Comu 5

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF
NIGERIA
SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES.
COURSE CODE:-MAC 115
COURSE TITLE:-
AFRICAN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM I
MAC 115 AFRICAN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS I
MAC 115
AFRICAN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS I
Course Developer/Writer Dr. Abi!il O. O"e##$
Dep!rt%e&t o' M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio&
U&iversit$ o' )!os
A*o*!+ )!os
Course E,itor Mr Olubu&%i A-ib!,e
U&iversit$ o' )!os
A*o*!+ )!os
.ror!%%e )e!,er C/risti&e O'ulue ./.D
N!tio&!l Ope& U&iversit$ o' Nieri!

Course Coor,i&!tor C/i,i&%! O&"ubere

ii
COURSE
GUIDE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
0e!,1u!rters
12/13 A/%!,u 4ello W!$
5i(tori! Isl!&,
)!os
Abu-! O''i(e
No. 5 D!r es S!l!% Street
O'' A%i&u 6!&o Cres(e&t
Wuse II+ Abu-!
Nieri!
e7%!il8 (e&tr!li&'o9&ou.e,u.&
UR)8 """.&ou.e,u.&
.ublis/e, b$
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IS4N8 <=>7;5>7>1;7>
All Ri/ts Reserve,
iii
CONTENTS PAGE
Introduction.. 1
Course Aims..... 1
Course Objectives 1
Course Requirements .. 2
Course !teri!"s.. 2
Stud# $nits.. 2
Te%tboo&s !nd Re'erences.. (
Assessment )i"e.. (
Tutor*!r&ed Assi+nment. ,
)in!" E%!min!tion !nd Gr!din+... ,
Course M!r*i& S(/e%e ????????????. 2
.rese&t!tio& S(/e,ule ?????????????. 2
Course Overvie" ???????????????. 5
0o" to @et t/e Most 'ro% t/is Course ??????.. 3
F!(ilit!tors/Tutors !&, Tutori!ls ?????????.. =
Su%%!r$??????????????????? >
Introdut!on
MAC1158 AFRICAN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS I
Wel(o%eA T/is (ourse+ MAC1158 A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s I+ is
! :7(re,it u&it (ourse ,esi&e, to eBpose u&,err!,u!te stu,e&ts to
A'ri(!& or!l tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& stru(ture+ 'or% !&, (o&te&t. It
!lso eB!%i&es p!st !&, prese&t %o,er& %!ss %e,i! s$ste%s !s
i&'lue&(e, b$ A'ri(!& politi(!l (ulture. It loo*s !t t/e %!-or ele%e&ts o'
A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s "it/ e%p/!sis o& spe(i'i( pe(uli!rities
i& !e&ts+ 'or%s !&, %e,i! verb!l+ &o&7verb!l+ 'or%!l !&, i&'or%!l
'or%s !s "ell !s %e,i! %o,e !&, (/!&&els !re eB!%i&e,. Esse&ti!ll$+
A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s I is eBplor!tor$ !&, stu,e&ts !re
eBpe(te, to i,e&ti'$ !&, ,is(uss t/e stru(ture+ 'or% !&, (o&te&ts o' t/e
tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s i& t/eir !re!s o' orii&. T/is %!teri!l
"!s ,evelope, "it/i& t/e Nieri!& (o&teBt+ ,r!"i& %!i&l$ 'ro% t/e
U*"u!&i spe!*i& people o' N,o*"! West )o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o'
Delt! St!te.
Cour"# A!$"
@e&er!ll$+ t/e !i% o' t/is (ourse is to eBpose stu,e&ts to A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s. 0e&(e+ t/e purpose o' t/is teBt is to !(1u!i&t
stu,e&ts "it/ t/e v!rious tr!,itio&!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!.
So+ !& i&si/t i&to t/e vit!l !spe(ts o' A'ri(!& (ultures is t/e %!i& 'o(us
/ere !s t/e %o,es !re e%be,,e, i& t/e peopleCs (ulture "/i(/
iv
e%p/!sises t/e peopleCs i,e&tit$. T/e ulti%!te !i% is to eBp!&,
stu,e&tsC *&o"le,e o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s. Spe(i'i(!ll$+
t/e %!i& !i%s !re to8
:. /elp stu,e&ts u&,erst!&, t/e %!-or ele%e&ts o' A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio&
DbE eBpose stu,e&ts to t/e spe(i'i( pe(uli!rities i& !e&ts+ (o&(epts+
'or%s !&, (/!&&els/%e,i!
D(E /elp stu,e&ts i,e&ti'$ 'or%s !s "ell !s %e,i! %o,e !&, (/!&&els
o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&.
Cour"# O%&#t!'#"
To !(/ieve t/e !bove !i%s+ MAC 115 /!s over!ll ob-e(tives.
Furt/er%ore+ e!(/ u&it !lso /!s spe(i'i( ob-e(tives. T/e u&it ob-e(tives
!re !t t/e bei&&i& o' e!(/ u&it. It is !,vise, t/!t $ou re!, t/e% be'ore
$ou st!rt "or*i& t/rou/ e!(/ u&it. To !ssess $our proress ,uri&
stu,ies+ $ou %!$ re'er to t/e u&it ob-e(tives. 4elo" !re t/e "i,er
ob-e(tives o' t/e e&tire (ourse !&, b$ %eeti& t/e ob-e(tives+ $ou /!ve
%et t/e !i%s o' t/e (ourse. O& su((ess'ul (o%pletio& o' t/e (ourse+ $ou
s/oul, be !ble to8
1. EBpl!i& (o%%u&i(!tio& !&, A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%
:. Fusti'$ t/e &ee, to stu,$ A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
G. Co%p!re A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !&, %!ss
(o%%u&i(!tio&
2. Cl!ssi'$ t/e tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!&
5. Dis(uss verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
3. Co%p!re verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
=. Dis(uss visu!l (/!&&els
>. Dis(uss i(o&or!p/i( (/!&&els
<. Dis(uss i&stru%e&t!l (/!&&els
1;. Dis(uss ,e%o&str!tive (/!&&els
Cour"# R#(u!r#$#nt"
To su((ess'ull$ (o%plete t/is (ourse+ $ou !re re1uire, to re!, !ll t/e
stu,$ u&its !&, ot/er re'ere&(e/rel!te, %!teri!ls. You !re !lso re1uire,
to ,o !ll t/e pr!(ti(!l eBer(ises. To ,o t/is $ou &ee, ! pe&+ &ote7boo*+
!ssi%e&t 'ile !&, ot/er %!teri!ls t/!t !re liste, i& t/is ui,e. T/e
eBer(ises !re to u!e $our level o' u&,erst!&,i& o' t/e v!rious u&its i&
e!(/ o' t/e %o,el. So+ !t t/e e&, o' e!(/ u&it+ $ou !re re1uire, to sub%it
"ritte& !ssi&%e&ts 'or t/e purpose o' !ssess%e&t. At t/e e&, o' t/e
(ourse+ $ou "ill "rite ! 'i&!l eB!%i&!tio&.
Cour"# M)t#r!)*"
T/e %!-or %!teril!s $ou &ee, 'or t/is (ourse !re 8
v
i. Course @ui,e
ii. Stu,$ %o,ules bro*e& ,o"& i&to u&its
iii. Assi&%e&t 'ile
iv. Relev!&t teBt boo*s i&(lu,i& t/e o&es liste, u&,er e!(/ u&it
v. As ! bei&&er+ $ou &ee, to i&ter!(t "it/ $our p!re&ts !&,
*i&s%e& !&, over ! perio, o' ti%e+ eBtr!(t i&'or%!tio& o& t/e
v!rious (l!sses o' tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&u&i(!tio& i& $our lo(!l
(o%%u&it$
Stud+ Un!t"
T/ere !re 1> u&its i& t/is (ourse. T/e$ !re liste, belo"8
Modu*# 1 Introdut!on
U&it 1 T/e Co&(ept o' Co%%u&i(!tio&+ A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio&s
S$ste%s !&, t/e Re!so&s 'or Stu,$i& A'ri(!&
Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s
U&it : A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s !&, M!ss
Co%%u&i(!tio& Co%p!re,
Modu*# , Tr)d!t!on)* C-)nn#*" o. Co$$un!)t!on
U&it 1 Cl!ssi'i(!tio& o' t/e Tr!,itio&!l C/!&&els o'
Co%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!
U&it : 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
U&it G 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio& Co%p!re,
Modu*# / O'#r'!#0 o. V!"u)* C-)nn#*" o. Co$$un!)t!on
U&it 18 Overvie" o' 5isu!l C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio& !&,
.i%e&t!tio& !&, Colours !s ! roup o' 5isu!l C/!&&els
U&it :8 Appe!r!&(e8 ./$si(!l )oo* !&, Costu%eHF!(i!l M!r*s
!&, T!ttoos/Re(or,s
Modu*# 1 Iono2r)3-! C-)nn#*"
U&it 1 I(o&or!p/i( C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio&8 Ob-e(ti'ie,+
Flor!l+ .l!&ts !&, Crops
Modu*# 5 In"tru$#nt)* C-)nn#*"
U&it 1 T/e Co&(ept o' I&stru%e&t!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
U&it : I,iop/o&es
U&it G Me%br!&eop/o&es
U&it 2 Me%br!&eop/o&es i& Wester& Nieri!
U&it 5 Aerop/o&es

vi
Modu*# 4 D#$on"tr)t!'# C-)nn#*"
U&it 1 T/e Co&(ept o' De%o&str!tive Co%%u&i(!tio&
U&it : Musi(
U&it G D!&(e !&, So&
U&it 2 .oetr$+ C/!&ts !&, I&(!&t!tio&s
U&it 5 Si&!ls+ Si&s !&, S$%bolor!p/$

T#5t%oo6" )nd R#.#r#n#"
Cert!i& boo*s /!ve bee& re(o%%e&,e, i& t/e (ourse. You %!$ "is/ to
pur(/!se t/e% 'or 'urt/er re!,i&.
A""#""$#nt F!*#
A& !ssess%e&t 'ile !&, ! %!r*i& s(/e%e "ill be %!,e !v!il!ble to $ou.
I& t/e !ssess%e&t 'ile+ $ou "ill 'i&, ,et!ils o' t/e "or*s $ou %ust
sub%it to $our tutor 'or %!r*i&. T/ere !re t"o !spe(ts o' t/e
!ssess%e&t o' t/is (ourseI t/e tutor %!r*e, !&, t/e "ritte& eB!%i&!tio&.
T/e %!r*s $ou obt!i& i& t/ese t"o !re!s "ill %!*e up $our 'i&!l %!r*s.
T/e !ssi&%e&t %ust be sub%itte, to $our tutor 'or 'or%!l !ssess%e&t
i& !((or,!&(e "it/ t/e ,e!,li&e st!te, i& t/e prese&t!tio& s(/e,ule !&,
t/e Assi&%e&t 'ile.
T/e "or* $ou sub%it to $our tutor 'or !ssess%e&t "ill (ou&t 'or G;J o'
$our tot!l s(ore.
Tutor-M)r6#d A""!2n$#nt
You "ill /!ve to sub%it ! spe(i'ie, &u%ber o' t/e DTMAsE. Ever$ u&it
i& t/is (ourse /!s ! tutor %!r*e, !ssi&%e&t. You "ill be !ssesse, o&
'our o' t/e% but t/e best t/ree per'or%!&(es 'ro% t/e DTMAsE "ill be
use, 'or $our G;J r!,i&. W/e& $ou /!ve (o%plete, e!(/ !ssi&%e&t+
se&, it toet/er "it/ ! Tutor M!r*e, Assi&%e&t 'or%+ to $our tutor.
M!*e sure e!(/ !ssi&%e&t re!(/es $our tutor o& or be'ore t/e ,e!,li&e
'or sub%issio&s. I' 'or !&$ re!so&+ $ou (!&&ot (o%plete $our "or* o&
ti%e+ (o&t!(t $our tutor 'or ! ,is(ussio& o& t/e possibilit$ o' !&
eBte&sio&. EBte&sio&s "ill &ot be r!&te, !'ter t/e ,ue ,!te u&less u&,er
eB(eptio&!l (ir(u%st!&(es.
F!n)* E5)$!n)t!on )nd Gr)d!n2
T/e 'i&!l eB!%i&!tio& "ill be ! test o' t/ree /ours. All !re!s o' t/e
(ourse "ill be eB!%i&e,. Fi&, ti%e to re!, t/e u&its !ll over be'ore $our
eB!%i&!tio&. T/e 'i&!l eB!%i&!tio& "ill !ttr!(t =;J o' t/e tot!l (ourse
r!,e. T/e eB!%i&!tio& "ill (o&sist o' 1uestio&s+ "/i(/ re'le(t t/e *i&,s
o' sel' !ssess%e&t eBer(ises !&, tutor %!r*e, !ssi&%e&t $ou /!ve
vii
previousl$ e&(ou&tere,. A&, !ll !spe(ts o' t/e (ourse "ill be !ssesse,.
You s/oul, use t/e ti%e bet"ee& (o%pleti& t/e l!st u&it+ !&, t!*i& t/e
eB!%i&!tio& to revise t/e e&tire (ourse.
Cour"# M)r6!n2 S-#$#
T/e 'ollo"i& t!ble l!$s out /o" t/e !(tu!l (ourse %!r* !llo(!tio& is
bro*e& ,o"&.
Assess%e&t M!r*s
Assi&%e&ts D4est T/ree Assi&%e&ts out o' 'our %!r*e,E G;J
Fi&!l EB!%i&!tio& =;J
Tot!l 1;;J
Pr#"#nt)t!on S-#du*#
T/e ,!tes 'or sub%issio& o' !ll !ssi&%e&ts "ill be (o%%u&i(!te, to
$ou. You "ill !lso be tol, t/e ,!te o' (o%pleti& t/e stu,$ u&its !&,
,!tes 'or eB!%i&!tio&s.
Cour"# O'#r'!#0
Un!t T!t*# o. 0or6 7##6"
At!'!t+
Nu$%#r o.
A""!2n$#nt
Course @ui,e
Modu*# 1
1 T/e (o&(ept o' (o%%u&i(!tio& Wee* 1 Assi&%e&t 1
: A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio&
S$ste%s !&, M!ss (o%%u&i(!tio&
Co%p!re,
Wee* : Assi&%e&t 1
Modu*# ,
1 Cl!ssi'i(!tio& o' t/e Tr!,itio&!l
C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!
Wee* G Assi&%e&t 1
: 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l
Co%%u&i(!tio&
Wee* 2 Assi&%e&t 1
G 5erb!l !&, No& 5erb!l
Wee* 5 Assi&%e&t 1
Modu*# /
1

Overvie" o' 5isu!l C/!&&els o'
Co%%u&i(!tio& !&, .i%e&t!tio& !&,
Colours !s ! roup o' 5isu!l C/!&&els
Wee* 3 Assi&%e&t 1
: Appe!r!&(e8 ./$si(!l )oo* !&,
Costu%eHF!(i!l M!r*s !&, T!ttoosHRe
(or,s
Wee* = Assi&%e&t 1
Modu*# 1
viii
1 I(o&or!p/i( C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!
tio&8 Ob-e(ti'ie,+ Flor!l+ .l!&ts !&,
Crops
Wee* > Assi&%e&t 1
Modu*# 5
1 T/e Co&(ept o' I&stru%e&t!l
Co%%u&i(!tio&
Wee* < Assi&%e&t 1
: I,iop/o&es Wee* 1; Assi&%e&t 1
G Me%br!&eop/o&es Wee* 11 Assi&%e&t 1
2 Me%br!&eop/o&es i& Wester& Nieri! Wee* 1: Assi&%e&t 1
5 Aerop/o&es Wee* 1G Assi&%e&t 1
Modu*# 4
1 T/e Co&(ept o' De%o&str!tive
Co%%u&i(!tio&
Wee* 12 Assi&%e&t 1
: Musi( Wee* 15 Assi&%e&t 1
G D!&(e !&, So& Wee* 13 Assi&%e&t 1
2 .oetr$+ C/!&ts !&, I&(!&t!tio&s Wee* 1= Assi&%e&t 1
5 Si&!ls+ Si&s !&, S$%bolor!p/$ Wee* 1> Assi&%e&t 1

Tot)*
187##6
" 18
Ho0 to G#t t-# Mo"t .ro$ t-!" Cour"#
I& ,ist!&(e le!r&i&+ t/e stu,$ u&its repl!(e t/e u&iversit$ le(ture. T/is
is o&e o' t/e re!t !,v!&t!es o' ,ist!&(e le!r&i&I $ou (!& re!, !&,
"or* t/rou/ spe(i!ll$ ,esi&e, stu,$ %!teri!ls !t $our o"& p!(e+ !&,
!t ! ti%e !&, pl!(e t/!t suits $ou best. T/i&* o' it !s re!,i& t/e le(ture
i&ste!, o' liste&i& to t/e le(turer. I& t/e s!%e "!$ ! le(turer %i/t ive
$ou so%e re!,i& to ,o+ t/e stu,$ u&its tell $ou "/ere to re!,+ !&,
"/i(/ !re $our teBt %!teri!ls or set boo*s. You !re provi,e, eBer(ises
to ,o !t !ppropri!te poi&ts+ -ust !s ! le(turer %i/t ive $ou !& i&7(l!ss
eBer(ise. E!(/ o' t/e stu,$ u&its 'ollo"s ! (o%%o& 'or%!t. T/e 'irst
ite% is !& i&tro,u(tio& to t/e sub-e(t %!tter o' t/e u&it+ !&, /o" !
p!rti(ul!r u&it is i&ter!te, "it/ t/e ot/er u&its !&, t/e (ourse !s !
"/ole. NeBt to t/is is ! set o' le!r&i& ob-e(tives. T/ese ob-e(tives let
$ou *&o" "/!t $ou s/oul, be !ble to ,o b$ t/e ti%e $ou /!ve
(o%plete, t/e u&it. T/ese le!r&i& ob-e(tives !re %e!&t to ui,e $our
stu,$. T/e %o%e&t ! u&it is 'i&is/e,+ $ou %ust o b!(* !&, (/e(*
"/et/er $ou /!ve !(/ieve, t/e ob-e(tives. I' $ou %!*e t/is ! /!bit+ t/e&
$ou "ill si&i'i(!&tl$ i%prove $our (/!&(es o' p!ssi& t/e (ourse. T/e
%!i& bo,$ o' t/e u&it ui,es $ou t/rou/ t/e re1uire, re!,i& 'ro%
ot/er sour(es. T/is "ill usu!ll$ be eit/er 'ro% $our set boo*s or 'ro% !
Re!,i& se(tio&. T/e 'ollo"i& is ! pr!(ti(!l str!te$ 'or "or*i&
t/rou/ t/e (ourse. I' $ou ru& i&to !&$ trouble+ telep/o&e $our tutor.
Re%e%ber t/!t $our tutorCs -ob is to /elp $ou. W/e& $ou &ee,
iB
!ssist!&(e+ ,o &ot /esit!te to (!ll !&, !s* $our tutor to provi,e it.
1. Re!, t/is Course @ui,e t/orou/l$+ it is $our 'irst !ssi&%e&t.

1. Or!&i#e ! Stu,$ S(/e,ule. Desi& ! KCourse Overvie"C to ui,e
$ou t/rou/ t/e Course. Note t/e ti%e $ou !re eBpe(te, to spe&, o&
e!(/ u&it !&, /o" t/e Assi&%e&ts rel!te to t/e u&its. W/!tever
%et/o, $ou (/oose to use+ $ou s/oul, ,e(i,e o& !&, "rite i& $our
o"& ,!tes !&, s(/e,ule o' "or* 'or e!(/ u&it.
G. O&(e $ou /!ve (re!te, $our o"& stu,$ s(/e,ule+ ,o ever$t/i& to
st!$ '!it/'ul to it. T/e %!-or re!so& "/$ stu,e&ts '!il is t/!t t/e$
et be/i&, "it/ t/eir (ourse "or* i' $ou et i&to ,i''i(ulties "it/
$our s(/e,ule+ ple!se+ let $our tutor *&o" be'ore it is too l!te to
/elp.
2. Tur& to U&it I+ !&, re!, t/e i&tro,u(tio& !&, t/e ob-e(tives 'or
t/e u&it.
Asse%ble t/e stu,$ %!teri!ls. You "ill &ee, $our set boo*s !&, t/e
u&it $ou !re stu,$i& !t !&$ poi&t i& ti%e. As $ou "or* t/rou/ t/e
u&it+ $ou "ill *&o" "/!t sour(es to (o&sult 'or 'urt/er i&'or%!tio&.
6eep i& tou(/ "it/ $our stu,$ (e&tre. Up7to7,!te (ourse i&'or%!tio&
"ill be (o&ti&uousl$ !v!il!ble t/ere.

Well be'ore t/e relev!&t ,ue ,!tes D!bout 2 "ee*s be'ore ,ue ,!tesE+
*eep i& %i&, t/!t $ou "ill le!r& ! lot b$ ,oi& t/e !ssi&%e&t
(!re'ull$. T/e$ /!ve bee& ,esi&e, to /elp $ou %eet t/e ob-e(tives
o' t/e (ourse !&,+ t/ere'ore+ "ill /elp $ou p!ss t/e eB!%i&!tio&.
Sub%it !ll !ssi&%e&ts &ot l!ter t/!& t/e ,ue ,!te.

Revie" t/e ob-e(tives 'or e!(/ stu,$ u&it to (o&'ir% t/!t $ou /!ve
!(/ieve, t/e%. I' $ou 'eel u&sure !bout !&$ o' t/e ob-e(tives+ revie"
t/e stu,$ %!teri!ls or (o&sult $our tutor.

W/e& $ou !re (o&'i,e&t t/!t $ou /!ve !(/ieve, ! u&itCs ob-e(tives+
$ou (!& st!rt o& t/e &eBt u&it. .ro(ee, u&it b$ u&it t/rou/ t/e
(ourse !&, tr$ to p!(e $our stu,$ so t/!t $ou *eep $oursel' o&
s(/e,ule.
W/e& $ou /!ve sub%itte, !& !ssi&%e&t to $our tutor 'or %!r*i&+
,o &ot "!it 'or its retur& be'ore st!rti& o& t/e &eBt u&it. 6eep to
$our s(/e,ule. W/e& t/e !ssi&%e&t is retur&e,+ p!$ p!rti(ul!r
!tte&tio& to $our tutorCs (o%%e&ts+ bot/ o& t/e tutor7%!r*e,
B
!ssi&%e&t 'or% !&, !lso t/e "ritte& (o%%e&ts o& t/e or,i&!r$
!ssi&%e&ts.
A'ter (o%pleti& t/e l!st u&it+ revie" t/e (ourse !&, prep!re $oursel'
'or t/e 'i&!l eB!%i&!tio&. C/e(* t/!t $ou /!ve !(/ieve, t/e u&it
ob-e(tives Dliste, !t t/e bei&&i& o' e!(/ u&itE !&, t/e (ourse
ob-e(tives Dliste, i& t/e Course @ui,eE.
F)!*!t)tor"9Tutor" )nd Tutor!)*"
I&'or%!tio& rel!ti& to t/e tutori!ls "ill be provi,e, !t t/e !ppropri!te
ti%e. Your tutor "ill %!r* !&, (o%%e&t o& $our !ssi&%e&ts+ *eep !
(lose "!t(/ o& $our proress !&, o& !&$ ,i''i(ulties $ou %i/t
e&(ou&ter !&, provi,e !ssist!&(e to $ou ,uri& t/e (ourse. You %ust
t!*e $our tutor7%!r*e, !ssi&%e&ts to t/e stu,$ (e&tre "ell be'ore t/e
,ue ,!te D!t le!st t"o "or*i& ,!$s !re re1uire,E. T/e$ "ill be %!r*e,
b$ $our tutor !&, retur&e, to $ou !s soo& !s possible.
Do &ot /esit!te to (o&t!(t $our tutor i' $ou &ee, /elp. Co&t!(t $our tutor
i'8
!E $ou ,o &ot u&,erst!&, !&$ p!rt o' t/e stu,$ u&its or t/e !ssi&e,
re!,i&s
bE $ou /!ve ,i''i(ult$ "it/ t/e eBer(ises
(E $ou /!ve ! 1uestio& or proble% "it/ !& !ssi&%e&t or "it/ $our
tutorCs (o%%e&ts o& !& !ssi&%e&t or "it/ t/e r!,i& o' !&
!ssi&%e&t.
You s/oul, tr$ $our best to !tte&, t/e tutori!ls. T/is is t/e o&l$ (/!&(e
to /!ve '!(e7to7'!(e (o&t!(t "it/ $our tutor !&, !s* 1uestio&s "/i(/ !re
!&s"ere, i&st!&tl$. You (!& r!ise !&$ proble% e&(ou&tere, i& t/e
(ourse o' $our stu,$. To !i& t/e %!Bi%u% be&e'it 'ro% (ourse
tutori!ls+ prep!re ! 1uestio& list be'ore !tte&,i& t/e%. You "ill le!r& !
lot 'ro% p!rti(ip!ti& i& ,is(ussio& !(tivel$.
Su$$)r+
T/e (ourse ui,e ives $ou !& overvie" o' "/!t to eBpe(t i& t/e (ourse
o' t/is stu,$. T/e (ourse te!(/es $ou t/e b!si( uses o' A.r!)n
Co$$un!)t!on S+"t#$" !&, /o" t/e$ (!& be !pplie,. It !lso
!(1u!i&ts $ou "it/ t/e rel!tio&s/ip bet"ee& A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio&
S$ste%s !&, t/e %o,er& %e!&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&.
We "is/ $ou su((ess "it/ t/e (ourse !&, /ope t/!t $ou "ill 'i&, it bot/
i&teresti& !&, use'ul.

A""#""$#nt F!*#
Bi
A& !ssess%e&t 'ile "ill be %!,e !v!il!ble to $ou. I& t/is 'ile+ $ou "ill
'i&, ,et!ils o' "or* $ou MUST ,o !&, sub%it to $our tutor 'or %!r*i&.
T/e %!r*s obt!i&e, i& t/is (ourse "ill be p!rt o' $our 'i&!l %!r*s. A
%!r*i& s(/e%e /!s bee& provi,e,.
Stud+ M#t-od
You "ill stu,$ t/e u&its i&,epe&,e&tl$. 0o"ever+ !rr!&e%e&ts /!ve
bee& %!,e 'or $ou to %eet $our tutor 'or tutori!ls o& ! reul!r b!sis i&
t/e stu,$ (e&tre. Also+ $ou (!& or!&ise i&ter!(tive sessio&s Dstu,$
roupE "it/ $our (ourse %!tes.
Su%$!""!on o. A""!2n$#nt"
T/e ,!tes 'or t/e sub%issio& o' v!rious !ssi&%e&ts "ill be
(o%%u&i(!te, to $ou. Si%il!rl$+ $ou "ill !lso be &oti'ie, o& t/e ,!te 'or
(o%pleti& t/e stu,$ u&its !&, ,!tes 'or eB!%i&!tio&s.
Su$$)r+
T/is (ourse ui,e ives $ou !& overvie" o' MAC1158 A'ri(!&
Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s I. 4est o' lu(*A
Bii
Course Co,e MAC 115
Course Title A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s I
Course Developer/Writer Dr. Abi!il O. O"e##$
U&iversit$ o' )!os
A*o*!+ )!os
Course E,itor Mr Olubu&%i A-ib!,e
U&iversit$ o' )!os
A*o*!+ )!os
.ror!%%e )e!,er C/risti&e O'ulue ./.D

Course Coor,i&!tor C/i,i&%! O&"ubere

Biii
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
0e!,1u!rters
12/13 A/%!,u 4ello W!$
5i(tori! Isl!&,
)!os
Abu-! O''i(e
No. 5 D!r es S!l!% Street
O'' A%i&u 6!&o Cres(e&t
Wuse II+ Abu-!
Nieri!
e7%!il8 (e&tr!li&'o9&ou.e,u.&
UR)8 """.&ou.e,u.&
.ublis/e, b$
.ri&te, :;;<
IS4N8 <=>7;5>7>1;7>
All Ri/ts Reserve,
Biv
CONTENTS PAGE
Modu*# 1 Introdut!on:::::::::::::: 1
U&it 1 T/e Co&(ept o' Co%%u&i(!tio&+ A'ri(!&
Co%%u&i(!tio&s S$ste%s !&, t/e Re!so&s
'or Stu,$i& A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s?.. 1
Co%%u&i(!tio& Co%p!re,?????????.. 11

Modu*# , Tr)d!t!on)* C-)nn#*" o. Co$$un!)t!on:::. 1;
Co%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!?????????? 1<
U&it : 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio&????. :>
U&it G 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
Co%p!re,????????????????. G3
Modu*# / O'#r'!#0 o. V!"u)* C-)nn#*" o. Co$$un!)t!on.. 21
U&it 1 Overvie" o' 5isu!l C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio&+
.i%e&t!tio& !&, Colours !s ! @roup o'
5isu!l C/!&&els???????????????21
U&it : Appe!r!&(e8 ./$si(!l )oo* !&, Costu%eHF!(i!l
M!r*s !&, T!ttoosHRe(or,s??????????..2>
Modu*# 1 Iono2r)3-! C-)nn#*"::::::::::: 55
U&it 1 I(o&or!p/i( C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio&8
Ob-e(ti'ie,+ Flor!l+ .l!&ts !&, Crops???????55
Modu*# 5 In"tru$#nt)* C-)nn#*"::::::::::::41
U&it 1 T/e Co&(ept o' I&stru%e&t!l Co%%u&i(!tio&??? 32
U&it : I,iop/o&es????????????????? 3>
U&it G Me%br!&eop/o&es??????????????=3
U&it 2 Me%br!&eop/o&es i& Wester& Nieri!?????? >1
U&it 5 Aerop/o&es?????????????????<:

Modu*# 4 D#$on"tr)t!'# C-)nn#*"::::::::::: ;8
U&it 1 T/e Co&(ept o' De%o&str!tive Co%%u&i(!tio&?? <>
U&it : Musi(?????????????????? 1;:
U&it G D!&(e !&, So& ????????????? 11;
U&it 2 .oetr$+ C/!&ts !&, I&(!&t!tio&s ???????. 11<
U&it 5 Si&!ls+ Si&s !&, S$%bolor!p/$ ?????? 1::
Bv
MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION
U&it 1 T/e Co&(epts o' Co%%u&i(!tio&+ A'ri(!&
Co%%u&i(!tio&s S$ste%s !&, t/e Re!so&s 'or Stu,$i&
A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s
UNIT 1 THE CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION<
AFRICAN COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
AND THE REASONS FOR STUDYING
AFRICAN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 W/!t is Co%%u&i(!tio&L
G.: W/!t Are t/e Fu&(tio&s o' Co%%u&i(!tio&L
G.G W/!t is A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%sL
G.2 U&i1ue&ess o' A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s
G.5 W/!t is CultureL
G.3 T/e Nele(t o' A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s
G.= W/$ Stu,$ A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%sL
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
3.; Tutor7M!r*e, Assi&%e&t
=.; Re'ere&(es/Furt/er Re!,i&s
1.= INTRODUCTION
A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste% is ! (ourse u&,er (o%%u&i(!tio&.
T/ere'ore+ it is i%port!&t to st!rt t/is (ourse b$ eB!%i&i& t/e (o&(epts
o' (o%%u&i(!tio& !&, A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s. It !lso
eB!%i&es t/e re!so&s 'or stu,$i& A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
At t/e e&, o' t/is u&it+ stu,e&ts s/oul, be !ble to8
,e'i&e !&, eBpl!i& "/!t (o%%u&i(!tio& %e!&s
i,e&ti'$ t/e 'u&(tio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&
eBpl!i& t/e 'u&(tio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&
,e'i&e A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
eBpl!i& t/e i&terpl!$ bet"ee& (ulture !&, A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
1
s$ste%s
outli&e t/e re!so&s 'or stu,$i& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
,is(uss t/e !i&s o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 7-)t !" Co$$un!)t!on@
Co%%u&i(!tio& is ! pro(ess b$ "/i(/ ! se&,er p!sses i&'or%!tio& to t/e
,e(o,er or re(eiver. It i&volves (o&t!(ti&+ rel!$i& !&, tr!&s'erri& o'
i,e!s+ &e"s+ se(rets+ %ess!es+ or,ers !&, i&'or%!tio& 'ro% people+
roups !&, (o%%u&ities to ot/ers. Co%%u&i(!tio& i& e&er!l ter%s (!&
be ,es(ribe, !s t/e !(t o' se&,i& !&, re(eivi& %ess!es 'ro% ! sour(e
t/rou/ ! %e,iu%. M!(4ri,e et al D1<>1E ,e'i&e (o%%u&i(!tio& &ot
-ust !s t/e eB(/!&e o' &e"s !&, %ess!es but !s !& i&,ivi,u!l !&,
(olle(tive !(tivit$ e%br!(i& !ll tr!&s%issio&s !&, s/!ri& o' i,e!s+
'!(ts !&, ,!t!. So+ (o%%u&i(!tio& %!$ be loo*e, !t !s ! s$ste% or
pro(ess. 0o"ever+ t/is ,e'i&itio& ,oes &ot /i/li/t t/e 'ee,b!(*
(o%po&e&t !&, t/us /!s &ot 'ull$ ,es(ribe, t/e pro(ess o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&. A((or,i& to O*u&&! D1<<<83E8 Co%%u&i(!tio& is !
(o%pleB pro(ess. 4e(!use t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& pro(ess is !& eB(/!&e or
s/!ri& o' i&'or%!tio& or ! %ess!e+ it re1uires (ert!i& b!si( (o%po&e&t.
T/ese i&(lu,e t/e sour(e 'ro% "/o% t/e %ess!e orii&!tesI t/e
%e,iu% t/rou/ "/i(/ t/e %ess!e is (o&ve$e,I t/e !u,ie&(e "/o
re(eives t/e %ess!eI !&, t/e 'ee,b!(* "/i(/ is t/e re!(tio& o' t/e
re(eiver to t/e %ess!e.
/., 7-)t Ar# t-# Funt!on" o. Co$$un!)t!on@
Wel(o%e to t/is sub7se(tio& "/i(/ is ! (o&ti&u!tio& o' our ,is(ussio& o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&+ but 'ro% ! ,i''ere&t !&le. No" t/!t "e *&o" "/!t
K(o%%u&i(!tio&C %e!&s+ it is i%port!&t to !lso *&o" t/e 'u&(tio&s. T/!t
is+ "/!t eB!(tl$ ,oes (o%%u&i(!tio& ,o i& !&$ so(iet$L T/is sub7se(tio&
'o(uses o& t/e 'u&(tio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&.
Ever$ so(iet$ /!s evolve, "!$s o' tr!&s%itti& i&'or%!tio& 'ro% o&e
perso& to !&ot/er !&, A'ri(! is &ot !& eB(eptio&. A!i&+ i& A'ri(!+ t/e
tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !p!rt 'ro% tr!&s%itti& i&'or%!tio&
"/i(/ i&(lu,es t/e &e"s 'u&(tio& !&, ot/er !&&ou&(e%e&ts+ e&tert!i&s+
persu!,es+ !&, !lso is use, 'or so(i!l eB(/!&es DDoob+ 1<33E.
M!(4ri,e et al D1<>1E i,e&ti'ie, so%e spe(i'i( 'u&(tio&s o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& !s8
,E i&'or%!tio&
eE so(i!lis!tio&
'E %otiv!tio&
E e,u(!tio&
:
/E (ultur!l pro%otio& !&,
iE e&tert!i&%e&t
In.or$)t!on: t/e (olle(tio&+ stor!e+ pro(essi& !&, ,isse%i&!tio& o'
&e"s+ ,!t!+ pi(tures et( re1uire, 'or ever$,!$ li'e.
So!)*!")t!on8 t/e provisio& o' ! (o%%o& 'u&, o' *&o"le,e "/i(/
e&!bles people to oper!te !s e''e(tive %e%bers o' t/e so(iet$ i& "/i(/
t/e$ live.
Mot!')t!on8 t/e 'osteri& o' i&,ivi,u!l or (o%%u&it$ !(tivities+ e!re,
to t/e pursuit o' !ree, o!ls.
Edu)t!on: t/e tr!&s%issio& o' *&o"le,e so !s to 'oster i&telle(tu!l
,evelop%e&t+ (/!r!(ter 'or%!tio& !&, !(1uisitio& o' s*ills.
Cu*tur)* 3ro$ot!on8 t/e ,isse%i&!tio& o' (ultur!l !&, !rtisti( pro,u(ts
'or t/e purpose o' preservi& t/e /erit!e o' t/e p!st.
Ent#rt)!n$#nt8 t/e ,i''usio& t/rou/ si&s+ s$%bols+ sou&,s !&,
i%!es 'or perso&!l !&, (olle(tive re(re!tio& !&, e&-o$%e&t.
/./ 7-)t !" A.r!)n Co$$un!)t!on S+"t#$"@
Olul!,e D1<<>E st!te, t/!t tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& !s use, i& A'ri(! is
!& !,%iBture o' so(i!l (o&ve&tio&s !&, pr!(ti(e t/!t /!ve be(o%e
s/!rpe&e, !&, ble&,e, i&to verit!ble (o%%u&i(!tio& %o,es !&, s$ste%s
"/i(/ /!ve !l%ost be(o%e st!&,!r, pr!(ti(es 'or so(iet$. It is !
(o%pleB s$ste% o' (o%%u&i(!tio&+ "/i(/ perv!,es !ll !spe(ts o' rur!l
A'ri(!& li'e. A((or,i& to De&! D1<>>E (ite, i& Me,e D1<<>E+ it /!s
v!rie, (/!r!(teristi(s "/i(/ i&(lu,e ,$&!%is% !&, t/e '!(t o' its bei& !
%ulti7%e,i! !&, %ulti7(/!&&el s$ste%. It is per/!ps t/e %ost i%port!&t
"!$ b$ "/i(/ t/e rur!lites (o%%u&i(!te !%o& t/e%selves !&, "it/
ot/ers. So+ ,espite t/e !,ve&t o' t/e %o,er& ,!$ %e,i! i& A'ri(!+ t/e use
o' tr!,itio&!l (ues !&, %!teri!ls is still ver$ %u(/ (o%%o& !&,
!,!pt!ble+ !((ept!ble !&, re(o&is!ble b$ t/e people.
/.1 Un!(u#n#"" o. A.r!)n Co$$un!)t!on S+"t#$"
4elo" !re so%e o' t/e u&i1ue&ess o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
It is u&,erstoo, b$ %e%bers o' ! (o%%u&it$
It re!,il$ !ppe!ls !&, (o&&e(ts "it/ t/e peopleCs l!&u!e+ (ulture+
belie'+ %$t/+ lee&, !&, (usto%s "/i(/ e&/!&(es e''e(tive&ess o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& Drel!tes to v!lues+ &or%s+ et/os !&, (ulture o'
A'ri(!&sE
Uses s$%bols+ v!lues !&, i&,ie&ous i&stitutio&s+ "/i(/ e&/!&(e
G
%ess!esC e''e(tive&ess
.ro-e(ts A'ri(!& /istori(!l p!st Dtr!,itio&sE
Derive, 'ro% t/e (ulture+ belie's+ !&, t/e "!$ o' li'e o' A'ri(!&s
Roote, !%o& t/e lo(!l people !&, respe(te, b$ t/e people+
espe(i!ll$ t/e rur!lites
E%be,,e, i& t/e (ulture o' t/e people+ "/i(/ is t/e ,rivi& 'or(e
Relies o& i&,ie&ous te(/&olo$+ e%plo$es v!lues !&, s$%bols t/!t
t/e people i,e&ti'$ "it/
Fro% ! e&er!l poi&t o' vie"+ A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s is see&
!s ! tr!,itio&!l or i&,ie&ous %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio& !&, it is
i&,ie&ous. I&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& is steepe, i& tr!,itio&!l (ulture.
So+ "/!t is (ultureL
/.5 7-)t !" Cu*tur#@
Culture is &e(ess!r$ 'or ! /e!lt/$ so(iet$. It is usu!ll$ est!blis/e, 'ro%
e&li/te&%e&t+ !(1uire, t/rou/ e,u(!tio&+ observ!tio& !&, eBposure to
!& e&viro&%e&t. Culture is t/e belie'+ (usto%+ tr!,itio&+ pr!(ti(es !&,
so(i!l be/!viour o' ! p!rti(ul!r &!tio& !&, its people. I& !&t/ropolo$+
(ulture is 'urt/er ,e'i&e, !s t/e p!tter&s o' be/!viour !&, t/i&*i& t/!t
people livi& i& ! so(i!l roup le!r&+ (re!te !&, s/!re. Culture
,isti&uis/es o&e /u%!& roup 'ro% !&ot/er. .eopleCs (ulture i&(lu,es
t/eir rules o' be/!viour+ l!&u!e+ ritu!ls+ !rts+ st$le o' ,ress+ reliio&
!&, e(o&o%i( s$ste%s. So+ (ulture is t/e tot!lit$ o' t/e "!$ o' li'e o' !
people t/rou/ "/i(/ t/e$ !sso(i!te !&, rel!te "it/ t/eir e&viro&%e&t.
Tr!,itio& (!& be s!i, to be t/e &or%s !&, v!lues o' e!(/ i&,ivi,u!l
roup u&,er ! p!rti(ul!r et/&i( roup or tribe. Culture is ,$&!%i( i.e.
(/!&es "it/ ti%e "/ile tr!,itio& is ! bit st!&!&t. For eB!%ple+ stri(tl$
tr!,itio&!l %!rri!e /!s (/!&e, over ti%e to i&(lu,e t/e (/ur(/ !&,
(ourt %!rri!e DF!%es !&, Sool!+ 1<<;E. Culture !&, tr!,itio& !re
i&ter"ove&+ but (ulture is /i/l$ i&'lue&(e, b$ t/e e&viro&%e&t !&, vi(e
vers!. Culture is stro&l$ li&*e, "it/ ti%e 7 (/!&es "it/ ti%e. So+ 'or
our purpose+ A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s (!& be ,es(ribe, !s t/!t
'or% o' (o%%u&i(!tio& t/!t /!s its root i& t/e A'ri(!& e&viro&%e&t. It is
orii&!l i& t/e A'ri(!& lo(!lit$ !&, to t/e &!tives. It /!s bee& re'erre, to
v!riousl$ !s tr!,itio&!l !&, i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& b$ v!rious
!ut/ors. Wilso& D1<>=E i& /is o"& ,e'i&itio&+ st!te, t/!t tr!,itio&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& is M! (o&ti&uous pro(ess o' i&'or%!tio& ,isse%i&!tio&+
e&tert!i&%e&t !&, e,u(!tio& use, i& so(ieties "/i(/ /!ve &ot bee&
seriousl$ ,islo(!te, b$ Wester& (ulture or !&$ ot/er eBter&!l i&'lue&(eN.
Wilso& !lso stresse, t/!t t/e o"&ers/ip o' t/e tr!,itio&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& %e,i! lies "it/ t/e so(iet$.
/.4 T-# N#2*#t o. A.r!)n Co$$un!)t!on S+"t#$"
2
A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !re !& i&ter!l p!rt o' t/e so(io7(ultur!l
/erit!e o' A'ri(!&s. 0o"ever+ !((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28>17>:E+ ?
Civilis!tio&+ "/i(/ /!s brou/t !bout %o,er&is!tio&+ /!s (o%pelle, t/e
A'ri(!& to (!&&ib!lise so%e o' Ot/e tr!,itio&!l %o,es o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&P. T/e ,ire(tio& o' %o,er&is!tio& "/i(/ /!s tilte,
stro&l$ i& '!vour o' Wester&is!tio& /!s ,islo(!te, !l%ost !ll t/e %o,es
i& t/e urb!& !re!s !&, suppl!&te, t/e% "it/ t/e %o,er& %!ss %e,i!.
T/us+ t/e so(io7e(o&o%i( terr!i& /!s %!,e it i%possible to rel!te to
t/ese (!&&ib!lise, %o,es+ espe(i!ll$ i& t/e urb!& !re!s. For eB!%ple+ it
is &o" virtu!ll$ i%possible to use s%o*e !s ! %e!&s o' !ttr!(ti&
!tte&tio& i& A'ri(!& (ities+ be(!use it (oul, be i&terprete, ,i''ere&tl$?
be(!use t/e (o&teBt i& "/i(/ urb!& ,"ellers rel!te to t/e%selves ?is
1uite ,i''ere&t 'ro% t/!t o' t/e rur!l so(iet$ "/i(/ is still relev!&t to t/e
peopleCs eBperie&(es !s %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. T/ese tr!,itio&!l
%o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio& /!ve+ t/ere'ore+ (o&ti&ue, to eBist b$ t/e r!(e
o' t/e slo" p!(e o' ,evelop%e&t+ espe(i!ll$ i& (o%%u&i(!tio& "/i(/
/!s i%pe,e, t/e spre!, o' t/e %o,er& %!ss %e,i! Di& ter% o' /!r,"!re
!&, so't"!reE to t/e rur!l !re!s+ "/ere t/ese %o,es !re t/e o&l$ %e!&s
o' sust!i&i& t/e i&'or%!tio& &ee,s o' t/e people.
A'ri(! is ! v!st (o&ti&e&t t/!t is %!,e up o' ,iverse peoples. T/ese
peoples eBiste, 'or (e&turies be'ore t/eir (o&t!(ts "it/ t/e (olo&i!l
%!sters. E!(/ /!, its o"& u&i1ue l!&u!e !&, (ultur!l p!tter&s. Wit/i&
e!(/ (ultur!l setti&+ /o"ever+ t/ere eBiste, "ell est!blis/e, s$ste%s 'or
s/!ri& i&'or%!tio&+ opi&io& 'or%!tio& !&, (ultur!l v!lues. 4uttressi&
t/is positio&+ Roers (ite, i& Opubor D1<=5E st!te, t/!t M! '!r 'lu&
&et"or* o' (o%%u&i(!tio& eBiste, i& Kless ,evelope,C (ou&tries be'ore
t/e i&tro,u(tio& o' t/e pri&t or ele(tro&i( %e,i!.N Alt/ou/ ! ri(/
&et"or* o' (o%%u&i(!tio& (/!&&els eBiste, i& i&,ie&ous A'ri(! be'ore
t/e i&tro,u(tio& o' %o,er& %e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio&+ stu,ies i&to t/ese
lo(!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& is 1uite re(e&t !s A'ri(!& s(/ol!rs i&
t/e p!st !&, eve& up till &o" /!ve (o&(e&tr!te, %u(/ o' t/eir rese!r(/
e''orts %!i&l$ o& t/e "ester& %e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio& su(/ !s r!,io+
televisio&+ &e"sp!pers !&, %!!#i&es. It is t/ere'ore &o "o&,er t/!t t/e
1u!&tit$ !&, v!riet$ o' rese!r(/ liter!ture o& tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(! !re ver$ s(!&t$.
T/is teBt t/ere'ore bri&s i&to 'o(us t/e v!rious !spe(ts o' A'ri(!&
i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !i%e, !t i&(ul(!ti& i& t/e %i&,s o'
people t/!t t/e v!rious peoples o' A'ri(! /!, "!$s o' s/!ri&
i&'or%!tio& t/!t "ere !s e''e(tive !s %o,er& ,!$ %e,i! o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&. It is /ope, t/!t t/is teBt "oul, !,, to t/e e&er!l e''orts
o' A'ri(!& !&, A'ro(e&tri( s(/ol!rs !t s!lv!i& our (ultureI le!, to !
re!ter u&,erst!&,i& o' A'ri(!& s$ste%s o' (o%%u&i(!tio& !s re'le(te,
i& t/e ,iverse (ultures o' t/e v!rious peoples o' A'ri(!I !&, "oul, be o'
5
be&e'it to (o%%u&i(!tio& poli($ %!*ers !&, ,evelop%e&t
(o%%u&i(!tio& eBperts i& t/!t it "oul, 'urt/er e&/!&(e t/eir *&o"le,e
!bout t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& &ee,s o' t/ose livi& i& rur!l !re!s !&, /o" to
e''e(tivel$ re!(/ t/e%.
G.= 7-+ Stud+ A.r!)n Co$$un!)t!on S+"t#$"@
A'ri(!& peoples i& spite o' t/eir re!t li&uisti( !&, et/&i( ,iversit$
/!ve bee& (o%%u&i(!ti& !%o& t/e%selves i& ! v!riet$ o' "!$s 'or !
lo& ti%e. T/e s/eer r!&e o' ! v!riet$ o' /u%!& !&, i&ter7perso&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& o& t/!t i%%e&se (o&ti&e&t o''ers (/!lle&e to
(o&te%por!r$ (o%%u&i(!tio& s(/ol!rs D0!t(/e&+ 1<=1815E
A loo* i&to t/e re!lit$ o' t/e eBiste&(e o' i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%s i& Nieri! s/o"s t/!t be'ore t/e !,ve&t o' %o,er& %e!&s o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&+ t/ere "ere tr!,itio&!l %e!&s i& Nieri! b$ "/i(/
i&'or%!tio& is %!,e to re!(/ its re(ipie&t. T/ere "ere !lso %e!&s o'
prop!!ti& t/e (olle(tive *&o"le,e o' t/e re(o&ise, (usto,i!&s o'
t/e peopleCs or!l tr!,itio&s. So%e o' t/ese !re still bei& use,.
Fro% t/e !bove+ it is obvious t/!t ! v!riet$ o' tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
(/!&&els eBiste, i& A'ri(!+ p!rti(ul!rl$ i& Nieri! be'ore t/e
i&tro,u(tio& o' t/e %o,er& %!ss %e,i! s$ste%s.
So+ it s/oul, be &ote, t/!t ! (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste% "/i(/ ,oes &ot t!*e
i&to !((ou&t t/e tr!,itio&!l+ so(i!l !&, (ultur!l ,$&!%i(s o' so(iet$ "ill
o&l$ su((ee, i& !lie&!ti& t/e /i/l$ pl!(e, 'ro% t/e %!-orit$ o' t/e
people i& t/e rur!l !re!s DWilso&+ 1<>:E. T/is st!te%e&t su%%!rises t/e
e''e(t o' &elie&(e i& t/e stu,$ o' our i&,ie&ous sour(es o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&+ opi&io& 'or%!tio&+ pro(esses o' ,e(isio& !&, !(tio&s.
W/!t is respo&sibleL
A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<2E+ Wester& e,u(!tio& is t/e b!&e o' t/ese+ !s
it /!s %!,e people to (o&ti&ue re!r,i& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%s "it/ (o&te%pt. T/e 1uestio& !t t/is -u&(ture is8 s/oul, t/is be
!llo"e, to (o&ti&ueL A!i&+ Ib!ere D1<<28<3E st!te, t/!t8
T/e %o,er& %!ss %e,i!+ /o"ever+ (!&&ot serve+ 'ull$+ t/e
(o%%u&i(!tio& &ee,s o' A'ri(!+ u&less t/e$ !re (o%bi&e, "it/ t/e
tr!,itio&!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. T/ere'ore+ r!t/er t/!& suppl!&ti&
t/ese tr!,itio&!l %o,es+ e''orts s/oul, be e!re, to"!r,s /!r&essi& !&,
,evelopi& t/e% to serve our i&'or%!tio& &ee,s i& e&er!l.
T/ere'ore+ t/ere is t/e &ee, to i&(re!se stu,ies o& our tr!,itio&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s &ot -ust to !,, to *&o"le,e but !lso to 'i&,
3
!lter&!tive s$ste%s o' i&'or%!tio& ,isse%i&!tio&I 'ull$ u&,erst!&, t/e
,$&!%i(s !&, s$ste%s o' ,eliveri& i&'or%!tio& !&, re(eivi& 'ee,b!(*
!%o& t/e v!rious et/&i( roups i& i&,ie&ous A'ri(! "/o live %ostl$
i& t/e rur!l !re!s+ !&, "/o !re (urre&tl$ outsi,e t/e e''e(tive re!(/ o'
t/e "ester&ise, %!ss %e,i! DOpubor+ 1<=5E.
Furt/er%ore+ Ubo!-!/ D1<=:E (ite, i& Wilso& !&, U&o/ D1<<18:>E
st!te,+ MT/e %ost i%port!&t t/i& !bout A'ri(!&Cs tr!,itio&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& is t/!t t/e !u,ie&(e /!s le!r&t to !tt!(/ re!t
si&i'i(!&(e to it. Tr!,itio&!l %e,i! /!s Dsi(E 'or(e !&, (re,ibilit$. T/e$
put st!bilit$ i&to A'ri(!&Cs i&,ie&ous i&stitutio&s.N
So+ 'ro% !ll t/!t /!s bee& ,is(usse, so '!r+ o&e (!& !rue li*e Opubor
D1<=5E t/!t A'ri(!& tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& represe&t t/e
%ost pote&t %e(/!&is% 'or (o%%u&i(!tio& !%o& t/e v!rious peoples
o' A'ri(!. Furt/er%ore+ &ot"it/st!&,i& t/e 'l!"s t/!t %!$ be i&/ere&t
i& t/e tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!+ t/e '!(t re%!i&s
!s 0!t(/e& D1<=1815E poi&te, out+ Mt/e s/eer r!&e !&, v!riet$ o'
tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& o''er ! (/!lle&e to (o&te%por!r$ OA'ri(!&P
(o%%u&i(!tio& s(/ol!rsN. T/is u&,ers(ores t/e &ee, to sti%ul!te
s(/ol!rs/ip i& t/is !re! o' (o%%u&i(!tio& stu,ies.
0e&(e+ "e s/oul, stu,$ it to e,u(!te ourselves o& t/e (ulture !&,
/erit!e o' A'ri(!. .ut su((ie&tl$+ "e s/oul, stu,$ A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s 'or *&o"le,e !&, be(!use o' its relev!&(e !&,
!((ept!&(e i& A'ri(!. )oo*i& !t *&o"le,e+ stu,$i& A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s "ill /elp us to u&,erst!&, our (ultures+
i,ios$&(r!(ies !&, per(uli!rities. A!i&+ it rel!tes to A'ri(!& (ulture+
v!lues !&, belie's "/i(/ e&e&,ers !((ept!&(e. O& relev!&(e+ it is still
relev!&t 'or (o%%u&i(!ti& "it/ so%e people i& A'ri(!.
1.= CONCLUSION
Alt/ou/ (o%%u&i(!tio& /!s sever!l ,e'i&itio&s+ but e&er!ll$ it
i&volves t/e se&,i& !&, re(eivi& o' v!rious %ess!es. It "!s !lso
st!te, t/!t (o%%u&i(!tio& per'or%s so%e ot/er spe(i'i( 'u&(tio&s.
It !rue, t/!t A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s per'or% !ll t/ese
'u&(tio&s+ "/ile spe(i'i(!ll$ pro%oti& A'ri(!& (ulture. 0o"ever+
,espite t/e (e&tr!l pl!(e o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& i& t/e perpetu!tio&
o' A'ri(!& (ultures+ t/is !spe(t o' (o%%u&i(!tio& stu,ies /!s bee&
&ele(te, b$ (o%%u&i(!tio& s(/ol!rs.
A!i&+ it is i%port!&t to &ote t/!t A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s is !
(o%pleB s$ste% !&, t/e %ost i%port!&t "!$ b$ "/i(/ t/e rur!lites
=
(o%%u&i(!te !%o& t/e%selves !&, "it/ ot/ers. It is tie, to t/e (ulture
o' its people.
T/is u&it 'urt/er revie"e, our !ttitu,es to"!r,s t/e stu,$ o' A'ri(!&
tr!,itio&!l %e,i!+ be(!use our l!(*!,!isi(!l !ttitu,e to t/ese %e,i! i&
t/e '!(e o' pressures 'ro% t/e "ester& %e,i!+ "/i(/ t/re!te& to
(o%pletel$ ,o%i&!te t/e%+ ,oes &ot !uur "ell 'or our so(i!l eBiste&(e.
It (o&(lu,es t/!t ,espite t/e (e&tr!l pl!(e o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& i&
t/e preserv!tio& o' A'ri(!& (ulture+ it /!s bee& /i/l$ &ele(te, b$
(o%%u&i(!tio& s(/ol!rs !s !& !re! o' rese!r(/. So+ ,o "e !llo" t/e
i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste% to be suppresse, b$ eBoe&ous
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%L I' "e ,o+ it "oul, le!, to t/e erosio& o'
i&,ie&ous (ultures. T/us+ it s/oul, be /i/li/te, t/!t t/e erosio& o'
i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste% b$ "ester& e,u(!tio& !&, %e,i!
e&,!&ers t/e surviv!l o' i&,ie&ous *&o"le,e. To !voi, t/is+ t/ere is
t/e &ee, 'or t/e stu,$ o' i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
T/is u&it ,oes &ot suest t/!t %o,er& %e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio& s/oul,
be ,is(!r,e, 'or A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s+ but r!t/er t/!t t/e ri(/
pote&ti!ls o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& %e,i! s/oul, be stu,ie, !&, use,
!lo& si,e %o,er& %e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio& 'or ! %ore e''e(tive
(o%%u&i(!tio& !(ross t/e v!rious peoples o' A'ri(! ,espite t/eir
ps$(/or!p/i( !&, ,e%or!p/i( ,i''ere&(es.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it eB!%i&e, "/!t K(o%%u&i(!tio&C %e!&s. It "!s eBpl!i&e, t/!t
(o%%u&i(!tio& re'ers to t/e eB(/!&e o' i&'or%!tio& !&, i,e!s. It "!s
e%p/!si#e, t/!t t/ere !re su&,r$ ,e'i&itio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. A!i&+
i& t/is u&it+ "e !lso eB!%i&e, t/e 'u&(tio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. It "!s
eBpl!i&e, t/!t (o%%u&i(!tio& per'or%s su&,r$ 'u&(tio&s. So%e o' t/e
'u&(tio&s !s ,is(usse, i& t/is u&it i&(lu,e8 D!E i&'or%!tio& DbE
so(i!lis!tio& D(E e,u(!tio& D,E %otiv!tio& DeE (ultur!l pro%otio& D'E
e&tert!i&%e&t. It !lso ,e'i&e, A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
We !lso eB!%i&e, t/e (o&(ept o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
/i/li/ti& li&*!es "it/ (ulture.
I& !,,itio& to t/e !bove+ "e !lso loo*e, !t t/e &ele(t o' A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s+ /i/li/te, t/e !i&s !&, prese&te, re!so&s 'or
stu,$i& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
SELF ASSESSMENT EAERCISE
>
1. W/!t is (o%%u&i(!tio&L
:. )ist t/e 'u&(tio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&.
G. W/!t is t/e i&terpl!$ bet"ee& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
!&, (ultureL
2. )ist t/e re!so&s 'or stu,$i& A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s.
4.= TUTOR-MARBED ASSIGNMENT
1. )ist 'ive 'u&(tio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&.
:. Dis(uss t/e 'ive 'u&(tio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio& liste,.
G. W/!t is A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%sL
2. Dis(uss t"o re!so&s 'or stu,$i& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%s.
C.= REFERENCES9FURTHER READINGS
Doob+ )eor&!r, .W. D1<33E. Communication in Africa: A Search for
Boundaries. Ne" 0!ve&+ Co&&e(ti(ut8 Y!le U&iversit$ .ress.
0!t(/e&+ W. D1<=1E. Muffled Drums: The News Media in Africa. Io"!8
Io"! St!tes U&iversit$ .ress.
Ib!ere+ E. D1<<2E. MT!Bo&o%$ o' A'ri(!& Tr!,itio&!l Mo,es o'
Co%%u&i(!tio&.N I& Tos!&"u%i+ F. !&, E*"u!#u+ 0.
De,s.E.Mass Communication: A Basic Text. Ib!,!&8 C!ltop .ublis/ers.
F!%es+ S.+ O,e+ I. !&, Sool!+ O. D1<<;E. Introduction to Communication
for Business and Organisation. Ib!,!&8 Spe(tru% 4oo*s.
M!(4ri,e+ S. et al D1<>1E. Man !oices" One #orld. Ib!,!&8 Ib!,!&
U&iversit$ .ress.
Me,e+ A. M D1<<>E. $The %fficac of Traditional Media of
Communication among the Ti& 'eo(le.) A .!per .rese&te, !t
Applie, Co%%u&i(!tio& Se%i&!r Cl!ss i& t/e Dep!rt%e&t o'
Co%%u&i(!tio& !&, )!&u!e Arts. F!(ult$ o' Arts+ U&iversit$
o' Ib!,!&+ O$o St!te+ Nieri!+ Auust.
O*u&&!+ C. S. D1<<<E. Introduction to Mass Communication.
D:
&,
e,itio&E. E&uu8 Ne" @e&er!tio& 4oo*s.
Olul!,e+ R. D1<>>E. MCulture !&, Co%%u&i(!tio& i& Nieri!N
Inter(reter Maga*ine" No&7De(+ )!os8 Nieri!.
Opubor+ A. E. D1<=5E. $An Ideological 'ers(ecti&e for African
Communication +esearch.) A .!per .rese&te, !t t/e West
<
A'ri(!& Reio&!l Co&'ere&(e o& M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio&+ )!os.
Wilso&+ D. D1<>:E. $Traditional Mass Communication: Towards a
+edefinition of Conce(ts.) A .!per .rese&te, !t t/e I&!uur!l
Co&'ere&(e o' Nieri!& M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio& Asso(i!tio& i&
)!os+ April.
Wilso&+ D. D1<>=E. MTr!,itio&!l Me,i! i& Mo,er& A'ri(!&
Develop%e&tN African Media +e&iew 5ol 1. N;. :.
Wilso&+ D !&, S. U&o/ D1<<1E. MA Surve$ o' Tr!,itio&!l !&, Mo,er&
M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio& Me,i! i& Ol, C!l!b!rN i& U&o/+ S. De,.E
D1<<1E To(ical Issues in Communication Arts !ol. II ,o:
Business 'ress -imited.
1;
UNIT , AFRICAN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND
MASS COMMUNICATION COMPARED
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 C/!r!(teristi(s o' A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s
G.1.1 5!lue
G.1.: Re!(/
G.1.G C/!&&el Cre,ibilit$
G.1.2 C/!&&els o' C/!&e
G.1.5 Use'ul 'or t/e Colle(tio&s !&, Disse%i&!tio& o'
Develop%e&t I&'or%!tio&
G.: .roble%s o' I&,ie&ous Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.G W/!t Are t/e Alter&!tives to A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio&
S$ste%sL
G.2 A Co%p!riso& o' I&,ie&ous !&, EBoe&ous
Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.2.1 Di''ere&(es
G.2.: Si%il!rities
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
0!vi& eB!%i&e, t/e re!so&s 'or stu,$i& A'ri(!& Co%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%s+ it is (ru(i!l to loo* !t t/e (/!r!(teristi(s+ si%il!rities !&,
,i''ere&(es bet"ee& i&,ie&ous !&, eBoe&ous (o%%u&i(!tio&. T/is
u&it 'o(uses o& t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%sI
!&, t/e i&ter7rel!tio&s/ip bet"ee& i&,ie&ous !&, eBoe&ous
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
outli&e t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
,is(uss proble%s o' i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss t/e !lter&!tives to A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
outli&e t/e ,i''ere&(es bet"ee& i&,ie&ous !&, eBoe&ous
(o%%u&i(!tio&
outli&e t/e si%il!rities bet"ee& i&,ie&ous !&, eBoe&ous
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
11
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 C-)r)t#r!"t!" o. A.r!)n Co$$un!)t!on S+"t#$"
4elo" !re so%e o' t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%s8
/.1.1 V)*u#
5!lues i& (o%%u&i(!tio& ,e!l "it/ e''e(tive&ess o' (o%%u&i(!tio&.
E''e(tive&ess %e!&s t/!t %ess!es !re re(eive, b$ i&te&,e, !u,ie&(e+
i&terprete, !s (o&(eive, b$ t/e se&,erI %ess!e is re%e%bere, over !
re!so&!bl$ eBte&,e, perio, o' ti%e+ !&, %ess!e is use, !ppropri!tel$.
A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s /!ve v!lue+ !&, it is !& i%port!&t
!spe(t o' our (ulture. It is t/e !e&($ b$ "/i(/ (ulture is preserve,+
/!&,e, ,o"&+ respo&,s to &e" situ!tio&s !&, !,!pts. T/e i&'luB !&,
eBplosio& o' eBoe&ous %e,i!+ e&,!&ers t/e surviv!l o' !&, %!$ eve&
le!, to t/e erosio& o' tr!,itio&!l A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&+ "/i(/ %i/t
t/re!te& (ultur!l tr!&s%issio& !&, t/e surviv!l o' i&,ie&ous te(/&i(!l
*&o"le,e DIT6E.
/.1., R#)-
A'ri(!& %e,i! !re ubi1uitous be(!use t/e$ re!(/ %!&$ rur!l people "/o
!re &ot re!(/e, b$ eve& t/e %ost "i,espre!, eBoe&ous (/!&&els. So+ it
s/oul, !l"!$s be re!lise, i& ,esi&i& (o%%u&i(!tio& str!te$ !&, i&
(/oosi& (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& t/!t televisio&+ &e"sp!pers !&,
%!!#i&es !re l!rel$ (o&'i&e, to t/e urb!& !re!s i& t/e ,evelopi&
(ou&tries. A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !re use'ul i& (o&ve$i&
%ess!es to people out o' t/e re!(/ o' eBoe&ous (/!&&els.
/.1./ C-)nn#* Cr#d!%!*!t+
Mess!es tr!&s%itte, t/rou/ t/e eBoe&ous Di.e. eBter&!ll$ (o&trolle,E
%!ss %e,i! !re %ore o'te& t/!& &ot+ reete, "it/ /ostilit$ or s(epti(is%.
Si&(e tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els !re '!%ili!r to t/e t!ret !&, (o&trolle,
lo(!ll$+ t/e$ !re 1uite (re,ible.
/.1.1 C-)nn#*" o. C-)n2#
Rese!r(/es i&to t/e ,i''usio& o' i&&ov!tio&s /!ve s/o"& t/e i%port!&(e
o' i&'or%!l !&, i&ter7perso&!l (o&t!(ts i& persu!,i& people to !,opt+ or
re-e(t i&&ov!tio&s DOpubor+ 1<=5E. Opubor !rue, t/!t %!ss %e,i! !re
stro& i& (re!ti& !"!re&ess but "e!* i& persu!,i& people to !,opt
(/!&e. So+ su(/ (o&t!(ts !re %ore (o%%o&l$ %!,e t/rou/ t/e
1:
tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els. 0e&(e+ tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& !re
i%port!&t (o&,uits o' (/!&e. T/ere'ore+ it is &e(ess!r$ to i&ter!te
i&,ie&ous !&, eBoe&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s to e&/!&(e out(o%es
i& ,evelop%e&t. Alt/ou/ so%e ,evelop%e&t i&terve&tio& pror!%%es
,epe&, o& i&'or%!tio& ,i''usio& pro(esses to t!*e i&&ov!tio&s !&,
,evelop%e&t %ess!es to t/eir t!ret !u,ie&(es+ %!&$ /!ve %!,e
eBpli(it use o' tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els to re!(/ t/eir i&te&,e, be&e'i(i!ries
o' i&&ov!tio&s.
/.1.5 U"#.u* .or t-# Co**#t!on" )nd D!""#$!n)t!on o.
D#'#*o3$#nt In.or$)t!on
Develop%e&t pror!%%es (!& utilise tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
(/!&&els 'or t/e (olle(tio& !&, ,isse%i&!tio& o' ,evelop%e&t
i&'or%!tio&. D!t! o& t/e lo(!l situ!tio& !&, respo&se to outsi,e
i&iti!tives (!& be !t/ere, b$ !tte&,i& vill!e or so(i!l roups %eeti&s
!&, i&tervie"i& lo(!l people. At so%e ti%e+ p!rti(ip!&ts i& !
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste% !(t !s ! re(ipie&t7,isse%i&!tor. So+ re(ipie&t7
,isse%i&!tors "/o !re li&*e, to outsi,e so(ieties !re i%port!&t (o&,uits
'or l!ter!l eB(/!&e o' bot/ i&,ie&ous !&, eBoe&ous i&&ov!tio&s. T/is
%e!&s t/!t t/ere is !& i&ter'!(e bet"ee& *&o"le,e !&, (o%%u&i(!tio&
t$pes DC/!%bers+ 1<<=E.
G.1.3 .ro%otes .!rti(ip!tor$ Develop%e&t !&, Sust!i&!bilit$ o'
.ror!%%es8 Co&te%por!r$ ,evelop%e&t eBperts su(/ !s DC/!%bers+
1<<=I Cor&"!ll !&, Welbour&+ :;;;E !rue t/!t eBoe&ous
(o%%u&i(!tio& tr!&s'ers *&o"le,e+ "/ile i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio&
pro%otes i&,ie&ous b!se, ,evelop%e&t. To ,i''use i&&ov!tio&+
eBoe&ous %e,i! &ee, to (o7opt tr!,itio&!l %e,i!+ be(!use tr!,itio&!l
%e,i! e&/!&(e (ultur!l (o&ti&uit$ !&, /e&(e sust!i&!ble (/!&e. T/e$
'urt/er !rue, t/!t tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& ive t/e lo(!l
people t/e opportu&it$ to p!rti(ip!te i& ,evelop%e&t pror!%%es. T/e
lo(!l people s/oul, be i&volve, i& t/e (/oi(e o' (/!&&el+ %ess!es
,evelop%e&t+ ,esi& !&, ,isse%i&!tio&I !&, t/e$ s/oul, (o%%u&i(!te
"it/ t/e%selves+ ,e(isio& %!*ers !&, ,evelop%e&t eBperts i& re!(/i& !
,e(isio& o& t/eir ,evelop%e&t pror!%%es. T/is t/e$ believe "oul,
e&/!&(e t/e rete&tio& !&, (o&trol o' t/e i&,ie&ous pror!%%es+ "/i(/
"ill e&/!&(e sust!i&!bilit$. T/ese %i/t !((ou&t 'or "/$ C/!%bers
D1<<=E !&, Cor&"!ll !&, Welbour& D:;;;E !rue, t/!t t/ose outsi,e t/e
i&,ie&ous !re!s !re &ot i& ! positio& to p!(*!e ,evelop%e&t
pror!%%es 'or t/e i&,ie&ous !re!s "it/out 'irst /!&, i&'or%!tio& !&,
eBperie&(e !bout t/e i&,ie&ous people.
T/ese support t/e s(/ool o' t/ou/t t/!t is pro%oti& ! botto%7up
!ppro!(/ to ,evelop%e&t. I&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& o''ers opportu&it$
'or p!rti(ip!tio& !&, 'osters ! se&se o' belo&i& re1uire, 'or
1G
sust!i&!ble ,evelop%e&t. I&ori& tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& (oul,
result i& i&!ppropri!te ,evelop%e&t. So+ ,evelop%e&t pror!%%es (!&
use i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio&+ "/i(/ e&(our!es people orie&te,
,evelop%e&t !&, /e&(e e''e(tive&ess !&, e''i(ie&($ i& out(o%e.
/., Pro%*#$" o. Ind!2#nou" Co$$un!)t!on
I&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& /!s so%e s/ort(o%i&s. It /!s ! proble% o'
,e'i&i& !&, eBpl!i&i& issues !&, illustr!tio& i& %o,er& l!&u!e Dl!(*
!ppropri!te ter%i&oloiesE. A!i& i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& is !&
eBte&sio& !&, eBter&!lis!tio& o' t/e i&,ivi,u!l *&o"le,e s$ste%. So+
t/e relev!&(e o' i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& ,epe&,s o& t/e setti&/!re!
o' o((up!tio&. T/ere !re t/e (ore !&, perip/er!l people "/o %!*e up
t/e i&,ie&ous people. Esse&ti!ll$+ i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
t/rives %ost "/ere t/e$ e%plo$ su(/ i&,ie&ous 'or%s o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& !s t/e to"& !&&ou&(er. Despites t/ese s/ort(o%i&s+
i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& "oul, (o&ti&ue to be relev!&t 'or !s lo& !s
t/ere !re tr!,itio&!l so(ieties or setti&s.
/./ 7-)t Ar# t-# A*t#rn)t!'#" to A.r!)n Co$$un!)t!on
S+"t#$"@
W/!t !re t/e !lter&!tives to i&,ie&ous A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%sL T/e$ !re t/e eBoe&ous+ "/i(/ !re 'orei& to A'ri(!&s.
EBoe&ous %e,i! /!ve li%ite, r!&e i& A'ri(!. T/e$ !re urb!& (e&tri(+
%!&ipul!tive+ l!(* i%%e,i!te 'ee,b!(* !&, !re !''e(te, b$ !u,ie&(e
liter!($ level. T/e$ !re !lso %ore li*el$ to be !''e(te, b$ &oise+ "/i(/
(!uses ,istortio& !&, !''e(ts t/e r!&e o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. T/ese 'urt/er
-usti'$ t/e &ee, to stu,$ A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
/.1 A Co$3)r!"on o. Ind!2#nou" )nd E5o2#nou"
Co$$un!)t!on
/.1.1 D!..#r#n#"
Ind!2#nou" Co$$un!)t!on E5o2#nou" Co$$un!)t!on
Or2)n!")t!on:I&,ie&ous
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !re ,evelope,
lo(!ll$I (o&trolle, b$ t/e lo(!l peopleI
use lo(!l te(/&olo$I !&, espe(i!ll$
t/ose t/!t !re &ot u&,er i&stitutio&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&+ !re &ot
bure!u(r!ti(!ll$ or!&ise,
Or2)n!")t!on: EBoe&ous (/!&&els
!re t/e %!ss %e,i! Dr!,io+ televisio&+
&e"sp!pers+ %!!#i&es !&, ot/ersE !&,
su(/ bure!u(r!ti(!ll$ or!&ise,
&et"or*s. So+ eBoe&ous
s$ste%s !re i&stitutio&!ll$ or!&ise,
(o%%u&i(!tio&
Strutur#: MA'ri(!& O(o%%u&i(!tio&P
s$ste% is esse&ti!ll$ o"&e, b$ t/e
so(iet$ "/ose le!,ers/ip o&l$ !(ts !s
Strutur#: MT/e stru(ture o' t/e
%e,i! is ,eter%i&e, b$ t/e
o"&ers/ip D"/i(/ is Ooste&sibl$P &ot
12
t/e (/ie' !te *eeper. T/e (/!&&el or
%e,iu%+ t/e&+ is ope& to use
b$ !&$bo,$ to re!(/ !&$bo,$. It /!s
!l"!$s oper!te, u&,er ! (le!r7(ut
,$&!%i( poli($ "/i(/ serves t/e
i&terest !&, &ee, o' t/e rur!l
peopleN DIb!ere+ 1<<28>GE.
t/e so(iet$E "/i(/ eve&tu!ll$
,eter%i&es t/e %et/o, o' oper!tio&N
!&, %!$ i&'lue&(e %ess!es
DIb!ere+ 1<<28>GE.
R#)- )nd In.*u#n#: C!& re!(/ 'e"
people but "it/ ! re!t ,e!l o'
i&'lue&(e "it/i& t/e &et"or*.
R#)- )nd In.*u#n#: C!& re!(/ %ore
people "it/ little i&'lue&(e.
/.1., S!$!*)r!t!#"
T/ere is so%eti%es &o s/!rp ,ivi,i& li&e bet"ee& i&,ie&ous !&,
eBoe&ous (o%%u&i(!tio&. T/e$ overl!p i& !ll t/e 'our ele%e&ts o' t/e
SMCR %o,el o' (o%%u&i(!tio&8 sour(e+ %ess!es+ (/!&&el+ !&,
re(eiver.
Int#r3#r"on)*: Uses i&terperso&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
Int#r3#r"on)*: Also+ uses
i&terperso&!l (o%%u&i(!tio&+ !s i&
eBte&sio& !(tivities !&, telep/o&es.
Sour#": 0!ve sour(es Q ,erives
'ro% t/e lo(!l people. E..
i&,ie&ous eBperts Dopi&io&
le!,ers i& t/eir spe(i!litiesEI
i&,ie&ous pro'essio&!ls D/e!lers+
sor(erers+ s/!%!&s+ s(ribes+
tr!,itio&!l birt/ !tte&,!&ts+
bl!(*s%it/s+ !&, irri!tio& s$ste%s
!%o& ot/ersEI i&&ov!tors Dsee&
!s ,evi!&ts i& t/e (o%%u&ities+
t/e$ eBperi%e&t !&, tr$ &e" t/i&s
!&, i,e!sEI i&ter%e,i!ries D,o &ot
orii&!te but %erel$ report
i&'or%!tio& e.. to"& !&&ou&(ers
ODoob+ 1<33PEI !&,
re(ipie&t7,isse%i&!tors D!re
i&'or%!l i&ter%e,i!ries
i& t/e i&'or%!tio& (/!i& !&, %!$
re(eive !& i&'or%!tio& !&, re!(t to
it O'or i&st!&(e b$ testi& ! &e"
(rop v!riet$ or !&i%!l spe(ieP
be'ore p!ssi& it o&. I&,ie&ous
sour(e is i&,ivi,u!listi(.
Sour#": Also /!ve sour(es 7
orii&!te, b$ outsi,e i&stitutio&s
su(/ !s &e"sp!per/%!!#i&e
/ousesI !&, televisio&/r!,io
/ouses. T/e si%il!rit$ is t/!t !
televisio& pror!%%e %!$ s/o" !
lo(!l sour(e "/o /!s be&e'ite, or
!,opte, !& i&&ov!tio&.
Furt/er%ore+ 'ol* %e,i! /!ve bee&
"i,el$ use, to (o%%u&i(!te
,evelop%e&t %ess!es. EBoe&ous
sour(e is %e,i!te,.
M#"")2# )nd C-)nn#*: Mess!es
(o&ve$e, b$ t/e t"o s$ste%s !re
so%eti%es si%il!r. For i&st!&(e+
M#"")2# )nd C-)nn#*: Ne"s !&,
e&tert!i&%e&t %ess!es !re !lso
(o&ve$e, t/rou/ t/e eBoe&ous
15
&e"s !&, e&tert!i&%e&t. T/e o&l$
,i''ere&(e is t/!t t/e i&,ie&ous
%e,i! uses lo(!l (/!&&els DW!&
!&, Diss!&!$!*e+ 1<>28::E.
%e,i!. T/e o&l$ ,i''ere&(e is t/!t
t/e eBoe&ous %e,i! uses %o,er&
(/!&&els DW!& !&, Diss!&!$!*e+
1<>28::E.
R##!'#r: 0!ve re(eivers i.e.
!u,ie&(e/ ,esti&!tio&I t/ou/
re!(/ s%!ll &u%ber o'
people. Alt/ou/+ %ost e,u(!te,
elites rel$ o& eBoe&ous %e,i! 'or
i&'or%!tio&+ t/e$ still rel$ o&
i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& 'or !
lot o' i&'or%!tio& DW!&
!&, Diss!&!$!*e+
1<>28::E.
R##!'#r: 0!ve re(eivers i.e.
!u,ie&(e/,esti&!tio&I t/ou/ re!(/
%!ss !u,ie&(e Dl!rer !u,ie&(e
t/!& t/e i&,ie&ous.
R!,ios !re (o%%o& i&
t/e rur!l !&, eve& re%ote vill!es
DW!& !&, Diss!&!$!*e+ 1<>28::E.
F##d%)6: T/e obe,ie&(e t/rou/
t/e tr!&s'or%!tio& i&to ,ee,s !&,
!(tio&s or &ot o' t/e !&&ou&(e,
%ess!es i&'or%s t/e vill!e
!ut/orit$ o' t/e e''e(tive&ess or
i&e''e(tive&ess o' t/eir %ess!es.
.eople respo&, '!vour!bl$ "/e&
t/e$ tur& up e& %!ss i& support o'
t/e ,isse%i&!te, i&'or%!tio&. 4ut
t/e$ s/o" !p!t/$ !&, i&,i''ere&(e
to t/e u&'!vour!ble !&,
u&,esir!ble i&'or%!tio&.
F##d%)6: T/e eBoe&ous %e,i!
!lso /!s ! 'ee,b!(* %e(/!&is%. It
is %!i&l$ t/rou/ letters
to t/e e,itor 'or t/e pri&t
%e,i! !&, (!ll7i&/teBt
%ess!es to live pror!%%es o&
t/e bro!,(!st %e,i!.
1.= CONCLUSION
T/e (/!r!(teristi(s o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s s/oul, be
"ei/e, !lo&si,e t/e eBoe&ous %e,i! su(/ !s televisio&+ r!,io !&,
&e"sp!pers. Most eBoe&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& %e,i! /!ve "it/ ti%e lost
(re,ibilit$ to so%e eBte&t. A&$ (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste% "it/
1uestio&!ble (re,ibilit$ is &ot v!lu!ble. T/e sour(e o' t/e v!lues i&
i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& (!& e!sil$ be tr!(e, i& its bei& %!i&l$
i&terperso&!l !&, t/is is "/$ t/rou/ it+ (ulture /!s bee& preserve,
overti%e.
T/is u&it !lso eB!%i&e, t/e ,i''ere&(es !&, si%il!rities bet"ee& A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !&, %!ss (o%%u&i(!tio&. It "!s st!te,
!%o&st ot/ers t/!t i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !llo"s
p!rti(ip!tio& "/i(/ is t/e sour(e o' its (re,ibilit$. T/e i&,ie&ous
s$ste% !llo"s 'or i%%e,i!te 'ee,b!(* %!*i& 'or tot!l (o%%u&i(!tio&.
I%%e,i!te 'ee,b!(* is i%port!&t be(!use it is !& ev!lu!tive (o%po&e&t
o' t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%I !&, (o%%u&i(!tio& is ($(li( be(!use o'
its tr!&s!(tio&!l &!ture re1uiri& (o&st!&t 'ee,b!(*.
13
5.= SUMMARY
I& t/is u&it+ "e /!ve eB!%i&e, t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o' A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s. It "!s eBpl!i&e, t/!t t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o'
i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& !re v!lues+ (re,ibilit$+ si%pli(it$+ (l!rit$+
(o&siste&($+ (o&ti&uit$ !&, (o%pete&($ o& t/e si,e o' t/e sour(e !&,
re(eiver "/i(/ e&/!&(e (o%plete&ess.
We !lso (o%p!re, A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !&, %!ss
(o%%u&i(!tio&. T/e ,i''ere&(es !&, si%il!rities "ere /i/li/te,.
1. Dis(uss proble%s o' i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio&.
:. )ist t/e ,i''ere&(es !&, si%il!rities bet"ee& A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !&, %!ss (o%%u&i(!tio&.
1. Dis(uss 'ive (/!r!(teristi(s o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
:. )ist 'our si%il!rities bet"ee& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
!&, %!ss (o%%u&i(!tio&.
G. Dis(uss t"o o' t/e si%il!rities bet"ee& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%s !&, %!ss (o%%u&i(!tio&.
C/!%bers+ R. D1<<=E. #hose +ealit Counts. 'utting the /irst -ast.
)o&,o&8 I&ter%e,i!te Te(/&olo$ .ubli(!tio&s.
Cor&"!ll+ A.+ !&, Welbour&+ A. D:;;;E. KFro% Repro,u(tio& to Ri/ts8
.!rti(ip!tor$ Appro!(/es to SeBu!l !&, Repro,u(tive 0e!lt/C i&
'-A Notes 01 )o&,o&8 I&ter&!tio&!l I&stitute 'or E&viro&%e&t
!&, Develop%e&t Febru!r$.
Doob+ )eor&!r, W. D1<33E. Communication in Africa: A Search for
0!t(/e&+ W. D1<=1E. Muffled Drums" the News Media in Africa. Io"!8
Io"! St!tes U&iversit$ .ress.
Co%%u&i(!tio&N i& Tos!&"u%i+ F. !&, E*"u!#u+ 0. De,s.E
D1<<2E Mass Communication: A Basic Text. Ib!,!&8 C!ltop
.ublis/ers )t,.
1=
Opubor+ A. E. D1<=5E. $An Ideological 'ers(ecti&e for African
Communication +esearch) A .!per prese&te, !t t/e West
A'ri(!& Reio&!l Co&'ere&(e o& M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio&+ )!os.
W!&+ @. !&, Diss!&!$!*e+ W. De,s.E D1<>2E. MI&,ie&ous
Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s8 A Co&(eptu!l Fr!%e"or*.N I& A&su7
6$ere%e/+ 6. De,.E D1<>2E Indigenous Communication in Africa:
Theor and A((lication" 5ol.:. )eo&+ @/!&!8 S(/ool o'
Co%%u&i(!tio& Stu,ies .ri&ti& .ress.
Wilso&+ D. D1<>:E $Traditional Mass Communication: Towards a
+edefinition of Conce(ts) A .!per .rese&te, !t t/e I&!uur!l
Co&'ere&(e o' Nieri!& M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio& Asso(i!tio& i&
)!os+ April.
Wilso& !&, U&o/ D1<<1E. MA Surve$ o' Tr!,itio&!l !&, Mo,er& M!ss
Co%%u&i(!tio& Me,i! i& Ol, C!l!b!rN i& U&o/+ S. De,.E D1<<1E
To(ical Issues in Communication Arts !ol. II ,o: Business
'ress -imited.
1>
MODULE , TRADITIONAL CHANNELS OF
COMMUNICATION IN AFRICA
Co%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!
U&it : 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
U&it G 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio& Co%p!re,
UNIT1 CLASSIFICATION OF THE TRADITIONAL
CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION IN
AFRICA
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
Tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& so%eti%es t!*es v!rious 'or%s. T/ese
v!rious 'or%s !re t/e 'o(us o' t/is u&it.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
(l!ssi'$ tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
list t/e (/!&&els u&,er e!(/ (l!ss o' tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
outli&e t/e ,i''ere&t t$pes o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!
outli&e t/e (/!&&els u&,er t/e v!rious t$pes o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i&
A'ri(!.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 D#.!n!t!on"
For t/e purpose o' ! '!ir ui,e+ it is &e(ess!r$ to eBpl!i& %e!&i&s o' t/e
t"o "or,s Q tr!,itio&!l !&, (/!&&el !s use, i& t/is teBt. Tr!,itio&!l !s
use, i& t/is teBt re'ers to (ultur!l i&stitutio&s+ (ere%o&ies+ eve&ts+ !&,
1<
!rts o' A'ri(!& !&(estors observe,+ pr!(tise, !&, perpetu!te, b$
su((essors 'ro% e&er!tio& to e&er!tio&sI "/ile C/!&&els !re li&* up
"!$s !&, %e!&s b$ "/i(/ i,e!s+ %ess!es i&'or%!tio&+ or,ers+
i&stru(tio&s+ se(rets !&, %ove%e&ts !re (!rrie, out+ (o&t!(te, !&,
(o&tr!(te,.
So+ tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& !re &u%erous !s so%e o'
t/e% te&, to serve spe(i'i( or se(ret purposes !&, ot/ers serve t/e
i&terests o' !ll i& e&er!l. T/ou/ so%e !ppe!r to be obsolete+ t/eir uses
still li&er o& to,!$ i& rur!l so(ieties. T/e$ !re (o%%o&l$ use, to
!,vise+ i&'or%+ "!r&+ e&(our!e+ !&, i&(ite people o& "/!t+ /o"+ "/e&
!&, "/ere to !(t. T/e$ !re o' ,i''ere&t t$pes. A*p!& D1<==E %e&tio&e,
bells+ (!&o& s/ots+ ,ru%s+ !rti7'!(tu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&+ 'ol*so&s !&,
proverbs+ "/i(/ %!,e /i% (o&(lu,e t/!t tr!,itio&!l %e,i! !re %ore
visu!l t/!& !u,io. A!i&+ Mo,u% D1<>;E %e&tio&e, %usi( !&, ritu!ls !s
%e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& i&,ie&ous Nieri!. A&ot/er s(/ol!r+
Ubo!-!/ D1<=<E !lso &ote, t/!t tr!,itio&!l so(ieties o' Nieri!
(o%%u&i(!te %ore o' i&'or%!l t/!& 'or%!l %e(/!&is%. 0e (ite, so&s+
,!&(es+ s$%bols+ (ult s(ripts+ i(o&or!p/$+ li&uisti( !&, %!r*et pl!(e
,i!loue !s (/!&&els. A&ot/er si%il!r but %ore e&(o%p!ssi& vie" is
t/!t t/e i&'or%!l (/!&&els !re roote, i& t/e peopleCs over&%e&ts+ so(i!l
stru(tures+ titles !&, se(ret so(ieties+ %!rri!e stru(tures+ (ultures !&, i&
t/eir l!"s !&, (usto%s. Ubo!-!/ D1<=<82GE !sserte,+ Mt/e %ost
si&i'i(!&t t/i& !bout A'ri(!Cs tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& is t/!t t/e
!u,ie&(e /!s le!r&t to !tt!(/ re!t si&i'i(!&(e to it. )o(!l %e,i! !re
!lso s!i, to /!ve 'or(e !&, (re,ibilit$ !&, t/!t puts st!bilit$ i&to t/e
A'ri(!& i&,ie&ous i&stitutio&sN. A& !tte%pt /!s bee& %!,e belo" to
(l!ssi'$ t/e%.
/., C*)""!.!)t!on o. Tr)d!t!on)* C-)nn#*" o. Co$$un!)t!on
W/!t !re t/ese %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!L 0o" !re t/e$
(l!ssi'ie,L 0o" ,o t/e$ "or*L W/!t !re t/eir 'u&(tio&sL

I& A'ri(! -ust li*e i& ot/er p!rts o' t/e "orl,+ (o%%u&i(!tio& %!$ o((ur
"it/out !&$ (o&s(ious or ,eliber!te !tte%pt b$ !& i&'or%!tio& se&,er.
Co%%u&i(!tio& o((urs i& ,i''ere&t 'or%s Q verb!l or &o&7verb!lI or!l or
"ritte&I 'or%!l or i&'or%!lI !&, i&te&tio&!l or u&i&te&tio&!l. T/e$ !re
!ll i&ter!(tive !&, ,o &ot eBist i& isol!tio& o' o&e !&ot/er. For i&st!&(e+
observers %i/t i&'er %u(/ 'ro% ot/ersC !(tio&s+ ,ress+ p/$si(!l
!ppe!r!&(e !&, bo,$ l!&u!e.
A!i&+ t/e bul* o' (/il,/oo, le!r&i& (o&sists o' i%it!tio&. A&i%!ls+
pl!&ts !&, i&!&i%!te ob-e(ts su(/ !s st!rs !&, (lou,s (o&ve$ %u(/
i&'or%!tio& to t/ose !ble to i&terpret t/e%. So+ t/e re(eiver %ust ,e(o,e
t/e i&(o%i& i&'or%!tio& !!i&st t/e b!(*,rop o' /is//er (ulture !&,
:;
%!t(/ it "it/ eBisti& *&o"le,e. 0e&(e+ (ulture !&, eBisti&
*&o"le,e /!ve i%p!(t o& e&(o,i&+ ,e(o,i& !&, %!t(/i& pro(esses+
"/i(/ (oul, pro,u(e &oise i& t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& (/!&&el !&, results i&
&o t"o people "it/ ! ver$ 'e" eB(eptio&s /!vi& eB!(tl$ t/e s!%e
*&o"le,e !bout !&$t/i&. T/is eBpl!i&s "/$ t/ere !re proble%s i&
&e!tl$ ,e'i&i& !&, (l!ssi'$i& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
Esse&ti!ll$+ r!,!tio&s+ overl!ps !&, eB(eptio&s !bou&,. A((or,i& to
Ib!ere D1<<28>1E+ MT/ere /!s o'te& bee& so%e (o&'usio& re!r,i&
"/!t !(tu!ll$ (o&stitutes A'ri(!& tr!,itio&!l %e,i! Dor+ r!t/er+ A'ri(!&
tr!,itio&!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio&.N It s/oul, !lso be &ote, t/!t
(/!&es i& te(/&olo$ !&, or!&is!tio& %!*e it ,i''i(ult to ,r!" ! 'ir%
li&e sep!r!ti& i&,ie&ous 'ro% &o&7i&,ie&ous or eBoe&ous
(o%%u&i(!tio& ... s$ste% "/i(/ eBiste, Oi& A'ri(!P be'ore t/e !rriv!l o'
%!ss %e,i! !&, 'or%!ll$ or!&ise, bure!u(r!ti( s$ste% DW!& 1<>:8GE
(ite, i& DW!& !&, Diss!&!$!*e+ 1<>2E.
Furt/er%ore+ ! Nieri!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s(/ol!r+ N"u&eli D1<>GE
!sserte, t/!t t/e tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& t/e rur!l !re!s
o' Nieri! D!&, ot/er p!rts o' A'ri(!E !re "ell or!&ise, !&, purpose
orie&te,. I& !,,itio& to t/ese+ ,i''ere&ti!tio& (oul, be %!,e bet"ee& t/e
pro(ess o' i&'or%!tio& ,isse%i&!tio& !&, t/e (/!&&els t/rou/ "/i(/
i&'or%!tio& !re ,isse%i&!te, i& t/e rur!l (o%%u&ities o' Nieri!. I&
or,er to -usti'$ t/is !ssertio& o' t/e possibilit$ o' ,i''ere&ti!ti& bet"ee&
t/e pro(ess o' i&'or%!tio& ,isse%i&!tio& !&, t/e tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els
t/rou/ "/i(/ i&'or%!tio& !re ,isse%i&!te,+ /e prese&te, ! %o,el 'or
tr!,itio&!l %e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& "/i(/ /e %!,e ,isti&(tio&s
bet"ee& t/e /!r,"!re !&, t/e so't"!re o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& t/e
tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& pro(ess.
Sour# C-)nn#*" D#"t!n)t!on F##d%)6
E%irs Spee(/es Au,ie&(e Fee,b!(*
C/ie's To"& Crier
Ob!s 0orse%!&
El,ers 4ells
Ot/er Aut/orities Dru%s
@o&
Et(.
So+ si&(e Mtr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& pro(esses !&, ele%e&ts v!r$ 'ro%
o&e so(iet$ to !&ot/erN DA*p!bio+ :;;G8<E+ ! &e!t (l!ssi'i(!tio& o' t/e
i&,ie&ous %o,es !&, (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(! is ! t!ll
or,erI !&, %!ri&!lis!tio& o' %o,es !&, (/!&&els is &ot ,eliber!te+ but !
'u&(tio& o' t/e perso& (l!ssi'$i& t/e%. Alt/ou/+ it is ! t!ll or,er+
v!rious !ut/ors /!ve %!,e v!rious !tte%pts.
:1
Doob D1<338vii7BivE b!se, o& t/e pro(ess o' (o%%u&i(!tio& eBpl!i&e,
t/!t8
? people !re eBpose, to ! (o%%u&i(!tio& "/ose (o%%u&i(!tor DiE
see*s to !(/ieve ! o!l or ! set o' o!ls DiiE t/rou/ ! %e,iu% or %e,i!
Diii+ ivE !t ! p!rti(ul!r site DvE i& spite o' (ert!i& restri(tio&s DviE b$
%e!&s o' ! %ess!e DviiE t/!t re!(/es t/e% i& ! spe(i'ie, %oo, DviiiE.
Subse1ue&tl$ "/!t 'ollo"s !re per(eptio& DiBE re!(tio&s DBE+ (/!&es DBiE
!&, Fee, b!(* DBiiE
0e&(e+ /e isol!te, t"elve v!ri!bles8 (o%%u&i(!torI o!lI b!si( %e,i!I
eBte&,i& %e,i!I siteI restri(tio&sI (o%%u&i(!tio& D(o&te&t/%ess!esEI
%oo,I per(eptio&I re!(tio&sI (/!&esI !&, 'ee,b!(*. Esse&ti!ll$+ Doob
D1<33E ,es(ribe, ! ($(li(!l pro(ess represe&te, i& 'iure 1.
Fiure8 1
Sour(e8 A,!pte, 'ro% Doob+ )eo&!r, W. D1<33E Communication in
Africa: A Search for Boundaries. Ne" 0!ve&+ Co&&e(ti(ut8 Y!le
U&iversit$ .ress p. Biv
I
Co%%u&i(!tor RII
Fee,b!(*
II
@o!l
RI
C/!&es
R
Re!(tio&s
IR
.er(eptio&
5III
Moo,
5I
Restri(tio&s
5II
Co%%u&i(!tio&
I5
EBte&,i&
Me,i!
5
Site
III
4!si( Me,i!
::
A Nieri!& s(/ol!r O%u D1<=>81E st!te, t/!t8
T/e !e&(ies o' publi( (o%%u&i(!tio& %!$ be (o&ve&ie&tl$ (l!ssi'ie,
i&to t"o roups Q t/e or!l (o%%u&i(!tio& or i&'or%!l tr!&s'ere&(e
%e,i! !&, t/e or!&ise, (o%%u&i(!tio& or 'or%!l tr!&s'ere&(e %e,i!.
T/e %e,i! i& t/e 'irst oper!te, t/rou/ i&'or%!l (o&t!(ts bet"ee&
i&,ivi,u!ls !&, perso&s !&, esse&ti!ll$ ,i, &ot o be$o&, t/e (ir(ul!tio&
or ,isse%i&!tio& o' ru%ours !&, u&o''i(i!l i&'or%!tio&?t/e se(o&,
(!teor$ ? "!s (o&(er&e, "it/ t/e %ore s$ste%!tise, ,isse%i&!tio& o'
i&'or%!tio& &ot bet"ee& perso&s but bet"ee& t/e over&%e&t !&, t/e
people ?t/e tools e%plo$e, "ere re(o&ise, o''i(i!ls !&, re(o&is!ble
sou&,s+ si&s !&, s$%bols
4uttressi& t/e (l!ssi'i(!tio& o' O%u D1<=>E+ Wilso& !&, U&o/ D1<<1E
st!te, t/!t i& loo*i& !t t/e roles or!l 'or%s o' (o%%u&i(!tio& pl!$ i&
t/e i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio& &et"or*+ it is e!s$ to i&'er t/!t !%o&
t/e v!rious et/&i( roups i& Nieri!+ (o%%u&i(!tio& "!s %ore i&'or%!l
t/!& t/e 'or%!l %e(/!&is%.
I& /is stu,$+ !&ot/er Nieri!& s(/ol!r Ore/ D1<>;E ,ivi,e, lo(!l %e,i!
i&to sever!l (!teories Q i&terperso&!l+ '!(e7to7'!(e t$pe o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&I ! bro!,er level i&ter7roup (o%%u&i(!tio& !&,
(o%%u&i(!tio& !t t/e %!ss level. 0e s!i, verb!l or &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& "oul, be use, i& e!(/ o' t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& levels
,epe&,i& o& t/e t$pe+ "/i(/ e&sures %ess!e 'i,elit$. So+ so%e o' t/e
t$pes !re verb!l or or!l !&, t/e (/!&&el is spee(/ "/i(/ is t/e use o'
/u%!& %out/s i&(lu,i& !ll sou&,s %!,e "it/ t/e /u%!& %out/ t/!t
i&volves t/e use o' spo*e& "or,I !&, &o&7verb!l t/!t uses bo,$
l!&u!e !s (/!&&els.
Si%il!rl$+ !&ot/er Nieri!& s(/ol!r+ eB!%i&i& t/e ,i''ere&t %et/o,s i&
"/i(/ (o%%u&i(!tio& is %ost &ot!bl$ (!rrie, out i& t/e A'ri(!&
tr!,itio&!l so(i!l s$ste%+ &ote, t/!t (o%%u&i(!tio& %o,es !re
,eter%i&e, b$ t/e bioloi(!l se&ses o' %!&+ !&, e%plo$e, i& vie" o'
t/e '!(e7to7'!(e rel!tio&s/ip+ t/e$ !re+ t/ere'ore (l!ssi'ie, i&to t/ree
%!i& roups+ t/e verb!l %o,e+ t/e &o&7verb!l %o,e+ !&, esoteri( %o,e
DIb!ere+ 1<<28>GE
5erb!l %o,e !((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<2E i&(lu,es spo*e& l!&u!eI
so&sI !&, poetr$+ (/!&ts !&, i&(!&t!tio&s. T/e &o&7verb!l %o,e+
i&(lu,es bo,$ l!&u!eI s$%bolor!p/$I ,!&(eI %usi( i&(lu,i& its
/!r,"!res Di,iop/o&e+ %e%br!&op/o&e+ (/or,op/o&e+ !erop/o&e+ !&,
B$lop/o&eE. Fi&!ll$+ t/e esoteri( %o,e i&(orpor!tes !ll ot/er %o,es.
T/e$ i&(lu,e ,re!%sI ,ivi&!tio& !&, telep!t/$.
:G
A&ot/er Nieri!& s(/ol!r+ Wilso& D1<<>E b!se, o& /is observ!tio& i&
t"o Nieri!& St!tes Q A*"!7Ibo% !&, Cross River (!%e up "it/ (l!sses
"/i(/ /e opi&e,+ t/!t ot/ers s(/ol!rs (!& (o&test+ but stresse, t/!t t/e$
provi,e i&si/ts !&, !pproBi%!tio& o& t/e sub-e(t. 0e ,i, &ot !ree
"it/ Doob D1<33E+ Ore/ D1<>;E+ or Ib!ere D1<<2E+ but !tte%pte,
roupi& i&to (l!sses t/e v!rious %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio& observe, i&
t/e !'ore%e&tio&e, St!tes. 0e i,e&ti'ie, siB (l!sses Q I&stru%e&t!l+
De%o&str!tive+ I(o&or!p/i(I EBtr!7Mu&,!&eI 5isu!l+ !&, I&stitutio&!l.
4elo" i& T!ble 1+ is ! r!p/i( represe&t!tio& !,!pte, 'ro% Wilso&
D1<<>8:=E+ but sli/tl$ %o,i'ie, "it/ t/e /e!,i& Q (l!sses+ /!r,"!res
!&, (/!&&els/i&stru%e&ts !,!pte, 'ro% Ib!ere D1<<2E (l!ssi'i(!tio&.
T!ble 1
Sour#: Wilso&+ D. D1<<>E MA T!Bo&o%$ o' Tr!,itio&!l Me,i! i&
A'ri(!N i& A&su76$ere%e/ 6"!si.
Note8 T/e 'irst ro" D(l!sses+ /!r,"!re !&, (/!&&els/i&stru%e&tsE is t/is
"riterCs i,e!.
Classes Hardware Channels/Instruments
A. I&stru%e&t!l I,iop/o&es Woo,e& ,ru%+ Woo,blo(*
ritu!l r!ttle+ 4ell+ Met!l o&+
A2an2ang" %2ere" R$lop/o&e+
0!&, S/!*ers+ .ot ,ru%
Me%br!&eop/o&es S*i& ,ru%
Aerop/o&es W/istle+ Deer /or&+ Ivor$ tus*+
Ree, pipe
S$%bolor!p/$ De(or!te, b!%boo ri&o+ Nsi3idi"
T!ttoo+ C/!l* %!r*s
4.
De%o&str!tive
Musi( So&s+ C/or!l !&,
E&tert!i&%e&t Musi(
Si&!l C!&&o& s/ots+ u& s/ots+
W/istle (!ll+ C!%p 'ire
C. I(o&or!/pi( Ob-e(ti'ie, C/!r(o!l+ W/ite ,ove+ 6ol!&ut+
Co" t!il+ W/ite (l!$+ E+
Fe!t/er+ C!l!b!s/+ 4e!,s+ )i%b
bo&es+ Dri&*i& our,s+ Fl!
Flor!l You& u&ope&e, p!l% 'ro&,+
O2on tree+ Nsei" Nama"
Mimosa" .!l% ste%s
D.
EBtr!7Mu&,!&e
I&(!&t!tor$ Ritu!l+ )ib!tio&+ 5isio&

