You are on page 1of 89

1l 1,1 frfr11 1,i f,i1i"Dt5i5lf f f id 1i 1,i 1,i 3?

fd"ittl 3"D "ii

TABTE OF CONTENT

I compulsory reading materials

al lntroduction- Evolution of Sports P.1


b) Sports: Genetics and Ethics P.11
c) 2 case studies of taking drugs P.T7
d) Sports: The Singapore Context P.20
e) Past GCE question P.2a

ll Supplementary reading materials

a) Sports and politics P.35


b) Rules on sportsmanship P.40
P -42
c) State Funding - for or against
d) Speeches by
i
Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister of community Development,
Youth and Sports P.47
ii Mr Teo ser Luck, Parliamentary secretary,
Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports P.48
e) Youth olympics P.50
f) Singapore lcons P.52

3 lll Further Reading (A-listers only)

a) stem Cell Research to enhance performance P.55


(Opposing Viewpoints)
bl Sports lcon - (David Beckham, the end of an era) P.63
c) Boycott Beijing Olympics P.56
? (Two perspectives)
1i

fd'D?u1r fi m fi 1i' f 3 tl a,I ? 3 ti lt 1^i lf 1,I 'Ll 'r,f 't'r rd Lr rir


'il 6 6 'fr 'fr 'fr 'fi 'fr 'ft 'fr 'ft 'ft 'fr 'fr 'fr 'fr 6 'ft 'ft 'f i""il "fi 'fr 6 6 'tr 'fr 'fr 'fr ",i' 'tu "fr 6 6 'fr 'fi .

.frtu
fi
fii

6
6
o t-
s "ti
3
s 'il
?
o
tu
fi
6 di .

6
o I COMPULSORY READING AND PRACTICE
1l
'ti
# "L]J

0 ,i^i

3
?
0
fi 'ri
f
3
# di
a
3
# 1r
I
+ .i- -

3
a
a qtJ

G lir
? ti-
s
o
0
? 1^i

o "fr.fr s fi.il,fr"ft 6 6,fr.fi"fr.fr 6.fr.ft,il,fi,fr,fr,fr,il"fr 6'fr'fr'fr"fr fi'ff'tu"fr"fr"ft


SPORTS: lntroduction

SPORITIS
I What is sports?
A'tport" is a game, an amusement and a pastime. However, "sports" are physical contests pursued for the
goals and challenges they entail. Theyare part of every culture pastand present, but gAqb-lqllqC has its
own definition of sports- Sports can be defined as autotelic (played for their own sake) phvsical contests
Spoft is important. lt can have a huge impact on people's lives, bringing them togeth€r and helping them to
be happy, healthy and fulfilled. lt can build communities Sport at the local level can help to establish r
community/svalues, create harmonY and even improve an area/s€conomy. On the basis of this definiticn,
one can categorise varioustypes ofsports.

PL'qY
I
spontanes s play arganized Flay (CAMESI
|
_,'_
n'lncomrJeiiti'r'e oames co!'nF stiti,,,e garlres (CONTE$TS,i
I
-l
I

int'3ll€ctual cont@sts physical coutosts 4SPORTS]

II The Evolution of Sports


Sports today has changed drastically from when it was first introduced to the world'
When you think about it, some questions should come to mind like:
. lvhat was it like being a sportsman in the past compared to the present?
. What is the odgin of the different sports we have today?
. When did it all begin?
. Why is Chess consideled a sport?

What have you discovered about the odgins of a sport?


How are rules determined?

III The Irnportance of SPort and the power of SUBLIMATION'


l. Wat./aggression
SpiriluaVmental/teligious
3. Stalus - coInrnetciaYsocial
SPORTS: lntroduction

l. wa!/Aggression
Most sports as you would have seen stem from very violent beginnings and while thete
may be many reasons for this, we picked out the few we thought you should know'

' Sports as a means to channel rage/aggEession into something other than wat.
> Cames like soccer and mgby were born out of war; heads of enemies
killed in batue was used as the baII.
> Is this a possible alternative to war or a new kind of battlefield altogether?
> Is this lvhen violence is acceptable and maybe even expected?
> Here are some websites and articles you may want to look at:
o History of soccer: http://expertfootball.com,/historv/
o "Violence in Spo s" by Ismat Abdal-Haqq for ERIC digest I -89:

o "Violence and Sports - Ugly but Useful?" by Joseph Maguire for


Bdtannica Blog 6 December 2006:
http //blogs.bril!4ryq 4-cott\/blog/ rnal / 2096 / lz&islcasqalnd'
sPorts-ugly-but-usetul/
Sports as a glodfication of aggression in the fotm of strength, mastery of
skill and

perseverance.
> The Olympics was an event build on strength and excellence Athletes
from all over Greece would train and Push their bodies to the limits in
events like cha.Iiot races, foot taces and lqresUing Sometimes these
athletes would even compete to the death'
> Consider events like w:restling and boxing Do we still fight to the death?
Are these sports still considered violent? Is this violence accePtable?
> Have you observed peopte at $'restling matches or boxing matches?
How

do they behave? \ 41y do you think they behave in such a manner?


> Here are some websites and articles you may want to look at:
o b$p-lllrrlr{.LoqtaE qqlqlqlympiqs/

?
SPORTS: lntroduction

o "The Ancient Olympics" by Paul Sussman on Monday, 12 JuIy 2004 at


CNN.com, world spolt:
http://www.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/06/03/olympics.origins/
o "Exposed: Great Olympic Myths" by Simon Reeve, Friday 29
September 2000 at TIMES Online:
http://coJinth.sas.upenn.edu/dgrlotLerclips/myths.html
2. Spiritual/Mental,/Religious
Another side of sports is that of the spititual or teligious nature. Sports are not always
about violence or based on it. Some sports take on a holislic aPProach'
. Some sports have theit roots in religion. They started off as a way to strengthen
not only the body, but the mind and the soul as well.
> Sports such as Yoga and Kung Fu are a blend of discipline of the mind as
well as the body. Movements are often associated with the natural world
and based on spiritual studies.
> OI course the ancient Olympics was also very spiritual/religious in nature
beinq a tdbute to the gods and held on sacl:ed glounds Vuinners were
crowned with laurels from the sacred laurel tree said to belong to Zeus'
> Conversely, the Mayans who also held sporting events as a tibute to their
gods relvarded their winners with death- V/inners were sacificed in honor
of the gods and many would fight for this very honor' This can also be
linked of course to the violent nature of sports which is at the same time
coupled with the religious and spidtual nature'
> Can you think of any other sports that have their roots in spiritual beliefs?
> How have sports such as yoga and shaolin kung Iu changed? \^hat do you
think brought about such changies?
> Do changes in religious sports also aflect our kaditions and culture?
> Here are some websites and ajticles you may qrant to look at:
o Wikipedia on Yoga: http:,//en.wlkipedia orglv'iki/Yoga
o Oriqins of shaolin: htpllzed4q@lshaqh-alhiElqry hlml
o Tribal Gifts to OlymPics:
http://!var'!v.nativqvoices. orglarticles/tdbal girts htm

3
SPORTS: lntroductiol

o "The Sacred Origin and Nature of Sports and Culture" by Ghazi bin
Muhammad. Fons Vitae (1998)
. Besides having roots in religious/spiritual beliefs some sports also focused on
philosophy and were a way to hone skills of the body as well as the mind.
> Taekwondo is one such sport along with Gatka which aligns Philosophy
with the practice of martial arts.
> Does this mean that the violence displayed in such sports can then be
considered acceptable since it is not "mindless"?
> What about the religious sports that changed to be used in self defense? Is
violence in those sports acceptable as 0qell? If so, why?
> Consider the game of chess which is an interesting sport in lhe west as well
as the east. Chess is considered a mental spod which requires not just

cladty of thought but strategy and cunning as well. It is in effect a


war/battle fought on paper or in some cases a board-
! ls Chess is a way of rationalizing war?
> Can spotts like chess and those oJ a spiritual natule actually make us better
people?
! Here some websites and articles you may lvant to look at:
o Wikipedia on Gatka: http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/Gatka
o Smug Home with some bdef description of the oigins of some
martial arts: http:/,/r -,rnv.smugvegetarian.com/alphabetical htm#3q
o The origin of Chess:
http://chess. about.com/od/historv/p/aa06a I 4 htm
3. Status - commercial/social
Accordinq to Maslow's hieiarchy of needs, people only seek out higher needs when
base needs are met. So it is with sports, once the basic needs of sports is met, peoPle
move on to seek sports on higher planes.
. Ce ain sports may start off as a ritual, a part of something and then grow to
encompass many other ideas too-

4
5PORTs: lntroduction

Sports like Sumo have their roots in mythology and were first held as a
ritual to honor the harvest gods bul later evolved into a popular pastime in
the Impedal Court and still later, into a form oftraining for soldiets
The versatility of certain sports allow them to be used not only to
strengthen the body and mind, but to reaffirm key ideas like National
ldentity and cultural inhedtance.
Read: "In Search of Personal and National ldentity" by Henning Eichberg
for PIay The Game:

o%
20of o/o 20PersonaIo/o2020ando/o2ONationaIo%20ldentity. aspx
> ln some countries, Spofis are a way of life. If Sumo is the ultimate Japanese
sport, then Baseball would be the American sport.
> \tr/hy are certain sports associated with certain counties?
> Can national identity really be built upon sports? If so, hovl,?
> How can countries benefit from having a certain ability at a sport
commercially/economically?
Read: "Moving Forward While Presewing National Identity" at
htto://www.iaDan.orq.aulpdf/Senior 2004 pdf

Spo is also about international relatiottships and commerce


> "The modern Olympic Games have become a stage for a global audience,
not just as a venue for athletic competition, but as an internationat arena
where many of the most important political and social themes of the 20th

century have played prominent roles-"1


> Research: 1936 Berlin Olympics, 1972 Munich Olympics, 1980 boycotts,
l984 communism.
> Besides the Olympics are there other events you can think of that would
involve countries and international relationships?

I
Professor Dv an M. Bloy, "Pol lics, Propaganda, and violence a! the Ancicnl and Modern o vmpics" cettYsburg
Co ege, Department oI Classics.
http://www.sq{y:b!rE edql!!lE!] csllirstvear seminars/coLLrse itt iPlDoLlt cs Drop-ea4&.&l

5
SPORTS: lntroduction

> \,uhy is it important for countdes to meet annually or otherwise to pit


strength and skills agarnst each other?
> How do these games help to improve relationships betlveen countries?
! Here are some websites and articles you may want to look at:
o "The Ancient Olympics" at http:/./ww! t.perseus tufts edu/Olvmpicg:
o "In Search of Personal and National Identity" by Henning Eichberg
for Play The Came:
http //w{'w.plavthe game. orglKnowled(1e
: 7o ?Qbe4kl4!!9lcvl4%209
earcho% 20of o%
20Personal"%2020and"Z20National% 20Identity.a5+x
o "Sport and International Relations: An Emerging Relationship" by
Roger Levermore and Adrian Budd.

' Sport is about status. It has become a "Civil Religion".


> Sports like soccer evolved from the ground up therefol:e people of a
certain income group (generally lower) tend to enjoy this sport as opposed
to spolts like golf or Polo.
> Consider thelefore corunon sporls vs genteel sports. Prince Hary is
knol4m to be an excellent polo player whereas soccer is more of a sport for
commoners like David Beckham. Howevel, Beckham can also stand to
benefit from his status as a soccer player namely that ofthe new "Rock Star
Athletes". Flint: What's the difference btw Sportsrnen and
Celebiities?I
> Spo'k hy the fiasses fot !fte rnasses are [ast gaining econo'nic slatus
with sPorts such as Football heing called the gteal equalizers and civil
religions that unite people despile diffetent socio'econornic
backgtounds'
IRONICALI'Y....
> Sports and Consumerism.' How have sports equipment and sports
apparel become status symbols? E.g. Ifhat is the brand Nike associated
with? \tr/hen you think of tennis, who do you think of? Is that Person also
linked with certain products as well?
> Has sport become Too commetcialized?

b
SPORTS: lntroduction

> Here are some websites and atticles you may want to look at:
o "A Look at the Commercialization of Sport: Profound Impacts on
American ldentity and Culture" by Mike Chiacos:
http://www.IcIark.edu/-rialcommercialization.html
o "Commercialization of sport" by Brian Sather, Eastern Oregon
University.
http://wvvw.eou.edu/-bsather/pesz70 historv philosophv sport/co
qrt4crslaLz4uer slrp 3!
o Spo s and related issues: a PowerPoint presentation.

b{pr.i1@aw4!a4!Lqllal 3o4 Pdf

IV Useful Concepts
The IOC (Inlernational Olympic Committee)
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the international non-governmental
organization which conducts, promotes and regulates the modern Olympic Games The
IOC has its headquarters in Lausanne, east of Geneva- Its Plesident is Jacques Rogge, an
orthopedic surgeon and former Olympic athlete from Belgium. The IOC, founded in
Paris in t894, is the supreme authoity of the Olympic Movement;
The IOC promotes sport in the Olympic tradition by supporting regional games'
strengthening ties among athletes of all countries, and seeking to guide modern
athletics. The IOC'S medical commission collabotates with other bodies dealing with
research in sports medicine such as in the fight against doping.
The IOC ensures the regular celebration (every fout years) of the Olympic Games, and
selects the site where they will be held Since 1994 the Games of the Olympiad (summer
Olympics) and the Olympic Winter Games are no longer held in the same year but tlvo
years apart. The dates and locations of past games are: Athens, Greece, August 13-29,
z0o+; Tnritr, Italy, February ll-26,2006; and future games in Beijing, china' 2008;
Vancouver, Canada, 2010 and London, 2012

World Anli-Doping Agency (WADA)

In 1999, the IOC hosted a World Conference on Doping in Sport in Lausanne,


Switzerland where an agreement was reached to set up an independent international
antidoping agency to oversee the global fight against drugs. A product of the
conJerence was the "i,ausanne Declalation" which states that in future the Olympic oath
will be taken not only by athletes but also extended to coaches and other officials The
declaration stipulates a minimum two-year suspension from competition for any athlete
found guilty of a first doping offense. More severe sanctions will apply to coaches and
officials Jound guilty ofviolations of the anti-doping code.

'1
SPORTS: lntroduction

In November 1999, the IOC announced the establishment of the Wolld AntiDoping
Agency, which has its headquarters in Montreal. WADA aims to provide a solution to
drugs in sports by standardizing lules and providing an independent mechanism for.
testing. In March 2003, governments and sports federations adopted a World Anti-
Doping code at the second IMorld Conference on Doping in Sport in CoPenhagen.

cotporale Governance in Sport


Corporate governance can be descdbed as the system by which an organisation is
directed and controlled, including the distribution of rights and lesponsibilities among
those involved in the organisation. Effective corporate grovernance is the successful
managtement of relationships among members of an organisation through fair,
transparent and accountable systems and structures. Sport organizations have an
obligation to govern responsibly and effectively.

Sports Rehabilitation
Athletes, referees, umpires, coaches and other participants are often considered arrd
supported while they are participating but ignored, forgotten or dismissed as soon as
they are unable to put in a performance.
For instance, what can look like a simple case of tendonitis to an administrator or
reporter may mean the end of a career, potential income, status and life passion for the
athlete.
It is good practice for sport olganisations to have a set plocedure for assisting
participants through the plocess of lehabilitation- These procedures are supported on a
cr""-by-..". basis by organisation members, medical or other relevant Professionals,
and/or participant supportets such as parents, partne6 and children'

Fair Play
Fair playrefers to the conduct of individuals involved with any Part of sPorting practice'
such_as players on the field, sPectators on the sideline, coaches in the stadium, umptes
duing a match ol managers in the dressing !oom. It encompasses all aspects of the
gameir event and all individuals involved. Fai! play can be defined as the upholding
6f fairness before, during and afte!, and directly relating to, a game/match/event' Fair
play can often be best promoted ttuough a code of conduct thal clearly defines specific
prattices that capture the ethical values of the sport' ApPropdate disciplinary
pro."""a", sanctions lists and reinstatement conditions are essential to the management
of misconduct.

Gender Discrimination in SPotts


It has been identified internationally that women and girls are negratively discriminated
against and ale disadvantaged by a vaiety of balliers in sport'
.dfa* .rau" of discrimination against women and girls are: unequal pay; verbai and
sexual halassment and abuse; lack of promotion; bias in selection; exclusion of
membership rights; pictures, assumptions, disregard for position, and innuendo These
types of discrimination are then often reinforced through the negative promotion of
women's and girls' sport, in particular the portrayal of women's and girls' sport as an
infedor version of men's participation in sport-

I
SPORTS: lntrodLrction

In terms of global media and broadcast, women athletes receive very Iittle coverage on
sports programs that supposedly feature both men and women athletes. While we
would not expect to see women athletes in male sports programs such as the NFL, NBA,
and Major League Baseball games or Wrestling, we would expect to see male athletes
on Sports Centet and Extreme Sports. Even Extreme SPorts programming that is seen
as an "alternative" open to men and women devotes only 1o% of its coverage to women
athletes.
Even if they do appear, they are portrayed in stereotypical ways. such as sex objects,
supportive spouses, or spectators on the sidelines cheedng the men on.

Race, Elhnicity and Sport


Racism can be described as negative discrimination against an individual because of
thet colour, racial origin, ethnicity, ancestry, and/or place of birth, or an indiwidual's
identilication or connection with any of these. While there were few overtly racist
images or comments, sports programs occasionally reinJorced racial stereotypes or
called attention to race/ethnicity in commentary. For instance in America, lacial
stereotypes or comments wele found dudng the NBA and NFL games. Even Tiger
Woods received unfavourable remarks about his prowess. When wrestling shows are
staged, Latino, Asian, and other non-White wresuers never won the matches On the
othlr hand African A:rnerican athletes have been lauded Jor their natural supelhuman
performances in certain sports such as in long distance run4ing and in basketball
(Michael Jordan, Carl Lewis, Marion Jones)

V fact Finding Exercise (Oral Presentation)


Now that you've learnt a little bit about Sports, it's time for you to apply your knowledge
and skills to answerinq the examination questions.
You may use all the material in this package as well as information you've found tbJough
your own lesearch to help you. Remember to use the essay structure that you've learnt
to help you tackle the question.
Instructions
. From the list of questions belor[ choose betlqeen one of tlvo questions Per Ievel
. Use information given and researched to answer the questions'
. Show clearly how to use the essay structu{e you've learnt'
. . Everyone in the grroup must present as you WILL be graded'
. You must have:
l A handout for your classmates
2. Proper preseniation slides

9
SPORTS: lntroduction

. You are expected to consult with your tutor AILIcEEILII{qlqeg&qbclblc your

P!esentation.
Essay questions

Level I
l. "Today's athlete is more of a television star than a sportsman." Do you agree?
oJc PEg? Q1)

Level 2
l Do sportswomen deserve the same treatment as their male counterparts? (VJC
PE99 Q4)

Level 3
l. The reality of sport is that it is often very unsPorting. Is this a fair descriBltia! of
the world ofspo today? (ACJC)

2. Is sports too closely Iinked to money these days? (2001 A-LeveIs)

Prepored by Mr:
Sports: Genetics and Ethics
The Ethics of Gene Doplng
by Jonalhan Gittins

ln its July 2004 issue, Discover l\,4agazine asks, "Will Gene Doping Destroy Deconstructinq
Sports" (Behar 2004)? The article indicates that gene doping, introducing Metaphors:
synthetic genes for non therapeutic uses is "cheating and a misuse of What does the
genetics." While the research was meant to help those with debilitating phrase
diseases, it could be used by athletes to increase performance The media, "demonized"
government, and spofts organizations have all demonized it without reveal about the
explaining why gene doping is considered unethical and immoral The attitude of the
intent oI this research is to discover the ethica{ obiections to gene media, govt and
doping, effectively trying to gauge the strength or weakness of each sPorts
argument. organizations?
*'Students, when reading, note how the last line of the introductory
paragraph sums up his enlire essay?

The tirst argument against gene doping is that of cheating and


Why are the words
untaimess and is voiced by many (Lavin 1987). ln some instances' gene
unfair and
doping would be "cheating" as it would break the contractual obligation of an
disrespectful in
athlete, for example rf the NFL explicitly prohibited it. IMany other athletes

though, are not under any specific contract. People indicate that for these
athletes. it would be "unfail' for the athlete to obtain an advantage over their
competitors, giving them the edge in strength and stamina lt would also be
"disrespectful" to others (Lavin 1987).
. Notice how the first line of each paragraph is sometimes the topic
sentence.
The argument above tends to tug on society's belief that everyone How is this a
should have equal opportunities. The problem is that some athletes "problem"?
already have an innate genetic advantage above their competitors For
example, the Finnish cross-country skier, Eero l\4dntyranta, was found to What does the
have a genetic mutation that lead to increased erythropoietin levels and w ter's use of the
hiqher numbers of oxygen-carrying red blood cells (Sweeney 2004) There

are other examples of athletes having increased levels oJ cedain proteins. "apparently"
Sports have not prevented these people from competing, even though they suggest about his
have an advantaqe. We apparently consider these to be fair advantages. attitude?

il
orts : Genetics and Ethics
Gene doping could be used to increase protein levels in all athletes, What is ironic
thereby removing the advantage held by a few. The competition would about the
then be based on equality. One problem with this idea is based on the possible impact
economic disparity between societal classes and various countries. The of doping on
wealthy would be able to purchase the genetic therapy mLlch more easily than compelitive
the poor, with a similar dilemma with developed and developing countries spo rt?
Even now, not all athletes have the ability to obtain performance_enhancing [Hint: consider
technoloqy, so the argument could be made that gene doping should be the gulf betw€en
banned based on unfairness arising from economic disparity. lt is optimistic reality and an
to believe that gene doping could make everyone equal, bul it would be extrapolated
unrealistic from an implementation standpoint, as not everyone would be future?l
able to afford the technology.

.Gene
doping is harmful. This is the second argument presented against
gene doping, and it comes in a variety of shades and colors. Gene
doping could essentially harm the athlete, other athletes, the sporting
commLrnity, society, and the nature of sports. Some of these arguments are
solely spofts-oriented, while others expand to concerns of social division
cene therapy is a relative- ewcorner to science, and its abiiities and
benefits have been unproven up to now (Holowchak 2000). Most research
has been done solely on animals, and trials that have been done on human
beings have not been accepted well by society. ln 1999, Jesse Gelsinger died
after an extreme immune reaction occurred while on gene therapy (Beardsley
2OOO). I/any are unsure what this therapy will to do the body lt could cause

unexpected problems and therefore many believe it should not be allowed,


especially for athletes that do not require it for therapeLltic use (Miah 2004)

Wittr this argument, though, the idea of harm appears to be relative for Why woutd the
athletes. Some sports, such as boxing and football, are harmful by nature/ idea that athletes
intrinsicallv harmful. Should we ban these sports just because they are may be harmed
harmful to the body? These sports are stillextremely popular, so there is no by gene doping
way they would be banned. The physiological and anatomical effects of gene be unwarranted?
doping may be more or less damaging that the brLltal blows of boxing Until Explain this in

more trials and research have been done, the possible harm to the athlete yout own words.
will be unknown, so this argument coLlld either gain support or be

unwarranted.
: Genetics and Ethics
Professional sports and the Olympics wouldn't be neady as popular if it
weren't for the spectators. Gene doping could harm the sporting
community, affecting how they enjoy the sport. Spectators have expectations
for their teams, and when these expectations are unmet, there can be a great
amount of backlash. When the NHL went under strike talks, the attendance
at games greatly decreased (Strachan 2004). lf gene doping was allowed
and it didn't live up to all it was made to be, lhe sporting community could be What does the
annoyed. Other spectators may feel that sport may lose some of its line
enteftainment value as the athletes would all be genetically enhanced, "essentially...less
making them less unique, and removing some of the advantages that lead to competitive"
if every athlete had the talent of a Tiger
exciting plays. Essentially, mean?
woods or Michael Jordan, it would be less competitive. Andy [,4iah
though, suggests that gene doping could lead to "greater levels of excellence
in peformance, reducing the risk of unsafe drug enhancements, allowing
athletes to express their authenticity through their relationship with
technology" (lMiah, 2004). With greater levels of excellence, the game could
become more stimulating The 1oo-yard dash would be more competitive
The use of steroids may decrease, and this could be beneficial, as many
steroids have been shown to be extremely harmful.
9 ln society, tt'ere is often an unstated assumption that athletes should be The writer makes
role models. The question must be answered whether gene doping is a
the claim that
d€finitions of wh.i
deviant practice in society. Frequently, disease and deviance is a 99qla!
constitutes crime
construct. While unique, masturbation was one example of supposed
or deviance are
deviancy based upon society's beliefs. As Engelhardt points out, "lvledicine
terribly subjeclive
turns to what has been judged to be naturally ugly or deviant, and then and depend a gr4'rr
develops etiological accounts to explain and treat in a coherent fashion a deal on acceptable
manifold of dispieasinq siqns and symptoms" (Engelhardt, 19gg) ls the same norfis in that
thing happening to gene doping? Could the medical and scientific community particular sociely.
be saying it is bad because society considers it to be deviant? The use of What is the
possible imPact uf
steroids is illegal, but will the use of genetic enhancement be equally defined?
How are acceptable norms of a society such relativity
**lgEgq: Crime and Deviance {]n
-
the use of drugs in
decided? Who has !!9l9-pqg9! in determining what is deviant and what
sports?
is not?

i3
rts : Genetics and Ethic
10 These fears go far beyond role models. lf society allows genetic therapy to
be used for nontherapeutic uses, such as bettering athletic performance,
anybody will be able to obtain these genes. This could lead to the creation of
a genetic super-class, whether a super-class of athletes or a super-ctass of
wealth (Fukuyama 2002). The technology could be too expensive for some,
so those that aae wealthy would be able to become genetically enhanced.
These fears are expressed in science fiction and could become reality.

