Professional Documents
Culture Documents
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 1
Tuning for Voice Quality
Problem Avoidance
Analyze problem sources and
proper design tool/guidelines
to ensure voice quality
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3
T1 128 kbps
V V V
PBX WAN PBX
Router Router
Whew,
We Made It
Hmmmm,
Voice Packets, My Favorite!
Chomp, Chomp, Chomp!
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Agenda
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5
Data Voice
• Bursty • Smooth
• Greedy • Benign
• Drop sensitive • Drop insensitive
• Delay insensitive • Delay sensitive
• TCP retransmits • UDP best effort
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Voice over IP Protocols
VoIP Is Not Bound to H.323 (H.323 Is a Signaling Protocol)
Many Other Signaling Protocols—MGCP, SGCP, SIP, Etc.
Transport RTP/UDP
Network IP
Physical –––
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7
“Payload” Bandwidth
Requirements for Various Codecs
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 4
VoIP Packet Format
VoIP Packet
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Domains of QoS Consideration
Requirement - “End to End” Quality of Service (QoS)
Multilayer Multilayer
IP Campus Campus IP
Router Router
IP WAN IP
IP IP
Loss
Sources of Packet Loss—Congestion
Multilayer Multilayer
IP Campus Campus IP
Router Router
IP WAN IP
IP IP
Edge/Egress WAN
1.
1. Global
Global WAN
WAN Congestion
Congestion
1.
1. Congestion
Congestion on
on WAN
WAN Link
Link 2.
2. Central
Central to
to Remote
Remote Circuit
Circuit Speed
Speed Mismatch
Mismatch
2.
2. Proper
Proper QoS
QoS Mechanisms
Mechanisms Not
Not Deployed
Deployed 3.
3. Remote Site to Central
Remote Site to Central Site
Site over
over Subscription
Subscription
3.
3. Campus
Campus Congestion
Congestion Less
Less Concerning
Concerning 4.
4. Improper
Improper PVC
PVC Design/Provisioning
Design/Provisioning
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 12
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Delay—Fixed
Sources of Fixed Delay
Multilayer Multilayer
IP Campus Campus IP
Router Router
IP WAN IP
IP IP
Edge/Egress WAN
Codec
Codec Processing—Packetization
Processing—Packetization (TX)
(TX) Propagation
Propagation Delay—6us
Delay—6us per
per Km
Km
Serialization
Serialization Serialization
Serialization Delay
Delay
De-Jitter
De-Jitter Buffer
Buffer
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 13
CB Zone
Satellite Quality
High Quality Fax Relay, Broadcast
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Delay—Variable
Sources of Variable Delay
Multilayer Multilayer
IP Campus Campus IP
Router Router
IP WAN IP
IP IP
Edge/Egress WAN
Queuing
Queuing Delay
Delay (Congestion)
(Congestion) Global
Global WAN
WAN Congestion
Congestion
De-Jitter
De-Jitter Buffer
Buffer Central
Central to
to Remote
Remote Site
Site Speed
Speed Mismatch
Mismatch
No
No or
or Improper
Improper Traffic
Traffic Shaping
Shaping Config
Config (Fast
(Fast to
to Slow)
Slow)
Large
Large Packet
Packet Serialization
Serialization on
on Slow
Slow Links
Links PVC
PVC Over
Over Subscription
Subscription (Remote
(Remote to
to Central
Central Site)
Site)
Variable
Variable Size
Size Packets
Packets Bursting
Bursting Above
Above Committed
Committed Rates
Rates
Less
Less Common
Common in in Campus
Campus
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 15
56 kbps Line
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 16
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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QoS Needs
• Campus
Bandwidth minimizes QoS issues
• WAN edge
QoS “starts” in the WAN—a must
• WAN considerations
Often forgotten or misunderstood—
a must
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 17
Agenda
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 18
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 9
Case Study:
End-to-End Quality of Service
Headquarters
IP
Regional Point-to-Point IP
Si
Office 256 kbps Cisco
High-Speed
Catalyst Cisco 2600
IP WAN Backbone Cisco
6500 7500 > 2 Mbps 7200
Campus
High-Speed T1
Cisco
Backbone Frame
3600
Low Speed Relay
Central Site 128 kbps IP
ATM
WAN Provisioning
and Design Branch Office’s
Cisco