@r!p/i( Obitu!r$+ I& %e%ori!% &oti(es
E. 5isu!l Colour W/ite (lot/+ Re, (lot/+ 4l!(*
(lot/
Appe!r!&(e Dressi&+ 0!irst$le
F. I&stitutio&!l So(i!l M!rri!e+ C/ie't!i&($
Spiritu!l S/ri&e+ M!s1uer!,e
:2
Furt/er%ore+ ! @/!&!i!& s(/ol!r+ A&su76$ere%e/ D1<<>8 1>571>=E i&
loo*i& !t i&tr!7vill!e p!tter&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio& s!i, t/!t it i&volves
ve&ue7orie&te, (o%%u&i(!tio&I eve&ts !s (o%%u&i(!tio& %o,esI !%es
!s (o%%u&i(!tio&I !&, per'or%!&(e7orie&te, (o%%u&i(!tio&.
A Nieri!& s(/ol!r+ A*p!bio D:;;GE+ s$&t/esisi& t/e (l!ssi'i(!tio& o'
Doob D1<33E+ Wilso& D1<<>E !&, A&su76$ere%e/ D1<<>E (!%e up "it/
te& (l!sses.
1. I&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
:. De%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio&
G. I(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&
2. EBtr!7%u&,!&e (o%%u&i(!tio&
5. 5isu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
3. I&stitutio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
=. 5e&ue7orie&te, (o%%u&i(!tio&+ stru(ture !&, 'e!tures
>. M$t/s !&, lee&,s
<. N!%es !s (o%%u&i(!tio&
1;. Fol*t!les !&, proverbs
0e (re,ite, Wilso& D1<<>E "it/ t/e 'irst siB (!teoriesI !((o%%o,!tes
t/e t/i&*i& o' Doob D1<33E !&, A&su76$ere%e/ D1<<>E i& t/e seve&t/
(!teor$I !&, !,,e, t/e l!st t/ree.
T/is !ut/or "r!ppi& up t/e (l!ssi'i(!tio& o' t/ese s(/ol!rs 7 Doob
D1<33EI Ore/ D1<>;EI Ib!ere D1<<2EI Wilso& D1<<>EI A&su76$ere%e/
D1<<>EI !&, A*p!bio D:;;GE i& t/is !re! o' (o%%u&i(!tio&+ "oul, !,opt
A*p!bio D:;;GE (l!ssi'i(!tio& "it/ sli/t %o,i'i(!tio&s to 'ol*t!les !&,
proverbs !s ! (!teor$ !&, i&(lu,e t"o %ore (l!sses 7 verb!l !&,
&o&7verb!l b!se, o& Ib!ere D1<<2E but ret!i&i& o&l$ t/ose (/!&&els i&
t/e verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l (l!ss t/!t A*p!bio D:;;GE ,i, &ot i&(lu,e i&
ot/er %o,es u&,er /is (l!ssi'i(!tio& i.e. spo*e& !&, bo,$ l!&u!e. Also
Ib!ere D1<<2E esoteri( %o,es "oul, be ,is(usse, u&,er A*p!bio
D:;;GE EBtr!7%u&,!&e %o,e. T/is !ut/or !lso !,,s &!tur!l p/e&o%e&!
b!se, o& /er observ!tio& !s ! (l!ss o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& %o,es.
So /er (l!ssi'i(!tio& is !s 'ollo"s8
:. 5erb!l Dspo*e& l!&u!eE !&, &o&7verb!l Dbo,$ l!&u!eE
(o%%u&i(!tio&
G. 5isu!l (/!&&els
2. I(o&or!p/i( (/!&&els
5. I&stru%e&t!l (/!&&els
3. De%o&str!tive (/!&&els
=. EBtr!%u&,!&e (/!&&els
>. I&stitutio&!l (/!&&els
<. 5e&ue7orie&te, (/!&&els
1;. M$t/s !&, lee&,s
:5
11. N!%es !s (o%%u&i(!tio&
1:. Fol*t!les+ proverbs+ !&, p!r!bles
1G. N!tur!l p/e&o%e&!
1.= CONCLUSION
Fro% t/e !bove ,is(ussio&+ it is obvious t/!t &o (l!ssi'i(!tio& is ri/t or
"ro&. As '!r !s t/ere !re %!&$ s(/ol!rs o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&+
t/eir (ultures+ observ!tio&s+ !&, eBperie&(es "oul, i%p!(t o& t/eir
(l!ssi'i(!tio&I !&, so t/ere "oul, be su&,r$ (l!ssi'i(!tio&s o' A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& %o,es. 0o"ever+ t/is ,oes &ot ,is(ou&t t/e '!(t t/!t t/e
(l!ssi'i(!tio& !tte%pt %!,e b$ t/is !ut/or "oul, e&/!&(e our
u&,erst!&,i& o' t/e tr!,itio&!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is %o,ule set out to (l!ssi'$ t/e %o,es o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
'or%s+ "it/ t/e !i% o' roupi& t/e% 'or e!se o' eB(ursio&. Fro% t/e
,is(ussio& so '!r+ t/e v!rious tr!,itio&!l sour(es !&, (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& !&, opi&io& 'or%!tio& /!ve bee& %o,estl$ i,e&ti'ie,.
1. )ist t/e (l!sses o' tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& propose, b$ t/is
!ut/or.
:. )ist 'our /!r, "!res o' i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio&.

1. Dis(uss 'ive (/!r!(teristi(s o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s.
:. )ist 'our si%il!rities bet"ee& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s
!&, %!ss (o%%u&i(!tio&.
G. Dis(uss t"o o' t/e si%il!rities bet"ee& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%s !&, %!ss (o%%u&i(!tio&

A*p!bio+ E D:;;GE. African Communication Sstems: An Introductor
Text. )!os8 4.ri&t .ubli(!tio&s
A*p!&+ M. D1<==E. MS$%bolis% i& t/e Co%%u&i(!tio& E&viro&%e&t o'
t/e 5ill!eN ,nilag Communication +e&iew 5ol 1 Nos :1G.
A&su76$ere%e/+ 6"!si D1<<>E. MI&,ie&ous Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s8
A Co&(eptu!l Fr!%e"or*N i& A&su76$ere%e/ 6"!si De,E D1<<>E
'ers(ecti&es on Indigenous Communication in Africa: Theor
:3
and A((lication 5ol. : )eo&+ @/!&!8 S(/ool o'
Doob+ )eor&!r, W. D1<33E. Communication in Africa: A search for
Boundaries Ne" 0!ve&+ Co&&e(ti(ut8 Y!le U&iversit$ .ress.
Mo,u%+ E... D1<>;E. M@o, !s @uests8 Musi( !&, Festiv!ls i& A'ri(!&
Tr!,itio&!l So(ietiesN Communication 4ear Boo2 5ol G.
D1<<2E Mass Communication: A Basic Text" Ib!,!&8 C!ltop
.ublis/ers.
N"u&eli+ O. D1<>GE. MTr!,itio&!l C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio&N 5ournal
of -anguage and Communication 5ol. :/G.
O%u+ F. D1<=>E. 'ress And 'olitics in Nigeria 677896:01 )o&,o&8
)o&%!&.
Ore/+ O. O. D1<>;E. +eadings in African ;umanities: African Cultural
De&elo(ment E&uu8 Fourt/ Di%e&sio& .ublis/i& Co.
Ubo!-!/+ F. O. D1<=<E. KDevelopi& I&,ie&ous Co%%u&i(!tio& i&
Nieri!N 5ournal of Communication 5ol. :<+ N;.2.
Ubo!-!/+ F. O. D1<>1E. MTr!,itio&!lQUrb!& Me,i! Mo,el8 Sto(*
T!*i& 'or A'ri(!& Develop%e&tN i& Wilso&+ D. !&, U&o/+ S.
D1<<1E MA Surve$ o' Tr!,itio&!l !&, Mo,er& M!ss
Co%%u&i(!tio& Me,i! i& Oil C!l!b!rN i& U&o/+ S. De,.E D1<<1E
To(ical Issues in Communication Arts !ol. II. U$o8 4usi&ess
.ress )i%ite,.
W!&+ @. !&, Diss!&!$!*e+ W. De,s.E D1<>2E. MI&,ie&ous
Co%%u&i(!tio& S$ste%s8 A Co&(eptu!l Fr!%e"or*N i& A&su7
6$ere%e/+ 6. De,.E D1<>2E Indigenous Communication in Africa:
Theor and A((lication 5ol.: )eo&+ @/!&!8 S(/ool o'
Wilso&+ D. D1<<>E. MA T!Bo&o%$ o' Tr!,itio&!l Me,i! i& A'ri(!N i&
and A((lication i& A&su76$ere%e/ 6"!si De,E D1<<>E
and A((lication 5ol. : )eo&+ @/!&!8 S(/ool o'
:=
UNIT , VER>AL AND NON-VER>AL
COMMUNICATION
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 5erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.: C/!&&els o' 5erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.:.1 Spo*e& )!&u!e
G.:.: C/!r!(teristi(s o' )!&u!e
G.G Si& )!&u!e Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.2 No&75erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.5 C/!&&els o' No&75erb!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.5.1 4o,$ )!&u!e or @estur!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.5.: Co%%u&i(!ti& "it/ .!rts o' t/e F!(e !&, Ot/er
.!rts o' 0u%!& 4o,$
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
I& t/is u&it+ verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio& !re
eB!%i&e,.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
,e'i&e verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
outli&e t/e (/!&&els o' verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
,e'i&e &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
outli&e t/e (/!&&els o' &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 V#r%)* Co$$un!)t!on
5erb!l (o%%u&i(!tio& re'ers to ,ire(t (o&t!(ts !&, !(tio&s or "or,s o'
%out/. .eople (o%%u&i(!te t/rou/ ,is(ussio&s !&, so&s !s &ee,s
!rise. 4$ t/is %o,e+ people %eet '!(e to '!(e to ,is(uss+ ,e(i,e !&, !(t.
It is pr!(tise, i& !l%ost !ll !''!irs o' li'e 'ro% !e to !e. Si&(e+ %ost o'
t/e v!rious et/&i( roups i& Nieri! "ere b!si(!ll$ &o&7liter!te+ or!l
:>
'or%s o' (o%%u&i(!tio& pl!$e, ! si&i'i(!&t role i& t/eir i&,ie&ous
(o%%u&i(!tio& &et"or*. It o''ers t/e% opportu&ities 'or 'i&,i&
pe!(e'ul solutio&s to proble%s o' li'e. It e&(our!es !&, pro%otes
so(i!li#!tio&+ pe!(e !&, /!r%o&$ !%o& i&,ivi,u!ls+ roups !&,
so(ieties.
I& %!&$ pl!(es+ t/e %ost i%port!&t (/!&&el 'or t/e (ir(ul!tio& o' &e"s
Di&'or%!tio&E is t/e "or, o' %out/ i.e. verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. Ore/
D1<>;E ,ivi,e, verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&+ i&to t/ree %!i& roups. T/e 'irst+
"/i(/ is spo*e& (o%%u&i(!tio& Q (o&sists o' si%ple st!te%e&ts+
proverbs !&, ri,,les !&, &!rr!tive. T/e se(o&, roup &!rr!tives Q
'ol*t!les D'ol*t!le (/!r!(ters or 'ol*t!les "/i(/ (o&t!i& bot/ !&i%!ls+
/u%!& !&, super/u%!& (/!r!(tersEI !&, t/e t/ir,+ %$t/olo$+ !&,
lee&,s.
Furt/er loo*i& !t t/e verb!l %o,e+ Wilso& !&, U&o/ D1<<18:GE st!te,+
MOverb!lP (o%%u&i(!tio& is !& !(tivit$ t/!t is (o%%o& to !ll (ultures
eB(ept i& t/ose (ultures Di' !&$E "it/out ! l!&u!e.N It uses t/e /u%!&
%out/+ i&(lu,i& !ll t/e sou&,s %!,e "it/ t/e %out/ !s t/e$ rel!te to
spo*e& "or,. Ib!ere D1<<2E liste, t/e 'ollo"i& 'or%s !s verb!l %o,es
Q spo*e& l!&u!eI so&I poetr$+ (/!&t !&, i&(!&t!tio&s. So&+ poetr$+
(/!&t !&, i&(!&t!tio&s !re ,is(usse, u&,er ,e%o&str!tives. So+ spo*e&
l!&u!e is ,is(usse, belo".
/., C-)nn#*" o. V#r%)* Co$$un!)t!on
/.,.1 S3o6#n L)n2u)2#
)!&u!e is ! set o' !rbitr!r$ s$%bols+ %!t(/e, "it/ %e!&i& !&, use,
b$ ! roup o' people 'or (o%%u&i(!tio&. So+ spo*e& l!&u!e is
(o%%o&l$ re'erre, to !s "or, o' %out/ !&, use, 'or ever$,!$
(o&vers!tio&. It is e!s$ to rel!te to %ost (o%%o& !&, %ost use, o' !ll
tr!,itio&!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28>2E8
Si&(e it is t/e %ost (o%%o& %o,e+ it is e!s$ to u&,erst!&, !&, is t/e
'irst+ !'ter bo,$ l!&u!e+ to be le!r&t b$ ! str!&er. It is usu!ll$
e%plo$e, !lo&e but it (oul, be (o%bi&e, "it/ !&$ ot/er %o,e+
,epe&,i& o& t/e (ir(u%st!&(e O!&, &ee,P. For eB!%ple+ o&e (oul,
!((o%p!&$ o&eCs spee(/ "it/ %usi( to %!*e t/e spee(/ %ore e''e(tive+
,epe&,i& o& t/e o((!sio&. 0o"ever+ su(/ (o%bi&!tio& s/oul, be
si&i'i(!&tl$ 'u&(tio&!l i& e&/!&(i& t/e (re!tio& o' t/e ri/t i%p!(t o&
t/ose "/o re(eive t/e i&'or%!tio& bei& p!sse, b$ t/e (o%%u&i(!tor.
Furt/er%ore+ l!&u!e (o%%u&i(!tes o&eCs !re! o' orii&. T/e to&e+
i&to&!tio& !&, sou&, pro,u(tio& !%o&st ot/ers (oul, reve!l t/e
spe!*ersC li&uisti( roup or %ot/er to&ue. For i&st!&(e+ so%e
Nieri!& spe!*ers o' E&lis/ !s se(o&, l!&u!e+ t/rou/ spee(/
:<
(o%%u&i(!tio&+ reve!l t/eir li&uisti( roup i.e. pl!(e o' orii&. A
;ausa spe!*er o' E&lis/ l!&u!e uses /'/ !&, /p/ p/o&e%es i& 'ree
v!ri!tio&.
/.,., C-)r)t#r!"t!" o. L)n2u)2#
Depe&,s o& sou&, 'or its %e!&i& !&, t/e (orrespo&,e&(e bet"ee&
sou&, !&, %e!&i& is ,eter%i&e, b$ (ulture Dso(iet$ itsel'E.
)!&u!e is ! stru(ture, s$ste% o' s$%bols i.e. pro,u(e, b!se, o&
li&uisti( rules. It is !rti(ul!te+ s$ste%!ti( !&, or,ere,.
It is (re!tive i.e. t/ere is &o li%it to "/i(/ $ou (!&&ot use /u%!&
l!&u!e D$ou (!& use it to "rite pl!$s+ tell storiesE. T/e li%its o'
/u%!& l!&u!e !re u&li%ite,
EB/ibits ,ispl!(e%e&t. Displ!(e%e&t /ere %e!&s t/e !bilit$ to t!l*
!bout !& eve&t t/!t is '!r !"!$ i& sp!(e !&, ti%e i.e. $ou (!& use
l!&u!e to tell "/!t /!s !lre!,$ /!ppe&e,. It ives us t/e !bilit$ to
(o%%u&i(!te !bout Mt/e &ot /ere !&, t/e &ot &o"N DRot/"ell+ :;;;8
<1E.
0u%!& l!&u!e /!s t"o !spe(ts Q t/e bioloi(!l !&, so(i!l !spe(ts.
T/is %e!&s t/!t %!& (!& spe!* %!&$ l!&u!es !((or,i& to /is
e&viro&%e&t !&, !bilit$ to spe!*.
/./ S!2n L)n2u)2# Co$$un!)t!on
Most (/!&&els ,is(usse, i& t/e v!rious liter!ture o& A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste% revie"e, te&, to be p!rti!l !&, '!il to re(o&ise
so%e (l!sses o' people Q t/e p/$si(!ll$ (/!lle&e,. So%e !re bli&,+
,e!'+ ,u%b !&, l!%e. At t/is poi&t+ o&e s/oul, (o&si,er si& l!&u!es
Dt/!t (!& be li*e&e, to Morse (o,e i& Wester& (ultureE "/i(/ is use, to
(o%%u&i(!te "it/ t/e%+ 'or t/e$ !re p!rt !&, p!r(el o' t/e so(iet$ !&,
!re i&volve, i& eve&ts !rou&, t/e%. W/e& !&, "/ere so%e ot/er
(/!&&els eB(lu,e t/e%+ si& l!&u!e !&, &!tur!l p/e&o%e&! !re *i&,er
to t/e%. See t/e %o,ule o& &!tur!l p/e&o%e&! 'or ,et!ils o& &!tur!l
p/e&o%e&!.
Morse (o,e is !& !lp/!bet or (o,e i& "/i(/ letters !re represe&te, b$ !
(o%bi&!tio& o' lo& !&, s/ort li/t or sou&,s !&, si&!ls. So+ Morse
(o,e %o,es %!$ i&(lu,e ot/er si&s+ %!r*s+ lo& !&, s/ort li/t or
sou&,s !&, si&!ls.
A((or,i& to Rot/"ell D:;;;811<E MSi& l!&u!e is &ot &o&7verb!l
be(!use it possess !ll t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o' l!&u!eN+ !lt/ou/ use, 'or
(o%%u&i(!tio& "it/ t/e p/$si(!ll$ (/!lle&e,. It is !& !spe(t o' Morse
(o,e. Si& l!&u!e is ! tr!,itio&!l (/!&&el o' (o%%u&i(!tio& t/!t is
still i& use i& t/e %o,er& ti%es. It is s/rou,e, "it/ ele%e&ts o' ope&
se(re(ies. It is use, 'or &or%!l+ ,e!'+ ,u%b !&, eve& t/e bli&, people. It
G;
is %!,e up o' estures !&, si&s i&te&,e, 'or ! p!rti(ul!r perso&s !&,
roups or purposes to t/e eB(lusio& o' ot/ers. Ot/ers %!$ see+ /e!r !&,
tou(/ t/e%+ $et t/e$ "oul, &ot u&,erst!&, "/!t is s!i, or s/o"&. T/e$
!re se(ret "!$s o' se&,i& !&, re(eivi& i&'or%!tio&+ %ess!es !&,
ui,es o& "/!t to ,o+ /o" to+ "/ere to !&, "/e& to ,o t/i&s.
/.1 Non-V#r%)* Co$$un!)t!on
Co%%u&i(!tio& is %ore t/!& spe!*i&. MA(tio& spe!*s lou,er t/!&
"or,sN. A((or,i& to Rot/"ell D:;;;811<E MNo&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
is s/!ri& %e!&i& "it/ ot/ers &o&li&uisti(!ll$.N So+ it re'ers to t/e
%o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio& ,o&e "it/ t/e /u%!& bo,$ !&, ,oes &ot
i&volve t/e use o' "or,s.
It i&volves !ll su(/ %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio&+ "/i(/ %!*e use o' !&$
,evi(e ot/er t/!& t/e spo*e& "or,+ so&+ (/!&t+ i&(!&t!tio& !&, ot/er
rel!te, %o,es+ t/!t %!*e use o' t/e %out/. T/is ,oes &ot suest t/!t
,i''ere&t %o,es (!&&ot be (o%bi&e, 'or t/e purpose o' ! %ore lu(i,
,isse%i&!tio& o' i&'or%!tio&. So+ it s/oul, be &ote, t/!t !&$ o' t/e
verb!l %o,es (oul, be (o%bi&e, "it/ t/e &o&7verb!l %o,e DIb!ere+
1<<2E.
Ib!ere D1<<2E 'urt/er (l!ssi'ie, t/e &o&7verb!l %o,e i&to t/e 'ollo"i&
roups8 bo,$ l!&u!e+ s$%bolor!p/$+ ,!&(e+ %usi( !&, t/e /!r,"!re
o' %usi( Di,iop/o&e+ %e%br!&op/o&e+ (/or,op/o&e+ !erop/o&e !&,
B$lop/o&eE.S$%bolor!p/$ "oul, be ,is(usse, u&,er visu!lsI ,!&(e
!&, %usi( !&, %usi( /!r,"!res u&,er i&stru%e&t!l.
So+ t/e %!i& t$pes o' &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio& use, ,uri&
tr!&s!(tio&s i&(lu,e p/$si(!l !ppe!r!&(e+ /!irI '!(i!l eBpressio&I !&,
estur!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. 0o"ever+ so%e o' t/e% Dp/$si(!l !ppe!r!&(e+
!&, /!irE !re ,is(usse, u&,er visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& "/ile t/e rest !re
,is(usse, belo" !s (o%%u&i(!ti& "it/ p!rts o' t/e /u%!& bo,$.
Esse&ti!ll$+ &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio& is %ulti7(/!&&elle,+ but t/is u&it
o&l$ ,is(usse, bo,$ l!&u!e.
/.5 C-)nn#*" o. Non-V#r%)* Co$$un!)t!on
/.5.1 >od+ L)n2u)2# or G#"tur)* Co$$un!)t!on
4o,$ l!&u!e is &ot pe(uli!r to A'ri(!+ but is (o%%o&l$ use, i& A'ri(!
'or (o%%u&i(!tio&. 4o,$ l!&u!e re'ers to !ll si&s !&, estures %!,e
"it/ !&$ p!rt o' t/e /u%!& bo,$ 'or t/e purpose o' (o%%u&i(!tio&
DIb!ere+ 1<<2E. A%!li D1<<;81:E !sserte,+ Mt/ese estures !&, si&s
(o&t!i& !&, e%!&!te %ess!es "it/ %e!&i&sN. Esse&ti!ll$+ bo,$
l!&u!e i&volves !(tio&s+ su(/ !s '!(i!l (o&tortio&s+ "!l*i& !&, ot/er
G1
%ove%e&ts "/i(/ !re use, to (o%%u&i(!te %ess!es. T/e p!rti(ul!r
%ove%e&ts o' ! perso& or ! people !&, p!rti(ul!r '!(i!l eBpressio&s !&,
ot/er estures !re use, to (o%%u&i(!te ,i''ere&t %ess!es ,epe&,i&
o& t/e (ir(u%st!&(e DIb!ere 1<<28>=E.
/.5., Co$$un!)t!n2 0!t- P)rt" o. t-# F)# )nd Ot-#r P)rt"
o. Hu$)n >od+
.!rts o' t/e /u%!& bo,$ su(/ !s t/e '!(e+ 'i&ers+ e$es+ /e!,+ &ose+ !&,
lips (o&stitute %e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. 4elo" !re t/e v!rious 'or%s.
F!(i!l Co%%u&i(!tio&8 T/e e$es !&, '!(e !re t/e %ost i%%e,i!te (ues
use, to 'or% 'irst i%pressio&s
O& '!(i!l eBpressio&+ Rot/"ell D:;;;81G:E st!te, t/!t Mt/e '!(e is $our
perso&!l billbo!r,N+ ?it &ever ets tot!ll$ /i,,e&N. First t/e '!(e si&!ls
spe(i'ies e%otio&!l st!tes8 ! s%ile si&!ls /!ppi&ess !&, ! 'ro"& si&!ls
s!,&ess. T/e u&ivers!l e%otio&s i,e&ti'ie, b$ !ll (ultures 'ro% spe(i'i(
eBpressio&s !re 'e!r+ !&er+ surprise+ (o&te%pt+ ,isust+ /!ppi&ess !&,
s!,&ess.
Furt/er%ore+ !((or,i& to Rot/"ell D:;;;81G1E Me$e (o&t!(t is !&
i%port!&t !spe(t o' &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. For i&st!&(e+ stress (!&
be %e!sure, b$ /o" o'te& so%eo&e bli&*s. T/us o&e &o&7verb!l (ue
%!$ suest rel!Be, ,e%e!&our "/ile !&ot/er &o&7verb!l (ue
(o&tr!,i(ts t/e observ!tio&. T/is (o&(lusio& %!$ be s/!*$. E$e (o&t!(t
reul!tes (o&troversi!l tur& t!*i&+ (o%%u&i(!tes i&volve%e&t !&,
i&terest+ %!&i'ests "!r%t/+ !&, est!blis/es (o&&e(tio& "it/ ot/ers. It
(!& !lso (o%%!&, !tte&tio&+ or loo* (ol, !&, i&ti%i,!ti&.N It s/oul,
be &ote, /o"ever+ t/!t t/e !ppropri!te&ess o' e$e (o&t!(t ,i''ers 'ro%
(ulture to (ulture.
E$e (o&t!(t i&vites !tte&tio& !&, i&terperso&!l (o%%u&i(!tio& is 1uite
,epe&,e&t o& e$e (o&t!(t. For i&st!&(e+ bli&*i& or "i&*i& or s/utti&
t/e e$es i& ! p!rti(ul!r "!$ /!s %u(/ !&, v!rie, %ess!es to p!ss
!(ross to t/e ot/er perso& or roup.
Tou(/ Co%%u&i(!tio&8 Tou(/i& s*i& is !& e&or%ousl$ po"er'ul !&,
i%port!&t (o%%u&i(!tio& (o,e. A%eri(!& pl!$"ri/t Te&&essee
Willi!%s testi'ie, to t/e po"er o' tou(/ "/e& /e "rote+ MDevils (!& be
,rive& out o' t/e /e!rt b$ t/e tou(/ o' ! /!&, o& ! /!&,+ or ! %out/ o& !
%out/N. Tou(/ is esse&ti!l to t/e eBpressio& o' love+ "!r%t/+ i&ti%!($+
!&, (o&(er& 'or ot/ers. Misuse o' tou(/ (!& repel+ 'ri/te&+ or !&er
ot/ers. Tou(/ (o%%u&i(!tes po"er. SeBu!l /!r!ss%e&t is o'te& !& issue
o' i&!ppropri!te+ u&"!&te, tou(/ (o%%u&i(!tio&+ "/ile /!&,s/!*e is
%ost o'te& "!&te, tou(/ (o%%u&i(!tio& !&, ! si& o' 'rie&,s/ip
G:
DRot/"ell+ :;;;81G1E.
5oi(e Co%%u&i(!tio&8 5oi(e is se(o&, o&l$ to '!(e i& (o%%u&i(!ti&
e%otio&s.5oi(e (o%%u&i(!tes i&'or%!tio& !bout !e+ seB+ so(io7
e(o&o%i( st!tus+ et/&i(it$+ !&, reio&!l b!(*rou&,.5o(!l (ues
Dp!r!l!&u!eE !re ,ivi,e, i&to t/ree. T/e$ !re vo(!l (/!r!(teristi(s
Dl!u/i&+ $elli&+ %o!&i&+ (r$i&+ "/i&i&+ bel(/i&EI vo(!l 1u!li'iers
D5olu%e+ to&e+ pit(/+ reso&!&(e+ r/$t/%+ r!teEI !&, vo(!l sere!tes
Du/7/u%+ u/+ %%7/%%+ ooo/+ s//E. T/is !lso obt!i&s i& A'ri(!.
A((or,i& to O"e##$ D1<<<E ro!&i&+ (ou/i& or (ro!*i& t/e voi(e
is e&er!ll$ ! "!r&i& !!i&st ! perso& or /is utter!&(es !&, or !(tio&sI
!&, so%eti%es ! si& o' sli/t.
O& voi(e spee(/+ ! "/isperi& so't voi(e %!$ i&,i(!te spee(/ !&Biet$
"/e& it o((urs i& 'ro&t o' ! l!re !u,ie&(e+ ! 'l!t+ %o&oto&e voi(e (!&
i&,u(e sleep i& liste&ers+ "/ile spe!*i& !t /$perspee, %!$
(o%%u&i(!te &ervous&ess !&, eB(ite%e&t. )iste&ers pre'er ! spe!*i&
r!te t/!t !pproBi%!tes t/eir o"& spee(/ p!tte&r. 0o"ever+ t/ere !re
(ultur!l ,i''ere&(es re!r,i& vo(!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. T/e !r!bs spe!*
ver$ lou,l$ be(!use it (o&&otes stre&t/ !&, si&(erit$I Isr!elis+ vie"
/i/ volu%e !s ! si& o' stro& belie's o& !& issueI @er%!&s+ !ssu%es !
(o%%!&,i& to&e t/!t pro-e(ts !ut/orit$ !&, sel' (o&'i,e&(eI !&,
T/!il!&,+ F!p!& S ./ilippi&es+ te&, to spe!* ver$ so't+ !l%ost i& !
"/isper. T/is (o&&otes oo, %!&&ers !&, e,u(!tio&. )!u/i& si&!ls
-o$ i& F!p!&+ but l!u/i& o'te& (!%ou'l!es ,isple!sure+ !&er+
e%b!rr!ss%e&t !&, sorro". DRot/"ell+ :;;;81G1E.O"e##$ D1<<<E
!rees "it/ Rot/"ell D:;;;E. 0e st!te, t/!t i& A'ri(!+ l!,ies !re
eBpe(te, to spe!* i& so't to&es+ "/ile %e& !re to spe!* i& ! (o%%!&,i&
to&e li*e t/e @er%!&s to pro-e(ts !ut/orit$ !&, sel' (o&'i,e&(e. A!i&+
"/e& people !re !&er$+ t/e$ spe!* i& ver$ /i/ to&e+ !&, "/e&
so%eo&e is i& ,!&er+ t/e voi(e (oul, !lso ,isse%i&!te su(/
i&'or%!tio&.
@estur!l Co%%u&i(!tio&8 So%eti%es "/e& (o%%u&i(!ti& "it/ ot/ers+
"e o'te& "rile+ 'i,et+ 'i&er7t!p+ /!&,7"!ve+ toe t!p+ !&, !r% 'l!il
bo,$ i& %otio&. T/ese !re estures !&, t/e$ (o%e &!tur!ll$ to us.
A((or,i& to Rot/"ell D:;;;81G2E MM!&$ estures !re u&(o&s(ious
%!&i'est!tio&s o' i&&er 'eeli&sN !&, t/!t t/ere !re t/ree %!i& (!teories
o' estures D%!&ipul!tors+ illustr!tors !&, e%ble%sE.
M!&ipul!tors !re estures %!,e "it/ o&e p!rt o' t/e bo,$+ usu!ll$ t/e
/!&,s+ rubbi&+ pi(*i&+ s1uee#i&+ (le!&i&+ or roo%i& !&ot/er p!rt
o' t/e bo,$. T/e$ /!ve &o spe(i'i( %e!&i&+ !lt/ou/ people observi&
su(/ %!&ipul!tors %!$ per(eive &ervous&ess+ ,is(o%'ort+ or ,e(eit 'ro%
su(/ estures. M!&ipul!tor is !lso s!i, to o((ur "/e& ! perso& is rel!Be,
!&, 'eeli& e&eri#e, !&, "/e& &o ,e(eit is o((urri&. No&et/eless+
GG
rese!r(/es /!ve s/o"& t/!t people %ist!*e&l$ -u,e ,e(eit'ul&ess "/e&
! perso& eB/ibits %!&$ %!&ipul!tors DRot/"ell+ :;;;E. So+ ,o &ot -u%p
i&to (o&(lusio&s (o&(er&i& "/!t %!&ipul!tors %e!&.
I& A'ri(!+ pro,u(i& so%e o,, sou&,s 'ro% t/e &ose or blo(* it s/$l$ is
to sli/t !& issue or ! perso& or /is spee(/ "/ile !t/eri& t/e lips !&,
protru,i& t/e% out or !b&or%!ll$ spre!,i& t/e% out is (o&te%pt
DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
Illustr!tors !re estures t/!t /elp eBpl!i& "/!t ! perso& s!$s to !&ot/er
perso&. T/e$ /!ve &o i&,epe&,e&t %e!&i& o' t/eir o"&. Telli& !
perso& to o to t/e le't+ t/e& poi&ti& i& t/e !ppropri!te ,ire(tio&+ is !&
eB!%ple o' !& illustr!tor. Des(ribi& /o" to M#i7#!N+ "/ile ,r!"i&
t/e %ove%e&t i& t/e !ir+ is !&ot/er eB!%ple. M!&$ o' t/e u&(o&s(ious
estures "e %!*e t/!t e%p/!sise "/!t "e !re s!$i& !re illustr!tors
DRot/"ell+ :;;;E. A!i&+ people use 'i&ers to se&, %ess!es+
i&'or%!tio& !&, i&stru(tio&s i& %!&$ "!$s. E.. pl!(i& t/e 'i&er
verti(!ll$ !(ross t/e t"o lips %e!&s or tells t/e ot/er perso&s &ot to t!l*
or to %!i&t!i& sile&(e DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
E%ble%s !re estures t/!t /!ve pre(ise %e!&i&s sep!r!te 'ro% verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&. No,,i& $our /e!, up !&, ,o"& si&!ls M$esN i&
A'ri(! !s "ell !s i& t/e U&ite, St!tes. Movi& $our /e!, si,e to si,e
si&!ls M&oN DRot/"ell+ :;;;E. Also+ O"e##$ D1<<<E posits t/!t M to
&o,+ "!ve or s/!*e t/e /e!, i& ! p!rti(ul!r "!$ tells ! stor$ !&, !lso
,ire(ts t/e re(ipie&t o& "/!t to ,o.N
1.= CONCLUSION
T/is u&it prese&te, t/e verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio&
!&, (o&(lu,e, t/!t i& %!&$ A'ri(!& (o%%u&ities+ bot/ %o,es !re
i%port!&t (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. It &ote, /o"ever+ t/!t t/e verb!l
%o,e it is t/e %ost i%port!&t (/!&&el 'or (ir(ul!ti& i&'or%!tio&.
It 'urt/er &ote, t/!t si&(e &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio& is &ot pe(uli!r to
A'ri(!+ t/e (o%pete&t (o%%u&i(!tor &ee,s to be %i&,'ul o' t/e v!st
pote&ti!l 'or %isu&,erst!&,i& i& estur!l (o,e. 5er$ 'e" &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& si&s /!ve pre(ise %e!&i&s i& !ll (o&teBts. Most !re '!r
%ore !%biuous !&, re1uire sop/isti(!te, i&terpret!tio& tie,
spe(i'i(!ll$ to t/e (o&teBt i& "/i(/ t/e$ o((ur. Fol,i& $our !r%s !(ross
$our (/est %!$ %e!& t/!t $ou !re (losi& $oursel' o'' ot/ers i& !
,e'e&sive esture+ or it %!$ si%pl$ be ! (o%'ort!ble "!$ 'or $ou to rest
$our !r%s. 4e (!utious "/e& i&terpreti& t/e %e!&i& o' &o&7verb!l
(o,es. W/e& $ou i&terpret t/e %e!&i& o' &o&7verb!l (o,es+ %!t(/ t/e%
"it/ ot/er &o&7verb!l (o,es+ (o&teBt !&, loo* 'or (o&siste&($ o'
%e!&i&.
5.= SUMMARY
G2
T/is u&it eB!%i&e, verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. It
,is(usse, spo*e& !&, si& l!&u!e !s (/!&&els o' verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&+ /i/li/ti& t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o' l!&u!e. It !lso
/i/li/te, t/e (/!&&els o' t/e &o&7verb!l.
1. De'i&e verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
:. De'i&e &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
1. Outli&e t/e (/!&&els o' verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
:. Dis(uss 'ive (/!r!(teristi(s o' l!&u!e
G. Dis(uss t/e t"o %!i& (/!&&els o' &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
A%!li+ S.O. D1<<;E. MTr!,itio&!l For%s o' Co%%u&i(!tio& i& Nieri!8
Mo,es !&, Devi(es i& Al*!li+ Nur et !l De,s.E D1<<;E. Africa
Media Issues. E&uu8 Delt! .ubli(!tio&s )i%ite,.
D1<<2E. Mass Communication: A Basic Text" Ib!,!&8 C!ltop
.ublis/ers )t,.
O"e##$+ @. C. D1<<<E. T/e O,o"u Abi o' E%u 6i&,o%+ !&
i&tervie" (o&,u(te, b$ t/is "riter+ !t E%u7Obo,oeti+ N,o*"!
West )o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te.
Ore/+ O. O. D1<>;E. Re!,i&s in African ;umanities: African Cultural
De&elo(ment. E&uu8 Fourt/ Di%e&sio& .ublis/i& Co.
Rot/"ell+ F.D. D:;;;E. In the Com(an of Others: An Introduction to
Communication. Ne" Yor*8 M(@r!" 0ill.
Wilso&+ D. !&, U&o/+ S. D1<<1E. MA Surve$ o' Tr!,itio&!l !&, Mo,er&
M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio& Me,i! i& Oil C!l!b!r.N I& U&o/+ S. De,.E
D1<<1E To(ical Issues in Communication Arts !ol. II" ,o:
Business 'ress -imited.
UNIT / VER>AL AND NON-VER>AL
G5
COMMUNICATION COMPARED
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 T/e Di''ere&(es bet"ee& 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l
Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.: T/e I&ter(o&&e(te,&ess bet"ee& 5erb!l !&, No&75erb!l
Co%%u&i(!tio&
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
0!vi& eB!%i&e, verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&+ it is !lso
&e(ess!r$ to eB!%i&e t/e ,i''ere&(es !&, i&ter(o&&e(te,&ess. T/is u&it
'o(uses o& t/e ,i''ere&(es !&, i&ter(o&&e(te,&ess bet"ee& verb!l !&,
&o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
outli&e t/e ,i''ere&(es bet"ee& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss t/e ,i''ere&(es bet"ee& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&
outli&e t/e i&ter(o&&e(te,&ess bet"ee& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&
eB!%i&e t/e i&ter(o&&e(te,&ess bet"ee& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&.

/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 T-# D!..#r#n#" %#t0##n V#r%)* )nd Non-V#r%)*
Co$$un!)t!on
A((or,i& to Rot/"ell D:;;;E t/ere !re ,isti&(tio&s bet"ee& verb!l !&,
&o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. 4elo" !re t/e ,i''ere&(es.
G3
D!..#r#n#"
V#r%)* Co$$un!)t!on Non-V#r%)* Co$$un!)t!on
.ossesses t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o'
l!&u!e
It /!s stru(ture
EB/ibits ,ispl!(e%e&t
.ro,u(tive
Sel' Re'leBive
Does &ot possess t/e (/!r!(teristi(s o'
l!&u!e. It is &ot stru(ture, 'or %e!&i&
Does &ot possess eBpli(it set o'
r!%%!r or s$&t!B.
Does &ot eB/ibit ,ispl!(e%e&t be(!use
it (o%%u&i(!tes o&l$ !bout /ere !&,
&o".
C!& o&l$ s/o" %i&i%!l pro,u(tivit$. For
i&st!&(e &e" estures 'or i&sults+
!''e(tio&+ soli,!rit$ "it/ ot/ers+ !&, t/e
li*e !re (re!te, 'ro% ti%e to ti%e+ but
su(/ &o&7verb!l pro,u(tivit$ is r!re !&,
i&si&i'i(!&t. It is &ot sel'7re'leBive !s
so%eo&e (!&&ot use '!(i!l eBpressio& to
(o%%u&i(!te !bout '!(i!l eBpressio&+
r!t/er l!&u!e is use, to eBpl!i& &o&7
verb!l be/!viour.
Nu$%#r o. C-)nn#*": Si&le7
(/!&&elle, 'or i&st!&(e+ o&e (!&
eBpress e&t/usi!s% usi& t/e
'ollo"i& eBpressio&s8 MWo"A
0ol, %e b!(*+ I !% re!,$ to
burst "it/ eB(ite%e&tNI MI (!&Ct
"!it to st!rt %$ u&iversit$
e,u(!tio&N. T/ese !re ,i''ere&t
st!te%e&ts but t/e s!%e (/!&&el.
Nu$%#r o. C-)nn#*": Multi7(/!&&elle,+
"/i(/ !,,s i%p!(t !&, believ!bilit$. For
i&st!&(e eBpressio& o' e&t/usi!s% (!&
be ,o&e b$ -u%pi& up !&, ,o"&I 'l!ili&
estures+ "i,e e$es+ s%iles+ eBpressive
to&e o' voi(e+ r!pi, utter!&(es+ /us+
s(re!%s+ et(.
Cr#d!%!*!t+: It is e!s$ to lie "it/
"or,.
Cr#d!%!*!t+: It is ,i''i(ult to lie
(o&vi&(i&l$ i& ! ,o#e& &o&7verb!l
(/!&&els. I' t/e &o& verb!l (/!&&els
reve!l i&(o&siste&t %ess!es+ (re,ibilit$
is 1uestio&e,. I' $ou s!$ MI !% telli& t/e
trut/+N but $our &o&7verb!l s/o"s t/e
(o&tr!r$+ $our !u,ie&(e %!$ te&, to
believe t/e &o&7verb!l be(!use it is
spo&t!&eous+ p/$sioloi(!ll$ b!se,+ !&,
/!s to be (o&siste&t i& %ore t/!& o&e
(/!&&el. It see%s %ore believ!ble !&,
e&ui&e.
Con.*!t !n M#"")2#: A,ults
rel$ o& &o&7verb!l %ess!es
"/e& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
!re i& (o&'li(t. T/is is &ot t$pi(!l
o' (/il,re&.
Con.*!t !n M#"")2#: C/il,re& bei& li'e
!&, (o%%u&i(!tio& ,epe&,i& solel$ o&
&o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. 0o"ever+
o&(e l!&u!e ,evelops+ (/il,re& rel$
pri%!ril$ o& verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&.
S#$)nt!": A,ults %!$ &ot t!*e
verb!l (o%%e&ts liter!ll$. For
i&st!&(e s!r(!s%+ "/i(/ is
S#$)nt!": C/il,re& t!*e verb!l
(o%%e&ts liter!ll$.
G=
i&,i(!te, b$ to&e o' voi(e !&,
'!(i!l eBpressio&+ belies t/e
verb!l %ess!e !&, !,ults (!&
,e(ip/er it.
A$%!2u!t+: )!&u!e (!& be
!%biuous.