11 There are a few people who are even more worried with the possibility The act of
God"
of allowing gene therapy in general. Humans are essentially interfering "playlingl
with the natural course of evolution, trying to 'play God-" With this, we woLlld
be interrupting natural selection, and this could unexpectedly be detrimental
Frankensteinian
to the human race and the earth as a whole. Do these more fearful outlooks
act. Do a little
on society and the human race warrant our preveniing gene doping? These research. Who is
outlooks may be more fiction than reality. Frankenstein and

12 The third argument is a ditficult one to analyze, as it indicates that gene


doping could pervert the nature of sport, just as steroids and other
performance enhancing drugs have done (Schneider and Butcher 1994).
Essentially, there is an internal good of sport, such as a touchdown or a
tennis rally, which would be compromised with genetic enhancement. For
example, more home runs could be hit than expected, and this might be
considered a perversion of our natural ability that defines sport With

baseball or sprinting, a clear advantage could be gained ln other instances,


thouqh, no advantage is gained. Tennis players may not be able to rally any
better after genelic enhancement. ln these instances, gene doping could be
allowed as it will not give any advantage, but it cou'd be argued jLlst as easily
lhal since lhere is no gatn the therapy is unnecessary'

t+
uenelcs and
SDons -: Genetics a Ethics
13 The mosl complex obiection to the prospects of gene doping is that it
is unnatural and dehumanizes the athlete. Gene doping would
unnaturally alter the human body, with athletes now having a different
genetic makeup than they were born with. So many questions arise when
the idea of dehumanization is consadered. How exactly do we define
humanity? lf we define being human as having a specific genetic code that
stays the same from birth, then gene doping would be considered
dehumanizing On the other hand, we could also say that humans are
unique in that we have a moral compass. With genetic enhancement, our
moral compass does not change, so it is moae difJicult to define humanity

14 Ttre question of humanity is complicated even more when we consider


autonomy. The philosopher Kant states that dignity is defined by our
ability to morally reason as autonomous individuals. If governments
and organizations ban gene doping, they essentially take away the
autonomy of the athlete. The competition between governments and
organizations and athletes assaults our notion of humanity.
15 SFortfiould not be very lnteresting without humans Both the athletes What is meant by
the cryptic line,
and the spectators are essential to the success of sports. lt seems odd
"Sports would not
to suggest that changing genes makes us less human callsing sports to be
be very interesting
different than they were before genetic change. The change will not be
without humans"?
enough to turn baseball players into something ftllly different, and society will
It seems like such a
most likely not reject genetically-modified athletes as something abnormal'

Even so, society should question its dependence upon technology for
enhancement. "What ate the ends of human existence and the degree to
which humans should strive continLlally for enhancement through technology" Explain in your
(Hoberman, 1992)? lt may even be human nature to try to enhance
ourselves through technologY.
16 @d athletes creates another ethical
and practical dilemma. The lnternational Olympic Committee has already
begun the search for a viable test for gene doping that does not involve
muscle biopsies lf a test is found, we must consider the ethics associated
with privacy, as genetic information could be given to third parties, leading to
genetic discrimination. The testing could also incur great costs and time'
being so big that it would be dafficult for sports to bear (lIccrory 2001)'
Others bel'eve that a test may never be found, and we therefore may never
: Genetics and Ethics
be able to find whether an athlete has gene doped (Wadler 1998). The
overall ethical dilemma may not have a solution, as there would be no
feasible way to test. Athletes could gene dope without consequence.
17 Why should we be asking all of these ethical questions? Unlike other
instances of doping and athletic performance enhancement, we have the
ability to make the ethical decisions before the technology is in place and
wreaking havoc. Also, genetic modjflcation is very different from other torms
of doping because it has important uses in medicine and society. Where do
we draw the line between therapy and enhancement? As a final thought, this
threat of gene doping as a form of genetic therapy gone bad may be an
unwaranted threat. As l\lonsignor [Iichael Sharkey says, oLrr society "seems
to proceed in the fatalistic thought that whatever is scientifically possible will
one day be scientifically realized " (Sharkey '1989) Many people are sure
gene doping is inevitable, but maybe we are making mountains out of mole
hills.

Essay Question:

'Sports today is about talent exploiting science.' Discuss. (AJC PE01 O6)

This reading can alsa be used to cansider any i,nplications pertaining to elhics and lhe role af'fairplay

{6
Taking drugs : Case studies

case I

Nov 16.2007
IOC may leave Mar:on Jones' 100m gold medal spot vacant

MADID - FUTURE record books may show the.e was no winner of the women s 100 n]eters at the
2000 Sydney Olympics

IOC officials said on Thursday they are considering the unprecedented step of leaving the go d-
medal spot vacanl fol owing l\llarion Jones' confession thal she used pedormance-enhancing drugs

'Thai could be a solution,'saad lOC board member Denis Oswald a member ofthe three_man
disciplinary commisslon dealing with the Jones case

Although the original second-place finisher normally would be upgraded to the gold the
lnternalional olympic committee is reluctant to give the medat to Greek sprinter Katerina Thanou
because she was caught up in a doping scandal at the 2004 Aihens Games

'ln a way, it's logical and consistent that we shollld just move her up, but there is another feeLing '
Mr Oswild said in an interview du.ing a break in the world antFdoping conference 'We'll see how
jLlst leave it as it rs and
insistent she I\rs ThanoLi) is. The best way would be not to do anything and
there is no gold.'

IOC president Jacques Rogge sald no final decisioa had been made but thai 'anylhing was
possible, including leavlng the result b ank

Lastweek.MrRoggesaldtheloConlywouidUpgradeath]eteswhowere.leterminedtobe.clean.
Jones won gold m;als ln the 100 met.es' 2OO and the 1 600-metre 'elay n Sydney as well as
bronzes rr lhe 400 le'ay ano lono JU-np

Afteracknowledginglasimonththatshesiarleddopingbeforethoseolympics'JonesretL]rnedal]
five medals to th; lOC. Pauline Davis-Thompson of the Bahamas won the silver behrnd Jones in
the200.withSriLanka'ssusanthikaJayasinghethirdandJamaica'sBevellyMcDonaldfourlh

ThelocisawaiiingrecommendationsflomthelnternationalAssociationofAihleticsFede.ations
(IAAF) before deci;ing on how to revise ihe medals. The iAAF council is scheduled to consider the
case ne),t week.

The IAAF and lOC also must decide whether Jones'American teammates should lose their
'elay
medals. Jamaica flnished second in the 1,600-metre relay' with RLlssia third and Nigeria fourth
FrancewasfourthbehindtheUniiedSlaiesinthe40OrelayThelOCrulingcot]ldcomealthe
meeting
Dec '10 to 12 executive board meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland lf not, the next IOC board
is in APril in Beting

A!dit
. Wada presldent Dick Pound, meanwhile said he would like an'audit' of all of Jones' doping lests
to

t'1
Taking drugs : Case studies

learn how she was able to beat the system for so long

'lt is noi much fun to find that someone who has been tested 160 times admits to doping ' he said 'l
am not happy to hear that someone who had that many tests was a user for that many years '

Wada direcior general David Howman cited lhe Jones case as an example of how police
investigat ons are increaslngly cruc al in catching drug cheats. He noted that Jones only confessed
a check-
after b6ing accused of lying t; investigalors about her steroid use and her associaiion with
fraud scheme.

'shelsanexampleofhowanathlelecanbeaithesysiernofsamplecolleclion'n'4rHowmansaid
'One-i,unareO-tl"ty samples were taken from that aihlele and n01 one resulted in an adverse flnding
.- lt was only when faced with the unenviable prospect oi golng to lail for a long time ihat the athlete
confessed that she had cheated' AP

case 2

U.S. Anti-Doping Agency Loses lts 1st Case: Jenkins Found Not Guilty
finally lost a case -
After seven years and nearly 40 arbitration hearings' the u S- Anti-Doping Agency
- to four third-year law students and a law professor working for free

snrnler La fasha Je'rkrns, who faced a two_year co/npetlllon ban learned lale Wednesday that n
she
i5l 0""" i"""0 guirty ol an alleged doping offense from July 2? 2oa\ and w'|s inv|ed lo
""t
etL
to competition immedlately, attorney [4ichael Straubel said yesterday

former world indoor silver medalist'


Jenkins, 29, a former NCAA champion in the 2oo meters and a
in Belgium straubel and the students in
n"iii,JiJp*,ti"" i"r the steroid nandrolone during a meet arbitration that she was a victim of a
ne inO.p"ri,f*t study class had argLled during ariOctober
labomtory error.
Law C'inic at Valparaiso
ln a decision that shocked even Straubel, the director of the University laboratories that
Uniu"irity, u three-person arbitration panel agreed lt ruled the hvo
European
violated World Ant;Doprng Agency slandards and the case should be
i"nol"J-'n"i ,iin" samples
thrown out. Straubel said.
will appeal the resuli
The world track and field federation (IAAF) has 30 days to decide whether it
The IAAT could nol be reached tol com'nent yesterday
iiii" in" p".iti". l."t was announced and Nike vorded her contract' Jenkrns has been working lull
il." u" . iJ tu"nn"ian in Raleigh, N c, Straubel said She plans to return to track and field and
hopes to compete at the 2OO8 Summer Games in Beiiing
"l just thought our
"l didn't expect to win, but Iactually thought we had a chance"', Straubel said
quite shocledl
aroumenl, lo an obiectrve person made sense lBull Im .
this
l;#;;l;;;k;;;.inin". nua streiched from its creation in 2oo0' and it included a victory
past sL.rmmer over cyclist Floyd Landis.

i8
Taking drugs : Case studies

The agency, which oversees drLrg-testing operations for U.S. Olympic sports, had credited its success
in hea;ings to its meticulous approach. Only after an internal antidoping review board considers the
evidence does USADA bring doping charges. Some attorneys, however, have argued that the anti
dopinq system is so stacked against athletes that they have almost no chance of overturning positive
test resL]lts even if they are innocent.

The panel notified Jenkins of its ruling in a letter and indicated a formal decision would be available in
January. Travis Tygart, USADA'S chief executive, declined to comment
After t;lking to seieral attorneys last summer, Jenkins concluded she could not afford to fight the
positive tesj. But she was referred to Straubel, and he turned her defense into something of a class
project.

of
straL]bel and his students argued that Jenkins's doping positive was invalid because both halves
her urine sample (an athlete'; sample is split into an A and B sample and each is tested separately)
were examined bythe same lab peisonnel at WADA-accredited labs in Ghent' Belgium, and Cologne
that
Cermany. WADA rules require tiat different personnel examine the A and B sampies to ensure
mistakes aren't rePeated.

Amy Shipley Saturday, December 15 2007


Washington Post

Discussion Questions:

lvith :--r.nceto tL. abo* hvo cases how has the issue of doping affected the image and
r"t;

ot Who suffered a greater blow, Marion Jones or LaTarsha Jenkins?


"uil., "p..tato..n?
was
ln case 2, Jenkins was established as a "victim of laboratory error" and the case
pursued by lawyers who worked foI free.

Comment on the nature ofjustice and fairplay.

DovoL]thinkweshouldhaVesa{eguardsandmeasuresagainsttheoccurrenceofdopingin
fLrture? List some examples and explain why

rq
sports : The Singapore Context

Dec 29. 2OA7


Sports strike gold
Secudng the bid lo host an F1 race and winning the Asean Football Championship were but two
highlights for spods here. Aciing Sports editor Wilfred Yeo sees mo.e good news ahead.

THE 'SING" that has been missing from Singapore sport seemed io return with @lggItgd Vqlgcellq
in 2047.

To be sure, the eniire naiion came allve with the sound of good news throughoui the year: the first
Fo.mula One st.eet race under the stars the bid to host the inaugural Youth Olympic Garnes (YOG)
and the unveillng ofthe Sports Hub bidders. lt d id not matter that the three meg a projects would not
maienalise till later: Sept 28 next year for the F1 race, 2010 for the YOG and 2011 for the Sports Hub.

The F1 race, in particular, captured the public's imaginatron l\,4any had given up hope of a return to
those heady days of 1973, when Singapore last staged a motor racing event (in Thomson Road),
despite earlier iniilatives

Thankfuily, they did not include Mr Ong Beng Seng, [,4r Teo Hock Seng and Mr Colin Syn ' lhe laiier
pair among the thousands who took part in the 1972 races as coLrrse marchal and race driver and
now Singapore GP chairman and deputy chai.man

Entrepreneur Ong responded when the Governmenl wanted a private lnitiatjve to b d for and run ihe
eveni, especially as his long-time friendship with Bernie Ecclestone could help persuade the F1 owner
to glve Singapore the green light (and night lights).

The project would cost an estimated $'100 mllllon 1,r $150 lnillion, but the rewards are likely 10 be far
greater: a shot in the arm for the tourjsm industry, exposure to the world and development of
Singapore into a global city.

There was added excitement for motoa sports enthusiasts ln October when the Government
annoufced plans to build a mulilmillion dollar, permanent race circuit for non-F1 events on a 20ha site
in Changi by 201 1 lf the luture sounds exciting fol sportsmen and fans, ihe past year has been just
as rewarding as some b g-nane players, sponsors and organiseas made their way here

American world No 2 golfer Phil Mlckelson was sureiy lhe star visitor of the Barclays S ngapore
Open, in a cast that included luminaries such as Vijay Singh, Adam Scott and eventual winner Angel
Cabrera

Altogether, 32 000 peop e flocked to ihe Sentosa golf course for the US$4 million (S$5 8 mlllion)
event, with most of them watching his every move. How they must have wished lhey could also hear
every word ihe affable l\,4ickelson uttered to his caddie, clL,bs and golf ba {s.

They are more likely though, lo hear the famous grunts ol tennis' pin-up girl [/aria Sharapova when
the world No 5 meets world No. 6 Anna Chakvetadze in an exhlbjtion maich at the Singapore lndooa
Stadium tomorlow. Another o{ spods'dariings to charm Singaporeans was swimrner Natal]e
Coughlrn who cor'r'rpeted in the Fina Swimming World Cup that was the highlight of the 1O-week iong
WaterFest that attracled 35,000 speclators

vo
Sports : The Singapore Context

The American chose the besl way io rnesmerise he. audience: by making her maft n the women's
100m shorl-course backsiroke. lt was the first swim m ing wor d record witnessed by S ingaporeans.
who also had extra reason to cheer with Tao Ll claimrng three silver medals. Tao L had a br ght
South east Asia Games outrng. c aiming four golds and pockettng $23.750 to be lhe most bemedalled
Singaporean and top eamer lnder the l\,4ulti l\/lillion Dollar Award Programme The Thailand
expedition was Singapore's best away Games They retu.ned wlth 43 golds, one more lhan at the
2005 event in l\lanila

There were lois to cheer for: twins Tabitha and Nicole Tay's historlc joint gymnastics gold and bovr'ler
Remy Ong's winning both hls golds by just one pinfall, among them Equaly heroic and mernoialr{l
was triathlete l\,4ok Yrng Ren's collapsing at the I nish line and not knowing he had won unti he was :n
hospital

11 is all the more touchrng that lvlok was spurred on by the memory ol his late teammate Thaddeus

Cheong, who died of heart farlure after a SEA Games selecllon trial ln June The iudges fol lhe
annlal spods awards will certainly have a lough time when lhey meet to declde on the Sportsmaf
and Sportswoman eaTly next year Footballs L ons, too, could be in the reckoning for Tearn ol the

They brouqht much joy by c a m ng the Asean Footba I champ onsh p in February, before garnering
more applause by progressing to the thrrd quaiifying round of the World Cup for the iirst time lt must
have rubbed off on the Undea23 leam who cl nched their firsi SEA Games medal _ albeit a bronze
s nce'1995.

8ui soccer was also responsible for some unsavoury incldenls notably Woodlands Welllngton
a n Francis Gomez s orde. ng his team io wa k oLIl of a match and Tampines Rovers strikel
cha inn N oh
Alam Shah's attack on SAFFC defender Daniel Eefnett

Be thai as it may, ( has been a remarkable yesr


of achievement and qood news for spo.ts al:rld
an increasinq nunber of government init ativei to
develop Slngapore into a global clty The besi
thing is that it promlses to gel better with the
Sports Hub, the 2011 World Netball
cl_arrpro'lsl_.p poss o / lre Yo- h O!rp c
Games and the Volvo ocean Race comrng
upstream

-lhere is a so the 2013 SEA Games Thevefue


wil be the Sports Hub which along with th s year s iniliatives, woLrld sure y make S ngapore Asia s
leading spofts hub by then - if not earlier.

wilfred@sph.com.sg

7l
Sports : The Singapore Context

Nav 24,2407

World class...and born in S'pore

A number of naiional sports associaUons have groomed local sportsmen to world standards
Cthers who once looked abroad now nuftuae locals, with success. Senior Writer Yap Koon
:--long reports.

A KEY concern lvlr Low Teo Ping and hls fellow volunteers addressed seven years ago when they
decided to build a pipeline to produce world-class sailors was the question of talent

Should Singaporesailing, the national association which he had iust taken over as presideni recn-lit
foreign talent? No, they decided. While they would seek the best foreign expe.ts to help build a
wodd-class structure, ihe sallors must remain local

'We were crlticised then but we stuck io our belief,' says l\llr Low, who is leading Singapore s
'15
contingenl to the forthcoming biennial Souih east Asia Games in Thailand from De' 6 to
Singatoresailing's decision was significant then because major sports such as table tennis, loofball,
athletics and badminton were recruiting foreign born talent to help Singapore win medais.

The groundwork was laid in 1993 when the gove.nment introduced the foreign sports talent (FST)
scheme but the rush to recruit acceleraled some nlne years ago The rationa e was ihat Slngapore
had to recruit talented foreign athletes and offer them citizenship largely because its tiny populat on
was inadequate and competitive spod had evolved into a full{ime pursuit

Besides, it was argued, it would be foollsh nol to exploit ihe convenient availabllity of quallty lale t
abroad in an interaonnected world. But the Singapore Bowling Federalion, like Slngaporesailing,
thought otherwise.

'Foreign talent is the easy way out and I have never believed in that,'says l\,4rs Jessie Phua, who
has b;en the associalion's president for the past five yea.s she has been actively involved wiih i1

for almosi 20 years and ls a Nominated l\,4ember of Parliament. ln August' she h_ocame ihe ii'st
Singaporcan, and woman, to be elected president of the sport's world governing body'

'Sometimes, the harder way is the better way because yoLi reap a genuine harvest tegularly,' she
says. After almost a decade of the foreign talent scheme the harder way appea.s to be gaining
ground. Athletics and swimming are building talent pipelines that emphaslse the scouting and
irooming of Singaporean-born athietes while niche sports stlch as cricket are sowing the seeds
o{ a
loca ta e1l pool in su'rools

'We do not need 10 intentionally woo foreign talent because we have some of the best youngsters
who are comparable to the besi in the saane age group in other top cricket countries,' says lawyer
l\4ahmood Gaznavi, deputy presldent of the Singapore Cricket Association.

For soane spods, international paessure is anoiher reason to focus on Iocal laleni Key world
governing bodles are vi.tually treating citizenship_switchlng as cheating; an act thal is as
dlsagreeable as athletes inflaiing the r performances through steroids

fhese internalional boclies worry thal wooing foreign talent is a quick fix that will weaken the wrll of

c-r,-
Sports : The Sr'ngapore Context

less successful countries io develop a viable local taient scheme which is costiier, harder to
construct and takes longer lo mature.

The lnternationa Amateur Athletlcs Federation, which governs track and fre d competiiions, recenlly
imposed an indirect penalty against countries which lure top forelgn athletes The penalty, encoded
in the rule called the Switch of Allegiance, bars an alhiele from representrng his or her new country
for three years after obtaininq citizenshlp

Given atrack and field athlete's aveaage peaklifespan of flvetol5years the rule may not be as
significant a disincentive as its mosl qlgEllproponents woLrld have llked. Germany, for one, argued
for a flve-year ban Bul it does make couniries beni on medal-winning quickies think hvice.

Fifa, which governs the world's mosl popular sport, socce., has a stricler rule and wants to impose
more measures. lt has long reslricted a player to representing only one couniry ln h s lfetime. Now.
it is pushing for a cap on the number of foreign players in professional clubs.

A second reason for the trend in Singapore towards bulkinq up on local ta ent is a change of
leadership in some associations Newly elected oflicrals. some of whom are former national
athletes who navrgated the Singapore system successfLllly, are challenglng 9!qq!qbeQlp?Ia!Liq!19.

The latter underscore lhe view that Singaporeans cannot excel because of obstacles such as a lack
of strength and physique, a small population, an unfriendly educaiion system and national service

lllr OonJ n Teik, chiei executive officer ofthe Singapore Spo.ts Council, says that while these
concerns may be unique to Slngapore, all count.les have their problems O and A level exams
and national setuice are predictable humps around whlch national associations athletes and
coaches must masler plan.'he says.

'Women don I have to go through nallonal serv:ce but women's perforrnances and achlevements are
not significantly superior in Singapore to the men's' Sometimes, going through the hLrmps
prepares an alhlete better, he argues

Elsewhere, there are athletes who take hto years off to go on a chLlrch mission, return to their sport
and go on to become world-class alhletes,'he says.

l\,4r Oon, who studied chemical engineering on a swimming scholarship at an American universlty,
was a member ofthe golden generation of Singaporean swimn'rers in lhe 1980s who included Asian
cames gold medallists Ang Peng Siong, David Llm and Mr Oon's brother, Jin Gee. Jin Gee, a
vice president of the Singapore Swimming Association, disagrees that the taleni pool is too small.
saying: 'ltsthesyslemthatneedsfixing,notihetalent.'Forexampe,swimmersarebetter
prepared now at qua|fying for international competitions on merit, rather than on appeal, he says.

'All we did was Uga( the competiuve schedule \ thich allowed them to prepare properly for the
qualifying trials.' He beleves a new plan by the assoclation will help local swimmers win at a level
higher than the SEA Games.

A third reason is that the foreign experls are reinfo.cing lhe view that Singapore can succeed oniy
with a sound talent base of largely Singapore born ot bred athletes

73
Sports : The Singapore Context

While they aqree foreiqn talent shouldn't be discouraged, there is no need to source them
systemaiically.

'You cannot win by depending on a Tao L alone,' says lvlr Wen Xin Long, 58, who was hired
recently as the swimmlng association's director for high pedorrnance. A former coach of China's
Olym pic swim team, he has coached in Singapore for the past 13 years

Teenager Tao Li, who was born in China, won a gold medal ai last Decembeis Asian Games, the
first female Siogaporean swimmer to do so in almost 30 years. Because it is impraciical to create a
talent pool that depends on someone like Tao Li, lvlr Wen recommends rebuildrng the structure to
keep local talent swimming competitively. Even spofts that rely on an active foaelgn lalent pipeline
are working harder to nurture local laleni. Table tennis and badminton say they have a fresh pool
of local players who are younger and better trained to compete internationally.

Soccer, which raised the temperature of the debate over inducting foreign sports talent when it
started its scheme seven years ago, is enjoying a winning run because its scherne in developing
localyouth is blossoming. Ofthe45 players registered for the 2010 World Cup qualifying rounds.
only six are foreign talent, says the Football Association of Singapore (FAS)

One reason for the low number? 'The early success of our local youth development progaanme.'
says FAS secretary-general Steve. Yeo Early this week, Srngapore reached the third qualifying
round for the Wor{d Cup for the first time. Nine players in the team graduated from the programme

Even so lhere is a clear divide in the ialent slakes between sailing and bowling on the one hand,
and lable tennis and badminton on the other lt !s evident in their .espective elite pool of athletes
and policies.

Singapore's $7 million sports scheme to fund a select gaor.lp of full_time athleles in 3 bid io win an
Olympic medal within the next two Olympics in Beijing next year and in London in 2012 includes
iabie lennis and badrninton players as well as saiors

The four shuttlers and two table tennis players in the scheme called Project 0812 are foreign-talent
cillzens whereas all the 12 sailors are native Singaporeans. Table lennls and badminton believe
that foreign talenl is indispensable to achieve their goals.