3600
Low Speed
IP
Remote Sites
Data 3 3 3 3
• Prioritization
Low Speed WAN, High Speed WAN, Campus
• Link Efficiency
Fragment and Interleave, Compression, VAD
• Traffic Shaping
Speed Mismatches + To Avoid Bursting
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 20
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Prioritization
Low Speed WAN Egress QoS
Two MB or Less
• IP precedence
• RSVP
• Class-cased weighted fair queuing -
CBWFQ
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 21
11 11
22 11 22 11 22 11
22 11 22 22 22 22 11 De-
De-
queue
queue
22 22 22 22 56 kbps
Line Speed
Classify Transmit
500 kbps Flow Scheduling
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 11
Displaying WFQ
Emphasizing the “Fair” in Weighted Fair Queuing
Note: The Lower the Weight of a Flow, the More Bandwidth it Gets
HUB3640#show queue se 0/0
Input queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0
Queuing strategy: weighted fair Weight =
Output queue: 31/64/0 (size/threshold/drops) 4096/(1+ IP Prec)
Conversations 2/4 (active/max active)
Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
(depth/weight
weight/discards/interleaves) 24/4096
4096/0/0
Conversation 184, linktype: ip, length: 1504
source: 10.1.5.2, destination: 10.1.6.1, id: 0x04CF, ttl: 31, High
TOS: 0 prot: 6, source port 1503, destination port 21 Bandwidth
Flow
(depth/weight
weight/discards/interleaves) 2/4096
4096/0/0
Conversation 227, linktype: ip, length: 68
source: 10.1.1.2, destination: 10.1.1.1, id: 0xFCCF, ttl: 31,
TOS: 0 prot: 17, source port 49608, destination port 49608 VoIP
Flow
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 23
Layer 3
IPV4
Version ToS
Len ID offset TTL Proto FCS IP-SA IP-DA Data
Length 1 Byte
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 12
IP Precedence
“Controlling WFQ’s De-queuing Behavior”
IP Packet
4096
Data Weight =
(1 + IP Precedence)
IP Precedence Weight
0 4096
1 2048
2 1365
ToS Field 3 1024
4 819
3 Bit 5 682
Precedence 6 585
Field 7 512
• IP Precedence
Not a QoS Mechanism turned on in the router
“In Band” QoS Signaling—Set in the End Point
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 25
Displaying Effects of
IP Precedence
This Is Using the “Weight” in Weighted Fair Queuing
HUB3640#show queue se 0/0
Input queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0
Queuing strategy: weighted fair
Output queue: 9/64/0 (size/threshold/drops)
Conversations 2/7 (active/max active)
Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
(depth/weight
weight/discards/interleaves) 1/585
585/0/0
Conversation 90, linktype: ip, length: 68 VoIP
source: 10.1.5.2, destination: 10.1.6.1, id: 0x0064, ttl: 255, Flow
TOS: 192 prot: 17, source port 16384, destination port 16384
(depth/weight/discards/interleaves) 8/4096/0/0
Conversation 219, linktype: ip, length: 1504 FTP
source: 10.1.1.2, destination: 10.1.1.1, id: 0x1C7E, ttl: 31, Flow
TOS: 0 prot: 6, source port 49604, destination port 21
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 26
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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IP Precedence with WFQ
Calculating Given Flow Bandwidth Based on
IP Precedence Under Congestion
IP Precedence
Flow Bandwidth Calculation Example
Example A Example B
56 kbps Link 56 kbps Link
2—VoIP Flows A+B at 24 kbps (IP Prec 0) 2—VoIP Flows A+B at 24 kbps (IP Prec 5)
2—FTP Flows at 56 kbps (IP Prec 0) 2—FTP Flows at 56 kbps (IP Prec 0)
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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IP Precedence
No Admission Control
Moral of the Story: Know Your Environment,
Voice Traffic Patterns etc. Recommendations for
Certain Bandwidth’s to Follow
Example C
56 kbps Link
2—VoIP Flow’s at 24 kbps (IP Prec 5)
4—FTP Flows at 56 kbps (IP Prec 0)
6
21 kbps = (16) X 56 kbps
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing
CBWFQ
class-map data Class-Based WFQ
match input-interface Ethernet0/0
class-map class-default Class-Map Voice = 80 kbbs
match any
class-map voice
match access-group 101
11 11 De-
De- 128
! 11 22 22 11 22 11 queue
queue kbps
! 22 22
policy-map WAN Classify
class voice
bandwidth 80 Class-Map Data = 48 kbbs
31
class data
bandwidth 48
!