A$%!2u!t+: No&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
is !t le!st !s !%biuous !s l!&u!e. For
i&st!&(e ! perso&Cs+ p/$si(!l !ppe!r!&(e+
espe(i!ll$ lo&/pl!ite, /!ir 'or %e&+
s$%bolises &o&(o&'or%it$+ rebellious&ess.
0!ir le&t/ /!s &o %e!&i& !p!rt 'ro%
t/ose "/o observe it. 0o"ever+ so%e
&o&7verb!l (ues /!ve u&ivers!ll$ s/!re,
%e!&i&. S%iles !&, l!u/ter si&!l
ple!sure+ /!ppi&ess !&, e&-o$%e&t !ll
over t/e "orl,. A 'ist is ! si& o' !&er
!&, !ressio& virtu!ll$ ever$"/ere.
D!"r#t# V#r"u" Cont!nuou":
5erb!l (o%%u&i(!tio& /!s
,is(rete bei&&i&s !&, e&,i&s.
A spe!*er st!rts ! se&te&(e
"/e& DsE/e st!rts t!l*i& !&,
e&,s "/e& DsE/e stops t!l*i&.
D!"r#t# V#r"u" Cont!nuou":
No&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio& /o"ever+ /!s
&o ,is(rete bei&&i& !&, e&,i&. For
i&st!&(e "/e& so%eo&e is loo*i& !t $ou+
$ou %!$ tr$ &ot to ,ispl!$ !&$ '!(i!l
eBpressio&. It is possible. A bl!&* st!re is
! '!(i!l eBpressio& t/!t (o%%u&i(!tes !
%ess!e. Ot/ers %!$ per(eive $our bl!&*
st!re to %e!& t/!t $ou !re i&trospe(tive
!&, t/i&*i& ,eepl$ or t/!t $ou ,o &ot
"!&t to be bot/ere, b$ !&$o&e or t/!t $ou
!re i&!tte&tive+ sulle&+ or ,is,!i&'ul.
Int#nt!on)* V". Un!nt#nt!on)*
Co$$un!)t!on:
5erb!l (o%%u&i(!tio& is
're1ue&tl$ i&te&tio&!l.
Int#nt!on)* V#r"u" Un!nt#nt!on)*
Co$$un!)t!on:No&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
is 're1ue&tl$ u&i&te&tio&!l. We blus/+
bli&* our e$es+ !&, s/u''le our 'eet
"it/out &e(ess!ril$ i&te&,i& to ,o so.
So+ "e !re s/!ri& %e!&i& "it/ ot/ers
"it/out &e(ess!ril$ "!&ti& to s/!re.
/., T-# Int#ronn#t#dn#"" %#t0##n V#r%)* )nd Non-V#r%)*
Co$$un!)t!on
A((or,i& to Rot/"ell D:;;;E t/ere !re ,isti&(tio&s+ bet"ee& verb!l !&,
&o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. 4elo" is t/e i&ter(o&&e(te,&ess.
Repetitio&8 Repetitio& re,u(es !%biuit$ !&, e&/!&(es t/e !((ur!($ o'
%ess!e per(eptio&. Also (o&siste&($ o' verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l (o,es
i&(re!ses t/e (l!rit$ !&, (re,ibilit$ o' %ess!es. For i&st!&(e "/e& !
spe!*er s!$s M$esN !&, &o,s i& !pprov!lI "/e& "e pro'ess our love 'or !
perso&+ !&, t/e& /u t/e perso&I !&, (urse !t !&ot/er ,river+ t/e& s/!*e
our 'ist 'or e%p/!sis. All t/ese &o&7verb!l (ues repe!t t/e verb!l
%ess!e.
G>
A((e&tu!tio&8 A((e&ti& e&/!&(es t/e po"er !&, serious&ess o' verb!l
%ess!es. W/e& "e use t/e vo(!l e%p/!sis+ it !,,s e%p/!sis "/e&
,esire,. For i&st!&(e+ MDo&Ct $ou e&er s/out !t %e !!i&N !((e&ts t/e
u&1u!li'ie, &!ture o' t/e verb!l %ess!e. A!i&+ pou&,i& $our 'ist o& !
t!ble !s $ou eBpress $our !&er &o&7verb!ll$ repe!ts t/e %ess!e but
!lso !((e&ts t/e ,ept/ o' $our e%otio&.
Substitutio&8 A $!"& (!& substitute 'or t/e verb!l MI !% tire,N or MI !%
bore,NI M! "!veN+ Moo,b$eNI !& Mu/7/u%N+ MI u&,erst!&,I !&, s/!*i&
$our /e!, i& ,is!pprov!l+ M&oN.
Reul!tio&8 Co&vers!tio& is reul!te, b$ &o&7verb!l (ues. Stu,e&ts (!&
si&!l i&te&tio& to spe!* b$ r!isi& up t/eir /!&,s+ !&, ! te!(/er (!&
reul!te b$ re(o&isi& ! stu,e&tCs ,esire to spe!* b$ poi&ti& to t/e
perso&+ %e!&i& it is M$our tur& to spe!*N.
Co&tr!,i(tio&8 So%eti%es "e (o&tr!,i(t verb!l %ess!es "it/ &o&7
verb!l (ues i.e. t/ere !re i&(o&siste&(ies bet"ee& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
(ues. Esse&ti!ll$ t/e "or,s s!$ o&e t/i&+ but estures+ '!(i!l
eBpressio&s+ e$e (o&t!(t+ posture+ to&e o' voi(e+ !&, p/$si(!l proBi%it$
le!* (o&tr!,i(tor$ i&'or%!tio&. For eB!%ple+ MSure+ I love $ouN+ "/e&
s!i, "it/ e$es (!st si,e"!$s !&, 'l!t vo(!l to&e ,oes &ot eB!(tl$ i&spire
believ!bilit$.
1.= CONCLUSION
T/is u&it eB!%i&e, t/e ,i''ere&(es !&, i&ter(o&&e(te,&ess bet"ee&
verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. It "!s st!te, !%o&st ot/ers t/!t
verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio& ,i''ers i& v!rious "!$sI !&, !re
i&ter(o&&e(te, i& t/e 'ollo"i& "!$s8 repetitio&+ !((e&tu!tio&+
substitutio&+ reul!tio& !&, (o&tr!,i(tio&.
5.= SUMMARY
I& t/is u&it+ "e (o%p!re, verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. T/e
,i''ere&(es !&, i&ter(o&&e(te,&ess "ere /i/li/te,.
1. )ist 'ive ,i''ere&(es bet"ee& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
:. )ist t/e si%il!rities bet"ee& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
G<

1. Dis(uss t"o o' t/e ,i''ere&(es bet"ee& verb!l !&, &o&7verb!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
:. Dis(uss 'our 'or%s o' i&ter(o&&e(te,&ess bet"ee& verb!l !&,
&o&7verb!l (o%%u&i(!tio&.
Rot/"ell+ F.D. D:;;;E. In the Com(an of Others: An Introduction to
Communication. Ne" Yor*8 M(@r!" 0ill.
2;
MODULE / VISUAL CHANNELS
U&it 1 Over"iev o' 5isu!l C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio& !&,
.i%e&t!tio&/Colours !s ! @roup o' 5isu!l C/!&&els
U&it : Appe!r!&(e8 ./$si(!l )oo* !&, Costu%eHF!(i!l M!r*s !&,
T!ttoosHRe(or,s
UNIT 1 OVER7IEV OF VISUAL CHANNELS OF
COMMUNICATION AND
PIGMENTATION9COLOURS AS A GROUP OF
VISUAL CHANNELS
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 5isu!l Co%%u&i(!tio& !&, t/eir Co%%u&i(!tio&
Fu&(tio&s
G.: T$pes o' 5isu!l Co%%u&i(!tio& !&, EB!%ples
G.:.1 De'i&itio& o' .i%e&t!tio& !&, Colours
G.:.: C/!lle&es o' .i%e&t!tio& !&, Colours !s ! Mo,e
o' 5isu!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.:.G EB!%ples o' .i%e&t!tio&+ Colours !&, t/eir
Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& visu!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!. T/e v!rious t$pes "ill be outli&e, !&,
eB!%ples prese&te,. Usi& so%e eB!%ples+ it !lso prese&te,
pi%e&t!tio& !&, (olours 7 ! roup o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& !&,
/i/li/te, t/eir (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
At t/e e&, o' t/is u&it o' stu,$+ stu,e&ts s/oul, be !ble to8
outli&e t/e v!rious t$pes o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss pi%e&t!tio& !&, (olours !s ! roup o' visu!l
21
(o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss so%e eB!%ples o' pi%e&t!tio& !&, (olours ,r!"i& 'ro%
t/eir (ultures !&, (o%%u&ities
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t/e v!rious eB!%ple o'
pi%e&t!tio& !&, (olours.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 V!"u)* Co$$un!)t!on )nd t-#!r Co$$un!)t!on
Funt!on"
5isu!ls (o%%u&i(!te i& tr!,itio&!l A'ri(!& so(iet$. It is ,erive, %!i&l$
'ro% t/e se&se o' si/t !&, *&o"le,e o' t/e peoples o' A'ri(!. T/e
%ere si/t o' so%eo&eCs trib!l %!r*s+ /!ir,o+ t!ttoos+ !&, i&(isio&s
(o%%u&i(!tes. 5isu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& is use, 'or ,i''ere&t purposes !&,
(o%%u&i(!tes ,i''ere&t %ess!es. E!(/ /!s its o"& pe(uli!r %e!&i&.
So%e "!r& people or si&i'$ su&,r$ t/i&s. 4l!(* 'or i&st!&(e
(o%%u&i(!tes %our&i&I re,+ si&i'ies ,!&er+ 'ire+ "!rI ree&+ (o&ve$s
li'eI bl!(*+ loo%+ "/ite+ purit$+ si%pli(it$+ i&&o(e&(e+ purit$ !&,
!iet$I $ello"+ li/te&essI bro"&+ bli/t&essI !&, p!r(/e, e&viro&%e&t+
(o%%u&i(!tes '!%i&e.
Eve& i& t/e (o&te%por!r$ busi&ess "orl,+ or!&is!tio&s use visu!ls+
%!i&l$ loo 'or t/eir br!&, i,e&tit$. T/e loo is (re!te, to e&/!&(e
br!&, i,e&tit$ !&, &or%!ll$ ,e'i&e, "it/ ! p!rti(ul!r (olour. W/e&ever+
t/ere is ! (/!&e it is (o%%u&i(!te, to !ll its st!*e/ol,ers. For
i&st!&(e+ o& !& !ir 'res/e&er @u!r!&t$ Trust 4!&* D@T4!&*E ,istribute,
!s 'ree i'ts !t t/e U&iversit$ o' )!os+ !p!rt 'ro% /!vi& t/e loo o' t/e
4!&* o& t/e !ir 'res/e&er+ t/ere "!s ! (op$ o& t/e p!(* "/i(/ re!,s8
Our &e" loo "!s (re!te, to e&/!&(e our br!&, i,e&tit$ !&, publi(
per(eptio&. It is vibr!&t+ bol, !&, evolve, 'ro% our ol, loo. T/e &e"
loo e&(!psul!tes "/o "e !re !s ! b!&*+ s$%boli#i& e1u!lit$+
soli,&ess+ si%pli(it$ !&, 'leBibilit$. T/e or!&e O(olourP is upli'ti& !&,
sti%ul!tes t/e %i&, i&to !lert&ess. It is $out/'ul+ ,$&!%i(+ vibr!&t !&,
re'res/i&l$ opti%isti(.
@u!r!&t$ Trust 4!&* is i&&ov!tive+ !l"!$s 'irstA Our &e" loo* Oor!&e
(olour loo*P is ! bol, eBte&sio& o' our selves !&, v!lues. It is ! visu!l
%e!&s o' re(o&isi& us !&, "/!t "e st!&, 'or. It is !s ,rive&+
!spir!tio&!l+ ,e,i(!te, !&, !s pri&(iple, !s "e !re.
Yes+ t/is @u!r!&t$ Trust 4!&* $ou *&o"+ -ust 'res/er?Woul,&Ct $ou
r!t/er b!&* "it/ usL
/., T+3#" o. V!"u)* Co$$un!)t!on )nd E5)$3*#"
2:
So%e eB!%ples o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& (/!&&els i&(lu,e ,ress (o,e+
(olours+ trib!l %!r*s+ /!ir,o+ t!ttoos+ i&(isio&s !&, ot/er %!r*s o& t/e
s*i& !&, t/e$ !ll (o%%u&i(!te. A((or,i& to A*p!bio D:;;GE+ visu!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& (!& be roupe, i&to t"o Q (olours !&, !ppe!r!&(e.
T/is !ut/or "oul, r!t/er !,opt pi%e&t!tio& !&, (olour !s ! roup
i&ste!, o' (olour. Furt/er%ore+ t/is !ut/or "oul, !,, ! t/ir, roup Q
re(or,s.
!E Colour Q eB!%ples

W/ite
Re,
@ree&
4l!(*
bE Appe!r!&(e Q eB!%ples
./$si(!l Appe!r!&(e
Clot/es
A((essories.
(E Re(or,s 7 eB!%ples
Writte&
C!rve,
.!i&te,
EB(!v!tio&
Me%orise,
M!r*e, sti(*s
/.,.1 D#.!n!t!on o. P!2$#nt)t!on )nd Co*our"
.i%e&t!tio& /ere %e!&s t/e use o' ,esi&s or p!stes to ,eliver
%ess!es+ i&'or%!tio&+ !&, "!r&i&s+ stir up -o$+ sorro" et( i& !&,
!%o& people. T/e$ !re usu!ll$ st$le, "it/ (olours. .ro%i&e&t !%o&
t/e (olours !re "/ite+ re,+ ree& !&, bl!(*. W/e& !pplie, 'or !&$
purpose+ t/ere is t/e sure te&,e&($ t/!t t/e people u&,erst!&, "/!t t/e
(olouri& is s!$i&. T/e (olours !re pro,u(e, 'ro% lo(!l %!teri!ls.
Colours (o%%u&i(!te eit/er si&l$ or "it/ ot/er 'or%s o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&. T/e$ l!rel$ bre!* li&uisti( b!rriers i.e. it is u&ivers!l+
t/ou/ "it/ o&e or t"o eB(eptio&s. Colours %!*e %ess!es %ore
!pp!re&t !&, spe(i'i(. T/e$ /!ve "i,e !ppli(!bilit$. T/e i&'or%!tio&
(olours (o&ve$ is i%%e,i!te. So+ it is i%port!&t to st!te t/!t (olours
2G
(o%%u&i(!te i& !ll /u%!& so(ieties !&, t/e %ess!e it (o%%u&i(!tes
(oul, be pr!%!ti(+ so(iet$ spe(i'i( !&, !lso e&eri(. T/e ,e&ot!tio&
!&, (o&&ot!tio& o' e!(/ (olour ,epe&,s o& spe(i'i( (o%%u&ities !&,
people. T/is %i/t !((ou&t 'or A*p!bio D:;;G82GE !ru%e&t t/!t
M(olour /!s bee& (oloure, b$ pre-u,i(e. Fro% t/e Euro(e&tri( vie"poi&t
M"/iteN /!s bee& !sso(i!te, "it/ purit$+ /oli&ess !&, ot/er positive
ele%e&ts O/e&(e it is use, 'or "ors/ip !&, %!*i& "e,,i& o"&sP.
M4l!(*N o& t/e ot/er /!&, /!s bee& !sso(i!te, "it/ evil !&, t/e ,evil. A
loo* !t illustr!tio&s i& t/e Bi3le !bout t/e te%pt!tio& o' C/rist+ (!st t/e
,evil D! super&!tur!l bei& /!vi& &o (olourAE !s bl!(*.
/.,., C-)**#n2#" o. P!2$#nt)t!on )nd Co*our" )" ) Mod# o.
V!"u)* Co$$un!)t!on
A %!-or (/!lle&e to t/e use o' t/is 'or% o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& is
t/!t i& %!&$ so(ieties+ o&l$ 'e" (olours !re re(*o&e, "it/. Colours
ot/er t/!& "/ite+ bl!(* !&, re, !re (l!ssi'ie, !s ,!r* !&, li/t (olours.
T/ere !re &o leBi(!l ite%s i& t/e lo(!l l!&u!es to i,e&ti'$ t/e%. T/e
,is(ussio& o' (olours belo" ,r!"s 'ro% E%u (l!& !%o& t/e U*"u!&i
spe!*i& people o' N,o*"! West )o(!l @over&%e&t Are!+ Delt! St!te Q
Nieri!.
/.,./ E5)$3*#" o. P!2$#nt)t!on< Co*our" )nd T-#!r
Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on"
7-!t#
W/ite (olour spe!*s !&, i&'or%s t/e people !&, publi( o' vi(tories+
!(/ieve%e&ts+ purit$ o' /e!rt+ pe!(e !&, oo,"ill. It !lso i& spe(i!l
(!ses+ spe!* o' b!,7!&&ou&(e%e&ts o' t/e ,e!t/ o' ver$ ol, people
DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
N)t!'# C-)*6
Is "/ite i& (olour+ pro,u(e, 'ro% "/ite (l!$ soil !&, tre!te, to 'or%
sti(*s or b!lls o' (/!l*s. It is !lso rou&, i&to po",er 'or%. 4$ &!tive
(/!l*+ people telep/o&e+ se&, (!ble !&, post!l %ess!es to t/e spirit
"orl, !s believe,. It is 'urt/er believe, t/!t &!tive (/!l* po",er blo"&
i&to t/e !ir "oul, !ttr!(t blessi&s to t/e people 'ro% @o,+ !&(estors
!&, t/e spirit "orl, DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
W/e& ! %!& %!*es ! spe(t!(ul!r !(/ieve%e&t or per'or%s !(ts o'
/erois%+ /e is ,!ube, "it/ "/ite po",er 'ro% /is "rist up"!r,s. W/ite
(/!l* ,!ube, o& ! %!& tells t/e "orl, !rou&, /i% t/!t /e /!s %!,e
re%!r*!ble !(/ieve%e&ts !&, %ust /!ve per'or%e, !(ts o' /erois%+
v!li!&($ or !tt!i&i& !&, bei& i&iti!te, i&to ! /i/ so(i!l (l!ss e..
(/ie't!i&($ (l!ss. W/e& "o%e& %!*e !(/ieve%e&ts+ "/ite po",er o'
22
&!tive (/!l* is poure, over t/eir (/est+ s/oul,ers+ rou&, t/eir &e(*s !&,
eve& /e!,s. Su(/ /!ppe& "/e& "o%e& !re ,e(l!re, 'ree o' "it(/er$
!'ter t!*i& (o&(o(tio&s o' s/ri&es !&, ,eities !s believe, b$ 'etis/
"ors/ippers DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
7-!t# C*ot-#"
T/e ot/er s$%bol o' "/ite is "/ite (lot/. Wit/ "/ite pie(es o' (lot/+ it
is believe, t/!t people telep/o&e+ se&, (!ble !&, post!l %ess!es to t/e
spirit "orl, DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
A lo& "/ite pie(e o' (lot/ /oiste, !t ! !te or !lo& t/e street tells t/!t
! ver$ ol, ri(/ &oble is ,e!,. Su(/ ,e!t/ ,oes &ot (!ll 'or re!l %our&i&+
r!t/er (/il,re& !&, rel!tio&s o' t/e ,e(e!se, 'eel l!, t/!t t/e perso&
,ie, or "!l*e, s!'el$ /o%e to @o,. At su(/ ,e!t/s+ people ,o &ot s/e,
te!rs DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
R#d DUfie)
Re, is represe&te, b$ ! pulp$ subst!&(e pro,u(e, 'ro% (!%7"oo,. A
pie(e o' re, "oo, is viorousl$ rubbe, over !&ot/er. T/e subst!&(e it
pro,u(es is (!lle, ufie %e!&i& re,. It /!s ,ouble (o&&ot!tio&s Q oo,
!&, b!, DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
T/e oo, %ess!e is ive& to t/e publi( "/e& ! $ou& l!,$ is
(ir(u%(ise, or "/e& ! "o%!& ,elivers ! b!b$. Duri& bot/ o((!sio&s
t/e re, subst!&(e is rubbe, over t/e bo,$ o' t/e $ou& l!,$ 'ro% t/e
&e(* to /er toes eB(ept !re!s (overe, "it/ (lot/ !rou&, /er "!ist 'or !
(ir(u%(ise, l!,$I !&, !rou&, /er 'eet 'or ! &ursi& %ot/er. It s/o"s !&,
tells t/e publi( o' ! perio, o' -o$ 'or t/e '!%il$ !p!rt 'ro% !&&ou&(i&
t/e eve&ts o((!sio&i& t/e !ppli(!tio& o' t/e subst!&(e DO"e##$+
1<<<E. C!% Q "oo, is (o%%o&l$ use, b$ "o%e& "/o "ere (ir(u%(ise,
or !ve birt/ to &e" b!bies !s (os%eti(s !&, ! %!r* o' ree&er!tio& o'
li'e
A!i&+ it spe!*s !&, "!r&s people o' ,!&er "/e& it is rubbe, o& (ert!i&
ob-e(ts. It s(!res !&, 'ri/te&s !"!$ "o%e& !&, evil ,oers p!rti(ul!rl$
'etis/ "ors/ippers DO"e##$+ 1<<<E. Also+ !%o& t/e 4oru3as it
si&i'ies ,!&er+ "/i(/ !((ou&ts 'or "/$ Sango Do, o' "!rE priest "e!r
re,.
Gr##n (Orgu Jorji)
It is represe&te, b$ ree& le!ves or pro,u(ts o' ree& le!ves D%nuE. It
serves ,u!ls purposes o' oo, !&, b!,. Duri& 'estiv!ls+ $out/s (!rr$
bu&(/es o' ree& le!ves to ,!&(e rou&, t/e to"& !&, !lo& t/e %!i&
25
streets to s/o" -o$ o' t/e $e!r DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
W/e& ! %!rrie, "o%!& (o%%its !,ulter$+ t/e to"&Cs "o%e& (!rr$
bu&(/es o' ree& le!ves !&, ,u%p t/e% !t /er !te or b$ /er ,oor to
reister t/eir /!tre, !&, ,is!ppoi&t%e&t !t /er i&o%i&ious !(tio&. To
'urt/er ,e(l!re /er u&'it 'or "o%!&/oo,+ !s/es !re (!st o& t/e ree&
le!ves to tell t/!t /er !(tio&+ %or!ll$+ is ! ,isr!(e !&, /er v!lue is
"ort/less li*e t/e !s/es 'it to be (!st !"!$ i&to ,ust7bi& o' li'e
DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
>*)6 DD#3!t#d %+ C-)ro)* !n U60)n!E
4l!(* li*e !&$ ot/er (olour tells !&, i&,i(!tes sorro" !&, evil. W/e&
people ,ie+ (/il,re& !&, rel!tio&s "e!r bl!(* ,resses to tell t/e "orl, t/e
st!te o' t/eir /e!rts !&, t/!t t/e$ !re %our&i& t/e ,e!t/ o' t/eir belove,
!&, ,e!r o&es DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
It is !lso use, to i,e&ti'$ b!, ,ee,s or !(tio&s li*e t/e'ts. W/e& ! perso&
ste!ls !&$t/i&+ po",ere, (/!r(o!l is rubbe, o& /is or /er '!(e to tell
t/e "orl, t/!t /e or s/e is !& evil !&, ! ,!&erous (iti#e&. It is to %!*e
t/e perso& !s/!%e, !&, possibl$ (orre(t /i%//ersel' DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
T/e oo, p!rt o' it is t/!t "/e& ! $out/ is (/ose& !s t/e (/ie' or %!i&
!rtists !t ! 'estiv!l De.. ,2wata o' t/e U*"u!&i spe!*i& people o'
N,o*"! West )o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!teE+ ! s/!,e o' bl!(*
is use, to ,e(or!te /is bo,$ 'or publi( s/o". W/e& !&$o&e is bei&
prep!re, 'or t/e s/o"+ t/e perso& is ,esi&e, !&, pri&te, !ll over /is+
bo,$ !&, (!lves "it/ bl!(* li1ui, Dulie< pro,u(e, 'ro% see,s o' !
(li%ber7li*e s/rub !lso (!lle, ulie. T/e see,s !re rou&, i&to so't %!s/
%iBe, "it/ ver$ little "!ter. T/e li1ui, 'ro% it is t/e& use, to ,esi& t/e
perso& (o&(er&e,. .!tter&s pro,u(e, o& t/e perso& "oul, ,epe&, o& t/e
!rtistCs level+ !est/eti( v!lue !&, (re!tivit$. T/e ,esi&s o& t/e perso&
!re eBpe(te, to !ree "it/ t/e (o%pleBio&s !&, s/!pe o' t/e bo,$ buil,
o' t/e ,!&(er DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
T/e s!%e !pplies to ! $ou& l!,$ (ir(u%(ise, ,uri& !&&u!l 'estiv!ls.
Fust li*e t/e !rtists+ t/e ,esi&s o& t/e perso& !re eBpe(te, to !ree "it/
t/e (o%pleBio&s !&, s/!pe o' t/e bo,$ buil, o' t/e l!,$ !&, /er p!es
'or outi& o& spe(i!l publi( s/o"s DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
T/e i&,io pri&ts i,e&ti'$ t/e% to t/e publi( !&, t/e roles t/e$ pl!$ !t
t/e p!rti(ul!r ti%e o' 'e!sts or (ere%o&$ DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
1.= CONCLUSION
23
5isu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& !s ! (l!ssi'i(!tio& o' tr!,itio&!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
e&er!ll$ /i&es o& t/e se&se o' si/t !&, *&o"le,e o' t/e peoples o'
A'ri(!.
Colours o' v!rious s/!,es (o%%u&i(!te %ess!es. W/!t t/e$
(o%%u&i(!te (oul, be pr!%!ti(+ so(iet$ spe(i'i( !&, !lso e&eri(. I&
A'ri(!+ %e!&i&s !re !tt!(/e, to (olours i& v!rious (o%%u&ities !&, so
t/e$ !re use, to (o%%u&i(!te.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it 'o(use, o& visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&+ "/i(/ b!se, o& our
(l!ssi'i(!tio&+ !re o' t/ree t$pes Q pi%e&t!tio&+ (olours+ !ppe!r!&(e !&,
re(or,s. Spe(i'i(!ll$+ it eB!%i&e, pi%e&t!tio& !&, (olours !s ! t$pe o'
visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&+ prese&te, so%e eB!%ples !&, /i/li/te, t/eir
(o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s.
1. 5isu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& is /i&e, o& "/i(/ o' t/e se&sesL
:. )ist so%e (olours *&o"& i& $our (o%%u&it$
1. )ist t"o t$pes o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& ,is(usse, i& t/is u&it.
:. )ist t"o eB!%ples u&,er e!(/ t$pe o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
liste,.
G. I,e&ti'$ 'ive (olours i& $our et/&i( roup.
2. St!te t/e %e!&i& !&, si&i'i(!&(e !tt!(/e, to e!(/ o' t/e 'ive
(olours i,e&ti'ie,.
Text. )!os8 4.ri&t .ubli(!tio&s.
O"e##$+ @. C. D1<<<E. T/e Abi o' E%u 6i&,o%+ !& i&tervie"
(o&,u(te, b$ t/is "riter !t E%u7Obo,oeti+ N,o*"! West )o(!l
@over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te.
UNIT , APPEARANCE: PHYSICAL LOOB AND
2=
COSTUMEFFACIAL MARBS AND
TATTOOSFRECORDS
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 Appe!r!&(e
G.: F!(i!l M!r*s !&, T!ttoos
G.G F!(i!l M!r*s !&, T!ttoos+ !&, t/eir Co%%u&i(!tio&
Fu&(tio&
G.2 Re(or,s+ T/eir C/!r!(teristi(s !&, W/ere T/e$ Are Fou&,
G.2.1 So%e EB!%ples o' Re(or,s
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& so%e eB!%ples o' !ppe!r!&(e Dp/$si(!l loo*+
(ostu%e+ '!(i!l %!r*s !&, t!ttoosI !&, re(or,sE !s visu!l (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&. It eB!%i&es t/e (o&(ept o' !ppe!r!&(e+ prese&ts so%e
eB!%ples !&, /i/li/ts t/eir (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s. Furt/er%ore+ it
eB!%i&es re(or,s !s ! (!teor$ o' visu!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio&.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
,is(uss !ppe!r!&(e !s ! roup o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss p/$si(!l !ppe!r!&(e !&, (ostu%e ,r!"i& 'ro% t/eir (ultures
!&, (o%%u&ities
,is(uss trib!l %!r*s !&, t!ttoos !s eB!%ples o' !ppe!r!&(e+ ! roup
o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss trib!l %!r*s !&, t!ttoos ,r!"i& 'ro% t/eir (ultures !&,
(o%%u&ities
,e'i&e re(or,s
list so%e eB!%ples o' re(or,s !s ! %o,e o' visu!l (/!&&el o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,r!"i& 'ro% t/eir (ultures
list "/ere re(or,s !re 'ou&, i& t/eir (ultures.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
2>
/.1 A33#)r)n#
Appe!r!&(e (o%%u&i(!tes. It %i/t (o%%u&i(!te M!bout et/&i( orii&
!&, to so%e eBte&t ,ispositio& !&, !ttitu,e to li'eN DA*p!bio+ :;;G8G<E.
Appe!r!&(e is ,is(usse, 'ro% 'ive !&les Q p/$si(!l+ ,ress p!tter&
D(lot/i& !&, !((essoriesE+ t!ttoos !&, trib!l %!r*s !&, re(or,s i& t/is
u&it. T/ese !re ,is(usse, belo".
So%e EB!%ples !&, t/eir Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s
P-+"!)* A33#)r)n# Q ./$si(!l !ppe!r!&(e is ! %!-or (/!&&el o'
visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!. I& Nieri!+ people "/o !re t!ll+ li/t
s*i&&e, !&, /!ve ! poi&te, &ose (o%%o&l$ i,e&ti'ie, !s Ful!&isI "/ile
t/e s/ort !&, sto(*$ !re %ostl$ sout/ e!ster&ers !&, people 'ro%
C!l!b!r D! (it$ i& Cross Rivers St!te o' Nieri!E !&, so o&. A!i&+ s/ort
people !re s!i, to be !ressive !&, tr$ to !ssert t/e%selves+ "/ile t!ll
people !re %ore !%i!ble+ !((o%%o,!ti& !&, toler!&t DA*p!bio+ :;;GE.
)oo*i& !t A'ri(!+ people 'ro% Co&o espe(i!ll$ t/e pi%ies !re e!s$ to
i,e&ti'$ %!i&l$ b$ t/eir p/$si(!l loo*+ "/ile @/!&!i!& !re %ostl$ ver$
,!r* i& (o%pleBio&.
Co"tu$# DC*ot-!n2E Q Clot/es (o%%u&i(!te (l!ss+ so(i!l roupi&+
!sso(i!tio&s+ !e+ pro'essio& !&, ot/er ,e%or!p/i( v!ri!bles. I& A'ri(!+
it is e!s$ to i,e&ti'$ ! perso& 'ro% t/e *i&, o' (lot/ t/e perso& is putti&
o&. A!i& i& Nieri!+ velvet %!teri!l DA*"!7O(/eE is !sso(i!te, "it/
t/e sout/7sout/ !&, sout/7e!st eor!p/i(!l #o&esI pl!i& @eore
"r!pper "it/ t/e people 'ro% Rivers !&, 4!$els! St!tesI @eore
Wr!pper+ espe(i!ll$ Intorica !&, Su(ermint D%!i&l$ use, 'or o((!sio&sE
br!&,s !re (o%%o& !%o& Delt! St!te peopleI An2ara D0oll!&,!is
Dut(/ "!BE "it/ people 'ro% t/e Delt! !&, E,o St!tes+ Sout/ E!ster&
!&, Nort/er& Nieri!. 0o"ever+ t/e si&le $!r,s v!ri!&t o' 0oll!&,is
An2ara is %ore (o%%o& "it/ Delt! St!te "o%e&+ "/ile t/e ,ouble
$!r,s !re %ore (o%%o& "it/ t/e ot/er p!rts %e&tio&e,. )!(e %!teri!ls
o' v!rious br!&,s+ 1u!lit$ !&, (olours !re %ore (o%%o&l$ use, i&
Wester& Nieri!.
Furt/er%ore+ t/e "!$ it is se"& D,esi&e,E !&, tie, (o%%u&i(!tes. T/e
Itse2iri people o' Delt! St!te tie t/e bi "r!pper u&,er&e!t/ !&, t/e
s%!ll o&e o& top. I3o "o%e& %!*e ! blouse !&, t"o "r!ppers !&,
!%o& t/e I3os+ ! %!rrie, "o%!& ties /er "r!pper 'ull le&t/+ "/ile t/e
u&%!rrie, ! little !bove t/e *&ee. 0!us! "o%e& se" ! top !&, s*irt/top
!&, "r!pper plus ! /e!, tieI E,o "o%!& 3u3a !&, "r!pperI !&, ! Delt!
St!te "o%!& t"o "r!ppers !&, ! %!t(/i& top (o%%o&l$ %!,e o' !
,i''ere&t '!bri(. Bu3a !&, So2oto=Bu3a !&, "r!pper D%!,e o' aso9o2e"
3rocade" lace" an2ara or other fa3rics< 'or 4oru3a %e& !&, "o%e&
2<
respe(tivel$I !&, Ba3aringa and >aftan? !&, dansi2i !re !lso !sso(i!te,
"it/ t/e ;ausa=/ulanis.
Babanriga (Hausa): Cha2wara Db$ 6!,u&! St!te peopleEI !&, Ag3ada
@4oru3a< A !& over 'lo"i& o"& is "or& b$ bot/ 0!us! Ful!&i !&,
Yorub! %e&. It is "or& over >afatan !&, trouser+ !&, Bu3a !&, So2oto
b$ ;ausa /ulani !&, 4oru3a %e& respe(tivel$. As ! result o'
!((ultur!tio&+ %e& 'ro% ot/er Nieri!& (ultures "e!r it. 0o"ever+ t/e
"!$ it is use, !&, t/e p/$si1ue o' t/e %!& "e!ri& t/e (lot/es "ill
(o%%u&i(!te t/e perso&Cs !re! o' orii&.
Adire )nd am!ala !re (o%%o&l$ %!,e !&, "or& b$ t/e %g3as D!
4oru3a sub7et/&i( roupE. Co%%o&l$ "o%e& %!*e Bou3ou D! 'ree lo&
'lo"i& o"&E "it/ it. 0o"ever+ !s ! result o' !((ultur!tio&+ it is &o"
"or& b$ ot/er et/&i( &!tio&!lities i& Nieri!.
T/e 4oru3as !re !lso *&o"& to "e!r l!(e %!teri!ls %ore t/!& ot/er
et/&i( &!tio&!lities i& Nieri!. Tr!,itio&!ll$+ t/e$ !re se"& i& 'or% o'
Bu3a !&, wra((er 'or t/e "o%e&? and Bu3a !&, So2oto 'or %e&.
A!i&+ ! %!& "/o ties "r!pper+ "it/ ! top+ (!p+ !&, "!l*i& sti(* is
&or%!ll$ 'ro% Delt! St!te DUr/obo+ Iso*o !&, Itse*iri E o' Nieri!.
C/ie's 'ro% t/e U*"u!&i Spe!*i& !re! o' Delt! St!te+ Nieri! !lso
,ress i& t/e s!%e "!$.
@/!&!i!&s !re ver$ ,!r* !&, t/eir %!i& (ultur!l (lot/ is 2ente ! "ove&
%!teri!l. >ente is "or& %!i&l$ b$ @/!&!i!&s. 0e&(e !&$ ,!r* s*i&&e,
perso& "e!ri& >ente (oul, e!sil$ be i,e&ti'ie, !s ! @/!&!i!&.
Co"tu$# DA#""or!#"E: A((essories !re (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i&
A'ri(! !s v!rious !((essories su(/ !s &e(*/"rist/ !&, "!ist be!,s tell
!bout pl!(es o' orii&+ s/o" ro$!l st!tus/title i& t/e so(iet$+ et/i(
&!tio&!lit$ !&, o((!sio& !%o&st ot/ers. T/e$ !re "or& to (o%ple%e&t
(lot/i& !&, e&/!&(e be!ut$ !&, ,i&it$.
T/e t$pe o' ,ress "or& b$ !& ol, %!& or "o%!&+ "/et/er !,or&e, "it/
be!,s or &ot+ s/o"s t/!t /e or s/e is ! (/ie' or &ot. 4e!,s !&, i& so%e
(!ses+ (!ps ,isti&uis/ ! (/ie' "/ile t/e %!& "it/ t/e (ro"& %ust be t/e
*i& DO"e##$+ 1<<<E. I& Nieri! 'or i&st!&(e+ be!,s D! (olle(tio& o'
(l!$ %oul,e, !&, re'i&e, to bri& out t/e ,esire, (olours O%ostl$
bro"&is/ !&, T!"&$ re,PE (o%%o&l$ "or& b$ (/ie's+ ro$!l '!%ilies !&,
!lso ,uri& buri!ls+ (/riste&i&+ (/ie't!i&($ i&st!ll!tio&s !%o&st ot/ers.
I& Yorub! l!&,+ 'irst ,!u/ters !&, 'irst so&s o' t/e ,e!, "e!r be!,s o&
t/e &e(* !&, "rists ,uri& buri!ls. Also+ ,uri& 'estiv!ls !&, %!rri!e
(ere%o&ies+ "o%e& 'ro% Yorub! l!&,+ E,o !&, Delt! St!tes "e!r
%!i&l$ re, (oloure, be!,s o& t/eir &e(*s+ "rists !&, lesI use t/e% !s
e!rri&sI !&, !lso use t/e% to ,e(or!te t/eir /!irs. Si%il!rl$+ i& &ort/er&
Nieri!+ (o"ries+ s/ells 'ro% t/e se!+ !&, ot/er le!t/er %!,e !((essories
5;
!re use, li*e be!,s.
Nort/er& "o%e& !re *&o"& to "e!r ! lot o' ol, &e(*l!(e+ e!r ri&s+
"rist "!t(/es !&, b!&les. As!b! DDelt! St!te (!pit!lE $ou& irls !re
%!,e to "e!r "/ite be!,s o& t/eir "!ist to si&i'$ t/eir viri&it$. 0e!,
ties popul!rl$ *&o"& !s gele is %e!&t 'or o((!sio& !&, "/e& oi& to
(/ur(/. Sout/er& Nieri!& "o%e& (o%%o&l$ tie gele %!,e o' v!rious
%!teri!ls DAso9o2e O%!i&l$ b$ 4oru3a "o%e&P+ D!%!s*+ !&, ot/er
br!&,s 'ro% S"it#erl!&, !&, ot/er (ou&triesE 'or v!rious o((!sio&s. T/e
A3eti9aBa D,o e!r7s/!pe, (!pE is ! Yorub! !((essor$ !&, !&$ %!&
"e!ri& it+ is %ore o'te& t/!& &ot ! Yorub! %!&. It is "or& %ostl$ b$
"!rriors i& Yorub! l!&, !&, %!,e o' "oolle& (lot/. T/e 0!us!s D>aura
sub9et/&i( &!tio&!lit$E "e!r it !s "ell. @e&er!ll$ t/e Yorub! %!& "e!rs
/is (!p !&, be&,s it to t/e le't+ "/i(/ is re'erre, to !s g3enusoun" but
t/e 0!us! %!& "e!rs /is (!p !&, s/!pes it i&to ! (ir(ul!r 'or% D%ost
0!us! (!ps !re !lre!,$ '!s/io&e, to be (ir(ul!rE+ "/ile t/e I-!" %!&
"e!rs 4o"ler /!t. 0!us! "o%e& "/o !re pre,o%i&!&tl$ Musli%s
e&er!ll$ "e!r veil+ "/ile t/e Yorub! Musli% "o%e& !&, ot/er
Nieri!& Musli%s "o%e& !lso "e!r veils. It s/oul, be &ote, t/!t so%e
Nieri! "o%e& "/o !re &ot Musli%s !lso "e!r it 'or '!s/io& or to
i,e&ti'$ "it/ t/e Musli% "o%e&. Tuee&s i& Yorub! l!&, pl!it t/eir /!ir
Su2u !&, ,e(or!te "it/ be!,s. Also+ Ful!&i "o%e& "e!r ple&t$ o'
e!rri&s o& t/eir e!rs !&, &osesI "/ile Ful!&i (!ttle re!rers "e!r r!''i!
/!ts+ (!rr$ "!ter bottles !&, st!''s.
Cro"& %!,e o' %et!l !&, be!,s !re s$%bol o' *i&s/ip !&, "or& b$ t/e
ro$!l '!%ilies i& v!rious Nieri!& et/&i( roups.
/., F)!)* M)r6" )nd T)ttoo"
Alt/ou/ it see%s Wilso& D1<<>E (l!ssi'i(!tio& prese&te, '!(i!l %!r*s
!&, t!ttoos !s (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& u&,er s$%bolor!p/$+ t/is
!ut/or believes t/e$ s/oul, be tre!te, !s (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio&
u&,er visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& be(!use o' t/e t/e%!ti( li&*!es.
/./ F)!)* M)r6" )nd T)ttoo"< )nd t-#!r Co$$un!)t!on
Funt!on
F)!)* M)r6" 7 T/e use o' '!(i!l %!r* !s ! (/!&&el o' (o%%u&i(!tio& is
!& !e lo& pr!(ti(e !&, (o%%o& !%o& A'ri(!&s. Su(/ %!r*s !re
usu!ll$ o& t/e '!(e !&, !re use, !s ! %e!&s o' i,e&ti'i(!tio&+ p!rti(ul!rl$
,uri& t/e perio,s o' i&ter trib!l "!rs !&, sl!ve tr!,e. T/e %!r*s !re
so%eti%es !sso(i!te, "it/ !est/eti(s+ ! (o&(ept t/!t v!ries 'ro% tribe to
tribe.
A((or,i& to Doob D1<338>GE+ '!(i!l %!r*s !&, s(!rs (o%%u&i(!te
perso&!l s!tis'!(tio&+ !(/ieve%e&ts+ st!tus+ or r!&*s !&, br!ver$. It is
51
!lso %e!&t 'or perso&!l r!ti'i(!tio&. To so%e people it !(tu!ll$
r!ti'ies+ but so%e people "/o "ere ive& '!(i!l %!r*s+ espe(i!ll$ o&
t/e '!(e "/e& t/e$ "ere $ou&+ ro" be!r,s to (over t/e% up 'or
v!rious re!so&s su(/ !s to /i,e t/eir i,e&tit$ or be(!use t/e$ ,o &ot li*e
t/e %!r*s.
I& Nieri!+ '!(i!l %!r*s (o%%o&l$ reve!l peopleCs et/&i( roups i.e. "e
(!& tell 'ro% "/ere ! perso& (o%es 'ro% b$ loo*i& !t t/e '!(i!l %!r*s.
T/e Iso2os and ,rho3os /!ve s/ort /ori#o&t!l %!r*s o& t/e (/ee*I I3os"
s/ort verti(!l o& t/e si,es o' t/e 'ore/e!,I I!l!s+ t/ree /ori#o&t!l %!r*s
o& e!(/ si,e o' t/e %out/+ !&, o&e verti(!l o& e!(/ (/ee*I 4oru3as
v!rious ,epe&,i& o& t/e sub7et/&i( roup. Oos ! roup "it/i& t/e
4oru3a roup+ /ori#o&t!l MtierN %!r*s &or%!ll$ 'our to 'ive ,epe&,i&
o& t/e sub7et/&i( roup.
T)ttoo" - T!ttoos !re ,esi&s pri&te, o& peopleCs '!(es+ /!&,s+ bo,$ !&,
!t (!lves. T/e$ !re pri&te, 'or (ert!i& re!so&s !&, e!s$ i,e&ti'i(!tio&s.
So%e !re trib!l+ 'or '!&($ or !est/eti( i&terests !&, to i,e&ti'$ e!sil$ !&,
sile&tl$ !risto(r!ts !&, ot/er (!stes i&(lu,i& sl!ves DO"e##$+ 1<<<
!&, A*p!bio+ :;;GE.
O"e##$ D1<<<E st!te, t/!t t/e pr!(ti(e is be(o%i& ,ist!ste'ul 'or t/e
ob&oBious %ess!es or i&'or%!tio& it ives o' so%e sets o' people. T/e
/!bit is '!st ,$i& !"!$ eB(ept t/e !spe(ts t/!t rel!te to t/e et/&i(is%
!&, !est/eti( i&terests. Soo&er or l!ter+ it "ill be(o%e ! t/i& o' t/e p!st
'or t/e p!i&s it ives people %or!ll$+ so(i!ll$ !&, p/$si(!ll$. T/is
"riter ,oes &ot ,is(ou&t t/is but (urre&tl$+ t!ttoos !re i& voue !&,
$ou& bo$s !&, irls bot/ i& t/e ,evelope, !&, ,evelopi& (ou&tries !re
/!vi& t!ttoos o& t/eir bo,ies.
/.1 R#ord"< T-#!r C-)r)t#r!"t!" )nd 7-#r# T-#+ Ar#
Found
Re(or,s !re !sse%bl!e o' publi( i&'or%!tio&+ "/i(/ !re /i/l$
i&'or%!tive+ re%i&,i& !&, e''e(tive DO"e##$+ 1<<<E. Re(or,s ,o &ot
/!ve to be o&l$ "ritte& o& p!per. So%e eB!%ples o' re(or,s 'ro%
outsi,es A'ri(! !re t/e Sout/ Asi!& tre!ties o& A&i%!l %!&!e%e&t
"ritte& o& p!l% le!vesI !&(ie&t s(ripts o& 3ail an le!ves preserve, i&
T/!i 4u,,/ist te%ples+ !&, si%il!r le!ves (o&t!i&i& re(or,s o' l!&,
o"&ers/ip !&, t!B obli!tio&s i& 4!li. EB!%ples o' re(or,s !re ver$
(o%%o& !%o& t/e 4i&is i.e people 'ro% E,o St!te+ Nieri!
Re(or,s 'or%!l or i&'or%!l !re 'ou&, i& %useu%s+ vill!e (e&tres+
p!l!(es !&, /o%es !re ot/er visu!l 'or%s o' i&,ie&ous (o%%u&i(!tio&.
.er/!ps ! stu,$ o' i&,ie&ous libr!ri!&s/ip "oul, reve!l %!&$
eB!%ples o' su(/ i& A'ri(!.
/.1.1 So$# E5)$3*#" o. R#ord"
5:
)o(!l eB!%ples o' re(or,s !re 'ou&, i& lo(!l "or*s o' !rt su(/ !s
p!i&ti&s+ s(ulpture+ eB(!v!tio&s+ !&, !rt pie(es. So%e eB!%ples !re8
Writte& "or*s
C!rve,
.!i&te,
S(ulptor
EB(!v!tio&s
1.= CONCLUSION
Appe!r!&(e !s ! (/!&&el o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio& "!s eBte&sivel$
,is(usse, ,r!"i& 'ro% (lot/i& !&, !((essories. Clot/i& !&,
!((essories !re (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(! !s t/e$ reve!l !
perso&Cs pl!(e o' orii& !&, (o&ve$s ot/er %ess!es. As ,is(usse,
!bove+ t/ere !re ,i''ere&t %o,es o' ,ressi& i& A'ri(! !&, Nieri!
p!rti(ul!rl$. Ba3aringa" 2aftan !&, (!p si&i'$ t/!t ! perso& is ! 0!us!
Ful!&iI Bu3a+ So2oto !&, (!p+ Yorub!I s/irt !(ross or o& top o' t/e *&ee+
trouser !&, ! re, (!p+ Ibo Dt/e re, (!p is s$&o&$%ous "it/ t/e (/ie'sEI
!&, @eore Wr!pper+ be!, !&, &e(*l!(es+ (o%%o& "it/ sout/7sout/
"o%e& i& Nieri! !%o&st ot/ers.
It (o&(lu,es t/!t p/$si(!l !ppe!r!&(es o' people (o%%u&i(!te
so%et/i& !bout t/e%. T/e$ %!$ tell us !bout t/eir !re!s o' orii& !&,
te%per!%e&t. Alt/ou/ t/e !spe(ts o' !re!s o' orii& !&, te%per!%e&t
!re (o&test!ble be(!use Nieri!& people "e!r (lot/es !(ross (ulture !&,
it %i/t &ot !l"!$s be true t/!t s/ort people !re !ssertive !&,
te%per!%e&t!l+ but '!(i!l %!r*s e&er!ll$ reve!l ! lot !bout people.
A!i&+ '!(i!l %!r*s !&, t!ttoos "ere ,is(usse, !s (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!. F!(i!l %!r*s !&, t!ttoos !re %e!&s o'
i,e&ti'i(!tio& !s t/e$ reve!l ! perso&Cs pl!(e o' orii&. T/e$ !re !lso 'or
!est/eti(s purpose.
T/is u&it !lso (o&(lu,es t/!t re(or,s i& "/!tever 'or% (!rve,+ p!i&te,+
%oul,e,+ %e%orise, !&, ,u up (o%%u&i(!te.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it 'o(use, o& p/$si(!l !ppe!r!&(e !&, (ostu%e. It ,re" 'ro%
v!rious Nieri! (ultures !&, /i/li/te, t/e %ess!es t/e$
(o%%u&i(!te. It !lso ,is(usse, '!(i!l %!r*s !&, t!ttoos+ ! roup o'
visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. It prese&te, !&, ,is(usse, so%e eB!%ples !&,
/i/li/te, t/eir (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s.
T/is u&it !lso ,is(usse, re(or,s !s ! t$pe o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. It
eBplore, t/e (o&(ept o' re(or,s+ liste, so%e eB!%ples+ pl!(es "/ere
5G
t/e$ (!& be 'ou&, !&, /i/li/te, t/eir (/!r!(teristi(s.
1. W/!t is (ostu%eL
:. Dr!" ! '!(i!l %!r* !&, eBpl!i& "/!t it st!&,s 'or.
G. )ist t/ree pl!(es "/ere re(or,s !re 'ou&,
1. Dr!"i& 'ro% $our (o%%u&it$+ ,is(uss (lot/i& !s !& eB!%ple
o' visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&.
:. Dis(uss '!(i!l %!r*s !&, t!ttoos ,r!"i& 'ro% $ou (ulture.
G. De'i&e re(or,s.
2. )ist 'ive eB!%ples o' re(or,s.
A*p!bio+ E. D:;;GE. African Communication Sstems: An Introductor
Doob+ )eor&!r, W. D1<33E. Communication in Africa: A search for
Boundaries Ne" 0!ve&+ Co&&e(ti(ut8 Y!le U&iversit$ .ress.
MODULE 1 ICONOGRAPHIC CHANNELS
52
U&it 1 I(o&or!p/i( C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio&8 Ob-e(ti'ie,+
Flor!l+ .l!&ts !&, Crops
U&it : I,iop/o&es
U&it 5 Aerop/o&es
UNIT 1 ICONOGRAPHIC CHANNELS OF
COMMUNICATION: O>?ECTIFIED< FLORAL<
PLANTS AND CROPS
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 I(o&or!p/i( Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.1.1 T$pes o' I(o&or!p/i( Co%%u&i(!tio& !&,
EB!%ples
G.1.: I(o&or!p/i( Co%%u&i(!tio& Devi(es !&, T/eir
G.: W/!t is ob-e(ti'ie, i& Co%%u&i(!tio&L
G.:.1 EB!%ples o' Ob-e(ti'ie, !&, T/eir Co%%u&i(!tio&
Fu&(tio&s
G.G Flor!ls+ .l!&ts !&, Crops
G.G.1 Flor!l+ .l!&ts !&, Crops8 So%e EB!%ples !&, t/eir
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& i(o&or!p/i( (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio&+ ! %o,e
o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!. T/e v!rious t$pes "ill be outli&e, !&,
eB!%ples prese&te,.
It eBplores ob-e(ti'ie, !s ! t$pe o' i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&. It
eB!%i&es t/e (o&(epts+ prese&t so%e eB!%ples !&, /i/li/ts t/eir
Furt/er%ore+ it eB!%i&es 'lor!l+ pl!&ts !&, (rops !s i(o&or!p/i(
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es. It !lso /i/li/ts t/eir (o%%u&i(!tio&
'u&(tio&s.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
55
,e'i&e i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&
outli&e t/e v!rious t$pes o' i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' i(o&or!p/i(
(o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss ob-e(ti'ie, !s ! roup o' i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss so%e eB!%ples o' ob-e(ti'ie, ,r!"i& 'ro% t/eir (ultures
!&, (o%%u&ities
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t/e v!rious eB!%ple o'
ob-e(ti'ie,
,is(uss 'lor!ls+ pl!&ts !&, (rops !s ! roup o' i(o&or!p/i(
(o%%u&i(!tio&
,is(uss so%e eB!%ples o' 'lor!ls+ pl!&ts !&, (rops ,r!"i& 'ro%
t/eir (ultures !&, (o%%u&ities
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t/e v!rious eB!%ples o'
'lor!ls+ pl!&ts !&, (rops
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 Iono2r)3-! Co$$un!)t!on
I(o&s !re s$%bols. For i&st!&(e+ $our p/otor!p/ is $our i(o&.
A((or,i& to Doob D1<3383;E+ MI& ! s$%boli( rel!tio&+ t/e %e,iu% is
!ble to suest re!lit$ be(!use+ &ot t/rou/ !&$ &e(ess!r$ or i&/ere&t
(o&&e(tio& but t/rou/ (usto% !&, /!bitu!tio&+ t/e s$%bol !rouses
respo&se ver$ si%il!r to t/ose evo*e, b$ re!lit$ itsel'N. I& so%e p!rts o'
Nieri!+ "/e& people "/o !re livi& !bro!, "!&t to ,o t/eir tr!,itio&!l
%!rri!es !&, (!& &ot (o%e to Nieri! eit/er 'or re!so&s o' (ost+ or
1uestio&!ble tr!vel ,o(u%e&ts or t/eir ,o(u%e&ts !re eBpire, !&, t/e$
%i/t be re'use, e&tr$ "/e& retur&i& to t/e 'orei& (ou&tr$+ t/eir
'!%ilies &or%!ll$+ pl!(e t/e e&l!re, !&, per/!ps 'r!%e, p/otor!p/s
o' t/e bri,e !&, t/e bri,e roo% i& ! str!tei( pl!(e !t t/e ve&ue o' t/e
(ere%o&$ to represe&t t/e (ouple. T/is /!s be(o%e est!blis/e, i& %!&$
p!rts o' Nieri! !&, it is u&,erstoo, b$ %!&$ Nieri!&s.
A*p!bio D:;;G8:3E &ote, t/!t Mi(o&s !re e&er!ll$ re!r,e, !s st!&,i&
'or or represe&ti& so%et/i&NI ,o &ot u&i'or%l$ (o%%u&i(!te t/e s!%e
%ess!eI !&, t/e$ !re (ulture spe(i'i( !s "/!t t/e$ (o%%u&i(!te is
b!se, o& ! so(iet$Cs /istor$+ eBperie&(e !&, (ir(u%st!&(e+ ele%e&ts+
s$%bols !&, i(o&s . T/is %i/t !((ou&t 'or "/$ ! &u%ber o' i(o&s /!ve
bee& i& use to (o%%u&i(!te !&, people ,e(o,e, t/eir %e!&i&s !s result
o' lo& !sso(i!tio& "it/ t/eir use.
/.1.1 T+3#" o. Iono2r)3-! Co$$un!)t!on )nd E5)$3*#"
Wilso& D1<<>E !&, A*p!bio D:;;GE (l!ssi'ie, i(o&or!p/i(
53
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es %!i&l$ i&to t"o roups Q ob-e(ti'ie, !&, 'lor!l.
T/is !ut/or is o' t/e vie" t/!t 'lor!l is too &!rro" !&, t/!t sub7
(l!ssi'i(!tio& s/oul, be eBp!&,e, to i&(lu,e pl!&ts !&, (rops.
!E Ob-e(ti'ie, Q eB!%ples
C/!r(o!l Dtre!te, !s bl!(* (olour u&,er visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&E
W/ite ,ove
6ol!7&ut
Co"t!il
W/ite (l!$ Dtre!te, u&,er &!tive (/!l*. See visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&E
E
Fe!t/er
C!%7"oo, Dtre!te, !s re, (olour u&,er visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&E
C!l!b!s/
4e!,s Dtre!te, !s !((essories u&,er visu!l (o%%u&i(!tio&E
)i%b bo&es
Dri&*i& our,s
Fl!
0o"ever+ t/is !ut/or is o' t/e vie" t/!t (/!r(o!l+ "/i(/ ,epi(ts bl!(*
(olourI "/ite (l!$+ "/ite (olour !&, (!%7"oo,+ re, (olour be u&,er
(oloursI "/ile be!,s be ,is(usse, u&,er p/$si(!l D(lot/es !&,
!((essoriesE. So+ 'or our ,is(ussio&+ t/e positio& o' t/is !ut/or "!s
!,opte,.