For instance, the Singapore Badminton Association's (SBA) prime target is to qualify for the final
rounds of the sporl's symbol of world supremacy, the Thomas Cup, in 2012. The SBA reckons that
half the talent who will help S:ngapore get there are likely to con'lprise foreigners who are given
cilizenshlp

The Singapo.e Table Tennis Associaiion (STTA), which recrllited the first foreigners to play for
Singapoie in 1996, says it wlll keep sourcing foreign talent because of Singapore's small population

'We see no reason to lmpose this restraint on ourselves as we are {lving in a very open and
connected global village,'says STTA president Choo Wee Khlang. Foreign{alent citlzens also
insp re and attract youngsters. he adds lndeed, the Singaporeans who have come closest 10
winning an Olympic medal in 47 years are foreign-born talent such as retired star Jing Junhong and
her successor Li Jlawei.

Tan Howe L ang won Slngapore s only Olympic medal when he finished second in weightllfting at

?4
Sports : The Singapore Context

the 1960 Rome Olvmpics. Jing frnished fourth n the women's singles at Sydney 2000 as did Li in
Alhens four years later.

'To continue 1o entertain any sense of disiinction between local born and foreign talent is not heipfLl
in our national agenda to engage and encourage the besi talent from around the world ln a I fields
and industry to nrake Slngapore thelr new horne country,' says I\,4r Choo The leaders of sailing and
bowling however believe that Singapore does not need 10 supplemenl its local pool

'Firsfly, we believed that our local taleni could do lt,'says sailing's JMr Low, recalling his associat;on's
decision seven years ago. 'Lack of a sizeable physique didn't necessarily disadvantage us
because winning in sailing is as mLich about tactics as ll is about slrength.

'Second, if we were golng to volunteer blood, sweat and tears in such a long-term proiec{ should we
do i1 to bene{lt foreigners or our fellow Singaporeans?

'We decided that the beneficiar es should be singaporeans.' The bowling federation agrees 'lf
other sports be ieve in foreign taleni, that's thelr call,'says lvlrs Phua

'We think that we musl invest and belleve in oLlr own people '

Fjve years after Slngapore Sailing restructLlred, a fresh crop of sailors slarted winning' beginnlng
with jn unpreceOen"ted world championship for youth in 2005 a competition second only to the
Olympics

They followed thal up by finishing first in the gold medal standlngs for sailing at the SEA Games
late;that year and fiist igain at i harder level, the As an Games lasi December' The Asian Games
feat was important beca;e it confirmed that the local talent pool could produce champions
as
consistently Bowling has taken its policy a step flrlher' Jhe federation used to hire a foreigner
head coach
are
Now, that job is being shared by lhree local coaches and the entire coaching staff
Singaporeans

'The days of the SLlperman coach having to be a blue-eyed blond who can make it happen
lor us
are gone,'declares l\,4rs Phua

We can do lt bY olrrselves'

koonhong@sPh.com.sg

Nov 24, 2oo1

WHAT LOCAL & FOREIGN EXPERTS SAY


' It's bette. to trust local athletic talent
Associaiion chief admits iis foreign talent scheme v/as a fallure

By Yap Koon Hong


taleni to spur
LAWYER Loh Lln Kok was one of the iirst senior spofts officials to soLlrce for foreign
SingaPore to athletics glorY

Di:
Sports : The Singapore Context

The long-iime president of the slngapore Athletic Association (SAA) runs lrack and fleld, perhaps the
most intensely competitive and premler Olympic spoat.

'l wanted the forelgn talent to act as a eg!4!9! to spur local aihletes beyond South-east Asian Games
achievement,' he said. lt was not difficLllt to find alhletes, sald lVr Loh, 60, who has been SAA presrdeni
for 25 of the past 27 yeaas. lnfact, hesaid m any came looking for hin'r.

'l was even approached by a Somaltan middle distance runner whose time for the 1 500m would have
won Singapore an Asian Games gold medal, or possibly an Olympjc one
But he lurned them down
preferring lo scour china and lndia instead because he felt athleles there would assimilai€ belter here.

'l didn't just want them to win, but to make Singapore iheir home, have a good job afte. they retired and
contribute to the spod,' he said. lndia dld not pgqgllt because it was difficult persuading athleles io flin
for Singapore. So, he found hls foreign lalent n China in 1998 Nine years eight China athletes and $1
million ater, he admits that the scheme was a failure.

'll was a costly mistake,' he said plainly 'One didn't make the grade anolher ran away' three gave up
one's Ltnlikely lo return 10 defend his sEA Games tile th s year and the seventh is suing the associatron.'
Only throwe; Zhang Guirong, 29, has returned fronl China to defend her shot put crown and compete rn
the lavelin and disc-us evenG as well at the sEA Games nexl month while he has not shut the door
completely on foreign talent, fMr Loh said, this is no longei on his lo do list

sAA,s technlcal director Ralph l\,4ouchbahani, who began mapplng the scheme to produce local track and
'N'4y firsi principle ls
f eld lalent fou. years ago, is even more qlEqqltthat foreign talent is unnecessa'y
always to'trust iour ow; talent',' said the German c*izen hi.ed five years ago He offered several
.eas;ns, the fir;t of which is that forelgn athietes are motivaled prlmarily by money when they swrtch
alLeqiances Bul unlike business, he argued, sporting achievemenl is like music and painting and not
daiven by money

Anartist,ifhe'sagoodone,doesntpaintaplcturebecauseheknowshewillbesellngitforlotsof
iHe
money' he said. may be surprlsed afterwards when it does and reaiise how much olhers are wllling
to pay for it.

'But lhe point is. artists, painters, athletes and even coaches - in Europe for example
_ work a second lob
;usrtoneantetosupportwhattheywanttoachievecreatively,.Thedesiretosucceedjsnotlnoney.he
said, but a passion unique to the individual

'So'ifyourecluitforeignathletestocome'notbecauseofthepossjbilityofwinning.butbecauseofthe
.oney you are payingl how can forelgn taleni be a viable ootion?' lnvesting in foreign talent is also
unfai,io a couniryis oiwn talent, he said. Unless the foreigners win consislently ai competilrons far
harder than the local athletes can manage, investing in them is not wodh the money His boss' [Ir Loh
agr;ea, ano saio that the reason he pL.tt [he foreign ialent scheme on permanent hold was that the China
athletes did not achieve ta.gets higher than the local aihletes

'We wanted them to w n at the Asian Games,' he said None did The gold medals they won al the SEA
Games should realy have been the work of local talent, he said l\'4r l\Iouchbahani said that sports
plaviag
science and a largei pool of exped coaches have made the development of talent a more level
fie d

?t
Sports : The 5ingapore Context

'Because sport is unpredictable, you cannot guarantee success,' he cautioned. 'An average of only 3 per
cent of the talent identified by any sports structure make it to the top.'

The counhies that yleld rnore success in ihe ong-term adapt the largeiy common body of knowledge that
sports science offers to their own socio_cultural backgrounds. 'That is why Singapore cannot copy
China, Finland or New Zealand wholesale and expect to win medals,' he sald

sporting s!ccess is unlike most other flelds because it depends fully on a human resotrrce - the athlete
andwh;tmakeshrmtick.'so,youcannotsayyouonlywanttoselectthewaytheChinesedeveloptheir
lalent and hope to succeed,' he said. 'To succeed, you'll have to impod China's entire human eco-
syslem as well - its communistic ideology and its billion_strong population '

ln other words. harnessinq local talent rs not only an eihlcal conslderation but the most practical one
And what about genes? Not as v tal as commonly believed, he argued

,Any developmenl of hrgh peaformance from a pool of potential athletes ls linked to a sound structure for
'
de;elopment and lheir socio-cultural background About 10 years ago' he went to Lebanon on a
Getmangovernrnentprojecttohelpbuildthecountry.ssportsstll]ctureaflera-civ]lwar.Lebanondidnot
nave a history of success in track and field,' said l\,4r wlouchbahani who is half-Lebanese They asked
himtoseltargets.'lreplledthalhavingaLebanesequalifyfo.anolympicfinalwollldnotbeabadidea'

'l saw ihis 18-year-old Lebanese at the track and said thal he could do it' with proper guidance' he
recalled.
,Theiebanese officials lauqhed and said, 'Crazy cerman, go ahead ' 'l think they thought it
was impossible and was looking forward to a good laugh when lfailed'
qualify for
Seven rnonths later the highjumper, Jean-Claude Rabbath lS' became the first Lebanese to
an Olym plc track and iield iin;l at Sydney. He did not win. but lV r lMouchbahani saidthepointwas
suppoft
made: it'snotthegenes,buttheentirep;ckageofscientifictraining personal motivation and
and four world championships as well'
Since then, Rabbath has qualified for the Olyrnprcs again

and f eld when he


Last year, he became the first Lebanese to w:n an Aslan Games gold medal in track
won the high iumP

'He'll qualify for Beijing, for sure,' said i\r. Mouchbahani, refer'ing to next year's Olymplad

he said
'Lebanon has fewer people than Singapore, and every country has talent and a chance,'

koon hong@sph.com.sg

Essay Question:

''l\,4odern s little more than big bLlsiness other means." Discuss. (RJC PE97 Q1'1)

?1
Past GCE question

2005 Qn 6. "Hosting major sporting events creates more problems than benefits-" Do
you agree? (2005)

Caveat : Although this afticle is wtitten in the fom of an evaluation dftwn mainly from the
iydney Otympi;s, the same atguments can be usecl for all majot spofting events students
should appreciate the writet's wide range of percpectives covercd and be able ta dtaw linkages
to other areas of discussion.

lmpact of the Games on Olympic host cities


c'. ard Ca.rrran Lntra..'rlrolNF So.hWdl"
lnternational Chair in Olympism (lOC-UAB)
'1. lntroduction

A" an".*- G**" l";*s a larqe stamp on a host city and th s impaci on has incrcased sifce 1984 as
ihe G;m;s have beconre larger ;volvLng rnore athleles and sports and a sreater medLa and sponsor
.r.*""u rn"r. ut" ur"o nrqler exiectatons aUoutthe delivery of the Games After the lntemanonaL
51"."i" c".ttt"" riocf "ow male lhe environmeni lhe thlrd sirand of Olvmpism in 1994' ciiles
t'r'". i"" lt"o t" o"rrver c lea ner a nd g eene r Games Follow ns th€ T 1 Seplembe r 2001 terrorist
"hose'lo
altacks in"the USA, secuity and insurance costs have increased dramaUcallv'
"^p"
ii"qi"q;" ory.pii c".": Iepresents a lons and expensive commitneni ofa ciivto th s mesa eveft

The rnpact can be dNided into fo!rseparate periods

r ola ba ano lne w''In, 9 oi lne gh oho'IIleGd'r^s


rhe o eoar.lron
z tn" r"n"^ v""' p','oo o'prepdral'on lor Ihe q.dq -q ollhe G"T"
. ;; ;; ,;;.i. " 2000r wnen rr^e oftoiL c"n.' d,e sraqFd o'owed o' Ihe Pard y4 oi'
"'J;"-,
4 the mlch onger Post Gamesera

There are a so many types of impactio consder:

. alterations n des qn ofthe clly;


. chd-oer Lo ln4 phy\'calano lhe buill e.vnonner I
. rtr" rep'es"nt"tron ota ctyand ourlrv dno rt5 Luliu'e
. improvements rn a r. road and railiransport,
' increased costs and laxesi
. (ha.qes rn goreI ance dnd pub ic oec sion ma\ "g
. ,nnov" ons rn oorilr .. and pol rca' Flat onsi ps
. oolentralr|r'a eo Iour sm and bus nF,s d'll*ry
. ine creauon ol new cporlrnq vFnues wt' cr have polenlrd for poslcdrr as L on r - n4\ ! s':
. ine oorentralo_ o,"atl, connLnriv conrulldLon rnvol"Tentdnd erer p'olesl
. rne nvol\eneniof Lh" commLnrty as vo unleer\ dt lo-cr _bPa'er'

2. Debates and controversies

The m oacl of a n O vmprc G arnes on host c t€s s a matter of contin Lr ing debate a controvercy There
'd
the rmpacl or the cames Berow are six a'eas or
,ii;-i llir .,it,-""'il'i;"i ""Jq*'n""" -a "o*t
games -does il represent manutactured consent?
-orv"lpi" to bid for ihe
2.l. The decision
ji pe;pF ora criy th€ marontv are on v ndrrect consulied
wi.lL,l oloi".,de on ;ehalr or all the \,

ag
as to whelherlheywant thei. cily to bid for an Olymplc Games and whatthey want to achieve in ihe
process A bid ls usually framed in tenns of some comrnunity beneflt-such as urban renewal improved
transport or betler sporting faci lies potentialcosts and burdens to
-wh ch ii ls clalmed willcounter the
the conrmunily Public op nion polls are usually ciied by lhe b d proposers as proofof plblc suppoit for a

Bid books produced by Orgaf s ng Cornm tlees, talk up the public support ior the Games and dism ss any
porenllal oppos lion. The S \/dnev Bid Boak clanned tlat there was u n iversa I enih usiasm' for the Sydney
brd and added thai supporl within New South Wales for the Sydney 2000 A d'was at 90 per cenl and
continu ng io grow (Sydney O ymplcs 2000 Bid, 1993153)

Another lacUc of bid organisels is to rfcorpolate key pelsonnelfrom minorly grolrps such as indigenous
commun les, ethnic comm!nities and weliarc groups - who may potenlially provde opposilion io an
Olympic Games and even oEan se protest movements to demonslrate wide community suppod Two
critics oithe bid prccess, Douglas Booth and Co in Tatz, have argued thaiihis process does notamo!ntto
rca1 consuLlation it represents 'manufact! red consenl' (Boolh and Talz. 1994)

2.2. Community consultation about the impactofthe games


This is a relaied issLre abolrl the degree of comm!nity consultation d!ring the preparatons iorthe staging
ofan Olympic Games Fastlrackng ofvenLres and other O ympic p rojects arecomrnon praclices because
of the enomiiy of the lask of prepaing for the Games rn a shod time Jrame As a resu t there is usu ally
llmited comrnunity consultation and the over riding ot localconcerns are justified as being in lhe city and

Some measure ofcommunity opposition is a feat!re ofal contemporary O ympic Games Even though the
Sydney 2000 Olympic Games were judged to be successfuland wellsuppoded by the people of lhe cty
lhere was some opposition lo the Games in the lead'up period The Sydney Organising Committee for the
olymplc Games (SocoG) in acld ton was frequentry criticlsed by the medla and lhe p!blic of being
excessive y secrcuve anclh gh-handed.

Comm!nity oppos lion to the Games rn Syclney focussed on lhe constructon of pafiicu arfacilties The
BondrBeach Volleyba Siad um was a conlrove rsia I developrnent becalse it closed offa slbstantral
seclEn of a popular sufing beach for some six months and there were feals thal itwould cause
envlronme nla I dam aae to the beach The developrnent of lhe Ryde Pool the ven!e ofsome preliminarv
water poo matches closed a public poolior two years and converied parl of a public pai( inio a private
leisure facilily (Owen 2001)

There were comp ains fiom loca government the third terof governm€nl in Australla, thatthe vews of
localcouncils were not adequately canvassed Auburn Co!ncrlone ofihe pooter mt] niclpa lilies ln Sy'iney,
belleved that ils ratepayerc had lo bear an unfair burden forihe crcaUon of Sydney Olympic Park, wh ch
laywithin its boundarles (Owen 2001) ltwasslggesied althe l,losman Counc forurn on the impacis of
th; o rymp cs that local auiho.ities have been largely locked oui of the Io lympicl decision ma king process
and have received very litie information oi key issues like anticpated transpod flows' which are vitalfor
lhe fomulalion of localtranspo( plans (Cashman and Hughes, 1999a 32)

2.3. Positive versus negative impacts on host cities the balance


-weighing
The costs and benefits ofan Olympic Games are mattels of continuing debate beiore, dur ng and afterthe
Games lt is virtually lmpossible 10 know i\e true cost to a city ofhostng an Olympic Games because
there is no accepled way of assessing expenditLrre Olynpc budgets are both politica, conlentious 3nd
notoriouslv unreliable To present Oiympic exp€nditure in the best possible lighi hostcities often hid€
cedain tems or shift them to oiher budsets. Olympic inirasiructure costs may appear in the govemments
publicworks budqet ratherthan the Olympic budget Presumably lhere is a iearthat the disclosure ofthe
fu costs ofstag ng an O ympic Gam€s might.llrninlsh the degree of publc support forthls event
The staled benefits for a cornmunity irom the siaging ofan Olyrnp c Games are often equally vagle
These benetits arc lsua y !ncosted and theit value infated Afler an Olympic Games there is lim(ed
assessment as io whether any prcposed benefis have been reaLrsed

The suppodeE ol an olympc Games arg!e thal these benefits wiloutweigh any negative irnpacts such

rd
L-l
as overc.owding, increased cosis and taxes and disruption duelo Olymp'c_telated building Thercare,in
addilon, hidden and unanlicipaied burdens lhat mightappear iithe Games are pe.celved io be
unsuccessful leading 1o criticism of a cily or iilherc are unexpected burdens, such as a terorisi atta'k

2.4- Spreading the costs and benefits ofthe games

There has been much discussion aboutwho benefits mosl from the Games in the hostcitv and ihe host
couniry forthat mattet- and whethetthe costs and burdeas arc sharcd equally. While it is cleat thatthe
Game6 cafl produce langible benefits forgovemment and business, and the iourism indusiry in partic'rlar,
the non tang ible be nefrdfor the commun it are less se f evident other than the privllege ol participating in
the G ames in one way or a nother A lot depends in ihis instance on whethe I lhe promlses to lhe
cornmunity at the iimd oflhe bid - betlersporls facilities and urban inftaslructure are actually kepl
It h as bee; arg ued by radical scholars, such as Lenskvj, lhat some grou ps. such as lhe underc ass the
horneless and-low cosl rcntalg.oups, are worse ofias a resut ofan O ympic Games She coniended that
O\T o( lFoac\, oe--lrls a_.r-e lo l-F ake.dv pr \'Fged s' lo s o_ lhe oopu rlron wh l' lha
131
or.adr'r.lag'd oed a dr'p opolronale s dra o_rre ou'o"- Lensrvr 2002
2.5. Community anti-Olympic lobbies

Toronto, which bid unsuccesslu ly fol the 2008 Olympic Games spawned one olthe more
prcmine'r anti
not Circuses This coalition of left and green groups a rg ued that the Games
Games lobbies, Bread
.J""r""u un""i.o tt'" poor. the horneless and the environme;l The Lobbvaso contended thalto pavfor
onvronm6_l budgeri wher'irwasmo(t
rr e Camls nonev wa: ralFn tom r-e hec lq wFIare aro
rn q.,lp *g*O lhat plblic mon€v should be spent on necess hes bre€d rath€r rhan on
tav"srrrr'd
i;; soo;;;';;i,/"r;
"""O"O " .1JJe' Aner thF oereat o r'F roronrobd EFad oLc''cuces
ns atlenuon Itl'- vdnro-ver oid lor I_p /0 0 wnte o\nprc came.
almoste'erv conLendrno Olvrpr' cl\/ now has an l'l Olynorca'd_cFwhr_hmarF:useollhelnlcr"'lo
Far' e saq
p,o.ot" b yn p ' .r'lique PissOFr PFoole .ng"^rou5lv s"bven'ng Ihe Sldnev ol!-rLo c
'r.
the web site of a Sydney based lobby

The lO CC Coailt on, The lmpaci of the O lvrn pics on Comm unirv C oa trcn whrch was sel.up n c oniL ncilon
I

*iir,ir,"v""".*"ta.ryl"tei(c"nacta)zotownt,ovmpcBrdiepresenlsan€wtvp€ofcommunLtv The lOcc


ln tnrr ,l"ln"" ,t"eif as a commun ilv watchd;g ral her ha n a n a n1 o vrnprc aroup
I

"ouiiiio" lnr'.tn an roepF ^oenr o'gan rron dedralpd lo


o":ro." 't !2 F_rurrno lnd e_/ronn enldl so' a
,'-..."""t." t o.s.nq ei o_o c u|qh' *sues dsso'rar'o srrh'e dre'dd'c<seo f o-r d
;;;;;;;;;;"-;cw;r th";im".,r'd
or th s coaliiron is to make sure thar communitv rssues are prominenr
d_o ro prol oL'. a- l, w"o rle \ gge:ts an Ol/nprLs lor all

Whlelherchasbeenaproli{elationofcommunityantolyrnpcandW?t.hdoggloLrpslheJelslerylimrted
il"pir",i""il"""i" li tn;iisuppori uase rt is orrt'u rt to a;sess ther s Lenri can ce and whether ihev speak
for anyone otherthan mdicalfinge groups.

2.6. An erosion in human rights in the host city?

Beca use so much is at stake when an o lympic Garnes are held - ihe city and the co ! ntry needs lo look ts
[JJi ir," ir"c-,i, J;"btympic ca-es ian reao to an erosion of hurnan fishts ior the c]uzens ofthat city
oitishter secuitv also provrde the l!sr rcanon for an organrsrns cornmittee or
a
""1 "","1*.
inJo".-oi
;;;;;r';;';;,;;i,wsto'e-r'ctrndrvorarhoene!pdnrcua''vduirorheoane\soa'Loprrinn'^
;n\ cFqarvrlFs lhdt nrghi be sFrTeo upo' ov lhe _terndrronc Tadia
Ihe olanrsers or rhe Canes d so clarn lhar Lhe -osr ciry neeos Lo elsure he sar"'I9ll::-! il:-
t.oi" *d dignliaries However, whle host cities wa nt lo be securebul thev don'iwanl
"i't"i",
.."ii"L0""""'b""'to.nordolhFvwa-tre;rrytoaopear
"ir,'rei""", ltseandnFdurro lli\hr'v ndrs- h"
ir"i"J,i,.."""i:-'1"'.in'i.o-roo".o-"**q,"".io'a"'uttottnee'rorsrar,'tonlravloid ll,s unlikelv
iJ"i""ii""" rl s"ptitber2001 Securitv in s;Lt Lake ctv was trshterlhan everberore
on the r freedoms This
for the r securrty rorces orcurbs
rnaius citizens wltcomplain aboul extra powels
willbe seen as the'pice ofireedom
Government introduced special
ln the lead up to the Sydney Olympic Games the New South Wales Slate

3O
leq slalro_d-'qneo (o gr{F polrce dnd orher recJlrtv 'o'ces oowFrs b''ond Lhosa -nde'wh ch thev
n;mal! ope aie thouqh this leqrs alion was denned as lemporary'. Under this legislation polica were
g ven gieater powerc to question and search cLiizens ii the ceniral business dislrici The Australian secrel
eeryic;, ASIO a so had its powe6 of srrveillance powertotap into phones iorexample increase'i
The Frcedom of lnformaion Aci was suspended for Olympic-related maiie6
There is ihe danger that this erosion of civil liberties, duing an olyrnpic Games may be extended and
provlde the excuse for temporary' measures lo remarn in place iorthe onger lerm.

