..

..
..

FCS

2006

..
..
..

FCS

2006
1



.
HDLC
FCS.

, .


190402 , ..
, 230201 ,
,
.

.. , , . . ,
.. , ,
.. , .

: .. ,
.

(), 2006
2


....................................................................................................................... 4
1. FCS. .................................... 5
2. CRC HDLC .................................................... 8
3. FCS ................................................................. 14
4. ............................................................................................................ 17
4.1. FCS HDLC ............................................ 17
4.2. FCS................................................................................. 22
4.3. ............................................................ 27


.
,

.

. :
.

.
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
(
),
.

,
(, ARQ
Automatic Repeat Request).
,
.
,
CS (Check Sequence).

1. FCS.
() ,
, ,
, .
, (
) ,
.25 ( ) .75 ( ).
()
(Levels), OSI.
, (Application)
, ( )
() ,

( )
.


() ,
: (Network Level) (Packet);
(Link Level) (Frame).
, HDLC
(High Level Link Control),
, .25,
. 1.1

01111110,
.

(Link) (
).
(control field) ( )
,
.
,
, .
FCS Frame Check Sequence
( ). FCS 16-
,
, .

DTE () (Digital
Terminal Equipment);
NN , (Packet
Switching Node NN);
F ( );
A ;
C ( );
FCS .
. 1.1.
FCS .

FCS.

FCS . FCS
, . .
, , FCS.

,
.

, ,

.
2
6

 . ,
100101011 1,
FCS .

( )
, .
, 110101010, .
,
, ,
1/8. -
.

. ,
,
.
.
, .
.
(Cyclic Redundancy Check, CRC)

( , ,
).

. , Ethernet,
1024 , ,
8192 .

R.
- ,
16 (2 ) 32 (4 ).
R,
.
R (
,
,
),
, .
CRC ,
,
.
CRC ,
.
. , Ethernet 1024
4 0,4 %.
7

2. CRC HDLC
CRC HDLC
g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .
CRC
:
,
, .. FCS ;

, (
17 ), FCS,
;
FCS,
;
FCS
g (x) ;
( ,
, ), ,
.
CRC

F ( x) 2 n
= Q( x) + R ( x)
g ( x)

(2.1)

: n FCS ( n =16);
F (x) ak x k + ak 1 x k 1 + ... + a1 -
;
k , FCS;
ai ( i = 1,..., k );
g (x) n + 1 - ( );
Q (x) ;
R(x) .
,

FCS,

F = 101100010011101011010011 ,

(2.2)

(: ,
, 1 ),
g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .
F (x) 2 n
F (x) n , , n (
8

 n = 16 ) n . ,
,
.
+ (2.2) ,
: Q(x) R(x) ,
( , ).
(2.2),

F ( x) 2 n = 10110001
1424
3 00111010
1424
311010011
1424
3 00000000
1424
3 00000000
1424
3=M.
5

M 40 ( ),
( ,
x 0 = 1 ).
M ( x) = x 39 + x 37 + x 36 + x132 + x 29 + x 28 + x 27 + x125 + x 23 + x 22 + x 20 + x17 + x16
.
M (x) g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1

x39+ x37+ x36+ x32+ x29+ x28+ x27+ x25+ x23+ x22+ x20+ x17+ x16 x16+ x12+ x5+ 1

x23+ x21+ x20+ x19+ x17+ x15

x10+ x8+ x6+ x5+ x3+ x2 + x+1
x39+ x35+ x28+ x23
x37+ x36+ x35+ x32+ x29+ x27+ x25+ x22+ x20+ x17+ x16