Any Packet with IP
interface Serial0/1
ip address 10.1.6.2 255.255.255.0 Precedence = 5 Gets
bandwidth 128 Assigned to a Class That
no ip directed-broadcast will Get a Minimum of 80 kbps
service-policy output WAN
! on a 128 kbps Circuit
access-list 101 permit ip any any precedence critical
31
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 31
RSVP:
Resource Reservation Protocol
• IETF signaling protocol Admit
Admit
One
One
Reservation of bandwidth and delay
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 16
Configuring RSVP
Interface Command
ip rsvp bandwidth [interface-kbps] [single-flow-kbps]
interface Serial0/0
ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.0.0 Greatest BW Reservation
ip rsvp bandwidth 96 96 RSVP Flow
=
on the link
Weight Conversation BW
bandwidth 128
fair-queue 64 256 1000
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 33
(depth/weight/discards/interleaves) 21/4096/0/0
Conversation 195, linktype: ip, length: 1504 FTP
source: 10.1.5.1, destination: 10.1.6.1, id: 0xD5E8, ttl: 31, Flow
TOS: 0 prot: 6, source port 1503, destination port 21
(depth/weight
weight/discards/interleaves) 2/4 4/0/0 Reserved
Conversation 264, linktype: ip, length: 68 VoIP
source: 10.1.1.2, destination: 10.1.1.1, id: 0xAFE9, ttl: 31, Flow
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 34
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Prioritization
High-Speed WAN Egress QoS
Greater than 2 MB
High-Speed Prioritization
Distributed Weighted Fair Queuing (DWFQ)
VIP2-40 or Better (Versatile Interface Processor)
Flow-Based DWFQ QoS-Group-Based DWFQ ToS-Based DWFQ
11 11 11
22 22
11 11 11
33 33 11 11 11
De-
De- De-
De- 22 22 De-
De-
44 44 44 queue
queue queue
queue queue
queue
22 22 33 33
Classify Classify Classify
55 55 55 55
44 44 44
66 66
• Cannot be configured on
sub-interfaces—yet
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 36
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 18
ToS-Based DWFQ Configuration
Example
interface Serial1/1/0
ip address 10.1.5.1 255.255.255.0
no ip directed-broadcast
ip route-cache distributed Queue
fair-queue tos Bandwidth in
fair-queue tos 1 weight 2 0 Percent
fair-queue tos 1 limit 197
fair-queue tos 2 weight 3 0
fair-queue tos 2 limit 197
fair-queue tos 3 weight 4 0
fair-queue tos 3 limit 197
Data Flow Class 0: weight 10 limit 197 qsize 61 packets output 600387 drops 0
Voice Flow Class 1: weight 20 limit 197 qsize 1 packets output 529548 drops 0
Class 2: weight 30 limit 197 qsize 0 packets output 1610 drops 0
Class 3: weight 40 limit 197 qsize 0 packets output 0 drops 0
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 37
Weighted RED
• WRED:
In the event packets
need to be dropped,
what class of packets
should be dropped
Packets Classified
as Blue Start Dropping Packets Classified
at a 50% Queue Depth. as Gold Are Dropped
Drop Rate Is Increased at 90% Queue Depth
as Queue Depth Is Increased
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 19
WRED Congestion Avoidance
Maximize Data Goodput
Adjustable Drop Probabilities
(from “show interface”)
Queuing strategy: random early detection (RED) Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled Managed
mean queue depth: 56 Congestion
Congestion
Congestion Congestion
Managed
Managed
drops: class random tail min-th max-th mark-prob Congestion
Congestion
0 4356 0 20 40 1/10
Data 1 0 0 22 40 1/10
Flow 2 0 0 24 40 1/10
Prec = 0
3 0 0 26 40 1/10
4 0 0 28 40 1/10
5 0 0 30 40 1/10
Voice 6 0 0 33 40 1/10
Flow 7 0 0 35 40 1/10
Prec = 5 rsvp 0 0 37 40 1/10
• Accommodate burstiness
• “Less” drop probability for higher priority flows (VoIP)
• Does not protect against flows that do not react to drop
For example, extremely heavy UDP flow can overflow WRED queue
