul mrwamsebs naklebad iziare-
ben adgilobrivi sasuliero pirebi. garda amisa, samxedroebsa da adgilobriv mosax-
leobas Soris arsebobs gadaulaxavi enobrivi da kulturuli barieri. rac Seexeba
TviT aSS-s, aqac msgavsi problemebi iqmneba, Tumca garkveulwilad gansxvavebuli
saxis. kerZod, enobrivi da kulturuli barieris ararsebobis miuxedavad, sasoflo-
sameurneo raionebSi, swored iq, sadac ZiriTadad ganTavsebulia samxedro banakebi,
samxedro mosamsaxureTa religiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba adgilobrivi
samRvdeloebis Zalebs aRemateba rogorc raodenobrivi simciris, ise denominaciuri
gansxvavebebis gamo. religiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis amocana kidev ufro
rTuldeba samxedro Zalebis mobiluri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT. samxedroni mzad
unda iyvnen, TavianTi bazebidan Zalze mcire droSi gaemgzavron msoflios Soreul
mxareebSi aSS-s saerTaSoriso TavdacviTi valdebulebis Sesasruleblad. armiis
wamyvan generalTa mtkicebiT, rom ara kapelanTa samsaxuri aseTi garemoebebisas,
samxedroTa motivacias, moralsa da samxedro moqmedebebSi monawileobisaTvis mzad-
yofnas didi ziani miadgeboda da aSS-s erovnuli Tavdacvac Sesabamisad Sesustde-
boda.
saapelacio sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, aSS-s armiis religiuri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisaTvis samxedro kapelanebi da maTi damxmareni religiuri msaxurebis
farTo arCevans sTavazoben rogorc samxedroebs, ise maT ojaxebs. kapelanebi ar
arian uflebamosilni, ganaxorcielon prozelitizmi. maT ZiriTad valdebulebebSi
Sedis religiuri msaxurebis Sesruleba (perioduli RvTismsaxurebis, naTlobis,
qorwinebis da dakrZalvis CaTvliT), samxedroebisa da maTi ojaxebis religiuri ga-
naTleba da uamravi personaluri problemis mosagvareblad samxedroTaTvis rCeva-
darigebebis micema. garda amisa, samxedro mosamsaxureebTan mWidro kontaqtis gamo
kapelani xSirad damakavSirebeli rgolis funqcias asrulebs jariskacebsa da sard-
lobas Soris; is konsultacias uwevs jariskacebs moralis, rasobrivi, narkotikebsa
da alkoholTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Taobaze da exmareba maTi gadawyvetis
gzebis moZiebaSi.
asobiT aTasi samxedro mosamsaxurisa da maTi ojaxebis momcveli uzarmazari
religiuri programisaTvis armias aqvs farTo da saTanado wesiT SemuSavebuli admi-
nistraciuli struqtura, romelic kapelanebTan erTad Sedgeba damxmare perso-
nalis, momsaxurebis saSualebebis, publikaciebisa da sxva resursebisgan. ufrosi
481
kapelani, armiis general-maiori, kapelanTa samsaxuris marTvasa da maT saqmianobaze
zogad zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs. misi samsaxuri Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi struq-
turuli qvedanayofisgan: 1) menejmentisa da administrirebis; 2) gegmebis, progra-
mebisa da politikis da 3) personalisa da eklesiuri urTierTobebis. am qvedana-
yofebs aqtiuri urTierToba aqvT Tavdacvis departamentis samxedro Zalebis kape-
lanTa sabWosTan. wlebis ganmavlobaSi xuTasamde samlocvelo da asamde saganma-
naTleblo Senoba aigo samxedroTa da maTi ojaxebis religiuri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisa da religiuri ganaTlebis uzrunvelsayofad; jariskacebisTvis
xelmisawvdomia uamravi publikacia (saRmrTo werili da salocavi wignebi ebraeli
mosamsaxureebisaTvis, axali aRTqma da RvTismsaxurebis wigni); SemuSavda religiuri
ganaTlebis gaerTianebuli kurikulumi samxedro ZalebisaTvis; xorcieldeba kape-
lanTa momzadeba.
kapelanTa samsaxurebis, momsaxurebis saSualebebis da sxva resursebis dafinanse-
ba kongresis mier ganawilebuli saxelmwifo saxsrebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. kape-
lanis samsaxuris programis farglebSi gamoyofili Tanxebis garda aseve gamoiyeneba,
Tumca mcire raodenobiT, samxedroebisa da maTi ojaxebis Semowirulobebi.
saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvnis Tanaxmad, aSS-s erovnuli TavdacvisaTvis re-
levanturobisa da gonivruli aucileblobis Sesabamisi standarti samxedro ZalebSi
kapelanebis saqmianobiT didwilad dakmayofilebulia. programis mizansa da Sedegs
warmoadgens religiis, religiuri ganaTlebis, konsultaciebisa da nagebobebis xelmi-
sawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa samxedro mosamsaxureebisa da maTi ojaxebisTvis iq, sadac
sxvagvarad maTi absoluturi umravlesobis an mniSvnelovani raodenobisaTvis
praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneboda religiis gamoxatva. Sedegad, saapelacio sasamar-
Tlos SexedulebiT, aSS-s SeiaraRebul ZalebSi Semavali jariskacebis morali, maTi
mzadyofna samsaxurisaTvis da armiis, rogorc aSS-s erovnuli Tavdacvis instrumentis,
efeqturoba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia samxedro kapelanis samsaxurze.
yovelive amis miuxedavad, calkeul sferoSi kapelanebis gansazRvruli saqmi-
anobis gonivruli aucilebloba ar aris srulad naTeli. magaliTad, iseT urbanul
centrebSi, rogorebicaa vaSingtoni (pentagoni), niu-iorki da san-francisko, saxel-
mwifo saxsrebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia samxedro kapelanebisa da Senobebis uzrun-
velsayofad im samxedro personalisaTvis, romelic sajaro samoqalaqo mosam-
saxureebis msgavsad yoveldRiurad Sin brundeba da Tavisufal saaTebs iq atarebs,
sadac samoqalaqo samRvdeloeba da religiuri nagebobani iseve xelmisawvdomia maT-
Tvis, rogorc arasamxedro moqalaqeebisaTvis. mosarCeleebis mtkicebiT, saxelmwi-
fos mier dafinansebuli samxedro kapelanis samsaxuri da momsaxurebis sxva saSuale-
bani xelmisawvdomia gadamdgari samxedro personalisa da maTi ojaxebisTvisac.
saapelacio sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, Tu amgvari personalis RvTismsaxurebis
SesaZlebloba maTsave sazogadoebebSi ar aris xelyofili maTi samxedro samsaxuriT
da Tu arc kapelanebisa da religiuri momsaxurebis saSualebebisaTvis gaTvaliswi-
nebuli Tanxebi daixarjeboda sxva SemTxvevaSi, maT mimarT religiuri mxardaWeris
saxelmwifo programis gamarTleba eWvs iwvevs da, miuxedavad samxedro sakiTxebSi
kongresisadmi sasamarTlos didi pativiscemisa, moiTxovs aSS-s SeiraRebuli Zalebis
mier erovnuli Tavdacvis amocanis Sesasruleblad maTi mniSvnelobisa da gonivruli
aucileblobis damtkicebas. aqedan gamomdinare, saapelacio sasamarTlom qvemdgom
482
sasamarTlos gadasawyvetad dautova sakiTxi, konstituciurad ramdenad dasaSvebia,
Camoyalibebuli standartebis Sesabamisad, aseT SezRudul sferoebSi saxelmwifos
mier kapelanis samsaxuris dafinanseba.
religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba saxelmwifo sakuTrebaze
linCi donelis winaaRmdeg330

yovelwliurad qalaqi potaketi sacalo movaWreTa asociaciasTan erTad saSobao
gamosaxulebebian stends aRmarTavs, rogorc saSobao ardadegebis sezonis tradi-
ciul nawils. gamosaxulebis ganTavseba xdeba arakomerciuli organizaciis sakuT-
rebaSi arsebuli savaWro raionis centrSi mdebare parkSi. is sxva im mraval gamosa-
xulebaTa msgavsia, romelTa naxvac qveynis masStabiT asobiT qalaqSi, maT Soris
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebul parkebSia SesaZlebeli saSobao sezonis dros.
potaketis stendze gamosaxulia SobasTan asocirebuli mravali tradiciuli figu-
ra Tu dekoracia, santa klausis saxlis, santas marxilSi Sebmuli CrdiloeTis irmis,
bagis, saSobao naZvis xisa da farTod gamosaxuli devizis CaTvliT _ „sezonis mi-
locvebi~.
iesos Sobis scena, romelic stendze gamosaxulia ukve 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
Sedgeba tradiciuli figurebisgan: yrma ieso, mariami da iosebi, angelozebi, mwyem-
sebi, mogvebi da cxovelebic ki. misi aRmarTva da demontaJi yovelwliurad 20 do-
lari ujdeba qalaqs. ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ki saerTod ar gamoyofila
Tanxebi misi SenaxvisaTvis.
potaketis macxovreblebma da amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebis
filialis individualurma wevrebma da TviT filialma, federalur saolqo sasamarTloSi
gaasaCivres aseTi scenebis gamosaxva yovelwliur stendze. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
qristes Sobis scenis gamosaxviT qalaqi Seecada, ganexorcielebina „religiuri mrwamsis
mxardaWera da propaganda~, romlis „faqtobriv Sedegs qristianul mrwamsTan qalaqis
gaigiveba warmoadgenda. „oficialuri mxardaWeris warmoCena~, sasamarTlos Sexedu-
lebiT, „umniSvnelo da SemTxveviT sargebelze bevrad mets aniWebda qristianobas~.
sasamarTlom, zedmetad mWidro administraciuli urTierTkavSiris ararsebobis aRi-
arebis miuxedavad, daadgina, rom zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiri waxalisebul iqna
qristeSobis scenasTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmnili politikuri uTanxmoebis Sedegad. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dairRva dawesebis kaluzula da akrZala iesos
dabadebis scenis gamosaxva stendze.
saapelacio sasamarTlom mxari dauWira aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas, aSS-s uzena-
esma sasamarTlom ki saqme gamoiTxova qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan da gaauqma gamota-
nili dadgenileba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, separaciis „kedlis~ koncefciis Tanaxmad, dawe-
sebis klauzula krZalavs eklesiis dawesebas. Tumca es metafora srulad ver aRwers
im urTierTobis praqtikul aspeqtebs, romlebic faqtobrivad eklesiasa da saxelmwi-
fos Soris arsebobs.
`SeuZlebelia Cveni sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani segmenti an raime instituti ar-
sebobdes sruli vakuumis an totaluri da absoluturi izolaciis pirobebSi ...
madlierebis dRe, rogorc religiuri dResaswauli, koloniuri periodidan moyo-
483
lebuli aRiniSneboda madlobis gadasaxdelad RvTis mier boZebuli bunebis siuxvi-
saTvis. prezidentma vaSingtonma da misma samarTalmemkvidreebma madlierebis dRe,
misi yvela religiuri qveteqstiT, erovnul dResaswaulad aRiares da kongresis
gadawyvetilebiT erTi saukunis win is erovnul uqme dRed gamoacxades... kongresis
aqtebiT federaluri sajaro mosamsaxureni Tavisufldebian TavianTi samsaxureb-
rivi valdebulebebis Sesrulebisgan iseTi nacionaluri dResaswaulebis dros, ro-
gorebicaa Soba da madlierebis dRe. isini anazRaurebas iReben imave saxelmwifo
Semosavlebidan, saidanac xdeba senatis, warmomadgenelTa palatisa da samxedro
kapelanebis kompensaciis uzrunvelyofa ... saxelmwifo finansebiT materialurad
uzrunvelyofil xelovnebis galereebSi me-15 da me-16 saukuneebis, ZiriTadad erTi
religiuri mrwamsiT STagonebul namuSevarTa gamofenebia warmodgenili. magali-
Tad, vaSingtonis nacionalur galereaSi, romelic saxelmwifos xarjze arsebobs,
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ewyoboda religiuri Sinaarsis mqone Sedevrebis, kerZod
qristes Sobis, jvarcmisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis amsaxveli naxatebis gamofena ...
garda amisa, arsebobs sxva uamravi magaliTi saxelmwifos mier Cveni religiuri memk-
vidreobis aRiarebisa da aRniSnuli memkvidreobis saxelmwifo mxardaWerisa,~ —
aRniSna uzenaesma sasamarTlom da daaskvna, rom saqmeSi gasaCivrebuli saxelmwifo
qmedeba aSS-s saukeTeso tradiciebs Seesabameboda da amerikeli eris religiuri
bunebis pativiscemas warmoadgenda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, „dawesebis klauzulis WeSmarit mizans warmo-
adgenda ... nebismieri eklesiuri warmonaqmnis dawesebis aRkveTa, romelsac eqsklu-
ziuri patronaJi unda ganexorcielebina erovnul xelisuflebaze~. swored amitom
sasamarTlom uari Tqva dawesebis klauzulis absolutistur gagebaze da saxelmwi-
fos yvela im qmedebis meqanikurad Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis nacvlad, rac sar-
gebels aniWebda erT an yvela religias, detalurad ixilavda gasaCivrebul kanon-
mdeblobasa da oficialur qmedebas imis gadasawyvetad, axdenda Tu ara igi sinamdvi-
leSi religiuri mrwamsis dawesebas, an mimarTuli iyo Tu ara aseTi Sedegisken. amgvari
gamokvleva TiToeul saqmeSi moiTxovs zRvaris gavlebas, romelic SeuZlebelia mka-
fio, per se wesis saxiT Camoyalibdes. dawesebis klauzula, jerovani samarTlebrivi
proceduris klauzulis msgavsad, ar warmoadgens zust da detalur debulebas, rac
misi meqanikurad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnida. zRvari klauzuliT daSvebul
da akrZalul urTierTobas Soris SeuZlebelia iseve sworxazovani da ucvleli iyos,
rogorc warmoudgenelia jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris mniSvnelobis gan-
sazRvra erTaderTi winadadebiT an testiT. klauzula adgens „konkretuli urTi-
erTobis garemoebebze damokidebul budovan da cvalebad zRvars~.
zRvaris gavlebis procesSi sasamarTlo xSirad sasargeblod miiCnevda, gaerkvia:
hqonda Tu ara saero mizani gasaCivrebul kanons an qmedebas, warmoadgenda Tu ara
religiis xelSewyoba an xelyofa mis ZiriTad da pirdapir Sedegs da iwvevda Tu ara
is saxelmwifos zedmetad mWidro urTierTkavSiris stimulirebas religiasTan (le-
monis testi). amis miuxedavad, uzenaes sasamarTlos araerTxel gamouxatavs neba, ar
SeezRuda Tavi erTaderTi testiT an kriteriumiT am faqiz sferoSi.
qristeSobis scenis religiuri bunebidan gamomdinare, saolqo sasamarTlom mi-
iCnia, rom qalaqis qmedeba ar iyo mimarTuli saero miznis ganxorcielebisken. Tum-
ca uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, qalaqis mier gamosaxulebis dafinanseba ganxor-
484
cielda ardadegebisa da misi warmoSobis aRniSvnis mizniT, rac legitimur saero
mizans warmoadgens.
saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, gamosaxulebis pirdapir Sedegs warmoad-
genda zogadad eklesiisaTvis da konkretulad qristianuli mrwamsisaTvis arsebiTi
da dauSvebeli sargeblis miniWeba. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT ki, imis miuxeda-
vad, rom qristes Sobis scena asocirebulia erT religiur mrwamsTan, im daskvnis
gamosatanad, rom misi gamosaxvis ZiriTad Sedegs dawesebis klauzulis darRveviT
religiis xelSewyoba warmoadgens, aucilebeli iqneboda misi ganxilva religiis imaze
met mxardamWerad, vidre, magaliTad, saxelmwifo saxsrebis didi raodenobis daxar-
jva mTeli qveynis masStabiT religiuri skolebis studentebis saxelmZRvaneloebiT
momaragebisaTvis;331 saxelmwifo dafinanseba samrevlo skolebis studentebis avto-
busebiT transportirebisaTvis;332 federaluri grantebi Senobebis agebis mizniT ek-
lesiasTan asocirebuli umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisaTvis, sadac
kombinirebuli iyo religiuri da saero ganaTleba333 da a.S.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebaSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis mixed-
viT, erTi pasiuri simbolos akrZalva, maSin roca sezonis dawyebas sajaro skolebsa
da sxva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi saSobao himnebiT aRniSnaven, xolo kongresi da
Statebis sakanonmdeblo organoebi sxdomebs kapelanis locviT xsnian, aSS-s isto-
riisa da memkvidreobisadmi sawinaaRmdego arabunebrivi da xisti qmedeba iqneboda.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, rom iesos dabadebis
gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, qalaq potakets ar daurRvevia pirveli
Sesworebis dawesebis klauzula.

mosamarTle o’konoris Tanaxmad, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, rom sa-
xelmwifos qmedebis Sedegs ar Seadgendes saxelmwifos mier religiis mxardaWeris
Tu uaryofis `mesijis~ gavrceleba. mxolod msgavsi efeqtis mqone qmedebas SeuZlia
religia gaxados, realurad an sazogadoebriv warmodgenaSi, politikur sazogado-
ebaSi pirovnebis statusisaTvis relevanturi. o’konorma daaskvna, rom, iseve rogorc
sakanonmdeblo locva, sazogadoebrivi dResaswauli madlierebis dRis saxiT,
erovnul valutaze gamosaxuli devizi „Cven gvwams RvTisa~ da sasamarTlo sxdomis
gaxsnis locva ar warmoadgens „gansazRvruli religiuri mrwamsis saxelmwifoebrivi
aRiarebis~ gamoxatvas. es arc potakets ganuzraxavs da arc mis qmedebas mohyolia
Sedegad qristianobis oficialuri mxardaWera.

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi marSali, blekmuni da stivensi
mosamarTle brenanis mosazrebiT, iseTi saero figurebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogo-
rebicaa santa-klausi da CrdiloeTis iremi, qristes Sobis scena Sobis „tradiciul~
simboloze bevrad mets niSnavs. qristes Sobis simbolikis mizansa da Sedegs warmo-
adgens mnaxvelSi mowiwebisa da gaocebis grZnobis gaRviveba qristianuli moZRvrebis
erT-erTi centraluri elementisadmi _ rom ufalma Tavisi Ze moavlina am qveynad
mesiis saxiT. brenanma uaryo umravlesobis Sexeduleba, TiTqos qristes Sobis scena
mxolod „gansazRvrul istoriul-religiur movlenas warmoadgendes. misi gancxa-
debiT, qristes Sobis scena im movlenis mistikuri aRdgenaa, romelic qristianuli
485
mrwamsis safuZvelSi Zevs. imis Tqma, rom xsenebuli simbolo mxolod „tradiciulia~
da, Sesabamisad, arafriT gansxvavdeba santa-klausis saxlisgan an CrdiloeTis
irmisgan, Seuracxmyofelia ara marto maTTvis, visTvisac qristes Sobis scena
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis matarebelia, aramed maTTvisac, vinc religiuri Tu
pirovnuli mizezebis gamo amtkicebs, rom Tqmuleba qristes Sesaxeb araviTar Sem-
TxvevaSi ar aris „istoria~ da aSS-s erovnuli memkvidreobis ganuyofeli nawili.
brenanis Tanaxmad, sxvagvari situacia Seiqmneboda, qristes Sobis scena gamosa-
xuli rom yofiliyo muzeumSi, sxva religiurad STagonebuli artefaqtebis gare-
mocvaSi, rogorc religiuri miTebis simboluri asaxvis magaliTi. amgvari viTare-
bisas Seiqmneboda obieqturi garantia imisa, rom qristes Sobis scenas ar eqneboda
sazogadoebrivi aRiarebisa da keTilganwyobisaTvis erTi gansazRvruli mrwamsis
mxardaWeris datvirTva. sxva religiuri simboloebis an nebismieri neitraluri uar-
yofis ararsebobis pirobebSi ki gardauvali Sedegia rigiTi mnaxvelisaTvis dResas-
waulis religiuri fesvebis da qristes Sobis sceniT simbolizebuli bibliuri ideis
Sexseneba. potaketis mcdeloba, aRniSnos sazogadoebrivi dResaswauli saero gamo-
saxulebaSi qristes Sobis scenis SetaniT, gardauvalad emsaxureba im SegrZnebis
ganmtkicebas, rom es qalaqi gamoxatavs solidarobas xsenebuli scenis qristianuli
dedaazrisadmi da uaryofs sxva mrwamsebs, ar miiCnevs maT amgvari yuradRebisa da
mxardaWeris Rirsad...
brenanis mosazrebiT, sasamarTlo, imis mtkicebiT, rom aSkarad religiuri `me-
siji~ aSS-s „religiuri memkvidreobis~ udavo nawils warmoadgens, ubrundeba Zvel
dros, rodesac uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlem ganacxada: „es aris qristianuli
eri~.334
dResaswaulis gagrZeleba. skarsdeilis `qristes Sobis~ komiteti, protestan-
tuli da kaTolikuri eklesiebis asociacia, yovelwliur saSobao sezonze xeSi ga-
mokveTili figurebis (maT Soris qristes Sobis scenis gamosaxulebis) gamofenas aw-
yobda. skulpturis ganTavseba biznes-raionis centrSi mdebare sazogadoebriv parkSi
xdeboda. garda amisa, am parkSi saSobao himnebis mgaloblebi mRerodnen. skarsdeilis
sxva mravali sazogadoebrivi Senoba-nageboba religiuri miznebisaTvis gamoiyene-
boda. magaliTad, saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebul uZravi qonebaSi, erT-erTi gzis-
pira kotejSi, kaTolikuri, ebrauli da unitarianuli msaxureba tardeboda xolme.
qristes Sobis scenis sazogadoebriv parkSi ganTavsebis arakonstituciurad cno-
bis moTxovniT sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis dawyebis Semdgom qalaqis xelmZRva-
nelobam gadawyvita, aekrZala is. am ukanasknelis gancxadebiT: „vinaidan simbolo
religiur xasiaTs atarebda, dauSvebeli iyo misi ganTavseba nebismier saxelmwifo
miwaze~. qalaqis gadawyvetilebis anulirebis moTxovniT `qristes Sobis~ komitetma
da Tormetma pirovnebam, ZiriTadad skarsdeilis mcxovreblebma, mimarTes sasamar-
Tlos.
saolqo sasamarTlom daamtkica qalaqis gadawyvetileba. saapelacio sasamarTlos
mosamarTle pirsma ki gamoitana dadgenileba, romliTac uaryofil iqna335 skarsde-
ilis argumentacia, romelic emyareboda dawesebis klauzulas „tradiciulad sa-
zogadoebriv parkSi qristeSobis skulpturis ganTavsebis akrZalvis motivad~. sasa-
marTlos gancxadebiT, santa-klausisa da sxva saero figurebis ararseboba arafriT
ganasxvavebda mocemul saqmes linCis saqmisgan; orive SemTxvevaSi konteqsti Sobis
486
dResaswaulis aRniSvna iyo, religiis xelSewyoba ki SemTxveviT efeqts warmoadgenda.
xiluli niSnis ganTavseba, romelic uaryofda qalaqis mxridan mxardaWeras, sak-
marisi iyo saxelmwifosgan gamijvnisaTvis.
qalaqma pitsburgma da alegenis olqma neba darTo ori gamosaxulebis ganTavse-
baze dekembris TveSi. pirvelze aRbeWdili iyo qrsiteSobis scena. is ganaTavses ol-
qis sasamarTlo Senobis kibeze. saWiro Tanxebi gaiRo wminda saxelis sazogadoebam,
romaulma kaTolikurma jgufma. meores ki warmoadgenda hanukas figuruli Sandali
qalaqis municipaluri Senobis gareT, 45-futiani saSobao naZvis xis maxloblad.
Sandali `Cabadis~, orTodoqsi ebraelebis organizaciis, sakuTreba iyo.
amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebam mimarTa sasamarTlos saxel-
mwifo sakuTrebaze orive nakeTobis ganTavsebis akrZalvis moTxovniT. linCis saq-
meze dayrdnobiT saolqo sasamarTlom uaryo mosarCeleTa moTxovna. saapelacio
sasamarTlom gaauqma es gadawyvetileba da daadgina, rom lemonis testis safuZ-
velze Sandali da nakeToba qristes Sobis gamosaxulebiT qristianobisa da iudaiz-
mis dauSvebel saxelmwifo mxardaWeras warmoadgenda.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom formalurad aRiara linCis saqmeSi mosamarTle o’konoris
daskvnaSi warmodgenili mxardaWeris testi. mosamarTle blekmuni, romelmac uze-
naesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gamoacxada, daeyrdno linCis Semdgom miRebul
gadawyvetilebebs da ganacxada: mxardaWeris testis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aris is,
rom „saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba, gamoxatos gansazRvruli religiuri mrwamsi-
sadmi keTilganwyoba an misTvis upiratesobis miniWeba”. mocemuli samuSao defini-
ciis gamoyenebis safuZvelze sasamarTlom daadgina, rom qristes Sobis nakeTobas,
magram ara figurul Sandals, hqonda dauSvebeli Sedegi religiis mxardaWeris saxiT.
alegenis olqi amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebis

pitsburgis filialis winaaRmdeg; `Cabadi~ amerikis samoqalaqo
TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebis pitsburgis filialis winaaRmdeg;
qalaqi pitsburgi amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa
gaerTianebis pitsburgis filialis winaaRmdeg336

samarTalwarmoebis dawyebis TariRia 1986 wlis 10 dekemberi, rodesac amerikis
samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianebis pitsburgis filialma da adgilobrivma
mcxovreblebma uCivles qalaqsa da olqs qristes Sobis gamomsaxveli nakeTobis sa-
olqo sasamarTloSi, xolo figuruli Sandlis municipalitetis win ganTavsebis akr-
Zalvis moTxovniT. maTi mtkicebiT, orive arRvevda pirveli Sesworebis religiur
klauzulas.
qalaq pitsburgSi saSobao dResaswauls tradiciulad didi saSobao naZvis xiT
aRniSnavdnen. 1982 wlidan moyolebuli municipaluri Senobis win, am naZvisxis
maxloblad moaTavses ebrauli 8-dRiani dResaswaulis aRmniSvneli Sandali, rome-
lic ebrauli mTvaris kalendris kislevis Tvis 25-e dRes iwyeba. es TariRi, Ziri-
Tadad, dekembers emTxveva da, Sesabamisad, hanuka yovelwliuri is ebrauli dResas-
waulia, romelic Zalze axlosaa Sobis dResTan. magaliTad, 1986 wels hanuka daiwyo
26 dekembers.
487
ebrauli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, kislevis 25-e dRes makabelebma politikuri ajan-
yebis periodSi (Cvens welTaRricxvamde 165 wels) daibrunes berZnebis mier dapyro-
bili ierusalimis taZari. hanuka swored am movlenisadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulia.
Talmudis Tanaxmad, lampebis anTebis rituali im movlenis aRniSvnaa, romelsac
adgili hqonda taZris dabrunebis Semdgom. taZarSi inaxeboda Svidtotiani Sandali,
romelic mudmivad anTebuli iyo. makabelTa mier taZris dabrunebis Semdgom maT
mxolod erTi dRis samyofi zeTi hqondaT darCenili. magram, Talmudis Tanaxmad,
zeTi saswaulebrivad 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi iwvoda. am saswaulis sajarod aRniSvni-
saTvis Talmudi ebraelebisgan moiTxovs hanukas 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi rvasanTliani
Sandlis danTebas saxlis win.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mier religiuri simbolikis gamoyeneba
arakonstituciuria, Tu misi Sedegi religiuri mrwamsis mxardaWeraSi gamoixateba da
Tu saxelmwifos mier religiuri simbolikis gamoyenebis Sedegi damokidebulia misive
qveteqstze. aRniSnuli zogadi principebi sasamarTlom mraval saqmeSi aRiara. swored
amitom, sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, misi mTavari amocana imis garkvevaa, warmoadgens
Tu ara religiuri mrwamsis mxardaWera an uaryofa qristes Sobis amsaxveli nakeTobisa
da ebrauli Sandlis saxelmwifo sakuTrebaze ganTavsebis Sedegs. sasamarTlos mosaz-
rebiT, is, rom qristes Sobis gamosaxulebas gaaCnia niSani, romelic miuTiTebs mis me-
sakuTreze, romaul kaTolikur organizaciaze, ar uaryofs gakeTebul daskvnas. piriqiT,
es niSani am organizaciis religiuri ideebisadmi saxelmwifos mxardaWeraze metyvelebs,
rac aseve akrZalulia dawesebis klauzuliT. dawesebis klauzula ar Semoifargleba
mxolod saxelmwifos `mesijebis~ religiuri SinaarsiT, is aseve krZalavs religiuri
organizaciebis religiuri mesijebis saxelmwifo mxardaWerasa da propagandas. Sesaba-
misad, dawesebis klauzula krZalavs swored imas, rac am saqmeSia aRwerili...
saxelmwifos SeuZlia Soba aRiaros kulturul fenomenad, magram, pirveli Seswo-
rebis safuZvelze, mas ara aqvs ufleba, ganixilos is qristianTa wminda dRed iesos
dabadebisTvis uflis didebis mowodebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom daaskvna,
rom qristes Sobis nakeToba qristianuli mrwamsis mxardaWeras warmoadgenda da akr-
Zaluli unda yofiliyo.
rac Seexeba ebraul Sandals, sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, is, rom pitsburgSi gan-
Tavsebulia rogorc saSobao, ise hanukas simboloebi, ar qmnis konstituciuri Se-
mowmebis dasrulebis safuZvels. iudaizmisa da qristianobis erTdrouli mxardaWe-
riT aranakleb irRveva konstitucia, vidre mxolod qristianobis propagandiT. Tum-
ca, Tuki qalaqi Sobasa da hanukas aRniSnavs rogorc saero dResaswaulebs, misi qmede-
ba dawesebis klauzulis moqmedebis miRma rCeba. vinaidan saxelmwifos Sobis saero
dResaswaulis saxiT aRniSvna SeuZlia, aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo uflebamosi-
lia hanukac aRiaros saero dResaswaulad. naZvis xis CrdilqveS Sandlis moTavseba
im cxadi garemoebis ubralo aRiarebaa, rom Soba ar aris erTaderTi tradiciuli
gza zamTris dasvenebis sezonis aRniSvnisa. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlos Ta-
naxmad, naZvis xisa da Sandlis kombinacia ar warmoadgens qristianuli da ebrauli
mrwamsebis erTdroul mxardaWeras, aramed Sobis saero aRniSvna hanukas, rogorc
alternatiuli Tanamedrove tradiciis, aRiarebaa.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, saqme linCi donelis winaaR-
mdeg337 adasturebs, da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar uaryofs, im konstituciur princips,
488
rom saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba, ganaxorcielos qmedeba, romlis Sedegic religi-
uri mrwamsis xelSewyoba an mxardaWera iqneba. qristes Sobis nakeTobis ganTavsebas
saolqo sasamarTlos SenobaSi swored aseTi konstituciuri efeqti mohyveba. ebra-
uli Sandlis municipaluri Senobis win moTavseba ki, misi „gansakuTrebuli fizikuri
adgilmdebareobis~ gaTvaliswinebiT, ar iwvevs amgvar Sedegs.
yovelive zemoTqmulis Sesabamisad, saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
nawilobriv iqna mxardaWerili.

misi mosazrebiT, Teoriulad, mxardaWeris testiT gamoxatulia dawesebis klauzu-
lis is ZiriTadi miTiTeba, romlis mixedviTac dauSvebelia saxelmwifom pirovnebis
religiuri mrwamsi politikur sazogadoebaSi misi mdgomareobisaTvis relevanturi
gaxados, iseTi azrebis miwodebiT, rom „esa Tu is religia an konkretuli religiuri
mrwamsi keTilganwyobiT sargeblobs, an mas sxvebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba eniWeba~.
mosamarTle brenanis nawilobriv gansxvavebuli da nawilobriv Tanmxvedri azri

brenanis mosazrebiT, religiuri pluralisturi ideebis aRiareba yovelgvari kri-
tikis gareSe aseve ugulebelyofs im zRvars, romlis miRmac isini SeiZleba gaxdes Se-
uracxmyofeli. religiur mrwamsebs erTmaneTisadmi mtruli damokidebuleba aqvT da
morwmuneebi pluralizmis demonstrirebisaTvis gamiznul ekumenur msaxurebaSi mo-
nawileobazec uars acxadeben. sxvadasxva religiis ritualebisa da dResaswaulebis
Serwyma msgavsi inkluziurobisadmi maTi damokidebulebis gauTvaliswineblad an imis
gadawyveta, romeli religiebi unda gamoiricxos Seuracxyofis SesaZleblobis gamo,
ar aris pluralizmis sasurveli da sasargeblo gamoxatuleba; piriqiT, es dawesebis
klauzuliT akrZalul Carevas warmoadgens religiur sakiTxebSi.
mosamarTle stivensis nawilobriv Tanmxvedri da nawilobriv gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle stivensis SexedulebiT, Zlieri prezumfciis gamoyeneba religiuri
simboloebis saxelmwifo gamoyenebis sawinaaRmdegod „religiasa da saxelmwifos So-
ris yvela kontaqtis Seubralebel gawyvetas gamoiwvevs~, radganac is akrZalavs ne-
bismier gamosaxulebas mxolod misi „ideebis~ arasaero xasiaTis gamo. magaliTad,
winaswarmetyvel moses xisgan gamokveTili figura, romelsac xelSi sjulis ficari
uWiravs, Tuki is sasamarTlo darbazis kedlis erTaderT mSvenebas warmoadgens, or-
azrovani `mesijis~ Semcvelia, rogorc iudaizmis, ise zogadad religiisa da samarT-
lis TvalsazrisiT. stivensis SexedulebiT, sruli absurdi iqneboda msgavsi ideis
ardaSveba sasamarTlo darbazSi, iseve rogorc italiuri renesansis epoqis mxatvarTa
religiuri namuSevrebis ardaSveba saxelmwifo muzeumebSi.
mosamarTle stivensi ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos daskvnas, rom qalaqis municipa-
luri Senobis win ganTavsebuli gamofena konstituciuri iyo. misi mosazrebiT, ad-
ministraciuli Senobis win martodmarto mdgomi 45 futis simaRlis naZvis xe SesaZ-
loa marTlac warmoadgendes konstituciasTan Sesabamis, qristianobasTan erTg-
varad dakavSirebul sadResaswaulo milocvas. Tumca naZvis xis uSualo mezobloba
18 futis simaRlis ebraul SandalTan ar aqcevs mas saerod. ufro metic, udavod
religiuri simbolos, hanukas Sandlis naZvis xesTan siaxlove religiur datvirTvas
aniWebs mas. maTi erToblivi demonstrireba ki, Sesabamisad, gamoxatavs iudaisturi
da qristianuli religiebis mimarT saxelmwifo keTilganwyobas aRiarebs.
489
mosamarTle kenedis nawilobriv gansxvavebuli da nawilobriv Tanmxvedri azri,
romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi uaiTi da skalia
mosamarTle kenedis gancxadebiT, mxardaWeris testis miseuli gaazrebis Tanax-
mad, dawesebis klauzulis darRvevis qvakuTxedia is, saxelmwifos mier religiis
aRiarebiT an adaptaciiT igrZnoben Tu ara [am religiis] aramimdevrebi Tavs „ucxo-
ebad~. misi mosazrebiT, aSS-s tradiciuli da religiis sazogadoebrivi rolis aRi-
arebaze damyarebuli gavrcelebuli praqtikebidan Zalze cotas SeuZlia gauZlos
Semowmebas xsenebuli formulis safuZvelze.
mosamarTlem ramdenime magaliTi moiyvana sakuTar daskvnaSi Tavisi Sexedulebis
dasabuTebisaTvis: respublikis dafuZnebidan moyolebuli, amerikis prezidentebi
madlierebis dRes erovnuli dResaswaulisa da locvis dRed awesebdnen Sesabamisi
deklaraciebis gamocemiT. pirveli swored prezidenti vaSingtoni iyo, vinc kong-
resis moTxovniT gadadga msgavsi nabiji da daawesa „dRe, romelic SeerTebuli Sta-
tebis mosaxleobam unda miuZRvnas diadi arsebis samsaxurs, romelic keTilismyo-
feli Semoqmedia yovelive im sikeTisa, romelic iyo, aris da iqneba...~ vaSingtonis
samarTalmemkvidreni erTsulovnad agrZelebdnen mis tradicias da wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi arc deklaraciaTa religiur bunebas ganucdia maT xelSi cvlileba. kenedis
SexedulebiT, susti warmosaxvac ki sakmarisia im daskvnis gamosatanad, rom es dek-
laraciebi aramimdevrebSi gaucxoebis gancdas iwvevda, Tumca dRemde isini aSS-s
erovnuli memkvidreobis nawils warmoadgens.
mxardaWeris testma an kanongareSed unda gamoacxados im tradiciuli praqtike-
bis umravlesoba, romlebic aSS-s sazogadoebaSi religiis rols aRiareben an imdenad
unda gafarovdes, rom Tavidan airidos warsulSi nebadarTul praqtikebTan Seusa-
bamoba, Tumca, imave dros, dagmos sxva iseTi praqtikebi, romlebic ar sargebloben
didi mxardaWeriT im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maT ar aqvT istoriuli safuZveli.
amitom testis moqniloba unda gaizardos, radgan, kenedis SexedulebiT, arc erTi
Sedegi ar aris misaRebi.
mosamarTlis azriT, is Sedegi, romelsac mocemul saqmeSi sasamarTlo aRwevs,
mxardaWeris testis arakeTilgonierebis ilustraciaa. kerZod, is religiis umrav-
lesobis an umciresobis statuss relevanturad ganixilavs imis gadawyvetisas, war-
moadgens Tu ara akrZalul mxardaWeras saxelmwifoebrivi aRiareba.
jvris sazogadoebriv adgilas gamofena. Sobis wina dRes los-anjelesis muni-
cipalitetis Senobaze koSkuris TiToeuli kuTxis ganaTebis gziT gamosaxuli iqna
jvari. qalaqis xelmZRvanelobis gancxadebiT, aseTi praqtika „ar warmoadgenda reli-
giisadmi xarkis gadaxdas, aramed sruliad samyarosadmi mSvidobisa da Zmobis su-
liskveTebis gamoxatuleba iyo~. amis msgavsad, koSkuraze damontaJebuli Suqurebis
gamoyenebiT qalaqi gulsa da sxva simboloebsac gamosaxavda, rodesac dafinanseba
saqvelmoqmedo xasiaTs atarebda. sasamarTlo procesze ar yofila warmodgenili
arc erTi mtkicebuleba, romelic msgavs SekveTaze qalaqis uars daadasturebda.
saSobao ganaTebis es praqtika 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda; arc mis mier reli-
giuri zegavlenis moxdenis mtkicebuleba yofila procesze warmodgenili. Tumca
saqmeSi faqsi los-anjelesis winaaRmdeg338 kaliforniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom da-
akmayofila gadasaxadis gadamxdelis saCivari da daadgina, rom jvris gamosaxuleba
arRvevda kaliforniis konstitucias, romelis Tanaxmadac: „dauSvebelia sakanon-
mdeblo organom miiRos kanoni, romelic daawesebs religias~.
490
axalgazrduli qristianuli organizaciis direqtori san-franciskoSi, qalaqis
sakuTrebaSi arsebul parkSi laTinuri jvris damontaJebis erT-erTi yvelaze aqti-
uri momxre iyo. qalaqi daTanxmda aRniSnul winadadebas. 1934 wels am movlenisadmi
miZRvnil ceremoniaze prezidentma ruzveltma, satelegrafo oqros gasaRebze xe-
lis miWeriT, vaSingtonidan pirdapiri signali misca jvris ganaTebisaTvis. ceremo-
nias ormocdaaTi aTasamde adamiani daeswro. saqmeSi karpenteri san-franciskos
qalaqisa da olqis winaaRmdeg339 sasamarTlom daadgina, rom qalaqis mier jvris Se-
naxva arRvevda kaliforniis konstituciis im muxls, romelic uzrunvelyofda aRm-
sareblobis Tavisuflebas diskriminaciisa da upiratesobis miniWebis gareSe.
ohaios Statis kanonebis Tanaxmad, Statis sakanonmdeblo organos skveri sazoga-
doebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilvis da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisTvisaa gamiznuli.
skverSi daSvebis regulirebis pasuxismgebloba ekisreba sazedamxedvelo sabWos.
skverSi moxvedrisaTvis jgufma unda Seavsos oficialuri ganacxadis forma da da-
akmayofilos mxolod sityviT gamosvlis neitralobis ramdenime kriteriumi. sabWom
ar daakmayofila ku-kluqs-klanis Txovna, saSobao sezonis dros skverSi jvris gan-
Tavsebaze im motiviT, rom es jgufi jvars iyenebda ara universaluri siyvarulis,
aramed rasobrivi upiratesobisa da SuRlis simbolod. qvemdgomi sasamarTloebis
mier sabWos gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Sedegad klans jvris aRmarTvis neba mieca.
saqmeSi skveris sazedamxedvelo sabWo pinetis winaaRmdeg,340 uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT, klanis demonstracia kerZo religiur gamoxatvas warmoadgenda,
romelic sityvis Tavisuflebis kaluzuliT341 iyo daculi, rogorc kerZo saero
gamoxatva. sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, vinaidan skveri sajaro forums warmoadgenda,
sabWos klanis gamoxatvis Sinaarsis regulireba SeeZlo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
es aucilebeli iqneboda sasicocxlo interesis uzrunvelsayofad. ra Tqma unda,
dawesebis klauzulis moTxovnaTa Sesruleba sakmarisad sasicocxloa gamoxatvis
SezRudvisaTvis, Tumca sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom Statis mxridan ar momxdara gamo-
xatvis subsidireba, gamoxatva ganxorcielda saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi Semaval miwaze,
romelic Ria iyo sazogadoebrivi sityvisaTvis da nebarTvis miReba moxda imave sa-
ganacxado procesis gavlis Sedegad, romelic aucilebeli iyo sxva kerZo jgufebi-
saTvis. Sesabamisad, es faqtorebi ar iZleoda sabWos mier gamoyenebuli SezRudvis
gamarTlebis saSualebas dawesebis klauzulis safuZvelze.
religiuri organizaciebis monawileoba