x37+ x33+ x26+ x21

x36+ x35+ x33+ x32+ x29+ x27+ x26+ x25+ x22+ x21+ x20+ x17+ x16

x36+ x32+ x25+ x20

x35+ x33+ x29+ x27+ x26+ x22+ x21+ x17+ x16

x35+ x31+ x24+ x19

x33+ x31+ x29+ x27+ x26+ x24+ x22+ x21+ x19+ x17+ x16

x33+ x29+ x22+ x17

x31+ x27+ x26+ x24+ x21+ x19+ x16

x31+ x27+ x20+ x15

x26+ x24+ x21+ x20+ x19+ x16+ x15

x26+ x22+ x15+ x10

9

x24+ x222+ x21+ x20+ x19+ x16+ x10

x24+ x20+ x13+ x8

x22+ x21+ x19+ x16+ x13+ x10+ x8

x22+ x18+ x11+ x6

x21+ x19+ x18+ x16+ x13+ x11+ x10+ x8+ x6

x21+ x17+ x10+ x5

x19+ x18+ x17+ x16+ x13+ x11+ x8+ x6+ x5

x19+ x15+ x8+ x3

x18+ x17+ x16+ x15+ x13+ x11+ x6+ x5+ x3

x18+ x14+ x7+ x2

x17+ x16+ x15+ x14+ x13+ x11+ x7+ x6+ x5+ x3+ x2

x17+ x13+ x6+ x

x16+ x15+ x14+ x11+ x7+ x5+ x3+ x2+ x

x16+ x12+ x5+1

x15+ x14+ x12+ x11+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+1= R(x)
,
: x16 x16 2 x16 , .

Q( x) = x 23 + x 21 + x 20 + x19 + x17 + x15 + x10 + x 8 + x 6 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 .

R( x) = x15 + x14 + x12 + x11 + x 7 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 .
R(x) FCS.
.
FCS M (x)
V (x) .

10

 FCS

FCS = R(x)


V E ,

U = V E u ( x) = v( x) e( x) .
- E ,
, .
, V (
), ,
, ..
u ( x) = v( x) = x 39 + x 37 + x 36 + x 32 + x 29 + x 28 + x 27 + x 25 + x 23 + x 22 + x 20 + x17 +
+ x16 + x15 + x14 + x12 + x11 + x 7 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1.

, FCS,
g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 ,
( ) , ..
.
:

x39+ x37+ x36+ x32+ x29+ x28+ x27+ x25+ x23+ x22+ x20+ x17+ x16 x16+ x12+ x5+ 1
x15+ x14+ x12+ x11+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+ 1
x23+ x21+ x20+ x19+ x17+ x15

x10+ x8+ x6+ x5+ x3+ x2 + x+1

x39+ x35+ x28+ x23
x37+ x36+ x35+ x32+ x29+ x27+ x25+ x22+ x20+ x17+ x16+x15+ x14+ x12+ x11+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+ 1

x37+ x33+ x26+ x21

x36+ x35+ x33+ x32+ x29+ x27+ x26+ x25+ x22+ x21+ x20+ x17+x16+x15+x14+x12+x11+x7+x3+x2+x+1

x36+ x32+ x25+ x20

x35+ x33+ x29+ x27+ x26+ x22+ x21+ x17+ x16+x15+ x14+ x12+ x11+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+ 1

x35+ x31+ x24+ x19

x33+ x31+ x29+ x27+ x26+ x24+ x22+ x21+ x19+ x17+ x16+x15+ x14+ x12+ x11+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+ 1

x33+ x29+ x22+ x17

x31+ x27+ x26+ x24+ x21+ x19+ x16+x15+ x14+ x12+ x11+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+ 1

12


x31+ x27+ x20+ x15
x26+ x24+ x21+ x20+ x19+ x16+ x14+ x12+ x11+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+ 1

x26+ x22+ x15+ x10

x24+ x22+ x21+ x20+ x19+ x16+x15+ x14+ x12+ x11+ x10+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+ 1

x24+ x20+ x13+ x8

x22+ x21+ x19+ x16+ x15+ x14+ x13+ x12+ x11+x10+x8+ x7+ x3+ x2+ x+ 1

x22+ x18+ x11+ x6

x21+ x19+ x18+ x16+ x15+ x14+ x13+ x12+ x10+ x8+ x7+x6 + x3+ x2+ x+ 1

x21+ x17+ x10+ x5

x19+ x18+ x17+ x16+ x15+ x14+ x13+ x12+ x8+ x7+ x6+x5+ x3+ x2+ x + 1

x19+ x15+ x8+ x3

x18+ x17+ x16+ x14+ x13+ x12+ x7+ x6+ x5+ x2+ x + 1

x18+ x14+ x7+ x2

x17+ x16+ x13+ x12+ x6+ x5+ x1+ x+ 1

x17+ x13+ x6+ x

x16+ x12+ x5+ 1

x16+ x12+ x5+1

0
R( x) = 0

Q( x) = x 23 + x 21 + x 20 + x19 + x17 + x15 + x10 + x 8 + x 6 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1

Q (x) ,

.
CRC, HDLC,
, 99,9984%
, 16 .

13

3. FCS

FCS CRC
:
FCS ,
,
.
, FCS .
, F (x) , ,
CRC.
15

L( x) = x n = 1111111111111111.

(3.1)

n =0

, (3.1)
, L(x) x
0 15.

g (x) , R(x) ,
V (x)
(k + 16) F ( x) + L( x)
= Q( x) + R ( x) .
g ( x)
(3.2)
k - F (x) 16
16 .
R(x)
L(x) .