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 39
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 40
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 20
Precedence to VC Mapping
Si
Si
VC Bundle
VC1
VC2
VC3 ATM
VC4 Network
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 21
Prioritization
Campus QoS Needs
• Catalyst 6XXX
Two queues + two drop Server Farm
thresholds per port
Classification + policing
• Catalyst 8500
Four queues Campus
Backbone
• Catalyst 5XXX
1 queue WRED four
drop thresholds
Reclassification Wiring
Closet
Campus QoS Need Based on IP IP
Customer Environment
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 43
Link Efficiency
Low-Speed WAN QoS Tools
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 44
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Fragmentation and Interleave
Only Needed on Slow Links
Before
After
Mechanisms
Point-to-Point Links—MLPPP with Fragmentation and Interleave
Frame Relay—FRF.12 (Voice and Data Can Use Single PVC)
ATM—(Voice and Data Need Separate VC’s on Slow Links)
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 45
Note: Issues with multiple links in a bundle and CRTP at the same time
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 46
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 23
Low Speed Frame Relay
FRF.12 Configuration
Hub3640# Remote3640#
70
70 Byte
Byte If Fragment Gets De-Queued
Frag
Frag Right Before Voice Packet
A B C
56kbps
70 Byte Packet Takes
10 ms to De-Queue at 56 kbps
70
70 Byte
Byte
A B Frag
Frag C
56kbps
20 ms 20 ms + Frag
30 ms total
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 24
Fragment Size Matrix
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 25
RTP Header Compression
• Overhead
20 ms @ 8 kbps yields Version IHL Type of Service Total Length
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 51
Traffic Shaping
Why?
Result:
Buffering = Delay or Dropped Packets
128 kbps
256 kbps
T1
Remote Sites 512 kbps
Frame Relay, ATM
768 kbps
T1 Central
Site
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 26
Understanding Shaping Parameters
Frame Relay
Traffic Shaping
“Average” Traffic Rate Out of an Interface
Challenge—Traffic Still Clocked Out at Line Rate
CIR (Committed Information Rate)
Average Rate over Time, Typically in Bits per Second
Bc (Committed Burst)
Amount Allowed to Transmit in an Interval, in Bits
Be (Excess Burst)
Amount Allowed to Transmit Above Bc per Second
Interval
Equal Integer of Tme Within 1 sec, Typically in ms. Number of Intervals per Second
Depends on Interval Length Bc and the Interval Are Derivatives of Each Other
Line Rate
128 kbps
Net Result:
8000 X 8 =
64 bkps
62.5 ms
0 ms 125 ms 250 ms 375 ms 500 ms 625 ms 75 0ms 875 ms 1000 ms
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 27
Bc setting Considerations for VoIP
Set Bc Lower if Line Rate to CIR Ratio Is High
Example: T1 Line Rate Shaping to 64 kbps
Bc = 8000 Bc = 1000
8000 Bc 1000 Bc
125ms Interval = 15ms Interval =
64kbps CIR 64kbps CIR
T1 can transmit 193,000 bits in 125 ms T1 can transmit 23,000 bits in 15 ms
0 193000 0 23000
bits bits Bits per increment bits bits
of time at 128kbps
125 ms
15 ms
Interval
Interval
120
120 ms
ms 10
10 ms
ms
Traffic Flow Traffic Flow
5 ms .6 ms
Time 0 ms 125 ms Time 0 ms 15 ms
At T1 Rate 8000 Bits (Bc) 120 ms of Potential Delay At T1 Rate 1000 Bits (Bc) 10 ms of Potential Delay
Are Exhausted in 5 ms. Halting for Voice Until New Interval Still Are Exhausted in 5 ms. for Voice Until New Interval
Traffic Flow for that PVC Begins and Bc Credits Halting Traffic Flow for that PVC Begins and Bc Credits
for the Rest of that Interval. Are Restored for the Rest of that Interval. Are Restored
Even for Voice! Even for Voice!