bE Flor!l Q eB!%ples
You& u&ope&e, p!l% 'ro&,
O2ono tree+ Nsei" Nama" Mimosa @T/ese !re 'ou&, i& A*"!7Ibo%
!&, Cross Rivers St!tes o' Nieri!E
.l!&t!i& ste%s.
/.1., Iono2r)3-! Co$$un!)t!on D#'!#" )nd T-#!r
Ever$ roup o' people i& A'ri(! /!s i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&
,evi(es t/!t !re pe(uli!r to t/eir setti& t/!t per'or% ,i''ere&t
(o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s. Su(/ ,evi(es %!$ be tot!ll$ ,i''ere&t 'ro%
t/ose use, b$ ot/er people or t/e$ /!ve spe(i!l %e!&i&s !s use, b$
people i& ot/er (ultures. So+ i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es !re
ite%s t/!t tr!&s%it %ess!es to t/e t!ret !u,ie&(e. Esse&ti!ll$+
i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es !re p!rt o' ite%s use, 'or
(o%%u&i(!tio& i& tr!,itio&!l A'ri(!& so(iet$.
5=
Alt/ou/ i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio& /!s bee& ,e'i&e,+ it is esse&ti!l
to e%p/!sise t/eir (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s. All i(o&or!p/i(
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es e%plo$e, i& tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& /!ve v!rious 'u&(tio&s. A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28>>E
MM!r*s o& trees or r!sses !&, le!ves tie, i& (ert!i& "!$s !re !lso use,
to se&, %ess!es. OAlsoP 'or i&st!&(e+ !%o& t/e Iso*os o' Delt! St!te
o' Nieri!+ (utti& pl!&t!i& ste%s !&, pl!&ti& t/e% upsi,e ,o"&
si&i'ies t/e ,e(l!r!tio& o' "!r b$ o&e (o%%u&it$ o& !&ot/er.N Also
A*p!bio D:;;G8:37:=E st!te, t/!t8
To s/o" t/!t ! visitor is "el(o%e,+ ,ri&*i& "!ter is prese&te, 'irst
spe(i'i(!ll$ 'or people i& t/e &ort/er& p!rt o' Nieri!. A%o& t/e Ibos+
it is t/e prese&t!tio& o' *ol!&ut t/!t represe&ts t/is se&ti%e&t. W/ite
e+ "/ite /e7o!t+ "/ite (lot/es ,epe&,i& o& t/e (ulture represe&t
ritu!l ob-e(ts or (o&&e(tio& "it/ t/e o((ult. Fe!t/ers !re use, i&
(oro&!tio& !s "ell !s to i&,i(!te title, (/ie's. Co"ries !&, *ol!&uts !re
use, i& ,ivi&!tio& to ,eter%i&e t/e "ill o' ,eities. Alli!tor pepper
i&,i(!tes lo& l!sti& rel!tio&s/ip !s i& %!rri!e.
It is /ope, t/!t !'ter stu,$i& t/is u&it+ $ou "oul, /!ve be(o%e '!%ili!r
"it/ so%e i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es use, i& A'ri(! !&, t/eir
/., 7-)t !" o%&#t!.!#d !n Co$$un!)t!on@
Ob-e(ti'ie, is "/ere p!rt o' !& ob-e(t is use, to (o&ve$ %ess!es. E..
6ol!7&ut+ (!% "oo,+ use, b$ "o%e& "/o !re (ir(u%(ise, or !ve birt/
to ! &e" b!b$ !s (os%eti(s !&, ! %!r* o' ree&er!tio& o' li'eI t/e
pieo&+ !s !& ob-e(t o' pe!(eI t/e o"l !&, vulture+ ob-e(ts o' b!, o%e&.
Ot/ers !re (o"ries+ 'e!t/ers+ !&, 'l! !%o& ot/ers+ "/i(/ !lso /!ve
%e!&i&s i& peopleCs %i&,s. T/e ,evi(es i& t/is roup !re e&,less. So+
,r!"i& %!i&l$ 'ro% t/e U*"u!&i Spe!*i& people o' N,o*"! West
)o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ so%e eB!%ples o' ob-e(ti'ie,
!re ,is(usse, belo" to e&/!&(e our u&,erst!&,i& o' t/is roup o'
i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es.
/.,.1 E5)$3*#" o. O%&#t!.!#d )nd t-#!r Co$$un!)t!on
Funt!on"
F#)t-#r" ("bubaE: T/e use o' 'e!t/ers 'or v!rious purposes !re
(o%%o& %ore "it/ people o' Sout/7E!ster& Nieri! !&, Nier Delt!
Are!s "it/ so%e spill over i& E,o st!te+ Nieri!. A((or,i& to A*p!bio
D:;;G8:=E 'e!t/ers !re use, i& (oro&!tio& !s "ell !s to i&,i(!te title,
(/ie'. 0e /o"ever+ ,i, &ot st!te t/e p!rt o' Nieri! "/ere 'e!t/ers
si&i'$ (oro&!tio& or title. Fe!t/ers t/ou/ %!$ be s%!ll !&, li/t+ t/e$
(!rr$ re!t i%pressio& !bout people "/o put t/e% o&. 0o"ever+ o&l$
5>
'e" 'e!t/ers %erit spe(i!l re!r,s "/ile ot/ers -oi& i& %!ss !,or&%e&ts
o' %!s1uer!,es+ s/ri&es !&, ,e(or!tio&s. T/e 'e" t/!t !re i& ! (l!ss o'
t/eir o"& !re e!le+ p!rrot t!il !&, (o(*Cs t!il (ro"& 'e!t/ers.
E)2*# F#)t-#r D"buba#Ugo): E!le 'e!t/ers !re t/e 'e!t/ers %!i&l$
'ro% t/e t"o "i&s o' e!les. T/e$ !re usu!ll$ "/ite. 0o"ever+ so%e
s%!ll bl!(* e&,s li&er o& %ost o' t/e%. T/e$ !re ver$ bol, !&, prou,
o& peopleCs /e!,s. T/e$ !re !lso ver$ elo1ue&t !bout t/e perso&!lit$ o'
t/e people "/o plu t/e% o& t/eir /e!,s or /!ts !s (ro"&s DO"e##$+
1<<<E.
Or,i&!ril$ t/e$ !ttr!(t ,i&it$ o' t/eir o"& !&, o& t/e people "/o !,or&
t/eir /!ts or (!ps "it/ t/e%. T/e 'e!t/ers o& %e& elo1ue&tl$ ,e(l!re !&,
i&'or% t/e publi( t/!t t/e perso&s putti& t/e% o& /!ve %!,e so%e
re%!r*!ble !(/ieve%e&ts eit/er !s /eroes !t "!rs or i&trepi, /u&ters !&,
/!ve per'or%e, !(ts o' br!ver$. T/e$ e!sil$ /elp to i,e&ti'$ !risto(r!ts
'ro% ser's DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
P)rrot F#)t-#r D"fele#U$he): T/is is t/e (o&te&t o' t/e re, bu&(/ o'
'e!t/ers !t t/e t!il o' t/e p!rrot Q t/e o&l$ bir, t/!t /!s t/!t pe(uli!r
plu%!e. Ap!rt 'ro% putti& it o& !s ,e(or!tio& or !s be!uti'i(!tio&+ t/e
'e!t/er o& ! perso& tells t/!t t/e perso& /!s !est/eti( v!lue or love 'or
be!ut$ !&, so%eti%es %o,est$. It tells t/!t t/e user is (!re'ul+ &e!t+
%or!ll$ !&, so(i!ll$ /o&our!ble !$ !&, popul!r. For ot/ers "/o ,o &ot
belo& to t/e !bove roups+ t/e 'e!t/er subtl$ ,e(l!res t/e% 'etis/
"ors/ippers DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
Co6G" T)!* Cro0n F#)t-#r" D%!i!i): ro" o& t/e t!ils o' %!ture
,o%esti( bir,s e.. (o(*s !&, pe!7(o(*. T/e (ro"& 'e!t/ers pi&&e, o&
(o"r$ (o&es !re (!rrie, b$ p!es o' ! (ir(u%(ise, l!,$ o& outi& ,!$s
,uri& 'estiv!ls. Furt/er%ore+ $out/s o' bot/ seBes pi& o& (ro"&
'e!t/ers o& t/eir /e!,s "/e& i& ,!&(i& s/o"s p!rti(ul!rl$ ,uri&
'estiv!ls !&, o((!sio&!l e&tert!i&%e&ts. O' (ourse+ /erb!lists !,or& t/eir
s/ri&es !&, i,ols "it/ 'e!t/er !&, (ro"& 'e!t/ers l!vis/l$ DO"e##$+
1<<<E.
T/e (ro"& 'e!t/er subtl$ i&'or%s l!,ies u&,er %e&+ or $out/s "/o !re
so(i!l lovers o' be!ut$ !&, eB(elle&(e.
P#)o6 F#)t-#r: Represe&ts t/e i&stitutio& o' *i&s/ip DA*p!bio8
:;;GE.
>!rd": .ieo& !&, ,ove si&i'$ pe!(eI t/e o"l !&, vulture+ !re ob-e(ts
o' b!, o%e&.
Bo*)-nut" )nd Co0r!#": T/e tri!&le o' *ol!7&ut s/o"s t/!t it is
5<
pro,u(e, %!i&l$ i& Wester& Nieri!+ Co&su%e, %ore i& Nort/er&
Nieri! !&, respe(te, %ore i& e!ster& Nieri!. 6ol!7&ut i& Ibo l!&,
si&i'ies "el(o%e to ! visitor. T/is %i/t !((ou&t 'or "/$ t/e Ibos s!$8
M0e "/o bri&s *ol!7&ut+ bri&s li'eN. Also (o"ries !&, *ol!7&uts !re
use, i& ,ivi&!tio& to ,eter%i&e t/e "ill o' ,eities DA*p!bio8
:;;G8:37:=E.
F*)2: A re,+ "/ite !&, re,+ "/ite+ re, !&, bl!(* 'l! !t so%e poi&ts i&
so%e Nieri! (o%%u&ities si&i'$ ! s/ri&e !&, or t/e prese&(e o' !
tr!,itio&!l priest.
R)!n%o0: Si&i'ies t/!t &o o&e s/oul, visit t/e stre!% DA*p!bio8 :;;GE
S-oot!n2 St)r: 0er!l,s t/e ,e!t/ o' !& i%port!&t i&,ivi,u!l DA*p!bio8
:;;GE.
>roo$: Coul, (o%%u&i(!te 1u!rrel !&, settle%e&t DA*p!bio8 :;;GE.
A**!2)tor P#33#r: Si&i'ies lo& l!sti& rel!tio&s/ips !s use, i&
tr!,itio&!l %!rri!e i& Nieri! DA*p!bio8 :;;GE.
7-!t# #22< 7-!t# -#-2o)t< )nd 7-!t# *ot-: I& %ost Nieri!& (ultures
t/ese ob-e(ts represe&t ritu!ls or (o&&e(tio& "it/ o((ult DA*p!bio8
:;;GE.
Dr!n6!n2 7)t#r: I& &ort/er& Nieri!+ prese&t!tio& o' ,ri&*i& "!ter to
! visitor si&i'ies t/!t t/e visitor is "el(o%e, DA*p!bio8 :;;GE.
St).." DCo0 T)!*< M#t)**! St)..< H)nd F)n )nd Hor"# T)!*E: T/ese
(o%%u&i(!te (/ie't!i&($ r!&*s !&, titles. T/ose "/o (!rr$ %et!lli(
st!''s !re "!r lor,s or t/e vill!e "!rriors. T/ose "/o /ol, t/e l!re
/!&, '!& !re !&ot/er set o' "!rriors !&, t/e (/ie' (ouriers "/ile t/e
/orse7t!il be!rers !re t/e el,ers. T/e %ere si/t o' !&$ o' t/ese eB!%ples
(o%%u&i(!tes t/eir st!tus !&, r!&* DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
/./ F*or)*"< P*)nt" )nd Cro3"
Flor!l+ pl!&ts !&, (rop !s use, i& t/is stu,$ is re'erri& to ,e(or!tio&
"it/ 'lo"er+ (ultiv!ti& pl!&ts !&, t/e ,ispl!$ o' trees+ s/rubs !&,
r!sses 'or t/e purpose o' ,isse%i&!ti& i&'or%!tio&. Dr!"i& 'ro% t/e
U*"u!&i Spe!*i& people o' N,o*"! West )o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o'
Delt! St!te+ so%e eB!%ples o' 'lor!l+ pl!&ts !&, (rops !re ,is(usse,
belo" to e&/!&(e our u&,erst!&,i& o' t/is roup o' i(o&or!p/i(
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es.
/./.1 F*or)*< P*)nt" )nd Cro3": So$# E5)$3*#" )nd t-#!r
3;
S-ru%": Ot/er si&s !re "/e& br!&(/es o' 'res/ s/rubs !re ,roppe,
!(ross ! p!t/ or ro!, "/i(/ tells people to !voi, it !&, 'ollo" t/e ope&
o&e 'or se(urit$ re!so&s !&, s!'e !rriv!l !t i&te&,e, ,esti&!tio&. A
s/rub (ut %i,7"!$ !&, stru& ,o"& "it/ ! rope b$ t/e e&tr!&(e to !
ro!, or p!t/ tells t/!t t/ere is ,!&er !/e!, !&, s/oul, be !voi,e, to
es(!pe bei& tr!ppe, or %iss t/e "!$ DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
Gr)""#": It is !lso i&teresti& to *&o" t/!t "/e& st!&,i& r!sses !re
!t/ere, !&, *&otte, o& top s/o"s !rriv!l !t t/e ,esire, ,esti&!tio& !&,
! si& o' spot o' (o&1uest or ! 'e!t. It is %ore (o%%o&l$ use, b$ /u&ters
or 'is/er%e& to tell people s(outi& 'or t/e%+ t/!t t/e$ !re "it/i& t/e
!re! DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
Su6#r P*)nt": I' ! ro"& pl!&t!i& or b!&!&! pl!&t is (ut o'' /i/ !t t/e
top ro"i& e&, !&, pl!&te, "it/ t/e su(*er b!se or e&, tur&e,
up"!r,s+ it is ! (le!r ,e(l!r!tio& o' "!r o& t/e people "/o o"& t/e l!&,
!&, !!i&st t/e people "/o pl!&te, it. 4$ t/is+ it is s!i, t/!t t/e (ut o''
e&, or t!il o' t/e pl!&t!i& is ,u i&to t/e rou&, "it/ t/e roots !&,
su(*er up"!r,.T/e pl!&ter is t/e !ressor. It /!s &o re%e,$+ eB(ept !
ver$ 1ui(* !&, po"er'ul i&terve&tio& is e%plo$e, DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
C)r'#d >)r6 o. Tr##": T/ere !re ot/er s$%bols or %!r*s+ (!rve, !t t/e
b!r* o' trees.

D#"trut!on o. Gro0!n2 Food Cro3": Cutti& o' $!% vi&es !&,
,estru(tio& o' ro"i& 'oo, (rops i& '!r%s !re tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&. T/e !(tio& is (!rrie, out b$ t/e !rieve, p!rt$ to
spe!* out t/!t t/e$ !re o& reve&e !!i&st ! rievous o''e&(e !!i&st
t/e% DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
O''e&(es "/i(/ !ttr!(t t/is t$pe o' !(tio& !re !l"!$s ver$ serious+ su(/
!s %!&sl!u/ter b$ ! 'ello" (iti#e& or rel!tio&. T/e o''e&,i& p!rt$
&ever t!*es ret!li!tor$ !(tio&s+ "/i(/ is t/e o&l$ "!$ t/e$ (!&
,e%o&str!te re%orse 'or t/e i&o%i&$ (o%%itte, b$ t/eir perso& or
rel!tio&.
0o"ever !'ter t/e ,estru(tio&s+ &eoti!tio&s (o%e i& to 'i&, l!sti&
solutio&s. O& !ree%e&t+ i&,e%&ities !re p!i, %!i&l$ i& *i&,. For
%!&sl!u/ter+ t/e !rieve, perso& or p!rt$ is (o%pe&s!te, "it/ i't o'
! irl. It is i&te&,e, or believe, t/!t t/e irl "oul, be!r (/il,re& !&,
i&(re!se t/e '!%il$ o' t/e o&e %ur,ere, t/ereb$ repl!(e t/e ,e!,. T/!t
"oul, re,u(e t/e p!& o' p!i& !&, bri& sol!(e !&, relie' to bot/ p!rties
to restore pe!(e !&, /!r%o&$. At l!st it "oul, be pe!(e !&, /!r%o&$
bet"ee& t/e p!rties (o&(er&e, or !''e(te, DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
P*)nt!n2 Cro3" V#rt!)**+ )*on2 R!d2#": .l!&ti& o' (rops li*e %!i#e
!&,/or (!ss!v! verti(!ll$ !lo& ri,es i& ! '!r% ,e&ote ! bou&,!r$
bet"ee& t"o (o&tiuous/!,-!(e&t '!r%s "/i(/ %!$ eit/er belo& to t"o
31
people.
P)*$ Frond: A /u&ter "/o (!rries ! u& "it/ ! p!l% 'ro&, l!bel (le!rl$
tells t/e vill!ers t/!t /e /!s s/ot ! re!t !&i%!l. Si%il!rl$+ ! %otor
ve/i(le t!e, "it/ p!l% 'ro&, eBpl!i&s to t/e publi( t/!t ! (orpse is i&
t/e ve/i(le.
1.= CONCLUSION
I(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio& !s ! (l!ssi'i(!tio& o' tr!,itio&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& esse&ti!ll$ is !bout t/e use o' i(o&s to suest re!lit$
!&, t/e$ !re (ulture spe(i'i(.
T/e u&it (o&(lu,es t/!t i& A'ri(!+ %e!&i&s !re !tt!(/e, to p!rts o'
ob-e(ts !&, t/!t t/e ,evi(es i& t/e roup !re e&,less.
It !lso (o&(lu,es t/!t i& A'ri(!+ i&'or%!tio& is ,isse%i&!te, t/rou/
,e(or!tio& "it/ 'lo"er+ (ultiv!ti& pl!&ts !&, t/e ,ispl!$ o' trees+ s/rubs
!&, r!sses.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it /!s 'o(use, o& i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&+ "/i(/ b!se, o&
our (l!ssi'i(!tio& !re o' t"o t$pes Q ob-e(ti'ie, !&, 'lor!l+ pl!&ts !&,
(rops. T/eir (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s "ere brou/t to t/e 'ore. It !lso
eBplore, t/e v!rious ,evi(es u&,er t/ese t"o roups.
It eB!%i&e, ob-e(ti'ie,+ ! roup o' i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&+
prese&te, so%e eB!%ples !&, /i/li/te, t/eir (o%%u&i(!tio&
'u&(tio&s.
It eBplore, 'lor!ls+ pl!&ts !&, (rops 7 ! roup o' i(o&or!p/i(
(o%%u&i(!tio&. It prese&te, so%e eB!%ples !&, /i/li/te, t/eir
(o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s !s "ell.
1. )ist t/e t$pes o' i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es ,is(usse,
i& t/is u&it.
:. W/!t is ob-e(ti'ie,L
G. )ist 'ive eB!%ples o' 'lor!l pl!&ts !&, (rops use, 'or
(o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!.
4.= TUTOR MARBED ASSIGNMENT
1. Dr!"i& eB!%ples 'ro% $our (ulture+ list t"o t$pes o'
3:
i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&.
:. Dr!"i& eB!%ples 'ro% $our (ulture+ list 'ive ,evi(es !t le!st
u&,er e!(/ o' t/e t"o t$pes o' i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&.
G. Dr!"i& eB!%ples 'ro% $our (ulture+ ,is(uss t"o t$pes o'
'e!t/er !s (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio&+ /i/li/ti& t/eir
2. Dr!"i& eB!%ples 'ro% $our (ulture+ ,is(uss t"o eB!%ples o'
'lor!l+ pl!&ts !&, (rops use, 'or (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!.
Doob+ )eor&!r, W D1<33E. Communication in Africa: A Search for
Co%%u&i(!tio&.N I& Tos!&"u%i+ F. !&, E*"u!#u+ 0. De,s.E
D1<<2E. Mass Communication: A Basic Text. Ib!,!&8 C!ltop
.ublis/ers.
O"e##$+ @. C. D1<<<E. T/e Abi o' E%u 6i&,o%. A& i&tervie"
Wilso&+ D. D1<<>E. MA T!Bo&o%$ o' Tr!,itio&!l Me,i! i& A'ri(!.NI&
and A((lication. I& A&su76$ere%e/.

6"!si De,E D1<<>E 'ers(ecti&es on Indigenous Communication in
Africa: Theor and A((lication 5ol. : )eo&+ @/!&!8 S(/ool o'
MODULE 5 INSTRUMENTAL CHANNELS
U&it 1 T/e Co&(ept o' I&stru%e&t!l Co%%u&i(!tio&
3G
U&it : I,iop/o&es
U&it 5 Aerop/o&es

UNIT 1 THE CONCEPT OF INSTRUMENTAL
COMMUNICATION
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 W/!t Is I&stru%e&t!l Co%%u&i(!tio&L
G.: T$pes o' I&stru%e&t!l Co%%u&i(!tio& Devi(es !&,
EB!%ples
G.G T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s !&, C/!r!(teristi(s o'
I&stru%e&t!l Co%%u&i(!tio& Devi(es
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio&. Fust !s i&stru%e&ts
!re use, 'or (o%%u&i(!tio& %o,er& so(ieties+ t/e$ /!ve bee& i& use i&
A'ri(! si&(e t/e pri%or,i!l ti%e. So+ ! stu,$ o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&
s$ste%s+ s/oul, t!*e ! loo* !t i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
outli&e t/e v!rious roups o' i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es
list t/e t$pes o' i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es ,r!"i&
eB!%ples 'ro% "/!t obt!i&s i& t/eir (ultures !&, (o%%u&ities
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' v!rious i&stru%e&t!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es liste,.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 7-)t I" In"tru$#nt)* Co$$un!)t!on@
32
I&stru%e&t!l ,evi(es !re p!rt o' ite%s use, 'or (o%%u&i(!tio& i&
tr!,itio&!l A'ri(!& so(iet$. Ib!ere D1<<2E re'ers to it !s t/e /!r,"!re o'
%usi(. Ever$ roup o' people i& A'ri(! /!s i&stru%e&t!l ,evi(es t/!t !re
pe(uli!r to t/eir setti& !&, per'or% ,i''ere&t (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s.
Su(/ i&stru%e&ts %!$ be tot!ll$ ,i''ere&t 'ro% t/ose use, b$ ot/er
people or t/e$ /!ve spe(i!l %e!&i&s !s use, b$ people i& ot/er
(ultures. It is /ope, t/!t !'ter stu,$i& t/is u&it+ $ou "oul, /!ve be(o%e
'!%ili!r "it/ so%e i&stru%e&t!l ,evi(es use, 'or (o%%u&i(!tio& i&
A'ri(!.
/., T+3#" o. In"tru$#nt)* Co$$un!)t!on D#'!#" )nd
E5)$3*#"
S(/oles D1<G>E "riti& o& i&stru%e&t!ls st!te, t/!t i&stru%e&ts (oul, be
e&er!ll$ ,ivi,e, i&to i&stru%e&ts o' ,e'i&ite pit(/ !&, i&stru%e&ts o'
i&,e'i&ite pit(/. I&stru%e&t o' ,e'i&ite pit(/ i&(lu,e *ettle ,ru%+ bells+
(elest!+ B$lop/o&e+ o& et(eter!+ "/ile i&stru%e&t o' i&,e'i&ite pit(/
i&(lu,e si,e ,ru% or s&!re ,ru%+ te&or ,ru%+ b!ss ,ru%+ t!%bouri&e+
($%b!ls+ r!ttle+ !&vil+ et(eter!.
0o"ever+ s(/ol!rs o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s ,ivi,e,
i&stru%e&ts i&to %ore t/!& t"o roups. A((or,i& to A*p!bio D:;;GE+
t/ere !re %!i&l$ t/ree roups o' i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es.
W/!t Wilso& D1<<>E !,,e, to %!*e it 'our Ds$%bolor!p/$E to A*p!bio
D:;;GE is roupe, u&,er i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&8
!E I,iop/o&es 7 eB!%ples
Woo,e& ,ru%
Woo,blo(* DSu(/ !s %2ele" O(onda and ,neh 'ou&, i& Delt! St!te
o' Nieri!E.
Ritu!l r!ttles
4ell
Met!l o& Dsu(/ !s a2an2ang and e2ere 'ou&, i& A*"!7Ibo% !&,
Cross River St!tes o' Nieri!E
R$lop/o&e
0!&, s/!*ers
.ot ,ru%
bE Me%br!&ep/o&es Q eB!%ple
S*i& ,ru%
(E Aerop/o&es Q eB!%ples
W/istle
Deer /or&
35
Ivor$ tus*
Ree, pipe et(.
/./ T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" )nd C-)r)t#r!"t!" o.
In"tru$#nt)* Co$$un!)t!on D#'!#"
Alt/ou/ %u(/ /!s bee& s!i, !bout i&stru%e&t!l s$ste% o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&+ $et it "oul, be esse&ti!l to e%p/!sise t/eir ot/er roles.
All i&stru%e&ts !&, !ppli!&(es e%plo$e, i& tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& !re !l"!$s brie' !&, t!utoloi(!l i& t/eir i&'or%!tio&
,isse%i&!tio&+ or,ers !&, "!r&i&s e.. &o+ &oI $es+ $esI stop+ stopI &ot
&o"+ &ot &o"I (o%e toet/er+ (o%e toet/erI et( DA*p!bio+ :;;GE.
It is !lso use, ,uri& buri!l (ere%o&ies !&, (le!&si& rites. T/ese !re
tre!te, i& ,et!ils i& t/e &eBt 'our (/!pters.
1.= CONCLUSION
T/is u&it (o&(lu,es t/!t i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio& /!s bee& i& use
si&(e t/e pri%or,i!l perio, i& A'ri(!.
5.= SUMMARY
T/e (o&(ept o' i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio& "!s eB!%i&e,+ t$pes+
outli&e,I (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s+ /i/li/te,I !&, (/!r!(teristi(s
,is(usse,.
)ist t/e t$pes o' i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio& ,is(usse, i& t/is u&it.
1. Outli&e t"o t$pes o' i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio&.
:. Dr!"i& 'ro% "/!t obt!i&s i& $our (ulture+ list te& eB!%ples o'
i&stru%e&t!l (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es.
33
.ublis/ers.
S(/oles+ .. A. D1<G>E. The Oxford Com(anion to Music. 1;
t/
E,itio&.)o&,o&8 OB'or, U&iversit$ .ress.
3=
UNIT , IDIOPHONES
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 Woo,e& Dru%s
G.1.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' Woo,e& Dru%s
G.: 4ells
G.:.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' 4ells
G.G @o&s
G.G.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' @o&s
G.2 T/e Woo,blo(* DE&tert!i&%e&t I&stru%e&t!lsE
G.2.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' Woo,blo(*
G.5 R$lop/o&es
G.5.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' R$lop/o&es
G.3 .ot Dru%
G.3.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' .ot Dru%s
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& i,iop/o&es+ ! roup o' i&stru%e&t!l %e,i!.
I,iop/o&es /!ve t/e 1u!lit$ o' pro,u(i& sou&, b$ t/e%selves Dsel'
sou&,i& "!resE. T/e ob-e(ts (oul, be stru(*+ pri(*e,+ pulle, or presse,
"it/ t/e 'oot. E.. o&s o' !ll si#es !&, s/!pes.
A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28<1E i,iop/o&e is ! M?roup o' sel'
sou&,i& i&stru%e&ts "/i(/ pro,u(e sou&, "/e& t/e$ !re stru(*+
s(r!t(/e,+ or s/!*e&. T/e sou&, t/e$ pro,u(e is o' ! ,i''ere&t *i&, 'ro%
t/ose o' ot/er i&stru%e&ts. I& t/is roup !re !ll t/e ,i''ere&t si#es !&,
s/!pes o' o&s+ "oo,blo(*+ "oo,e& ,ru%+ bell r!ttle+ e!rt/e& "!re
,ru%+ !&, ot/er rel!te, i&stru%e&ts.N
,.= O>?ECTIVES
list t/e t$pes o' i,iop/o&es ,r!"i& 'ro% t/eir (ultures
,is(uss t/e t$pes o' i,iop/o&es liste,
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t/e v!rious i,iop/o&es.
3>
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 7ood#n Dru$"
Dru% is t/e ol,est %usi(!l i&stru%e&t. 4u&/!rt D1<<5E ,es(ribe, it is !s
! %e%ber o' t/e per(ussio& '!%il$ "/i(/ (o&sists o' i&stru%e&ts t/!t
!re pl!$e, b$ stri*i& t/e% "it/ t/e /!&,+ sti(*s+ or ot/er ob-e(ts. Su(/
ot/er ob-e(ts %!$ i&(lu,e ! p!ir o' e&ters or brus/es.
Des(ribi& t/e "oo,e& ,ru% A*p!bio D:;;G812E st!te, t/!t8
?t/e "oo,e& ,ru% is %!,e 'ro% tree7tru&*. To e&!ble it pro,u(e
%elli'luous sou&,s+ t/e b!r* is re%ove, !&, !& ope&i& is %!,e !t t/e
top. T/is "!$ "/e& stru(* "it/ ! sti(* it pro,u(es sou&,s. T/e ,ru%s
(o%e i& v!rious si#es !&, s/!pes !&, it /!s v!rious ,esi&!tio&s.
T/e Annangs o' A*"!7Ibo% St!te re'er to t/e "oo,e& ,ru% "it/ t/e
br!ss sou&, !s Aworum? t/e s%!ller o&e "it/ t/e te&or/treble sou&, !s
A2(oro DA*p!bio :;;GE. Furt/er%ore+ A*p!bio D:;;GE (iti& A*p!bot
D1<=5815E st!te, t/!t !%o& t/e I3i3ios+ t/ere !re t/ree %!i& t$pes o'
"oo,e& ,ru%s Q O3odom ,3ong Dro$!l ,ru%E+ O3odom M3reD(o%%o&
,ru% use, b$ %!s1uer!,e roupE+O3odum ,suan %to( or O3odom I2ot
D,ru% 'or %ess!e ,isse%i&!tio&E. 0e /o"ever+ ,i, &ot spe(i'$ t/e
'u&(tio&s o' t/e ro$!l ,ru%.
N"u&eli D1<>GE i& /is stu,$ o' tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i&
Nieri! 'ou&, t/!t t/e Ti&s i& t/e Nort/ Ce&tr!l eo7politi(!l Uo&e o' t/e
(ou&tr$ use ,ru%s o' v!rious si#es !&, s/!pes to (o%%u&i(!te ,i''ere&t
*i&,s o' %ess!es to its people. T/e Indner ,ru% is t/e l!rest si&le
,ru% (!rve, e&tirel$ out o' "oo, t/!t is use, 'or t/e tr!&s%issio& o'
%ess!es !sso(i!te, "it/ st!tel$ !''!irs+ "!rs+ ,is!sters+ ,e!t/ o'
i%port!&t perso&!lities i& t/e (o%%u&it$ !&, ot/er rel!te, issues !%o&
t/e TI!s. 0o"ever+ Me,e D1<<>E s!i, t/!t t/e ,ru% is *&o"& !s C3ande
!&, t/!t ,ru%s !re e&er!ll$ use, to !rouse e%otio&s si&(e it is %usi(!l
i&stru%e&t. It is use, 'or ,!&(e re/e!rs!l !&, outi&s+ buri!l (ere%o&ies
!s "ell !s so(i!l !&, politi(!l !t/eri&. 0e 'urt/er st!te, t/!t t/e
t!l*i& ,ru% (!lle, ABo is ! t$pe o' C3ande use, to (!ll t/e !tte&tio& o'
people eit/er 'or !& !&&ou&(e%e&t or ! %eeti&.
I& t/e s!%e stu,$ N"u&eli D1<>GE !lso 'ou&, t/!t t/e Ig3os o' Sout/
E!ster& eo7politi(!l Uo&e o' t/e (ou&tr$ /!ve ! si%il!r ,ru% (!lle,
I2olo @I2oro< ! v!riet$ o' Mt!l*i& ,ru%N "/i(/ per'or%s i,e&ti(!l
'u&(tio&s !s t/e Indner 'ou&, !%o& t/e Ti&s. A!i&+ !%o& t/e
Ig3os" %2we (!rve, out o' ! ($li&,ri(!l blo(* o' "oo,+ is ! ,i%i&utive
v!ri!&t o' t/e %u(/ bier I2olo "/i(/ is set up per%!&e&tl$ i& %!r*et
pl!(es+ vill!e s1u!res or i& s/ri&es. T/e I2olo 'u&(tio&s si%il!rl$ to t/e
3<
tr!,itio&!l st!te ,ru%s li*e t/e 4oru3a" C3edu? Itse2iri D!& et/&i( roup
i& Sout/7Sout/ eo7politi(!l Uo&e o' Nieri!E" OrBi? %do @!& et/&i(
roup i& Sout/7Sout/ eo7politi(!l Uo&e o' Nieri!E" o2ha? ,rho3o @!&
et/&i( roup i& Sout/7Sout/ eo7politi(!l Uo&e o' Nieri!E" Ogri? !&,
;ausa D! li&uisti( roup i& Nort/er& Nieri!E Tam3ari? "ere use, to
su%%o& spe(i!l %eeti&s+ pro(l!i% !rriv!l !&, ,ep!rture o' i%port!&t
visitors to t/e p!l!(e+ !rriv!l o' tr!,itio&!l rulers to publi( 'u&(tio&s+
!&&ou&(e serious !(ts o' s!(rilee !&, ,is!sters+ !lert t/e (o%%u&it$
!!i&st i&v!sio& !&, i& "!r !,vertise t/e prese&(e o' "!r (/ie's.
/.1.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. 7ood#n Dru$"
Dru%s e&er!ll$ 'u&(tio& to su%%o& vill!ers to vill!e s1u!re
%eeti&s !&, ot/er %eeti&s o' vill!e i%port!&(eI su%%o& t/e
vill!ers 'or (o%%u&!l l!bourI re%i&, t/e people o' pl!&&e, "or*I
(o%%u&!l (elebr!tio&sI publi( l!u&(/i&I '!r% /!rvestI !&, 'or
e&tert!i&%e&t. W/e& people ,o &ot u&,erst!&, t/e spe(i'i( %ess!es o'
t/e ,ru%s+ t/e$ see* (l!ri'i(!tio&. I& /is stu,$ o' Eri!& vill!e+ A*p!&
D1<==E 'ou&, t/!t (!&o& s/ots !&, ,ru%s !re use, eit/er sep!r!tel$ or
(o%bi&e, to !&&ou&(e t/e ,e!t/ o' &o&7%e%bers o' t/e (/ur(/ i& t/e
vill!e. Wilso& D1<<>8G;E ,r!"i& 'ro% A*"!7Ibo% !&, Cross Rivers
St!tes o' Nieri! su((i&(tl$ st!te, t/!t "oo,e& ,ru%s per'or% 'our
'u&(tio& Q i&st!ll!tio& o' *i&s !&, ro$!l (elebr!tio&sI !&&ou&(e%e&t o'
t/e p!ssi& !"!$ o' *i&sI !lerti& (iti#e&s o' r!ve ,!&erI !&,
us/eri& i& v!rious %!s1uer!,e roups su(/ !s ,2wa" %2om3i" %2ong"
%2(o Noho !&, %2(e
/., >#**"
I& /is stu,$ o' Eri!& vill!e+ A*p!& D1<==E 'ou&, t/!t elep/!&t tus*+
bells+ (!&o& s/ots !&, ,ru%s !re (o%%o& A'ri(!& (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&. A((or,i& to A*p!bio D:;;GE t/e bell is re'erre, to i&
4oru3a !s Agogo? Ig3o" Ng3irig3a? I3i3io" N2ani2a? !&, ;ausa"
>ararraw. 0e st!te, t/!t t/e bell /!s "oo,e& /!&,le 'ro% "/i(/ !
(o&i(!l s/!pe %et!l is suspe&,e,. MIt pro,u(es sou&, "/e& t/e b!ll7
s/!pe, %et!l suspe&,e, o& t/e i&si,e o' t/e (o&e7s/!pe, stru(ture /its
t/e si,e o' t/e stru(ture i& t/e pro(ess o' -ili&N DA*p!bio+ :;;G813EN.
/.,.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. >#**"
A bell Mis %ostl$ use, to et !tte&tio&+ ope&i& !s "ell !s to !&&ou&(e+
(losi& !&, bre!*7ti%eN DA*p!bio+ :;;G813E. 4ells !re use, !s
(o%%u&i(!tio& i&stru%e&ts %ostl$ b$ %o,er& i&stitutio&s espe(i!ll$ t/e
C/risti!& (/ur(/es !&, s(/ools. T/e$ !re use, to su%%o& t/e
(o&re!tio& to servi(e. Duri& t/e servi(e too+ bells !re %!&ipul!te, to
provi,e %elo,ious tu&es to so&s. Ap!rt 'ro% t/is+ bells !re use, to
=;
sile&(e t/e (o&re!tio&+ !&, to si&i'$ t/e e&, o' ! p!rti(ul!r pr!$er bit+
t/ereb$ i&'or%i& t/e (o&re!tio& o' t/e ti%e to ope& t/eir e$es.
Ap!rt 'ro% t/ese+ t/e (/ur(/ !lso uses t/e bell to !&&ou&(e t/e ,e!t/ o'
t/eir pro%i&e&t %e%bers. W/e& t/e bell is use, 'or t/is purpose+ it is
usu!ll$ %!&ipul!te, i& ! ver$ pe(uli!r %!&&er+ "/i(/ ,i''ers %!r*e,l$
'ro% t/ose o' ot/er ti%es 'or "/i(/ bells !re use,. For eB!%ple+ i&ste!,
o' bei& stru(* (o&ti&uousl$ 'or o&l$ !bout t/ree %i&utes+ it is usu!ll$
stru(* o&(e i& !& i&terv!l o' o&e to t"o %i&utesI "/e& it is stru(* t/is
"!$+ it is %e!&t to !&&ou&(e t/e ,e!t/ o' ! perso& "/o is ! %e%ber o'
t/e (/ur(/.
Also+ bells !re (o%%o&l$ use, b$ s(/ools to su%%o& pupils to t/e
s(/ools. I& !,,itio&+ it is use, to i&'or% pupils !&, t/eir te!(/ers "/e&
to (/!&e te!(/i& o' sub-e(ts. T/e bell is !lso use, to !&&ou&(e re(ess+
lu&(/ ti%e+ bre!*s !&, t/e (losi& o' s(/ools. W/e& t/e bell is ru&
(o&ti&uousl$+ it is %e!&t !t su(/ o((!sio&s to si&i'$ e%ere&(ies "/i(/
re1uire t/e pupils to !sse%ble 'or spe(i!l brie'i&s 'ro% t/e s(/ool
!ut/orities.
I& /is stu,$ o' Eri!& vill!e+ A*p!& D1<==E 'ou&, t/!t bells !re use,
pri%!ril$ b$ reliious or!&is!tio&s to su%%o& %e%bers to pr!$ers !&,
servi(es. 4esi,es+ t/e (/ur(/ bell is !lso use, to (o%%u&i(!te t/e ,e!t/
o' !&$ %e%ber o' t/e (o&re!tio&.
4ells !lso !&&ou&(e t/e s!(ri'i(i!l rites bei& per'or%e, be'ore t/e &e"
$!% !re e!te& i& so%e (o%%u&ities. It e1u!ll$ i&,i(!tes t/!t t/e Ne"
Y!% Festiv!l is i& proress.
Fro% t/e !bove+ it is evi,e&t t/!t bells /!ve (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s i&
A'ri(!. T/e v!rious 'u&(tio&s !lre!,$ ,is(usse, !&, t/e people to "/o%
its %ess!es !re t!rete, respo&, to it. 0o"ever+ its e''e(tive&ess (oul,
be eBpl!i&e, i& ter%s o' t/e lo" liter!($ level o' t/e people t/!t !tte&,
(/ur(/es i& t/e rur!l (o%%u&ities+ "/ile t/e rel!tivel$ /i/ (ost o' "rist
"!t(/es !&, t!ble (lo(*s (oul, be eBpl!i&e, !s bei& respo&sible 'or t/e
e''e(tive&ess o' t/e bell i& s(/ools. For t/e illiter!tes+ /o"ever+ eve&
t/ose "/o (!& !''or, "rist "!t(/es u&,erutilise t/e%+ !s t/e$ usu!ll$
see* t/e /elp o' ot/ers "/o !re liter!te to reul!te t/e "rist "!t(/es !&,
re!, t/e ti%e o' ,!$ 'or t/e% 'ro% t/eir "rist "!t(/es.
/./ Gon2"
T/e %et!l o& is %!,e 'ro% %et!l !&, is 57s/!pe,. It is *&o"& i& %fi2
!s A2ang2ang? I3i3io" A2(ong2(ong !&, I3o" Ogene DWilso&+ 1<<>8GGE.
So%e !re (!rrie, b$ t/e $ou&er perso&s !&, be!te& b$ t/e ol,er people.
T/e$ !re be!te& to (o&ve$ ,i''ere&t %ess!es. @o&s !re !ppli!&(es o'
=1
i&stru%e&t!l sou&, i& tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. So%e !re
%!,e o' "oo,s !&, ot/ers o' %et!ls+ but %!i&l$ o' %et!ls. @o&s /!ve
!& ope&i& (!lle, %out/ e!(/. T/e$ !re o' ,i''ere&t si#es ,epe&,e&t o&
&ee, !&, use. T/ere !re *i& si#e or i!&t si#e "/i(/ is !bout 'our 'eet
/i/ !&, ot/ers bet"ee& te& !&, ei/tee& i&(/es lo&. T/eir %out/s or
ope&i&s ,epe&, !lso o& si#e.
/./.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. Gon2"
T/e *i& si#e is re!ll$ 'or t/e *i&s !&, !risto(r!ti( or,ers. T/e$ !re
see& !t /i/ pl!(es+ !&, p!l!(es. T/is t$pe o' o& serves !s Mp/o&e
(!llN 'or *i&s !&, %e& o' i%port!&(e. I' ! *i& is !sleep !&, /!s !&
i%port!&t !&, ure&t visitor/%ess!e respe(tivel$+ t/e *i& si#e o& is
use, to "!*e /i% i& t/e 'irst i&st!&(e+ "/et/er !sleep or !"!*e. T/!t is
repe!te, !t i&terv!ls to et t/e *i& prep!re, 'or !ppe!r!&(e !&, to
i&vite /is !i,s i' &e(ess!r$.
4esi,es ro$!l use o' t/!t t$pe+ it is !lso use, !t sop/isti(!te, ,!&(i&
roups !&, !t s/ri&es !,ore, "it/ !"'ul revere&(e. At s/ri&es+ "/e& it is
stru(*+ su,,e& sile&(e '!lls o& t/e people !&, o&e (!& /e!r t/e '!ll o' !
pi&. At so(i!l !t/eri&s+ o&s !re stru(* to (!ll 'or sile&(e i' t/e
!t/eri& is ro",$.
T/e "oo,e& !&, I&,i!& b!%boo t$pes !re %!i&l$ 'or so(i!l !(tivities+
p!rti(ul!rl$ !t 'estiv!ls. Duri& 'estiv!ls+ bo$s+ irls !&, l!,ies i&
p!rti(ul!r ,!&(e !&, si& !lo& streets stri*i& v!rious o&s
r/$t/%i(!ll$ !lo& si,e "it/ so&s. T/e$ !re !lso i&stru%e&ts 'or so(i!l
e&tert!i&%e&ts. T/e$ /elp i&er people to ,!&(e b$ s/!rp !&, '!st
re(or,i& sou&,. Furt/er%ore+ Me,e D1<<>E st!te, t/!t t/e "oo,e& o&
*&o"& !s Ilu i& Tiv is !& i&stru%e&t use, i& tr!&s%itti& i%port!&t
%ess!es Dsu(/ !s ,e!t/ o' *i&s+ (/ie's or !&&ou&(e%e&t o' lo(!l
%eeti&sE !(ross to &ei/bouri& vill!es. It is !lso use, i& ti%e o'
e%ere&($ or "!r+ to !lert &ei/bours. Its sou&,s e&er!ll$ ,epi(t t/e
/!ppe&i&s o' i%port!&(e+ /orror !&,/or !l!r%.
/.1 T-# 7ood%*o6 DEnt#rt)!n$#nt In"tru$#nt)*"E
T/e "oo,blo(* "/i(/ Ib!ere D1<<28<1E re'ers to !s (/or,op/o&e Mis
!&$ i&stru%e&t "/i(/ pro,u(es sou&, t/rou/ t/e eBertio& o' pressure
o& stri&?!&, it is rele!se, i&ter%itte&tl$N. It i&(lu,es !ll t$pes o'
stri& i&stru%e&ts su(/ !s uit!rs+ /!rp+ l$re !&, ot/er rel!te,
i&stru%e&ts.
Des(ribi& t/e "oo,blo(*+ Wilso& D1<<>81GE st!te, t/!t t/e "oo,blo(*
is %!,e 'ro% "oo,I /ollo"e, i&si,e but 'l!t o& its si,es !&, it serves
e&tert!i&%e&t 'u&(tio&. T/is ,es(riptio& 'its t/e %2ele or A2(ata"
=:
O(onda and une use, !%o& t/e U*"u!&i spe!*i& people o' N,o*"!
West )o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ Nieri!.
"&ele or A&!ata is !& i&stru%e&t!l !ppli!&(es built or %ou&te, o& /!l'
o' our, *e o' t/e si#e o' ! %e,iu% 'ootb!ll. A s%!ll 'l!t pie(e o'
pl!&* is 'ir%l$ 'iBe, to t/e our,. O& t/e pl!&*+ seve& s%!ll 'l!t
u%brell! vei&s/spo*es !re 'ir%l$ stru& to it. T/e 'ourt/ spo*e+ t/e
(e&tr!l o&e+ is !l"!$s t/e lo&est "it/ ot/ers s/orter o& bot/ si,es to t/e
l!st "/i(/ is t/e s/ortest. At bot/ e&,s o' t/e spo*es+ t"o ti&$ pie(es o'
iro& or "oo, !re plue, !(ross u&,er t/e% !&, stru(* (lose to t/e
stri&e, (e&tre to %!*e t/e% pro,u(e t/e vibr!tio& sou&, re1uire,. T/e
t"o !,-usters t/ere'ore /elp to r!ise or lo"er t/e volu%e o' sou&, 'ro%
it. 4esi,es+ o& top o' t/e 'l!t pl!&*+ ! rou&, /ole o' !bout t"o i&(/es is
s%oot/l$ (/i##le, out. It /elps !lso to (o&trol !&, r!ise sou&,s to t/e
volu%e re1uire,.
O!onda is built o& ! s%!ll boB o' !bout o&e !&, /!l' 'eet lo& !&, o&e
'oot "i,e. T/e stru(ture o& top over t/e /ole li*e %2ele is t/e s!%e.
4ot/ !re oper!te, li*e ! pi!&o.
,neh is ! /!rp. It is %!,e o' ! 'leBible /!r, s/rub (ut to si#e+ &ot lo&er
t/!& 'our 'eet. T/e /e!, o' t/e sti(* is tor& to !,%it ! stri& o' (!&e
"/i(/ is "ou&, rou&, t/e t!il sever!l ti%es. For ! (o%plete set+ t"o
stri*ers Q %2a N2wa !re (!rve, !lso o' /!r, sti(*s.
/.1.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. 7ood%*o6
%2ele or A2(ata" O(onda and une Dv!rieties o' "oo,blo(*E !re !ll
tr!,itio&!l (/!&&els o' (o%%u&i(!tio& use, i& e&tert!i&%e&t ,uri&
so(i!l o((!sio&s+ 'estiv!ls !&, 'u&er!ls to (o%'ort t/e bere!ve,. T/e$
spe!* t/e l!&u!es t/!t suit o((!sio&s. T/e$ r!ise !&,/or lo"er
peopleCs spirits 'or spe(i'i( o((!sio&s DO"e##$+ 1<<<E. A((or,i& to
Wilso& D1<<>8G:E+ -ust li*e t/e %et!l o&+ "oo,blo(* pl!$ pro%i&e&t
roles ,uri& i&st!ll!tio& o' *i&s !&, !t 'u&er!lsI use, to spe!* to
!&(estors !&, use, b$ %e%bers o' t/e %2(o so(iet$ i& A*"!7Ibo% !&,
Cross Rivers St!tes o' Nieri!. It is !lso use, 'or i&'or%!tio&
,isse%i&!tio& !s "ell !s e&tert!i&%e&t.
/.5 A+*o3-on#"
)o(!l B$lop/o&es !re %!,e o' "oo,e& b!rs "it/ v!r$i& le&t/s !&, !
st!&, DA*p!bio+ :;;GE. I& t/is (!se+ "oo,+ %et!l or !&$ ot/er /!r,
%!teri!l is use, i& pl!(e o' %e%br!&es !&, t/e botto% o' t/e /ollo" is
usu!ll$ (overe,. T/e$ !re %ostl$ %!,e o' %!&$ /ollo"s Dt/e$ (oul, be
!s %!&$ !s t"e&t$E+ e!(/ /!vi& ! ,i''ere&t sou&,+ ,epe&,i& o& t/e
si#e o' t/e /ollo". Most o' t/e i&stru%e&ts !re %!,e o' (o" /or&s
DIb!ere 1<<2E. Ib!ere D1<<28<:E 'urt/er st!te, t/!t8
=G
4e(!use o' t/e /!r,&ess o' t/e %!teri!ls use,+ t/!t is t/e "oo,+ or %et!l
"/i(/ is stru(* or be!te&+ it be(o%es ,i''i(ult Di' &ot outri/tl$
i%possibleE to use t/e /!&,. OSoP "ell (!rve, sti(*s Dso%e o' "/i(/ t/e
be!ti& !re! is (overe, "it/ s$&t/eti( %!teri!lE !re use, to be!t or stri*e
t/e "oo, or %et!l to pro,u(e t/e sou&,.
For t/e %ess!e pro,u(e, t/rou/ t/e sou&,s o' t/e B$lop/o&e to be
u&,erstoo,+ o&e /!s to be '!%ili!r "it/ !&, liter!te i& (o,e o' t/e %usi(
'ro% t/e B$lop/o&e bei& use, to (o&ve$ t/e %ess!e+ ot/er"ise+ o&e
(oul, %isi&terpret t/e %ess!e !&, eit/er '!il to be subst!&ti!ll$
!''e(te, b$ it+ or+ !t best+ be "ro&l$ !''e(te,.
/.5.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. A+*o3-on#"
It is %!i&l$ use, 'or e&tert!i&%e&t ,uri& o((!sio&s. It !((o%p!&ies
ot/er %usi(!l i&stru%e&ts !&, so& 'or %elo,$+ soot/i& !&, r/$t/%.
/.4 Pot Dru$
Doob D1<3381;E posite, t/!t t/e pot ,ru% is M! ,ru% "/i(/ loo*s li*e !
"!ter pot !&, is %!,e o' b!*e, (l!$. EBpl!i&i& t/e s/!pe !&,
"or*i&s+ A*p!bio D:;;G81371=E st!te, t/!t t/e pot ,ru% M/!s t/e s/!pe
o' ! pot !&, t/e be!ter is &or%!ll$ %!,e 'ro% 'o!%N.
/.4.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. Pot Dru$"
It is use, to !((o%p!&$ (/!&ts !&, /elp set t/e r/$t/% 'or ,!&(i&. Fust
!s o&e (oul, use ! /i/l$ s$%boli( *i&, o' %usi( to s!tis'$ o&eCs
e&tert!i&%e&t pro(livities "/e& o&e u&,erst!&,s t/e %elo,$ 'ro% t/e
,ru%s. Sou&,s 'ro% t/e pot ,ru% (oul, be (o%bi&e, "it/ ,!&(e.
A((or,i& to Doob D1<3381;E+ t/e pot ,ru%+ is pl!$e, reul!rl$ b$
$ou& irls "/o !re p!ssi& t/rou/ t/e preli%i&!r$ st!es o' %!rri!e+
!&, is use, to !((o%p!&$ (/!&tsI it %!$ !lso set t/e r/$t/% 'or
,!&(i&N. It is use, %ost (o%%o&l$ i& (/ur(/es i& t/e e!ster& p!rt o'
Nieri!.
1.= CONCLUSION
T/is u&it eB!%i&e, t/e "oo,e& ,ru%s+ bell+ o&+ "oo,blo(*+
B$lop/o&e !&, pot ,ru%s+ ,elvi& i&to t/eir uses. It (o&(lu,es t/!t t/e
use o' !&, ,e%!&, 'or i,iop/o&es !re ,eter%i&e, b$ t/e %ess!e t/!t
&ee,s to be (o&ve$e,.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it ,is(usse, i,iop/o&es. It outli&e, !&, ,is(usse, siB t$pes o'
i,iop/o&es (o%%o&l$ use, 'or (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!. It !lso
/i/li/te, t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t/e v!rious i,iop/o&es
,is(usse,.
=2
)ist t/e t$pes o' i,iop/o&es ,is(usse, i& t/is u&it.
1. )ist 'our i,iop/o&es use, i& $our (o%%u&it$
:. Dis(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t"o i,iop/o&es use, i&
$our (o%%u&it$.
C.= REFERENCES9FURTHER READING
Text )!os8 4.ri&t .ubli(!tio&s.
t/e 5ill!e.N,nilag Communication +e&iew 5ol 1 Nos :1G.
Doob+ )eor&!r, W D1<33E. Communication in Africa: A search for
Boundarie.s Ne" 0!ve&+ Co&&e(ti(ut8 Y!le U&iversit$ .ress.
Co%%u&i(!tio&.N I& Tos!&"u%i+ F. !&, E*"u!#u+ 0. De,s.E.
Mass Communication: A Basic Text .Ib!,!&8 C!ltop .ublis/ers.
Me,e+ A. M D1<<>E. MT/e E''i(!($ o' Tr!,itio&!l Me,i! o'
Co%%u&i(!tio& !%o& t/e Tiv .eople.N A .!per .rese&te, !t
Applie, Co%%u&i(!tio& Se%i&!r Cl!ss to t/e F!(ult$ o' Arts+
U&iversit$ o' Ib!,!&+ O$o St!te+ Nieri!+ Auust.
N"u&eli+ O. D1<>GE. MTr!,itio&!l C/!&&els o' Co%%u&i(!tio&N 5ournal
of -anguage and Communication 5ol. :/G.
O%u+ F. D1<=>E. 'ress and 'olitics in Nigeria 677896:01 )o&,o&8
)o&%!&.
Wilso&+ D. D1<<>E. MA T!Bo&o%$ o' Tr!,itio&!l Me,i! i& A'ri(!.N I&
and A((lication. I& A&su76$ere%e/.