V ( x) = (k + 16) F ( x) + R( x) .

(3.3)

, FCS,
1.
,
FCS u ( x) = (k + 16) F ( x) + R( x) , x16 .
u ( x) x16 = (k + 16 + 16) F ( x) + R( x) x16

14

(3.4)

 , ,

15

L( x) = x n = 1111111111111111,
n =0

[(k + 16 + 16) F ( x) + R( x) x16 ] + L( x) = u ( x) .

(3.5)
u (x)
. ,
<0001 1101 0000 1111>. ,
.
, FCS F = 1000010000100011,
.
g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .
F , ,
(.. g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 )

1000010000
144424111111
44
3,
144424100011
44
3 + 1111111111
L

x 31 + x 26 + x 21 + x17 + x16 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 +
+ x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1

g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

Q( x) = x15 + x11 + x10 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2
R ( x) = x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 7 + x 5 + x .

21
16
11
10
7
5
v( x) = 1
x 314
+4
x 26
+4
x174+4x3
+1
x134
+4
x124+4x4
+2x4
+ x4
+ x4
+3x .
4+4x24
4
4
4
4
FCS= R(x)

F ( x)

, , u ( x) = v( x) ,
15

 .
v(x) x16
:
u ( x) = x 47 + x 42 + x 37 + x 33 + x 32 + x 29 + x 28 + x 27 + x 26 + x 23 + x 21 + x17 + x15 +
+ x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
u ( x) g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 ,

R ( x) = x15 + x14 + x13 + x 9 + x 7 + x 5 + x 4 1110001011110000
<0001 1101 0000 1111>. ,
.
FCS-32 16 .
CRC-32
g ( x) = x 32 + x 26 + x 23 + x 22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + x 4 + x 2 + x + 1 ,
(3.6)
FCS-32
<1100 0111 0000 0100 1101 1101 0111 1011>.

. .

16

4.
4.1. FCS HDLC
1.
F = 10011101100001101111001001010011 FCS,
: g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

F = 10011101100001101111001001010011
F ( x) = x 31 + x 28 + x 27 + x 26 + x 24 + x 23 + x18 + x17 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 +
+ x9 + x6 + x 4 + x + 1

, FCS =
16 .
:
( x 47 + x 44 + x 43 + x 42 + x 40 + x 39 + x 34 + x 33 + x 31 + x 30 + x 29 + x 28 + x 25 +
+ x 22 + x 20 + x17 + x16 ) /( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1).

R( x) = x14 + x13 + x11 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + 1 .
FCS.
2. FCS 1010011000100110.
,
F = l10001000100111010011011, g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1

F = 110001000100111010011011
: F ( x) = x 23 + x 22 + x18 + x14 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + x + 1 .
, FCS =
16 .

( x 39 + x 38 + x 34 + x 30 + x 27 + x 26 + x 25 + x 23 + x 20 + x19 + x17 + x16 ) /( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1)

17

R( x) = x15 + x14 + x13 + x10 + x 9 + x 5 + x 2 + 1 .

FCS, .
FCS = 1110011000100110 FCS =
1010011000100110. , x14 ,
, .
3.
F = 101001100010100110100001.
, FCS = x12 + x11 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 3 + 1 .

F =101001100010100110100001
: F ( x) = x 23 + x 21 + x18 + x17 + x13 + x11 + x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + 1 .
, FCS =
16 .

( x 39 + x 37 + x 34 + x 33 + x 29 + x 27 + x 24 + x 23 + x 21 + x16 ) /( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1) .

R ( x) = x12 + x10 + x 9 + x 7 + x 3 + 1.
FCS, .
FCS = x12 + x11 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + x 3 + 1 .
, x5 , ,
.
4.
g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 :

F ( x) = x 39 + x 35 + x 34 + x 31 + x 27 + x 26 + x 25 + x 23 + x 21 + x18 + x16 .
, ,
FCS = 1001001111100011.

( x 39 + x 35 + x 34 + x 31 + x 27 + x 26 + x 25 + x 23 + x 21 + x18 + x16 ) /( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1) .

18

 : R ( x) = x15 + x12 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + 1 .
FCS, .
FCS = 1001001111100011 FCS =
1001001111100011, , FCS FCS,
, .
5.