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 55
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Verifying Traffic Shaping Operation
HUB3640#sho frame pvc 100
DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = STATIC, INTERFACE = Serial0/0.1
• WFQ—11.0 • FRF.12—12.0(4)T
• IP Precedence—11.0 • WRED—12.0
• RSVP—11.2 • DWFQ—12.0(3)T
• MLPPP + Frag—11.3 • IP to ATM QoS—12.0(3)T
• Traffic Shaping—11.2
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1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 58
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 29
Agenda
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 59
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 60
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Anatomy of a Carrier
Customer Premises
Equipment Access
Lines
Inter-Node
Trunks
“The Cloud/Carrier”
Frame Relay, ATM
WAN Switch Fabric
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 31
Where WAN Congestion
and Delay Can Occur
WAN Switch WAN Switch
Router Access IGX/8400 IGX/8400 Access
Router
T1 Inter-Nodal Trunk 56kbps
Ingress
Queue
T1
Bursting—What Is Your
Guarantee? Options
WAN Switch WAN Switch
Router Access IGX/8400 IGX/8400 Access
Router
T1 Inter-Nodal Trunk 56kbps
Shape
Shape to
to CIR
CIR—— Mark
Mark Data
Data DE
DE Two
Two PVC’s
PVC’s——Data
Data ++ Voice
Voice Active
Active Traffic
Traffic Management
Management
No
No Bursting
Bursting (Discard
(Discard Eligible)
Eligible) Voice
Voice——Keep
Keep Below
Below CIR
CIR ABR,
ABR, FECN/BECN,
FECN/BECN,
The
The Safest
Safest Only
Only Drop
Drop Data
Data Data
Data——Allow
Allow for
for Bursting
Bursting ForeSight
ForeSight
Upon
Upon Congestion
Congestion
Not
Not Popular
Popular Need
Need DLCI
DLCI Prioritization
Prioritization Only
Only Invoked
Invoked when
when
Data
Data Gets
Gets Dropped
Dropped 1st
1st at
at WAN
WAN Egress
Egress congestion/Delays
congestion/Delays has
has
Compared
Compared toto Other
Other Already Occurred
Already Occurred
Subscribers
Subscribers
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Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Congestion Detection and Feedback
Effectiveness Depends on Round Trip Delay
ABR—Available
ABR—Available Bit
Bit Rate
Rate FECN/BECN
FECN/BECN Notification
Notification Foresight/CLLM
Foresight/CLLM
Can
Can Send
Send aa Rate
Rate Down
Down Requires
Requires Far
Far End
End to
to Can
Can Send
Send aa Rate
Rate Down
Down
from
from Point
Point of
of Reflect
Reflect aa FECN
FECN and
and Send
Send from
from Point
Point of
of Congestion
Congestion
Congestion
Congestion and
and BECN
BECN Back
Back to
to Source
Source Speeds
Speeds up
up Rate
Rate Down
Down Time
Time
Indicating
Indicating aa Rate
Rate Down
Down
over
over FECN/BECN
FECN/BECN
ATM
Frame Relay
Caution: If FRF.12 needed at remote then its fragment re-assembly must occur before SAR in carrier
Two PVC’s required for Interleaving ATM must not interleave cells from different packets
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 66
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Agenda
409
1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 67
Sender Receiver
56
Router T1 kbps Router
PBX PBX
WAN
0db
-12db
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1040_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 68
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 34
Echo—How Does it Happen?