saxelmwifo socialur programebSi
boueni kendrikis winaaRmdeg342

am sasamarTlo saqmes safuZvlad daedo federaluri sagranto programis gasa-
Civreba, romelic iTvaliswinebda mozardTa seqsualobasa da fexmZimobasTan dakavSi-
rebuli momsaxurebis dafinansebas. kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec xorcieldeboda es
programa, saolqo sasamarTlom pirveli Sesworebis dawesebis klauzulis darRvevad
miiCnia rogorc „TavisTavad~, ise „gamoyenebis wesiT~. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
safuZvels warmoadgenda is, rom es kanoni religiuri organizaciebis monawileobas
iTvaliswinebda federalurad dafinansebul programebSi. uzenaesma sasamarTlom
ki daadgina, rom kanoni „TavisTavad~ ar iyo antikonstituciuri.
491
mozardTa ojaxuri cxovrebis aqti kongresma 1981 wels miiRo im „janmrTelo-
basTan dakavSirebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri ukiduresad uaryofiTi Sedegebis~
sapasuxod, rac xSirad dauqorwinebeli mozardebis dafexmZimebasa da mSobiarobas
mohyveba. aqtis sistema iTvaliswinebs „mozardTa qorwinebamdeli sqesobrivi urTi-
erTobebisa da dafexmZimebis sferoSi momsaxurebis gawevisa da kvlevisaTvis saja-
ro Tu arakomerciuli kerZo organizaciebisa da dawesebulebebis finansur uzrun-
velyofas.~
grantis mimRebTa momsaxurebis aucilebel saxeebs warmoadgens fexmZimobis tes-
tireba, mSobiarobasTan dakavSirebuli konsultacia, mSobiarobamde da mSobiarobis
Semdgom janmrTelobis dacva, kvebasTan dakavSirebuli informacia, bavSvis movla,
mentaluri janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba da „saganmanaTleblo momsaxureba ojaxur
cxovrebasa da mozardTa qorwinebamdel sqesobriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli
problemebisas~.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, kongresisTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom „mozar-
debis qorwinebamdel sqesobriv urTierTobebTan, fexmZimobasa da mSoblis status-
Tan dakavSirebuli problemebi mravalmxrivi da kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa~. kongresma
aRiara, rom mxolod sakanonmdeblo da samTavrobo qmedebani ar iyo sakmarisi: „am-
gvari problemebis mogvarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa mozardebisa da maTi ojaxebi-
saTvis mravalferovani integrirebuli da ZiriTadi momsaxurebis gaweva ojaxis sxva
wevrebis, religiuri da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis, nebayoflobiTi gaerTiane-
bebisa da kerZo seqtorSi moRvawe sxva jgufebis mxridan, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos
finansuri mxardaWeriT uzrunvelyofili momsaxurebani~. Sesabamisad, zemoxsene-
bul kanonSi gamokveTilad xazgasmulia, rom am sferoSi federalurad uzrunvel-
yofilma momsaxurebam mxari unda dauWiros mSoblebis monawileobas, aseve „gansakuT-
rebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos daxmarebas ojaxis sxva wevrebis, religiuri da
saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis, nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebisa da sxva jgufebis
mxridan~.
1981 wlidan dawyebuli 1088 sagranto ganacxadidan 141 dakmayofilda. dafinan-
seba sxvadasxva organizaciam Tu dawesebulebam miiRo Statis Tu adgilobrivi janm-
rTelobis dacvis organoebis, kerZo saavadmyofoebis, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis
gaerTianebebis, kerZo seqtorSi moqmedi janmrTelobis dacvis centrebis, sazoga-
doebrivi da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis CaTvliT. udavoa, rom grantis mimReb
ramdenime organizacias instituciuri kavSirebi hqonda religiur denominaciebTan.
amis miuxedavad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, mozardTa ojaxuri cxovrebis aqti
ZiriTadad, srulad Tu ara, ganpirobebuli iyo legitimuri saero mizniT — axalgazr-
debis seqsualobasTan, fexmZimobasa da mSoblobasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri
da socialuri problemebis aRmofxvra an Semcireba. ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom
kongresis „faqtobriv mizans~ warmoadgenda „religiis mxardaWera~. sasamarTlos
Tanaxmad, bevrad rTuli sakiTxia imis garkveva, gasaCivrebuli statutis Sedegi kons-
tituciurad dauSvebelia Tu ara.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, im problemebis kompleqsurobis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, romelTa gamosworebasac miznad isaxavda kongresi, grantis potenciur mimRebebs
moeTxovebaT, aRweron, Tu rogor apireben sxva organizaciebis, maT Soris religiuri
organizaciebis, CarTvas federaluri grantebiT dafinansebul programebSi. kanonis
492
moTxovnas ar warmoadgens, rom grantis mimRebs religiur denominaciasTan mWidro
kavSiri unda hqondes, Tumca is TavisTavad ar gamoricxavs religiur organizaciebs
sagranto programidan. aqtis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofili momsaxureba Tavisi xasi-
aTiT ar aris religiuri, arc kanonSia raime naTqvami, rom religiuri gaerTianebebi
erTmniSvnelovnad kvalificiurni arian aseTi momsaxurebebis gasawevad. aqtis sa-
fuZvelze „aucilebel momsaxurebaTa~ CamonaTvalSi warmodgenil momsaxurebaTa
mniSvnelovani nawili ganaTlebasa da konsultacias ukavia, magram Tavisi arsiT aRniS-
nul saqmianobaSi araferia religiuri. dabolos, naTelia, rom mozardTa ojaxuri
cxovrebis aqtiT SemuSavebulia midgoma mozardTa seqsualobasa da fexmZimobasTan da-
kavSirebul problemebTan gamklavebisaTvis. magaliTad, mis or gacxadebul mizans
warmoadgens, „TviTdisciplinisa da mozardTa qorwinebamdeli sqesobrivi kavSiris
problemisadmi sxva keTilgonieri midgomebis mxardaWera~ da „Svilad ayvanis, rogorc
alternativis xelSewyoba~, — Tumca es midgomac ar aris religiuri xasiaTis, imis
miuxedavad, rom is SeiZleba daemTxvas gansazRvrul religiur warmodgenebs.
aqtis gasaCivrebis safuZvels warmoadgenda is, rom igi religiur dawesebulebas
saxelmwifo grantis miRebis nebas rTavda. aqtis Tanaxmad, „grantis Sesaferis mim-
Rebs~ warmoadgenda „sajaro an arakomerciuli kerZo organizacia, an dawesebuleba,
romelic SeZlebda saTanado momsaxurebebis uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobis demons-
trirebas~. aqedan gamomdinare, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva orga-
nizacias hqonda grantis miRebis SesaZlebloba da aqtic TavisTavad neitraluri
xasiaTisa iyo grantis mimRebis statusis (religiuri Tu saero) mimarT.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma saolqo sasamarTlos arc imis mtkicebaSi, rom
gasaCivrebuli aqtis Sedegi aucileblad religiis xelSewyoba unda yofiliyo, vina-
idan grantis mimReb religiur organizaciebs hqondaT mozardebisTvis saganmanaT-
leblo da sakonsultacio momsaxurebis gawevis uflebamosileba. uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos gancxadebiT, „dawesebis klauzula krZalavs saxelmwifos mxridan gansazR-
vruli religiuri mrwamsis sasargeblod indoqtrinaciis dafinansebas~ da, Sesa-
bamisad, sasamarTlomac bevri programa cno arakonstituciurad, rodesac arsebobda
daxmarebis mimRebi religiuri organizaciis mier Tavisi „religiuri misiis xelSewyo-
bisaTvis~ saxelmwifo saxsrebis gamoyenebis dauSvebeli riski. Tumca, amave sasamarT-
los mosazrebiT, winaT ganxilul saqmeebSi araferi qmnis safuZvels saolqo sasa-
marTlos mier aRiarebuli prezumfciisaTvis, rom grantis mimReb religiur orga-
nizaciebs ar SeuZliaT kanonieri da saero wesiT gaarTvan Tavi sakuTar funqciebs
mozardTa ojaxuri cxovrebis aqtis safuZvelze.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo kidev ori argumenti aqtis prima facie arakonstitu-
ciurobis Taobaze. kerZod, rom aqtiT gaTvaliswinebul programaSi religiuri or-
ganizaciis monawileobas dauSvebeli Sedegi hqonda religiasa da saxelmwifos Soris
„kritikuli simboluri kavSiris~ Seqmnisa da religiasTan saxelmwifos zedmetad
mWidro urTierTkavSiris saxiT da kanoni ar Seicavda naTel debulebas, romelic
aRkveTda federaluri Tanxebis gamoyenebas religiuri miznebisaTvis.
rac Seexeba aqtis gamoyenebis arakonstituciurobis sakiTxs, uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos Tanaxmad, saolqo sasamarTlos mtkicebis miuxedavad, rom grantebi gaica „Rrmad
religiur~ organizaciebze, mas ar daukonkretebia grantis mimRebebi, romelTac gu-
lisxmobda da arc is mizezebi ganuxilavs detalurad, romlebic maT „Rrmad religi-
493
urad~ moxseniebas daedo safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebiT saCivris aRniSnuli nawili xelaxali ganxilvisTvis daubrunda qvemdgom sasa-
marTlos. saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gauqmda.

romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi brenani, marSali da stivensi
mosamarTle blekmuni Tavisi gansxvavebuli azris Camoyalibebisas daeyrdno saq-
meSi arsebul faqtebs, romlebic federalurad dafinansebuli programebis farg-
lebSi religiuri ideis ilustracias warmoadgenda. misi mosazrebiT, miuxedavad
imisa, Tu ra ganzraxva amoZravebda kongress (axalgazrdebis ojaxuri cxovrebis
aqtis miRebisas), man miiRo kanoni, romelic qmnida gamokveTilad religiuri swavle-
bisaTvis saxelmwifo saxsrebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mxar-
sac ki uWerda mas yovelgvari SezRudvebis dawesebis gareSe religiuri jgufebi-
saTvis centraluri pedagogiuri da sakonsultacio rolis miniWebiT.
494
politikuri
monawileoba
eklesiaTa uflebebi
saqmeSi kedrofi wminda nikolozis sakaTedro taZ-

ris winaaRmdeg343 Zaladakargulad gamocxadda kanoni,
radgan igi zRudavda „eklesiis uflebas, Tavad gane-
sazRvra sakuTari ierarqia~. samarTlisa da religiis
wamyvanma Teoritikosma mark de volf haum am winada-
debas uwoda „jgufis Tavisuflebis misi wevrebis Ta-
visuflebebisgan gansxvavebul Rirebulebad~ aRiareba.
saqmeTa umravlesobaSi aRiarebul iqna individebis
religiuri uflebebi, radganac maTi ganxorcieleba
xdeboda gansazRvruli jgufis saxeliT da rogorc
jgufis saqmianoba. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia saqme
viskonsini ioderis344 winaaRmdeg, romelSic amiSebis
warmateba ganapiroba iman, rom maTi cxovrebis wesi ma-
Tive eklesiis cxovrebis wesis nawili iyo. saqmeSi qenT-
veli koneqtikutis winaaRmdeg345 ki qenTvelis proze-
litizmi ganisazRvra rogorc religiuri, vinaidan igi
ieRovas mowme iyo. Tumca aqac individis uflebas da-
uWira sasamarTlom mxari da ara ieRovas mowmeebs ro-
gorc organizacias.
minesotis kanoni yvela saqvelmoqmedo organizaci-
isgan registracias, menejmentis, miRebuli Semosavle-
bisa da gaweuli xarjebis Taobaze angariSis wardgenas
moiTxovda. kanoni gamonakliss uSvebda im „religiuri
sazogadoebisaTvis~, romelic SemowirulobaTa naxe-
varze mets iRebda Tavisi wevrebisgan. msoflio qristi-
anobis unifikaciis suliwmidis asociaciam (unifikaciis
eklesia) da eklesiis oTxma wevrma mimarTes sasamarT-
los sarCeliT imis safuZvelze, rom kanoni zRudavda
maTi religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobas. Stati Tavis
kanons icavda im garemoebaze dayrdnobiT, rom reli-
giuri organizaciis wevrebi sakmaris kontrols gana-
495
xorcielebdnen organizaciis saqmianobaze, im SemTxvevaSi Tu am ukanasknelis Semosa-
valTa naxevarze mets Seadgenda maTi Semowiruloba. Sesabamisad, Statis mkacri
zedamxedveloba aRar iyo aucilebeli.
saqmeSi larsoni valentes winaaRmdeg346 sasamarTlom aradamajereblad miiCnia
Statis argumenti. sasamarTlos yuradRebis centrSi moeqca gasaCivrebuli kanonis
sakanonmdeblo ganxilva, rodesac aSkarad gamoCnda, rom kanonis iniciatorebi miznad
isaxavdnen misi moqmedebis arealidan kaTolikuri saarqiepiskoposos gamoTiSvas da
mis gavrcelebas unifikaciis eklesiaze. aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
50%-iani wesi „warmoadgenda valdebulebaTa seleqciur sakanonmdeblo dakisrebas
da upiratesobas aniWebda gansazRvrul denominaciebs~. mosamarTle brenanis
Tanaxmad, „dawesebis klauzulis347 aSkara miTiTebas wamoadgens is, rom dauSvebelia
erTi religiuri denominaciis privilegireba sxvasTan SedarebiT. ...aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis garantia SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod maSin, rodesac kanonmdeblebs
moeTxovebaT iseTive damokidebulebis gamoCena mcire, axali an arapopularuli de-
nominaciebisadmi, rogorsac isini sakuTari religiebis mimarT iCenen~. Sesabamisad,
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, minesotis Statis statuti arakonstituciurad mi-
iCnies.
kedrofisa da larsonis saqmeebi qmnian sakmaris safuZvels imis mtkicebisaTvis,
rom eklesiebi, iseve rogorc individebi, daculni arian religiuri klauzuliT.
eklesiebisa da sasuliero pirebis mier saxelmwifo

uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba
saqmeSi larkini grendels denis winaaRmdeg348 gasaCivrebul iqna masaCusetsis

kanoni, romelic eklesiebs aniWebda diskreciul uflebamosilebas, veto daedoT
alkoholuri sasmelebis licenzirebaze eklesiidan 500 futis manZilze. „grendels
denma“, restoranma harvardis skverSi, Seitana gancxadeba xsenebuli licenziis miRe-
bis mizniT. wminda jvris somxurma kaTolikurma eklesiam gaaprotesta alkoholuri
sasmelebis licenziis gacema aRniSnul restoranze, romelic misgan aTi futis man-
Zilze mdebareobda. restorans uari eTqva licenziaze. `grendels denma“ uCivla
salicenzio ganyofilebas. igi amtkicebda, rom kanoni religiis dawesebas axdenda.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem ganacxada, rom ori mizezis gamo kanonis
ZiriTadi efeqti religiis xelSewyoba iyo: 1) eklesiebs hqondaT ufleba, veto ga-
moeyenebinaT ara „religiurad neitraluri~ wesiT; 2) Tundac garegnuli niSani ekle-
siisa da Statis mier saxelmwifo uflebamosilebis erToblivi ganxorcielebisa uz-
runvelyofs religiis mniSvnelovan simbolur upiratesobas~. sasamarTlom aseve mi-
iCnia, rom kanoni axdenda eklesiebis CarTvas xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi: „aSS-s kon-
stituciis „mamebs~ ar daudgeniaT mmarTvelobis iseTi sistema, romlis drosac mniS-
vnelovani diskreciuli uflebamosilebis delegireba an gaziareba moxdeboda reli-
giur dawesebulebebTan~.
indoeli guru bhagvanis mimdevrebi cxovrobdnen oregonis sulier sazogadoebaSi.
rodesac isini Seecadnen qalaqis oficialur dafuZnebas, oregonis Statma maTi gan-
zraxvis blokirebis mizniT sasamarTloSi sarCeli Seitana.349 Statis mtkicebiT: „raj-
niSpuramis qalaqis dafuZnebis ZiriTadi mizani rajniSizmis religiis mxardaWera iyo.
qalaqi gamiznuli iyo da funqcionirebda rogorc msoflio masStabiT bhagvanis mim-
496
devarTa sulieri meqa. igi warmoadgenda bhagvanis monumentsa da rezidencias, aseve
religiuri momzadebis dawesebulebebsa da sam yovelwliur festivalze mimdevarTa
Sekrebis adgils~. Stati aseve acxadebda, rom rajniSpuramis qalaqisaTvis saxelmwifo
Tanxebis gadaxdiTa da misTvis saxelmwifo momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofiT irRveoda
rogorc oregonis, ise aSS-s konstitucia. mopasuxeebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom maTi reli-
giis mier sargeblis naxva SemTxveviTi xasiaTis iyo policiisa da saxanZro momsaxurebis
msgavsad da maTi uflebis uaryofa rajniSpuramis qalaqis marTvaze iqneboda uaris
Tqma maTive religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, rajniSpuramis qalaqis arsebobiT pirveli Seswo-
rebis ardawesebis principisTvis zianis miyenebis SesaZlebloba mopasuxeTa religi-
uri uflebebis Tavisufali ganxorcielebisaTvis potenciur zians aSkarad gadawo-
nis; mopasuxeTa uflebis uaryofa qalaqis marTvaze Statisa da federaluri sasicoc-
xlo interesis uzrunvelyofis, religiis dawesebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi
saSualeba iyo.
sasuliero pirebisTvis saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi samsaxuris uflebis Ca-
morTmeva. 1796 wels miRebuli tenesis konstitucia Seicavda debulebas, romlis
mixedviTac sasuliero pirebs ar hqondaT Statis kanonmdeblebad muSaobis ufleba.
Statis sakanonmdeblo organom aRniSnuli debuleba gaavrcela konstituciuri kon-
ventis wevrobis kandidatebis mimarTac: Statis nebismier moqalaqes, romelsac Se-
uZlia gaxdes generaluri asambleis wevri, aseve SeuZlia gaxdes konventis wevrobis
kandidati...~
tenesis Statis qalaq Catanugas baptisturi eklesiis mRvdeli makdanieli regis-
traciaSi gatarda konstituciuri konventis wevrobis kandidatad. misma erT-erTma
konkurentma makdanielis kandidatTa siidan amoRebis moTxovniT kancleris sasamar-
Tlos mimarTa. kanclerma frenqsma daadgina, rom zemoxsenebuli debuleba arRvevda
federaluri konstituciis pirvel da me-14 Sesworebebs da, Sesabamisad, makdaniels
hqonda konventis wevrobis ufleba. arCevnebis Sedegad igi airCies sxva oponent kan-
didatebTan xmebis TiTqmis Tanabari raodenobiT.
arCevnebis Semdgom Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma kancleris sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetileba da ganacxada, rom sasuliero pirebis diskvalifikacia ar akis-
rebda tvirTs „religiur mrwamss~ da zRudavda „religiur saqmianobas mxolod xeli-
suflebis sakanonmdeblo procesSi, sadac religiuri saqmianoba absoluturad akr-
Zalulia dawesebis klauzuliT”. Statis interesi religiis dawesebis aRkveTisa da
politikuri saqmianobis sferoSi religiuri tendenciurobis Tavidan acilebisa, rac
politikur procesebSi sasuliero pirebis monawileobas mohyveba, sakmarisad miiCnia
sasamarTlom diskvalifikaciis gamarTlebisaTvis, aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis
gamoxatvis garantiis miuxedavad.
makdanieli petis winaaRmdeg350

sasuliero pirTa am diskvalifikaciis SemoRebiT Statebi Tavdapirvelad cdi-
lobdnen, axali politikuri eqsperimentis — eklesiisa da saxelmwifos separaciis _
warmatebul uzrunvelyofas. TviT pirveli Sesworebis ratificirebis Semdeg, ro-
melic federalur mTavrobas ukrZalavda am kursis ganxorcielebas, zogierTi Sta-
497
ti ganagrZobda msgavsi politikis gatarebas. sabolood meoce saukuneSic mxolod
tenesisa da merilendis Statebma SeinarCunes sasuliero pirTa sakanonmdeblo saqmi-
anobis SemzRudveli debulebani. aSS-s istoria naTelyofs, rom Statebis umravle-
sobaSi es SezRudva sul male ukve xalxis keTilgonierebisa da survilebisaTvis
usafrTxod mindobil arCevanis sakiTxad iTvleboda.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba udavod mo-
icavs uflebas qadagebaze, prozelitizmsa da sxva msgavsi religiuri funqciebis
Sesrulebaze, anu makdanielis msgavs sasuliero pirad yofnaze. tenesi aseve adas-
turebs zrdasruli moqalaqeebis uflebas, daikavon rogorc kanonmdebelTa, ise
konstituciuri konventis wevrTa Tanamdebobebi. Tumca sasuliero pirTa SemzRud-
veli debulebis safuZvelze makdaniels ar SeuZlia erTdroulad orive uflebiT
sargebloba: Statma daadgina uflebaTa erTi tipis ganxorcieleba, meoreze uaris
Tqmis sanacvlod. jeims medisonis sityvebiT, Stati „sjis religiur saqmianobas sa-
moqalaqo uflebis CamorTmevis gziT~. msgavsi qmedebiT tenesis Statma xelyo mak-
danielis aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba.
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula351 kategoriulad ukrZalavs saxelmwi-
fos religiuri mrwamsebis regulirebas da Seferxebas. Tumca tenesis diskvalifi-
kaciuri debuleba makdanielis winaaRmdeg moqmedebs mxolod am ukanasknelis
sasuliero statusis da ara religiuri mrwamsis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebis klauzuliT gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalva „rwmenis Tavisufle-
bis~ xelyofisa am SemTxvevaSi Seusabamoa. ra Tqma unda, es sulac ar gulisxmobs,
rom diskvalifikacia Tavisufldeba sasamarTlo Semowmebisagan an makdanieli ar
sargeblobs pirveli SesworebiT uzrunvelyofili mniSvnelovani dacviT. rogorc
aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada ioderis saqmeSi, „mxolod umaRlesi Tanrigis
da kidev im interesebs, romelTa uzrunvelyofac sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, SeuZ-
liaT daZlion legitimuri moTxovnebi religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobaze~.
tenesis Statis mtkicebiT, religiis dawesebis Tavidan acilebis misi interesi
Seesabameba dawesebis klauzulas da, Sesabamisad, miekuTvneba umaRles Tanrigs. ram-
denime Statis konstituciuri istoria kargad gviCvenebs, rom dawesebis aRkveTis
interess xSirad samRvdeloebis SemzRudveli debulebebis miReba mosdevda. sasa-
marTlos SexedulebiT, es is SemTxveva ar aris, rodesac unda ganixilebodes, aris
Tu ara amgvari interesis xelSewyoba sakanonmdeblo mizani. tenesim ver SeZlo imis
Cveneba, rom mis Sexedulebebs politikur procesebSi sasuliero pirTa monawile-
obasTan dakavSirebul safrTxeebze ar daukargavs is aqtualoba, romelic odesRac
hqonda. tenesis argumenti sasuliero pirebze dawesebuli SezRudvis gamarTleba
efuZneba Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi maTi arCevis
SemTxvevaSi isini aucileblad gamoiyeneben TavianT uflebamosilebasa da gavlenas
erTi seqtis interesebis xelSewyobis an sxvaTa interesebis SeferxebisaTvis, ardawe-
sebis principisa da neitralobis Taobaze misi moTxovnis sawinaaRmdegod. sasa-
marTlos gancxadebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mosazreba SeiZleba farTod yofi-
liyo gavrcelebuli me-18 saukuneSi, amerikuli gamocdileba mxars ar uWers imis
SiSs, rom saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi sasuliero pirebi nakleb sifrTxiles gamo-
iCenen ardawesebis interesebisadmi an naklebad erTgulni iqnebian samoqalaqo wesis
Sesabamisad dadebuli ficisa, vidre sasuliero wodebis armqone maTi kolegebi.
498
aqedan gamomdinare, pirveli Sesworebis Sesabamisad, dairRva makdanielis mier
sakuTari religiis Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis ufleba da tenesis Statis uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gauqmda. saqme gansaxilvelad daubrunda Statis uze-
naes sasamarTlos da ebrZana gadawyvetilebis gamotana federaluri sasamarTlos
mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Sesabamisad.
mosamarTle brenanis Tanmxvedri azri, romelsac SeuerTda mosamarTle marSali