=5
UNIT / MEM>RANEOPHONES
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 W/!t !re Me%br!&op/o&esL
G.:.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' S*i& Dru%s
G.: T$pes o' Me%br!&op/o&es
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& %e%br!&eop/o&e+ ! roup o' i&stru%e&t!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es.
,.= O>?ECTIVES

list t/e t$pes o' %e%br!&eop/o&es ,r!"i& 'ro% t/eir (ultures
,is(uss so%e t$pes o' %e%br!&eop/o&es
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t/e v!rious
%e%br!&eop/o&es ,evi(es (o%%o&l$ use, i& A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 7-)t )r# M#$%r)no3-on#"@
A((or,i& to Wilso& D1<>=E+ %e%br!&op/o&es !re %e,i! o& "/i(/
sou&, is pro,u(e, t/rou/ t/e vibr!tio& o' %e%br!&es. T/e$ i&(lu,e !ll
v!rieties o' s*i& or le!t/er ,ru%. T/ese ,ru%s !re be!te& or stru(* "it/
"ell (!rve, sti(*s. Su(/ ,ru%s i&(lu,e t/e KI$! luC i& t/e ,u&,u& set or
,ru%s !%o& t/e Yorub!+ t/e MI*oroN b$ t/e Ibo !&, t/e ,ru% o' t/e
I*i&e So(iet$ !%o& t/e 6!l!b!ri DA*i&'ele$e+ 1<>3E. It is !lso (!lle,
KA-oC !%o& t/e Tiv people o' Nieri!. DMe,e+1<<>E. A!i&+ Ib!ere
D1<<28<1E st!te, t/!t %e%br!&eop/o&e8
?rel!tes to !&$ i&stru%e&t o& "/i(/ sou&, is pro,u(e, t/rou/ t/e
vibr!tio& o' %e%br!&es "/i(/ /!ve bee& stret(/e, over ! /ollo" (!vit$.
T/is roup i&(lu,es !ll t/e v!rieties o' s*i& ,ru%. O&e o' t/e %ost
=3
popul!r t$pes Dso re(o&ise, be(!use o' its !bilit$ to pro,u(e ! v!riet$
o' sou&,sE is t/e Yorub! t!l*i& ,ru%. T/e usu!l "!$ o' usi& t/e% to
(o%%u&i(!te is to be!t or stri*e t/e% "it/ /!&, or "it/ "ell7(!rve,
sti(*s.
As O%u D1<=>82E puts it "/e& so%e ,ru%s !re eBpertl$ sou&,e,+ t/e$
!re (!p!ble o' (o&ve$i& spe(i'i( %e!&i& i.e. t/e$ Mt!l*N. T/e Mt!l*i&
,ru%N is o&e o' t/e %ost '!s(i&!ti& !e&(ies o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i&
A'ri(!. T/e 4oru3as o' Sout/ Wester& eo7politi(!l Uo&e o' Nieri!
/!ve !& i%pressive !rr!$ o' t!l*i& ,ru%s sets !&, prob!bl$ possess t/e
ri(/est /erit!e o' ,ru%s t/e pro%i&e&t o' "/i(/ is dundun Q s!i, to be
!ble to i%it!te !ll t/e to&es !&, ibes i& 4oru3a spee(/+ /e&(e (!& be
use, to (o%%u&i(!te i&sults+ pr!ises+ !,%o&itio& !&, eve& proverbs
"/i(/ !re u&,erstoo, b$ t/e i&iti!te, DO%u+ 1<=>82E.
N!%i& t/e s*i& ,ru%s A*p!bio D:;;G81=71>E st!te, t/!t8

?s*i& ,ru% oes b$ v!rious &!%es i& ,i''ere&t p!rts o' Nieri! !&, t/e
si#e o' t/e ,ru%s !re '!(tore, i&to t/e &!%es t/e$ !re ive&. 6&o"& !s
I3it !%o& t/e I3i3ios" ,i''ere&ti!tio& is %!,e bet"ee& t/e bi !&, s%!ll
,ru%s "it/ t/e !,,itio& o' t/e pre'iBOesP e2aD9E !&, eto2D9E 'or t/e
'or%er !&, l!tter respe(tivel$. T/e situ!tio& is ,i''ere&t i& t/e 0!us!
l!&u!e !s e!(/ si#e o' ,ru% oes b$ ! ,i''ere&t &!%e8 emi7biI
>alangu7%e,iu%I !&, >an*agi7s%!ll. A%o& t/e 4oru3as "/o /!ve !
ri(/ v!riet$ o' s*i& ,ru%s o&e e&(ou&ters &!%es su(/ !s Cangan" Bata"
Sa2ara" Omele" Dundun" Ia Ilu" et(
/., T+3#" o. M#$%r)no3-on#"
S*i& Dru%s DRub7A7DubE8 S*i& ,ru%s !re 'ou&, t/rou/out A'ri(!&.
S*i& ,ru%s "/i(/ O"e##$ D1<<<E ,es(ribe, !s t/e rub7!7,ub o'
%o,er& ,!$s !re o' v!rious si#es !&, !re use, 'or su&,r$ purposes.
A((or,i& to A*p!bio D:;;G81=E MT/ou/ t/e$ serve !s %usi(!l
i&stru%e&ts !((o%p!&$i& so& !&, ,!&(e per'or%!&(es+ t/e$ !re !lso
*&o"& to be (!p!ble o' Mt!l*i&N.
So%e !re t"o7i&7o&e 'or -oi&t uses. Ot/ers !re si&le 'or spe(i'i( uses
!&, o((!sio&s. T/e$ !re %!,e o' rou&, p!rts o' tru&*s o' so't7"oo,e,
pl!&ts o' v!rie, irt/s. Si#es ,epe&, o& t/e &ee,s !&, uses. T/e$ r!&e
bet"ee& o&e 'oot to siB 'eet t!ll+ siB i&(/es !&, o&e 'oot or %ore i&
,i!%eter !t t/e top (over. T/e$ !re /ollo"e, t/rou/ t/e %i,,le.
EBter&!ll$+ t/e$ !re (!rve, t!peri& %ore to t/e botto% !&, ! little to t/e
top "/i(/ is !l"!$s l!rer DO"e##$+ 1<<<E. T/e$ !re ti/tl$ "r!ppe,
!t t/e top !&, botto% 'or /i/l$ se&sitive sou&,s. T/is ,es(riptio& 'its
t/e o3ene" O2ili !&, o2uma use, !%o& t/e U*"u!&i spe!*i& people
o' N,o*"! West )o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ Nieri!.
==
O3ene" O2ili !&, o2uma !re surve$e, belo".
Obene !re ti/tl$ "r!ppe, !t t/e top !&, botto% 'or /i/l$ se&sitive
sou&,i& o&es use, b$ s/ri&e "ors/ippers !&, or!(lists.
O&ili is ! s%!ll t!l*i& ,ru%. It is "r!ppe, o& top o&l$ 'or %usi( !&,
ot/er &ee,s. A set is %!,e up o' t"o o' t/e% !&, 'or it to pro,u(e t/e
%elo,$+ it (o%bi&es "it/ so%e !erop/o&es D! our, tru%pet+ O(i?
%2(ili or %*e9Anu" elep/!&t tus* Dpi((oloE? !&, ofili" bu''!lo /or&E.
T/ese !re ,is(usse, i& t/e &eBt u&it o& !erop/o&es.
T/e l!rest %ost revere, !&, !"'ul is o2uma. It is !bout siB 'eet t!ll !&,
over ! 'oot i& ,i!%eter !t t/e top. T/e (over (!p is o' str!&e !&, spe(i!l
s*i&s or le!t/ers "/i(/ &o" (oul, be t/ose o' tiers+ leop!r,s or lio&s+
orill!+ -!u!r et(. O2uma is !l"!$s *ept i& !& eB(lusive s/ri&e site
"/ere o&l$ teste, %e& o' v!lour e&ter. It is put out r!rel$ to t/e publi(
o& ! spe(i!l !&&u!l 'estiv!l (ere%o&$ 7 I2enge 'or veter!& "!rlor,s !&,
i&trepi, /u&ters "/o *ille, !&i%!ls su(/ !s lio&s+ leop!r,s+ tiers+ !&,
(!rrie, out ot/er !(ts o' v!lour or /erois%.
Al%ost !ll /!ve t/ree tri!&ul!r /ole ,esi&s !t t/e botto% e&, to e&!ble
t/e% st!&, i' &ee,e,. T/e le!t/ers use, to (!p t/e ,ru%s DO3ene !&,
O2ili< eB(ept t/!t o' r!%s !re %!i&l$ o' "il, !&i%!ls su(/ !s ,eer+
!&telope !&, l!re s&!*es. T/e le!t/ers !re ti/tl$ stru& to t/e ope&
e&,s "it/ ! &et7"or* o' stri&s o' r!''i! 'ibres rou&, t/e ope& e&,s o'
t/e /ollo"e, ri& o' "oo,. T/e le!t/er "or* is 'urt/er '!ste&e, b$
plui& t/ree (!rve, 'l!t pie(es o' "oo,e& plus. T/e "oo,e& plus
!re 'ir%l$ tu(*e, b$ t/e si,es bet"ee& t/e 'ibre ri&s !&, t/e "oo,e&
'r!%e. To (o&stitute ! (o%plete set 'or ! le!t/er7(!ppe, ,ru%+ t/ere
%ust be stri*ers Q%2a N2wa. It is %!,e o' so't or li/t pie(es o' "oo,
or so't p!rt o' r!''i! p!l% br!&(/. It (oul, !lso be %!,e o' (!&e stru& to
,esi& to suit &ee,s !&, uses. T/e rub7!7,ub 'ro% t/e ,ru%s ,epe&,s o&
t/e si#e+ le&t/+ ,i!%eter !&, o' (ourse+ t/e le!t/ers too. To+ i&(re!se t/e
sou&, 'ro% t/e ,ru% i& t/e %o,er& ,!$+ t/e user pl!(es it (lose to !
%i(rop/o&e.
/.,.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. S6!n Dru$"
A%o& t/e u*"u!&i spe!*i& people o' N,o*"! West )o(!l
@over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ t/e t!l*i& ,ru%s !re use, to sti%ul!te
!&, i&(ite people i&to !(tio&s. O' (ourse+ t/e$ !re !lso use, to %ello"
,o"& peopleCs te%pers or soot/e t/e%+ or (/eer t/e% up. T/e$ pro,u(e
vibr!tio&s t/!t r!ise spirits o' people !t te&se %o%e&ts. T/e$ !re %!i&l$
use, ,uri& 'estiv!ls+ "restli& (o&tests+ so%e buri!l (ere%o&ies+
/u&ti& eBpe,itio&s+ i&st!ll!tio& o' (/ie's+ et( DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
Duri& 'estiv!ls+ t!l*i& ,ru%s !re put i&to r!%p!&t uses b$ !ll !e
=>
r!,es !&, roups to (!ll t/eir r!,es !&, roups i&to %oo,s+ !(tio&s
!&, to !sse%ble t/e%. Duri& ot/er (ere%o&ies+ t/e$ !re use, to
e&(our!e (/ie' !rtists Q ,!&(ers !&, "restlers to be *ee&+ stro& !&,
,eBterous DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
T!l*i& ,ru%s ,ire(t (/ie's o& steps !&, s*ills to !,opt ,uri& publi(
eB/ibitio&s to !voi, errors !&, "i& publi( !((l!%!tio&s ,uri& t/eir
i&iti!tio&s i& 'oot7"or* ,!&(es. So+ o&e ot/er spe(i!l use o' t/e t!l*i&
,ru%s is t/e &oble ,!&(e ,uri& i&st!ll!tio& o' (/ie's. Duri& t/e ,!&(e+
t/e rub7!7,ub ,ru%s tell+ ,ire(t !&, i&'lue&(e !(torsC steps !&,
be/!viours !t ever$ ,!&(e. It i&(ites+ eB(ites !&, stirs t/e% i&to !le
!(tio&+ "/e& t/e$ /!ve to ,e%o&str!te v!rious !spe(ts o' p!st
!,ve&tures !&, !ll!&tr$. W/e& %ess!es !&, i&stru(tio&s 'ro% t/e
i&stru%e&ts ,ie ,o"& or slo"l$ '!,e !"!$I !(tors slu%p !s i' t/e$ /!ve
-ust e&,e, ! %!r!t/o& r!(e DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
1.= CONCLUSION
S*i&7,ru%s !re i%port!&t i& t/e so(io7(ultur!l (o&teBt o' A'ri(!&s. T/e$
pro%ote ,evelop%e&t !&, e&tert!i&%e&t i& A'ri(! !&, !re still relev!&t
i& t/e %o,er& A'ri(!& setti&s.
5.= SUMMARY
Dru%s pro,u(e vibr!tio&s+ e.. s*i& or le!t/er ,ru%s. T/e$ !re be!te& to
(o&ve$+ i&(ite !&, e&tert!i& t/e !u,ie&(e !s "ell !s sti%ul!te !&,
%otiv!te t/e people to *eep t/e% oi&. T/e ob-e(ts !re be!te& "it/
(!re'ull$ stru(ture, !&, ,esi&e, i&stru%e&ts su(/ !s (!rve, sti(*s.
N!%e t/e v!rious %e%br!&e&op/o&es 'ou&, i& $our (ulture.
1. N!%e t"o t$pes o' ,ru%s 'ou&, i& $our (ulture.
:. Des(ribe t/e t"o ,ru%s &!%e,.
G. Dis(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' o&e o' t/e ,ru%s
,es(ribe,.
=<
A*i&'ele$e+ O. A. D1<>3E. MTr!,itio&!l Co%%u&i(!tio& i& Nieri!.N
Nigeria Maga*ine D)!os8 Dep!rt%e&t o' Cultur!l A''!irs+
Fe,er!l Mi&istr$ o' So(i!l Develop%e&t+ Yout/+ Sports !&,
Cultur!l+ 5ol 52 No. :E.
D1<<2E Mass Communication: A Basic Text. I3adan: Calto(
'u3lishers.
O"e##$+ @. C. D1<<<E. T/e Abi o' E%u 6i&,o%. A& i&tervie"
@over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ Nieri!.
Wilso&+ D. D1<>=E MTr!,itio&!l Me,i! i& Mo,er& A'ri(!&
Develop%e&tN African Media +e&iew 5ol 1. N;. :.
>;
UNIT 1 MEM>RANEOPHONES IN 7ESTERN
NIGERIA
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 Me%br!&op/o&es Co%%o&l$ Use, i& Wester& Nieri!
G.1.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' S*i& Dru%s i&
Wester& Nieri!
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& %e%br!&eop/o&es i& Wester& Nieri!+ !& et/&i(
roup *&o"& 'or its use o' ,ru%s i& (o%%u&i(!tio&.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
list t/e t$pes o' %e%br!&eop/o&es i& Wester& Nieri!
,is(uss so%e t$pes o' %e%br!&eop/o&es 'ou&, i& Wester& Nieri!
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t/e v!rious
%e%br!&eop/o&es (o%%o&l$ use, i& Wester& Nieri!.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 M#$%r)no3-on#" Co$$on*+ U"#d !n 7#"t#rn N!2#r!)
0!vi& surve$e, so%e ,ru%s !%o& t/e U*"u!&i spe!*i& people o'
N,o*"! West )o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ it is i%port!&t to
,r!" i&si/ts 'ro% 4oru3a tr!,itio&!l ,ru%s+ #eroi& i& o& dundun 9 t/e
'!%il$ &!%e 'or t/e %ost (o%%o& 4oru3a tr!,itio&!l ,ru%s. 4oru3a
tr!,itio&!l ,ru%s !re !lso (!lle, t/e t!l*i& ,ru%s espe(i!ll$+ t/e
le!,i& ,ru% (!lle, KI$! IluC. Me%bers o' t/e ,u&,u& '!%il$ !re8 I$! Ilu
6eri*eri+ @!&!& Is!!-u. 6!&&!&o !&, @u,uu,u.
I& t/eir sub%issio& o& Yorub! tr!,itio&!l ,ru%s+ D!r!%ol! !&, Fe-e
D1<=5E opi&e, t/!t t/ere !re ,i''ere&t ,ru%s 'or ,i''ere&t o((!sio&s.
T/ere !re so%e spe(i!l ,ru%s t/!t 'it tr!,itio&!l 'estiv!l "/i(/ %!$ &ot
'it ot/er so(i!l e&!e%e&ts. So%e ,ru%s !re pe(uli!r to (/ie't!i&($
(ere%o&ies "/i(/ (!&&ot be be!te& ,uri& "e,,i& (ere%o&ies+
>1
et(eter!.
T/ere !re !bout te& %!-or t$pes o' ,ru% roup (o%%o&l$ use, 'or
(o%%u&i(!tio& !&, e&tert!i&%e&t !%o& t/e Yorub!s. T/e$ i&(lu,e8
4!t!+ Ipese+ Aere+ @be,u+ Ibi&+ Se*ere !&, Aro+ Api&ti+ 4e%be+ 6oso
!&, Du&,u&. DD!r!%ol! !&, Fe-e+ 1<=5E.
Bata is be!te& %!i&l$ ,uri& t/e I'! 'estiv!l. It is !lso be!te& ,uri& t/e
buri!l !&, outi& (ere%o&ies o' ! ,e!, le!,er !%i,st t/e I'!
"ors/ippers.
Agere is usu!ll$ be!te& ,uri& /u&tersC 'estiv!l (!lle, KO,u& !"o&
O,eC. It is t/e %!i& ,ru% o' KOu&C+ t/e o, o' iro&.
C3edu is !&ot/er u&i1ue ,ru% !%o& t/e Yorub!s. It is t/e ,ru% to
"/i(/ *i&s !&, (/ie's i& Yorub!l!&, ,!&(e. It is be!te& ,uri& buri!ls+
spe(i!l !&&ivers!ries or 'estiv!ls or!&ise, b$ *i&s or ,uri& t/e buri!l
o' *i&s.
Ig3in is t/e ,ru% o' KOb!t!l!+ or KOris!7Nl!C t/e !r(/7,ivi&it$. Ob!t!l!
"ors/ippers ,!&(e to t/e ,ru% "/i(/ pro,u(es %elo,ious !&,
(!ptiv!ti& sou&,s.
A(inti is o&e o' t/e ,ru%s be!te& !t so(i!l e&!e%e&ts i& Yorub!l!&,.
Bem3e re!sse%bles t/e K,u&,u&C ,ru%s but s/orter t/!& ,u&,u&+ but
l!rer i& irt/ t/!& K,u&,u&C. T/e ol, ti%e Yorub! "!rriors use, to be!t
Kbe%beC "/e& oi& to "!r. It is (!lle, si,e ,ru% or s&!re ,ru% i& t/e
Wester& Worl,. DS(/oles+1<G>E.
>oso li*e C3edu is t/e ,ru% o' !& KOb!C. It "!s spe(i'i(!ll$ s!i, t/!t
*oso "!s %e!&t 'or t/e Al!!'i& o' O$o i& t/e O$o E%pire D)!,ele et al+
1<>3E.
T/e l!st %!-or ,ru% is t/e dundun" "/i(/ is bro!,l$ 'o(use, upo& i&
t/is u&it
'undun: Dundun ,ru%s "ere (/ose& !%o& t/e v!rious t$pes o'
Yorub! tr!,itio&!l ,ru%s be(!use o' t/eir u&i1ue&ess !s t/e %ost
outst!&,i& popul!r !&, e&er!ll$ use, !%o& Yorub! ,ru%s. T/is is i&
t!&,e% "it/ t/e "riti& o' Wilso& D1<>=E t/!t t/e Yorub! t!l*i& ,ru%
K,u&,u&C is per/!ps t/e %ost eBpose, !&, i&tri(!te o' t/e Yorub! ,ru%s.
T/e dundun is ! ,ouble %e%br!&es /our7l!ss s/!pe, te&sio& ,ru%. It
is /el, u&,er t/e le't !r% b$ ! str!p p!sse, over t/e s/oul,er+ t/e te&sio&
t/ro&s !re !tt!(/e, to bot/ e&,s o' t/e ,ru% /e!,s+ s1uee#e, !&,
>:
pulle, b$ t/e le't /!&, to v!r$ t/e pit(/ "/ile t/e ,ru% /e!, is stru(*
"it/ ! (!rve, sti(* "it/ t/e ri/t /!&, D A*i&'ele$e+1<>=E. T/is (!rve,
sti(* is (!lle, M6o&o iluN. T/is (!rve, KDu&,u& ,ru% is (!rve, 'ro%
t/e o%o tree. T/is is be(!use MO%oN is li/t Dver$ port!bleE+ stro& !&,
&ot e!sil$ bro*e&. D)!,ele et al" 1<>3E.
Most o' t/e KDu&,u&C ,ru%%ers !re pro'essio&!ls. T/e$ belo& to t/e
(!u(us o' KA$!&C or O&ilu '!%il$. KA$!&C is s!i, to be t/e o, o'
Yorub! ,ru%%ers. It is ! /ere,it!r$ pro'essio&. A%o& t/e Yorub!s+ it
is (o%pulsor$ 'or t/e 'irst bor& o' !&$ Ko&iluC to le!r& ,ru% be!ts !&,
t!*e it up !s ! pro'essio&. T/e$ usu!ll$ /e!r &!%es li*e A$!&&i$i DA$!&
is /o&our!bleE+ A$!&"!le DA$!& /!s (o%e i&E+ A$!&be%i DA$!&
'!vours %eE A$!&,ir!& DA$!& is /ere,it!r$E et(eter!. T/e KO&iluC t/!t is
t/e ,ru%%ers !re eit/er t/e sour(e or t/e e&(o,er "/ile t/e ,ru% t/!t is
K,u&,u&C is t/e (/!&&el t/rou/ "/i(/ t/e ,ru% be!ts+ t/e %ess!e+ ets
to t/e i&te&,e, !u,ie&(e or re(eiver. At/ou/+ t/ese t$pes o' K,u&,u&I
/!ve bee& ,is(usse, e!rlier+ it is perti&e&t to %e&tio& /ere t/!t I$!7Ilu is
t/e le!,i& ,u&,u& ,ru% "/ile u,uu,u is t/e le!st ,u&,u& ,ru%.
4e'ore ! le!r&er o' K,u&,u&C is !llo"e, to be!t KI$!IluC /e "ill st!rt
'ro% Ku,uu,uC or o%eleC. A'ter %!steri& u,uu,u+ /e is !llo"e, to
/!&,le K6!&&!&oC t/e& to K6eri*eriC+ KIs!!-u !&, t/e& to K!&!&C
be'ore /e is 'i&!ll$ !llo"e, to be!t I$!7Ilu. Su(/ !ppre&ti(e ,u&,u&
,ru%%er %ust eBpertl$ be!t I$!Ilu 'or t/ree to 'ive $e!rs u&,er /is
%!ster be'ore /e is ive& 'ree,o% to st!rt /is o"& roup !&, te!(/
ot/ers t/e !rt o' ,u&,u& ,ru%s.