2.7- The size ofthe games and legacy issues


From 1980 to 2000 ihere was an unprecedented expansion ln the s ze of the Games seven new spo'ls
afd 80 events were addecl to the program. There were many nclud ng loc Presideni Dr Jacqr.res Rogge
who be ieved that lhe Olymplc Games had become too larye therebv imposlng an incrcased burden on
host ciUes As a resuli only wealthier cities caf afford 1o stage an Olvmpic Garnes
2004
ln an effo.t lo coLnter gigantism lhe IOC decreed that no nev/ sports wo!ld be added al the Athens
Olympic Games and eie-ctive y capped lhe slze ofihe prograrn. Ai lhe Legacy Conference in Novembd
20b2 Dr Rogge spoke oll against O ympic luxury'projecis thatwould become white elephanis anerthe
cames prefirrind ctevelopm;nts ihatwolr d be susta nable afie' lhe Garnes and have some post Games
use Du ring 200i D r Rogge q ue r ed whether Svd ney shou ld have constructed an Olvmp ic Stad um to seat
1 1 0.000 pe;sons q ve n tli;t th; Stadlum was dowisized afler the Games to
80.000 Th is he suggested
was an unnecessary expense

3. The lmpaci of an olympic Games on a host city va.ies during fou' periods

i; wln a bidio hosl an olymp c Games a ciiv must develop a pLan thai is altractive both to the IOC
bli
host civ. Unless the'e is sttons suppod ac'oss the
arso to lrost comm!nity arid iey intercst srotips ln lhe
grcups againsi ihe
Ooanr fo."n orympi" 6 o - bip;rtisan polil caisupport and an absence of active lobbv
Games ihe bid ls bound io fail
To win a bid contest against other cltLes a bid plan wilbe enhanc€d if !iprcmises thatthe irnpactorlhe
61'-o. ,,"1-. *|n .fr l" del.Tcnlrr lo ano rh' cour L4 - oue5lon I'dl r"e cdne' ar'
.h.'rI/
.il,iiro r" r.l*"r socrat and cuttura term! Bid books document how rhe hosl city w achieve benefit
" *** * O*O"n to ils ciUzens ThusanOlympcbrdmavrncudepromlseslormprovelirel'
"lO """ii
ir..trosrcrvsu.n,.rh""_rirolr._l,ln.a'ponandlran'oorls\5le-rdoohcrb'9iirrelilens
r' e O,o J o-'. - or r.- syon'v 2000 Oh-rp( Cdm" we'F ba !'o on
(one onrrrlrrelr' ro lqe h' \l
-..rrit, q--""..av!d,ral .60 F laresold'g ddad d_cla HoIeb- nBrvsoJldb'
remeorared Lo o^ oro th6 !116 o_ \le e ol 116-a1\pon no ldr I'll6s rn a. r'ea ol S)d e'
w ere ln'\ wer'
ct o n of a rallwav
.""i rn"* .-" so promises of improved tra fs porlal ron nc udrng lhe cons lr!
i""o """.1"1
tliiv-J*v orvtpi. pr" w;ub reduceihe traific burden generate{j bvthe ovmpicGames and
encoulage more people io travelby plblic transpoi(
spenl-on-the bid h mi
Another imporlant aspect oithe b d pe.iod is that a crtv needs lo ensure lhat.monev
ttie ls unsuccessful (For every successrulbrd crtv there are up to adozen unsuccessrd bd
waiied lf bio
Lies lhouor dn unsui .assful o o 'ndy pro/e sLu'c'i I cl a aiFr dcle\
il;il:i;";i";;;J;;,urry .o'"i i,o' so"",n'ent and business who view ihe cames as a wav or
t,e oroo"t .Lrl-s ot I ' \and co nLryr leadr g Io ous les' oooonunlFs lou.lsm and
' ly
i
....,,ri,"",1."i""
"nn"nc'no i"- irtoba t,/ idme. Weiri;k ^oled i-ar I e uvd.F) Olvnor e o' re"e onl{
"rr
i,'l,,rL"iJo"*,it'i*rr-diheovrnprclaovemenl'Headdedlhat'themainimp!lsebehindiheGames
,s ro oromole S\dnF/ d5 d qlobal "rrv (Ccshmd_ dnd t'ughe\' l9o9 /0\
esls sirh: d
i' . ,-.""1" r ii,i tr','" L, qamer oroad suppo'1 fron rF nda) 'onnu-rriFs ano Inra
'i[.""^""ii"::" "ioo rq c,"'i',i"'; s.**r. ,-d / r oro-ro s^ow r-ar re P 'rsrenle o' werro
qan 5pd
,i'i po5s b
"ie;'"]
Oli'rp " p'o'.sr sro ot d o rF ev dance ol drsunrlv dre dalrnanra o a b d' Lhan''s

3-2. The seven year period when the games are organised
ii l" i" ott",r, p"tl"o i"t ihe o vrnpic ;rganisers to manase because ihe euphorra or w nn nq
a.bLd eoi
"
o srprles",d lyqr.ppra<wrL 11'\,"lro}ooolpn'lh"l'dvalobeovercorp'ds ontmelrfA
Sor: o, l-. obr-ns ,n r, . l-ro up ppiod n' lud'
p

a)Raised expectations
w,.^1.., ni r* rke wrnnrnq an eleclLon to govem a citvora country During an election many
"

3i
promises are macle which are not always possible to realise Olymp c cities llke governments cannot
implement or aiiord to pay for alllheir promises. !n the process, rnany indLviduals orgroups willbe
d sappointed that some core promises have not beeo rea ised othe€ who had hoped to secure a
cames conkact or obiain an imporlant posl rr'r the Games struciurc, wlll be equally d'sillus oned.

Politics in Ure bld city s intense because the stakes arc high there are many coflracts lo be won and
repulations to be enhanced Politics is also complex because lhere are so manv ocal national and
nlernationalrelalionships rnvovinq govemment,lhe Olymplc [Iovement, bus]ness. med a and
spofsorc Undoubtedly the poliiical landscape oi a bid city is trafsfomed for a decade
Politcs in an o ympic city is often roblsi and voalile Syd ney s experie nce from 1993 was not
at!orca there were a numberof res qnatrons and changes in peBonneli. the organis ng committee
' LhF ro olrrng ,ed . Ihls occ-r'ed bF a <e o l_e 5 ra _ed 4 alron5 ocn F"r slonev o os_Frns
Committee foithe olyrnpc Games (SocOG)and other oiymplc related bod es -the Ausimlian
Olympic Commjtlee lhe Olympic Co ordination Authorlty and the New Souih Wales Government
Sydn;ys answerlo lls polriical problems was to iivest power in one peBon, MichaelKnrght who
b;cam; boih Minister forthe olympics (wlinister rn the New Solth Wales Governrnent) and prcsident
ofihe SOCOG in 1996 Public squabbling and even brawlng overthe ich pums of O ympic politics
has a negatrve impact or'1lhe conrmunity respectfor the organisers ofthe Games

Sydneys green promlses atthe ume ofthe bid lhe green Games - were more ambUols than anv
uare5 lhev r.lalad lo e-arqy a ro {ater'onsFftduo wr"arvoddr'Fand
"'.,.1o\mo
m nim sanon recVclrnq of water lransponalon the improvemenl of a r waler and soilquality and the
orolechon of s onrfrca;t cultu aland phvs ca environments Whie the ldealof the green Games'was
r,-o1 Lpro,.doflr ulrod;h/e bF auseolLo'land _e'hortmpllan' to( e
"n"nr,
satsfacton of env ronmental groups, such as Greenpeace Australia and Green Gameswaich 2000
a watchdog group set up by the stale government to inonltor llre deliverv oi environmental ln it€tives
rrrere nas"o6en i continu ris debate about the eiieclLveness of the rem€d aiion of Homeblsh Bav
wheiher toxic wasle there had been properv treaied (Cashrnan and Hughes, 1998)

d) Olympic city as a builcling site: inconvenience and disruption


T;e citiz;ns of; hosl cily are l.rsually well p'epared for chanses I the wav lhe c lv operates dling an
olympic Games Sorne;rho do notwish to parucrpare rn the c t\, celebratrons opt to leave the citv tor
lhe duration of the Games
The host ciiy population are less well prepared for the cont n ! ing changes n the crtv's b u ili
€fvrronmeni ihai occLr in the seven years beforc the Games The consiruclion of oLvsrpic venues
produce many
malor changes rn u.ban transpod rnfiastruclure and large prolects of urban r€newal
u.eroelLeo rn onre Fnce,'o lhole tho vF ln d Ol/-rp L(\

e)Hidrlen costs and agendas


of access
l; some irstances the building oiOlympic venues can dep.ive citizens of a localcommunrty
il iu"r't,"" io,.-tls 6n eno rire creatronota TO 000seat Beach Volevbal Stadium at Bondi
",ur"
e;.h'e-Jlr-onr epanra closureorI eBPa'hdnoh'Bo drPdv 01-u5ed_o ro dlr'irtrrd
take
events - for six months from l\4ay to Oclober 2000. Tlre afnouncement thai this spo(wor'rld
place ai Sydneys most famous and popularbeaches led to localprotests that cornmunitv resources
pic Co o rd ina-tion
irao oeen ! lenateo for a arue'sca e ie rn porary mega event lt was the view of O lvm
auinoiiv rt'ar tne roc, coun;Ishoulclbe;ranv cosis'forthe benent ofbeins Australian aspadofthe
Olymp c Garnes'(owen, 2001 27)

f) Unexpected external crises


(o matter now we Ia clty organises an Olympic Games preparations can beserously aifected
by
more difficu t and dimlnish the potential
o;iside ;rob lems. wh ch maie the orqanlsaton of the Games
; .br. s -ooorl ror and enrorrnento t"lcane's/dnevsprepard'io-qw'r'od_ragcoov<'ondzl'lo'
ion rut" rgse u_o 1999 r-ral rere d' (o'raleo $rn I' e Sdl l al e C'rv W nl"r Odme: a o relaled
il" US t""-"t attacks of 1T Seplember 2001 dramatcall)/ changed lhe contei and aclded
"""nOul"
to the costs oflhe 2002 Salt Lake City olymp c Ganres

q) Negative publicity
6'rr ng'th" eait-up years an Olvmpic citv is closelv scrutinised bv the international media
",;*"

3a
which frequenlly publlshes negative stories aboutthe problems a cty mav have in siaging the Games
and broader socialand pollilcal probLerns wrlhin the society

h)Dealing with the problems

Because of the above prcblems an organising committee needs to be open and lransparenl as
possble Media management, incuding &mage control is also impoa(ant The€was for instance
frequenl media and pubhc ctiticism ofSOCOG because lhe organisaiion was considered excessivelv
hlgh handed and secrctive ln matterc rclaUng to lhe Garnes.
Alihoug h SO C OG eventuaily deL vered whai were descdbed by President s amaranch as ihe bestevef
Game;, many cilizens of the cily had grave concems about a positive ouicome six monihs
before the G;mes Olymplc crises became staple media fale because {iamaging stories were allowed
lo.,olie€te The tick;tna frasco of 1999 was one oflhe manv damaging conrove6ies when itwas
,r\jF:lc.l thal onlv s fracnin of the hchets ror some prime events werc availabb iorsa e to the pubLic
Before ihatihere was eq ual rancour about the marchrng bans conlroversv when rt b_^came known that
lh6 Tato ly or lhe renberr o_ r e mdrc_lng banoq, who pedomeo aL lF ooe" 19 cpremo v hrd
oeen';\ruiFdloaovaruedssvdcevs'uace"o-ojscc-daliand'onro\e''rp'isrvor'd'o't5'
experience of OlYrnPic cities

!rBrconll.J.rhero'.nrea\,ad{olu-laFrsweegoodnew5'lonesorovornglhercan lono o_l\


-,ovp FepLolc-andg'velhensomeownershpollheGaae)-bulalsolocount.r neoalNe
npo d siori;s IheLor''-relayh"senhatedlhaco-n1un\''rvolvemF-ld_dow_'rslDo'I'a
o vmo,. Cames l he lo|h r;Ev €'"' rhe O vmp{< lo nd_v conmun ler bo'r' ihe ho't r L d d
_

.,ii..""4..n, ndrr'oJallorch-oearr,.e5eacledbr'i omnu_lr'coq-ll'"''tahill I999)


iitheoroblern'olSOLOCwer'"esubF'lof"longrunninqaldca''rl'evr$o' ondd, ftb
.a't',.0 d' and _'-r F I Tl s oroo dm
Lr-"^ "n' r rne orgdn sr'9 cor-rrhep ounb ing
at thosewho took
J"ronitrut"o io* eu"rturian;approirlated the Games !srns humourto poke fun- o po,r'Fd into,
i"" i"i.ii* *,.-"rr rnr, wis an ,noonanr w"y dd
AJJcl,an popLlar.t,llurF a.o wzs atolhe wa/I wnr'hmeTbF"otlhahosl on I un'\ 9d
access io the Garnes

3.3. The staging ofthe games

Wh Ie the staqing ofrhe Games is ihe lime when there Ls the most impaci on a ciiy tLsaperiodwhen
ihose who chose to remain in the citv are
;ti;;"; i";il;"";;"; ;;sociated wLth rhe Games Frrst of a I Gaines
pi"p"i"Ji", *nrtr".)Qeci and howthev can lravelto lhe oihers have lhe choice to travel
""i
to ano(n-'' o ove sed<
'ly
n nn.,nOl;mD.GarnesI_a'earFmanvoppol-nrlracfor Lh'oaoppolLhdhoslLrlr'loDdrcodterncn
il;;;;;il:;;';; oinon p"i'-q''p'.'uro'' warchinq rhe rar "rnor rrrd ronor (\ s"ons
il'"i"'"E;r:::;";i;;r-'ni'"'-'o: o,'"*ot"'" rv-o". qbtunp' e'esr" r"prFded(ode''qrared
lrv; s les where d;ge n -Tber' o' people Ldn conq egale ro wal(' oiani'c een",
the peodle of the hoilcitv can bas\ Ln rhe run and slory of the e.veit
rn
iiir." 6"."= a;*"*tul,
"" tr'"'" *r", iesl'valaLmo(pl_ere r^r rhP rwo $ePr r or the Game' Howover' I InprF
a_6
Sion"V ZOOO
quicklv dissipate'
positive can
o.oi"r"'n "tir-"p"n t niormalon drssem natoi or a secuitv lhis mood

3.4. The post-Games Period


i;;,;;;;;;;,;;q,,," ,ne^rron pard ro pra- r inq Io' rhe posr'od-r "' o'" ocr d d lhe reoa'v or dn
or"." c c"mes e o .ri€s foc-s lo ,ucr a ra g' "a"inL o_ *rnn no I5e o'o prcnn ng for I_e oare' znd
nd) -esra'r6d
sllq,! 6 l.cessrurcame- lharrhe porr Gdnes oer oo boFn
_o lhe m neoEl: posr Gan's pe iod shel ' 'F e i' ofien z oredt r'n'e
I h;re-s a need hs( ol alllo plan
iir". Fve a oos-Oare' deoes5on [4aring
rrporta-r e'is o'oed' wit'
il; "-"ii"',*"t"",vm'nbersollhelo<Icommuntv
;"JP,;i".;'i c"'". ,-o ,n",u" ',"v "ve-r( erd a
'so' l'a "'r'
h

i"" ";;;
;,ir !ro."y r'. i" tgnrLe ler"vdlrn SepFno'r ?o0l o h lh'nn( znn /er'a1, udmF<
" relocated caLrLdron was re'il and is flame was mainla ned ror the dt]rction oi
6^ rd3.pi"r-#' ioor Ln6
the festival held over three weekends
new
Fnii,rrv mn..tant 6 to decrde on whalshould be done wilh ihe Games nfrastructLirc' panicu arly the
i."'::J:'":i;i";""";-;'ruro:""''"'r'o"-""or"oepradsrownePrr e'6 aloFsoneo'eorns
-;Lui; and Lo.n runr/ benerr|ron O /-rprcDFcrn lr'u"h a'rl re do oLrrvpa
L\rndv"-ps
rl;"t-c".;" ,"" thev can 6eiome'whire eiephants and a burden to the taxpaverc
""llilii"""i
There is also the practical question ofdeciding lo whether to maintain state oithe an Olympic venues after
the Games ard, fso, making them cost effective sydneys Aquaic Centre is a good example of a dual
purpose venue in that it housed bolh the bestfacililies for elite sport as we las 'spod for allvenue, which
rncluded play areas for chlldren. The future ofthe [4a n Stadium by contrast is nrore prob ernaic. There s
ihe inilialcost of €confLgurng the Sladium reducing lts capac ty from 120 000 lo 80.000 and then there is
ihe problem of finding sufilc ent tenants to rnake the Siadrum cost effcient (Seare. 2002)

There is a s o a need fo r g.ealer management and investmenl n the legacy of ihe Games Since a clty on
behaLf of ls comm!nity has invested signifrcantly ln global promotion, it is importantlo reap the tourism,
business and olher beiefits This can only be accessed with a wel'developed p an supported by research
which enrbles a clty lo gain ongoing benefits and io reduce possible ongoing budens
Anoiher issue relates to the intelLeciual propedy ofthe Games. What becornes ofthe knowledge gai.ed in
stagrrg mank nd's g reatest peacetirne activity? The archives ofthe Games are a valuabe tesource for the
peope ofa cjly and a fation and need to be slored and o€an sed in a way that makes them eas v
access ble fo r ilture ge neration s The knowledge gained n siag ng the Games s a valuab e asset for the
host communiy and should become one of its important expods, being on sold bringlfg in valuable
capital li aLso ls a very valuab e pan of a city's and country's history.

The cu livaton of the memory oi an Olymplc Games is anolher way in which there can be sorne retu.n fot
ihe host city comrnufily The creation ofan Olymprc [/]useum forinstafce wilLensure the memory of lhe
Games and provide a focalpoinl for the sporting, inlellectualand organisationallegacy oiihe event. The
marking of l# Games whether ln street names orcommemotaiive plaques, are olher wodhwhile
initaiives. The Olympic cauldron at Sydneywas removed to a nearby park to become a plblic sclrlpture
with a waterfall cascad ng from lts side. lncluded n this public sculpturc are the names of allthe meda lists
ofthe Sydney 2000 Olympic an{i Paralymp c Games

There s a g row ng coniern po l€ ry awareness thai an Olymp c Games ca n have many posiUve and
negatve impacts on an Orymplc city and its environmenl There ls an growlng be ef that an Olvmpic
cames sho!ld ieave a host communiiy and the clty environmeni better ratherthan worse off Scholarc
s ! ch as Bruce KLCId have argled th at each candldate c ty should cond uct a socra I irn
pact assessment and
a pub lc constl taiion before subrn itting lls brd (Kidd, 1 992 76-7 )

Related web sites

htlpJ/w\4$7 breadnotcircuses.org/
IOCC (lmpact ofthe Olympics on Community Coa ltion)
hllpl/www olvmp csforall ca/
PISSOFF (People lngefiously S!bverling ilre Sydney O yrnpic Farce)
http://www cat olq au/p ssofi/
Green Games Watch 2000
htlp://www nccnsw orq au/member/qgw/abouU

hitp://www gamesinfo corn au/


Sydney Olympic Park
hilpr//w\w sydneyolymplcpark nsw gov a!/
s ,fr ,fr .fr 6 6 6 6 .ft ,fr ,fr ,fr ,fr 'ft ,fr ,fl 6 6 6 +,fr ,fr .fr ,fr ,fi ,fi 6 6 .fr ,fr .fr "fr .fr 6 6 ? 1,r

fii
? fii
0
'of 1,i

.i,i

o
tr
-?
D
f
-?
D
f
l tu

o II SUPPLEMENTARY READING
D

tr
n
s tu

F
?
D

"}
D
f
D
i
o
i
l}
$ "bl

l 1^l

o
D

s tr

1n
.}
?
? "fr fi'ft.b .fr 6,fr,fr ,fi,fl 6,fr.tr,fr,fr 6 ,fr,fi,fr 6,fr.fr"fr,fr 6 6'fr'fr 6'tr #'fr'fr'fr fr i,r
Feb 24, 2ao9
sports and politics: An indigestible mix
Spielberg's pull-out from the Beiiing Olympics shows how big sporting events
can be politicised
By Teo cheng Wee

LIKE oil and wate.. That is how Singapore National Olympic Councii secretary-
qenerai Chris Chan describes sports and politics

While sports aims to bring people together, politics pulls them apart,' he notes'
'The two cannot and should not m:x.'

So it is clear where he stands in the latest political episode to hit international


sportsr The recent decision by American director Steven Spielberg to pull out as
artistic adviser for the Beijing Olympics' openinq and .losing ceremonies

The director, who came on board in 2006, issued a statement more than a week
ago saying he made the decision after failing to convince China to do more to help
eiO tne ci"il conflict in Darfur, Sudan- The violence there has killed more than
200,000 people since 2003.

China is believed to have influence over the Islamic regime that runs the country
because it buys two thirds of the country's oil exports. In tllrn, it sells weapons to
Sudan and defends it In the United Nations Security Council

'When he withdrew from the Games, he was taklng a political stand on something
not related to sports. It hurts the event, it s a loss to the O yrnpics and it's not
something he should have done,'says 14r Chan, referring to Spielberg

That polltics and sports should not mix is a statement echoed by many spoftsmen
and administrators.

Yet even the most ldealistic of them must concede that to keep the two spheres
completely apart in today's sporting world is wishful thinking'

'Oil and water'is not the right analogy in this instance Oil and water do not mix
-

but sports and politics are inextricably intertwined

Athletes, after all, are mostly funded by their respective governments Large-scale
sforting events cannot be hosted if a country does not pledge funds- And
infrastr-ucture for spolting events cannot be put in place without
political backing

When Singapore hosted the 117th lnte.national Olympic Committee


(IOC) session
prlme
in 2005, a; many politiclans as spoltsmen were in town Then British
rn;ni.i"i fonV Bliir and former US iirst lady Hillary Clinton rubbed sholrlders with

3s
David Beckham and Alexander Popov.

But one should be careful to distinguish between governmental support ior an


event ancl political interference, Singapore's IOC executive board member Ng Ser
Miang points out.

'It's impossible to say that there can be absolutely no political involvement In


sports. If a nation is investing a lot of money and .esources, the government
definiteiy needs to be involved.

'But the count.y's sports associations and National Olympic Council (NOC) should
rernain autonomous and not have to make decisions under political pressurc-'

It crosses the line !vhen, say, a new sports minlster comes on board and
unilaterally sacks the elected NOC members, replacing them nrith his own peop e
Such cases have happened before and are against the Olympjc charter, says [4r
Ng.

Political involvement does not rnean there will be a political agenda, says
Parliamentary Secretary (Community Development, Youth and Sports) Teo Ser
fuck, wno has been a key member of the Republic's winning bid for the 2010 Yollth
Olymp'c Games (YOG)

He acknowledges that he is a politician drumming up suppoft for a sporting event'


-
but asserts th;t the bid was not for the ruling party but for the country in
particular, the social benefits lt can bring ln bonding its citizens
political
'We didn't bid on the YOG for economic beneflts We didn't bid on it for
mileage,' he tells The Sunday Times.

'If we really wanted toscore political points, we won't pick a.project like this'
where we have little experience and success i5 so !ncertain'

Potitics on the Podium


POLlTlC]ANSaside,whatshouldonemakeoflndividuals,qroupsorathleteswho
use sports meets to make a political point?
an evcnt
snreLbero s stand on Darfur is neither the first nor the last time that such
;ili;-;;; ; puoticrse potrtica lssues. particularly at the mother of all meets' the
Olympics.
Llseful platform
The mass appeal of spods and the resultlng media focus make it a
to publicise i;sues and concerns, says Singapore l'lanagement University law
lecturer Eugene Tan

Older sports fans will remember the two American runners raising
their black-

36
gloved fists at the rostrum in the 1968 t4exico Games in support of the Black Power
movement in the United States; or the tit-for-tat boycotts of the 1980 Moscow and
1984 Los Angeles Games, among others (see other story).

Since then, there has been relative quiet for two decades at the Seoul, Barcelona,
Atlanta, Sydney aod Athens Olyrnpics.

But with Chi.a's emergence on the global stage, the Beijing Garnes have proved to
be a lightning rod for activists who want to take the count.y to task not just over
Darfur, but also Tibet and Taiwan, arnong other issues.

Since the Spielberq incident, sports ministers from several countries have hit out at
crltics calling for a boycott of the Beijlng Games, insisting it would be counter-
p.oductive-

They especlally want the sportsmen to be kept out of it

The Olympics are about sport, not about hurnan rights. It is up to politicians,
NGOs and the like to pursue this matter, not athletes', Slovenian Sports Minister
lY ilan Zver points out.

The Olympic charter states that there should be 'no kind of demonstration or
pol,tical, religious, or racial propaganda permitted in any Oiympic sites, venues or
other areas' from athletes.

For those who feel politically inclined, however, the charter does not forbid them
from expressing opinions elsewhere - a point picked up by political analyst Terence
Chon q.

'You can raise political issues and champ;on the purer ideals of spofts at the same
time. The two need not be mutually exclusive,' he says-

Still, for the tirne being, athletes appea. to have little interest in getting involved
Already, there have been reports of sportsmen resenting being called on to
challenge China's human rights record or even to follow Spielberg's footsteps ln
quittinq the Games.

Italian kayak champion losefa Idem, who will be competing in her seventh Games
in Beijing, was initially against the awardlng of the Olympics to 'an undemocratic
country like China'.

'But now that they've decided to go there, I'm against applying pressure for
political goals using the skjn of the athletes,' she says

Similarly, reigning Olymplc tennis champion JLlstine Henin from Belgiurn reiterated
tojournitistithai she was going to the olympics 'to play tennis, not play politics'

3l
What is most important to sportsn]en like former national swimmer Ang Peng
Siong is that politics should never hurt the sportsman

When speaking to The Sunday Times, he brought up a name - Craig Beardsiey -


that most people would not have heard of

The two met when Ang was traifing in the US in the early 1980s. A butterfly
specialist, Beardsley was one of the American swimmers who did not get to go to
the 1980 Moscow olympics because of the US boycott.
There is no way of knowing af Beardsley would have won the 200m butterfly gold in
f4oscow, but on July 30, 1980, he set a world record at the US Nationais The time
was more than a second faster than than that set by Sergei Fesenko of the Sovlet
Union, who won the Olympic gold 10 days earlier in [4oscow.

Four years later, Beardsley missed rnaking the 19B4 Olympic tearn by 0 36 of a
second.

'For athletes like him, it was heartbreaking,'Ang recalls.

So for the sake of unwitting victims like Beardsley, there may be another cause
worth campaiqninq for in Beijing: If it is not possible to keep politics out of sports,
we should at least keep it away from sportsmen

chengwee@sph.com sg

When politics invades the arena


A LOOF at polilics and lhe OlyrFpi's:

WHEN POLITICS INVADES THE ARENA


A lOOk ol polilrc< a-]d heOyrloics:

1906: At the Athens Olympics, Irish athlete Peter O'Connor scaled the
flagpole to tear down the British Union flag that was flown for his second
plaCe in the long jurnp. In its place, he waved an lrish flag'

1936: German dictator Adolf Hitler used the Berlin OJympics as a


propagancia tool as well as to showcase what he believed was the supremacy
of tne-nrvan race and the infe.iority of ethnic Africans Famously, he did not
shake the hand of African- American runner Jesse Owens who won four
Hitler did not
loicl meOals at the Games - although later stories surfaced that
inake the hands of many other athletes as well.