mosamarTle brenanma Tavis Tanmxvedr azrSi aRniSna, rom dawesebis klauzulis
religiuri SuRlisa da ganxeTqilebis Semcirebis an aRmofxvris mizani, religiur
diskusias, gaerTianebis an politikur monawileobas ar ayenebs naklebad privilegi-
rebul mdgomareobaSi, vidre uflebebs zogad diskusiaze, gaerTianebaze an politi-
kur monawileobaze; Statis miznis miRweva, Tavidan aicilos seqtanturi dava da uTan-
xmoeba, religiuri gamoxatvisa da politikuri gaerTianebis regulirebiT dauSve-
belia; dawesebis klauzula saxelmwifos ar rTavs nebas religias an im pirebs, rom-
lebic am religias aswavlian an gamoxataven, mxolod maTi statusis niadagze moep-
yras rogorc amerikuli idealebis damangrevlebs da, Sesabamisad, erTmniSvnelovnad
arauflebamosil obieqtebad Seracxos isini.
religia da politika. saqmeSi edvardsi agilaris winaaRmdeg352 uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos mosamarTle skaliam Tavis gansxvavebul azrSi miuTiTa: „dawesebis kla-
uzula ar ukrZalavs kanonmdeblebs, imoqmedon TavianTi religiuri Sexedulebebis
mixedviT. umravlesobis gansxvavebuli poziciis miuxedavad, Cven (umciresoba) ar
miviCnevT, rom kanonis erTaderT mizans religiis xelSewyoba warmoadgens, mxolod
imitom, rom mas mxari dauWires organizebuli religiebis an gansazRvruli mrwamsis
mimdevrebma. aseTi daskvna religiuri individebisaTvis politikur procesebSi mo-
nawileobis uflebis CamorTmeva iqneboda.~
Tavis komentarSi skalia or gansxvavebul interesze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: 1)
religiurad moazrovne moqalaqeTa da jgufebis politikur procesebSi srulad
monawileobis uflebasa da 2) im sazRvarze, romlis farglebSic religiuri interesi
sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi legitimur xasiaTs atarebs. pirveli myari konsensusiT
sargeblobs, xolo meore sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs erTi praqtikuli da
erTic Teoriuli sirTule. praqtikuli problema SemdegSia: aSS-s sagadasaxado
kodeqsis 501-e muxlis Tanaxmad, religiuri organizacia Tavisufldeba federaluri
saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan, Tuki Seasrulebs mocemul debulebaSi warmodgenil
or pirobas: pirveli — sagadasaxado kodeqsiT akrZalulia `kanonmdeblobaze arse-
biT zegavlenis moxdenisken mimarTuli saqmianoba~, iseve rogorc `mniSvnelovani
Semosavlis~ (aRniSnuli termini ar aris zustad gansazRvruli, Tumca, preceden-
tuli samarTlis mixedviT, mniSvnelovnad CaiTvleba 20%, magram ara 5%) gamoyeneba
am miznisaTvis; meore — sagadasaxado kodeqsi awesebs absolutur akrZalvas saxelm-
wifo dawesebulebebis wevrobis kandidatebis saxeliT politikur kampaniebSi nebis-
mieri formiT monawileobaze.
qvecnobierad, SesaZloa sworadac CaiTvalos, rom religiurma organizaciebma
Tavi unda Seikavon politikaSi „zedmetad Carevisagan~. aseve SeiZleba arsebobdes
sazogadoebaSi religiuri ideebis politizirebis safrTxe. Tumca, meore mxriv, ar-
sebobs sxva safrTxec, romelic religiur swavlebasa da realur samyaroze misi ze-
gavlenis srul aRmofxvraSi mdgomareobs. rogorc sazogadoebriv saqmeTa erTob-
499
livi baptisturi komitetis warmomadgenelma jon bakerma ganacxada: „omi, mSvidoba,
adamianuri keTildReoba, samoqalaqo uflebebi, aborti da ganaTleba, yoveli maT-
gani sazogadoebriv sferos miekuTvneba, Tumca aqvT atributebi, romlebic maT aseve
religiur sakiTxebad aqcevs. saxelmwifo monawileobis es sferoebi, romlebSic, gan-
sazRvrul eklesiaTa mtkicebiT, aucilebelia aseve religiuri monawileobac, usaz-
Rvro xasiaTs atarebs~.
normatiul Teoriul problemas, sul mcire, ori mxare aqvs. eklesiis mier saku-
Tari mosazrebis gamoTqmis magaliTad gamodgeba 1989 wels presbiterianuli eklesiis
generalur asambleaze gakeTebuli politikuri gancxadeba: „kalvinis droidan mo-
yolebuli, reformirebuli protestantebi mowodebuli iyvnen, uflis mier Seqmnili
wesrigis TavianTi xedva sazogadoebisTvis gaendoT. presbiterianelebic aRiareb-
dnen da moqmedebdnen socialuri samarTlianobisa da mSvidobis Ziebisa da Tavisuf-
lebis bibliuri Rirebulebebis, iseve rogorc politikuri wesrigis farglebSi kor-
poratiuli pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyobis valdebulebidan gamomdinare... kanonmdeb-
lobaze zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT eklesiebi politikuri sakiTxebis moralur as-
peqtebze gamoTqvamen mosazrebebs. msgavsi gancxadebebi fundamenturi mrwamsidan
gamomdinareobs da misi Tavisuflad aRmsareblobis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.
imas, rom igi saubrobs rogorc èklesia~ Tavisi religiuri struqturebisa da lide-
rebis meSveobiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi identurobisaTvis, iseve rogorc gamoTq-
mul SexedulebaTa moraluri avtoritetisaTvis.~
aSS-s qristes eklesiaTa nacionaluri sabWos samoqalaqo da religiur Tavisuf-
lebaTa sferos xelmZRvanelad wlebis ganmavlobaSi namuSevari dekani kelis gancxa-
debiT: „eklesiebs, TavianTi misiis SegnebiTa da uflisadmi wminda morCilebiT, eva-
lebaT mosazrebebis gamoTqma adamianebis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
maT unda gaacxadon is, rac, maTi rwmeniT, sworia da rac sazogadoebis moralur
gezs unda warmoadgendes ... msgavs saqmianobas eklesiebi eweodnen, sakanonmdeblo
da lobisturi saqmianobis arsebobamde da amas gaagrZeleben, dabrkolebebis miuxe-
davad, sanam eklesiebad darCebian~.353
profesorma grinavoltma Teoriul problemaze gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba da-
afiqsira: „liberaluri sazogadoebis saqme ar aris moqalaqeebisaTvis miTiTebebis
micema religiuri rwmenisa da RvTismsaxurebis sakiTxebze. mas ar SeuZlia akrZalos
an dauSvas konkretuli mrwamsebi; mas ar SeuZlia aRkveTos RvTismsaxurebis is aqtebi,
romlebsac saero ziani ar moaqvs; mas ar SeuZlia religiuri WeSmaritebis gamoxatvis
SezRudva. sakmarisia am udavo principTa mokrZalebuli gafarToebac ki im daskvni-
saTvis, rom liberaluri sazogadoeba ar unda daeyrdnos religiur safuZvlebs iseTi
saqmianobis akrZalvisaTvis, romelsac ar moaqvs saero ziani an moaqvs arasakmarisi
ziani misi akrZalvis sanqcirebisaTvis.~354 garda amisa, grinavolti kanonmdeblebs
urCevs, ar warmoadginon religiuri argumentebi saxelmwifo politikuri debate-
bisas, raTa aseTma gamosvlam calkeul amomrCevels Tavi ar agrZnobinos „meorexa-
risxovan moqalaqed ... politikuri arenidan sakuTari Tavis gariyvis SegrZnebis ga-
mo~. Tumca gaurkvevelia, aseTad ratom unda igrZnos vinmem Tavi, Tuki saxelmwifo
politikis garSemo aRZruli uTanxmoeba nawilobriv mainc efuZneba gansxvavebas
rogorc religiur, ise saero moTxovnaTa Semcvel msoflmxedvelobaSi. profesor
taSnetis mixedviT: „aramorwmuneni, romlebic politikuri sazogadoebidan gariyu-
500
lad grZnoben Tavs, gamoxataven iseTive ukmayofilebas, romelsac yvela ganicdis
samarTlian politikur orTabrZolaSi damarcxebis dros~.355
profesori peri politikur debatebSi religiuri msjelobis marginalizaciis
winaaRmdeg gamodis: „im rolis gamo, romelsac adamianis qcevis moralTan Sesabami-
sobis sakiTxebSi religiuri argumentebi politikur procesebSi TamaSobs, Zalze
mniSvnelovania, rom es argumentebi, aranakleb samoqalaqo moraluri argumentebisa,
warmodgenili iyos saxelmwifo politikuri debatebis dros. ufro metic, SeuZle-
belia mkafio mijnis gavleba, erTi mxriv, zogadad sazogadoebriv kulturas, sadac
religiaze dafuZnebuli moraluri msjeloba Sesabamis xasiaTs atarebs, da, meore
mxriv, specifikur politikur sakiTxebze saxelmwifo debatebs Soris~.356 rac Seexeba
sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetilebebs, peris SexedulebiT, „adamianis ama Tu im qcevis
moralTan Sesabamisobis Taobaze nebismieri, gansakuTrebiT ki savaldebulo arCe-
vanis gakeTebisas, kanonmdeblebi da sxva pirebi ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod religiur
arguments adamianuri keTildReobis moTxovnilebaTa Taobaze, sanam damajerebeli
saero argumenti imave daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas ar Seqmnis~.
moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis
pirveli Sekreba, romelic safuZvlad daedo samxreTis qristianuli liderebis

gaerTianebis Camoyalibebas, Tavdapirvelad oTxi Savkaniani sasuliero da erTi saero
piris moTxovniT gaimarTa. atlantas ebenezeris baptistur eklesiaSi Sekrebaze mi-
iwvies Savkaniani RvTismsaxurebi da sxva liderebi. Sexvedraze, romelic 1957 wels
gaimarTa, SemuSavda samuSao moxseneba ekonomikur gadarCenaze, SavkanianTa mimarT
diskriminaciuli damokidebulebisadmi sazogadoebrivi protestisa da skolaSi av-
tobusiT TeTrkanian da Savkanian moswavleTa erToblivi gadayvanis Taobaze. doku-
menti Seicavda Sekrebis monawileTa Sexedulebas aqtiur da pirdapir moqmedebaze
gadasvlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. garda amisa eklesia, rogorc SavkanianTa yvelaze
stabiluri sazogadoebrivi dawesebuleba, wamowyebuli kampaniis safuZvlad aRiares.
asociacia warmoadgenda Zalas, romelmac samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis
saTanado infrastruqtura ganaviTara. igi moralur, materialur da organizaciul
mxardaWeras uwevda protestis gamomxatvel adgilobriv jgufebs. misi xelmZRvane-
lobiT protestisadmi keTilganwyobis adgilobriv sazogadoebebSi Camoyalibebis
procesi mimdinareobda. asociaciis yvelaze did miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos samx-
reTeli Savkanianebis disciplinirebuli masobrivi moZraobis Seqmna.
asociacia marto ar yofila Tavisi kampaniis warmoebisas, mas feradkanianTa win-
svlis nacionaluri asociacia da rasobrivi Tanasworobis kongresi SeuerTda (orive
baptisturi eklesiis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda). garda amisa, asociaciis patrona-
JiT Seiqmna araZaladobrivi studenturi makoordinirebeli komiteti. aseve mniSv-
nelovani roli iTamaSes Serigebis sazogadoebam da alabamis qristianulma moZra-
obam adamianis uflebebisaTvis brZolaSi.
samxreTis qristianuli liderebis konferenciis ocdaxuTive oficialuri piri
baptisti RvTismsaxuri iyo. prezidenti martin luTer kingi aseve nakurTxi baptisti
sasuliero piri iyo. asociaciis saqmianobas ZiriTadad baptisturi eklesiebi afi-
nansebdnen. religiuri organizacia politikuri meTodebiT ibrZoda. misi strategia
eyrdnoboda saarCevno uflebis mqone moqalaqeebs samxreTSi Savkaniani eleqtoratis
501
gaormagebis mizniT, ris misaRwevadac 1958 wels asociaciam safuZveli daudo „samo-
qalaqo kampanias~. kampania Savkaniani amomrCevlebis registracias awarmoebda.
samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobaSi erT-erT yvelaze kritikul moments warmoad-
genda 1963 wels asociaciis mier birmingemSi dagegmili „konfrontacia~. adgilob-
rivma RvTismsaxurma birmingemis `konfrontacias~ uwoda „mTeli erisaTvis segrega-
ciis winaaRmdeg sistemuri da gulwrfeli brZolis katalizatori~. „winaaRmdegobam~
warmatebiT Caiara im erTsulovnebis gamo, romelic musikam, religiurma mWermetyve-
lebam, locvam da saerTo simboloebma ganapiroba. am droisaTvis asociacias ukve
hqonda miliondolariani biujeti da hyavda kargad organizebuli wevrebi.
samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis lider martin luTer kings sasamarTlo akrZal-
vis safuZvelze monawileoba ar unda mieRo quCis demonstraciebSi, Tu cixeSi ar
surda moxvedra. asec xdeboda vnebis paraskevamde. amis Semdgom man daarRvia sasa-
marTlos brZaneba, ris gamoc daapatimres.
1963 wlis 16 aprils birmingemis cixidan kingma Tavis „megobar sasuliero pirs”
miswera werili.
martin luTer kingi, werili birmingemis cixidan, 1963 wlis 16 aprili

`rogorc mociqulma pavlem datova Tavisi samyofi sofeli da berZnul-romauli
samyaros Soreul kuTxeebs miawvdina ieso qristes qadageba, aseve mec iZulebuli
var, viqadago Tavisufleba Cemi mSobliuri qalaqidan Zalian Sors...
viRac ikiTxavs, rogor SeuZlia mas mxari dauWiros kanonebis darRvevas? me ki
daveTanxmebi wminda avgustines, rom „usamarTlo kanoni sulac ar aris kanoni~...
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, usamarTlo kanoni adamianuri kanonia, romelic ar efuZneba
maradiul da bunebiT samarTals ...
gana ieso qriste ar iyo eqstremisti siyvarulisTvis? ... pavle ar iyo eqstremisti
qristianuli qadagebisTvis? ... martin luTeri ar iyo eqstremisti? ... an abraam
linkolni? ... an tomas jefersoni?
erT dros eklesia Zlevamosili iyo. maSin igi ar iyo mxolod Termometri, rome-
lic popularul ideebsa da principebze miuTiTebda; igi iyo Termostati, romelmac
sazogadoebis zne-CveulebaTa transformireba SeZlo ... qristianebma Tavisas miaR-
wies im rwmenis wyalobiT, rom isini uflisadmi da ara adamianisadmi morCilebisaTvis
mowodebul „TanamoazreTa zeciur jgufs~ warmoadgendnen ... TavianTi ZalisxmeviTa
da magaliTiT maT bolo mouRes iseT uZveles borotebas, rogoricaa gladiatorTa
orTabrZolebi da Svilis kvla ... me imedi maqvs, eklesia, rogorc erTi mTliani,
upasuxebs gamowvevas am gadamwyvet momentSi~.
aRniSnuli werilis milionamde asli gavrcelda, sanam cixidan kings TavdebiT
gaaTavisuflebdnen. birmingemis Semdgom 758 demonstracia gaimarTa 186 qalaqSi. 14
733 adamiani daakaves. 1 wlis Semdgom ki, 1964 wels, centralurma xelisuflebam mi-
iRo samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqti. samxreTeli qristianuli liderebis asociaciis wev-
rma Savkanianma RvTismsaxurebma iseTive warmatebiT SeaRwies amerikis xelisufle-
baSi, rogorc Crdiloelma RvTismsaxurebma 1850 wels.
Semdegi gancxadeba iudaizmsa da socialur samarTlianobas Soris kavSiris Tao-
baze gaakeTa rabinma, romelic amerikeli ebraelebis kongregaciaTa gaerTianebis
religiuri saqmianobis centris direqtori da ganaTlebiT iuristi iyo.
502
devid sepersteini, „ebrauli perspeqtivebi politikur procesebSi
religiis rolis Taobaze~357
religiurma lobma warmatebas SeiZleba miaRwios mxolod im sakiTxebze, romelTa
arszec religiur sazogadoebaSi farTo konsensusi arsebobs. amis ganxorcielebis
SemTxvevaSi religiur sazogadoeba mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeZlebs konk-
retul sakiTxze sazogadoebis moraluri damokidebulebis gansazRvraSi. vinaidan
milionobiT amerikeli Sehyurebs religiur liderebs msgavsi miTiTebebis misaRebad,
aRniSnul liderebs xSirad umniSvnelovanesi, zogjer ki gadamwyveti gavlenis mox-
dena SeuZliaT politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesze. amis ZiriTad maga-
liTebs warmoadgens duelis kanongareSe gamocxadeba, monobis da vietnamis omis
sawinaaRmdego, aseve moZraobebi samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis, sazogadoebisa da kong-
resis mxardaWera gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisadmi.
im fundamenturi postulatebisa da aqsiomebis analizisas, romlebic ZiriTadi
religiuri jgufebis politikuri Sexedulebis safuZvels warmoadgens, cxadia, rom
isini faqtobrivad ar gansxvavdeba im postulatebisa da aqsiomebisgan, romlebsac
efuZneba Tanamedrove politikuri liberalizmi.
2000 wlis agvistoSi senatori jozef libermani gaxda pirveli ebraeli, romelic
amerikaSi vice-prezidentis Tanamdebobaze waradgines. libermani religiurad mor-
Cili orTodoqsi ebraelia. igi religiur msjelobas iyenebda rogorc senatis winaSe,
ise kampaniis msvlelobis dros improvizebul tribunebze gamosvlisas. magaliTad,
detroitis eklesiaSi man sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi religiisaTvis gansazRvruli
rolis Seqmna moiTxova. „Cven gvWirdeba Cveni rwmenis, Cveni da Cveni eris erTgulebis
kvlav dadastureba uflisa da misi miznisadmi~.
lin bazardi, „samarTlisa da politikis ganmeorebiTi

evangelisturi aRmoCena~358
praqtikuli Sedegi imis mtkicebisa, rom qriste yvelas RmerTia, aris is, rom evan-
gelisturi qristianuli sazogadoeba Tavisi saqmianobis SezRudvis nebismier mcde-
lobas winaaRmdegobas gauwevs im cnebiT, romelsac saero pirebi „religias~ uwode-
ben. politika, xelovneba, mecniereba da filosofia — yovelive es morwmune sazo-
gadoebis saqmianobis asparezis nawils warmoadgens.
abortis mxardamWeri da mowinaaRmdege moZraobebi
pirveli saukunidan moyolebuli qristianuli eklesia aborts seriozul codvad

ganixilavda. arc reformaciis periods gamouwvevia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba am sakiTxze.
me-20 saukunis samocian wlebSi protestantuli da kaTolikuri eklesiebi sicocx-
lis xelSeuxeblobis deklarirebas axdendnen da uaryofdnen aborts, rogorc
umTavresi Rirebulebis sawinaaRmdego movlenas. rodesac profesiuli da samoqa-
laqo organizaciebi (amerikis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa gaerTianeba da amerikuli
samedicino asociacia) gamovidnen abortis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebis Seta-
nis moTxovniT, religiur sazogadoebaSi poziciebi gaiyo. zogma kazuistma Teologma
gamoavlina abortis iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac SesaZlebeli iyo misi gamarTleba
sxva Rirebulebebis dacvis motiviT. calkeulma religiurma organizaciebma abortis
saero samarTlis sagnad gadaqceva gaaprotestes.
503
1963 wels unitarianel-universalistTa generalurma asambleam arsebuli kano-
nebi daaxasiaTa, rogorc damamcirebeli „adamianuri sicocxlisa da RirsebisaTvis~
da moiTxova abortis legalizacia nebismieri „arsebiTi fizikuri, fsiqologiuri,
mentaluri, sulieri da ekonomikuri mizezis~ niadagze. 1971 wels qristes gaerTi-
anebuli eklesiis merve generalurma sinodma aseve mxari dauWira abortis legali-
zebas. 1972 wels ki gaerTianebulma meTodisturma eklesiam „abortis amkrZalavi
muxlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsidan amoReba~ moiTxova.
am droidan moyolebuli „Sobadobis kontrolis~ moZraoba margarit higins san-
geris xelmZRvanelobiT gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda. mis yvelaze mwvave da Seurigebel
oponentad kaTolikuri eklesia gamodioda. moZraobam eklesiis winaaRmdegobis mi-
uxedavad warmatebas miaRwia. kontracefcia farTod aRiares aSS-Si. amerikis saxel-
mwifo politikam mxari dauWira kontracefcias. federalurma xelisuflebam ki
daiwyo „ojaxuri dagegmvis programebis~ dafinanseba.
mas Semdeg, rac gamarjveba iqna mopovebuli kontracefciisaTvis brZolaSi, bu-
nebrivi iyo gamarjvebulTa mxridan imave scenaris ganmeorebis mcdeloba ukve
abortTan dakavSirebuli dapirispirebisas.
saqmeSi ro veidis winaaRmdeg359 aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT
abortis amkrZalavi kanonmdebloba Tavisuflebis arakonstituciur uaryofas war-
moadgenda. sasamarTlos pirveli Sesworeba Tavisi dadgenilebis dasabuTebisas ar
uxsenebia. Tumca erT-erTma analitikosma es gadawyvetileba daicva im motiviT, rom
abortis Sesaxeb kanonebis SenarCuneba xdeboda religiuri jgufebis zewolis gamo:
„yovelTvis, rodesac ama Tu im sakiTxis sakanonmdeblo ganxilvisas organizebuli
religiuri jgufis Sexedulebebi Warbobs misTvis bunebrivad damaxasiaTebeli mi-
zezebis gamo~, sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia, gansazRvruli religiuri
doqtrinisadmi upiratesobis miniWebisa da, Sesabamisad, religiis dawesebis gareSe
imoqmedos.360
politikur sferoSi kanonebis gziT abortis SezRudvis momxreTa moZraobis
liderebi xSirad protestantebi iyvnen. abortis mowinaaRmdege yvelaze didi jgufis,
sicocxlis uflebis nacionaluri komitetis prezidenti mildred jefersoni meTo-
disti iyo. 70-ian wlebSi legalizebuli abortis yvelaze mZlavri da politikurad
efeqturi opozicia evangelisti da fundamentalisti protestantebisgan wamovida.
amis miuxedavad, abortis Tavisuflebis momxreebi yvelaze did safrTxed mainc ka-
Tolikur eklesias miiCnevdnen.
1976 wels kongresmenma henri haidim gansaxilvelad waradgina Sesworeba asigna-
ciaTa aqtSi, riTac mniSvnelovnad izRudeboda abortis federaluri dafinanseba.
Sesworebis miRebis Semdeg abortis momxreebma janmrTelobis, ganaTlebisa da ke-
TildReobis departamentis mdivnis mier haidis SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sez-
Rudvebis cxovrebaSi gatarebaze sasamarTlo akrZalvis dawesebis moTxovniT sasa-
marTlos mimarTes. federalurma saolqo sasamarTlom daakmayofila aRniSnuli
moTxovna da gamosca sasamarTlo brZaneba miRebuli Sesworebis safuZvelze mdivnis
qmedebis SeCerebaze.361 SemdgomSi gaimarTa saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva.
mosarCelis moTxovna efuZneboda or garemoebas: 1) haidis Sesworeba kaTolikuri
doqtrinis dawesebas warmoadgenda, vinaidan masSi asaxuli iyo kaTolikuri religi-
uri swavleba; 2) igi im individebis mier sakuTari religiis aRmsareblobis Tavisuf-
504
lebis uaryofas warmoadgenda, romelTa religiur valdebulebasac warmoadgenda
abortis uzrunvelyofa. winaswari akrZalvidan sami wlis Semdeg mosamarTle dulin-
gma gamoitana gadawyvetileba da akrZalvas permanentuli xasiaTi mianiWa.362
dulingis mixedviT, religiuri motivacia da erTguleba religiuri principi-
sadmi, sakanonmdeblo oqmebidan gamomdinare, mravali kanonmdeblis mxridan sakma-
od iol da aucilebel daskvnas warmoadgens. aRniSnuli srulebiT ar gulisxmobs,
rom mxolod religiuri motivaciis gavleniT SeiZleba aixsnas sicocxlis momxreTa
pozicia. igi arc imaze mianiSnebs, rom SeuZlebelia samoqalaqo argumentaciis moyvana
aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis mxardaWerisaTvis. veravin ityvis sruli damajereblo-
biT, Tu ram ganapiroba kanonmdebelTa umravlesobis mier am Sesworebis mxardaWera.
Tumca erTi ram SeiZleba iTqvas: moxda institucionaluri religiis organizebuli
mcdeloba kanonSemoqmedebaze zegavlenis moxdenisa religiur niadagze dayrdnobiT.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am Zalisxmevam xmebis raodenobaze ar imoqmeda, kongresmenTa
nawilis religiuri mrwamsisa da principebis politikuri `represaliis~ molodinis
mimarT SiSTan kombinaciiT.
1978 wels kaTolikuri eklesiis institucionaluri zegavlenis movlenasTan da-
kavSirebiT kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrma haidim ganacxada: „minda aRv-
niSno, rom maSin, roca kongresSi udanaSaulo prenataluri sicocxlis saxeliT ram-
denime kaTolikem aimaRla xma, senatSi sicocxlis momxreTa warmomadgenlebi iyvnen
arakaTolikeni ... senatis yvelaze gamoCenilma kaTolikeebma ki — niu-iorkisa da
masaCusetsis senatorebma — mxari ar dauWires Cvens mcdelobas, SegveCerebina abor-
tebis talRa ... warmomadgenelTa palatis wevria iezuiti RvTismsaxuri, romelic
kaTolikur sayelos atarebs da xmas aZlevs gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa fulis gamoye-
nebas abortis dafinansebisaTvis.~
mosamarTlis TqmiT, sakanonmdeblo organoSi gamarTuli debatebisas termin „ada-
mianis sicocxlis~ gamoyeneba xSirad nayofis ukvdav sulze miTiTebiT, herodes mier
„yrmaTa rbevis~ SexsenebiTa da nayofis „udanaSaulobisa~ da „daucvelobis~ aRniSv-
niT mTavrdeboda. mosamarTle dulingis mtkicebiT, es teqsti asaxulia romaul-
kaTolikur literaturaSi; debatebisas gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi specifikurad re-
ligiuri iyo. Tumca dulingi aqve SeniSnavs, rom warmodgenili iqna religiasTan
kavSiris armqone argumentebic. kongresmenTa nawili sakiTxis moralur aspeqtebze
amaxvilebda yuradRebas da warmomadgenlobiTi palatis wevrebs mouwodebda, Ta-
vianTi sindisidan gamomdinare gaekeTebinaT arCevani. Tavisufali arCevanis momx-
renic sicocxlis momxreTa mosazrebebis religiur xasiaTze amaxvilebdnen yurad-
Rebas.
sicocxlis momxre kongresmenebis nawilisadmi braldeba maT mier TavianTi „moralis~
an religiuri Sexedulebebis sruliad kongresze Tavs moxvevis Sesaxeb da sapirispiro
mxaris kontrbraldeba, rom Tavisufali arCevanis momxreebma abortis dafinansebis
valdebuleba daakisres gadasaxadebis im gadamxdelebs, romelTaTvisac srulebiT
miuRebelia es movlena, xSirad warmomadgenlobiTi palatis calkeuli wevrebis mxri-
dan sakuTar religiur kuTvnilebaze miTiTebas iwvevda. isini ar eridebodnen saku-
Tari argumentebis mxardasaWerad TavianTi religiuri aRzrdisa da ojaxuri qcevis
magaliTebis moyvanas. xSirad abortis Sesaxeb mravali eklesiis poziciazec miuTiTeb-
dnen.
505
mosamarTle dulingis gancxadebiT, kongresmenebs kargad moexsenebodaT am sa-
kiTxze amomrCevlebis poziciis gamo maTze arsebuli zewolisa da maT mier sakuTari
Sexedulebebis religiur WrilSi gamoxatvis Taobaze. orive mxare intensiur lobis-
tur kampanias eweoda, rac aisaxa kidec kongresSi gamarTul debatebze. calkeuli
miniSnebani piketirebaze, sicocxlis momxreTa marSsa da amomrCevelTa werilebze
naTlad metyvelebs kongresmenTa mier imis kargad gaazrebaze, rom TiToeuli gake-
Tebuli arCevani cnobili gaxdeboda amomrCevlebisaTvis.
mosamarTle dulingis gadawyvetilebiT, haidis Sesworeba ar arRvevda ardawesebis
klauzulas, Tumca igi xelyofda ùflebaTa bilis~ sxva nawilebs: „fexmZimobis Sewy-
vetis Taobaze qalis keTilsindisieri gadawyvetileba sakuTar eqimTan konsultaciis
Semdeg qalis janmrTelobisaTvis aucileblobis motiviT fundamenturi uflebebiT
sargeblobaa, igi axlos dgas mis sicocxlis uflebasTan, rac pirveli SesworebiT
daculi Tavisuflebaa. igi ormagad dacul Tavisuflebad iqceva, Tuki aseve pirveli
SesworebiT garantirebuli religiuri mrwamsis gamoxatvas warmoadgens. aucilebel
samedicino daxmarebaze abortis kanonieri da aucilebeli samedicino procedure-
bisaTvis uaris Tqma fexmZime qalis pirveli da mexuTe SesworebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
uflebebis darRveva iqneboda.~ uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma es dadgenileba da anu-
lirebulad gamoacxada qveynis masStabiT moqmedi akrZalva.
harisi makreis winaaRmdeg363