F ( x) = x 23 + x 22 + x 20 + x19 + x17 + x16 + x13 + x11 + x 8 + x 6 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1

FCS, g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

,
FCS = 16 .
:
( x 39 + x 38 + x 36 + x 35 + x 33 + x 32 + x 29 + x 27 + x 24 + x 22 + x 20 + x19 + x18 + x16 ) /

/( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1)
R ( x) = x15 + x13 + x 9 + x 6 + x + 1 .
FCS, .
6.
S = 1111000010111000101001101010100111011010.
, g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 ,
FCS=16, , FCS=1010100111011010,
F =111100001011100010100110.
:
F ( x) = x 23 + x 22 + x 21 + x 20 + x15 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x 7 + x 5 + x 2 + x ,

x16 , 16- ,

15
13
8
7
6
4
3
R ( x) = x + x + x + x + x + x + x + x , FCS .
: FCS = 1010000111011010
FCS = 1010100111011010. ,
x11 , , .
7.
F ( x) = x 23 + x 22 + x 21 + x16 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x 8 + x 6 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 .

19


0011010100001000.

FCS

x16 ,
16- , .
R ( x) = x13 + x12 + x10 + x 8 , FCS
. : FCS =
0011010100000000 FCS = 0011010100001000. ,
x 3 , ,
.
8.

S ( x) = x 39 + x 37 + x 33 + x 32 + x 29 + x 24 + x 23 + x 22 + x19 + x17 + x16 + x15 + x13 +

+ x12 + x11 + x 9 + x 8 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1.
, ,
( g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 ).

g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 ,
FCS = 16, ,

FCS = x15 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x 9 + x 8 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 ,

F ( x) = x 23 + x 21 + x17 + x16 + x13 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 3 + x + 1 .

, ,
x16 ,
16- , .
R( x) = x15 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x 8 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 FCS

15
13
12
11
9
8
5
4
3
2
FCS = x + x + x + x + x + x + x + x + x + x .

9
x , ,
.
9. FCS , :
F ( x) = x 23 + x 22 + x 20 + x18 + x17 + x15 + x12 + x10 + x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x

20

 , ,
. g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

x16 ,
16- , .
R( x) = x14 + x13 + x10 + x 3 + x 2 + x , FCS
. ,

S ( x) = x 39 + x 38 + x 36 + x 34 + x 33 + x 31 + x 28 + x 26 + x 24 + x 23 + x 21 + x19 + x18 +
+ x17 + x14 + x13 + x10 + x 3 + x 2 + x.

S=l101011010010101101011100110010000001110.

21

4.2. FCS
1.

FCS,

16
12
5
111011000100111101101101, g ( x) = x + x + x + 1 .

F = 111011000100111101101101

F ( x) = x 23 + x 22 + x 21 + x19 + x18 + x14 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 6 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + 1

.
F (x) ,
FCS = 16 .

( x 39 + x 38 + x 37 + x 35 + x 34 + x 30 + x 27 + x 26 + x 25 + x 24 + x 22 + x 21 + x19 +
+ x18 + x16 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 +
+ x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) /( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1).
R( x) = x15 + x11 + x 9 + x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + x .
FCS, .
2. ,
: S = 1110110010001111010011010101011110011111,
g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

S = 1110110010001111010011010101011110011111
x16 , 16.

S ( x) = x 39 + x 38 + x 37 + x 35 + x 34 + x 31 + x 27 + x 26 + x 25 + x 24 + x 22 + x19 +
+ x18 + x16 + x14 + x12 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1.
,
S ( x) = x 55 + x 54 + x 53 + x 51 + x 50 + x 47 + x 43 + x 42 + x 41 + x 40 + x 38 + x 35 +
+ x 34 + x 32 + x 30 + x 28 + x 26 + x 25 + x 24 + x 23 + x 20 + x19 + x18 + x17 + x16 +
+ x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1.

22

 S (x) .
:
R( x) = x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 3 + x 2 .
, :
R(x) =0000001111110011, R(x) <0001 1101 0000 1111>,
, .
3. , ,

F ( x) = x 23 + x 22 + x 20 + x19 + x17 + x14 + x13 + x10 + x 7 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 .

g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

F (x) ,
FCS = 16 .

( x 39 + x 38 + x 36 + x 35 + x 33 + x 30 + x 29 + x 26 + x 23 + x 21 + x 20 + x19 + x18 +
+ x16 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 +
+ x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) /( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1).
R( x) = x15 + x14 + x13 + x11 + x10 + x 5 + x 4 + x .
FCS, .
S (x) , ,

S (x) = 1101101001100100101111011110110000110010.
4. , ,

S = 1000110001110010101100111001011010011010, g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

S = 1000110001110010101100111001011010011010
x16 , 16.