/.1.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. S6!n Dru$" !n
7#"t#rn N!2#r!)
@e&er!ll$+ ,ru%s i& ever$ so(io7(ultur!l (o&teBt !re %e!&t to e&tert!i&
t/ou/ i& t/e A'ri(!& (o&teBt espe(i!ll$ Nieri! !&, spe(i'i(!ll$ !%o&
t/e Yorub!s+ ,ru%s &ot o&l$ e&tert!i&+ t/e$ (o%%u&i(!te+ Di.e. t/e$
t!l*E+ !&, sti%ul!te. Dru%s /!ve t!*e& o& i%port!&t or!%e,i! 'u&(tio&
Ksi&!turesC+ b$ Kpit(/C+ or si%pl$ b$ Kt!l*i& i& to&uesC i& t/e A'ri(!&
Co&teBt. T/is %i/t !((ou&t 'or A%!li D1<<;E positio& t/!t !ll ,ru%s
Kt!l*C so%e %ore elo1ue&t t/!t ot/ers i& Nieri!.
O& Dundun" it is use, to (o%%u&i(!te %ess!es !%o& t/e 4oru3as
,uri& ,i''ere&t o((!sio&s. A surve$ o' v!rious tr!,itio&!l 'estiv!ls+
so(i!l e&!e%e&ts+ (ere%o&ies li*e buri!l+ (/riste&i&+ %!rri!e+
r!,u!tio& reve!le, t/e i&,ispe&s!ble roles o' K,u&,u&C ,ru%s i& t/e
su((ess o' t/e (ere%o&ies. No"!,!$s+ t/ere is /!r,l$ !&$ 4oru3a
'estiv!l or (ere%o&$ "/ere $ou "ill &ot 'i&, t/e K,u&,u&C '!%il$.
I& '!(t+ (/ur(/es+ %os1ues+ Yorub! i&,ie&ous %usi(i!&s !&, t/e
>G
/eteroe&eous %e,i! o' r!,io !&, televisio& &o" use t/e K,u&,u&C
,ru%s 'or e&tert!i&%e&t !&, ot/er (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s su(/ !s
ivi& i&stru(tio&s. Esse&ti!ll$+ it is use, to (o%%u&i(!te %ess!es to
its re(eivers+ sti%ul!te t/e% !s "ell !s e&tert!i& t/e%. T/is ,epe&,s o&
t/e purpose o' t/e o((!sio&.
As %e&tio&e, e!rlier u&,er Yorub! tr!,itio&!l ,ru%s+ K,u&,u&C ,ru%s
!re pre,o%i&!&tl$ be!te& ,uri& v!rious tr!,itio&!l 'estiv!ls !%o& t/e
Yorub!s. For eB!%ple ,uri& Osu& 'estiv!ls usu!ll$ i& Os/obo+ O*e7
b!,!& 'estiv!l !%o& t/e Ib!,!& o' O$o St!te et(eter!. T/e Ei,7el7*!bir+
Ei,7el7M!ulu, !&, Ei,7el7'itri 'estiv!ls o' t/e Isl!%i( reliio& !re
!l"!$s (elebr!te, "it/ K,u&,u&C,ru% b$ t/e Wester& Nieri!& Musli%.
)i*e"ise+ t/e C/risti!&s ,o (elebr!te C/rist%!s+ 4oBi& D!$+ !&,
E!ster+ 0!rvest 'estiv!ls+ Reviv!ls+ !&, (rus!,es "it/ so&s !&, ,!&(e
!((o%p!&ie, "it/ %usi(!l i&stru%e&t li*e ,u&,u&+ b!&, sets !&, ot/er
%o,er& %usi(!l i&stru%e&ts.
Du&,u& (!& !lso be use, to (o%%u&i(!te %ess!es ,uri& 'estiv!ls. For
eB!%ple+ ,uri& eu&u& 'estiv!l+ I$! IluC (oul, be use, to "!r& !
%!s1uer!,e oi& be$o&, /is bou&,!r$ i& %!i( ,ispl!$. For eB!%ple+
t/e A$!& %!$ s!$8
Ou&-i%i+ Ou&-i%i+
Se pelepele
4o b! buru t!&
I"o &i*!& &i o *u
T/!t is ou&-i%i Dt/e &!%e o' t/e eu&u&E+ t!*e it e!s$ be(!use i'
t/i&s tur&e, sour+ $ou "ill be t/e o&l$ o&e to '!(e t/e %usi(. Su(/
eu&u& "oul, 1ui(*l$ so't7pe,!l or e&, up i& s/!%e.
Du&,u& ,ru%s !lso /er!l, i& C/rist%!s 'estiv!l t/rou/ K,u&,u&C
%ess!e li*e8
6eresi%esi+ o,u& ,e+ o,u& olo"o+
6eresi%esi o,u& ,e+ o,u& olo%o
T/is is+ C/rist%!s /!s (o%e+ t/e 'estiv!l o' t/e ri(/ !&, t/e 'ruit'ul.
A&ot/er eB!%ple is8
Ase &se tu& se/:(e
4i ! b! se$i t!&
A o se %i si
Ase &se tu& se
T/!t is+ it s/!ll be ! (o&ti&uous (elebr!tio&+ o&e (elebr!tio& "ill
>2
(o&ti&ue to le!, to !&ot/er+ it s/!ll be ! (o&ti&uous (elebr!tio&.
Duri& (/ur(/ servi(e+ t/e K!&!&C %e%ber o' K,u&,u&C (oul, be use,
to p!ss %ess!es o& trust i& Fesus C/rist. For eB!%ple8
Mo re&i bo-u le
Mo ti re&i 'e/i&ti+
O&ib!bo 'e/i&ti Fesu
O ,uro boi&7boi&.
T/is is+
I /!ve see& "/o% to trust+
I /!ve see& "/o% to rel$ o&.
C/risti!&s rel$ o& Fesus !&, st!&, 'ir%.
Du&,u& is !lso be!te& to e&tert!i& uests !t v!rious (ere%o&ies li*e
"e,,i&+ &!%i&+ 'u&er!ls+ /ouse "!r%i& !&, r!,u!tio& (ere%o&ies.
Mo,er& Yorub! e&!e%e&t (ere%o&ies !re %!,e livel$ t/rou/ t/e
,u&,u& ,ru%s. Du&,u& is use, to le!, t/e roo%Cs '!%il$ to t/e /ouse
o' t/e bri,e ,uri& "e,,i& e&!e%e&t (ere%o&$.
Du&,u& is !lso use, to (o%%u&i(!te %ess!es ,uri& (ere%o&ies. For
eB!%ple+ ,uri& buri!l (ere%o&ies+ t/e KO&iluC %!$ (o%%u&i(!te
%ess!es li*e8
O*u olo"o o,u& %et! &i+
o*u otosi osu %e'!+
o*u olo%o+ !se &se tu&se
T/!t is+ t/e buri!l o' t/e ri(/+ t!*es o&l$ t/ree $e!rs+ t/!t o' t/e poor is
%erel$ siB %o&t/s. 4ut t/e buri!l o' t/e ,e!, "/o /!, (/il,re& is
(o&ti&uous D'or li'eE.
A&ot/er sou&, %!$ be8
Ile lo lo t!r!r! /:(e
4!b! rele o
Ile lo lo t!r!r! /:(e
T/!t is+
/e /!s o&e /o%e str!i/t /:(e
4!b! /!s o&e /o%e+ /e /!s o&e /o%e str!i/t /:(e
Du&,u& (!& !lso be be!te& to sti%ul!te (o%%u&it$ %e%bers ,uri& !
(o%%u&it$ sel' spo&sore, pro-e(ts. For eB!%ple+ ! (o%%u&it$ "or*i&
o& t/e buil,i& o' t/e (o%%u&it$ To"& 0!ll (oul, be sti%ul!te, b$ t/e
,ru% be!ts o' ,u&,u& to (o%ple%e&t t/e e''orts o' t/e people i&volve,
i& t/e "or*.
Du&,u& ,ru%s !re eBte&sivel$ use, 'or v!rious purposes i& t/e ro$!l
>5
p!l!(e o' Yorub! 6i&s. A((or,i& to A*i&'ele$e D1<>3E+ MT/e I$! Ilu
"!s eBte&sivel$ use, i& t/e 6i&Cs .!l!(e to re%i&, /i% o' ro$!l
!ppoi&t%e&ts+ "!r& /i% o' i%pe&,i& ,!&er !&, &oti'$ /i% o' t/e
!ppro!(/ o' visitors to t/e p!l!(e. T/e I$! Ilu "!s !lso use, to se&,
%ess!es 'ro% t/e Ob! to t/e to"& or vill!e !&, 'or (o%%u&i(!ti&
%ilit!r$ i&tellie&(e ,uri& "!rs.
Du&,u& ,ru%s !re !lso spe(i!ll$ use, to /o&our *i&s i& Yorub!l!&,.
For eB!%ple+ ! set o' KO&iluC is usu!ll$ !%o& t/e *i&s e&tour!e o&
o''i(i!l -our&e$ "it/i& or outsi,e /is ,o%!i&. A%o& t/e Yorub!s+
,u&,u& is usu!ll$ use, to "!*e t/e *i& ever$ %or&i&. T/e ,e!t/ o' !&
ob! is !lso !&&ou&(e, "it/ t/e ,u&,u& ,ru%s !&, /is buri!l (ere%o&$ is
!l"!$s ,o%i&!te, b$ t/e ,u&,u& set o' ,ru%s.
Du&,u& ,ru%s !re !lso use, to (o%%u&i(!te %ilit!r$ i&tellie&(e
,uri& "!rs. T/e %!-or 'u&(tio& o' ,u&,u& ,uri& "!r is to sti%ul!te or
e&(our!e t/e "!rriors to (o&ti&ue 'i/ti& u&til vi(tor$ is !(/ieve,.
W/e&ever t/e O&ilu &oti(e, t/!t t/e "!rriors !re etti& tire,+ /e
(o%%u&i(!tes e&(our!i& %ess!es "it/ /is I$!7Ilu %ess!es li*e8
oolee se bi b!b! re &iL
Ou&,epo
Oo le se bi b!b! re &i L
4i eru b! bi b!b! re&i L
Eru o bCo%o b!lou&
It!*u& to b! &i *i eri&
M! ,e !!lo
Ou& eri& &i -o &Clo
T/!t is+ (!&Ct $ou 'i/t li*e $our '!t/er. Ou&,epo (!&Ct $ou 'i/t li*e
$our '!t/erL
I' $ou !re !'r!i, let us *&o"+
4ut t/e so& o' ! (/ie' "!rrior s/oul, &ot be !'r!i,.
T/e obst!(le t/!t s!$s it "ill preve&t t/e elep/!&t 'ro% etti& u&to
/i/er rou&,+ "ill /!ve to et up toet/er "it/ t/e elep/!&t.
A((or,i& to A,eo$e D1<>;E+ t/e ,u&,u& ,ru%s "ere !lso use, i& t/e
ol,e& ,!$s to i&'or% ! &ei/bouri& to"& !bout t/e !ppro!(/ o' "!r.
T/is role reve!ls t/e u&i1ue 'u&(tio& o' ,u&,u& ,ru%s i& t/e !re! o'
p!ssi& %ess!es over lo& ,ist!&(es.
Dundun ,ru%s !re !lso (urre&tl$ use, to e&(our!e or /!ste& eB(elle&t
per'or%!&(e !t 'u&(tio&s or !%es. For eB!%ple+ ,u&,u& is use, b$
%o,er& Wester& Nieri! Footb!ll supporters Clubs to /!ste& its 'ootb!ll
(lub to !(tio&. It is to e&(our!e t/e% to e&,ure till vi(tor$ is "o&.
>3
M!&$ Footb!ll SupportersC Clubs i& Wester& Nieri! use K,u&,u&C to
sti%ul!te t/eir 'ootb!llers to vi(tor$.
Mo,er& Yorub! i&,ie&ous %usi(i!&s !lso eBte&sivel$ use t/e K!&!&C
%e%ber o' t/e ,u&,u& ,ru% set i& t/eir re(or,s. For eB!%ple+ %ost -u-u+
!p!l!+ s!*!r! !&, ospel %usi(i!&s use K!&!&C i& t/eir rele!ses.
T/e politi(i!&s !lso use, t/e K,u&,u&C to boost t/eir (re,ibilit$ !&, to
(o&vi&(e people to vote 'or t/e%+ ,u&,u& ,ru%%ers !re usu!ll$ p!rt o'
t/e e&tour!e o' t/e politi(i!&s ,uri& politi(!l (!%p!i&s.
Du&,u& is !lso use, to p!ss so%e spe(i'i( %ess!es t/rou/ %usi(. For
i&st!&(e t/e pie(e belo" prese&ts ! 'utile !tte%pt "or*i& !t so%eo&eCs
,o"&'!ll. T/e ,ru% %ess!e8
A o ,e bi ti ! 'e ,e /:(e
E b!! tCe&u bCepe
6e e tee&u bC!se
A o ,e bi ti ! 'e ,e /:(e
T/!t is+
We "ill surel$ et to "/ere @o, pro%ise, 'or us.
Your (urses !&, (/!r%s (!&&ot /i&,er our ,esti&$.
We "ill surel$ et to our ,esti&!tio&.
Du&,u& is !lso use, i& %o,er& ,!$ (o%%u&i(!tio& i.e. eBoe&ous
%e,i!. EBoe&ous %e,i! !s use, i& t/is (o&teBt st!&, 'or t/e r!,io !&,
televisio& %e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. Du&,u& is (urre&tl$ use, i&
eBoe&ous %e,i! -i&les !&, si&!ture tu&es i& Yorub! l!&, to
(o%%u&i(!te t/e ti%e o' t/e ,!$. For eB!%ple t/e sou&,87
,u&,u&,u&,u&,u&,u&
,u&,u&,u&,u&,u&,u&
T/!t is+ "e !re tr!&s%itti& 'ro% Ib!,!& /ere. DNCb!,!& &ibi l!ti
&'o/u&E.
Du&,u& is !lso use, b$ t/e eBoe&ous %e,i! to !&&ou&(e t/e
(o%%e&(e%e&t o' &e"s(!sti&. For eB!%ple+ R!,io. O7Y7O versio& o'8
T!ti "ere &i te*ut! ile+
Alu p!r!,! &i ti Ki !-!
Abi$!%. 6ii be*u&
O%o re *o %! t!ti "ere+
Nile !*e,e o$o+ ori& %be+
Nile !*e,e o$o Qi7r7o7/i&???
>=
Du&,u& ,ru%s !re !lso use, !s si&!l tu&es to !&&ou&(e t/e
(o%%e&(e%e&t o' so%e tr!,itio&!l pror!%%es o& televisio& !&, r!,io.
T/e ,u&,u& ,ru%s !re !lso use, to (!ll people 'ro% '!r ,ist!&(es. For
eB!%ple8
Fol!ri&+ Fol!ri&
Se ,!!,!! lo "!L
T/!t is+
Fu&"o&+ Fu&"o&+ !re $ou !lri/tL
KDu&,u&C is !lso use, to si& pr!ises o' i%port!&t perso&!lities ,uri&
'estiv!ls or (ere%o&ies. T/is is ,o&e eit/er to "el(o%e t/e% or to si&
pr!ises "/ile o& se!t. For eB!%ple
Fu&"o&+ o%o A,e$e%i+
6!!bo+ se ,!,! lo ,e+
A ti &retii re+ *!!bo+
Se ,!!,!! lo ,e
T/!t is+
Fu&"o&+ t/e so& o' A,e$e%i+
"el(o%e+ /ope $ou !rrive, s!'el$+
"e /!ve bee& eBpe(ti& $ou.
Or
Fu&"o&+ o%o A,e$e%i+
4!b! &i b!b! &-e/ :(e
E b! t!*iti+ *e 'ori sole+
4!b! &i b!b! &-e
T/!t is+
Fu&"o&+ t/e so& o' A,e$e%i
"ill !l"!$s be '!t/er+
&o %!tter $our resist!&(e
! '!t/er "ill !l"!$s be ! '!t/er.
A surve$ o' K,u&,u&C ,ru% s/o"e, t/!t t/e$ !re %ore e''e(tive i& t/e
!re! o' e&tert!i&%e&t t/!& (o%%u&i(!tio&. T/is is be(!use !l%ost
ever$bo,$ (!& ,!&(e to t/e ,ru% be!ts o' K,u&,u&C but 'e" ,o
u&,erst!&, t/e (o%%u&i(!tive 'u&(tio&.
T/e i&terpret!tio& o' ,u&,u& %ess!e is usu!ll$ b!se, o& eBperie&(e
!&, eBposure to t/e ru,i%e&ts o' t/e be!ts. So%e ,o &ot u&,erst!&, t/e
%ess!e !t !ll "/ile so%e %isi&terpret it.
For eB!%ple+ t/e sou&, o' t/e ,ru% -i&le use, b$ r!,io Nieri! to
>>
!&&ou&(e t/e ti%e o' t/e ,!$ is (!p!ble o' bei& i&terprete, !s8
D4C Olub!,!& b! *u t!&i $io -o$eE MI' Olub!,!& ,ies "/o su((ee,s
/i%N
D6o so&ibese &ibi e lo sile *e-iE t/ere is &o ,ebtor /ere+ o to t/e &eBt
/ouse"/ere!s+ t/e re!l i&terpret!tio& !s st!te, e!rlier is8
DNCIb!,!& &ibi l!ti &'o/u&E We !re tr!&s%itti& 'ro% Ib!,!& /ere.
Also+ t/ere is t/e ,!&er t/!t !& !,vers!r$ "oul, u&,erst!&, t/e ,ru%
si&!l o' /is 'oe !&, t/us use it !!i&st t/e%. A*i&'ele$e D1<>3E (ite,
t/e eB!%ple o' t/e Ib!,!&/I-!$e W!r o' 1>3;71>35. 0e s!i, Ou&%ol!
!s !& Ib!,!& C/ie' /!ppe&e, to /!ve %!stere, t/e "!r ,ru% si&!ls o'
*uru&%i so t/!t /e "!s !ble to su((ess'ull$ i%it!te t/e% !&,
(o&se1ue&tl$ %!t(/ o& *uru&%i "!r (!%p "it/ ,is!strous e''e(ts o& t/e
I-!$e troops.
Moreover+ i& (ultur!l setti&s+ ! &ovi(e %!$ '!ll vi(ti% i' /e ,oes &ot
u&,erst!&, t/e %ess!es (o%%u&i(!te, b$ t/e ,ru% ,uri& "!r. For
eB!%ple+ t/e sou&,8
,u&,u&,u&,u&,u&,u&
,u&,u&,u&,u&,u&,u&
Me!&s Dou& ,ebo,e e s!r! $i& -o ou& ,ebo,eE M%e!&i& Mt/ere is "!r
!t t/e 'ro&tier !t/er $ourselves.N
I& t/e (!se+ t/e %ess!e i&te&,e, "oul, be t/e %obili#!tio& o' %e&. T/e
s!%e sou&, (!& be i&terprete, !s8
Ii &"olule e %! s!le
Ii &"olule
Me!&i&+ M! tree is '!lli& ru& !"!$ ! tree is '!lli&.N T/e '!lli& o' t/e
tree %i/t be ! 'iur!tive eBpressio& o' ,!&er t/!t (oul, &ot be
repulse, b$ p/$si(!l 'or(e.
A "!rrior "/o %isi&terprets t/e %ess!e 'or t/e se(o&, i&terpret!tio&+
%!$ out o' p!&i(+ '!ll i&to t/e e&e%iesC /!&,s.
1.= CONCLUSION
T/e i%port!&(e o' %e%br!&eop/o&es i& Wester& Nieri! is &o ,oubt
(le!r. T/e$ ,isse%i&!te %ess!es !&, provi,e e&tert!i&%e&t i& Wester&
Nieri!I !&, !re still relev!&t i& t/e %o,er& A'ri(!& setti&s. 4ut t/e use
><
o' %e%br!&eop/o&es i& Wester& Nieri! %!$ soo& ,ie out i' people !re
&ot e&(our!e, to preserve it b$ tr!i&i& !&, pro%otio&. For i&st!&(e
t/ose "/o !re i&tereste, i& le!r&i& t/e ,u&,u& be!ts but ,o &ot belo&
to t/e KO&iluC '!%il$ s/oul, be e&(our!e, to le!r& t/e !rt. More
rese!r(/es s/oul, !lso be ,o&e o& %e%br!&eop/o&es i& Wester&
Nieri! to e&(our!e i&terest i& t/e%.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it ,is(usse, %e%br!&eop/o&es use, i& Wester& Nieri!. It
loo*e, !t t/e 'e!tures+ uses !&, (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s. It sueste,
/o" to e&/!&(e sust!i&!bilit$ i& t/e use o' ,ru%s 'or i&'or%!tio&
,isse%i&!tio& !&, e&tert!i&%e&t i& Wester& Nieri!.
N!%e t/e v!rious %e%br!&e&op/o&es 'ou&, i& Wester& Nieri!.
1. N!%e t"o t$pes o' ,ru%s 'ou&, i& Wester& Nieri!.
:. Des(ribe t/e t"o ,ru%s &!%e,.
G. Dis(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' o&e o' t/e ,ru%s
,es(ribe,.
C.= REFERENCES9FURTHER READING
A,eo$e+ C. ). D1<>;E. The Customs and Arts of the 4oru3as. Ib!,!&8
U&iversit$ .ress.
A*i&'ele$e+ R. A. D1<>3E. MTr!,itio&!l Co%%u&i(!tio& i& Nieri!.N
Nigeria Maga*ine+ 5ol 52 No. :.
A%!li+ S.O. D1<<;E. MTr!,itio&!l For%s o' Co%%u&i(!tio& i& Nieri!8
Mo,es !&, Devi(es.N I& Al*!li+ Nur et !l De,s.E Africa Media
Issues. E&uu8 Delt! .ubli(!tio&s.
D!r!%ol!+ O+ !&, Fe-e+ A. D1<=5E. The Customs and Di&inities of the
4oru3as. Ib!,!&8 O&ibo&7O-e .ress.
)!,ele+ T. A. A. et. al. D1<>3E. A Collection of +esearches on 4oru3a
Custom. )!os8 M!(%ill!&.
<;
S(/oles+ .. A. D1<G>E. The Oxford Com(anion to Music. 1;
t/
E,itio&.
)o&,o&8 OB'or, U&iversit$ .ress.
Wilso&+ D. D1<>=E. MTr!,itio&!l Me,i! i& Mo,er& A'ri(!&
Develop%e&t.N African Media +e&iew 5ol 1. N;. :.
<1
UNIT 5 AEROPHONES
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 W/istles+ .ipes !&, Flutes
G.1.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' W/istles+ .ipes !&,
Flutes
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& !erop/o&es ! roup o' i&stru%e&t!l
(o%%u&i(!tio&. A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28<17<1E !erop/o&es8
?!re %usi(!l i&stru%e&ts "/i(/ pro,u(e sou&, !s ! result o' t/e
vibr!tio& o' ! (olu%& o' !ir "/i(/ is 'or(e, t/rou/ ! *i&, o' pipe. It is
t/e %out/ t/!t is usu!ll$ use, to 'or(e t/is !ir t/rou/ t/e i&stru%e&t.
T/e !erop/o&es i&(lu,e i&stru%e&ts su(/ !s t/e 'lute '!%il$+ ree, pipes+
/or&s+ tru%pet !&, ot/er su(/ *i&,s.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
list t/e t$pes o' !erop/o&es ,r!"i& 'ro% t/eir (ultures
,is(uss so%e t$pes o' !erop/o&es 'ou&, i& t/eir (ultures
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' !erop/o&es i& A'ri(!&.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 7-!"t*#"< P!3#" )nd F*ut#"
W/istli& b$ 'or(i& bre!t/ t/rou/ (lose, lips (o%%u&i(!te i& A'ri(!.
Si%il!rl$+ A*p!bio D:;;GE st!te, t/!t t/e use o' i&stru%e&ts li*e ,eer
/or&+ ivor$ tus*+ our, or ree, pipes serve !s ,evi(es !&, 'or t/e %ost
p!rts !s %usi(!l i&stru%e&ts i& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&. Si%il!rl$+
,r!"i& 'ro% t/e U*"u!&i spe!*i& people o' N,o*"! West )o(!l
@over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ so%e eB!%ples !re ,is(usse, belo".
<:
Odu" !((or,i& to O"e##$ D1<<<E+ Odu is t/e biest o' !ll. It is o'
"il, !&i%!l l!re /or&+ e.. A&telope.
Odu Ossai is t/e /erb!list 'lute. It is pro,u(e, %!i&l$ 'ro% tips or
'r!(tio&s o' elep/!&t tus*s. It (oul, !lso be '!s/io&e, out o' so't "oo,e,
tru&*s o' pl!&ts. It is (!lle, Odu Ossai be(!use it is use, 'or s/ri&e
servi(es.
O!i is ! sli% our, tru%pet. A((or,i& to O"e##$ D1<<<E+ it is t/e
"i,est tr!,itio&!l (/!&&el o' (o%%u&i(!tio& si&(e it (oul, be /e!r, !t !
,ist!&(e o' over 'our %iles. It is t/e peopleCs voi(e !&, &e"s %e,i!.
"&!ili or "(e#Anu is ! tru%pet %!,e o' elep/!&t tus*. It is li*e /!"*
!%o& t/e '!%il$ o' bir,s. So+ it is !%o& ot/er i&stru%e&t!l sou&,
pro,u(i& !ppli!&(es. It is t/eir *i& /o&oure, !bove !ll DO"e##$+
1<<<E. It is usu!ll$ be!uti'ull$ ,esi&e, b$ !rtists "/o (!rve t/e%. T/e$
/!ve t"o ope&i&s. T/e l!rer o&es rele!se sou&, i&to t/e !ir. T/e s%!ll
o&es !re (!rve, 'ro% elep/!&t (!&i&es !&, -ust s(!r(el$ e&ou/ to !,%it
t/e tips o' t/e t"o lips+ "/i(/ !re ver$ 'ir%l$ pri&te, i& t/e "/ole to
'or(e out sou&, !&, re1uire, %ess!es. O&l$ eBperts i& it pro,u(e
!u,ible !&, i&tellie&t %ess!es 'ro% t/e%+ be(!use t/e$ !re ,i''i(ult to
oper!te. T/e$ !re ver$ pre(ious possessio&s+ "/i(/ o&l$ %o&!r(/s !&,
t/eir (/il,re& o"&. T/ose "/o possess t/e% !uto%!ti(!ll$ !re pri&(es
!&, so eBe%pte, 'ro% (o%%u&it$ l!bour or t!Bes o' !ll *i&,s. O"&ers
o&l$ (!rr$ t/e% !&, o((!sio&!ll$ bl!re t/e% i&to t/e !ir to s/o" t/!t t/e
(o%%u&it$ is !t "or*.
Ofili is oper!te, b$ o&l$ s*ille, pipers "/o (o%'ort!bl$ blo" i& !ir t/!t
'or(e out re1uire, sou&,s !&, %ess!es. Its %ess!es !re re(eive, "ell
b$ !(tors to "/o% t/e %ess!e is ,ire(te,.
T/e piper eBerts re!ter 'or(e t/!& ot/ers to pro,u(e t/e re1uire, sou&,s
!&, %ess!es. It se&,s t/e /e!, reeli& "it/ bur&i& ,esire to !(t i&
,e'i!&(e o' eve& ,e!t/. It !(ts+ serves i& !bse&(e !&, ,e'i!&(e o' %2(ili
or %*e9Anu. It is ! %!ster o' itsel' !&, (!& !ppe!r i& !&$ s/o" t/!t
,e%!&,s 'or(e !&, v!lli!&($. It r!ises ver$ /i/ se&s!tio&s i& people.
Ulete !re 'lutes pro,u(e, 'ro% oo, br!&(/es o' I&,i!& b!%boos. T/e
t!il o' ! &o,e o' t/e br!&(/ is &e!tl$ (ut o''. T/e ot/er e&, is !lso &e!tl$
(ut o'' ver$ (lose to t/e (or*e, poi&t. It usu!ll$ /!s seve& /oles !ll o&
top !&, o& str!i/t li&e. 0o"ever+ t/e 'irst /ole is sep!r!te, 'ro% t/e
ot/er siB "/i(/ !re lo(!te, (loser to t/e ope& e&,. T/e piperCs /ole is
lo(!te, '!r 'ro% ot/ers to e&!ble /i% blo" or pipe (o%'ort!ble i&to it
'or /is ,esire, %usi( 'or so(i!l e&tert!i&%e&ts.
<G
/.1.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. 7-!"t*#"< P!3#" )nd
F*ut#"
Odu is t/e i&stru%e&t use, i& su%%o&i& t/e Cou&(il o' El,ersC
%eeti& 7 t/e (ou&(il o' t/e (o%%u&it$. E!rl$ i& t/e %or&i& !t !bout
'ive7t/irt$ D58G;!%E o& %2e ,!$s D&!tive Su&,!$+ o' &i&e ,!$s i&terv!lEI
it is blo"& to i&vite ever$bo,$ to t/e Cou&(il o' El,ers+ (/ie's !&, !ll. It
(oul, be blo"& !lso o& e%ere&($ (!ses o& or,i&!r$ ,!$s "/e&
so%et/i& re1uiri& t/e !tte&tio& !&, !(tio& o' t/e people su(/ !s
s/!ri& o' %e!t ot 'ro% /u&ti& eBpe,itio& or s/!ri& 'is/ 'ro%
(o%%u&it$ l!*es !&, "/e& t/ere is !&$ e%ere&($.
Odu Ossai pro,u(es o&l$ ! *i&, o' s/!rp sou&, to s/o" t/e prese&(e o'
! /erb!list or ! p/$si(i!&. W/e& ! p/$si(i!& visits Ms!(re, pl!(esN su(/
!s (e%eteries+ r!ve $!r,s+ l!*es+ stre!%s+ rivers+ evil 'orests et(+ t/e$
blo" it o&(e o& ! s/!rp &ote to i&'or% or "!r& spirits o' t/e !ppro!(/ o'
people. Its use is believe, to i&vo*e spirits+ "!r& t/e% o' t/e prese&(e o'
l!$ people !&, i&vite t/e% to t/e servi(es o' /erb!lists. It is o&e o'
/erb!listCs tools. It /!s ! pl!(e !%o& (olle(tio&s o' !&(estr!l s/ri&es o'
ri(/ '!%ilies.
O!i: T/e uses o' O(i !re &u%erous but %!i&l$ 'or so(i!l purposes. It is
use, to su%%o& people to (o%%u&it$ l!bour+ /u&ti& !&, 'estiv!l
(!%ps !&, (!%p sitesI !&, i&'or% '!r%ers t/!t it is ti%e 'or t/e% to
le!ve 'or /o%e 'or se(urit$ re!so&sI e&(our!e+ ,is(our!e+ stop+ "!r&
!&, %o,er!te ! spe!*er i& !& !u,ie&(e. It (!lls t/e /u&ters toet/er i&
e%ere&($. It !lso (oor,i&!tes t/e /u&ters !&, poi&ts t/e "!$ to ! lost
/u&ter i& t/e bus/. At &i/ts+ t/is s!%e %e,iu% sou&,s to "!r, o''
t/ieves. T/e "/istle !lso su%%o&s /u&ters to %eeti&s. It i&'or%s t/e%
o' t/e ti%e to o 'or !%e7/u&ti& !&, "/e& to retur& /o%e.
It o''ers se(ret ui,e or !,vi(e to ! spe!*er !&, people "/o u&,erst!&,
its l!&u!e. It !lso o''ers (/e(*s !&, b!l!&(es o& ! spe!*erCs ti%e b$
se(retl$ !,visi& /i% o& brevit$.
It is !lso use, ,uri& 'estiv!ls to r!ise 'estiv!l so&s 'or t/e (/ie' !rtists.
T/e tru%peter uses it to ,ire(t !&, sti%ul!te t/e !rtists !&, t/e "/ole
,!&(e. At ti%es o' e%ere&(ies+ it is use, to r!ise !l!r% !&, "!r& t/e
people o' possible ,!&er. It is !lso o' re!t v!lue "/e& se!r(/i& 'or !
%issi& perso&. T/e tru%peter uses it to (!ll t/e perso&Cs &!%e+ !lert
/i%//er o' people se!r(/i& 'or /i%//er+ !&, o' t/e ,ire(tio& o' t/e
people. It is use, to tell t/e perso& to i&,i(!te t/!t /e/s/e is !live !&,
/o" to re!(/ /i%//er.
Furt/er%ore+ O(i is ver$ i%port!&t to ! (/ie' o& /is i&iti!tio& ,!$ bot/
!s !& es(ort+ i&'or%!tio& (!rrier or err!&, %!& i& i&viti& people to t/e
<2
(ere%o&$. Duri& t/e (ere%o&$+ it ,ire(ts !&, tells t/e &e" i&iti!te o&
/o" to t!*e steps+ !&, ot/er !(tio&s ,uri& i&st!ll!tio& (ere%o&ies
DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
O&e eB(lusive use o' %2(ili or %*e9Anu is to r!ise !l!r%. To /e!r !&
!l!r% 'ro% %2(ili or %*e9Anu is to see $oursel' i& ! "!r 'ro&t or se!r(/
'or ! %issi& perso&. T/ere'ore+ to /e!r t/e bl!ri& o' !& %2(ili or %*e9
Anu is ! "!r&i& to (/!re $oursel' "it/ "/!tever "oul, %!*e $ou !
v!lli!&t %!&. T/e o&l$ %il, sou&, o' %2(ili or %*e9Anu is /e!r, "/e& !
*i& or ! &oble or (/ie' is le,7 t/rou/ t/e to"& !&, o& (ere%o&i!l
o((!sio&s. T/e o"&er &ever blo"s it eB(ept ! ,ire &ee, !rises. Wilso&
D1<<>E spe(i'i(!ll$ st!te, t/!t t/e ivor$ tus* i& I3i3io land is use, to8
settle 1u!rrelsI
i&'or% (iti#e&s o' t/e ,e!t/ o' *i&s+ serious (!l!%itiesI !&, r!ve
o((urre&(eI
pl!(e i&-u&(tio&s o& ,ispute, l!&, !&, propert$I
o''er 'i&!l "or, o& issuesI !&,
i&'or% %e%bers o' se(rets so(ieties %e%bers !bout i%port!&t
'estiv!ls.
I& ot/er p!rts o' Nieri!+ it is use, !%o& t/e8
Ig3os to reet *i&s "/ile p!ssi& t/rou/ t/eir ,o%!i&I
4oru3as to (o%%u&i(!te t/e re!t&ess o' ! /u&ter 'or *illi& !&
elep/!&tI
Ig3os to "el(o%e &e" %e%bers b$ t/e N*e so(iet$I !&,
Annangs o' A*"!7Ibo% St!te to "el(o%e ! &e" "i'e.
Ofili is ! pi((olo. T/is is ! sou&, pro,u(i& !ppli!&(e. It is less t/!& !
'oot lo& !&, o' ! &!rro" /ole. It is pro,u(e, 'ro% "il, !&i%!l /or&s
su(/ !s bu''!los !&, ,eers. Most o' t/e% !re rue,+ or t"iste,. T/e tips
!re usu!ll$ s/!rp !&, poi&te,. EBter&!ll$+ it is rou/ but s%oot/
i&ter&!ll$. It /!s t"o ope&i&s. T/e %!i& or l!rer /ole is o& t/e l!rer
e&, "/ere t/e /or& "!s !tt!(/e, to t/e s*ull o' its orii&!l o"&er7
bu''!lo or ,eer. T/e se(o&, /ole is (ut to !,%it lips &e!r t/e poi&te, e&,
DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
Ap!rt 'ro% Ofili pro,u(e, 'ro% /or&s o' !&i%!ls+ t/ere !re ot/ers 'ro%
I&,i!& b!%boo !&, "oo,. T/is t$pe is ver$ s%!ll but po"er'ul. It is less
t/!& siB i&(/es lo&. T/e /ole %!$ /!r,l$ !,%it ! (!&,le sti(*. It /!s
o&l$ !& ope&i& "/i(/ is (!rve, bot/ si,es li*e ! M5N.
Also+ !%o& t/e 0!us!s+ tru%pets D6!*!*iE !re use, i& !,,itio& to
,ru%s DT!%b!riE to /er!l, t/e E%ir to publi( 'u&(tio&s.
A((or,i& to A*p!bio D:;;G81<E+ MCo" /or& is use, to re%ove b!,
bloo, or poiso& !&, !,%i&ister ,rus !%o& t/e ;ausa=/ulani Di&
<5
Nort/er& Nieri!P. It is !lso use, i& (o&su%i& p!l%"i&e !s "ell !s to
!&&ou&(e t/e ,e!t/ o' ! re!t '!r%erN. It ,i(t!tes to&es i& %usi( !&,
steps i& ,!&(es. It tells !(tors o' "/!t to ,o+ /o" to ,o+ "/e& to ,o !&,
"/ere to o. It (!rries !&, ,elivers !ll %ess!es !&, i&'or%!tio& t/!t
!&$ sou&, s$ste% is re1uire,. T/e sou&, 'ro% it is ver$ /i/+ /!rs/+
i&(iti& !&, %ost se&s!tio&!l.
Ulete serves i& ,eliveri& %ess!es li*e ot/ers+ but %!i&l$ 'or
e&tert!i&%e&ts+ so(i!l !&, perso&!l &ee,s. T/is %e,iu% is blo"& li*e !
tru%pet. It is use, b$ t/e !e roup to (o%%u&i(!te (o%%u&!l "or* to
%e%bersI "/ile $out/s pr!(tise, usi& it to (!ll !&, i&vite t/eir love,
o&es to t/eir se(ret /i,e outs "it/out p!re&ts *&o"i& "/!t is /!ppe&i&
!rou&, t/e% DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
Me,e D1<<>E st!te, t/!t t/e 'lute re'erre, to !s Imar is ! p/!lli( s$%bol
!&, (o&se1ue&tl$ pl!$e, o&l$ b$ %e& i& Tiv l!&,. It is use, to rel!$
i&'or%!tio& o& ,e!t/+ "!r+ %!rri!e or ot/er 'e!sts ,epe&,i& o& t/e
tu&e pl!$e,. Wilso& D1<<>8 G57G3E st!te, t/!t it is use, 'or pr!ise
si&i& !&, !t 'u&er!l o' %e%bers o' %3re so(iet$ i& A*"!7Ibo% !&,
Cross7River St!tesEI ,uri& t/e i&st!ll!tio& o' %mirs !&, %!rri!es i&
Nort/er& Nieri!I i& !&&ou&(i& Ogun 'estiv!l i& O&,o to"& D! to"& i&
O&,o St!te+ Nieri!EI !&, to ,ire(t OBomu ,uri& &e" $!% 'estiv!l i&
4oru3aland.
Su%%!risi& t/e 'u&(tio&s o' !erop/o&es+ Doob D1<3381;;E !&, Wilso&
D1<<>8G2E st!te, t/!t t/ese i&stru%e&ts tr!&s%it %ess!es ,uri&
s*ir%is/es !&, "!rs.
1.= CONCLUSION
Aerop/o&es pro,u(e sou&,s !s ! result o' vibr!tio&s ,r!"& 'ro% t/e !ir
to pro,u(e t/e sou&,s. T/e pl!$er %ust /!ve e&ou/ e&er$ to pro,u(e
i&te&,e, sou&,sI !&, t/e s*il'ul&ess re1uire,+ re1uires tr!i&i& !&,
pr!(ti(e. T/e$ !re use, to e&tert!i&+ su%%o& people to !(tio& !t "or* or
"!r.
I& ,2wuani+ %2(ili" ,lete and Ofili !re se&s!tio&!l. T/e$ !re li*e e!rt/
%ovi& %!(/i&es. T/e$ %ove %e& to ,!re t/e ,evil+ v!ult i&to b!ttle
'ro&ts+ rus/ !t 'oes !&, t/eir u&s !s i'+ t/e$ !re (l!%pi& !t !%es o& !
/u&ti& rou&,. T/e$ set t/e /e!rt !&, bloo, /i/ !t "!r+ love !&,
e&tert!i&%e&t. T/eir sou&,s+ i' &ot 'or e&tert!i&%e&ts se&, "o%e& !&,
(/il,re& s(!%peri& i&to t/eir roo%s "/ile t/e %e& ,ress up !&, ,!s/
!"!$ to (l!tter s"or,s+ (utl!sses !&, e%br!(e bullets o& t/e 'iel,s o'
v!lour.
<3
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it prese&te, !erop/o&es. It loo*e, !t t/e t$pes+ 'e!tures !&, t/eir
)ist t/e t$pes o' !erop/o&es ,is(usse, i& t/is u&it.
1. )ist t"o t$pes o' !erop/o&es i& $our (ulture.
:. Dis(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' t/e t"o t$pes o'
!erop/o&es 'ou&, i& $our (ulture+ "/i(/ $ou liste, i& DiiE !bove.
Doob+ )eor&!r, W D1<33E. Communication in Africa: A Search for
D1<<2E. Mass Communication: A Basic Text Ib!,!&8 C!ltop
.ublis/ers.
Me,e+ A. M D1<<>E MT/e E''i(!($ o' Tr!,itio&!l Me,i! o'
O"e##$+ @. C. D1<<<E T/e Abi o' E%u 6i&,o%+ A& i&tervie"
@over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ Nieri!.
Wilso&+ D. D1<<>E. MA T!Bo&o%$ o' Tr!,itio&!l Me,i! i& A'ri(!N i&
and A((lication i& A&su76$ere%e/.
<=
MODULE 4 DEMONSTRATIVE CHANNELS
U&it 1 T/e Co&(ept o' De%o&str!tive Co%%u&i(!tio&
U&it : Musi(
U&it G D!&(e !&, So&
U&it 2 .oetr$+ C/!&ts !&, I&(!&t!tio&s
U&it 5 Si&!ls+ Si&s !&, S$%bolor!p/$
UNIT 1 THE CONCEPT OF DEMONSTRATIVE
COMMUNICATION
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 De%o&str!tive Co%%u&i(!tio&8 T$pes !&, EB!%ples
G.: Fu&(tio&s o' De%o&str!tive Co%%u&i(!tio&
G.G Musi(+ D!&(e !&, S$%bolor!p/$ Di''ere&ti!te,
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio&. De%o&str!tive
,evi(es !re p!rt o' ite%s use, 'or (o%%u&i(!tio& i& tr!,itio&!l A'ri(!&
so(iet$. T/e$ !re p!rt o' t/e so(io7(ultur!l /erit!e o' A'ri(!.
,.= O>?ECTIVES

list t/e v!rious t$pes o' ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es
,is(uss t/e t$pes o' ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& ,r!"i& 'ro%
t/eir (ultures
,is(uss t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' ,e%o&str!tive
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es
<>
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 D#$on"tr)t!'# Co$$un!)t!on: T+3#" )nd E5)$3*#"
Alt/ou/+ A*p!bio D:;;GE st!te, t/!t t/ere !re t"o %!i& t$pes o'
,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& Q %usi( !&, si&!ls+ t/is !ut/or is o' t/e
vie" t/!t ,!&(e s/oul, be i&(lu,e,. As (ert!i& ,!&(e steps (o%%u&i(!te
!s "ell. So+ 'or our (l!ssi'i(!tio&+ "e s/oul, !,opt %usi( !&, ,!&(e. T/e
eB!%ples "oul, &o" i&(lu,e %usi(+ ,!&(e !&, so&s.
A!i&+ t/is !ut/or is o' t/e vie" t/!t i&ste!, o' si&!ls !lo&e+ si&s
s/oul, be i&(lu,e, !s (ert!i& si&s (o%%u&i(!te !s "ell. So+ 'or our
(l!ssi'i(!tio&+ "e !,opte, Si&!ls !&, s$%bolor!p/$. 0e&(e+ "e /!ve
t/ree (l!ssi'i(!tio&s.

It is i%port!&t to st!te /ere t/!t Wilso& D1<<>8:=E roupe,
s$%bolor!p/$ u&,er i&stru%e&t!ls+ but t/is !ut/or ,i''ers o& t/!t /e&(e
it /!s bee& roupe, u&,er ,e%o&str!tives. Also so%e eB!%ples Wilso&
D1<<>E !ve i&(lu,e ,e(or!te, b!%boo ri&o nsi3idi" t!ttoo+ !&, (/!l*
%!r*s. T/is !ut/or te&,s to ,i''er !lso. S/e sees t!ttoo !&, (/!l* %!r*s
!s visu!l 'or%s o' (o%%u&i(!tio&. Furt/er%ore+ t/e list o' "/!t
(o&stitutes s$%bolor!p/$ /ere "!s b!se, o& Ib!ere D1<<2E roupi&.
0o"ever+ t/is !ut/or !lso ,i''ers "it/ Ib!ere D1<<2E roupi& !&,
!((epte, s%o*e+ 'l!%es+ !s/es+ !&, *&ots u&,er s$%bolor!p/$+ but
tr!&s'erre, t/e rest o' Ib!ere D1<<2E list u&,er s$%bolor!p/$ to 'lor!l
! sub7roup u&,er i(o&or!p/i( (o%%u&i(!tio&.
D!E Musi( !&, D!&(e Q eB!%ples
Musi(
D!&(e
So&s/ Cor!l !&, e&tert!i&%e&t %usi(
.oetr$+ C/!&t !&, I&(!&t!tio&s
Si&!l !&, Si&s7eB!%ples
C!&o&/@u& s/ots
W/istle (!ll
C!%p 'ire
Ro!, 4lo(*s
M!r* o& ro!,s
CE S$%bolor!p/$7eB!%ples
<<
S%o*e
Fl!%e
As/es
6&ots
M!r*s o& trees
@r!sses !&, le!ves tie, i& (ert!i& "!$s
.l!&t!i& su(*er pl!&te, upsi,e ,o"&
Destru(tio& o' ro"i& (rops
.!l% 'ille, "it/ s!&,
/., Funt!on" o. D#$on"tr)t!'# Co$$un!)t!on
De%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es use, i& A'ri(! per'or% ,i''ere&t
'u&(tio&s ,epe&,i& o& t/e (ultur!l (o&teBt. T/is "oul, be ,is(usse, i&
,et!il i& subse1ue&t u&its i& t/is %o,ule.
/./ Mu"!< D)n# )nd S+$%o*o2r)3-+ D!..#r#nt!)t#d
T/ere !re ,i''ere&(es bet"ee& %usi( !&, s$%bolor!p/$I !&, ,!&(e !&,
s$%bolor!p/$. Alt/ou/ ,!&(e !&, %usi( (!& be use, to s$%bolise
t/i&s !&, eve&ts+ s$%bolor!p/$ is ,i''ere&t 'ro% ,!&(e be(!use ,!&(e
is /u%!& (o&stru(t+ ,o&e b$ /u%!& bei&s. Si%il!rl$ it is ,i''ere&t 'ro%
%usi( i& t/!t %usi( is i&st!&t!&eous+ but s$%bolor!p/$ so%eti%es
%i/t reister t/e %ess!e !t ! l!ter perio, !'ter it /!s bee& (o&ve$e,
DIb!ere+ 1<<2E.
1.= CONCLUSION
T/is u&it /!s 'o(use, o& ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& !&, !rue, t/!t
si&s s/oul, be i&(lu,e, i& t/e (!teor$ o' si&!ls i& A'ri(!&
(o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(esI !&, !lso !,,e, ! t/ir, roup 7 s$%bolor!p/$.
So+ it eBplore, t/e t/ree t$pes o' ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio&.
5.; Su%%!r$
T/is u&it ,is(usse, ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio&+ t$pes !&, eB!%ples.
Esse&ti!ll$ t/ree t$pes "ere ,is(usse,. A ,i''ere&ti!tio& o' %usi(+ ,!&(e
!&, s$%bolor!p/$ "r!ppe, up t/e u&it.
)ist t/e t$pes o' ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& ,is(usse, i& t/is u&it.
1;;
1. Dr!"i& eB!%ples 'ro% "/!t obt!i&s i& $our (ulture+ list te&
t$pes o' ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es.
:. Dis(uss !&$ t"o o' t/e%.
A*p!bio+ E. D::;;GE.African Communication Sstems: An Introductor
Co%%u&i(!tio&.N
I& Tos!&"u%i+ F. !&, E*"u!#u+ 0. De,s.E D1<<2E. Mass Communication:
A Basic Text Ib!,!&8 C!ltop .ublis/ers.
M$t/o&+ @. D1<>GE. Mass Communication in Africa. )o&,o&8 E,"!r,
Ar&ol,.
De&elo(ment. E&uu8 Fourt/ Di%e&sio&.
6"!si A&su7
6$ere%e/ D1<<>E. 'ers(ecti&es on Indigenous Communication in
Africa: Theor and A((lication. 5ol. I. )eo&+ @/!&!8 S(/ool o'
UNIT , MUSIC
1;1
CONTENTS
1.; I&trou,(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 Musi(
G.1.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' Musi(
G.1.: T/e Uses o' Musi(
G.1.:.1 Reliious Wors/ip/Festiv!ls
G.1.:.: W!r
G.1.:.G Celebr!tio&s
G.1.:.2 Cere%o&ies
G.1.:.5 5e&e!&(e
G.1.G T/e Musi(i!& !s ! Co%%u&i(!tor
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& %usi(+ ! ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(e.
A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28<;E+ %usi( is 1uite !& i%port!&t %o,e o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& i& t/e (ultur!l %ilieu o' A'ri(!&s+ ,erivi& its
si&i'i(!&(e %ostl$ 'ro% its e&tert!i&%e&t v!lue. Nobo,$ /!tes %usi(
O!t le!st ever$o&e li*es ! br!&, o' %usi(P.It %ost (ert!i&l$ !ttr!(ts
!tte&tio& !s soo& !s it %!&i'ests
,.= O>?ECTIVES
,e'i&e %usi(
outli&e t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' %usi(
eBpl!i& t/e role o' t/e %usi(i!& !s ! (o%%u&i(!tor.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 Mu"!
4e'ore t/e !,ve&t o' t/e (urre&t tre&,s i& (o%%u&i(!tio& te(/&olo$+
people !ll over t/e "orl, /!ve t/eir i&,ie&ous %e!&s o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& !&, e&tert!i&%e&t. T/ou/ t/ese %e!&s o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& %!$ &ot &e(ess!ril$ be e''i(ie&t i& ter%s o' re!(/i& !
l!re !u,ie&(e+ t/e$ !re &o ,oubt e''e(tiveI o&e o' su(/ %e,iu% o'
1;:
(o%%u&i(!tio& !&, e&tert!i&%e&t is %usi(.
T/e &e" -exicon #e3sterFs Dictionar D1<=:E ,e'i&e, %usi( !s MT/e !rt
o' ivi& stru(tur!l 'or% !&, r/$t/%i( p!tter& to (o%bi&!tio&s o' sou&,
pro,u(e, i&stru%e&t!ll$ or or!ll$. Also "riti& o& %usi(+ 4u&/!rt
D1<<5E st!te, t/!t M%usi( is sou&, !rr!&e, i&to ple!si& or i&teresti&
p!tter&s. It 'or%s !& i%port!&t p!rt o' %!&$ (ultur!l !&, so(i!l
!(tivities. .eople use %usi( to eBpress 'eeli& !&, i,e!s. Musi( !lso
serves to e&tert!i& !&, rel!BN.
Musi( is ! b!si( 'or% o' A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&. Musi( is ,e'i&e, !s
Mt/e !rt or s(ie&(e o' (o%bi&i& vo(!l or i&stru%e&t!l sou&,s Dor bot/E
to pro,u(e be!ut$ o' 'or%+ /!r%o&$ !&, eBpressio& o'
e%otio&.N D.e!rs!ll+ 1<<<8<2;EI "/ile 0or&b$ D1<>28==:E ,e'i&es Musi(
!s t/e M!rt o' %!*i& ple!si& (o%bi&!tio&s o' sou&,s i& r/$t/%
/!r%o&$ !&, (ou&terpoi&tN. T/is %e!&s t/!t %usi( ,oes &ot o&l$ (o&sist
o' so&s but ot/er !((o%p!&i%e&ts Dsou&,s+ l$ri(s+ et(E t/!t o !lo&
"it/ t/e /u%!& voi(e. T/is ,e'i&itio& be(o%es ver$ i%port!&t "/e& o&e
(o&si,ers t/!t v!rious i&stru%e&ts use, i& A'ri(!& %usi( (!& (o&ve$
,i''ere&t %ess!es+ eve& "/e& ! (o%bi&!tio& o' i&stru%e&ts is use,+ it
!lso (o&ve$s ! %ess!e. So+ %usi( %!$ be see& !s "ell stru(ture, !&
or!&ise, p!tter&s !&, pro(esses !i% !t !(/ievi& ! spe(i'i( ob-e(tive. It
/!s ! u&ivers!l l!&u!e o' its o"& !&, it is tr!,itio& b!se,. A((or,i&
to Ib!ere D1<<28<;E8
Musi( (oul, be re'erre, to !s t/e %elo,i( eBpressio& o' 'eeli&s i&
sou&,. T/is eBpressio& is ,o&e i& /!r%o&$. 4e(!use o' its &!ture+ %usi(
is ,ivi,e, i&to ! &u%ber o' sub7roups t/rou/ "/i(/ A'ri(!&s
(o%%u&i(!te. T/e %!i& 'e!ture o' t/is %o,e is i%%e,i!($. Alt/ou/+ it
(!& !lso be use, to (o%%u&i(!te "it/ so%eo&e "/o is re%ote 'ro% t/e
sour(e Dli*e s$%bolor!p/$E+ it is i%per!tive t/!t t/e re(eiver o' t/e
%ess!e bei& se&t %ust /e!r t/e sou&, be'ore /e "oul, be !ble to
respo&, to it !ppropri!tel$
/.1.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. Mu"!
Fro% t/e !&(ie&t ti%es+ %usi( /!s bee& !& i%port!&t !spe(t o' /u%!&
li'e. T/e (o%%u&i(!tio& v!lue o' %usi( is /o"ever %ore !pp!re&t i&
A'ri(! "/ere %usi( 'or%s ! ver$ i%port!&t p!rt o' t/eir ri(/ (ultur!l
/erit!e. T/e lo" level o' ,evelop%e&t i& t/e (o&ti&e&t+ "/i(/ %!*es
%!&$ o' %o,er& %e,i! o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i&!((essible to %!&$
A'ri(!&s+ is '!ilure to pro%ote A'ri(!& 'or%s o' (o%%u&i(!tio& o'
"/i(/ %usi( is !& i%port!&t %e,iu%. I& v!rious p!rts o' Nieri!+ %usi(
is use, to tr!&s%it t/e (ultur!l v!lues o' t/e so(iet$. 0e&(e+ it is p!sse,
it o& 'ro% e&er!tio& to e&er!tio&.
Alt/ou/ t/e i%port!&t role o' %usi( is to e&tert!i& people !ll over t/e
1;G
"orl,+ use %usi( !s ! %e,iu% o' (o%%u&i(!tio& to !(/ieve ,i''ere&t
!i%s bot/ &e!tive !&, positive. Musi( !s ! %e,iu% o' (o%%u&i(!tio&
is use, to p!ss o& i&'or%!tio& to liste&ers !&, !lso to ive i&stru(tio&s
o& v!rious !spe(ts o' /u%!& li'e. It is use, to p!ss o& %ess!es t/!t
(oul, /!ve e!sil$ bee& 'orotte& i' ive& b$ "or,s o' %out/. For
eB!%ple+ ! roup o' %usi(i!&s i& t/e USA 'or%e, ! roup i& t/e e!rl$
>;s u&,er t/e !uspi(es o' MU&ite, Support o' Artists 'or A'ri(!N to
rele!se !& !lbu%+ o& t/e &ee, 'or u&it$ !%o& t/e ,i''ere&t r!(es o' t/e
"orl, !&, p!rti(ul!rl$ to /elp "!r vi(ti%s i& A'ri(! "it/ t/e 'u&,s
re!lise,. Si%il!r e''ort "!s %!,e i& Nieri! u&,er t/e le!,ers/ip o'
6i& Su&&$ A,e+ ! 'ore%ost 4oru3a 5uBu %usi(i!&. T/e so& "!s
(!lli& 'or u&it$ !%o& t/e v!rious et/&i( roups i& Nieri! DFol!+
1<<>E. So+ i& A'ri(!+ %usi( is ! pote&t %e!&s o' ,isse%i&!ti&
i&'or%!tio&. A&ot/er eB!%ple is MC/oi(eN ! ,uet b$ 6i& Su&&$ A,e
!&, O&$e*! O&"ue&u "!s use, to pro%ote '!%il$ pl!&&i& i& Nieri!.
A!i&+ %usi( provi,es ! verit!ble sour(e o' i&'or%!tio& !&,
(o%%u&i(!tio&. Musi( to bot/ resi,e&t !&, iti&er!&t roups/i&,ivi,u!ls
e&tert!i&s+ e,u(!tes+ i&stru(ts+ rebu*es+ !&, (elebr!tes li'e !t birt/ !&,
,e!t/. It (!& be (o%bi&e, "it/ ot/er %e,i! su(/ !s poetr$+ usi& it to
(o&ve$ %e!&i&. Musi( is use, to e&(our!e people to "or*I lull
(/il,re& to sleepI pr!ise t/e livi& !&, t/e ,e!,I !&, eve& !s it is
believe, i& A'ri(!+ !i,s t/e p!ss!e o' t/e ,e!,. Musi( (!& be use, !s !
,ouble e,e, s"or, to pro%ote pe!(e !&, "!rI 'ore ! li&* bet"ee&
p!st !&, prese&tI 'ore &!tio&!l u&it$I !&, se&sitise t/e so(iet$ !&,
%obilise people 'or ,evelop%e&t. T/us+ (oul, be use, to pro%ote '!%il$
pl!&&i&+ /!r, "or*+ /o&est$+ !((ou&t!bilit$+ tr!&sp!re&($+ !&, t/e
preve&tio& o' 0I5 tr!&s%issio&. Musi( (oul, t!*e t/e 'or% o' r!pevi&e
stories to !lert t/e people o& ,evelop%e&t pl!&&e, 'or t/e% DWilso&+
1<<>821E. A((or,i& to A*p!bio D:;;G8:;E+ %usi( /!s bee& use, eve& i&
M%o,er& setti& to !i, t/e liber!tio& strule D)u(*$ Dube+ Fel!
A&i*ul!po 6uti+ So&&$ O*osu& !&, ot/er !rtistsE !,,ress i&e1uities i&
so(iet$+ t!l* !bout t/e virtue o' love+ rel!tio&s/ip !&, ! %$ri!, o' ot/er
usesN. So+ A'ri(!& %usi( is &ot !ll !bout MI love $ouN or MNieri!
5agaBagaNA As Ib!ere D1<<28<;7<1E puts it8
Alt/ou/+ li*e ,!&(e+ %usi( (oul, be (o&si,ere, si%pl$ !& !rt 'or its
o"& s!*e+ t/e '!(t re%!i&s t/!t t/e 'u&(tio&!l !spe(t o' it i& A'ri(!
p!&t/eo& is o' re!t s$%boli( si&i'i(!&(e. O&e /!s to be (o&vers!&t
"it/ t/e (ultur!l b!(*rou&, o' %usi( be'ore o&e (!& !(tu!ll$ !ppre(i!te
its be!ut$ !s "ell !s u&,erst!&, t/e %ess!e it p!sses !(ross !&, be
!(tu!ll$ !''e(te, b$ it
/.1., T-# U"#" o. Mu"!
1;2
0!vi& loo*e, !t t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' %usi( e&er!ll$+ it is
i%port!&t to loo* !t t/e v!rious o((!sio&s !&, purposes 'or t/e use o'
%usi(. Musi( is use, 'or v!rious re!so&s !&, i& su&,r$ pl!(es.
@e&er!ll$+ people pl!$ %usi( ,uri& (ere%o&ies+ !t "or*+ ,uri&
perso&!l !&, so(i!l !(tivities. I& A'ri(!+ %usi( is use, 'or ,i''ere&t
o((!sio&s !&, purposes 7 it is use, ,uri& reliious "ors/ip/'estiv!ls+
"!rs+ pe!(e ti%e+ (elebr!tio&s/(ere%o&ies D%!rri!e+ (/riste&i&+ /ouse
"!r%i&+ (/ie't!i&($+ buri!l+ et(E !&, !s !& i&stru%e&t o' ve&e!&(e b$
"!$s o' s!r(!s% or eup/e%is%.
/.1.,.1 R#*!2!ou" 7or"-!39F#"t!')*"
4e'ore t/e !,ve&t o' C/risti!&it$ !&, Isl!% i& A'ri(!+ A'ri(!&s "ere
,eepl$ roote, i& A'ri(!& Tr!,itio&!l Reliio& DATRE. T/e$ "ors/ippe,
,i''ere&t o,s. Fol! D1<<>E reporte, t/!t t/ere !re :;1 o,s i& Yorub!
l!&, !&, "ors/ippers o' e!(/ o' t/e% !re ver$ ,evote,. Sever!l o,s
su(/ !s Ogun" Sango" Oa" O3atala etc !re "ors/ippe, i& ,i''ere&t p!rts
o' Yorub! l!&,. T/is %i/t eBpl!i& "/$ t/ere !re %!&$ s/ri&es lo(!te,
i& virtu!ll$ ever$ p!rt o' Yorub! to"&s !&, vill!esI /e&(e s!(ri'i(es
!&, 'estiv!ls !re i%port!&t p!rt o' li'e o' ! tr!,itio&!l Yorub!. Musi(
pl!$s i%port!&t roles i& t/ese 'estiv!ls. I& '!(t+ %!&$ o' su(/ 'estiv!ls
su(/ !s Osun Osog3o Festiv!l !re %ore li*e (!r&iv!ls. Fol! D1<<>E
!rue, t/!t %usi( "!s use, to !&&ou&(e t/e bei&&i& o' %!-or 'estiv!ls
i& %ost Yorub! (o%%u&ities. 0e st!te, t/!t t/ere "ere usu!ll$ ,i''ere&t
,ru% !&, ,ru%be!ts 'or !&&ou&(i& e!(/ 'estiv!l. Musi( "!s !lso
&or%!ll$ use, to /er!l, &e" se!so&s. T/us+ %usi( (!& be s!i, to
per'or% !,,itio&!l role o' ti%e *eepi& 'or t/e pre,o%i&!&tl$ rur!l
people "/o /!ve &o !((ess to %o,er& ,!$ (!le&,!r !&, ti%e *eepi&
'!(ilities.
/.1.,., 7)r
I& t/e p!st !&, eve& !t prese&t+ %!&$ A'ri(!&s+ et/&i( roups !&,
*i&,o%s 'ou/t v!rious "!rs to preve&t se(essio& !&, %!i&t!i& t/eir
eBiste&(e !s ! si&le *i&,o%+ preve&t i&(ursio& o' e&e%$ *i&,o%s
i&to t/eir territories+ !&, (o&1uer pl!(es !&, people. 4e'ore oi& to
"!r+ %usi( "!s use, to %obilise lo(!l "!rriors i&to !(tio&. T/e
%usi(i!&s si& t/eir pr!ises eBtolli& t/eir p!st !(/ieve%e&ts+ !s "ell !s
t/e !(/ieve%e&ts o' t/eir proe&itors b$ si&i& t/eir Ori2i DYorub!
ter% 'or pr!ise &!%eE. O& /e!ri& t/eir Ori*i+ t/e "!rriors "ere usu!ll$
(/!re, !&, propelle, i&to !(tio& be(!use t/e$ "oul, li*e to -usti'$ t/e
/o&our !((or,e, to t/e%. T/is eve& oes o& ,uri& t/e !(tu!l "!r to
e&(our!e t/e% to 'i/t !ll!&tl$ u&til t/e$ "i&. O& retur& 'ro% su(/
"!rs !&, 'or t/e p!rt$ t/!t "o&+ it is (elebr!tio& !lore !&, %usi( "!s
o& /!&,I /ero "!rriors "ere (elebr!te, !&, %usi(i!&s "ere !l"!$s !t
1;5
/!&, to euloise t/e%.
/.1.,./ C#*#%r)t!on"
Celebr!tio& is p!rt o' A'ri(!& (ulture !&, A'ri(!&s e&-o$ (elebr!ti&.
A'ri(!&s (elebr!te !'ter &e" birt/I ,uri& /ouse "!r%i&+ (/ie't!i&($+
%!rri!esI !&, "/e& -oi&i& ! &e" !e roup !%o&st ot/ers.
Esse&ti!ll$+ !&$ outst!&,i& !(/ieve%e&t i& li'e o' !& i&,ivi,u!l (!lls
'or (elebr!tio& i& A'ri(!. Rel!tives+ 'rie&,s !&, "ell "is/ers !re
&or%!ll$ o& /!&, to (elebr!te !&, re-oi(e "it/ t/e (elebr!&t. Su(/
o((!sio&s !re (/!r!(terise, b$ e!ti&+ ,ri&*i&+ si&i&+ ,!&(i&+
,o&!ti& !&, re-oi(i&. It is r!re to /!ve ! (elebr!tio& i& A'ri(! "it/out
%usi( to e&tert!i& uests.
/.1.,.1 C#r#$on!#"
T/ere !re t/ree %ost i%port!&t (ere%o&ies i& t/e li'e o' ever$ A'ri(!&
!&, be(!use o' t/eir si&i'i(!&(esI t/e$ !re usu!ll$ (elebr!te, eit/er
'l!%bo$!&tl$ or (o&serv!tivel$. T/ese !re t/e (/riste&i& o' (/il,re&+
"e,,i&s !&, 'u&er!ls. Esse&ti!ll$+ t/ese t/ree eve&ts i& t/e li'e o' !&
A'ri(!& ,o &ot o u&%!r*e,.