momCivanTa mtkicebiT, haidis Sesworeba pirveli Sesworebis religiuri klauzu-
lebiT dacul uflebebs ewinaaRmdegeba, vinaidan igi abortis rogorc codvisa da
sicocxlis dawyebis Sesaxeb kaTolikuri eklesiis doqtrinebis kanonmdeblobaSi
inkorporirebas axdens.
`sakanonmdeblo aqti ardawesebis klauzulas ar ewinaaRmdegeba, Tu mas gaaCnia saero
sakanonmdeblo mizani da mis ZiriTad an pirdapir Sedegs ar warmoadgens religiis
xelSewyoba an xelyofa da Tu igi religiasTan saxelmwifos zedmetad mWidro urTier-
TkavSiris waxalisebas ar axdens~.364 aRniSnuli standartis gamoyenebiT saolqo sasa-
marTlom marTebulad daadgina, rom haidis Sesworeba ar ewinaaRmdegeba dawesebis kla-
uzulas. is, rom arc Stats da arc federalur xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia konstitu-
ciasTan SesabamisobaSi „miiRos iseTi kanoni, romelic daxmarebas uwevs erT an yvela
religias, an gansazRvrul religias upiratesobas aniWebs sxvasTan SedarebiT~,365 sulac
ar gulisxmobs, TiTqos kanoni arRvevdes dawesebis klauzulas, vinaidan igi „Seesabameba
an harmoniaSia ama Tu im religiis doqtrinebTan~.366 is, rom iudeur-qristianul
religiebSi qurdobas codvad miiCneven, sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos Statsa da centralur
xelisuflebas ar gaaCndeT ufleba, akrZalon aRniSnuli qmedeba.
***
janmrTelobis, ganaTlebisa da keTildReobis departamentma armiis 577 500

dolarad Sefasebuli sarezervo hospitali gadasca Crdilo-dasavleTis bibliur
kolejs.367 saswavlebels, romelic daba forjis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili, uflis
asambleaTa direqcia marTavda. mis mizans warmoadgenda individebis momzadeba „qris-
506
tianuli msaxurebisaTvis rogorc RvTismsaxurebad, ise saero pirebad~. kolejis
yvela studenti unda yofiliyo „monaTluli da ecxovra qristianuli cxovrebiT~;
administraciis wevrebi ki uflis asambleebSi unda yofiliyvnen gaerTianebuli. ek-
lesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnisaTvis gaerTianebulma amerikelebma sasamarTlos
mimarTes moTxovniT, Zaladakargulad gamoecxadebinaT sakuTrebis gadacema, im sa-
fuZvliT, rom dairRva ardawesebis klauzula. mosarCeleni sakuTar Tavs aRwerdnen,
rogorc gadasaxadis 90 000 gadamxdelisgan Semdgar arakomerciul organizacias.
federalurma saolqo sasamarTlom mosarCeleebs im pirobiT mianiWa saproceso
uflebamosileba, Tu isini TavianT sasarCelo moTxovnebs waradgendnen ara rogorc
gadasaxadebis gadamxdelni, aramed rogorc moqalaqeni, „iseT xelisuflebaze maTi
erToblivi uflebisaTvis faqtobrivi zianis~ miyenebis mtkicebiT, romelic „ar mi-
iRebs kanons, romelic daawesebs religias~. aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma
qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle ren-
kvistis gancxadebiT, „federaluri sasamarTloebi~ ar Seqmnilan ombudsmenebad sa-
yovelTao keTildReobisaTvis.
daba forjis qristianuli koleji eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

separaciisaTvis gaerTianebuli amerikelebis winaaRmdeg368
mosamarTle brenanis gansxvavebuli azri

mosamarTle brenanis azriT, SeuZlebelia mocemul konteqstSi naTeli zRvaris
gavleba xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli Stoebis qmedebebs Soris.
ra Tqma unda, pirveli Sesworeba Camoyalibebulia, rogorc SezRudva kongresis sa-
kanonmdeblo uflebamosilebaze. es bunebrivia, vinaidan konstitucia mxolod mas ani-
Webs sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisa da asignaciis uflebas. Tumca Znelia iseTi xarjviTi
operaciis warmodgena, romlis ukanasknel saxelisuflebo Semsrulebels, sakanonm-
deblo xelisuflebis pirdapiri nebis implementaciis an am ukanasknelis mier delegi-
rebuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi moqmedebis saxiT, ar warmoadgendes xelisuf-
lebis aRmasrulebeli Sto. aqedan gamomdinare, mosamarTle brenanis SexedulebiT,
pirveli Sesworeba zRudavs xelisuflebas mTlianad, imis miuxedavad, Tu konkre-
tulad romeli Sto moqmedebs ama Tu im etapze.
oci organizaciisagan Semdgarma jgufma eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnisaTvis

gaerTianebuli amerikelebis xelmZRvanelobiT sasamarTloSi gaasaCivres 1984 wlis
10 ianvars diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyareba aSS-sa da vatikans Soris. sasarCelo
moTxovna uaryves saproceso uflebamosilebis ararsebobis motiviT.369
abortis uflebis mxardamWerTa moZraoba reganis winaaRmdeg370

federaluri saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
mosarCeleni saolqo sasamarTlosgan iTxovdnen imis deklarirebas, rom romauli
kaTolikuri eklesiis politikuri saqmianoba da saxelmwifo mdivnisa da komisione-
ris umoqmedoba arRvevda konstituciasa da sagadasaxado kodeqss. mosarCeleni aseve
iTxovdnen sasamarTlo brZanebas, romelic xelisuflebas, konstituciisa da ko-
deqsis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mizniT, moTxovnas wauyenebda eklesiis gadasaxadisgan
gaTavisuflebulis statusis gauqmebis, yvela gadasaxadis srulad akrefis da ek-
507
lesiis sponsorebis informirebis CaTvliT, rom maT ar aqvT ufleba SemowirulobaTa
gamoqviTvaze.
mopasuxeni ki aprotestebdnen mosarCeleTa saproceso uflebamosilebas, mesame
pirebis sagadasaxado statusis mimarT saqmis aRZvraze. mosarCeleebma TavianTi sap-
roceso uflebis damadasturebeli sami safuZveli warmoadgines: dawesebis klauzu-
lidan gamomdinare, amomrCevlis da Tanabari dacvis ufleba.
saproceso uflebamosilebisaTvis aucilebeli, konstituciis me-3 muxlidan ga-
momdinare, faqtobrivi zianis arsebobis moTxovnis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxva saxis, maT Soris ekonomikuri, esTetikuri, garemosadmi miyenebuli da
sulieri zianis arsebobisas. yvela SemTxvevaSi mosarCeleebma unda aCvenon, rom ga-
saCivrebulma kanonma an qmedebam pirdapiri zemoqmedeba moaxdina maTze.
mosarCeleni saxelmwifo qmedebisa da abortis Temaze gamarTul davaSi TavianTi
monawileobis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT cdilobdnen miyenebuli zianis Cvenebas.
mosarCeleni maT mier gasaCivrebul saxelmwifo qmedebas aRwerdnen, rogorc abor-
tis mowinaaRmdegeTa subsidirebas, rac zegavlenas axdenda reproduqciuli arCe-
vanis SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebul maT gansakuTrebul interesze. mosarCeleTa
mtkicebiT, maT aSkara ziani ganicades, vinaidan dawesebis klauzula sazogadoebrivi
uTanxmoebis im sferoSi dairRva, romelSic isini aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni.
RvTismsaxurma mosarCeleebma da reproduqciuli janmrTelobis qalTa centrma
TavianT CvenebebSi miuTiTes im mniSvnelovan da personalur zianze, romelic saxel-
mwifos mxridan abortTan dakavSirebiT kaTolikuri eklesiis poziciis mxardaWeras
mohyva, rac sakmarisia dawesebis klauzulis darRvevis gasaCivrebisaTvis aucile-
beli saproceso uflebamosilebis mosapoveblad. RvTismsaxurma mosarCeleebma
TavianTi cxovreba miuZRvnes im religiur sazogadoebebsa da rwmenebs, romlebsac
Crdili adgebaT saxelmwifos mier gansxvavebuli Teologiis gamorCeviT. isini
TavianTi kongregaciebis sulier liderobas axorcieleben da zrunaven maTive su-
lier moTxovnilebebze. am valdebulebebis farglebSi isini movaleni arian, maTi
mzrunvelobis qveS myofebTan, religiuri kanonebis Sesabamisad, aborti moralurad
gaamarTlon. qalTa reproduqciuli centri ki uzrunvelyofs qalTa konsultacias
ojaxuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel, maT Soris bavSvis gaCenasTan dakavSire-
bul, sakiTxebze. igi presbiterianelma RvTismsaxurma luTsma daafuZna presbiteri-
anuli eklesiis principebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mizniT. RvTismsaxur mosarCele-
ebTan erTad qalTa centris religiuri misia gansxvavebuli Teologiis saxelmwi-
foebrivi mxardaWeriT Seilaxa.
abortTan dakavSirebiT kaTolikuri eklesiis Sexedulebis saxelmwifoebrivi
mxardaWera RvTismsaxuri mosarCeleebisaTvis xelis SemSleli mniSvnelovani faqto-
ria. aucilebeli ar aris, saxelmwifom isini sulieri zianis miyenebis mizniT daT-
rgunos. mosarCeleTa sulier misiasTan dapirispirebuli orTodoqsiis saxelmwi-
foebrivi mxardaWera sazogadoebaSi maT rols amcirebs, naklebad mniSvnelovans xdis
maT cxovrebiseul mowodebebs da xels uSlis religiuri `mesijis~ sazogadoebamde
efeqtur mitanas. dawesebis klauzuliT dacul sulier faseulobebs SesaZloa ziani
miadges individebis mimarT pirdapiri iZulebis gareSe, maSinac ki, rodesac mosarCe-
leebi ar amtkiceben, rom gansazRvruli religiuri Tavisuflebebi dairRva. sasamar-
Tlos mixedviT, sakmarisia faqtobrivi zianis arsebobis Cveneba, rom gasaCivrebuli
qmedeba mavne zemoqmedebas moaxdens mosarCeleTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.
am saqmeSi mosarCeleni aseve akmayofileben me-3 muxlidan gamomdinare saproce-
508
so uflebamosilebis testis meore da mesame aspeqtebs: mizezobriv ganpirobe-
bulobasa da anazRaurebadobas. mosarCeleTaTvis miyenebuli ziani ganpirobebulia
mopasuxeTa mier kaTolikuri eklesiisaTvis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebulis sta-
tusis miniWebiTa da sxva religiuri organizaciebis mier am privilegiiT sargeblobis
uflebis uaryofiT. erTmniSvnelovnad privilegirebuli sagadasaxado statusis
miniWeba erTi religiuri warmonaqmnisaTvis keTilganwyobis erTmniSvnelovani ganac-
xadia, romelic misi reputaciis gazrdasa da sxvaTa reputaciis Selaxvas iwvevs.
aRniSnuli ukanono praqtikis aRmofxvrisa da yvela seqtis Tanabar mdgomareobaSi
dabrunebis mavaldebulebeli brZanebiT ki anazRaurdeba miyenebuli ziani. Sesaba-
misad, RvTismsaxuri mosarCeleni da qalTa centri akmayofileben dawesebis klauzu-
lis safuZvelze sarCelis aRZvris saproceso uflebamosilebis konstituciis me-3
muxlidan gamomdinare moTxovnebs.
saolqo sasamarTlom uaryo sarCeli im motiviT, rom aSS-s kaTolikuri asociaciisa
da kaTolike episkoposebis nacionaluri asociaciis saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan
gaTavisufleba ar warmoadgenda pirveli Sesworebis darRvevas. mosarCeleebma mo-
iTxoves sasamarTlos winaSe aRniSnul asociaciaTa yvela im dokumentis wardgena,
romlebic sicocxlis mxardamWeri aqtivobebis ganxorcielebis gegmebs ukavSirdeboda
da romlebSic aSS-s sajaro Tanamdebobis nebismier kandidatTan arsebuli kavSirebi
iyo asaxuli; aseve, im dokumentebis wardgenac, romlebic adasturebda am religiuri
gaerTianebebis mier abortis mowinaaRmdege 12 organizaciis finansur daxmarebasa da
maT saqmianobaSi aqtiur monawileobas. mosamarTle karterma religiur gaerTianebebs
yoveldRiuri jarima dauwesa 50000 dolaris odenobiT maTi uaris gamo, waredginaT
mosarCeleebis moTxovnaSi miTiTebuli dokumentebi. marTalia, federalurma saape-
lacio sasamarTlom SeaCera karteris brZanebis moqmedeba, magram miuTiTa, rom kaTo-
likur asociacias ar gaaCnda brZanebis gasaCivrebis saproceso uflebamosileba, vi-
naidan igi aRar warmoadgenda mxares, aramed mxolod sasamarTlo procesze gamo-
Zaxebuli mowme iyo. sabolood, saqmem aSS-s uzenaes sasamarTlomde miaRwia, romelsac
or ZiriTad kiTxvaze unda gaeca pasuxi: hqonda Tu ara mowmis statusis mqone eklesias
mosamarTle karteris brZanebis gasaCivrebis ufleba da hqondaT Tu ara mosarCeleebs
saproceso uflebamosileba. pasuxi gaeca mxolod pirvel SekiTxvas. uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos Semadgenlobis erTsulovani gadawyvetilebiT, eklesias hqonda es ufleba. meore
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ki saqme federalur saapelacio sasamarTloSi dabrunda.371
saapelacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mosarCeleebs ar gaaCndaT kaTolikuri eklesiis
gadasaxadis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuflebulis statusis gasaCivrebis saproceso ufle-
bamosileba. Sesabamisad, arc saolqo sasamarTlos hqonda asociaciis mier dokumentebis
wardgenasa an safinanso departamentisaTvis religiuri gaerTianebis SeRavaTiani sa-
gadasaxados statusis gauqmebaze brZanebis gacemis uflebamosileba.
509
seqsualuri
morali
poligamia
klivlendi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg372

am saqmeSi msjavrdebulebi TavianTi fundamentalis-
turi ganwyobebiT cnobili mormonTa seqtis wevrebi
iyvnen. sxva mormonebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini ara marto
aRiarebdnen, aramed cxovrebaSic axorcielebdnen po-
ligamias. TiToeul maTgans, erTis garda, kanonier
colTan erTad erTi an meti ukanono meuRle hyavda.
yoveli maTgani Tavisi ramdenime colidan, sul mcire,
erTs daatarebda qveynis masStabiT masTan Tanacxov-
rebis, anda amgvar praqtikaSi kultis sxva wevrisaTvis
daxmarebis aRmoCenis mizniT. maT msjavri dades fede-
raluri kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis. saapelacio
sasamarTlom daamtkica msjavrdeba, xolo uzenaesma ki
saqme qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan gamoiTxova.
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia qalis Stati-
dan StatSi gadayvana „prostituciisa Tu garyvnilobis
an sxva nebismieri amoraluri miznisaTvis~. sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba daeyrdno ukanaskneli frazis
mniSvnelobas: „sxva nebismieri amoraluri miznisaTvis~.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, prostitucia gu-
lisxmobs seqsualur urTierTobebs daqiravebiT. rac
Seexeba garyvnilobas, igi ar aris amgvarad gansazR-
vruli. Tumca is, rasac es termini gulisxmobs, SeiZleba
motivirebul iyos mxolod avxorcobiT da, Sesabamisad,
ufro farTo mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre komerciul seqss.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos daskvniT, poligami-
uri praqtika ar eqceva aqtis moqmedebis farglebs miR-
ma. „poligamiis gavrcelebisa da ganxorcielebisaTvis
sazogadoebis organizacia barbarosobisken Semobru-
nebaa; igi ewinaaRmdegeba qristianul bunebasa da dasav-
510
lur samyaroSi qristianobis mier Seqmnil civilizacias~. poligamiuri ojaxis dam-
kvidreba da SenarCuneba seqsualuri aRviraxsnilobis sayovelTaod cnobili maga-
liTia. aqedan gamomdinare, igi Sesabamisi aqtiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva amoralur
qmedebaTa farglebSi Tavsdeba.
momCivanTa mtkicebiT, ar arsebobda danaSaulis Semadgenlobis aucilebeli elemen-
ti danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvis saxiT, vinaidan maTi qmedeba motivirebuli iyo religiuri
mrwamsiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlos SexedulebiT ki, am argumentis mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi
samarTlis farglebs gareT moeqceoda nebismieri qmedeba, Cadenili religiuri motivaciis
arsebobis mtkicebis safuZvelze. danaSauli Cadenilia, Tuki braldebuls ganzraxuli
hqonda kanoniT gakicxuli qmedebis ganxorcieleba da faqtobrivad ganaxorciela kidec
igi. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlom uaryo momCivanTa argumentebi da
daamtkica qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
mosamarTle merfis gansxvavebuli azri