23

S ( x) = x 39 + x 35 + x 34 + x 30 + x 29 + x 28 + x 25 + x 23 + x 21 + x 20 + x17 +
+ x16 + x15 + x12 + x10 + x 9 + x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + x.
,
S ( x) = x 55 + x 51 + x 50 + x 46 + x 45 + x 44 + x 41 + x 39 + x 37 + x 36 + x 33 + x 32 +

+ x 31 + x 28 + x 26 + x 25 + x 23 + x 20 + x19 + x17 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 +

+ x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1.
S ( x) .
R( x) = x15 + x14 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 3 .
, :
R(x) = 0011000111110111, R(x) <0001 1101 0000
1111>, , .
5.

S ( x) = x 39 + x 35 + x 34 + x 29 + x 25 + x 24 + x19 + x14 + x13 + x 9 + x 8 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1

( g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 ).

x16 , 16 .
,

S ( x) = x 55 + x 51 + x 50 + x 45 + x 41 + x 40 + x 35 + x 30 + x 29 + x 25 +
+ x 24 + x 22 + x 21 + x 20 + x19 + x16 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 +
+ x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1.
S (x) .
R( x) = x15 + x14 + x13 + x 9 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 .
, :
R( x) = 0001110100001111, R( x) <0001 1101 0000 1111>,
, .
6.
F ( x) = x 23 + x 22 + x 21 + x19 + x17 + x16 + x15 + x14 + x12 + x 8 + x 6 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
.
FCS. g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

24


F (x) ,
FCS = 16 .

( x 39 + x 38 + x 37 + x 35 + x 33 + x 32 + x 31 + x 30 + x 28 + x 24 + x 22 + x 21 + x19 +
+ x18 + x17 + x16 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 +
+ x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) /( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1).
R( x) = x12 + x10 + x 6 + x 5 .
FCS, .
7.

S = 1101000110111000100100011101001001011010.
, ( g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 ).

S = l101000110111000100100011101001001011010
x16 , 16.
S ( x) = x 39 + x 38 + x 36 + x 32 + x 31 + x 29 + x 28 + x 27 + x 23 + x 20 + x16 + x15 + x14 +
+ x12 + x 9 + x 6 + x 4 + x 3 + x.

,
S ( x) = x 55 + x 54 + x 52 + x 48 + x 47 + x 45 + x 44 + x 43 + x 39 + x 36 +
+ x 32 + x 31 + x 30 + x 28 + x 25 + x 22 + x 20 + x19 + x17 + x15 + x14 +
+ x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1.
S (x) .
R( x) = x15 + x14 + x12 + x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + 1.
, :
R( x) =0010111001010010, R( x) <0001 1101 0000 1111>,
, .
8. ,

25

S ( x) = x 39 + x 37 + x 32 + x 28 + x 27 + x 24 + x 20 + x16 + x15 + x14 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 7 + x 5 + x 3 .

, ( g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 ).

x16 ,
16.
,

S ( x) = x 55 + x 53 + x 48 + x 44 + x 43 + x 40 + x 36 + x 32 + x 31 + x 30 +
+ x 27 + x 26 + x 25 + x 23 + x 21 + x19 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 +
+ x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1.
S (x) .
R( x) = x15 + x14 + x13 + x 9 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 .
, :
R( x) =0001110100001111, R( x) <0001 1101 0000 1111>,
, .
9. FCS,
F = 101011000100110101101101, g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1 .

F = 101011000100110101101101

F ( x) = x 23 + x 21 + x19 + x18 + x14 + x11 + x10 + x 8 + x 6 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 .

F (x) ,
FCS = 16 .

( x 39 + x 37 + x 35 + x 34 + x 30 + x 27 + x 26 + x 24 + x 22 + x 21 + x19 +
+ x18 + x16 + x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 +
+ x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) /( x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1).
R( x) = x15 + x14 + x13 + x12 + x 8 + x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 .
FCS, .
26

4.3.

1. ,
) FCS FCS = 0;
) FCS FCS = 1;
) FCS < FCS.
2.
?
) ;
) ;
) .
3. ?
) ;
) ;
) .
4.
?
) ;
) ;
) .
5. g ( x) = x16 + x12 + x 5 + 1
) ;
) ;
) .
6. FCS?
) 17 ;
) 16 ;
) 2 .

27

FCS

..

620034, , . , 66,
-

1
210

6080 1/16

28

. . .1,9
.-. .1,6