38
1968: Americans Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the gold and bronze
medallists in the men's 200m race, stood on the medal rostrum barefooted
and wearing civii rights buttons.

As the national anthem p{ayed, they lowered their heads and raised a black-
gloved fist each to protest against unequal rights for blacks in the United
States, They were dropped from the team, packed home and banned from
the lYexico Games.

1972: A group of eight Palestinian terrorists belonging to the Black


September organisation broke into the olympic Village in Munich and killed
11 Israeli athletes.

1976: Twenty-eight African countries boycotted the Montreal Games as they


were upset with New Zealand for continuing to play rugby against South
Africa, which was under apartheid rule

1980: To protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the uS ied a


boycott of the Moscow Games. In all, 64 nations sat out the cornpetition

1984: In retaliation, 14 Soviet-led countries boycotted the Los Angeles


Games.

2ooo: Australian and aboriginal r!nner Cathy Freeman celebrated her w n in


the 40orn race in the Sydney Games by draping herself with the Australian
and Aboriginal flags.

2OO8: Director Steven Spielberq pulls out as artistic adviser for the Berjinq
Olympics'opening and ciosing ceremonies, saying that China has not done
enough to stop the conflict in Darfur.

39
Sports : Elhics and lntegrity

SPORTSMANSHIP

"For when the One Great Scorer comes to mark against your name,
He writes nol that you won or lost - but how you played the game." (Grantland Rice)

It seems in our sports today, the concept of good sportsmanship has been lost. While winning at all
costs and poor sportsmanship may be condoned and even promoted in professional sports, this does
not mean it is the proper way for athletes to behave. Whether we like it or not, sportsmanship in sports
is a direct refleclion of our own ethics in real life- Sportsmanship like ethics concerns both the
character and the actions of an athlete. The image you project as an athlete is a product of your
character. Good sportsmanship is notiust what you do on the field, it is hopefully the way you conducl
your life both on and off the field. ln the same way, unsportsmanlike behaviour on the field is probably
an indication of your off the field conduct. unsportsmanlike behaviour -- acts that are unfair,
dishonest, disrespectful or against the rules - are unsportsmanlike because they are unethical. lf you
are unethical in spofts, can you be ethical in the other areas of your life - your business dealings, your
treatment of others, your family?

Question : What claims does the writer make of people who are unethical in sports? What parallels
does he draw?

We can sit back and blame television and pro sports tor the decline in sportsmanship but we can also
take the responsibility of bringing it back into at least the game of Slow-Pitch. lt is time for all of us
involved with Slow-Pitch to practice good sportsmanship. This is especially important if we are
involved with children either as a parent or coach. This year SPO will expect all participants to follow
the basics of sportsmanship. Following are some general rules to be a good sport.

GOOD SPORTSMANSHIP RULES

1. The "Golden Rule" - Do unto others as you would have others do unto you
- show respect for them if you expect it yourself.

2. Have an understanding and an appreciation of the r{rles.


- the spirit of good sportsmanship depends on conforming to the intent of the rule and not look for a
loop hole. (Example - all players present must bat so several weak hitters are asked to stay home for
an important game)

3. Enjoy yourself and encourage enjoyment for others


- we play sports for rccreation so lets make it that.

4. Take responsibility for your actions.


- don't blame others for your mistakes or find excuses for poor behaviout.

5. Recognize and app.eciategood pedormances, especially by the opponent.


-Applause for an opponent's good play demonstrales generosity and courtesy. lt shows a true
awareness of lhe game and athletic ability.

6. Exhibit respect fo. the off:cials.


to make sure the game is
- Umpires are impartial arbitrators who perfo.m to the best of theia ability
played fair and within the rules. Mistakes made by all those involved are part of the game and must be
accepted.
Sports : Ethics and Integity

7. Expect p.oper behaviour from your teammates.


- if you allow a teammate to cheat, to play dangerously, to argue and scream at officials, you are
condoning that behaviour.

Examples of Acceptable behaviour

. Shake hands with the opponent before and after the game, rcgardless of outcome.
. Cheer in a positive manner.
. Accept all decisions by officials without question.
. Applaud good plays by both teammates and opponents.
. Applaud at the end of the contest for the performance of all participants.
. Encourage all surrounding people (fans included) to display on sportsmanlike behaviour.
. Show concern for an injured player, regardless of team.
. Win with class - losewith dignity.

Examples of Unacceptable Behaviour

. Use disrespectful or derogatory comments, cheers or gestures.


. Criticize officials in any way - displays of temper over an officials call-
. Make displays of lemper when you or a teammate are not successful
. Refuse to shake hands or recognize good play.
. Laugh or name-callto disttacl an opponent.
. Criticize other players or coaches for the loss of a game.
. Use profanity or display anger.
possibly a
Every time we go out and play, we are being watched We may not realize it but someone,
you;g impresionable person, is observing you and how you act Your behaviour may have a
lig;ir:..ni i.p".t, posrtive o, negative, onlhem. Maybe what they see on our slo-Pitch diamonds will
i f.tt", ."u-pt" for them tha; what they see on TV. lf we all perform to the best of our abilities
and possibly' just
""i
within the concept of good sportsmanship, we should all have an enjoyable season
possibly, our lives may just be a little richer.

Question: What is the link between sports and psychological development?

John Ariss - Touching Base Magazine - February, 2000

&l
spons : qure l-unding rOpf'osing Vic\\points)

State Funding : Arguments for and against


States' involvement with the funding of elite athletes is generally tied to the prestige of
olympic medals and international achievement. This involvement has a broad history,
from the extremes of the former GDR selecting athletes for intensive training at age 7 to
Qatar's 'purchase' of the Kenyan runner Stephen Cherono for an alleged $1m and an
annual salary.

Virtually all modern Western democracies allocate some funding from the Sports/Culture
budgets to the funding of elite athletes. Britain will spend 600m (300m from the National
Lottery, a state-regulated charity, 200m from the government and 100m from private
sponsors) in the run-up to the 2012 Olympics to try and take the 4th spot in the Olympic
medal table.

The ways in which elite athletes are funded differ significantly worldwide but generally
contain 3 elements: i) Funding directly from the state, ii) Funding from Charities and
private institutions (ie. Sports institutes, the National Lottery in the UK) and iii)
Sponsorshjp (ie. Yonex in Badminton worldwide and Leon Paul in Fencing worldwide)
The athletes concerned tend to be those in individual or non-salaried (ie. not football,
baseball, rugby etc) team sPorts.

Typically athletes either apply for funding directly or receive funding because the
development programme in which they participate in receives funding (e.g the
Austraiian SportJcommission funds 68 recognised sports depending on level and scale
of participation,46 sports receive funding from the state in the UK). Funding can be
allocated either on a 'needs' basis or linked to performance (e.g the US Judo Federation
links funding to points accrued and offers a $3,000'gold medal incentive'in A/A+
events). Canada has a system of'carded athletes' where the top 16 athletes at a
particular sport automatically receive funding

The debate about funding most often becomes politicised in the run-up to the olympics
(particularly in host nations) where disputes occur about whether the limited pot of
iunding should be allocated to sports in schools and young developing athletes, or go to
payinglthe salaries of elite athletes so they can concentrate on training full-time The
deLale focuses on athletes already competing at national level and those in
development programmes specifically aimed at achieving international success

Discussion of funding should concern both direct funding (payment of travel costs, entry
fees, training costs and a basic salary so athletes need not rely on private funding) and
indirect funding into development programmes and facility development.

42
Sports: State Fund;ng (Opposing Viewpoints)

Argument #1

No

State funding is a state run, merit-based syslem of


There exisls a current problem ihat many talented subsidised leisure for athletes. ln most countries the
athletes cannot devole lhemselves fulltime to ihe depa'tment for Spori (Culture, IMedia and Sport in
exrensrve rrarrinq reqJrred Io co'npele al o ymp c the UK) has a limited budget within the overall
level, instead lhey often have to work part-time lo governmenl budget and funding of elite athletes
fund their living and training costs. lndeed in 2005, takes up a share ofihis budgei The money could
B&Q in the uK developed'Team B&O'to employ be better spent on related areas such as health and
athletes in their home hatdware siores but offe.ing education or on increasing the number of sporis
the flexible hours that athleies find il difficuli to available al school or club level. The world's mosl
secure at other employers. Those who cannol find successfulOlympic nation, the unlted States does
work are forced to borlow money, often from their not publicly fund its Olympic teams bui instead
parents, as was the case with the 1992 US considers their funding a'private and community
O ymprc sarl'ng tear Thrs need to >crabble for affair". The united States Olympic Committee
money pul) pressu'e on lhe alnleles lakes lhen (USOC) receives signif icanl corporate f unding
minds off competing and sometimes can even w'rcl^ I rs lree to disllbrle to ird vrdualgoveJning
make ihem consider quitting. The amounts of bodies School pupils in Georgia are encouraged to
money involved are large, for instance the 1996 co lect pennies for the Olympic effort and ihe US Ski
Olympic gold medallist Todd Eldeddge's build-Lrp and Snowboard ieam's celebrity status allows ihem
kaining cost over $250,000 and financial pressures ro organ sF ba ls and fundrng toLrs in older Io aise
in the late 1980's almost forced him to quit State money to pay for their training and iravel. ln
funding of elite athletes would remove undue developed nations Iunding from the private secior
pressures which impairlheir performance fot their does exist and the obligation should be on alhletes
and governing bodies to find that funding rather
than on the government to provide it.

Argument #2

The fundlng squeeze unfairly affects sports that Olympic sports rarely find themselves marginalised
are not considered commercially attractive by due to a lack of funding, rather those who make this
sponsors. Al inter-compeiition levelthis has the claim draw a false parallel beiween European
effect of creating a significant dispa ty in funding soccer clubs, Norih American Basketballand
between the Olympics and the Para Olympics due Footballteams and National sports bodies to say
to differences in media coverage and sponsor ihal whilsl c ubs receive hundreds of millions of
exposure Al an inter-sport level, less popular dollars in endotsements and TV rights,lhe Bntish
Olympic sports such as Taekwando have access Taekwando Federation receives compatatively little.
to a significantly smaller sponsorship pot than However ihis anaiogy is false because we should
Baseballor Basketball although the elite athletes only compare nationalspods federations, not clubs
across most sporls have io shoulder simllar who atAad television money and attract players and
training costs. Softball, for instance involves fans from around the wodd. Further there is always
70mph pftches and a similarly rigorous kalning a source offunding for sports from their equipment
regime to Baseball but National Softball manrlacturers such as I eon PaLl i,l iencln-c
Federations preparing for the Olympics recerve Fr'ldlly. onp ol ll'e redcons whv some sporls receive
orly a lrdclron ol lhe soonrolshlp re alved by d more money than others if we ailow the market to
s nole liS Basebdll fiancl i'o In one v'd Stala declde is a gteater level of interest, lead ng to a
fun; ng would create a level playing field al both greater level of participation leading to a higher
inter-cornpeiition and inter sport levels and prevenl standard of competition A state funding system
corporate sponsors for deieffiining the quality of would presumably also allocate funding on a similar
the sport we can enjoy. basis (or else it would be unfai0 so the disparily

43
Sporls : Slate Funding (Opposing Vielvpoints)

Argument #3

Athletes who do succeed in gaining sponsorship There js no problem with the development of strong
are beholden to pressures from their sponsors links belween business and elile sport. This
which conflict wilh the athletes, governing bodies encourages ihe development of long-term
and nalion's best rnterests. The companies such sponsorship links between the two and often the
as RBC Financialand Bank ofAmerica which do firms sponsoring are simply supplying cash that can
sponsor high-profiie sport at Olympic leveltend be used by governing bodies to create state otlhe
bolh to sponsor individual athletes rather ihan ai( training faciities. lt is clearly in the interests of
governing bodies and require corporate the lirms sponsoring athleles not to impede their
commitrnents ofthose athleies. lf money is training through corporate commitments as lhis
rece ved solely by alhleles ralher than goverltng would jeopardise the athletes' performance.
bodies. alJ of a nalion s athletes do not benefit frorn Sponsors want to be associated with success, not
the advanced facilities such as the Colorado to be criiicised in the media by athleies for standing
Aliltude Centre. available to the Nike Elite Distance in the way ofthe medals. ln fact very few athletes
Running Team, that some athletes do. Funding have problems training the required number of
directed al governing bodies could be used to houls a week, Olympic fencers for inslance only
construct these lacilities for the use of youth and train for a maximum of20-25hrc per week, and far
development squads ratherthan the ven/ best more problems arise from overtraining which can
simply being siphoned off to train only with those resuli in injury and st€ss fractures. ln terms of
also sponsored by Nike. ln team sports where liming, it is perfectly possible to manage both
tearn lraining time is already cut to a narrow sponsorship commitments and training and still
window by club commitments, domestic seasons have the recovery time needed ln the longer ierm,
and athletes competing in differenl leagues around interests outside sport are mentally healthy for
the world, the precedence of corpo.ate alhletes, and willhelp to prepare them for life afler
sponsorship tours fudher cuts down the ability of iherr competitive career ends.
Olympic teams to kaln together. Football (Soccer),
whilsl probably not a sport eliglble for public
funding, is a classic example ofwhere international
managers already have lo negoiiate wiih clubs for
player availability for friendly games {facing
overlapping domestic seasons). At the same time
they also have to defer lo sponsorship tours for
Bryl Cream endorsements and motivational
speeches to company board members.

Argument tl4

No

Privale rather than public tlrnding removes the The link between elite sporting success and mass
leverage that governing bodies have overtheir elite padicipation is vague and unproven and a 1996
athletes. Those athletes who are funded or part- study by the Universily of South Australia showed
funded through the state can be required to assist at leasl in Australia, no statisticalor causal link
in the lraining of athletes in development squads between the lwo. lfthe stale wishes to promote
providing a trickle-down effect, or even asked 1o sport in schools in orderlo improve public health
Sports : Statc Funding (Opposing Vietvpoints)

help coach in schools. This praciice is common- then the money can be better spent di.ecily by
place in Badminlon in the uK where members of employing more Physical Education teachers,
the England squad based in Milton Keynes are improving schools'sports facillties and buying back
required to put in a cedain number of hours 5"hoolplay ng felds which are olen sold lo Iaise
assisting in the training oI members of Junior capital, rather than paying elite athletes to compeie
squads and coaching in either schools or clubs. and hoping thal there will be a trickle-down effect
The result is a support net\rork for the players and Further, one of the reasons banks and maior
often those players who do not succeed at corporations sponsor elite athletes is to improve
Lnternational levelturn out to be lalenied coaches. thelr public image and so it is likely lhat they too
Further, public funding lhus means that the state would encourage athleles to become role models by
can inspire ialented young athleles at school level, taking tinre to coach in schools. So jfthere is a
provide strong role models even lo lhose who lrickle down effect it can be realised wlthout the
would not compete above regional level, and have state havlng to dlvert funds away from where they
a positive public health impaci by motivating are needed most, deprived state schoo s. Nor is it
children io get out of the classroom and offthe desirable to iake potential elile athletes out of
sofa. ln the UK House of Commons debate on schoolat the ages of 10 or 11 to give them
Olympic funding, one [rP pointed oul thai it was dedicated training. Elite sports development squads
ihe strong link between schools and sports a-e pyralrros wrrh very wioe bases and rrary
federations, a lowing identification of potential talented athletes who don t quite rnake the grade
future Olympians from the age of 10, that are cast off as lhey qet older, leaving them without a
contributed to the success ofthe former East career in ellte sporl or a satisfactory education.
Germany in Olympic cornpetition.

Argument #5

No

lnternaliona I competition probably does breed


nationalism but this is not something that lhe
A successful Olympic squad allows a country lo government should Iund and sanclion. Enqllsh
punch above its weight in international relations
football hooliganism both domesiically and al
Staie iunding clearly increases the number of iniernational toumamenls has shown thai
medals a nation wins. A 20 year study by ihe 'inlegration through spori' is not necessarily
Australan institute of Spoa( found a strong linear desirable. ln facl rioiing between Honduran and El
correlation between the amount of funding Salvador fans durinq a qualifying match lor the 1970
recelved and the number of medals won both World Cup decided on penaliies contribuled to the 5
between nations and sports. On average, each oay foorbdll War betwee4 lhe lwo courl ies i'l
gold medalcosts around $3Tmlllion and each '1969. Fufiher, given that many tensions between
medal in general costs around $Smillion. Hence communities arise from lhe presence of immigrant
there is a benefit to the state in terms of prestige groups of a different nalionality {Lebanese in
from choosinq to spend some oftheir limited pot of Australia, Paklstanis in England) and that these
funding on elite athLetes. Further,lhe population of grolrps often focus their nalional identity around
a nation gets something out ofwatching their their home nation s sports teams (football and
national athleies winning Olympic medals. Sporting crcket respectively), the fact ihat the government is
achievement can bring people together from seen as funding iheir competitors does not build
different cultural comrnunities and promotes a bridges. Finally, governments who choose to take
cohesive nalional identiiy Even al an internaiional credit for their nationalleam's successes must also
level, eliie sport can be a great healer of wounds, explain their failures (see pretty much every English
the resumption of cricket Iixtures beh^/een lndia national spods team ever for deiails). The
and Pakisian was widely seen as a sign of greater temporary performance of sporis tearns is not
something the government should stake its
popularity on.

L(
Sports : State Funding (Opposing Vie\ ?oinls)

External links and resources:


. SportEneland: Fundine Case Studies
. Australian Sports Commission: Athlete Fundine
. The Nation: Funding for Elite Athletes in China
. Wikistub: Athletics Assistance proglamme in Canada
. CBC Archives: Fundinq ofAmateur Spe!!
. London 2012 Olympics
. lnternational Olympic Committee

4L
Sports and Business

I
SPEECH BY DR VIVIAN BALAKRISHNAN, MINISTER FOR COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT, YOUTH AND SPORTS/ AT THE 3RD SINGAPORE SPORTS
COUNCIL'S CEO NETWORKING SESSION, WEDNESDAY 16 APRIL 2OO8,7.OO
PM AT SENTOSA PAVILLION

Distinguished guests
Ladies and qentlemen

1. Three years'ago, I addressed at Singapore Sports Council's (SSC)


CEOS
inaugural CEo networking session and shared that the sports industry In singapore
was golng through an exciting growth phase.

2. Now, we have witnessed unprecedented developments in Singapore's sports


history that will catalyse the growth of the sports industry from now till 2015
Major sports Initiatives Fuelling Growth Across Multiple sectors

3. A Pricewaterhouse Coopers report in 2OO5 estimated that the worldwide


sports market wi I achieve sales of up to US$111.1 billlon in 2009 at a 6 1olo
compound annual growth rate, wlth the Asia PaciFic region growlng to US$17 hillion

4. Closer to home, Singapore has built a successful foundation in sports over the
last few years. We now have more than half the population involved in sports at
least once a week; a vibrant calendar of over 60 internatlonal and nuanerous other
commonity and qrassroots sports events annually; an active school sports scene;
greater varrety of sports offerings beyond traditjonal sports; as well as greater
professionalism 1n sports management

5. Buildinq on this strong foundation, a few rnajor sports rnitiatives will catalyse
the growth of multiple sectors across the sports industry. This includes the Sports
Hub - the world's first sports and ieisure infrastruct!re Public-Private-Partnership
project the inaugural Youih Olymplc Games; the world's first Formula One night
iac-; as well as homegrown marquee events such as the standard chartered
Marithon, We are seeing new growth opportunities in construction, media and
broadcasting, events management, sponsorship and marketing, retail and
merchandising, sports medicine and sports science, education and trainjng, and the
motor Sports industry, just to name a few.

Commitment to Support the Growth of the sports Industry


6. Leading the development of the sports industry, the SSC and the Economic
Development Board have a comprehensive plan to grow the sporls industry in sports
entertainment, services and Products The long term goal is to grow a selfsustainlng
sports industry ecosystem that will contribute S$2 billion in GDP and employ 20,000
lobs by 2015.
,. Tonight, I am pleased to announce that the SSC and the Ir4edia Developrnent
Authority (IYDA) will sign a l4emorandum of {Jnderstanding to develop the sporis
media and broadcasting sector.

8. This initidtive will serve two purposes. First, it will create new jobs with
specialist skills in sports journalisrn, spofts filming and production, medla rights
management, intellectLlal property rights, sports commentating as well as spofts
public relations. Second, it will enlarge the internatlonal footprint and value of sports
events in Singapore and promote sports tourism

41
Sports and BLrsiness

9. The SSC and I!4DA will jointly provide an initial fund of S$1 million to seed the
development of the spofts media and broadcasting industry. IndLrstry players such as
broadcasters and content companies will also play a part through parlicipation in a
'Sports I,4edid Business Group'which will be co led by the SSC and l"1DA.

Growing Corporate Sector Participation


10. While the Government will seed lhe growlh of the industry, ultimately, this has
to be driven by the private sedor. In the United States, the private seclor is the
prime mover behind the us$200-billion a year sports industry.

11. I am optimistic that the sports industry is primed for good growth from now till
2015 as we are beginning to see growing corporate sector participation and
involvement in sports. For example. over 700 companies pledged their support for
the Youth Olympic Games through the Business Times.

12. Tonight, we also have double the number of attendees compared to when we
held the inaugural CEO gala networkrng session in 2006. Companies are indeed
taking a keen interest in what sports has to offer to their businesses, and this bodes
well for the development of the sports industry.

13. The sports industry is on an exponential growth path that will benefit the
business community. I strongly u.ge all oF you here this evening to ride this wave of
opportunity and heip the sports industry reach its potential.

14. I thank you all for attendinq this evening's event and for the keen interest you
have shown in helping our sports industry grow. I wish everyone a frllitful evening of
networkinq,

Thank you-

II
SPEECH BY MR TEO SER LUCK/ PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, YOUTH & SPORTS AT THE LAUNCH OF THE
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) FRAMEWORK FOR SPORTS ON
MON, 7 JAN, 2.45PM AT THE SINGAPORE SPORTS COUNCIL

CEO of the Singapore Sports Council f4r Oon Jin Teik,


Secretary General of the Singapore National Olympic Council, Ivlr Chris Chan

Deputy chairman of the Singapore International Arbitration centre, Professor


Lawrence Boo

President of the Singapore Institute of Arbitrators, Ivr Johnny Tan

Executive Director of lhe Singapore l"lediation Centre. l'4r Loong Seng Onn

Ladies and gentlemen and other distinguished guests,

Good afternoon to one and all.

4S
Sports and Business

1 In recent yearsr there has been a concerted efTort to push for sports
developrfent in Singapore. Today, there is greater awareness among Singaporeans
on the benefits of sports, and more Singaporeans are participating and excelljng in
sports, In fact, our record away performance of 43 Gold l'ledals at the recent 24th
SEA Games in Korat refleds our proqress in sports.

2 As Singapore's sporting landscape continues to grow and evolve in various


ways such as bidding to host the inaugural Youth Olympic Games in 2010, the
construction of the new Sports Hub, lntensifying our campaign for Olympic glory -
we would need to enhance our legal frarnework to complement our sporting
developments. This lncludes having sufficient appeal channels for sports reldted
disputes to be resolved, as is done in the more developed sporting nations like the
United States, UK, and Australia.

3 Today, we are heTe to witness the launch and signing of the f4OU for
Singapore's first Framework for Alternative Dispute Resolution for sports, also know
as'ADR for sports'in short. This initiative is spearheaded by the Singapore sports
Council (SSC) and developed in collaboration with the Singapore National Olympic
Council (SNOC), the Singapore Mediation Centre (SlvlC), the Singapore International
Arbitration Centre (SIAC) and the Singapore Institute of Arbitrators (SIArb).

4 Adapted from the various arbitration and mediation processes in the


international sporting arena such as the International Court of Arbitration for Sports,
the ADR Sports arms to resolve a broad spectrllm of sports-related disputes such as
athlete selection, liability issues, commercial rights matters and so on, in a timely
and professional manner. The framework will leverage on the existing professional
practices and expertise of the Slngapore l4ediation Centre, the Singapore
International Arbitration Centre and the Singapore Institute of Arbltrators.

5 The recent dispute between Gino Ng and the Trlathlon Association ol


Singapore (TAS) over selectlon to the SEA Games team was an unfortunate incident-
However, I am pleased to note that the dispute was eventually successfully resolved
throuqh the mediation process. This incident exemplifles the need for a structured
process of mediation and arbitration to ensure that disputes within the sporting
fraternity can be resolved in the most amicable manner possible.

6 In closing. I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciat on to


all the partles who have supported and contribLlted to the formation of ADR Sports.
As Singapore develops its sporting culture and infrastructLlre, the establishment of
the ADR Sports will strengthen our position as a regional hub for sports development
and best practices.

7 Thank you.

4q
Sports and Business

INTIRNATIONAL
fier*[b@ribtnc
Singapore beats Moscow for right to host first Youth Olympics in 2O1O
The Associated Press
Thursday, February 21, 2008

LAUSANNE, Switzerland: Singapore wiil host the first Youth Olympic Games in
2010.

The Southeast Asian city state of 4.5 million people beat out l\4oscow in a vote of the
International olympic Committee. The result was announced Thursday by IOC
president Jacques Rogge during a ceremony at the Olymplc l'luseum in Lausanne.