merfis Tanaxmad, arsebobs qorwinebis oTxi fundamenturi forma: 1) monogamia; 2)
poliginia, anu erTi mamakaci ramdenime coliT; 3) poliandria, anu erTi qali ram-
denime qmriT; 4) jgufuri qorwineba. termini „poligamia~ moicavs rogorc poligi-
nias, ise poliandrias. Sesabamisad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos saqme aqvs po-
liginiasTan. istoriulad misi sixSire bevrad ufro maRali iyo, vidre qorwinebis
sxva nebismieri formisa. igi kargad nacnobi iyo uZvelesi civilizaciebisaTvis da
TviT Zveli aRTqmis avtorebic mravaljer miuTiTeben masze; dResac ki poliginia
xSirad gvxvdeba aTeistebsa da araqristianuli sarwmunoebis xalxebSi. merfis mo-
sazrebiT, aucilebelia imis aRiareba, rom poliginia, qorwinebis sxva formebis msgav-
sad, im sazogadoebebis religiur rwmenebsa da socialur normebSi Rrmad gamjdari
kulturuli warmonaqmnia, sadac igi Tavs iCens. simarTlea isic, rom Tanamedrove
msoflios dominanturi kulturis rwmenebi da normebi kicxaven poliginiis praqti-
kas, radgan mas amoralurad miiCneven. Tumca, merfis gancxadebiT, es sulac ar ewi-
naaRmdegeba imas, rom poliginia socialuri da moraluri principebis erTobliobaze
agebuli qorwinebis formaa.
merfis SexedulebiT, is gansxvavebebi, romlebic monogamiasa da poligamias Soris
SeiZleba arsebobdes, ar miakuTvnebs am ukanasknels prostituciis an garyvnilobis
kategorias. am terminebs araferi aqvs saerTo qorwinebis formebTan. mosamarTlis gan-
cxadebiT, im SemTxvevaSic, roca qorwineba sazogadoebis umravlesobisaTvis miuRebel
formiT aRmocendeba, dauSvebelia misi Sedareba prostituciasTan, garyvnilobasa da
sxva amoralobasTan. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs safuZveli kanonSi gamoyenebul frazasTan,
„nebismieri sxva amoraluri miznisaTvis~, poliginiis misadagebisa.
qorwineba
lovingi virjiniis Statis winaaRmdeg373

es saqme Seexeba virjiniis Statis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli qorwinebis
wesis konstituciurobis sakiTxs, romelic aRkveTda individebs Soris qorwinebas
mxolod rasobriv safuZvelze. aRniSnuli kanoni konstituciis me-14 SesworebasTan
Seusabamod miiCnia uzenaesma sasamarTlom.
511
1958 wlis ivnisSi virjiniis orma mcxovrebma mildred jeterma, Savkanianma qalma
da riCard lovingma, TeTrkanianma mamakacma, iqorwines kolumbiis olqSi moqmedi
kanonebis Sesabamisad. qorwinebidan mcire drois gasvlis Semdeg axlad daqorwine-
bulni daubrundnen virjinias da dasaxldnen qalaq karolinSi. 1958 wlis oqtomberSi
maT brali waeyenaT rasobriv qorwinebaze virjiniis akrZalvis darRvevisaTvis. 1959
wlis 6 ianvars sasamarTlom braleulad cno lovingebi da miusaja maT erTi wliT
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, Tumca saqmis ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem SeaCera ganaCenis
aRsruleba 25 wlis vadiT, im pirobiT, rom msjavrdebulebi datovebdnen virjinias
da 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar dabrundebodnen aRniSnul StatSi. mosamarTlem Tavis
gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa: „yovlisSemZle RmerTma Seqmna TeTri, Savi, yviTeli, mala-
iuri da wiTeli rasebi da ganaTavsa isini sxvadasxva kontinentze. is, rom man rasebis
separacia moaxdina, naTlad metyvelebs mis ganzraxvaze, ar momxdariyo maTi Serwyma~.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs legitimuri mizani, romelic gaamar-
Tlebda msgavs dayofas, garda konstituciiT akrZaluli rasobrivi diskriminaciisa.
udavoa, rom qorwinebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva mxolod rasobrivi dayofis niadagze
xelyofs Tanabari dacvis klauzulis374 arss. garda amisa, aRniSnuli statuti uf-
lebas arTmevs lovingebs jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris gareSe da Sesabamisi
konstituciuri muxlis darRveviT.375
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mixedviT, qorwineba „adamianis erT-erTi fundamenturi
samoqalaqo uflebaTagania~, romelic gadamwyvetia eris arsebobisa da gadarCeni-
saTvis. fundamenturi Tavisuflebis uaryofa me-14 Sesworebis Tanasworobis princi-
pis xelmyofi mxardaWeris armqone iseTi safuZvliT, rogoricaa rasobrivi dayofa,
udavod Statis yvela moqalaqisaTvis am Tavisuflebis CamorTmevas gulisxmobs,
jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris gareSe. me-14 Sesworebis moTxovnaa, qorwine-
bis arCevanis Tavisufleba ar SeizRudos rasobrivi diskriminaciis niadagze. kons-
tituciis Tanaxmad, sxva rasis warmomadgenelze daqorwinebis an ardaqorwinebis Ta-
visufleba ekuTvnis individs da Stats ara aqvs misi xelyofis ufleba.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, uzenaesma sasamarTlom lovingebis msjavrdeba
gaauqma.
erTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa qorwineba. havaiSi erTi sqesis ramdenime warmo-
madgenelma moiTxova qorwinebis nebarTva, razedac maT uari eTqvaT. ganmcxadeblebma
gaasaCivres uari qorwinebis nebarTvaze, radgan, maTi mtkicebiT, dairRva havais
konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobisa da Tanabari
dacvis uflebebi. saqmeSi baeri levinis winaaRmdeg376 havais uzenaesma sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom havais konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeb-
lobis ufleba erTi sqesis warmomadgeneli wyvilebisaTvis qorwinebis uflebas ar
icavda. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, „erTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa qorwineba ar iyo
havais mosaxleobis tradiciebsa da koleqtiur cnobierebaSi imdenad damkvidrebuli,
rom mis aRiarebaze uars Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis fundamenturi principis
darRveva gamoewvia. havais Statis konstituciiT akrZalulia sqesis niadagze Statis
mier sanqcirebuli diskriminacia nebismieri pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mis mier samo-
qalaqo uflebebis ganxorcielebisas. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom Statis kanoni,
romliTac erTi sqesis saqorwino urTierTobebi izRudeboda, sqesobriv dayofas
awesebda, rac „mkacri Semowmebis~ testis obieqti iyo, Tanabar dacvasTan dakavSire-
512
buli moTxovnis safuZvelze. Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom qvemdgom sasamarTlos
daubruna saqme imis gadasawyvetad, akmayofilebda Tu ara kanoni aRniSnul mkacr
standarts.
baeris saqmis ganxilvisas kongresma miiRo kanoni, romelic qorwinebas gansazRv-
ravda qalsa da kacs Soris kavSirad. aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobis mizani iyo havaiSi
mimdinare sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis Sedegis limitireba am StatiT, raTa arc
erTi sxva Stati ar gamxdariyo valdebuli, eRiarebina erTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa
qorwineba aRiarebisa da ndobis klauzulis377 safuZvelze.
1999 wlis 20 dekembers vermontis uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmeSi beikeri ver-
montis Statis winaaRmdeg378 miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac erTi sqesis
warmomadgenelTaTvis qorwinebis damaxasiaTebeli upiratesobebisa da dacvis uar-
yofa Statis kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze arRvevda vermontis konstituciis sazo-
gado sargeblis klauzulas. sasamarTlom Statis sakanonmdeblo organos imgvari
kanonis miReba daavala, romelic homoseqsual da lesbosel wyvilebs iseTive privi-
legiebsa da uflebebs mianiWebda, rogoric daqorwinebul heteroseqsual wyvilebs
hqondaT. Sedegad, sasamarTlo davalebis safuZvelze SemuSavda kanonproeqti, ro-
melsac „qorwinebis~ cneba perspeqtiuli ojaxuri urTierTobis sistemamde dahyavda,
rac homoseqsual da lesbosel wyvilebs ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebis SesaZleb-
lobas aZlevda.
sodomia
1964 wels oraluri gziT homoseqsualuri aqtisaTvis ocidan ocdaaT wlamde

Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT pirTa msjavrdeba gasaCivrda, rogorc konstituciis merve
SesworebasTan winaaRmdegobaSi myofi gansakuTrebiT sastiki sasjeli. federalurma
sasamarTlom uaryo saCivari, Tumca gaaTavisufla msjavrdebuli efeqturi dacvis
ararsebobis gamo.379 saqmeSi eisenstadi beardis winaaRmdeg380 ki sasamarTlom ga-
nacxada: „Tuki piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba moicavs dauqorwinebel
heteroseqsualTa seqsualur qmedebas, ratom ar unda gavrceldes igi homoseqsu-
alTa kerZo seqsualur qmedebaze~.
bouersi hardvikis winaaRmdeg381

1982 wlis agvistoSi momCivani pasuxisgebaSi misces sakuTar saZinebel oTaxSi
sxva zrdasrul mamakacTan sodomiis aqtis CadenisaTvis, aRniSnuli qmedebis amkrZa-
lavi sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonis safuZvelze. winaswari sasamarTlo mosmenis
Semdeg saolqo prokurorma gadawyvita, ar waredgina saqme nafic msajulTa Semadgen-
lobis winaSe sxva mtkicebulebebis mopovebamde.
momCivanma federalur saolqo sasamarTlos mimarTa kanonis arakonstituci-
urobis mtkicebiT, im motiviT, rom statuti nebayoflobiTi sodomis kriminaliza-
cias axdenda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mocemul saqmeSi sasamarTlom ar unda gadaw-
yvitos zrdasrul adamianebs Soris sodomiis sawinaaRmdego kanonebis gonivruloba
an sasurveloba; igi arc konstituciur niadagze homoseqsualuri sodomiis amkrZa-
513
lavi kanonebis gauqmebaze Statis sakanonmdeblo organos mier gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas da Statis sasamarTloebis mier msgavsi kanonebis anulirebis marTlzomi-
erebis sakiTxs ayenebs. sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos, aniWebs Tu ara konstitucia
homoseqsualebs sodomiis ganxorcielebis fundamentur uflebas da, Sesabamisad,
aRiarebs Tu ara Zaladakargulad mraval StatSi arsebul kanonebs, romlebic kvlav
ganixilavan aseT qmedebas ukanonod. garda amisa, saqme aseve moiTxovs konstituci-
uri mandatis ganxorcielebis procesSi sasamarTlos rolis gansazRvras.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo momCivnis mtkiceba, romelic saapelacio sasamar-
Tlom gaiziara, TiTqos uzenaesi sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis ZiriTadi
saqmeebis ganmarteba SeiZleba, rogorc piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis konsti-
tuciuri uflebis gavrceleba homoseqsualur sodomiaze. momCivnis CamonaTvalSi
warmodgenili saqmeebi,382 ZiriTadad, ojaxur urTierTobebs, qorwinebas da Svilebis
gaCenas Seexeboda. ukanasknel sam saqmeSi ki dadginda, rom jerovani samarTlebrivi
proceduris klauzula383 moicavda individis fundamentur uflebas, gadaewyvita,
gaeCina Tu ara Svili. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, verc momCivanma da verc sa-
apelacio sasamarTlom ver SeZlo kavSiris Cveneba, erTi mxriv, qorwinebas, ojaxsa
da Svilebis gaCenasa da, meore mxriv, homoseqsualur qcevas Soris; metic, ar imsa-
xurebs mxardaWeras nebismieri mtkiceba, TiTqos aRniSnuli saqmeebi mxars uWerdes
Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac konstitucia Statis akrZalvis sferodan gamoricxavs
nebismier nebayoflobiT kerZo seqsualur qmedebas zrdasrul adamianebs Soris.
momCivani uzenaesi sasamarTlosgan iTxovda homoseqsualuri sodomiis ganxorci-
elebis fundamenturi uflebis aRiarebas, rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise sazogadoebis
dasarwmuneblad, rom im uflebebis aRiareba, romlebic konstituciaSi saTanadod
identificirebadi ar aris, ufro metia, vidre mosamarTleTa mier faseulobaTa sa-
kuTari arCevanis dakisreba Statebsa da federalur mTavrobaze. uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlo sxvadasxva dros Seecada im uflebaTa gansazRvras, romlebic mZlavr sasa-
marTlo dacvas imsaxureben. saqmeSi palko koneqtikutis winaaRmdeg384 sasamarTlom
ganacxada, rom es kategoria moicavda im fundamentur Tavisuflebebs, romlebic
„igulisxmeba mowesrigebuli Tavisuflebis koncefciaSi~ da romelTa „gawirvis~
SemTxvevaSi aRar iarsebebs „arc Tavisufleba da arc samarTlianoba~. sxva tipis
ganmartebaa mocemuli saqmeSi muri aRmosavleT klivlendis winaaRmdeg,385 romel-
Sic isini daxasiaTebulia rogorc „eris istoriasa da tradiciaSi Rrmad gamjdari~
Tavisuflebani. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, arc erTi es formulireba homoseq-
sualebis mier nebayoflobiTi sodomuri aqtebis ganxorcielebis fundamentur uf-
lebas ar gulisxmobs.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, igi arc jerovani samarTlebrivi pro-
ceduris klauzulaSi Cadebuli axali fundamenturi uflebebis aRmoCenisaken aris
midrekili sakuTari uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb ufro vrceli Sexedulebis ganviTare-
biT. sasamarTlo Zalze axlosaa ukanonobasTan, rodesac mas saqme aqvs sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebebze dafuZnebul konstituciur samarTalTan, romelsac Zalze rTu-
lad amosacnobi fesvebi aqvs konstituciis teqstSi. amis naTel magaliTs me-20 sa-
ukunis 30-ian wlebSi xelisuflebis aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris
momxdari dapirispireba warmoadgens, rasac mexuTe da me-14 Sesworebebis jerovani
samarTlebrivi proceduris klauzulaze sasamarTlos ganmartebaTa mniSvnelovani
514
nawilis uaryofa mohyva. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia, Zlieri winaaRmdegoba gaewios
aRniSnuli klauzulebis arsebiTi moculobiT gafarToebas, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
roca igi uflebaTa im kategoriis Tavidan gansazRvras moiTxovs, romlebic funda-
menturad iTvleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo aucileblad miiTvisebs sa-
xelmwifos marTvis uflebas konstituciuri uflebamosilebis gareSe. uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos daskvniT, momCivnis mier mtkicebad uflebas am winaaRmdegobis daZlevis
unari ar aqvs.
momCivnis mtkicebiT, sasamarTlom sxvagvarad unda gansajos, rodesac homoseq-
sualuri qmedeba saxlSi xdeba. am argumentis warmodgenisas igi daeyrdno saqmes
stenli jorjiis winaaRmdeg,386 romelSic sasamarTlom daadgina, rom, pirveli Ses-
worebiT, pornografiuli masalebis saxlSi Senaxvisa da kiTxvisaTvis piris msjavr-
deba akrZaluli iyo: „Tuki rames niSnavs pirveli Sesworeba, pirvel rigSi, swored
imas, rom saxelmwifos saqme ar aris sakuTar saxlSi martod myof adamians miuTiTos,
ra saxis wignis kiTxvisa Tu filmebis yurebis ufleba aqvs~.
stenlis saqme icavs im qmedebas, romelsac ar daicavda, is rom saxlis gareT
momxdariyo. man aseve nawilobriv SezRuda Statis pornografiis amkrZalavi kano-
nebis moqmedeba; Tumca am saqmeSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba mtkiced efuZneboda pir-
vel Sesworebas. sasamarTlos warmoebaSi amJamad arsebul saqmeSi ki, uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos Tanaxmad, momCivnis mier mtkicebad uflebas, konstituciis teqstis mi-
xedviT, aseTi mxardaWera ar aqvs. garda amisa, yvela ukanono qmedebis saxlSi ganxor-
cieleba yovelTvis ar sargeblobs imunitetiT. akrZaluli narkotikuli saSuale-
bebis floba da moxmareba ar eqceva kanonis moqmedebis farglebs miRma mxolod
imitom, rom igi saxlSi ganxorcielda.
momCivnis mtkicebiT, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu ar arsebobs homoseqsualuri sodomiis
fundamenturi ufleba, kanons unda gaaCndes gansazRvruli gonivruli safuZveli.
`gonivruli~ safuZveli ki, momCivnis mosazrebiT, gasaCivrebuli kanonis mimarT Semo-
ifargleba jorjiis Statis eleqtoratis umravlesobis rwmeniT, rom homoseqsu-
aluri sodomia amoraluri da miuRebelia, rac araadekvaturi argumentaciaa kanonis
mxardasaWerad. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, samarTali zogadad efuZneba war-
modgenebs moralis Taobaze da, Tuki moraluri arCevanis gamomxatveli yvela kanonis
anulireba moxdeba jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris klauzulis safuZvelze,
sasamarTlos didi jafa daadgeboda.
aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare burgeris Tanmxvedri azri

burgeris daskvniT, sodomiis akrZalvas „uZvelesi fesvebi~ aqvs. individebis ho-
moseqsualuri qmedeba saxelmwifo intervenciis sagans warmoadgenda dasavluri
civilizaciis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. aseTi praqtikis gakicxva myarad aris
damkvidrebuli iudeur-qristianul moralur da eTikur standartebSi. homoseqsu-
aluri sodomia ZiriTad danaSaulad iTvleboda romauli samarTlis mixedviT. ing-
lisis saerTo samarTali, sodomiis akrZalvis CaTvliT, jorjiasa da sxva kolonieb-
Si aRiarebuli samarTali iyo. mosamarTlis mosazrebiT, imis dadgena, rom homoseq-
sualuri sodomiis aqti daculia rogorc fundamenturi ufleba, aTaswlian mora-
lur principebTan kavSiris gawyveta iqneboda.
515
romelsac SeuerTdnen mosamarTleebi brenani, marSali da stivensi
mosamarTle blekmunma Tavis gansxvavebul daskvnaSi ganacxada: „Cven vicavT...
uflebebs (piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobas) ara imitom, rom isini pirdapiri da
materialuri gziT xels uwyoben sayovelTao sazogadoebriv keTildReobas, aramed
imitom, rom isini qmnian individis cxovrebis ZiriTad nawils. piradi cxovrebis xel-
Seuxebloba im moraluri faqtis realizaciaa, romlis mixedviTac pirovneba ekuTvnis
sakuTar Tavs da ara sxvebs an sazogadoebas. amitomac Cven vicavT individis arCevans,
iqorwinos an ara swored imitom, rom qorwineba aris gaerTianeba, romelic xels
uwyobs cxovrebis wess da ara saerTo saqmes; harmonias cxovrebaSi da ara politikur
rwmenebs; ormxriv erTgulebas da ara komerciul an socialur proeqtebs. Cven vicavT
individis arCevans, iyolios an ara Svili imitom, rom mSoblis statusi ase drama-
tulad individis TviTgamorkvevis procesze da ara demografiuli mosazrebebis an
bibliuri Segonebis gamo. dabolos, Cven vicavT ojaxs imitom, rom igi mniSvnelovnad
uwyobs xels individis bednierebas da ara stereotipuli ojaxis upiratesobis gamo.~
rogorc sasamarTlom ganacxada, saqmeSi dasavleT virjiniis Statis ganaTlebis
sabWo barnetis winaaRmdeg,387 „Cven viyenebT konstituciur SezRudvebs imis SiSis
gareSe, rom inteleqtualuri da sulieri mravalferovnebis Tavisufleba socialuri
organizaciis dezintegracias gamoiwvevs... Tavisufleba, iyo gansxvavebuli ar aris
SezRuduli umniSvnelo sakiTxebiT. es mxolod Tavisuflebis aCrdili iqneboda. Ta-
visuflebis arsi mdgomareobs uflebaSi, iyo gansxvavebuli warmodgenebis mqone
arsebuli wesrigis fuZemdeblur sakiTxebze~. blekmunis mosazrebiT, swored imi-
tom, rom aRniSnul saqmeSi wamoWrili sakiTxi Seexeba imas, rac individebs iseTebad
aqcevs, rogorebic arian, sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos
im adamianebis uflebaTa mimarT, romelTa arCevanic umravlesobas aRizianebs.
mosamarTlis SexedulebiT, sasamarTlos argumenti mopasuxis qmedebis „iudaur-
qristianul faseulobebTan~ Seusabamobis Sesaxeb am qmedebis kanonis ZaliT akrZal-
vis adekvaturi gamarTleba ar aris. is, rom gansazRvruli religiuri jgufebi kicxa-
ven msgavs saqciels, ar aZlevs Stats mTel sazogadoebaze maTi Sexedulebebis gav-
rcelebis nebas. saero kanonmdeblobis legitimuroba damokidebulia saxelmwifos
unarze, gaamarTlos Tavisi kanonmdebloba religiur doqtrinasTan Sesabamisobis
argumentis miRma. blekmunis azriT, gansazRvrulma jgufma rac unda arakomfor-
tulad agrZnobinos Tavi am sasamarTlos, rogorc saqmeSi o’konori donaldsonis
winaaRmdeg 388 aRiniSna, „mxolod sazogadoebrivma Seuwynareblobam an SuRlma
SeuZlebelia konstituciurad gaamarTlos individisaTvis fizikuri Tavisuflebis
CamorTmeva~.
romeri evansis winaaRmdeg389