Echo Is Due to a Reflection
Central Office/
PBX
Receive
Direction
2 Wire Local Loop
2w-4w
4 Wire Circuit
Rx and Tx Hybrid
Superimposed
Transmit
Direction
Echo
Echo
Echo
Echo
PSTN
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1040_05F9_c2.scr 35
Types of Echo
Tail Circuit
“Loud Echo”
WAN/PSTN Router 0DB
PBX Echo
Echo
Echo
Echo
-7DB
“Long Echo”
0DB at
Time 0
WAN/PSTN Router PSTN
Echo
Echo Echo
Echo
-30DB
100 ms Later
50 db
40 db
30 db
Irritation Zone
ITU-T G.131
20 db
Low Delay Masking:
10 db Side Tone + Low WAN/Terrestrial Link Delay
0 db
0 ms 50 ms 100 ms 150 ms 200 ms 250 ms 300 ms
409
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Echo Troubleshooting Example
“Loud Echo”
Inject 1000 Hz
Test Tone Philadelphia TX Audio
at 0DB Philadelphia Belgium
Cisco
AS5300 Cisco 3640
PBX PBX
IP Network
4W E+M
Philadelphia#sho call active voice Belgium#sho call active voice
Solution:
Router Performs 4w to 2W Conversion
Inject 1000 Hz
Test Tone Philadelphia TX Audio
at 0DB Philadelphia Belgium
Cisco
AS5300 Cisco 3640
PBX PBX
IP Network
FXS
CoderTypeRate=g729r8 CoderTypeRate=g729r8
NoiseLevel=0 NoiseLevel=0
ACOMLevel=0 ACOMLevel=0
OutSignalLevel=-79 OutSignalLevel=-7
InSignalLevel=-3 InSignalLevel=-27 Note Output
Level and
InfoActivity=2
Sufficient ERL
ERLLevel=20
(-7) - (-27) = 20DB ERL
ERL >15DB—Good
Result—No Noticeable Echo
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Agenda
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Summary:
QoS Best Practice Example
Headquarters
Regional Point-to-Point IP
IP Si
Office 256 kbps Cisco
High-Speed
Catalyst Cisco 2600
IP WAN Backbone Cisco
6500 7500 > 2 Mbps 7200
Campus
High-Speed T1
Cisco
Backbone Frame
3600
Low-Speed Relay
Central Site 128 kbps IP
ATM
WAN Provisioning
and Design Branch Office’s
Cisco
3600
Low-Speed
IP
Remote Sites
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Low-Speed WAN
Frame Relay Example
Remote Branch Considerations
Regional Office • Prioritization
IP Prec/RSVP
Cisco 7200
• Link efficiency
FRF.12
• Prioritization
IP-ATM CoS
• Traffic shaping
Cico 3600 Shape to VC parameters
IP
Branch Office
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Low Speed WAN
Pt to Pt Example
Point-to-Point Considerations
Regional Office
Cisco 7200
• Prioritization
IP Prec/RSVP
• Link efficiency
MLPPP with fragmentation
256 kbps
and interleave
VAD (if desired)
CRTP (if desired)
Cico 3600
IP • Traffic shaping
Branch Office N/A
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WAN Provisioning/
Design Considerations
128 kbps
256 kbps
T1
Remote Sites 512 kbps
Frame Relay, ATM
768 kbps
T1 Central
Site
Bursting Considerations
“Guidelines”
• Single PVC—limit bursting to committed rate (CIR)
The safest—you are guaranteed what you pay for
• Single PVC—mark data discard eligible
Your data gets dropped first upon network congestion
• Single PVC—utilize BECN’s, foresight or ABR
Only invoked when congestion has already occurred
Round trip delays—Congestion indication must get back to source
• Dual PVCs—one for voice and one for data
One for data (may burst), one for voice (keep below CIR)
Must Perform PVC prioritization in frame cloud (Cisco WAN gear does)
Fragmentation rules still apply for data PVC
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In Conclusion
• Prioritization
• Link efficiency mechanisms
• Traffic shape
• Know your WAN!
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