In a postal ballot of IOC members, singapore defeated the Russian capital 53 44'

Singapore has nev€r hosted a major international multisports event but held a
sentimental edge over Moscow. The IOC was eager to reward a city which might
never be able to stage the filll olympics

"We dared to dream, we worked hard to pursue our dream despite the odds, and
now the dream will become a reality," singapore Prime l'4inister Lee Hsien Loong
said.

The Youth Games will feature aboLlt 3,200 athletes aged 14 18 competing in 26
sports. The event, to be held every four years, ls designed to encoLlrage youngsters
to get involved in sports and spend less time in front of computer and television
screens. The first Winter Youth Olympics will be in 2012

"It's a great honor and privileqe for all of us, for singapore and every singaporean,"
lee sai;. "For the first tlme, the 'olyrnpics' name will be in soLltheast Asia, and in
Singapore. We will be the focus of a new era of sports development for Singapore,
for Southeast Asia and for the Olympic movement."

Lee spoke at a public gathering in Singapore that jncluded about 5,000 students
from 90 schools, mosiof whom were decked out in red and were assembled at a
large field in front of the downtown City Hall to listen to the result from Lausanne'

"We worked very hard for seven months," Lee said. "It was a national effort, but
more than that, it was a people's effort. .... Now, the countdown to 2010 begins
We
have 2 1/2 years to prepare for the Youth Olympic Gam€s. Il's going to be
challenging, but it's going to be full of excltement and achlevements "

MoEcow hosted the 1980 Olvmpics, and Russia's Black Sea resort of Sochi was
picked last year to stage the 2014 Winter Games.

"l4oscow was a little bit penalized by the fact that Sochi was awarded the Winter
Games," Rogge told The Assoclated Press "I think the prevailing sentiment among
the Ioc members is also that they prefer to give it to a new city that has not
organized a Games, "

50
Sports and Business

The Russian Olympic committee was gracious in defeat.

"No doubt, the games wiil be held at a good level because Singapore has the
necessaTy resources and potential," Russian comrnittee spokesman Gennady shvets
said, "The Olympics is our common cause. There can be no losers. .. There is some
degree of frustration, but it was a good contest and lhere is a worthy winner'"

IoC members are well acquainted with singapore, which hosted the IOC general
assembly in 2OO5 where London was picked as host of the 2012 Olympics.

"This is a key moment for the Olyrnpic movement," Rogge said. "Singapore has put
together a very exciting project. Hosting the Youth Olympic Games for the first time
is a great responsibility, and I have every confidence in the team in Singapore "

Rogge will visit Singapore next week with Sergei Bubka, the pole vault wor{d record
holder and IOC member from Ukraine who will lead a panel monitoring preparations
in the host city.

Rogge said broadcasters will be offered free daily televlsion highlights from the
Singapore Garnes.

"We know that youth sport is a difficult issue for broadcasters who are not showlng
much of it and I regret that," he said. "However, this exposure will be much bigger
than for any other junior world championships "

Singapore, with a games budget of US$75 miliion ( 51 mlllion), will use 24 venues,
including one large clLlster for 13 sports. Nineteen of the venues already exist, four
would be built as temporary facllities and one is under construction for equeslrian-

Singapore was asked by the IOC to provide contingency plans for a second athleies'
village to allay concerns its first choice might not be ready

Construction work began last month for a 5,000 bed resldence at the Natlonal
University of Singapoie. The facility, costing US$423 mlllion ( 287 million), is due to
be completed siimonths before the Aug. 14, 2010, opening ceremony at the Marina
Bay Floating Stadium.

"I think there will be no problem wiih the athletes'village," Bubka said "we have
had guarantees explaining how the building wi lbe done but we need to be very
caref-ul. They have good venues and we know from visiting Singapore in 2005 how
they are hosting people from around the world "

Singapore and IYoscow made the final lisi after the elimination ofAthens, Greece;
Bangkok, Ihailand; Turin, Italy; Debrecen, Hungary; Guatemala City; Kuala Lumpur,
l.4alaysia; and Poznan, Poland

5r
singapore's very own Sport Heroes

The first singapore olympian to appear on the international stage


was Chua Boon Lay. He represented a Chinese footba lteam at the 1936
Olympics he d in Berlin and was the only one selected out of 3 nomindted
players to pdrt c pate in the Olympics.
!
l The fullback was also known as "Ihe Rock" for his strong defensive
capabilties which mdde it difilcult for attackers to get pasl him.

Tang Pui Wah was the first female to represent Singapore at the
1952 olympic Games held in Helsinki. Tang's introdLrction to
competitlon came during her schooling life - where over 8 y€ars she
was groomed by 4 coaches to become the international athletics star
that she was,

In the 1950s, Pui Wah was a legend to young athletes. The'fr4tle


Crorvr'winner won gold in the 100 yard race, 220-yard race and 80
metre hurdles at the 1951 Maldyan Arnateur Athletic Association
(MAAA) sports meet ill Kuala Lurnp!r.
:l
Later at the Helsinki Games, the runner was placed 4th in the 100m
Heats and subsequently improved to set two new records at the lvlAAA held Kuala Lumpur in
the fo lowinq year.

The Golden Girl of the 90's, Joscelin Yeo Wei Ling is the only athlete to
have represented Singapore at four olympic Games. Beginning her
competitive swimrnlnq at the tender age of seven, she enjoyed prodig ous
success r!inning her flrst SEA Games medal at 12 and becoming the first
Slngaporean woman to swim the 100m freeslyle in under a minLlte.
Her ach evements ln the pool cemented her status as the nation's prem er
athleLe and she was duly named Sportswoman of the Year in 1993, the
same year she placed 19th n lhe world in the 20Om individual r.ediey. She
would qo on to pick up the award again ln 1995 and 1999.

S ngapore sprint legend Canagasabai Kunalan took part in lhe 1964 dnd
1968 olympic Games in Tokyo and lvlexico respectively. Although he did not
make it through the Olymplc heats, C. Kunalan set a national record of
10.38s ior his loorn sprint, and this record remained unbeaten for 33
years. C, Kunalan was also named as one of Singapore's 50 Greatest
Athletes o) Th'<nd'f i /mP. nro99.
Read more aboLrt the rLrnner in our article "Beyond the Track: Sprint
Legend C. Kunalan".

l.1
Arumugam vijiaratnam is the only man to have represented his
country in four separate sports. A naturally gifted attacking player, V ji
played foolball, cricket and rugby but remalns best known for his sterllng
performance with the natlonal hockey team at the 1956 Olympic. inspiring a
memorable 6-1 rout of the United Slates.

A sportsman and a scholar, Viji studied civil englneering at Brighton College


ln England and while there, figllred promlnently in cricket team, the locai
amateLrr football circuit and, of course, captained the hockey team Easy
goinq and wldely respected, Vlj is truly one of Singapore's sporting greats.

"The Tiger" Tan Howe Liang won the Silver medal for Weightlifting at
the 1960 Rome Games, and ranks number 2 in the Singapore's 50
Greatest Athletes (The Straits Times, 1999) hall of farne
The then 27 year old Ho!1/e Liang placed Singapore on the world sporting
map ln 1960, when he beat 33 other ath etes to win the silver medal Hls
achlevement rnarked Singapore's first and only oiymplc medal win to date.
Howe Liang was later besto\red National Day honours and decorated with the
Pingat Jasa Gernilang (l'leritorious Service l'4edal), an honour no other ath ete
ii
has received.

Li Jia Wei came within two points of securing a place in the


final of the table tennis event at the 2OO4 Athens Games.
Born in Chlna, L was spotted by Singapore ofFiclals during a talent
scoutlng tr p in 1995. They acted qulckly and only a year later, Li
made her competillve debut for Singapore

The three time Sportswornan of the Y€ar has surged Llp the
internatlonal rankings and amassed a glttering collectlon of
meda s along the way, including four gold ones at the 2003 SEA
Games. Lee credits her success with the dedication and profess onalism of the coachlng staff in
Singapore and, if recent form is anything to go by, she looks a strong medal prospect for the
20o8 Beijinq OlymPics.

The official poster for the 1952 Olympic Games held in Helsinki
was originally designed for the 194O Games' However, the 1940
Games were cancel ed in the face of the Second Wor d War. Minlmal
chanqes were made to the orlginal paavo Nurtrl poster, likeupdatingof
dates and llnes around the countries on the globe

53
Tan Eng Bock's all-conquering performance at the 1954 Asian
cames in lvlanila led Singapore to its first and only water polo gold in the
series. Only 18, Enq Bock played with all the finesse of a seasoned veteran
at the heart of a rniserly Singapore defence and was soon nicknamed Mr.
Water Polo by the Press.
Retirlng after 15 years of competitive success, Eng Bock moved on to coach
the nat onal side, presiding over a nearly unbroken string of SEA Games
'I gold medals as Singapore made a name for itself as the region's premler
;ater polo team. Eng Bock continues to contribute to water polo and in
1986, was awarded the Public Service Star for his efforts

8en Tan was the first Singapore sailor to win the gold at the
Asian Games, achievinq the feat in Hiroshima in 1994. A decorated
veteran sallor, Ben had already established himself internationaily,
winning four sEA Games gold medals and having been named Asian
Fireball ChamPion.

The three time Sportsman of the Year's contribution to local sport


has been recognised even by those outside the sailing community;
he has been awarded the Public services star, the Public service
lledal and the Sinqapore Youth Award.

s4
6. os ,tu s 1a 3 f ?f f 3 "tr 1} 33 f cI 03? 1i s . tn in $s f ????3 .D

.?
o
?
-3
4.i

1l

III FURTHER READING

1l
t

'1';'

n}

o
f

i.r-

+ :;r * ""q id + '.:i ";l 'ii i," "fu ir li" ",f i i; ;; ;; r1,. f.r d '"r 'ri 'il '+ 1i n + :; {' -'; ti," 'ic + i,1'
Sports : Talent and Sc|ence

ffwo contrasting articles to discuss opposing viewpointsl


I The drugs do work

(a) A scientiflc miracle


Justin Ga!lin was ihe world s fastesl man - then, like so many sprinters before him, he failed a dope lesi
and was banned. But the cheals who follow in his wake will be usino substances that may be lmpossible
to detect Observer science editor Robin lMcKie talks to leading geneticists about the rise ofihe bionlc
athlete ' and why in this chi ling new world, spori is not the only thing ihat will be changed beyond
recognition

Sweeney s experiments were simple but dramatic He had isolaied a gene responsible for manufacluing
a prolein called IGF-1. ln marnmals. IGF-1 boosts muscle gro\,!,lh and helps their repair' When we
exercise vigorously, our bodies naturally churn out lhe stuff. But as we age. produclion drops off and our
muscles weaken Sweeney wanied to find a remedy so he could help the elderiy and people with muscle-

So he spliced his gene into a virus and infecied mice with ii The engineered virus carried the gene into
each mouses cells, where it was incorporaied inlo the animal's DNA Then it began pumping out excess
IGF-1 directly into its muscles The results were speclacular. Sweeney's rodents developed mighty biceps
and thighs 50 per cent slronger than normal mice He had created a super-mouse with genetically
modified, pumped-uP muscles

I\,4anyalhletes and coaches called to find oul if Sweeney could do the same for them using the technique
that was used lo create his Schwarzenegger mice However it would not yel work on humans Out
complex rrnmune systems would block hjs genetlcally engineered viruses and prevent lhem from gelllng
into our cells with iheir IGF-lcargo Many more tests and trials would be needed

In the end, Sweeney slopped taking calls from sportsmen He had started h s anlmal experiments
on the
IGF 1 gene rn the l;ie 1990s to helt the elderly and slck Helping athletes was the lasl thing on my mind
But ev;ry ilme a new genetic sl!dy about boosting muscle qual y or b ood supply or bone sirength ls
publlshed the calls st;fl up again. These people cruise ihe internet for an)'lhing they think cou d give
them a chance to become stronger, faster alhleles

For Sweeney and many other geneticists, the issue is now an urgent and dlsturbing one The rising tide of
phone calls ;nd the int;rnet se;rches reveal the presence of a widespread underground industry that is
iargeting our runners, foolball players and rowers. The ultimaie alm as to iurn lhem into Formula One
ath'tetesl fionlc sportsmen whose performances have more to do with science and lnvestment ihan
endeavour and naiural abrllty The crucial point is thal gene therapy or gene doping 'promises to bring
that science fiction dream much closer

(b) Desioner steroids and enhancers

ln lhe past athletes took drugs such as anabolic sterords lo make therf stronger or qulcker But these
substances leave testable arces So other drugs - such as diuretics are used as masking agenls But
these, in l!rn, leave traces Peter Schierling, a researcher from ihe l\"luscle Research Centre in
Copenhagenaddedthatad]fic]algenesWillproduceproteinslhalareidentrca]tothoselnihehUmanbody
so ihat de'teciion, ln practce, wiLt be inrpossibte. s rnon Eassom, head of spods studtes
3t De tMontforl
U1t\ersr,!. ' er-este'al"o agreed

55
Sports : Talent and Science

So does thjs spellthe end oI sporl as we know it? Already, there are ceriain spods cycling, sprinting and
baseball, for instance'ln which fans have no confdence, so blighted are they by cheatlng. IMargins in
improvements rn peforrnances have become narrower ard narrower as athletes approach the limit of
human achievement. Atthe sarne time, rewards forwinning have spiralled. Billlons are spent sponsoring
spod in Britain ioday Now add the increasing power oi sc entists 10 ilnker wlth lhe human consiitution
and you can see why many sporlsmen give their bodies chemical and genetic boosts The mere thought
lhat thelr compelltors might be enhancrng is enough io ilp many of them over The results are spectacular
and depresslng.

Last year was perhaps the worst everfor doping scandals wilh the use of perfomance enhancerc (as
opposed to masking agenis) spreading even io cricket and the Tour de France being engulfed ln scandal
even before it beqan

O One problem
The problem - which has been simmering for almost two decades - is now reaching a crisis ln 1999,
responsibjlity for drug testing was devolved from lhe lnternational Olympic Commitiee io the newly
created World Ani -Doping Agency Since then, from its centres in Lausanne and Montteal, Wada's staff
have struggled to keep controi of substance abuse among athleles At lhe same tlme those supplying the
drugs hd,/e derro'rsrra'ed F:'rdordindry cun'ring

Consider the case of Balco - the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operaiive which was eventually exposed as
supplier oflhe deslgner steroid tetrahydrogestrinone (THG). Before that, no one at Wada had developed
a test for it because no one knew of ils existence. Yel its use was widespread Among those
subsequently linked wilh Balco based in San Francisco, were baseball professionals Earry Bonds and
Benito Saniiago, Brilish spdnter Dwain Chambers, harrmer thrower John lvlcEwen and shot pulters CJ
Hunter and Kevin Toih A tesl now exists for THG, but few experts doubt other designer steroids are
being made, or have akeady been designed to bypass existing tests lt is, in effect, a Darwinian batlle
with;ach s de evolving straiegies to bypass the other The question is: who willwin in the end now the
gene-dopers have ioined the skuggle?

(c) ShoLrld druq-lakinq be criminalised?

Liberal Democrat MP Phil Willis ai the House of Commons is chairman of lhe Commons Seleci Science
and Technology Commliiee, which is investigating pedormance enhancement in spod He said thal
although official statistics indicate that between one and iwo per cent oftested athietes are fo!nd io be
positive for druqs, the realfigure is many lirnes that The problem ls thai so rnany ath etes are taking
testosterone and steroids that the problem cannot be iackled in ilme for next yeals Olympics in Beilrng
Thus we can expeci even more headlines about disgraced runners, weightlrfiers and long-jumperc being
sent home from China. Sadiy, we have got used to these slories So should we care? lsn't the idea of
spoding purity a losi cause? Willis is ceftain that lhis ls not the case and is adamanl thai eveMhing musl
be done to ensure the 2012 London Olympics are ihe cleanest Games for decades

His commiiiee whose repod on performance enhancement in sport is to be published in a few days - rs
considering a range of correctrve measures to ensure lhis These include ihe introduction oi a bio-card"
which would contain detalls of an athlete's blood type headbeat palierns, DNA and other biological
records. Competitors could then be tested for a complex array of biological variables that would quickly
reveal rf any enhancement had occurred since their cards had been created

I\raking drug{aking in spoft a crimlnal offence in Britain is also being considered though it would be hard
to implement. ln addition, athletes who are found io have taken drugs would not be allowed lo reiurn lo
competitive spori until they had co opetated fully in lhe iracing of all other ofienderc caught up in their
case Another idea that has inlrigued MPs would be to nsist ihat aihleles be tested for a range of
subst'nces a vear before they actually compeie at maior events Far too often 2" I sappear from

5A
Soorfs :Talent and Science

view before reappearing wlth bulging biceps ihat have probably been chernically enhanced but whose
steroid origins are no Jonger delectab e.

(d) Cosmetics and Boosters - line is blured

Circumstances change and eihical cedainties shifr producinq baffling conlladictions Why, for example, is
ii acceptabl€ to permit Lase. surgery to imorove an archers eyesight while ihe boosting of an athletes
body mass by chemicelmeans ls fobidden? Orconsiderthe issue ofoxygen supply lnthe 1964Winier
Olympics, the Finnish cross country skier Eero Mantyranta won two golds a feat thal was traced to hls
possession of a rare muiaiion in his DNA that caused him io churn out unusually hlgh ievels of red blood
cells (which carry oxygen 10 our muscles and give them power) l\lantyranta s natura genetic advantage
made him unbeatable However, there are ways to generate this klnd ofprowess artllcially. Live up a
high mountain for a few months and your red blood suppLy will be boosled by the low oxygen levels there
Or you can train rn a hypoxic chamber that recreales the thin atmosphere of a rnountain top Or you can
give yourself a shol of EPo, which wil boosl the number of red blood cells in your arleties or one day
you will be able - thanks lo gene therapy - to g ve yoursell an exlra dose of DNA thal will automatically
boost your own produciion of red biood cells. The last two practices on thls llst are banned by sports
bodies, but the first iwo are accepted. ihough in lhe case of hypoxic chambers lhe go ahead was agreed
only after a long. pained reappraisal ofiheir use by Wada last year. li was a close run lhing, however
Thus we can see lhat the line thal separales legal and illegal enhancernents s a shifting, uncertain one

Andreea Raducan was only 16 when she won the combined exercises al the 2000 Olympic Games The
Romanian gymnast was a shor1, elfin figure with an innoceni, chlldlike demeanour Hence the shock
when she was slripped of her tille for taking pseudo ephedrine The drug was part oI a cold cure given to
her by her team doctor Tough luck, you might think, but rules are rules. The trouble is ihal the rules are
constantly being changed ln 2003, Wada removed pseudo ephedrine from iis banned lst For Raducan,
the decision was anythrng but reasonable She lost a medal for taking a substance now used happily by
alhletes All I did was take a cold pill whichdidnthelpmeatalldurngmycornpetilion'shecomplained
al the iime. 'lt was a nlghtmare,' added her coach, Oclavian Belu We will not iorg ve or forgei ' ln
Romania, Raducan waa seen as an)4hing but a disgraced figure She was given a replacemeni medal in
pure gold by a jeweller and for a while it was even rumoured thai a Raducan doll would be rnarketed

A slmilar feeling of outrage no doubt affected lnger Miller, the US sprlnterwho was stripped of her bronze
in the 1999 Woild lndooiAlhleircs Championshlps for iaking caffeine. a drug ihat was rehabiltated at the
same time as pseudo ephedrrne. Her case contrasts with that of Liniord Chrrstie who. in the same year,
was foLrnd to have traces of nandrolone an anabolic steroid in his urine A IJK Alhletics panel cleared
him because it could not be proven beyond reasonable doubt that the substance present in the sarnple
was derived from a prohibited substance.

(e) A Simplifred Approach

The siiuation is comp ex rLles are constantly changed and intepreiation of them remains uncertain As a
result, rfany expens believe lt is time to lake a new sirnplifled approach io drug tak ng or fa'e the
p.ospect of being submerged by t dal waves of mlsuse One of these is ihe Oxford eth cist and expert on
drug use in spod, Ptofessor Julian Savulescu He believes drugs such as HGH beta'blockers and even
EPO should now be allowed in sport.'lnstead, we should concentrate our efforts on exposing users of
harmfuldrugs Anabolrc steroids can often cause heari and other problems Similarly genellc
interveniiona gene-doping are also likely to be dangerous, for the sclence involved is slill in lts infancy.
That is what we should be really concerned abolrt

The real problem, says Savulescu is that people have forgotten that athletes have always sought to
enhance thelr pedormances, not iusl by exercising but by trying new diets and supplements and by
aitempting to allertheir bodles chemicaly Ancient Greek Olympians ale sheep lesticles which we now
recoonlse as a source of testosterone lo improve their alhlelicism lnihelate191h rry, cyclists

sl
Spods : Talent and Science

began using catfelne, cocaine and ether coated sugar cubes io improve performance and reduce pain,
while at the 1904 Olympjcs in St Lours, Americas Thomas Hrcks won the marathon fuelled with drlnks of
brandy laced with strychnine (a stimulant in low doses). He collapsed on crossing the tape and was not
revived for s--veral alarming hours

(0 Eqq4le ?I!L!Cg?!!q llpr'carions


Putiing blanket bans on enhancements - now thal science is generating rnore and more of them ' is
doomed 1o failure. according to Savulescu, especially when the potential rewards are simply irresistible
But what happens in sport today will affect society tomorrow A host ol new rnedicines are being
developed to help those with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, rnuscle-wasting diseases and oiher condilions
Many oi these will undoubiedly help palienls. But they are also likely to boosl performance in ihe healthy:
Alzheimer's drugs could help us to concentrate beiter, for example. Would a student laking lhese during
exams be cheating? Wrll we have to introduce pre-exam drug tests?'Socieiy will have to make up its
mind, says Savulescu 'The irouble is, we are being directed down this road by sporting authorities who
are setting examples but who really dont have the gravitas tor making such decisions.'

Consider human groMh hormone {HGH), which stimulates muscle and bone growth: if you lail 1o make it
al puberty, your qrowth wiJl be stunted. ln the late 1980s, scientists isolaled the HGH gene and began lo
grow large amounts in biotechnology plants: great news for doctors and pat ents and the black market
HGH became lhe drug du lour for many weightliiiers and athletes, and its use spread with stadling speed,
despite being banned by all sports aulhorities

ln 1998. an Ausiralian customs official stopped a member ofthe Chinese swimming leam ar.iving for the
world championships al Perth and found his suilcase was sluffed with phials of HGH. Similarly at the
Sydney Olympics in2000 SergeiVoynov, the Uzbek athletics coach wascaughtiryingtobringinl5
vials in a jar that was conveniently labelled HGH in large letters iust in case he rnight forget what he was
carrying.

According to physiologist Dr Keith Stokes at Bath University. levels of HGH abuse by athletes have now
reached striking levels 'But ii's not at all clear that HGH will do them muchgood adds Stokes. Most
studies suggest HGH has little effecl after pubedy Yet lots of aihletes are now lakjng Al American
colleqes, HGH has spread from top athletes down lo other students who merely llke to work out in gyms
or wlio want to keep fil ln this way, spori and its infl!ence on doping and drug-laking are already having
a growrng imPact on everydaY life

There is too, the issue of ihe use of genetics not as a source of enhancements but as a way of
idenlifyinq promislnq athletes Tests are being developed that will a low geneticists and doctors to select
those young people who are going 10 develop sporting physiques They can then be selecled for inienslve
iraining This, according to Andy M ah, reader in bioethics at Paisley University, raises challenging ethical
quesii;ns about how DNA databases w ll function in society You can see easrly how genetic tests will be
able to build up information about athletes capacities Miah says 'lndeed, we already have the first oi
such gene tests in use. This is a mouth swab test that revea s information about what propoatron o{
muscle-fibre type a person has a lot of slow lwitch musc e f bre type, which wouid make you good at
endulance competltions, or a large proportion of fast lwitch muscle fibre type, which makes you better at
exp osive or power events You can see how tests like lhese will first be used al high levels of spori, then
spiead into colleges and schools to pinpoint promising pupils Nexl thing you know you will have our
population being tested al b rlh

It is just ihis vislon that alarms so many ethicisis and sclentlsts They fear we face a iuture rn which those
born wilh the righl DNA, or those that can afford to enhance it will be preferred Thus we risk creating a
privlleged e ite and at the same tlme an underc ass of genetic losets The shocking thing is that this may
come about, not because of polillcal interference, but because ofthe drive by ihousands of spodsmen
and women to galn the sllghtest of advantages over iheir competitors l read Bravc " ' Wotld recently
tO"n. , t",""t
"*"
says Mrchele Verroken I had to throw it away lt was ioo frlghtening. for lhat is just the cllture we are

We have a liitle way to go before we reach such a future _ bul not ihat iar The revolution has already
come a long way in a shod time, particularly in terms of gene doping [,{ost expefts bel]eve it is only a
matter of ti;e before the first genetically enhanced athlete is let loose at a nrajor event. Iam sureihere is
some rogue laboratory somewhere in lhe world, that is akeady trying to alter the genes of an athlete
schedul;d lo compete at the next Olympics ,' says Lee Sweeney One idea wolld be to turn off a
person s immune ;ysiem so il can no longer fight off the viruses that brlng in the neLgenes Needless to
;ay,lhat is a very risky ihing to attempl Bul risk doesn t seem io worry sporls slars Theyiusiwantan
edge at allcosts'

ll Are Sports Medicine Miracles?