kolorados Statis amomrCevlebma Statis masStabiT gamarTuli referendumis
safuZvelze miiRes meore Sesworeba Statis konstituciaSi, romelic aRkveTda ro-
gorc Statis, ise adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis nebismier sakanonmdeblo, aRmas-
rulebel da sasamarTlo aqts, romelic pirovnebis statusis dacvas isaxavda miznad
„homoseqsualuri, lesbosuri an biseqsualuri orientaciis, qcevis, saqmianobis an
urTierTobis~ safuZvelze.
516
saqmeSi romeri evansis winaaRmdeg aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom,
vinaidan Sesworebis „gansakuTrebuli damaxasiaTebeli niSani gansazRvrul jgufze
farTo da ara diferencirebuli qmeduunarobis dakisreba~ iyo, mas ar hqonda raci-
onaluri kavSiri Statis legitimur interesTan. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, Seswo-
rebis dauyovnebliv Sedegs warmoadgenda Statisa da adgilobrivi erTeulebis mier
seqsualur orientaciaze dafuZnebuli diskriminaciis amkrZalavi kanonebis, regu-
laciebis da dadgenilebebis gauqmeba. saboloo Sedegi ki momavalSi saxelmwifos
nebismieri erTeulisaTvis msgavsi an meti damcavi zomebis miRebis akrZalvaSi mdgo-
mareobda. mosamarTle kenedim, romelmac gadmosca aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos ga-
dawyvetileba, aRniSna: „kanoni, romelic acxadebs, rom erTi jgufisTvis ufro rTu-
li iqneba saxelmwifos daxmarebis moTxovna, vidre sxvebisTvis, TavisTavad, kanonis
safuZvelze Tanabari dacvis uaryofaa ... Tuki kanonis safuZvelze Tanabari dacvis
konstituciuri koncefcia raimes niSnavs, sul mcire, imas, rom politikurad ara-
popularuli jgufisaTvis zianis miyenebis aSkara survili ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos
legitimur interess Seadgendes.~
mosamarTle skaliam Tavis gansxvavebul azrSi, romelsac sasamarTlos Tavmj-
domare renkvisti da mosamarTle tomasi SeuerTdnen, miuTiTa: „sasamarTlos ga-
dawyvetileba amerikis konstituciur samarTals ar emyareba da mxolod mis simu-
lirebas axdens. kolorados mosaxleobam miiRo sruliad gonivruli debuleba, ro-
melic mxolod homoseqsualTa privilegirebul damokidebulebas aRkveTda da maT
mimarT arakeTilganwyobis gamoxatuleba ar iyo. meore Sesworeba SemuSavda kolo-
radoelebis mier mowonebuli seqsualuri moralis TandaTanobiTi gauaresebis Tavi-
dan asacileblad. igi ara mxolod am legitimuri miznis miRwevis Sesatyvisi saSu-
alebaa, aramed amerikelebis mier didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebuli meTodic. am
Sesworebis Zaladakargulad gamocxadeba ara sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas, aramed
politikuri nebis aqts warmoadgens~.
517
SeniSvnebi
1
Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. S.Ct. 488 (1961).
2
Barron v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, U.S. S.Ct. 1833.
3
Gitlow v. New York, U.S. S.Ct. 1925.
4
Cantwell v. Connecticut, U.S. S.Ct. 1940.
5
Everson v. Board of Education, U.S. S.Ct. 1947.
6
Slaughter-House, U.S. S.Ct. 1873.
7
Abington School District v. Schempp, U.S. S.Ct. 1963.
8
9
Walz v. Tax Commission, U.S. S.Ct. 1970.
10
11
Larson v. Valente, U.S. S.Ct. 1982.
12
Walz v. Tax Commission, U.S. S.Ct. 1970.
13
Lee v. Weisman, U.S. S.Ct. 1992.
14
15
16
Sherbert v. Verner, U.S. S.Ct. 1963.
17
Employment Division v. Smith, U.S. S.Ct. 1990.
18
Lemon v, Kurtzman, U.S. S.Ct. 1971.
19
20
Wallace v. Jaffree, U.S. S.Ct. 1985.
21
22
Lynch v. Donnelly, U.S. S.Ct. 1984.
23
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union,
U.S. S.Ct. 1989.
24
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union,
U.S. S.Ct. 1989.
25
Employment Division v. Smith, U.S. S.Ct. 1990.
26
Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. S.Ct. 1947.
27
28
Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. S.Ct. 38 (1984).
29
Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. S.Ct. 577 (1992).
30
People v. Ruggles, U.S. N.Y. 1811.
31
Vidal v. Girard’s Executioners, U.S. S.Ct. 1844.
32
Holy Trinity Church v. United States, U.S. S.Ct 1892.
33
Permoli v. First Municipality of New Orleans, U.S.
S.Ct. 1845.
518
34
Reynolds v. United States, U.S. S.Ct. 1879.
35
Late Corporation of Latter-Day Saints v. United States, U.S. S.Ct. 1890.
36
Davis v. Beason, U.S. S.Ct. 1890.
37
Slaughter-House, U.S. S.Ct. 1873.
38
Meyer v. Nebraska, U.S. S.Ct. 1923.
39
Pierce v. Society of Sisters, U.S. S.Ct. 1925.
40
41
42
Zorach v. Clauson, U.S. S.Ct. 1952.
43
Enjel v. Vitale, U.S. S.Ct. 1962.
44
45
Lemon v. Kurtzman, U.S. S.Ct. 1971.
46
Roe v. Wade, U.S. S.Ct. 1973.
47
48
M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed 62-68 (1985).
49
Zion’s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence.
50
James A. Beckford, The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah’s Witnesses 1-18
(1975).
51
Rutherford v. United States, 258 F. 855, 865 (2d Cir. 1919).
52
Stephens v. United States, 261 F. 590 (9th Cir. 1919).
53
David R. Manwaring, Render unto Caesar: The Flag-Salute Controversy 26-27 (1962).
54
Coleman v. City of Griffin, 302 U.S. 636 (1937).
55
Schneider v. Irvington, 308 U.S. 147 (1939).
56
57
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940).
58
Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943).
59
Jones v. Opelika, 319 U.S. 103 (1943).
60
Jamison v. State of Texas, 318 U.S. 413 (1943).
61
State v. Mead, 318 N.W.2d 440, 446 (1982).
62
Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943).
63
Martin v. Struthers, 319 U.S. 141 (1943).
64
Jimmy Swaggart Ministeries v. California State Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990).
65
David Tracy, The Analogical Imagination 13 (1981).
66
Neuhaus, The Naked Public Square: Religion and Democracy in America xi (1984).
67
Niemotko v. Maryland, 340 U.S. 268 (1951).
68
Poulos v. New Hampshire, 345 U.S. 395 (1953).
69
Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501 (1946).
70
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciosness, Inc, 452 U.S. 640 (1981).
71
Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc., 482 U.S. 569 (1987).
72
International Society for Krishna Consciensness v. Lee, 505 U.S. 672 (1992).
73
United States v. Kokinda, 497 U.S. 720 (1990).
74
United States v. Grace, 461 U.S. 171 (1983).
75
David R. Manwaring, Render unto Caesar 11-14 (1962).
76
Nicholls v. Lynn, 297 Mass. 65, 71, 7 N.E. 2d 577, 580 (1937).
77
Leoles v. Landers, 302 U.S. 656 (1937).
78
Hering v. State Board of Education, 303 U.S. 624 (1938).
79
80
519
81
82
West Virginia State Bd. of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
83
84
85
West Virginia State Bd. of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
86
Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.S. 705 (1977).
87
Quaring v. Peterson, 728 F. 2d 1121 (8th Cir. 1984).
88
Jensen v. Quaring, 472 U.S. 478 (1985).
89
religiur-eTikuri Tu politikuri mrwamsis gamo samxedro ZalebSi msaxurze an omSi
monawileobaze uari.
90
meore sjuli 5:7.
91
CrdiloeT afrikis qalaq hiponis episkoposi avgustine avreliusi (354 — 430) kaTolikur
tradiciaSi Seracxulia wmindanad, marTlmadideblurSi ki — netarad. miCneulia
qristianobis erT-erT udides Teologad.
92
Greenawalt, “Conscientious Objection”.
93
Selective Service Act of 1917, 40 Stat. 76, 78.
94
Selective Draft Act of 1940, 54 Stat. 885.
95
United States v. Seeger 380 U.S 163 (1965).
96
The Universal Military Training and Service Act.
97
Welsh v. United States, US 333, (1970).
98
Gillette v. United States, Negre v. Larsen, 401 U.S. 437 (1971).
99
Thomas v. Review Board, 450 U.S. 707 (1981).
100
Stromberg v. People of State of California, 283 U.S. 359 (1931).
101
Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963).
102
Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U.S. 599 (1961).
103
Trans World Airlines v. Hardison, 432 U.S. 63 (1967).
104
Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Commission of Florida, 480 U.S. 136 (1987).
105
EEOC v. Townley Engineering & Manufacturing Co.
106
prima facie niSnavs, rom mxare warmoadgens sakmaris mtkicebulebas imisTvis, rom am
mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT miRebul iqnes misTvis sasargeblo sasamarTlo
gadawyvetileba.
107
Catholic High School Ass’n of the Archidiocese of New York v. Culvert, 753 F.2d 1161 (2d Cir. 1985).
108
Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints et la. v. Amos
et la., (NO. 86-179), and United States v. amos et la., (No. 86-401), 483 U.S. 327 (1987).
109
saeklesio rekomendaciis dokumenti mxolod im pirebze gaicema, vinc akmayofilebs
eklesiis standartebs, rac moicavs regularul daswrebas eklesiaSi, Senatanebis
gadaxdas, yavis, Caisa da alkoholis smisgan da sigaretis mowevisgan Tavis Sekavebas.
110
saolqo sasamarTlos mier SemuSavebuli testis mixedviT, imisTvis rom sasamarTlos
ganesazRvra konkretuli saqmianobis religiuri Tu arareligiuri xasiaTi, upirveles
yovlisa, mas unda gaerkvia, iyo Tu ara arsebiTi kavSiri religiur organizaciasa da am
saqmianobas Soris finansuri, yoveldRiuri operaciebisa da marTvis kuTxiT. meore, rac
unda gaerkvia sasamarTlos, iyo is, arsebobda Tu ara kavSiri saqmianobis ZiriTad
funqciasa da religiuri organizaciis religiur dogmebsa Tu ritualebs, an eklesiis
administraciul wesebs Soris. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqmianobasa da religiur dogmebsa
an eklesiis administraciul wesebs Soris arsebiTi kavSiri iyo, sasamarTlos
SeeZlo Seewyvita msjeloba da es saqmianoba religiurad eRiarebina. xolo im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveli da meore nawilebis mixedviT aRniSnuli kavSirebi ar iyo
arsebiTi, maSin sasamarTlos unda ganexila testis mesame nawili _ kavSiri muSakze
dakisrebuli saqmianobis bunebasa da religiuri organizaciis ritualebsa da dogmebs
an eklesiis administraciul wesebs Soris. Tu es kavSiri arsebiTi xasiaTisa iyo,
maSin sasamarTlos aRniSnuli saqmianoba religiurad unda ecno. Tu kavSiri arsebiTi
ar iyo, maSin saqmianoba religiurad ar CaiTvleboda.
520
111
menonitebi warmoadgenen protestantizmis erT-erT ganStoebas.
112
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972).
113
Reynolds v. United States, U.S. S.Ct. 1879.
114
Johnson v. Charles City Community Schools Board of education, 368 N.W.2d 74, uzenaesma
sasamarTlom uari ganacxada qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan saqmis gamoTxovaze.
115
State v. Whisner, 47 Ohio St. 2d 181 (1976).
116
Steffan v. Aspin, 8 F. 2d 1531 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
117
Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503 (1986).
118
Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503 (1986).
119
Close-It-Enyerprises, Inc v. Weinberger, 64 A.D. 2d 686, 407 N.Y.S. 2d 587 (1978).
120
La Rocca v. Lane, 37 N.Y. 2d 575, 376 N.Y.S. 2d 93, 338 N.E. 2d 606 (1975).
121
O’lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342 (1987).
122
meqsikuri warmoSobis kaqtusisgan damzadebuli narkotikuli saSualeba.
123
aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis punqti, romliTac garantirebulia
aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba.
124
Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990).
125
Minersvill School District v. Gobiti, 310 U.S. 586 (1940).
126
Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879).
127
128
United States v. Lee, 455 U.S. 252 (1982).
129
Cantwell v Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940); Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943).
130
131
Shebert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963).
132
Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Commission of Florida, 480 U.S. 136 (1987); Thomas v. Collins,
323 U.S. 516, 530 (1945); Shebert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963).
133
Bowen v. Roy, 476 U.S. 693.
134
Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944).
135
Gillette v. United States, 401 U.S. 437 (1971).
136
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 42 U.S.C. (1993).
137
The American Indian Religious Freedom Act, 42 U.S.C. (1994).
138
agreTve ix. dabadeba 12:7; 15:7; 23; 28:4;
139
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 485 U.S. 439 (1988).
140
California Wilderness Act of 1984.
141
Bowen v. Roy, 476 U.S 693.
142
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972); Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963); Thomas v.
Review Board, 450 U.S. 707 (1981); Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Comm’n of FLA, 480 U.S.
136 (1987).
143
American Indian religious freedom Act 1996.
144
145
146
Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Commission of Florida, 480 U.S. 136 (1987); Sherbert v. Verner,
374 U.S. 398 (1963); Thomas v. Review Board, 450 U.S. 707 (1981).
147
148
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
149
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 485 U.S. 439 (1988).
150
151
Society of Jesus of New England v. Boston Landmark Commission, 409 Mass. 38, 564 N.E. 2d
571 (1990).
521
152
South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301 (1966); Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966).
153
City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997).
154
Religious Freedom Restoration Act.
155
156
meqsikuri warmoSobis kaqtusisgan damzadebuli narkotikuli nivTiereba.
157
Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963).
158
159
South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301, 308 (1966).
160
161
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520 (1993).
162
McDaniel v. Paty; Fowler v. Rhode Island.
163
McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618 (1978).
164
Fowler v. Rhode Island, 345 U.S. 67 (1953).
165
Carter v. Papineau, 222 Mass. 464, 111 N.E. 358 (1916).
166
Bear v. Reformed Mennonite Church, 462 Pa. 330, 341 A.2d 105 (1975).
167
Moyle v. Franz, 293 N.Y. 842, 59 N.E. 2d 437, affirming per curiam, 267 App. Div. 423, 46
N.Y.S. 2d 667 (1944).
168
Moses v. Episcopal Diocese of Colorado, 863 P. 2d 310 (Colo. 1993).
169
Doe v. Redeemer Lutheran Church, 531 N.W. 2d 897 (Minn. App. 1995).
170
Farley v. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, 821 F. Supp. 1286 (D. Minn. 1993); Yaggie
v. Indiana-Kentucky Synod, 860 F. Supp. 1194 (W.D. Ky. 1994); da Tran v. Fiorenza, 934 S.W.2d
740 (Tex. Ct. App. 1996).
171
Drevlow v. Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, 991 F.2d 468 (8th Cir. 1993); da Marshall v. Munro,
845 P.2d 424 (Alaska 1994).
172
Guinn v. Church of Christ of Collinsville, 775 P. 2d 766 (Okla. 1989).
173
United States v. Elder, 601 F. Supp. 1574 (S.D.Tex. 1985).
th
174
United States v. Aguilar, 871 F.2d 1436 (9 Cir. 1986).
175
People v. Cole, 219 N.Y. 98, 113 N.E. 790 (1916).
176
People v. Pierson, 176 N.Y. 201, 68 N.E. 243 (1903).
177
Commonwealth v. Twitchell, 416 Mass. 114, 617 N.E. 2d 609 (1993).
178
meqsikuri warmoSobis kaqtusisgan damzadebuli narkotikuli saSualeba.
179
United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78 (1994).
180
Watson v. Jones 669 (1872)
181
Cantvwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940).
182
Board of Education v. Burnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
183
Founding Church of Scientology v. United States, 409 F. 2D 1146 (D.C. Cir. 1969), uzenaesma
sasamarTlom uaryo qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan saqmis gamoTxovis moTxovna, 396 U.S. 963
(1969).
184
hubardis besTselerSi es procesi daxasiaTebul iqna, rogorc `Terapia~, Dianetics:
Modern Science of Mental Health (1950).
185
Van Schaick v. Church of Scientology, 535 F. Supp. 1125 (D. Mass. 1982).
186
Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488 (1961).
187
aSS-Si im religiaTa rigebs, romelTa swavlebac ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes RmerTis
arsebobis rwmenad, ganekuTvneba budizmi, daosizmi, eTikuri kultura, samoqalaqo
humanizmi da a.S.
188
Uniited States ex rel. Levy v. Cain, 149 F. 2d 338 (2d Cir. 1945).
189
United States v. Samuels, 151 F. 2d 801 (3d Cir. 1945).
190
Eagles v. United States ex rel. Samuels, 329 U.S. 304 (1946).
522
191
Cox v. United States, 332 U.S. 442 (1947).
192
United States v. Moon, 718 F. 2d 1210 (2d Cir. 1983).
193
uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari ganacxada qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan saqmis gamoTxovaze,
466 U.S. 971, (1984).
194
Presbyterian Church in the United States v. Mary Elizabeth Blue Hull Memorial Presbiterian Church,
393 U.S. 440 (1969).
195
Maryland and Virginia Eldership of the Churches of God v. Church og God at Sharpsburg, Inc. 396
U.S. 367 (1970).
196
Presbyterian Church in the United States v. Mary Elizabeth Blue Hull Memorial Presbiterian Church,
393 U.S. 440 (1969).
197
Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679 (1871).
198
Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese for the United States of America and Canada v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S.
696 (1976).
199
Jones v. Wolf, 443 U.S. 595 (1979).
200
201
202
First Presbyterian Church of Schenectady v. United Presbytarian Church in the United States of
Amerika, 62 N.Y. 2d 110, 476 N.Y.S. 2d 86, 464 N.E. 2d 454 (1984) uzenaesma sasamarTlom
uari ganacxada saqmis gamoTxovaze qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan 105 S.Ct. 514 (1984).
203
Protestant Episcopal Church v. Barker, 115 Cal. App. 3d 599, 171 Cal. Rptr. 541 (1981) uzenaesma
sasamarTlom uari ganacxada saqmis gamoTxovaze qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan 454 U.S. 864
(1981).
204
Bishop of Colorado v. Mote, 716 P. 2d 85, 96 n. 10 (Colo. 1986).
205
SeniSvna: kolorados sasamarTlom neitraluri sakuTrebiTi samarTlis gamoyenebisas
ver dainaxa sirTule kanonikuri samarTlis interpretirebaSi.
206
Primate znd Bishops’ Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia v. Russian
Orthodox of the Holly Resurrection, Inc., 418 Mass. 1001, 636 N.E. 2d 211 (1994).
207
Jones v. Wolf, 443 U.S. 595 (1979).
208
Merilendi-Babcock Memorial Presbyterian Church v. Presbytery of Baltimore, 296 Md. 573, 464
A.2d 1008, 1016 (1983) uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari ganacxada saqmis gamoTxovaze
qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan, 465 U.S. 1027 (1984); Pensilvania-Presbytery of Beaver-Butler v.
Middlesex Prebyterian Church, 507 Pa. 23\55, 489 A.2d 1317, uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari
ganacxada saqmis gamoTxovaze qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan, 474 U.S. 887 (1985).
209
Purcell v. Summer, 145 F.2d 979, 985 (4th Cir. 1944).
210
Religious Technology Center v. Wollersheim, et. al., 776 F.2d. 1076 (9th Cir. 1986).
211
Castello Publishing Co.,Inc. v. Rotelle, 670 F.2d 1035 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
212
Everson v. Board of Education of the Township of Ewing, 330 U.S. 1 (1947).
213
Lemon v. Kurtzman No.89; Early v. Di Censo No 569; Robinson v. DiCenso No 570, 403 U.S.
602 (1971).
214
Mueller v. Allen, 463 U.S 388 (1983).
215
Grend rapids School District v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 (1985).
216
Aguilard v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402 (1985).
217
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind, 474 U.S. 481 (1986).
218
Rachel Agostini, et al. v. Betty-Louise Felton, et al., Chancellor, Board of Education of the City of
New York, et al. v. Betty-Louise Felton, et al. 521 U.S. 203 (1997).
219
220
Grend rapids School District v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 (1985).
221
523
222
223
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills sCh. Dist., 509 U.S. 1 (1993).
224
Guy Mitchel v. Mary L. Helms, 120 S. Ct. 2530 (2000).
225
Lemon v. Kurtsman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).
226
Rachel Agostini, et al. v. Betty-Louise Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997).
227
ix. Vashti Cromwell McCollum, One Woman‘s Fight 17-20 (1951).
228
iqve 16, 45, 190.
229
McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 (1948).
230
III Rev. Stat. 122 Tavi, par. 123, 301(1943).
231
Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952).
232
McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 (1948).
233
Enjel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962).
234
Board of Education v. Burnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
235
Donahue v. Richards, 38 Me. 379, 399 (1854).
236
Herold v. Parish Board, 136 La. 1034, 1049, 68 So. 116, 121 (1915).
237
Donald E. Boles, The Bible, Religion and the Public Schools 332 (1965).
238
MInor v. Board of Educ. of Cincinati, Superior Ct. Cincinati, Feb. 1870.
239
Boles, id. 355.
240
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, Murray v. Curlett 374 U.S. 203 (1963).
241
242
Enjel v. Witale, U.S. S.Ct. 1962.
243
Sutherland, Estabilishment According to Enjel, 76 Harv. L. Rev. 25, 51 (1962).
244
Enjel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962).
245
246
McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 (1948). n; Enjel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962).
247
McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420 (1961).
248
249
Abington School District v. Schempp, Murray v. Curlett U.S. S.Ct. 1963.
250
ix. Congressional Compromise: The Equal access Act, but no Constitutional Amandment for
“Voluntary Prayer”.
251
Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980).
252
Transcedental Meditation as a Religion: Malnak v. Yogi, 592 F.2d 197 (3d Cir. 1979).
253
United States v. Seeger, 380 U.S 163 (1965).
254
Welsh v. United States, US 333, (1970).
255
256
257
Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).
258
259
Robert L. Cord, Separation of Church and State: Fact and Fiction (1982).
260
Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981).
261
Board of Education of the Westside Community Schools v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226 (1990).
262
263
Lemon v. Kurzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).
264
samoswavlo jgufi, romlis saqmianobis saganic ZiriTad saswavlo kursSi Sedis.
265
Grossberg v. Deusebio, 380 F. Supp. 285 (E.D. Va. 1974).
266
qalaqi rod ailendis StatSi (aSS).
267
Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
268
West Virginia Bd of Education v. Barnett, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
524
269
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Jane, Doe 120 S. Ct. 2266 (2000).
270
Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
271
Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980); Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985); Epperson v. Arkan,
sas 393 U.S. 97 (1968); Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987).
272
Michael W. McConnell, “Accomodation of Religion”.
273
Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).
274
James Hitchcock, “Church, State and Moral Values: The Limits of American Pluralism”.
275
Robert Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (1967).
276
Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 289 S.W. 363 (1927).
277
Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968).
278
Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987).
279
“Balanced Treatment for Creation-Sience and Evolution-Science in Public School I nstruction”
Act (Creationism Act).
280
Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 289 S.W. 363 (1927).
281
Lamb’s Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, 508 U.S. 384 (1993).
282
Lynch v. Donnely, 465 U.S. 668 (1984); Widmar v. Vincent 454 U.S. 263 (1981).
283
Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
284
Tilton v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 672 (1971).
285
aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis punqti, romelic ukrZalavs kongress iseTi
kanonis miRebas, romelic daawesebs religias.
286
287
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula da ardawesebis klauzula.
288
Bradfields v. Roberts, 175 U.S. 291 (1899).
289
Lemon v. Kurtzman, Earley v. Dicenso, Robinson v. Dicenso, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).
290
Hunt v. McNair, 413 U.S. 734 (1973).
291
Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland, 426 U.S. 736 (1976).
292
293
termini `Rrmad religiuri~ SemuSavebulia mkafio sazRvris gavlebis mizniT, erTi
mxriv, skolebs, romlebic religiuri da saero saqmianobis diferencirebas axdenen da,
meore mxriv, im skolebs Soris, romlebic sakuTar religiur da saganmanaTleblo misiebs
ganuyoflad miiCneven da, Sesabamisad, nebismier saqmianobaze avrceleben religias.
294
295
ix. Southeastern Promotions, LTD v. Conrad, 420U.S, 546 (1975), vinaidan am saqmeSi Teatri
sajaro forums warmoadgenda, qalaqs ar SeeZlo dauSveblad mieCnia
gansazRvruli produqcia saTanado konstituciuri garantiebis dakmayofilebis gareSe.
296
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819 (1995).
297
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622 (1994).
298
Lamb’s Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, 508 U.S. 384 (1993).
299
Bob Jones University v. United States (81-3) Goldsboro Christian Schools, Inc. v. United States
(81-1), 461 U.S. 574 (1983).
300
Green v. Kennedy, 309 F. Supp. 1127.
301
romelsac gamoscems sagadasaxado samsaxuri, rodesac sagadasaxado kodeqsis esa Tu
is muxli saWiroebs damatebiT dazustebas.
302
McCrary v. Runyon, 515 F. 2d 1082 (1975), aff’d, 427 U.S. 160 (1976).
303
Oral Roberts University v. American Bar Association, 205 (N.D. 1981).
304
Fowler v. Rhode Island, 345 U.S. 67 (1953).
305
O’Hair v. Andrus, 613 F. 2d 931 (D.C. Cir. 1979).
306
525
307
308
New York Domestic Relations Law.
309
Avitzur v. Avitzur, 58 N.Y. 2d 108, 446 N.E. 2d 136, 459 N.Y.S. 2d 572 (1983), uzenaesma
sasamarTlom uari ganacxada qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan saqmis gamoTxovaze 464 U.S. 817
(1983).
310
Walz v. Tax Commission of the city of New York, 397 U.S. 664 (1970).
311
312
Board of education v. Allen, 392 U.S. 236 (1968).
313
aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis klauzula, romelic ukrZalavs kongress
iseTi kanonis miRebas, romelic daawesebs religias.
314
Everson v. Baord of Education, 330 U.S 1 (1947).
315
Regan v. Yaxation with Represntation, 461 U.S. 540 (1983).
316
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock, 489 U.S. 1 (1989).
317
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819 (1995).
318
Stanly Surrey, “tax expenditure”. (1993).
319
Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. California State Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990).
320
Walz v. Tax Commission of the city of New York, 397 U.S. 664 (1970).
321
Tony & Ssan Alamo Foundation v. Secretary of Labor, 471 U.S. 290 (1985).
322
Lemon v. Kurtsman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).
323
Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402 (1985).
324
Rachel Agostini, et al. v. Betty-Louise Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997).
325
Guy Mitchell v. Mary L. Helms, 120 S.Ct. 2530 (2000).
326
Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983).
327
Wisconsin v. Pelican Ins. Co., 127 U.S. 265, 297 (1988).
328
Anderson v. Laird, 466 F. 2d 283 (D.C. C.r. 1972), aSS-s uzaenesma sasamarTlom uari ganacxada
qvemdgomi sasamarTlodan saqmis gamoTxovaze, 409 U.S. 1076 (1972).
329
Katcoff v. Marsh, 755 F. 2d. 223 (2nd Cir. 1985).
330
Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984).
331
Board of education v. Allen, 392 U.S. 236 (1968).
332
333
334
Church of holy Trinity v. United States, 143 U.S. 457 (1982).
335
Bd. of Trustees of Village of Scarsdale v. McCreary, 471 U.S. 83 (1985).
336
County of Allegheny v. Aclu, Greater Pitsburg Chapter; Chabad v. ACLU, Greater Pittsburg
Chapter; City of Pittsburg v. ACLU, Greater Pittsburg Chapter, 492 U.S. 573 (1989).
337
Lynch v. Donnely, 465 U.S. 668 (1984).
338
Fax v. City of Los Angeles, 22 Cal. 3d 792. 150 Cal. Rptr. 867, 587 P 2d 663 (1978).
339
Crapenter v. City & County of San Francisko, 93 F.3d 627 (9th Cir. 1996).
340
Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board v. PInette, 515 U.S. 753 (1995).
341
aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis klauzula, romliTac garantirebulia sityvis
Tavisufleba.
342
Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589 (1988).
343
Kedroff v. Saint Nicholas Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church in North America, 344 U.S.
94 (1952).
344
Winsconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972).
345
346
Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228 (1982).
526
347
aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis klauzula, romelic ukrZalavs kongress iseTi
kanonis miRebas, romelic daawesebs religias.
348
Larkin v. Grende’s Den. Inc., 459 U.S. 116 (1982).
349
Oregon v. City of Rajneeshpuram, 598 F. Supp. 1206 (D. Ore. 1984).
350
McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618 (1978).
351
aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis klauzula, romliTac garantirebulia
aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba.
352
Edwards v. Aguilard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987).
353
M. Kelley, Why Churches Should Not Pay Taxes, 86 (1977).
354
Kent Greenawalt, Religious Convictions and Political Choice 90-91 (1988).
355
Mark V. Tushnet, “The Constitution of Religion”, 701, 712 (1986).
356
Michael J. Perry, Religion in Politics: Constitutional and Moral Perspectives 61 (1997) .
357
David Saparstein, “Jewish Perspectives on the Role of religion in the Political Process” (1983).
358
Lynn Buzzard, “The Evangelical Rediscovery of Law and Politics” (1983).
359
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
360
Laurence Tribe, “Foreword, The Suprime Court-1972 Term: Towards a Model of Roles in the Due
Process of Life and Law”, 87 Harward Law Review 20, 23 (1973).
361
McRae v. Mathews, 421 F. Supp. 533 (E.D.N.Y. 1976).
362
McRae v. Califano, 491 F. Supp. 630 (E.D.N.Y. 1980).
363
Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980).
364
Committee for Public Education v. Regan, 444 U.S. 646 (1990).
365
366
367
Valley Forge Cristian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, 454 U.S.
464 (1982).
368
Valley Forge Cristian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, 454 U.S.
464 (1982).
369
Americans United for Separation of Church and State v. Reagon, 607 F. Supp. &4& (E.D. Pa.
1985), aff’d, 786 F.2d 194 (3rd Cir. 1986).
370
Abortion Rights Mobilization, Inc. v. Regan, 544 F. Supp. 471 (S.D.N.Y. 1982).
371
United Catholic Conference v. Abortion Rights Mobilization Inc., 487 U.S. 72 (1988).
372
Cleveland v. United States, 329 U.S. 14 (1946).
373
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
374
aSS-s konstituciis me-14 Sesworebis klauzula, romelic kanonis safuZvelze Tanabar
dacvas iTvaliswinebs.
375
aSS-s konstituciis mexuTe da me-14 Sesworebebis klauzulebi jerovani samarTlebrivi
proceduris Sesaxeb.
376
Baehr v. Lewin, 74 Haw. 530, 852 P.2d 44 (1993).
377
aSS-s konstituciis klauzula, romelic iTvaliswinebs erTi Statis kanonebisa da
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRiarebas yvela sxva StatSi.
378
Baker v. State of Vermont, 744 A. 2d 864 (Vt. 1999).
379
Perkins v. State of North Carolina, 234 F. Sup. 333 (W.D.N.C. 1964).
380
Eisenstadt v. baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972).
381
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
382
Carey v. Populatio Services International, 431 U.S. 678, 685 (1977); Pierce v. Society of Sisters
and Mayer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923); Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel, Williamson, 316 U.S.
535 (1942); Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
527
383
aSS-s konstituciis mexuTe da me-14 Sesworebebis klauzulebi jerovani samarTlebrivi
proceduris Sesaxeb.
384
Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319, 325, 326 (1937).
385
Moore v. East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 503 (1977).
386
Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969).
387
West VirginiState Bd.of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.SD. 624 (1943).
388
O’Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563, 575 (1975).
389
Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
528
terminTa
ganmarteba
danarTi
529
530
1. adaptacia _ Accommodation _ adamianis an adamian-
Ta jgufis religiuri moTxovnilebebisa da qmede-
bebis samarTlebrivi regulireba imgvarad, rom ar
moxdes maTi usamarTlod SezRudva.
2. arajerovani tvirTis testi _ Undue burden test _