Stem Cell Research Hints at Promising Regenerative Therapies, but Real Results May Be

By DAN CHILDS
ABC ews Medical Unit

and buid
Designer "spare parts for ruptured tendons and torn ligaments. Stem cell injections to heal
.r"i". L-l.ii"rr if',.tup"utlc; that would allow star athletes io extend their careers bv vears if not

Welcome io what some envision as the new world of spods thetapeutics Proponenls sav
thai such
regeneralrve treatmenls could be on ihe way rn the years io corne

stem cells potentlal n regenerat ng canilaqe and healng muscle are currentlv
Clinicaltrials investgating-some promoting
,"j.. *"V- ,q"J companies that free;e and store ceriain types of slem celLs are
tt e potenilat of "fr"lav,
st". cell therapies for sports med cine. The idea is ihat stem cells stored now mav be
usefulyearc down the road
shouldn I call lheir agents
But oiher stem ceil and regenerative rnedicine experts say today's spods slars
t;search needs to be done before such treatments even approach realitY
;;ib;;r";;; '""t"
Better Athletes Through Science?

Researchonstemcellsthosece]]sinthebodythatcanbenudgedtodevelopintoaWideVar]etyof
differenttissues' has actuallv been goingon sincethe eary 1960s

However, recent advancements have bro!ght the rype of optimism ihat some
argue hasn'i been seen in
scientrfic realms since the beginning of lhe aiomic age

moslly fall oulside the debate


The regenerative stem cell iherapies that may one day he p ath etes.heaL
o" ..uryonic stem cells in mosi cases, the ceLls used in sporls medrcrne would come fiom
o""r.
oth., "i"...h su"h us'umbrllcalcord blood or even the paiients themselves
"ourc.",
lnitial steps in siem celltherapy for athleies could be modest
healinq
''The most likely short-term applicailons of stem cells would seem to be the enhancenrent of the
medicine at
,""p.""" ,n"li"j*v r"O or iurgery. said tlr Rick l\Iatsen chair of orthopedics and sports
the Un versity of Washington

s9
Snorts : Taleni and Science

As an example he sald thai stem cells filay one day be used to help torn rolator cuffs heal more quickly
Stern cells may also be used lo prompt qulcker healing oi siress fractures and muscle stralns

Still, some researchers are oplimistlc that sports medicine could reap the benefils of stem cells in ihe
ioreseeable ful!re.

Dr Johnny Huard, direciorofthe Stem Cell Res*rch Centerofthe Children's Hospitalof P tsburgh. said
h s team has akeady conducted siem cell research thal treats palients using iheir own moscl_a slern cells

- they were men with bladder problems But he said lhe


ln this case, the patients were noi alhleles
resea.ch demonsiraies that these procedures are safe.

'When can we apply this to sports medicine? Time will iell us " he said "But we believe lhat this is in our
sight "

othelssayfUtUrestemcellireatmentscou|dtargetkneejointsandolherprob]ernaticaleasforaihleles

"ln athletes. we will probably flrst see stem cells being used to treal meniscus iniuries in the knee and
tendon injuries., said Dr s;ott Rodeo. assoctate attending o.thopedrc surgeon at the Hospitalfor special
Surgery and associate leam physician for the New York Giants

"We could also see il used in ligament reconslruction in the knee' ACL repair is a common operation
to use a
typically you take part of a ligament lrom a donor sde in the knee lnstead we might be able
paiientls own cells to grow their own ligament That would be cool "

repair the
And one cornpany is cu.rently in the early phases of a clinical trial for a new technique io
meniscus -- a cruclal wedge of carlilage in the knee joint

''sofarii'sbeenverysafe,.,sa]dRandallMills'CEoofoslrisTherapeutrcsAlthough.thetliaLissti]linits
he sail these therapies may one day allow athletes to heal more completely and
fasterlhan
.rify
"fug""
really go ng to
"Stem cell therapy ls much closer than people think, ' he said Once ihat happens it s
,pln" a.,jri. r.rge scale slem cell therapies lo invade into other areas and become part of the
"p*
armament of sports mediclne physiclans "

Treatments Still Highly Speculative

surgery at the
8ut the menlscus project's researcher Dr Tom Vangsness professor of odhopedic
california s Keck schoot ol Medicine, said that though initial steps appear
university ot soutnern
pro*i"ini, r.."ur"n.r. nre still a long way from practicalapphcation of stem ce ls in spo'is medicine'

''We have only been playing wlth {stem cellsl for 3 few years now he said we don t know whal thev can
of stem
a" v"i, i" ,i d""""tvl Tlie iDA will not in th; near foreseeable future aLlow anv human applicatron
cells in sporls medicine

wldely available
Other researchers agree ihat many hurdles remain before treatmenis become

,'Even after a tissue has been generated outside lhe body one still has the challenge of getting lt in place
,ia itia t o"*mes f;nctionat,,,Marsen said. 'The bottom line is that there is much research to
i. c"".
"""rnng
t. J*pi"i. ]" of stem ce technologies rn solving the cartitage. |gament tendon
"ffecriveness
and bone injunes we face in athleies and in all active individuals''

8O
_ ao"n"-"
These and other complexities could mean years of reseaach before practicai applicatrons are seen

'ln five years, the hope ls to be engaged in meaningful clinical tdals, Rodeo said 'There are safety
issues we still need to work oul "

At the earliesl, he said, t would take two lo lhree years for legitimate trealmenls to follow successfui
c|nicaltrral resulis

"We're not at ihe pornt where we can make recommendations for slern cell treatment on a routine basis
Eventually the answer may be yes. The ceils have iremendous poteniialio regenerate things thai dont
really heal.'

Some Athletes May Not Wait

Someathletesmayalreadybetakingslepstowardstemcellsolutions,eventhoughnodefinltiveresearch
existsStem celj banks akeady offer their servlces rn freezing and storing adull stem cells forthe
possibility of iater therapeutic use.

iAbsolUtelyitislogical.'HUardsaid,addingthatstemcellbankjngforyoungchj|drenwhoshowathleiic
potenlial shouid be considered.

saicl thai if
Bul the potenilal of stem cells in sports medicine has a worrying side as well Vangsness
promising prellminary results come out of early trials sorne athleles may look to reap thelr benefils before
in the United States _ or even proven safe
ihey are approved

.'Profess]onalaih]etesareprivileqed,''hesaid..Theyhavemoney.andtheyhaveaccesstocertainthings
that the rest of us do not "

see stem
Huard sald that once the technology matures there may even be a possrbility that sorne 'ould
cells as the nexl steroids

" said
"We?e not there yei, but I am already thinking that some people would be inlerested to do that he

Still, the greatest danger thai exisis for the time being Vangsness said is the possrbility
ihai stem cell
therapy ii sports medicine could be oversoid even before it has become a reality

"We want to be absolutely responsibie in terms of what we are saying to ihe pub ic " he said
"People are
,""ffv trn.J in to rLs and they are desperate in many ways This is not a panacea but still it ls clearlY
the most exciting frontier in medical scrence ihat we have ever seen '

Junko Takeshita. Copyright O 2007 ABc News lnternet Ventures

April 16,2007

6l
Sports : Talent and Science

A lype of anabolic steroid used to boost muscle development strength, and endurance (Anabolic means
'building body tissue' ) Testosterone is naturally present in men and. to a lesser degree in women but
athleles can increase levels lhrough use of an inleciion a gelor a patch Excess testosterone and olher
anabolic steroids are linked to high blood p.essure. heart disease and cancer

EPO

Short for erJ,'ihropoietin Made in lhe kidneys, EPo instructs bone marrow to make red blood 'ells lhal
carry oxygen around our bodies. The developmenl of an artificial version was a boon to paiients who
coul; not;roduce red blood cels then it was adopied by athleies wanting to boosi oxygen levels in lheir
muscles to stave otf exhaustion EPO use thickens the blood and increases lhe risk of hearl attacks

Masking agents

These do noi enhance performance ihemselves, bul are used to disguise the presence of other drugs in
lhebloodskeam:apos]tivetestfolthemattractssimilarpunishmentloiheuseofsteroidsthemselves.
I\,,lasking agents include amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide which are prescribed by dociors
to treat
hypei(e;si;n and liver disease. They can cause dehydration headaches and nausea

HGH

ShodforhUmangroMhhormoneLikeEPo'itisasyntheticVers]onofahUman,proteinandsiimulates
musctaana lonJgrowttr, padicutarly around pubedy when the pituitary gtand releases a ftood of it into
to boost
the body. tt is extr;mety hard to detect and is now thought to be used by a nurnber of sporlsmen
muscl"massExcessHGHcanleadtoswellingofsofttissueshighbloodpressureandanincreased
lendency 1o sweat

Blood doping

while before
An athlete takes a pint of his or her own blood, in the same procedure as donating r1 a
ii Just before a race or match, he or she has a translusion of lhls blood Thls
cornpeting una the;,
"tores
pi""'id.. i t"""lt" O."st rn their numbers of red blood cells and so helps them get mote oxygen to their
in blood pressure
;uscles. Transfusing exira blood into our aderies can lead to dangerous increases

THG

Short for tetra h yd rogesi rinone. An anabollc steroid THG is a deslgner drug only uncovered by lhe doping
-wnen
a,tnonties in zrjo:, it was found to be in wlde use tt is taken oralty and then its presence masked
power
with a cream. Creared specfically io bypass tests for pedormance enhancers ll boosied rnuscle
wiihout fear of detection However, there is now a test that can detecl THG'

w'"d" loov od-lN'^ .'dM'd@ d)00-


' ' '

Essay Question

''Sports today is about talent exploiting science." Discuss. (AJC PE 01 09)

6r
Spurr\ Iton\

Article for discussion : ls celebritv status attained at the expense of sportsmanship?

Preparatory Search : Using online searches, find out what the foliowing concepts mean givlng
examples to illustrate. Discuss the questions at the end of the passage.

F'c"n.u'..rcui[uE
t^^....
" Capitalism
' Cult of Celebrity.

End of an era

With David Beckharn, it was never.iust about the football. lt was also
about class, and masculinity, and beauty. As he hands in his captain's
armband, Zoe Williams pays tribute to the sportsman who became an icon.

Diehard football fans will be in no mood foI the ruminations of somebody who
isn't suicidal I tell you, though, the resignation of David Eeckham as
England captain is a moment of such socio-cultural import that it doesn't
lake a diehard fan lo mark the moment.
Fxplain the meanlng
Beckham will play on, of course, although perhaps not lor England, or even in
of "proper" in this
England, but that's not the point: the era this marks the end of is not really a
context.
football era. lt's a proper era
Explain the
At the incipience of ihe EgqKEqfuqUlC, there was a brilliant essay by David "Beckham Bubble"
Baddiel, talking about Beckham's right foot that defied the laws of physics l'm
and its influence on
afraid I can't quote it verbatim because it was before people routinely recorded
the fans.
things on the wondernet. lt was before 1998 before the email was widespread

The point is, Beckham marked a lggtqd9 national shift England, pre Becks
was, to an outsider, fairly middlinq at football. Those who thought differently Vocabulary
were deludrng themselves for weekend pleasure. But with Becks on the scene,
whether you read, believed or took an any way serioLlsiy the Baddiel spiel. we
had hoped Beckham represented pure hope.

Fair-weather football watchers weren't interested in plodding increments of


improvement, we needed a supqrhero, and what do you know, we
suddenly had one. Obviously, this has been proven untrue. I don't want
to labour the point, but we still haven't actually, you know, won anything'
And maybe Wayne Rooney's better And I don't even know what the iaws of
physics were that he was defying.

But still, the arrival of Beckham marked a new departure in the way
lootballers were talked about, and who was talking about them- You can qualities of a
say what you like about lMichael Owen or Owen Hargreaves these days, and celebrlty sportsman?
someone will raise lheir eyebrows and say, well, they said that about David
Beckham. Nobody said Beckham-ish things pIe-Beckham.

He also, as a man, carried a certain amount of timely association: he carne to


embody new mannishness and not, as is commonly supposed, just by having a
high voice and wearing a sari He has been captain of the England team since
2OOO, and yet has never seemed to lead by machismo, or anv of the bullish

L3
qualities that are commonly thoLlght of as "leaderly". He captained because
he was the best at it: he captained through a process of strinqent
meritocracy. So his time in office (if you like) made football a different
place. And it wasn't just about masculinity; it was also a comment on
class. Beckham didn't have to be a pioneer to represent classlessness,
he simply had to exist. I think in many ways, if yoLr were to assess the long
term social impact of the Posh-Becks qI6, all the money-lust and dripping
consumption epitomised by their wedding, say. or Beckingham Palace, is offset
by the simple purity of Becks's medtocratic message. This, I think, far more
than his actual backgroLlnd, accounts fo. the working-class hero he became
(though the most trenchant proponent of that was Julie Burchill, and I always
flgured the real reason she liked him was because they were in some squeaky-
voice pact).

Pad of our relationship with the iconoqraphY of David of course is due to the
ambivalence of our feelings for Posh, which veer wildly from, "lsn't she thin and How does
the media
pr.tty?t'to, "Gosh, she's emaciated and ta{entless." She acted llke the decoy in create Beckham as
a herd of deer - any time, as a unit, they did something beyond the pale, a spoding icon?
bqlllEtlq or grabby, it could be instantly bias]ed on her and his reputation would
b" Ulsqllg4 Th" on.lirne this didn't work, of course was when he got sent off
in france in 1998. As feverish as our loathing of Posh (and really, by
extension, womankind) has ever been, it stopped short of blarning her for the
actualfootball. So that's nice.

The Posh-hate has kept Beckham so utterly igl!4Qqlalq that we frequenuy


ignore history in his favour: he is thought of as a stoic despite the fact that, in
his day, he has tantrummed like a big baby He is thought of as a family. man'
self-efiacinq and constant, despite text allegations to the contrary' He is
tnougha;Gs a straight-up kind of chap even though the people who make it
their"business to know such things insist that he is a skilled media-manipulator'
as canny about his image as any lqKy oleaqinous politician- We attribute to him
the sile;t mysterious dignity ola Kate Moss or a Kylie despite the fact that'
unlike lhose two properly reticent creatures Beckham has (ludicrouslyl)
"written" a number of autobiographies the first of which, in 2001

Why these misapprehensions? Partly his Posh-shield. yes but mainly his
physical beauty. liis a sad thing that we've come nowhere really at allsince the
iatuous ptizabethan notion lhaaexternal beauty represented iniernal goodness'
We pretend we can't believe our eyes, but the truth is, we cannot disbelieve
them. So even though we know everything that Rebecca Loos has said, and
have no reason to d;ubt her, the irnage of Beckham with his boys looking so
_
perfect, convinces us of him. Thai is the bizarre privilege of the beautiful we
;ill insist on the idealised version of their lives, in the face of all evidence And
it's kind of sad. but jt s not the end of the world for God's sake, and he is very
dishy

But a lot of the attachment to Beckham isn't sirictly personal Sportsmen'


generally, are a good barometer of one's place in culture - a lot of hocus
io.u" go.. on;ith other cetebrities. Pop stars can be 14 or 40' film stars"make.it'
iikewGe; politicians come and go, the age at which it is fashionabie to-
can change dramatically, depending on charisma and fronting-it otrt' the
invention 6t Botox and how long [4ick Jagger can possibly pretend to be a

L4
Spon' Ic,'ns

player. But there is no quarte. for stretching the point in international


athleticism: you are either at your physical peak, or you're not. The era
during which your nation's main footballer is the same age as you, theaefore, is
the era during which you own your culture. lt is a sad thing to let this go, even
though there's a nobility in so doing Watching a footballer, furthermore, is ljke
watching a life in fast-forward. They go from qtlglpy adolescent to grandfather
of the sport in less than a decade. and so of course they act as a memenlo
mori, even though they couidnl spell it - lhough I W;ll point out that neither can I
and l'm just hoping for a sub-editor to pick that up.

The paradox is, Beckham means so much more than football, but only from Explain the paradox
within football does he really gather all this significance, and if we insist upon of a sporting icon.
his stardom long after his retirement from the football A-list, it'll . well, it will all
go wrong lt will be like !rying to bring Buffy back from the dead The laws of
physics, disturbed already, woLlld be completely disfigLlred. We'd have to starl
the universe from scratch, over a ball game.

Tuesday J!ly 4. 2006

-]
Discussion questions:

1 What do the words underlined mean?

"sportsmen, generally, are a good barometer of one's place in culture - a lot of hocus pocus
goes on with-other celebrities'i. Do you agree with the writer's point? Why and why not?

Are sportsmen or sportswomen overrated these days? Give evidence for your answer'

What is the difference between Spo(smen and Celebrities? Why do you think Sportsmen
and Celebrities are greatly admired with an almost cultish appeal? What does this reveal
about the nature of consumer cultLlre today?

L5
Past GCE A-Level question (1993)
Does sport always contribute to international harmony and understanding?

(This article is useful reading to understand how China, as the host country of the Beiiing
Olympics to be held in August 2008, is t eing scrutinized by the international media with
reference to unresolved human dghts issues surtaced by pro-Tibet lobbyists. The
suggestion to boycott the games in order to put pressure on China to deal with those
issues is being discussed. Both articles serve to give differenl perspectives on how
politics play a major role in maior sporting events such as hosting the Olympics.)

Boycott Opening Ceremonies


Set aside Tibet and other legitimate grievances. Make chinese action on Darfur a
condition of attending.
NEWSWEEK
Updaled 3 43 Pl\4 ET Apr 12. 2008

li's a 100 day dash, and the world had beiter get at leasl a silver. ln ihe time before the Beiiing Olympics
opens in August, theWesl has a chance lo bring China fudher inlothe communily of responsible nations
lf we fail, we may spend the rest of the 21st century regretting that we dldn't use sorne leverage when we
had it Half a dozen European leaders and the Democraiic presldenlial candidates are urgrng a mini-
boycott of Beiing's opening ceremonies They?e right 1o do so, il's the besi shot we've got

After promlsing Jacques Rogge and lhe lnternational Olympic Commitlee ihat rt would respeci h!nran
rights, at least untilthe Games end, the regime moved in the opposiie dlrecllon by stepping up its
harassment of dlssldenls. While showing some important signs of maturity in joining regional efforts to
dealwith North Korean nukes. the government has found it hard io break bad habltsr il took the baii in
Tibet, indulgrng in stale denunciations of the Dalai Larna afler cracking heads n the worst violence there
in 20 yearsi it continues to back the mililary thugs in Burma and promises of unfettered international
press coverage and lnternel access are proving worthiess

So are the efforts oflhe regime's public_relations geniuses Jusl as images were being broadcast of the
latesl Olympic sport (hide and-seek wilh the torch and demonslrators on lhe streets of San Francisco)
Chlna m;de a big announcement lMore than lhree dozen lslamrc extremists of Chlnese exlraction had
been arrested and charged with plotiing to kidnap athletes when they arrive rn Beiiing Could be legit, bul
I wouldn't bel the subpime mortgage on it. The iiming is highly suspicious

The worst example of Chinese qlobal lrresponsibility is in Darfur' Andrew Nalsios Presideni George W'
Bush s special envoy in the region, is pralsing China s effods to push lhe Sudanese reginie to end the war
and ease the plight of 3 mlllion refugees. Where's the proof? China buys 1wo thirds of Sudan s oil and
thus calls the tune there But it cont nues lo violaie the United Natrons arms embargo by shlpping
weapons io Sudan, which are then passed on to the Janjaweed goons who by some estimates have
killed or intentLonally siarved to death nearly half a million people Andtheyverapedonas'alelhe
Chinese sho!ld remember from their own World War ll experience with the Japanese in Nanking Those
vehicles the soldiers use for their genocide are called Dongfeng mrlrtary trucks.

Foreign policy realists say lhat human rlghts are important bLrt should be far down lhe list ofAmerican
issue; wth the Chlnese-below reskalning nukes (China has influence in lran as well as Nodh Korea)
cllmate change (on average one new Chinese coal fired plani opens there every week) and balance of

6b
kade (the company you woft for may bb in hock to a chlnese bank). Bui ihese concerns are interrelated,
and can be addressed only when China rnoves beyond llp service and aciually abides by the noms of
what, for lack of a more fellcitous ph€se, we call the global communily

Eush s private phone chais wiih Hu Jintao every slx weeks aren t gelting that done, but shaming the
Chinese by wlthholdinq athletes from the Games won t wod( eiiher The insult would be felt not jusi by ihe
Chinese qovernment bui by nearly allthe Chinese people. who have made aslonishrng progress in the
pasl three decades and deservethe recognitiof theGames offer This sntexactythebesttimetomake
enemies of a biljion more people around ihe giobe Their nationalisl fervor and hair-trigger resenlmenl of
foreign intervention in Chinese affeirs is grounded in bitter historical experience frorn ihe imperialisl opium
wars forward So any comparison to the 1936 Games, when Hitle. had been in power oniy three yearc, is
misplaced This rs a coming out pady for a country not for a murderous regime in power for 60 years

Theres a middle ground in allthis, and thais where the threal of head-of-stale no shows at the opening
ceremonies comes in. The beauty of the idea, first €ised by German Chancellor Angela [,4erkel, is that
avoidlng this mini boycott will require the Chinese to st down with allthe European countries now
considering it, and to do so oulside ihe stultfying confines ofihe Ge summit.

The besl way forward would be io temporarily set aside Tibet and the many other legltimate grievances
anlmating the flame chasing demonstrators in cities around the world and tocus on Darfur. Nicholas
Knstof ol The New York Times proposed a conference on genocjde, with lhe intriguing idea that it be held
inRwanda,siteoftheworstrnasskillingofthepast25years lf a meeting were held somewhere iiChina
signed a meaningful agreement and if the commitments were carrred out on the ground in Darfur, then all
lhe presidenls and prime rninisters show up in Eeijing and watch the parade

Thai's a lot of ifs Wh le the Chinese don\ wani rheir parly spoiled, they aren\ about to lose face by being
forced 10 capitulate But let s remember how high the slakes are We have a window of only a couple of
decades at most before China dislodges us as the largest economy in the world At that point, it will either
be a responsible (if likely stiil undemocrallc) superpower, or it will be moving the planet in an aulhoritarian
direction The Olymplcs may be lhe world s last lever A medal maybe even a Nobel PriTe-for lhe
diplomats who can pLill it properly .

ij Don't Feed China's Nationalism

I Public humiliation does not work nearly as well on the regime in Beijing as
I ptiYglg pl99i!{9:

Fareed Zakaria
NEWSWEEK
Apr 12 2008

Al firsi glance Chrna's recent crackdown in Trbet looks like a familiar storyline a diclalorship represses its
people. And of course that's pad of lhe reality as it ofien is in China But on thrs issue the communisl
regime s not in opposiiron to its people. The vast majorlty of Chinese have liitle sympathy for the Tibetan
cause. To the extenl thal we can gauge public opinion in China and among its diaspora ordinary Chinese
are ifanyihing critlcalofthe Berjing governmenl fo. being too easy on the Tibetans Therealstrugge
here ls between a nationalist maiorlty and an ethnic and rellgious m notiy looking io seclrre its rrghts.

ln these circumsiances. a boycolt of lhe Olympics would have preclsely the opposite effect lhat is
intended The regime in Eeijing would become only rnore defensive and stubborn The Chinese people
wou d rallv around the flag and see the West as lrylng to humi|ate Chlna in its first lnternauonal monrent
of qlory. {There are many susplcions lhai lhe United States cannot ablde the prospect of a rising China.)

6t
For most Chinese, the Games are aboul the world s giving China respect, rather than bolstedng the
Communist Pady s legitimacy

For leaders io boycott the Games opening ceremonies alone is an odd idea. ls the president of lhe
lJniied States supposed to lravel to Beijing to altend the women's water-polo finals insiead? (Bdtain's
Gordon Brown, for instance, has said he ll attend the closing, but noi the opening ceremonies ) Picking
who will go to which event is trying to have it both ways, voting forthe boycott before you vote against it
Some wrnt to punlsh Ch na lor fts associalion with ihe Sudanese gove.nmenl which is perpetrating
atrocitiesinDarful'B!tioboycoltBeijing.sGamesbecaUseitbUysoilfromSudancarliesth..nolionof
responsibility too far. After all, the Unlted States has much closer tres to SaudiArabia, a medleval
monarchy th;l has funded lslamic terror Shoud the world boycott America forthis relatonship?

China s attitude toward Tibet is wrong and cruel, but, alas not lhat unusual Olher nations, especially
developing countries, have taken tough stands against what lhey perceive as separatist forces A
flourishinddemocracy like lndia has often responded io such movements by lrnposing martial law and
suspendiig potiticat ind civil ights The Turks for many decades crushed atl Kurdish pteas for tinguistic
yeltsin responded brlltally
rhe de;ocratically etecied Russian government of Boris
puiin, also etected, ihe Russian Army
chechen demanis iJnder yeltsin and his successor, vladimir
"na'"ir,ni""*tonon]y.
ro
k]lledabout75000c]Vi]iansinchechnya'and|eveleditscapiial,Theseaci]onswereenthusiastically
while
supported w h;n Russia. lt is particuia;ly strange to see countries that launched no boycolts
about lhe
Chechnya was being destroyed-and indeed welcomed Russia inio the G8-now so outraged
j.rsecrilon ot mlnoiltles. (l;comparison estimates are lhat overthe past 20 years chinahasiailed
several hundred People in Tibet )

onth]sissue'theBushadministrationhassofarfol]owedawiselcoulse.forgoingihegrandstanding
t.kino Dtace in Eurooe and on the campargn trail. lt has been urging the chinese government quietly bul
i'r.tv"tt n senous drscussions wrth the Dalai Lama Diplomacy can be scoffed at but every
"nqug"
.rtrinriioni'r l'r.in""" rhat has had success in persuading the chrnese governmenl to change course will
private pressure
testify that public humiliation does not work nearly as well on ihe regime as

NeooilatinowlththeDa]alLamalslnBeijlng'sinlerestasweLl'llfacesarestivepopulat]onihatlivesin
Da ai I arra hd '
,"rrrdapaofChrna lManv Tibelals wa'rl'ro'perden'F Bul.lhe rasl weer hp Ieleded
"'ooriiipl'."".o;
reoearedl; sd o lhal he ooes rol seek roepe'ld;.lce onlY cultLrrdl aulonomi Fven
or"tnolcs and urqed his foilowers lo engage in no violenl protests whatsoever' lfthere
"",i'ii"'.,i,i"r,n"
;;1.";i;;; ;;;';i; lepuiut,sr g-'oup *rlom one courd neaoriate wirh he's it And once the 72 vear ord
;;i; i;;;;;;;.;,"; the scene: Eeiins misht have to dealwrrh a iar more unpredictabLe and radical
Tibetan movemeni

SownvdoesnIlheCni.las--eql,nes'FlnrstBp,rghdsapad'Ldrproben qNowthdl 'orlmurrsmis


i"ro in" C.."" ,'" oarty ees ir' legil n-""v as hir eo lo rls 'ole '1 pronolr ard oefercl ag ch ne5e
lhotrgh they are
naiionallsm. ft ls especlatly c umsy when rt comes to such issues C ever technocrals
r""aers_mosity engineers-have nor had to refine iheir political skills as they have
Cr,i".,,
"..*rni"t
ttrelr economic toucn In ihe pasi they have stoked anti Japanese and anti Amercan outbursts only to
corrse fe'r ng o'"r
.r'",. tl"tin *"* o-llrng orl ol ;onlrol i,ld lhen eversa lhe)/ lhat "omorornis
"o,
i,l.i*""rj ""i.pi"""?ntior the unravelng ofthe chlnese natron'I success china has grown and shrunk in size
preserving ihe country's
ovei tne centuries, ano tts dynasties have oft;n been iudged by the rn
geography

ln facl, in almost a1l cases-Turkey lndia-granlrng auionomy lo groups lhat press for rt has in the end
dno pea, e,u nalro;rLtm;re I rl rhar rs d lessor lhe ch,nese
qo\er'rm.1l wiL'
nroduced d more
"tabte-il proresrs in ribet is
i;"-.,;;;,; il ;;[ is unrrr.erv to rar.e rnstrucrion from oursic]ers. lis handIns of rhe
disgracelul. B!t humiliaiing the entire country over it would make maiters worse '

LIRL httD://www newsweek comiidi 131211


68
Essay Questions on Sports

1. "No more heroes, just fallen idols; no more ideais, just shattered illusions." To whai extent is this an acc!rate
description of sport today? (HCl Prelims 04)
2- "Modern sports celebrities make poor role models". Do you agree? (CJC MYE 03)
3. "Reading sports news is a waste of time". Do you agree? (iJC MYE 06)
4- "5port divides more than it unitei'. ls this a fair comment? (TPJC Prelims 04)
5- "Sport is about money". ls this always the case? (PJC prelim 04)
6- "Sport is serious business". Comment. (TlCPrelim05)
7. "Sport reflects nothing more than a mania fcr winning". What is your view? (RlC Promos02)
8- "Sport today is all about money". Discuss. (PJC promo 06)
9. "Sport today is all show and no sui]stance" Comment. (YJC prelims 05)
10. "Sports today have nothing to do with fair play". Do you agree? (lJC promos 05)
11. "There is too much at stake for a professlonal sportsman today for him to really enjoy what he does".
comment. lPJC Prelim2005)
12- "What is important is not winning, but taking part". How realistic is this attitude in the world of sport today?
1A levels 1997)
13. "Commercialism ruins sport." Do you agree? (NYJC Promos 04)
14. "Competitive sport brings out the worst in people." Discuss. (UC MYE 06)
15. "Health is not everything; but without health, everything else is nothing." How important is this
consideration in modern society? (Ml Prelim 04)
16. "Never has the spofting scene been so decadent." this true of sports today? (clc CTJC 2002)
's
17. "Professionai sport today is nothing but entertainment and profit." Do you agree? lRlC promos 05)
18- "singapore's sport5 scene will never reach international standards, so why bother investinS money in it?"
Comrnent. (RJC Promos 06)
19. "sportsmanship is dead. lt's no longer about winninB wiih humility and losinS with dignity." Comment (RJC

cr 06)
20. "The most important thing is not to win, but to take part" lBaron Pierre de coubertin) ls this true of sports
todaV? (TJC Prelims 06)
21. "The reality of sport is that it rs very often unsporting." Would you agree? {T.lC Promos 04)
22. "The realily of sport is that it is very often unsporting". ls this a fair description of the world of sport today?
(ACJC Prelim 200s)

23. "Today's sportsmen rely too much on technology." Discuss. (MlC 04)
24. Are sports personalities s!itable role models? (RJC prelim 03)
25. Can Singapore ever be successful in international sporting competitions?(ACJC prelim 04)
26. Can sports help alleviate the world's ills? (Ml Promos 051
27. Commerciallsm is doinB sports more harm than 8ood. Do you agree? (NYJC Promos 031
28. Consider the value of sports in your country. (ACIC promos 04)
29. Discuss the appeal of sport in society today. (NlC promos 05)
30. Discuss the irnpact of the commercialisation of sports. (TlC promos 03)
31. Discuss the reasons for the appeal of sports and sporting events.lMl MYE 2004)
32. Discuss the role oftechnology in the advancement ofsport. (HOc Promos 03)
33. oo sportspersons deserve to be idolised? (ClC MYE 2004)
34. Do you agree that sport always serues society by providing vivid examples of excellence? (lJC prelim 06)
35. Do you think that commercialisation enhances the value of sports? (SAJC MYE 2005)
36. Does sport a!ways contribute to international harmony and !nderstanding? (A_Levels 1993)
37. Does sport bring out the best or the worst in us? (Sfuc MYE2004)
38. Examine the claim that sport builds character. (Ml Prelim 06)
6'1
39. ls it a waste of money for singapore to invest ln sports? {AJC prelims 04)
40 ls it fair that sports stars earn more than teachers? (VJC JC2 CT2000)
41. ls it true that competitive sport is al1 about fame and money? (VJC MYE 2004)
42. ls it true that talent alone woLrld not help a sportsman to succeed? {MJC promos 05)
43. ls sport too cioselV linked to money these days?1A Levels 2001)
44. ls there too much glamour in sports? (NYIC Prelim 04)
45. "Modern living is the killer of team sports". Discuss. (NYJC MYE 2004)
46. Should a sportsman cleserve more recognition than a politician? {NYic prelim 06)
47. Should extreme spo.ts be encouraged? (PlC MYE2002)
48- Should Singapore import foreign talent in sports? (Ml Promos 04)
49. Sport and politics are a potent mix. Discuss. (VJC promos 05)
50. sport has fallen short of its true ideals- Is this true of today's world? (VlC promos 02)
51. Sport is always more about the human ego than the human spirit. Do you agree? (VlC Promoso3)
52. Sport is human life in microcosm. To what extent is this true? (V.JC Prelims 04)
53. Sport is taking fun seriously. Do you agree? (VJC Promos 04)
54- Sports divides more than it unites. What do you think? (MJC MYE 06)
55- Sports has lost its ideals- Do you agree? {fuc promos 04)
56. Sports is the only global language Disctlss. {SAlc Prornos 05)
57-sport5whichcontaintheri5kofseriousphysicalinjLlryordeathshouldbebanned',HowfarwouldyouaSree
with this view? (A'Levels 1996i
58. Sportsmanship is now all about showmanship Do you agree? (NYIC MYE 2002)
59'Theolympicmottois,.swifter,HiSher,stronger'.,AretheseidealsstillValidintoday,ssportingarena?{NCl
cT20o4)
60- "Winner takes a{l." Should winninB be the primary concern ofsponsmen? ljlC promo 04)
6l. "Hosting major sporting events creates more problems than benefits" Do You agree? iA levels 2005)

10
M:c P"a\^-^ Joos - Fa1,r f

Passage A

"Sports builds characterl" This assertion is frequently made by


community leaders, school officials, parents, and even average citizens when a
discussion turns to the social functions of organized sports programs. Sports, it
is argued, provide an environment where culturally valued attitudes and
behaviours are acquired; moreover, it is implied that what is acquired an the
sports setting transfers to other spheres of an andividual's life. So the slogan that
"sports builds charactel'canonizes a widespread faith that many people have in
sports as an agent of social development.

ln spite of the taken-for-granted trust in the slogan about sports building


character, there is no well-conceived research on the effects of organized 10
sports. There are several reasons for this- First, the word "character" can
actually have many meanings, and when left unspecified there as no way of
knowing which one is implied. However, when it ls anchored to a context,
.character" is reduced to a unidimensional concept. lvloreover, cultural
differences are so widespread that what is a demonstration of good character 15
trait in one culture might be considered out of place in another culture.
Regardless of the meaning imputed to the word "character," it is a socially
constructed concept that is amenable to a variety of interpretations

This leaves attempts io demonstrate that sports builds character to


anecdotes about how a particular athlete manifested courage, perseverance, or 20
self-discipline in the course of a game or how a team of players displayed
dedication and teamwork. A perusal of the nation's newspapers on any given
day will reveal case histories of courage, loyalty, perseverance, and so forth' of
people who have never participated in sports So character qualities often
assumed for athletes are not confined to nor peculiar to them Another form of 25
anecdotal evidence often encountered is tlle ode to "what sports did for me-"
Testimonials of this sort are often made by former athletes who attribute their
posfplaying achievements to their sports experiences. The nagging issue here
is whether the "character" displayed by athletes or former athletes was already
present, which led them to take up sports in the first place 30

My comments about the problems of empirically supporting claims that


sports builds character should not be misunderstood. Sporiing involvement is'
indeed, a profoundly exciting form of human self-expression; many people find
sports a source of great fun, joy, and self-satisfaction, and there is little doubt
that many young people experience personal-social groMh through sports 35
experiences. However, the exact effects of sports on attitudes values, and
behaviours depend to a large extent on the social contextual conditions that
exist at the time of the sporting experiences- Moreover, the sports setting may
merely be a particularly good setting for enabling persons to exhibit pre-existing
chara;ter traits. That some athletes or former athletes display culturally valued 40

1
3

personal-social characteristics cannot be wholly attributed 10 their sports


experiences without an enormous leap of faith.

Furthermore, it is not in any way clear that only values traditionally seen
as being socially acceptable or important are picked up by participants in sports.
There is a strong suspicion that some negative values are acquired through 45
participation in competitive sports.

Adapted frcm SPORTS PARTICIPATION AS A BUILDER OF CHARACTER? hy Georye H.


Sage

-ia
4

Passage B

ln recent years a number of issues surrounding professional sports have


qrown increasingly complex. The amount of money that currently fuels
professional athletics has grown to such an extent that sports is conducted
under a new sei of circumstances, with many of the old values no longer being
dominant. Players, owners, and fans are the principal groups affected by an
increased business mentality and a decaying of the often mythical values that
prevailed in the past. All three groups have their own perspective on sports and
therefore view their particular agendas as the most important. However, each
element the owners of the franchises, the fans who attend and watch sports
events, and of course, the actual padicipants*also realizes the need for the 10
other components, albeit not always conscious of the delicate balance within this
labyrinthine neh^/ork. While none of the particular elements are more important
than any other, at different times each group attempts to dominate the sports
world.

Professional athletes have recently focused on three major issues 15


injuries, player rights and of course, money. Often not given adequate attention
by the media and generally dismissed by the public, the risk of injury is a serious
isiue in professional sports- The number of career-threatening injuries and
subsequent lifelong physical disabilities that professional athletes incur must be
balanced against the very short-te.m earnings that the athletes receive' 20
Numerous operations on many formerly successful athletes have reduced these
relatively young men to physical shells of their former selves lronically, the
athletes here in participating in sports have paid a tremendous physacal price

While the six-figure salaries paid to professional athletes may seem


excessive, they pale in comparison to the "pots of gold" earned by individrrals in 25
other segmenis of the entertainment world Furthermore, the turnover rate in
professional sports is exceedingly high, and the number of available positions on
teams is relatively low- For his employment, the professional athlete embarks on
an extremely short and oftentimes perilous career.

During the last twenty years, athletes in professional sports have also 30
come to view themselves as paid employees in a particularly demanding career
role. The notion of a professional athlete playang simply for intrinsic value of
sports itself has gone the way of the dinosaur With the amount of money
currently at stake, professional sports has been transformed from a vocation to
full-time occupation.
35
Encompassed within this transition from game to business is the situation
where player loyalty has been replaced by a cold-hearted business rationale
The professional athlete is in constant jeopardy of having his career terminated
He is also continually aware that he may be traded from one team to another,

t1
5

having his home involuntarily uprooted Such drslocatron may also bring some 40
degree of culture shock to the athlete.

6 Furthermore, the possibility of career termination resulting from simply not


being of value to a particular team or the possibility of not being allowed an
opportunity, for whatever reasons, to compete with another ieam leave many
athletes with a tremendous sense of career uncertainty. Subsequently. the 45
athlete is asked to take his chances on being drafted by another team and risk a
reduction in skill level from lack of competition Rarely is he now seen as an
integral part of his particular team structure.

7 lt should not be surprising, in view of these issues, many players too often
view themselves as pawns on a chessboard. Thus, they are encouraged to use 50
their fleeting careers to maximal advantage. Players often give little
consideration to the moral implications of their choices, the effects of their
actions upon others, or, quite often, even to certain aspects of their own welfare

Adapted frcm For WH)M SPORI IoLLS: PLAYERS, OWNERS, AND FANS bv Dean A'

1+
2

Read the passages in the insed and then answer all the questions which follow below Note
that up to fifteen marks will be given for the quality and accuracy of your use of English
throughout this Paper

Note: When a question asks for an answer lN YOUR OWN WORDS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE
and vou select the appropriate material from the passage for your answer. you must still use
your own words to express it. Little credii can be given to answers which only copy woads or
phrases from the passage.

Questions on Passage A

From paragraph I

'l What is the writer implying about the average citizen when he uses the word even" (line
2) in this sentence? Use yaur own words as faras poss/b/e.

... ... t11

2 What do many people argue to be the "social functaons of organized sports programs"?
lline 3) Use your own words as far as possible

I2l

3 Give two words from paragraph one that suggest that the slogan "Sports builds charactei'
(lines 6-7) is not really proven yet

1).

?)... .. . ... .. .

.. I1l

l5
3

From paragraph 2

\ hy, according to the author, is there "no well-conceived research on the effects of
organized sports" (line 1O)2 Use your own words as tar as posslb/e-

I3l

From paragraph 3

What is the author's tone when he says "Another form of anecdotal evidence often
encountered is the ode to 'what sports did for me "' (lines 25-26)?

lll

-i6
4

From paragraph 3

- 6 Explain the "nagging issue' (line 28). Use your own words as far as poss/b/e.

12)

Questions on Passage I
From paragraph 2

- 7 that 'the athletes here in participaiing in sports have paid a tremendous


VVhy is it ironic
physical price' (line 23)?

t21

-11
5

From parag.aph 7

8 Explain the metaphor "pawns on a chessboard' (line 50).

I2l

From both passages

9 Give the meaning ofthe following words as used in the passages You may write the
answer in a word or a short Phrase.

(a) amenable (A hne 18) ......


(b) perusal (A, line 22) .......... ....

(e) fleeting (8, line51) .............. ... Isl

'18
6

From Passage B

10 Summarise the issues that the athlete has to consider if he wishes to tu.n professional.
Using materialfrom paragraphs 3 - 6, write your summary in no more than 120 words.
IJse your own words as faras poss/b/e- t8l

11
7

11 tn Passage A, Sage questions the role of sports in character building while in Passage B,
Purdy mainly discusses the complex issues confronting professional players-
Which of the issues discussed in the passages do you find relevant to your society?

You need to use information from both passages as well as from your own experiences.
8l
IB]
END OF PAPER

tl
-TP{C- GI^^^N'D^ -f"^t (d L oe)
2

(The fo awing passage descibes lhe diplomatic and public relations disputes that surrounded
the Alympic Games ir lhe Cald War era.)

1 lnternatlonal sport needs the int-arest and support of politicians, but not their
interference. Politicians, on the other hand, appreciate that sport has a
politjcal dimension, and exp'oit this when they can. Both sides in the Cold
War engaged in the mosi extraordinary stratagems. mostiy unscrupulous,
many akin to schoolboys' japes, and all sanctiiied by state necessity. The
Olympics provide splendid examples of the use rnade of sport by politicians in
this period
2 The grandees of ihe Olympic movement were well attuned to international
politics They were, and remain, an extremely well informed elite, many with
access tq the corridors of power. Some National Olympic Commiitees 1A
(NOCs), particulady in the West, saw themselves as independent of
government, but in the Soviet bloc and many developing countries this was
not the case Once the USSR Joined the Olympic movement in 1952, the
Games became politicised, and in the United States, particularly, medal tables
gained popularity that was related at least as much to Cold War perceptions 15
as to love of sport for its own sake.
3 Two long drawn-out problems exercised the lnlernational Olympic
Committee's skiil in international politics These were lhe rival claims of
mainland China and Taiwan, and of West and East Germany to send national
teams to the Olympic Games. Both problems turned on recognition of 20
National Olympic Committees. Easi Germany was bent on gaining
recognition of its NOC as a step towards recognition of the East German
state, whereas Taiwan feared that, if its NOC lost recognition acceptance of
the mainland as the'true' China would be a step closer' ln the event once
they had been admitted to the Olympic movement, both mainland Chlna and 25
East Germany stopped at nothing in the pursuit of medals as aids to
nationhood.
4 Following the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany ln 1949 the
lnternalional Olympic Committee granted West Germany's NOC full
recognition in May 1951. There was lively discussion of whether or noi the 30
East German NOC should also be recognised, even though East Germany
was not an independent state The formal question was whether the loc
could recognise a body which was not based in a state' but the underlying
conflict was between the Soviet Union's wish for its galqllllg to have an
independent NOC, and the feeling among some IOC mernbers that to 35
recognise two NOCs for Germany would entrench the division of the country
5 ln 1955, the year after the Soviet Unlon released East Germany from its status
as the Soviet Zone of Germany and recognised it as a sovereign State, the
East German NOC was provisionally recognised 'on the Llnderstanding that,
after the reunillcation of Germany, the IOC wall recognise one German 4A
Olympic Committee, standing for the whole of Germany'.
6 The two Germanys entered a joint team for the winter and summer Games of
1956, causing Avery Brundage, president of the lOC, to enthLlse, 'We have
obtained in the field of sport what politicians have failed to achieve so fai
East Germany continued to ask for separate recognition, though with
assLrrances that if it were not granted it would still compete on the current
terms. NATO wished the ioint team to continue but the West Gerrnans were
also beginning to want a separate team of their own The IOC agreed by a
very large majority. Thus the IOC recognised political realily lnitially ii had
been strongly inflLlenced by the prevailing belief thai Germany woLlld soon be 50
reunited. Tie fact that this gradually became unlikely was partly due to East
Germany's effective use of sport in helping to establish its separate identity in
the eyes of the world.

83
3

A Chinese national Olympic committee was recognised as long ago as 1922.


After the civil war between Nationalists and CommLlnasts the NOC fled with
the Nationalisi government to Taiwan in 1951 and continued to be recognised
Meanwhile, the USA, its Cold War allies and ihe United Nations recognised
laiwan as'China' and supported its claim to sovereignty over the mainland.
The Soviets and their satellites recognised the Communist controlled
mainland. which adopted the name'People's Republic of China' (PRC)
ln 1952 both Chinas said that they intended to send athletes to the Helsinki
Games. A majority of the IOC voted for both to be invited thereby breaking its
own rule that all teams must be sent by a recognised NOC. ln the end only
one athlete from the PRC presented himself for the Games at Helsinki, and
none from Taiwan, which withdrew in protest against the decis'on to admit the
PRC,
Under continuang pressure from loC members from the Communist bloc, who
wanted Taiwan expelled and the PRC reinstated, the IOC agreed in 1959 that
the Taiwan committee could not continue under its present name of China,
since it did not administer spod on the mainland The IOC made clear, 70
though, that if it chose to reapply for admission under another name the
application would be considered. This decision was generally rnisunderstood
by the press, which thought Taawan had been expelled, with the result that
there was uproar in the USA. ln due course Taiwan's NOC was recognised as
the Olympac Committee of lhe Republic of China. 75
'10 ln 1971 the United Nations recognised the PRC and expelled Taiwan ln 1972
President Nixon visited China, the way having been prepared by'ping-pong'
diplomacy- Events in the olympic world marched in tandem ln 1971 the loc
resolved that the PRC would be welcomed back if it respected Olympic rules,
although it also insisted that Taiwan would not be excluded.
11 However, when in 1975 the PRC applied for reinstatement it stipulated that it
would only re-join the Olympic movement if Taiwan were expelled The
Canadian government, which was hosling the Montreal Games of 1976, now
made the situation worse because, having in 1970 adopted a one-China
policy, recognising the PRC as the sole representative of all Chinese, it now 85
refused entry to the Taiwanese team if the word 'China' appeared in jts name.
Some members of the IOC were jndignant enough to argue strongly that the
Games should be cancelled, but it was eventually decided to go ahead The
Canadian government remained unrepentant in the face of consternation in
the United States and disapproval throughout the Olympic movement. ln fact 90
the Taiwan team solved everything by packing its bags and gojng home the
day before the Games.
1? Wrangling over China continued, but in the end both sides compromised with
an agreement thai the PRC'S NOC be .ecognised as the Chinese Olympic
Committee and Taiwan's as the Chinese Taipeh Olympic Committee 95
13 Since Los Angeles the Olympic movernent, like the world at large, has
outgrown the Cold War, and the age of boycotts is generally thought to be
past. However, these examples demonstrate the extraordinary waste of time
energy and passion that sport generated in the Cold War context By that
criterion sport was an important Cold War counter, though the cavalier way in 100
which governments ireated il suggest that it was ultimately unimportant, save
symbolically and in the eyes of its own administrators.

(Adapted fram Hislarv Tadav)

8+
4

TPJC COMMON TEST JC ONE GP PAPER II


(Total = 50 MARKS)
Note that 15 marks out of 50 will be awarded for the use of language.

Note: When a question asks for an answer lN YOUR OWN WORDS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE and you
select the appropnate material from the passage for your answer, you must stlll use your own words lo
express it. Little credil cen be given to answels which only copy woids or phrases from the passage

Read lhe passage and then answer the questons below using your own words as far as possible

la From paragraph 1 & 2:


What does the writer mean by "access to the corridors of power"? (line 10)
t2l

1b. Explaif howthe grandees" could gain access to the corridors of power" lll
2. From paragraph 3:
Explain how sports can be used to gain statehood I2l

3. From paragraph 4l
ln your own words, explain the argument for and against allowing Eastern Germany to establish
its own NOC I2l

4a- Explain in your own words what 'satellite'(line 34) means. t1l

4b Why did the Soviet union "wish for its satellite to have an independent National Olympic
Commitlee (line 34 35)?
12)

5a. From paragraph 6


Why did ih; President of the IOC 'enthuse (line 43)? tl l

5b Whal was the "poliiical realiiy" (line 49) that the IOC was forced to accept? tll

6 Explain the meaning of the following words as they are used n the passage You may write the
answer in one word;r a short phrase tsl
unscrupulous (line 4)
attuned (line 8)
Pursuit (line 26)
sovereign (line 38)
gradually (line 51)

7. Using the case of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China, show how the two established
thelr slatus a; independent states through the Olympics in 120 words Draw your malerlalfrom
paragraphs 7 to 12 Use your own words as far as possibie
l8l

8. Singapore ts lnvesting heavily in sporis and hoplng io make headway in lnternaiional sport
Co.prr" and conlrasi Singapore's reasons with those menlioned in ihe passage YoLr
"u""nti.
mrst make reference to the two situations menlioned ln lhe passage'
l10l

End of Paper B6

You might also like