testi, romelic gamoyenebul iqna abortis Taobaze
Statebis regulaciebis federalur konstitucias-
Tan Sesabamisobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad. am testis
mixedviT abortis uflebaze dawesebuli SezRud-
vebi arakonstituciuria, rodesac isini àrsebiT
winaRobas~ uqmnis qalis survils abortis uflebis
realizaciaze. saqmeSi Planned Parenthood of South-
eastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992) uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom daadgina, rom kanonebi, romlebic qalis
uflebas zRudavda abortze embrionis sicocxlis-
unarianobamde ar eqvemdebareboda mkacr sasamar-
Tlo Semowmebas, aramed gamoyenebuli unda yofi-
liyo naklebad mkacri da ufro subieqturi ara-je-
rovani tvirTis standarti.
3. ardawesebis klauzula _ Nonestablishment clause

_ ix. dawesebis klauzula.
4. aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis klauzula _ Free

exercise clause _ aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Ses-
worebis debuleba, romelic saxelmwifos ukrZa-
lavs adamianebis uflebis SezRudvas religiuri
mrwamsis gamoxatvaze.
5. gonivruli safuZvlis Semowmeba _ Rational basis

scrutiny _ sasamarTlo Semowmebis yvelaze dabali
done. Semowmebis am donis gavlisas wydeba sakiTxi
531
imis Taobaze, saxelmwifos qmedebas an kanons gaaCnia Tu ara gonivruli kavSiri
legitimur interesTan. yvela kanoni, romelic eqvemdebareba sasamarTlo Se-
mowmebas, magram ar arRvevs fundamentur konstituciur uflebas da ar axdens
klasificirebas sqesis niadagze daeqvemdebareba gonivruli safuZvlis Semow-
mebas. magaliTad kanoni, romelic ZaRlebis licenzirebis valdebulebas awesebs.
amgvari kanoni konstituciurad iqneba cnobili vinaidan igi xels uwyobs legiti-
mur interess, kerZod ZaRlis mesakuTris vinaobis dadgenas, ZaRlis mier zianis
miyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
6. dawesebis klauzula _ Establishment clause _ aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Ses-

worebis debuleba, romelic krZalavs saxelmwifo favoritizms konkretuli re-
ligiuri jgufis an zogadad religiis mimarT.
7. erousmitis testi _ qmedebis àucileblobis~ testi, romelsac adamianis ufle-

baTa evropuli sasamarTlo iyenebs imis gansasazRvrad, eqceva Tu ara adamianis
qmedeba adamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTTa dacvis evropis
konvenciis me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis farglebSi. es testi pirvelad
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam gamoiyena saqmeSi erousmiti gaerTi-
anebuli samefos winaaRmdeg. testis mixedviT adamianis qmedeba mxolod maSin
eqceva konvenciis me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli religiisa da rwmenis gamoxat-
vis erT-erTi formis, wes-Cveulebis dacvis, farglebSi, Tu igi savaldebuloa
Sesabamisi religiiT an rwmeniT.
8. Tanabari dacvis klauzula _ Equal protection clause _ aSS-s konstituciis me-14

Sesworebis debuleba, romelic krZalavs diskriminacias da adgens kanonis winaSe
yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas.
9. konstituciis me-14 Sesworeba _ aSS-s konstituciis Sesworeba, romelic aSS-s

moqalaqeTa konstituciuri uflebebisa da privilegiebis dacvis valdebulebas
avrcelebs Statebze.
10. lemonis testi _ saqmeSi lemoni kurcmanis winaaRmdeg aSS-s uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos mier SemuSavebuli samelementiani testi. testis mixedviT aSS-s konsti-
tuciis pirveli Sesworebis dawesebis klauzulis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebi-
saTvis kanons unda hqondes 1) saero mizani, 2) religiis arc mxardaWeris da arc
dabrkolebis ZiriTadi an pirdapiri Sedegi, 3) ar unda iwvevdes zedmetad mWidro
urTierTkavSiris damyarebas eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris.
11. mkacri Semowmebis testi _ Strict scrutiny test _ sasamarTlo Semowmebis yvelaze
maRali done. am standartis mixedviT konstituciiT garantirebuli Tavisufle-
bebis (rogoricaa religiis, sityvisa da piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis Tavi-
suflebebi) SemzRudveli kanonebi rac SeiZleba viwrod unda iyos mizanmimar-
Tuli da sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interess unda emsaxurebodes. saqmeSi Roe v.
Wade (1973) aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom mkacri Semowmebis testi gamoiyena
532
abortis Sesaxeb texasis Statis sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis mimarT
da daadgina, rom konstituciuri ufleba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobaze
moicavda qalis uflebas mieRo gadawyvetilebebi sakuTari fexmZimobis Sesaxeb.
12. ormagi efeqtis principi _ principi, romelic moralurad gamarTlebulad

miiCnevs qmedebas, romelsac orgvari Sedegi mosdevs, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi.
qmedeba moralurad gamarTlebulad CaiTvleba, Tu dadebiTi Sedegis saxiT
daculi sikeTe aRemateba uaryofiTi Sedegis saxiT damdgar zians.
13. pirveli Sesworeba _ aSS-s konstituciis Sesworeba, romlis Tanaxmadac: `kon-

gresi ar miiRebs kanons, romelic daawesebs religias an SezRudavs aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisuflebas, an xelyofs sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebas, mSvidobiani
Sekrebisa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebisaTvis peticiiT mimarTvis uflebis~.
14. religiuri testis klauzula _ Religious test clause _ religiuri klauzula,

romelsac Seicavs aSS-s konstituciis ZiriTadi teqsti. klauzula krZalavs re-
ligiuri testis gamoyenebas sajaro Tanamdebobis dakavebis an sazogadoebrivi
ndobis pirobad.
15. `sasamarTlos megobari~ _ Amicus Curiae _ piri, romelic ar warmoadgens mxares

sasamarTloSi samarTalwarmoebisas, Tumca sakuTari iniciativiT an sasamarT-
los moTxovniT waradgens werilobiT mosazrebas, vinaidan Zlier dainterese-
bulia saqmis saboloo SedegiT.
16. sasamarTlo Semowmeba _ Judicial review _ aSS-s federaluri sasamarTlos sa-

xelmwifos qmedebis an kanonis federalur konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sa-
kiTxis gadawyvetis procesi. am procesSi sasamarTlo gamoiyenebs Sesabamisi do-
nis Semowmebas _ mkacri, Sualeduri an gonivruli safuZvlis Semowmeba.
17. sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis testi _ Compelling state interest test _

adamianis fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis SemzRudavi saxelmwifos qmedebis an
kanonis federalur konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis gansazRvris meTodi. gamo-
iyeneba aSS-s federaluri sasamarTloebis mier sasamarTlo Semowmebisas, rode-
sac sasamarTlo iyenebs mkacri Semowmebis standarts. saxelmwifos qmedeba an
kanoni konstituciurad iqneba cnobili mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac igi
aucilebelia sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis uzrunvelsayofad (magaliTad
rogoricaa saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvna, bavSvebis usafrTxoebis uzrun-
velyofa da a.S.).
18. smitis testi _ saqmeSi oregonis Statis dasaqmebis samsaxuri smitis winaaRmdeg
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier dadgenili standarti, romelic saxelmwifosgan
moiTxovs religiuri gaerTianebis an fizikuri piris religiuri moTxovnile-
bebis adaptacias im zogadi daniSnulebisa da religiurad neitraluri kanone-
bisgan gaTavisuflebis gziT, romlebic zRudavs mis religiur gamoxatvas.
533
19. statuti _ sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebuli kanoni, rogorc Statis ise
federalur doneze.
20. uflebaTa bili _ aSS-s kongresis mier 1791 wlis 15 dekembers miRebuli pirveli
aTi Sesworeba aSS-s federalur konstituciaSi.
21. Rrmad religiuri _ Pervasively sectarian _ organizacia, romlis mizanic mkafiod

religiuri xasiaTisaa. aSS-Si saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, gaaaTavisuflos amgva-
ri organizacia gadasaxadebisgan, Tumca ekrZaleba misi programebis dafinanseba,
vinaidan es religiuri `mesijis~ mxardaWeris tolfasi iqneba.
22. Serbertis testi _ saqmeSi Serberti verneris winaaRmdeg aSS-s uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos mier dadgenili standarti, romelic mkacri Semowmebis testis erT-erTi
formaa. sasicocxlo saxelmwifo interesis ararsebobisas Serbertis testi sa-
xelmwifosgan moiTxovs piris gaTavisuflebas religiurad neitraluri kanonis
moqmedebisgan, romelic arsebiTad zRudavs mis religiur gamoxatvas.
23. Sualeduri Semowmeba _ Intermediate scrutiny _ sasamarTlo Semowmebis Sualedu-

ri done. imisaTvis, rom kanonma warmatebiT daZlios Sualeduri Semowmeba igi
dakavSirebuli unda iyos mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo interesTan. Sualedur Se-
mowmebas daeqvemdebareba kanoni, romelic diferencirebas axdens sqesis niadag-
ze, magaliTad kanoni, romlis mixedviTac qalebs ekrZalebaT garkveuli samosis
tareba. amgvari kanoni arakonstituciurad iqneba cnobili, vinaidan igi ar aris
dakavSirebuli legitimur saxelmwifo interesTan.
24. jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris klauzula _ Due process clause _ aSS-s

konstituciis debuleba, romelic ukrZalavs mTavrobas TviTneburad, jerovani
samarTlebrivi proceduris gareSe SezRudos adamianis ufleba sicocxleze, Ta-
visuflebasa da sakuTrebaze. aSS-s konstitucia Seicavs jerovani samarTlebrivi
proceduris or klauzulas. pirveli, romelsac konstituciis me-5 Sesworeba Se-
icavs, Seexeba federalur xelisuflebas, xolo meore me-14 SesworebaSia warmod-
genili da vrceldeba Statebze (Tumca inkorporaciis doqtrinis wyalobiT me-5
SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebuli jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris klauzula ase-
ve vrceldeba Statebze). arsebobs jerovani samarTlebrivi proceduris dacvis
ori komponenti: 1) materialur-samarTlebrivi procedura da 2) procesualur-
samarTlebrivi procedura. materialur-samarTlebrivi proceduriT uzrunvel-
yofili dacva iseT fundamentur uflebebze vrceldeba rogoricaa religiis,
sityvisa da piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis Tavisuflebebi. materialur-samarT-
lebrivi procedura aris aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi safuZveli. materialur-samarTlebrivi pro-
ceduriT daculi uflebebis xelyofis SemTxvevaSi procesualur-samarTlebrivi
procedura aris garantia, rom iarsebebs sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs dacvas
uflebebis TviTneburi SezRudvisagan. magaliTad, procesualur-samarTlebrivi
proceduris Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia politikuri protestis quCaSi gamoxatvis uf-
lebis SezRudva samarTliani sasamarTlos mosmenis gareSe.
534
Freedom of Religion
Georgian non governmental organization Liberty Institute with financial support of

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through IRIS - Geor-
gia and British Council has compiled a manual aimed at teaching of freedom of reli-
gion and belief judicial practice and promoting awareness of freedom of religion
under case law of European Court of Human Rights and U.S. Supreme Court.
This manual covers fundamental principles and international standards of freedom of

religion also providing data base of freedom of religion cases as a valuable resource
for acting lawyers, judges, law students and general public. Manual is compiled of
three chapters: the first one is an overview of general issues such as definitions of
religion and belief, history of freedom of religion, an apologia for religious rights and
perspectives of freedom of religion.
Second chapter offers comprehensive analysis of freedom of religion and belief un-
der case law of European Court of Human Rights while the third chapter covers U.S.
Supreme Court Cases on freedom of religion issues.
Prosecutor General of Georgia Zurab Adeishvilili:
“This manual is a first attempt to fill the informational vacuum in the

field of religious freedoms in Georgia . . . “
“It offers students and practicing lawyers in the field of human rights
a comprehensive analysis of case law of European Court of Human
Rights and U.S. courts allowing them to apply this knowledge to Geor-
gian realities.”
535
Authors: Malkhaz Narindoshvili
Vano Gogelia
Tatia Julakidze
Zurab Jashi
Erekle Glurjidze
Compiled
and edited by: Giorgi Meladze
Editor: Nodar Ladaria
Designer: Besik Danelia
536

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Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004

Semdgeneli da redaqtori: giorgi melaZe

redaqtori: nodar ladaria

stilis redaqtorebi: ana WabaSvili

dizaini: besik danelia

gamocemulia aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos ((USAID))

Cemi cxovreba didwilad

religiisa da rwmenis sakiTxebi adamianis yvelaze

3. adamianis religiur uflebaTa

adamianis religiuri uflebebi

religiis Tavisuflebis teqtonika 61

2. religiisa da rwmenis gansazRvreba 91

3. religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba 102

4. religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatvis ufleba 130

2. konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba da sxva samarTlebrivi debulebebi 240

3. religiuri klauzulebis interpretacia 243

4. aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebisa da dawesebis klauzulebis

danarTi: terminTa ganmarteba 529

xSirad amboben, rom stumrad yofnisas Tavi unda

ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi `religia?~ sociologi

jonstounis mier CamoTvlilia xuTi ZiriTadi elementi, romelic gvexmareba

arsebobs mravali Teoria, Tu rogor unda moxdes religiaTa klasificireba; Se-

maqs veberi religiaTa klasificirebas sulis xsnisadmi maTi midgomis safuZvelze

religiuri organizaciis formebi

arsebobs religiuri organizaciis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi: eklesia, seqta, denomina-

meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi religiis Tavi-

qristianobis dasawyisidanve mis tradiciaSi arsebobda elementebi, romlebsac

bunebiTi uflebebis idea

Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma safuZveli Cauyares doqtrinas, romelmac didi

religiuri uflebebis aRmoceneba

Suasaukuneobrivi cxovrebis konteqstSi religiuri devna marTebulad da auci-

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi adamianis religiur ufle-

adamianis religiuri uflebebi da adreuli religiuri moZRvrebani

adamianis religiur uflebaTa apologia, pirvel rigSi, SesaZlebelia danaxul

adamianis religiuri uflebebi da religiis buneba

adamianis religiuri uflebebis apologia ar unda iqnes danaxuli mxolod msof-

adamianis religiuri uflebebi da adamianis Rirseba

adamianis religiuri uflebebis dauZlevadi argumenti danaxuli unda iqnes ada-

adamianis religiur uflebaTa apologia unda davinaxoT saero saxelmwifos kon-

adamianis religiur uflebaTa apologia unda veZioT religiuri uflebebis gan-

adamianis religiuri uflebebi da saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba

dabolos, adamianis religiuri uflebebis apologia SegviZlia davinaxoT saerTa-

adamianis ufleba religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufle-

religiis Tavisuflebis teqtonika

uaxloes warsulSi msoflios araerT qveyanaSi ganxorcielda eqstraordinaruli

religiis Tavisuflebis lokiseuli revolucia

`religiuri pluralizmis teqtonikis~ Semadgeneli uZvelesi kulturuli sxva-

religiis Tavisuflebis analizis pirobiTi modeli

wina or paragrafSi Cven mier identificirebul iqna, rogorc calkeuli kultu-

religiis Tavisuflebis sawyisi pirobebi

sazogadoebaSi religiis Tavisuflebis xarisxi SeiZleba Sefasdes ori aspeqtis

azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba,

religia da rwmena saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi disku-

religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb evropis

konvenciis nebismieri interpretacia misi debulebebis ganmartebiT unda daiwyos.

adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo da komisia

preambulis Tanaxmad, konvenciis erT-erT ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens `pirveli

evropuli komisiis procedura

evropuli sasamarTlos procedura

Tavdapirvelad mxolod komisia da Sesabamisi saxelmwifoebi flobdnen sasamarT-

evropuli komisiis gauqmeba da sxva cvlilebebi me-11 oqmis safuZvelze

miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli sawyisi sistema

komisiis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes funqcias warmoadgenda konvenciis safuZvel-

dasaSvebobis teqnikur sferos, sadac yvelaze xSirad wamoWrila religiis Tavi-