.!re&ts o' &e" bor& (/il,re& &or%!ll$ i&vite people to (/riste&i&
(ere%o&ies !&, usu!ll$ %usi( is use, to e&tert!i& people+ pr!ise+ lori'$
!&, t/!&* @o, 'or t/e i't o' (/il,re&. Also+ !t t/e ti%e ! perso& is
etti& %!rrie,+ %usi( pl!$s i%port!&t roles. Ap!rt 'ro% pl!$i& %usi(
to ,!&(e !&, (elebr!te+ t/e &e" (ouple is ive& sever!l i&stru(tio&s to
ui,e t/e% i& t/eir %!rrie, li'e t/rou/ %usi( i& !,,itio& to t/e use o'
"or,s. Fol! D1<<>E !rue, t/!t &e" (ouples !re %ore li*el$ to
re%e%ber t/e i&stru(tio&s p!sse, t/rou/ so&s t/!& t/e o&es %erel$
ive& b$ "or,s. A!i& ,uri& 'u&er!l (ere%o&ies+ %usi( is use, to
/er!l, ,ep!rte, to t/e r!ve. T/e %usi( use, to %our& ! ,e!, perso& is
*&o"& !s ! ,ire. T/e t$pe o' %usi( ,epe&,s l!rel$ o& t/e !e o' t/e
,e(e!se,. I' it is ! $ou& perso& t/!t is bei& burie,+ t/e$ !re usu!ll$
e%otio&!l ,ires t/!t %!,e %ost o' t/e people prese&t !t t/e (ere%o&$
to "eep. 0o"ever+ i' t/e ,e(e!se, is !& !e, perso&+ it is usu!ll$ ! 'or%
o' (elebr!tio&+ %!r*e, %!i&l$ b$ t/e ,e(e!se, '!%il$ 'l!u&ti& /is//er
"e!lt/.
/.1.,.5 V#n2#)n#
Fust !s %usi( (!& be use, to /o&our !&, pr!ise+ %usi( is still bei& use,
!%o& t/e Yorub! !s i&stru%e&t o' ve&e!&(e. T/e t$pe o' %usi( is
usu!ll$ s!tire+ to !buse ! *&o"& or per(eive, !,vers!r$. T/e &e!tive
si,e o' t/e *&o"& or per(eive, !,vers!r$ is /i/li/te, t/rou/ %usi(
to /u%ili!te !&, ,isr!(e+ *&o"i& t/!t !,vers!r$ (!&&ot ,o !&$t/i&
1;3
be(!use o' t/e *i&, o' i%%u&it$ t/e %usi(i!& e&-o$s+ "/i(/ preve&ts
/i% 'ro% bei& pu&is/e, 'or "/!t /e/s/e s!&.
/.1./ T-# Mu"!!)n )" ) Co$$un!)tor
4e'ore t/e !,ve&t o' t/e %!ss %e,i!+ %usi( serve, !s ! %e!&s o'
tr!&s%itti& %ess!es+ espe(i!ll$ t/ose "it/ lo&7ter% ob-e(tives. .rior
to &o"+ %usi( "!s &ot re!r,e, !s ! pro'essio& i& %!&$ A'ri(!&
(ou&triesI /e&(e %!&$ p!re&ts eit/er 'ro"&e, or trie, to ,is(our!e
!&$o&e "/o !tte%pte, to %!*e ! livi& out o' it. Musi(i!&s "ere
re!r,e, !s l!#$ be!rs. M!&$ p!re&ts "oul, &ot "illi&l$ ive out
t/eir ,!u/ters i& %!rri!e to %usi(i!&s be(!use o' t/eir t/i&*i& t/!t
%usi(i!&s !re &ot respo&sible e&ou/ to be i&7l!"s DFol!+ 1<<>E.
0o"ever+ t/e$ "ere !((epte, i& t/e so(iet$ !s people "/o (!& o''er
solutio&s to so%e so(iet!l proble%s. T/e$ provi,e, e&tert!i&%e&t 'or
rel!B!tio& !&, leisureI !,,resse, issues (o&(er&i& t/e "el'!re o' t/e
so(iet$+ li*e prop!!ti& (o%%u&it$ ,evelop%e&t pror!%%es t/rou/
t/eir %usi(I !&, !,,ress t/e eB(esses o' so%e i&,ivi,u!ls i& t/e so(iet$
"it/out 'e!r o' repri%!&, t/rou/ s!tiri(!l %usi(. So+ it %i/t be !rue,
t/!t %usi(i!&s i& t/e p!st "ere &ot see& !s pro'essio&!ls &or %usi(
re!r,e, !s ! pro'essio&+ &evert/eless+ t/e %usi(i!& "!s !((epte, !s !
(o%%u&i(!tor+ "it/ t/e !bilit$ to et peopleCs !tte&tio& e!sil$ t/rou/
/is !rt.
1.= CONCLUSION
O&e ver$ %!-or ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio& 'or% is %usi(. It is ver$
po"er'ul i& (o&ve$i& i&,ie&ous %ess!es 'ro% e&er!tio& to
e&er!tio&. It /!s "i,e !ppli(!tio&s !&, serves !s ! %e!&s o' publi(
e,u(!tio&. It (uts !(ross b!rriers !&, (!& be use, 'or b!, !&, oo,. It
(!& be use, to e,u(!te+ pr!ise+ e&tert!i& or !s s!tire. It is ! pote&t
%e,iu% 'or (o%%u&i(!ti& ,evelop%e&t. It !((or,s %usi(i!&s so%e
'or% o' i%%u&it$. T/e$ (!& s!tirise ,i&it!ries !&, roups "it/out
etti& i&to trouble. T/e$ (!& be use, !s r!pevi&e (/!&&els to (o&ve$
i&'or%!tio& !bout eve&ts bei& pl!&&e, 'or t/e people. It /!s t/e
vers!tilit$ o' u&li%ite, re!(/ i& ter%s o' (!p!(it$ to re!(/ people. Musi(
(!& pre!(/ 'or or !!i&st ! (!use. It re1uires so%e 'or% o' tr!i&i& to be
! %usi(i!& !&, it is &o" be(o%i& ! lu(r!tive busi&ess+ espe(i!ll$ i& t/e
stri(tl$ i&,ie&ous %usi( "it/ i&,ie&ous i&stru%e&ts. T/e i&,ie&ous
%usi( is &ot out,!te, !&, (!& i&(orpor!te eve& t/e %o,er& 'or%s o'
i&stru%e&ts !s (urre&tl$ /!ppe&i& i& Nieri! !s t$pi(!l "it/ %o,er&
(/ur(/ (/oirs.
So+ %usi( is ! u&ivers!l %e,iu% t/!t (uts !(ross t/e b!rriers o' r!(e+
reliio& or e&,er. It is p!rti(ul!rl$ so !%o& A'ri(!&s "it/ t/eir ri(/
(ultur!l /erit!e+ i& "/i(/ %usi( pl!$s ! %!-or role t/rou/ its !bilit$ to
pe&etr!te i&to t/e /e!rts o' people. 0e&(e+ A'ri(!& %usi( (!& be use, !s
! %e,iu% o' tr!&s%itti& i&'or%!tio& to A'ri(!&s+ espe(i!ll$ t/e rur!l
1;=
'ol*s. Fro% t/e !bove+ it is obvious t/!t %usi( per'or%s so%e u&i1ue
(o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s i& A'ri(!.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it ,e'i&e, %usi(+ prese&te, t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o'
%usi(+ uses o' %usi( !&, t/e %usi(i!& !s ! (o%%u&i(!tor.
W/!t is %usi(L
1. )ist 'ive uses o' %usi(.
:. EBpl!i& t"o uses o' %usi(.
A*p!bio+ E. D:;;GE.African Communication Sstems: An Introductor
Text. )!os8 4.ri&t .ubli(!tio&s
4u&/!rt+ R. 6. De,.E D1<<5E. The #orld Boo2 Dictionar. C/i(!o8
Worl, 4oo*+ I&(+ 5olu%es I+ 5 !&, 1G.
Fol!+ O. F. D1<<>E.N Musi( !s ! Me,iu% o' I&,ie&ous Co%%u&i(!tio&
!%o& t/e Yoru3as). A .!per .rese&te, to t/e Dep!rt%e&t o'
Co%%u&i(!tio& !&, )!&u!e Arts+ U&iversit$ o' Ib!,!&+
Auust.
0or&b$+ A.S. D1<>2E. Oxford Ad&anced learners Dictionar of Current
%nglish DT/ir, E,itio&E )o&,o&8 OB'or, U&iversit$ .ress .
D1<<2E M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio&8 A 4!si( TeBt Ib!,!&8 C!ltop
.ublis/ers.
.e!rs!ll+ F. De,.E D1<<<E. The Concise Oxford Dictionar. DTe&t/
E,itio&E+ OB'or,8 OB'or, U&iversit$ .ress
O"e##$+ @. C. D1<<<E. T/e Abi o' E%u 6i&,o%+ A& i&tervie"
1;>
The New #e3sterFs Dictionar of the %nglish -anguage: -exicon
International D1<=:E. Ne" Yor*8 @uil, @roup.
1;<
UNIT / DANCE AND SONG
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 D!&(e
G.1.1 T/e Us!e O((!sio& !&, Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s
o' D!&(e
G.1.: T$pes o' D!&(e
G.1.:.1 O*u%! ,!&(e
G.: So& DAmo in Ti&? and %3u in ,2wuani<
G.:.1 T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' So&
G.:.: T$pes o' So&
G.:.:.1 Frustr!tio& !&, Sorro"
G.:.:.: .r!ise
G.:.:.G )ull!b$
G.:.:.2 Dire
G.:.:.5 Wors/ip
G.:.:.3 U&it$
G.:.:.= Wor* So&
G.:.:.> S!tire
G.:.:.< )ove So&
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& ,!&(e !&, so& !s pote&t ,e%o&str!tive (/!&&els o'
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
,e'i&e ,!&(e
outli&e t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' ,!&(e ,r!"i& 'ro% A'ri(!&
(ulture
eBpl!i& t$pes o' ,!&(e ,r!"i& 'ro% t/eir (ulture
eBpl!i& t/e (o&(ept o' so&
outli&e t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' so& ,r!"i& 'ro% A'ri(!&
ulture
eBpl!i& t$pes o' so& ,r!"i& 'ro% A'ri(!& (ulture.
11;
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 D)n#
A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28>>E8
?,!&(e (oul, be ,e'i&e, !s t/e r/$t/%i( %ove%e&t o' t/e bo,$ i& ti%e
!&, sp!(e. I& t/e !rtisti( se&se+ ,!&(e (oul, be (o&si,ere, i& ter%s !&,
%ove%e&t (re!te, -ust 'or its o"& s!*e+ eve& !bove its i&terest o'
%e!&i&. 4ut ,!&(e !s ! %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio& %ust be (o&si,ere,
!!i&st t/e b!(*,rop o' "/!t %e!&i& it (o&&otes to its vie"ers
DIb!ere+ 1<<28>>E
I& A'ri(!+ ,!&(e is !& i%port!&t %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio& !%o& !
people be(!use ,i''ere&t ,!&(es (o&&ote ,i''ere&t t/i&s. D!&(e
i&volves t/e %ove%e&t o' t/e bo,$+ "/i(/ is t/e b!si( %!teri!l i& ti%e
!&, sp!(e. So+ ,!&(e is !& !rt. T/e reul!rit$ o' t/e %ove%e&t Dti%esE
!&, t/e ,esi& o' %ove%e&ts Duse o' sp!(e !&, stepsE (o%bi&e to ive it
%e!&i&. T/us i& A'ri(!+ %e!&i&s !re !ttribute, to ,i''ere&t ,!&(es
"/e&ever t/e$ !re per'or%e,. I& t/is "!$+ ! ,!&(e be(o%es ! s$%bol
"/e& (o%plete,.
D!&(e !s ! %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!& so(ieties is (ulture
spe(i'i(. So+ o&e /!s to be liter!te i& t/e (ulture o' t/e sour(e o' ,!&(e to
u&,erst!&, "/!t t/e ,!&(e is (o%%u&i(!ti&. A!i&+ Ib!ere
D1<<28><7<;E (!pture it t/us8
?o&e /!s to be (o&vers!&t "it/ t/e p!rti(ul!r (ulture i& "/i(/ t/e
,!&(e is situ!te, to %!*e 'or proper u&,erst!&,i& o' t/e %ove%e&ts !s
"ell !s r!sp "/!t t/e ,!&(e s$%boli#es !t t/e e&,. Ot/er"ise+ o&e
(oul, %isi&terpret t/e ,!&(e !&, use its %ess!e to serve !&ot/er
purpose. W/ile+ t/e&+ ! p!rti(ul!r ,!&(e %!$ be %e!&t to s$%boli#e !
p!rti(ul!r !ttribute o' people Ds!$+ br!ver$E+ !& i&or!&t observer %i/t
(o&te%pl!te su(/ ! ,!&(e !s purel$ 'or e&tert!i&%e&t
/.1.1 T-# U")2# O)"!on )nd Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o.
D)n#

Ib!ere D1<<28>>7><E st!te, t/!t8
I& A'ri(!+ ,!&(es o' so(i!l si&i'i(!&(e !re usu!ll$ 'u&(tio&!l i& t/e
se&se o' t/eir (ultur!l belo&i&+ /elpi& i& v!rious "!$s to pro-e(t t/e
p!rti(ul!r (ulture i& "/i(/ t/e$ !re situ!te,?.I& !ll so(ieties+ ,!&(e is
!& eBpressio& o' so(i!l or!&is!tio&s i& t/!t it ,i''ere&ti!tes !&, ,e'i&es
t/e roles o' i&,ivi,u!ls. So(i!l u&its li*e !e roups !s "ell !s ,i''ere&t
uil,s eBpress t/eir i,e&tit$ !&, (o/esio& i& ,!&(e. Su(/ ,!&(es !re see&
111
!t o((!sio&s o' so(i!l si&i'i(!&(e !&, (elebr!tio&?T/ere !re+ t/us+
,!&(es+ ,o&e to s$%boli#e prep!r!tio&s 'or "!r+ to (elebr!te t/e birt/ o'
! b!b$+ to bur$ t/e ,e!,+ to (elebr!te vi(tor$ over !& e&e%$ !s "ell !s to
si&i'$ '!ilure Oot/er su((esses !&, se!so&sP
T/e sou&, o' O2uma is ! ,ull+ bello"i& se&s!tio& ,uri& %our&i&
(ere%o&ies o' /eroes !&, I2enge 'estiv!ls. T/e %usi( tells o' /erois%+
v!li!&($ !&, i&trepi,it$. O&l$ t/ose "/o (oul, br!ve t/e &i/t (oul,
'oot7tou(/ t/e ,ru% or !s(e&, it. No (o"!r,+ /o"ever ri(/+ (!& ,!re it.
T/e ,!&(e is o&l$ 'or t/e br!ve. 0o"ever+ i&(lu,i& "o%e& people
(oul, -oi& t/e ,!&(e !t ! ,ist!&(e. Wo%e& !((or,i& to O"e##$ D1<<<E
e&-o$ t/e ,!&(e %ore be(!use it e&!bles t/e% u&,erst!&, t/e %e& "it/
"/o% t/e$ live. T/e$ 'eel /!pp$+ prou, !&, !$ t/!t t/eir %e& !&, so&s
belo& to t/e !ll!&t ,!ri& b!&,. 0o"ever+ t/e s/o" is be(o%i&
obsolete !s e,u(!tio& !&, reliio& s"it(/ peopleCs re!so&i& to ot/er
proressive !spe(ts o' li'e.
,2ele ,!&(e is ! s/o" o' vill!i&$. ,2ele ,!&(e surre&,ers to O2uma
,!&(e "/e& t/e re!t st!e is set. ,2ele ,!&(e is ! "!r& up 'or O2uma
,!&(e i& !(tio& !&, s!&(tit$.
T/us ,!&(e (!& be li*e&e, to %o,er& %!ss %e,i! "/i(/ /!ve ,i''ere&t
uses !&, r!ti'i(!tio& to ,i''ere&t %e,i! !u,ie&(es. Furt/er%ore+ ,!&(e
!s ! %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio&+ /elps to pro%ote !&, e%p/!sise t/e
(ultur!l i,e&tit$ o' ! people. It is usu!ll$ (o%bi&e, "it/ %usi( "/i(/
,i(t!tes p!(e !&, reul!rit$ o' t/e %ove%e&t+ !&, !lso ,ire(ts (/!&e to
!&ot/er %ove%e&t.
A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28><E+ MI& %ost (o%%u&ities+ t/ere !re spe(i!l
,!&(es to (elebr!te ,i''ere&t o((!sio&s su(/ !s %!rri!e+ 'u&er!ls !&,
ot/er li'e eve&tsI !&, t/e !ttributes proper to t/e ,!&(e !s "ell !s
!ttitu,es suit!ble to t/e o((!sio&s !re eBpresse, i& t/ese ,!&(esN. 4elo"
so%e ,!&(es !%o& t/e U*"!u&i spe!*i& people o' N,o*"! West
)o(!l @over&%e&t Are! o' Delt! St!te+ Nieri! !re prese&te,.
/.1., T+3#" o. D)n#
/.1.,.1 O6u$) d)n#
O2uma ,!&(e is pe(uli!r to !& i&7roup o' people o' !ll !es. W/e& itsC
!"e stri*i& %usi( sou&,s+ (/il,re& !&, "o%e& te&, to s(!%per !"!$
'or 'e!r o' %!&$ t/i&s. T/e %!*e ups o' t/e ,ru% !&, (/!i&i& o' it i&
O2uma /ouse+ %!*e it %re !"e'ul !&, ,re!,'ul. It (o%es out o&l$
,uri& i2enga 'estiv!ls !&, "/e& "!r /eroes ,ie.

4e'ore t/e O*u%! ,!&(e+ ot/er s%!ll ,ru%s su(/ !s ,2ele pl!$
11:
supporti& s/o"s. For true pi(ture o' ,2ele ,!&(e+ t/e es(ort o' o2uma+
s"or,s !&, (utl!sses (l!tter i& t/e !ir+ "/ile u& s/ots te!r s!%e !t
i&terv!ls. All t/e !ppli!&(es spe!* !&, (/!&t ,i''ere&t !spe(ts o' "il,
li'e so&s !&, b$ t/e 'or(es !&, re!lis% i& t/eir reso&!&(es+ people b!re
t/eir true "il, li'e !&, be/!viour o' our p!st. T/e 2e 2(um 2e? tu
2u2(um? 2enge 2enge? 2en2eg ge? sou&,s o' t/e ,ru%s+ t/e wa9a9a Awa9
wa bl!ri& o' elep/!&t tus* !&, our, tru%pets+ t/e fi9li9li fior Q o'
pi((olos re&t !ir "it/ se&s!tio&s. T/e (l!tteri& o' s"or,s !&, (utl!sses
%!*e t/e "/ole s/o" !"'ul !&, te!si&. All (o%bi&e to i&(ite %e& to
'oret t/!t li'e /!s &o ,upli(!te. T/e v!rious sou&,s pier(e i&to peopleCs
/e!rts. At pe!*+ t/e people !re see& si##li& "it/ se&s!tio& li*e
l!,i!tors !t s/o".
E!le 'e!t/ers !re use, to !,or& %e&Cs /e!,s+ "/ile !%ulets si&* i&to
t/eir !r%s ,epi(ti& /i/ e%otio&!l te&sio&s i& t/e%. Duri& t/e ,!&(e+
1ueer (ries 'ro% t/e %e& 'ri/te& "o%e& !&, so%e %e& to ru& b!(* !&,
reroup !!i&. It is ,!re t/e ,evil ,!&(e.
/., Son2 DAmo in )i*+ and "bu in U&wuani)
A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28>2E ! so& is M(ou(/e, i& spo*e& l!&u!e
!&, eBpresse, %elo,iousl$ i& %usi(!l su((essio& !rti(ul!tel$N. It is t/e
l$ri( i& %usi( !&, use, i& p!rti(ul!r i&st!&(e. It is ! pote&t (/!&&el o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!.
/.,.1 T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. Son2
I& loo*i& !t t/e 'u&(tio&s o' so&+ Wilso& D1<<>821E st!te, t/!t Mi&
so%e tr!,itio&!l so(ieties+ r!pevi&e stories !re prese&te, i& so&s b$
(ultur!l roups !&, ot/er so(i!l roupsN. Wilso& D1<<>821E 'urt/er st!te,
t/!t iti&er!&t %usi( e&tert!i&%e&t roups use s!tire+ (riti(is%+
%or!lis!tio&+ pr!ise+ s$%bolis%+ ,i,!(tis%+ suestio& !&, l!belli& to
(o%%u&i(!te "it/ i&,ivi,u!ls+ roups !&, so(iet$ !t l!re. Su(/ roups
%i/t i&(lu,e t/e A2ata" %2(o" !&, !e r!,es i& A*"!7Ibo% !&, Cross
River St!tes. Also+ ossips !bout t/e ri(/ !&, prou, !re prese&te, i& t/e
lu(i, ,et!ils i& %usi(.
A!i&+ M$t/o& D1<>G8>3E sub%itte, t/!t Mso&s (!& te!(/+ (!& rei&'or(e
t/e &or%s o' t/e so(iet$ !&, (!& o'te& provi,e re!ssur!&(e o' or,er !&,
(o&ti&uit$ i& (o&'use, !&, trouble, ti%esN. So+ so&s (o%%u&i(!te !
&eBus o' %ess!es+ so%e (o%%u&i(!te e&er!l p/ilosop/ies !&,
pri&(iples o' li'e "/ile so%e p!ss spe(i'i( %ess!es to spe(i'i( people.
M!-orit$ o' t/e so&s+ /o"ever+ !re 'or e&tert!i&%e&t.

A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28>5E+ so& %ost o' t/e ti%e "/e& (o%bi&e,
"it/ %usi( is "/e& t/e e&tert!i&%e&t 'u&(tio&s is %ost !pt. 0e 'urt/er
11G
!rue, t/!t so& !s p!rt o' (ulture e%p/!sises so(i!l or!&is!tio&s
,epe&,i& o& /o" it is use, !s ! p!rti(ul!r so(i!l roup (!& eBpress its
i,e&tit$ b$ its (o%%u&i(!tio& t/rou/ p!rti(ul!r so&s. So+ ! so& is
usu!ll$ 'u&(tio&!l i& t/e so(i!l (o&teBt o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i.e. %ost
i%port!&t so&s rel!te to o((!sio&s o' tr!,itio&!l si&i'i(!&(e. As Ore/
D1<>;E !sserte,+ so&s (!& be use, 'or %our&i&+ "!rri&+ birt/ !&,
,e!t/. T/e$ !lso serve to (o%%e%or!te+ e&(our!e+ pr!ise !&, "ors/ip.
For i&st!&(e+ !&$bo,$ !ppro!(/i& ! 'u&er!l p!rt$ ,oes &ot &ee, to be
tol, t/!t so%ebo,$ /!, ,ie, !s 'u&er!l so&s (o&ve$ ! %oti' o' sorro"+
loss+ se!r(/+ !&er !&, rie'.
Also+ so&s !&, ,!&(es (o%%u&i(!te t/e birt/ o' ! &e" bor& b!b$. T/e$
(o%%u&i(!te i&iti!tio&s+ %!rri!es !&, ,e!t/s. T/e$ !lso eBpress+
i%p!rt !&, store tr!,itio&s. I& t/e% (ulture is !((e&tu!te,. Si&i& !&,
,!&(i& !re !lso eBpressio&s o' -o$+ /!ppi&ess+ !(/ieve%e&ts+ (o/esio&
!&, v!lour.
So& is !& i%port!&t %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(! be(!use it (!&
per'or% !ll t/e 'u&(tio&s o' (o%%u&i(!tio& !t t/e s!%e ti%e. So& (!&
provi,e i&'or%!tio& o& so(i!l !&, e(o&o%i( proble%s !&, !,vi(e o&
"!$s o' solvi& su(/ proble%s. Esse&ti!ll$+ v!rious so&s !re use, to
eBpress ,i''ere&t eBperie&(es. 0e&(e t/ere !re so&s to eBpress sorro"+
-o$+ "el(o%e+ re-e(tio&+ !&, so o&. I& t/is "!$ t/e (ulture o' ! people is
preserve,. So+ i& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio&+ so&s /!ve i&/ere&t %e!&i&
i& t/e%. T/is %i/t !((ou&t 'or "/$ ,i''ere&t t$pes o' so&s !re su& !t
,i''ere&t o((!sio&s. T/us so&s 'or so(i!l (ere%o&ies li*e %!rri!e+
(/ie't!i&($ !&, (/riste&i& ,i''er 'ro% t/ose t/!t !re pe(uli!r to
tr!,itio&!l 'estiv!ls. T/ere !re !lso t/ose t/!t !re %e!&t 'or %obilisi&
people eit/er 'or "!r or (o%%u&!l "or*sI eve& t/ere !re !busive o&es
"/i(/ !re t/e sto(* i& tr!,e o' people i& ,ispute or "o%e& riv!ls. Si&(e
,i''ere&t t$pes o' so&s !re use, to (o%%u&i(!te ,i''ere&t %ess!es !t
,i''ere&t ti%es. @e&er!ll$+ so&s i& A'ri(! !re %e!&t to eBpress t/e i&&er
'eeli& o' t/e si&er Q -o$+ sorro"+ re'le(tio&s o' t/e p!st !&,
e&tert!i&%e&t !%o&st ot/ers. T/e t$pes o' so&s !re ,erive, 'ro% "/!t
t/e$ eBpress.
/.,., T+3#" o. Son2
So%e so&s !re 'or %our&i&+ /!pp$ (elebr!tio&s+ "/ile ot/er !re 'or
title i&st!ll!tio&+ pr!ise+ s/o" o' e%otio&s !&, so o&. So&s (o&t!i& !
re!t ,e!l o' i&'or%!tio& !&, %!&$ so&s !re esse&ti!ll$ use, to p!ss o&
i&'or%!tio& to people. )$ri(s o' su(/ so&s !re (o%pose, 'or spe(i!l
o((!sio&s. T/e$ !re (!teorise, b!se, o& t/e %e!&i&s t/e$ portr!$.
112
/.,.,.1 Fru"tr)t!on )nd Sorro0
A%o& t/e Binis i& E,o St!te+ Nieri!+ ! "o%!& be!te& b$ /er /usb!&,
eBpresses /er 'rustr!tio& i& sorro"'ul so&s.
/.,.,., Pr)!"#
.r!ise so&s !re use, 'or pr!isi& t/e Al%i/t$ @o,. T/e$ !re
so%eti%es (o%pose, 'or respe(te, %e%bers o' t/e so(iet$ !&, su& !t
o((!sio&s. A((or,i& to A*p!bio D:;;G8GE+ t/e$ !re Musu!ll$ ,ire(te, !t
i&,ivi,u!ls or o,s b!se, o& re!so&s r!&i& 'ro% vi(tor$ i& "!r+
%ilit!r$ pro"ess+ (oro&!tio& (ere%o&ies+ bou&ti'ul /!rvest+ O/i/li/t
virtues o' love+ *i&,&ess+ /u%ilit$P or !t i&spir!tio& to (!rr$ out ! t!s*N.
.r!ise so&s e&er!ll$ euloies !&, s/o"er e&(o%iu%s Q pr!ise /eroi(
!(ts+ e&(our!e oo, ,ee,s i& t/e (o%%u&it$.
/.,.,./ Lu**)%+
)ull!bies !re so't so&s "it/ s"eet l$ri(s+ "/i(/ !ppe!l to b!bies !&,
%e!&t to p!(i'$ t/e%. Mot/ers !&, (!reivers use t/e% to ro(* b!bies to
sleep. Esse&ti!ll$+ t/e$ !re %e!&t to lull b!bies to sleep or soot/ !&,
stop t/e% 'ro% (r$i&. T/e so&sC r/$t/%i( &!ture or t/e pro%ises
(o&t!i&e, i& t/eir lull !re i&te&,e, to se&, b!bies to sleep DA*p!bio+
:;;GE.
/.,.,.1 D!r2#
Su& !t 'u&er!ls o' love, o&es !&, is believe, to e&/!&(e ! s%oot/
p!ss!e to t/e "orl, be$o&, DA*p!bio+ :;;GE. It is !lso %e!&t to
e&(our!e t/e ,e(e!se, '!%il$ !&, 'rie&,s+ to pr!$ @o, to ive t/e% t/e
'ortitu,e to be!r t/e loss.

/.,.,.5 7or"-!3
So&s %e!&t to tu&e t/e soul o' %!& to t/e Al%i/t$ @o, i& "ors/ip. It
is %e!&t to li't t/e soul 'ro% prese&t proble%s+ to ive t/!&*s to @o,.
/.,.,.4 Un!t+
So&s (o%pose, to s/o" !&, pro%ote toet/er&ess+ 'or i&st!&(e+ t/e
&!tio&!l !&t/e%+ (/ur(/ !&t/e%s !&, ot/er so&s b$ %usi(i!&s.

/.,.,.C 7or6 Son2
Wor* so&s !re %e!&t to i&er "or*ers. T/e$ !re use, to e&erise+
boost "or*ers %or!le+ re,u(e "e!ri&ess !&, resist '!tiue. A((or,i& to
A*p!bio D:;;GE it is per/!ps %e!&t to '!(ilit!te t/e "or* pro(ess !&,
115
(o%%o&l$ su& to e&(our!e (o%%u&it$ %e%bers ,oi& %e&i!l -obs or
'!(ilit!te t/e "or* pro(ess. T/e eB!%ple o' "or* so& prese&te, belo"
is b$ E. C. Ari&#e !& E!ster& Nieri!& 0i/li'e %usi(i!& ,uri& t/e
(elebr!tio& o' Sir 5i(tor U"!i'o 5; $e!rs i& t/e e&tert!i&%e&t i&,ustr$
!s ! %usi(i!& b$ Nieri!& Televisio& Aut/orit$ DNTAE o& t/e :;
t/
o'
F!&u!r$ :;;= o& !& NTA live pror!%%e t!e, MNTA Celebr!tes Sir
5i(tor U"!i'oN. 4elo" is t/e so&8
Ni*e Ni*eV "it/ stre&t/+ "it/ stre&t/
6!i -i! lu oluV t"i(e Is "/!t "e use to "or*
N,!lu&u Ni*e Ni*eV Well ,o&e+ *eep 'it
)ub! )ub! )ub! Wor* Wor* Wor*
Ni*e Ni*e Stre&t/ Stre&t/
6!i -i! lu olu Is "/!t "e use to "or*
N,!lu&u Ni*e Ni*e Well ,o&e+ *eep 'it
/.,.,.8 S)t!r#
Do&e to (riti(ise so%eo&e or people espe(i!ll$ t/ose i& !ut/orit$. It is
use, to !,,ress so(i!l proble%s so !s to (!use ! positive (/!&e i&
so(iet$. Esse&ti!ll$+ it is use, to !,,ress i&e1u!lities i& t/e so(iet$+ "!r&
or (!sti!te ! b!, !(t/"ro& ,oi& i& or,er to 'ree !&, liber!te t/e
people 'ro% i&/u%!&+ !ut/orit!ri!& !&, !p!rt/ei, over&%e&ts !%o&st
ot/ers. .ropo&e&t o' t/is t$pe o' so& is t/e )!te Fel! A&i*ul!po 6uti
!&, ! (o&te%por!r$ eB!%ple is A'ri(!& C/i&! "/o s!&8
?I' $ou be se&!tor+ se&!te us "ell
?I' $ou be over&or+ over& us "ell
?I' $ou be poli(e+ poli(e "ell "ell &o ,e$ t!*e bribe
It is !lso ,o&e b$ o&e to !&ot/er "/o !re 1u!rrelli& or be(!use o'
/!tre, to %!*e o&e o' t/e p!rties 'eel b!,. It is ver$ (o%%o& i&
pol$!%ous /o%es !%o& riv!ls.
/.,.,.; Lo'# Son2
Use, to eBpress e%otio&!l 'eeli&s to"!r,s ! love, o&e (o%%o&l$ use,
b$ lovers .It is !lso use, b$ p!re&ts 'or t/eir (/il,re&+ vi(e verse. E..
MS"eet %ot/er I &o o 'oret $ou 'or t/e su''er "/e& $ou su''er 'or
%e...N
NN&e bu &&e7 Ari#e.N
113
1.= CONCLUSION
T/is u&it /!s 'o(use, o& ,!&(e !&, so& !s (/!&&els o' ,e%o&str!tive
(o%%u&i(!tio&. It !rue, t/!t ,!&(e !s ! %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i&
A'ri(!& so(ieties is (ulture spe(i'i(. So+ o&e /!s to be liter!te i& t/e
(ulture o' t/e sour(e to u&,erst!&, "/!t ! ,!&(e is (o%%u&i(!ti&.
It posite, t/!t so&s (o%%u&i(!te ! &eBus o' %ess!es+ so%e
(o%%u&i(!te e&er!l p/ilosop/ies !&, pri&(iples o' li'e "/ile so%e
p!ss spe(i'i( %ess!es to spe(i'i( people. M!-orit$ o' t/e so&s+
/o"ever+ !re 'or e&tert!i&%e&t.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it ,is(usse, ,!&(e !&, so& !s (/!&&els o' ,e%o&str!tive
(o%%u&i(!tio&. It loo*e, !t t/e t$pes+ o((!sio& o' us!e+ !&, t/e
(o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' ,!&(e usi& eB!%ples.
It !lso loo*e, !t t/e t$pes+ o((!sio& o' us!e+ !&, t/e (o%%u&i(!tio&
'u&(tio&s o' so& usi& eB!%ples.
1. De'i&e ,!&(e.
:. )ist t/e t$pes o' so& ,is(usse, i& t/is u&it.
1. Dr!"i& 'ro% "/!t obt!i&s i& $our (ulture+ ,is(uss t/e
(o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s ,!&(e.
:.!. Dr!"i& eB!%ples 'ro% "/!t obt!i&s i& $our (ultureI "rite ,o"&
so&s u&,er 'ive out o' t/e &i&e t$pes o' so&s liste,.
b. Tr!&sl!te t/e so&s $ou "rote ,o"& i&to E&lis/ )!&u!e
A*p!bio+ E. D::;;GE.African Communication Sstems: An Introductor
4u&/!rt+ R. 6. De,.E D1<<5E. The #orld Boo2 Dictionar C/i(!o8
Worl, 4oo*. 5olu%es I+ 5 !&, 1G.
Fol!+ O. F. D1<<>E. MMusi( !s ! Me,iu% o' I&,ie&ous Co%%u&i(!tio&
!%o& t/e 4oru3as.) A .!per .rese&te, to t/e Dep!rt%e&t o'
Co%%u&i(!tio& !&, )!&u!e Arts+ U&iversit$ o' Ib!,!&+
Auust.
11=
D1<<2E M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio&8 A 4!si( TeBt Ib!,!&8 C!ltop
.ublis/ers.
0or&b$+ A.S. D1<>2E. Oxford Ad&anced learners Dictionar of Current
%nglish" DT/ir, E,itio&E. )o&,o&8 OB'or, U&iversit$ .ress .
M$t/o&+ @. D1<>GE. Mass Communication in Africa )o&,o&8 E,"!r,
Ar&ol,.
O"e##$+ @. C. D1<<<E. T/e Abi o' E%u 6i&,o%+ A& i&tervie"
De&elo(ment E&uu8 Fourt/ Di%e&sio& .ublis/i&.
.e!rs!ll+ F. De,.E D1<<<E. The Concise Oxford Dictionar" DTe&t/
E,itio&E. OB'or,8 OB'or, U&iversit$ .ress.
The New #e3sterFs Dictionar of the %nglish -anguage: -exicon
International D1<=:E. Ne" Yor*8 @uil, @roup.
6"!si A&su76$ere%e/. 'ers(ecti&es on Indigenous
Communication in Africa: Theor and A((lication. 5ol. I.
)eo&+ @/!&!8 S(/ool o' Co%%u&i(!tio& Stu,ies .ri&ti& .ress.
11>
UNIT 1 POETRY< CHANT AND INCANTATION
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 .oetr$+ C/!&t !&, I&(!&t!tio&s
G.1.1 .oetr$
G.1.: T/e Us!e O((!sio& !&, Co%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s
o' .oetr$
G.: C/!&ts !&, I&(!&t!tio&s
G.:.1 T/e Us!e O((!sio&s !&, Co%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o'
C/!&ts !&, I&(!&t!tio&s
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& poetr$+ (/!&t !&, i&(!&t!tio&+ !s ,e%o&str!tive
(o%%u&i(!tio& (/!&&el.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
,e'i&e poetr$+ (/!&t !&, i&(!&t!tio&
outli&e us!e o((!sio&s 'or poetr$+ (/!&t !&, i&(!&t!tio&
eBpl!i& t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' poetr$+ (/!&t !&,
i&(!&t!tio&
,isti&uis/ bet"ee& (/!&ts !&, i&(!&t!tio&
/.= MAIN CONTENT
/.1 Po#tr+< C-)nt )nd In)nt)t!on"
/.1.1 Po#tr+
.oetr$ i& "/!tever l!&u!e is ! respe(te, liter!r$ e&re. .oetr$ is !&
i%port!&t %o,e o' (o%%u&i(!tio& i& A'ri(!. .oetr$ is %ostl$ use, 'or
e&tert!i&%e&t. T/is ,oes &ot presuppose t/!t !ll poetr$ i& tr!,itio&!l
A'ri(!& so(ieties is su&+ !lt/ou/ M$t/o& D1<>G8>3E erro&eousl$
believes t/!t Mpoetr$ te&,s to be (/!&te, or su&N i& U!%bi! "/ere /e
(o&,u(te, /is stu,$.
11<
.oetr$ is usu!ll$ re!r,e, !s Me%otio&s re(olle(te, i& tr!&1uillit$
Otr!&1uil %o%e&tPN be(!use o' its M/i/ or,erN !s ,e%!&,e, o' t/e poet
!&, !u,ie&(e. A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28>5E+ poetr$ is l!&u!e "it/
t/e %ost (o&&ot!tive %e!&i&. 0e !sserte,8
T/is is ! be!uti'ul (o&stru(tio& o' spo*e& "or,s !bout so%et/i&+ !&
eBperie&(e+ people or t/e so(iet$ itsel' i& t/e best "!$s. T/is re&,ere, i&
t/e %ost (o&(ise !&, %ost (o&&ot!tive o' "!$s. .oetr$ is usu!ll$ i&
verse !&, t/e "or,s use, !re !rr!&e, ,i''ere&tl$ 'ro% or,i&!r$
ever$,!$ us!e. Most ti%es+ e%p/!sis is o& sou&, o' "or,s !s "ell !s
t/e (o&&ot!tive %e!&i& !s ,isti&(t 'ro% t/e ,e&ot!tive %e!&i&
/.1., T-# U")2# O)"!on )nd Co$$un!)t!on .unt!on" o.
Po#tr+
I& A'ri(!+ poetr$ is use, !t ,i''ere&t o((!sio&s+ espe(i!ll$ t/ose o' so(i!l
si&i'i(!&(e. .oetr$ is %ostl$ use, 'or e&tert!i&%e&t. It (oul, be
re&,ere, i& 'or% o' pr!ise si&i& !s i& 0!us!/Ful!&i (ulture. A%o&
t/e Yorub!s %wi Dor!l poetr$E is o'te& use, to i&'or%+ euloise
!(/ieve%e&ts+ ui,e i&,ivi,u!ls t/rou/ t/e %ur*$ "!ters o' t/e
"orl,Cs /!#!r,ous terr!i&+ to (elebr!te t/e i&eBor!ble li&* bet"ee& li'e
!&, ,e!t/ !&, to s!tirise u&!((ept!ble be/!viours !&, pr!(ti(es. A!i&+
be(!use o' its e&tert!i&%e&t+ i&telle(tu!l !&, i&stru(tio&!l v!lues+ or!l
poetr$ (!& be l!,e& "it/ !&, use, to (o&ve$ ,evelop%e&t i&'or%!tio&.
/., C-)nt" )nd In)nt)t!on"
A((or,i& to Ib!ere D1<<28>3E+ (/!&ts !&, i&(!&t!tio&s !re (losel$
rel!te, to poetr$.
C/!&ts !re spe(i!l *i&,s o' so&s. T/e ,i''ere&(e bet"ee& ! so& !&, !
(/!&t is t/!t "/ile ! so& is usu!ll$ ,o&e !rti(ul!tel$ i& %usi(!l
su((essio&+ ! (/!&t %!$ &ot. I&(!&t!tio&s De%p/!sis %i&eE !re re&,ere,
si&i'i(!&tl$ i& pr!ise or "ors/ip. I&(!&t!tio&+ li*e poetr$+ is ! spe(i!ll$
(o&stru(te, l!&u!e+ !lso /!vi& (o&&ot!tive %e!&i&
/.,.1 T-# U")2# O)"!on" )nd Co$$un!)t!on .unt!on" o.
C-)nt" )nd In)nt)t!ons
C/!&ts !&, i&(!&t!tio&s (oul, be use, !t o((!sio&s o' so(i!l
si&i'i(!&(e+ li*e o((!sio&s ,esi&e, to provi,e e&tert!i&%e&t !&,
,uri& "ors/ip.
Depe&,i& o& t/e (ir(u%st!&(e+ i&(!&t!tio& (oul, be use, to serve
,i''ere&t purposes. I& reliious "ors/ip+ it (oul, be use, !s !&
i&,u(e%e&t to et i&to (/!r!(ter or use, to (o%%u&e "it/ eBtr!7
1:;
terrestri!l 'or(es. I& t/is re!r,+ it '!lls u&,er t/e esoteri( %o,e o'
(o%%u&i(!tio& DIb!ere+ 1<<28>3E
1.= CONCLUSION
T/is u&it /!s 'o(use, o& poetr$+ (/!&ts !&, i&(!&t!tio&s !s (/!&&els o'
,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio&. It st!te, t/!t t/e$ (!& be use, !t
o((!sio&s o' so(i!l si&i'i(!&(e.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it ,is(usse, poetr$+ (/!&ts !&, i&(!&t!tio&s !s (/!&&els o'
,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio&. It ,elve, i&to t/e us!e o((!sio& !&,
W/!t is poetr$L
Disti&uis/ bet"ee& (/!&ts !&, i&(!&t!tio&s.
Ib!ere+ E. D1<<2E MT!Bo&o%$ o' A'ri(!& Tr!,itio&!l Mo,es o'
.ublis/ers.
M$t/o&+ @. D1<>GE Mass Communication in Africa )o&,o&8 E,"!r,
Ar&ol,.
UNIT 5 SIGNALS< SIGNS AND SYM>OLOGRAPHY
1:1
CONTENTS
1.; I&tro,u(tio&
:.; Ob-e(tives
G.; M!i& Co&te&t
G.1 Si&!ls
G.1.1 T$pes o' Si&!ls8 A& EB!%ple
G.1.: T/e Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&s o' C!&o&/@u& S/ots
Si&!ls
G.1.G Si&!ls !&, M!ss Co%%u&i(!tio&8 W/!t )i&*!es
G.: Si&s
G.:.1 T$pes o' Si&s
G.G S$%bolor!p/$
G.G.1 S$%bolor!p/$
G.G.1.1 Fl!%es
G.G.1.: S%o*e
G.G.1.G 5i&es !&, As/es
G.G.1.2 6&ots
G.G.1.5 T/e St!'' o' t/e Ob!
G.G.1.3 S&!il S/ells !&, .!l%7Fro&,s
G.G.1.= A Ne" Wr!pper "it/ ! 0ole
G.G.1.> @r!sses !&, )e!ves Tie, i& Cert!i& For%s
G.G.1.< .!l% Fille, "it/ S!&,
2.; Co&(lusio&
5.; Su%%!r$
1.= INTRODUCTION
T/is u&it 'o(uses o& si&!ls+ si&s+ !&, s$%bolor!p/$ !s t$pes o'
,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio&.
,.= O>?ECTIVES
,e'i&e si&!ls+ si&s+ !&, s$%bolor!p/$
outli&e t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& 'u&(tio&s o' so%e (/!&&els o' si&!ls+
si&s !&, s$%bolor!p/$
outli&e !&, ,es(ribe so%e t$pes o' si&!ls+ si&s+ !&,
s$%bolor!p/$.
/.= MAIN CONTENT
1::
/.1 S!2n)*"
Wilso& D1<<>E st!te, t/!t i&stru%e&t!l %o,es o' (o%%u&i(!tio&
pro,u(e sou&,s t/!t si&i'$ or s$%bolise ! (o%%u&i(!tio& eve&t "it/i&
t/e (o&teBt o' ! spe(i'i( setti&. T/e sou&,s o' ,i''ere&t ,ru%s+ 'lutes+
o&s+ et( !re si&!ls t/!t (o%%u&i(!te. So+ so%e (o%%u&i(!tio&
i&stru%e&ts !p!rt 'ro% t/eir v!rious ot/er 'u&(tio&s serve !s si&!ls.
A*p!bio D:;;G8:5E !rue, t/!t Msi&!ls !re o'te& !((o%p!&ie, b$ or!l
or visu!l %ess!es ,epe&,i& o& t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& (o&teBtC. Alt/ou/+
t/is is v!li,+ ,epe&,i& o& t/e (o%%u&i(!tio& (o&teBt+ t/is teBt
restri(te, t/is sub7roup o' ,e%o&str!tive ,evi(es to sou&,s t/!t /!ve
spe(i'i( 'u&(tio&s !&, %e!&i& i& ! ive& (ultur!l (o&teBt.
/.1.1 T+3#" o. S!2n)*": An E5)$3*#
C!&o&/@u& S/ots DTiam in Ti&? and %g3e in ,2wuani<8 T/is is ! t$pe o'
eBplosive "it/ its poi&te, b!se burie, !bout t"o i&(/es i& t/e e!rt/ to
pro,u(e /e!v$ !&, '!r re!(/i& sou&,s. T/e sou&, tr!vels ! ,ist!&(e o'
up to 'our *ilo%etres DMe,e+ 1<<>E.
/.1., T-# Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on" o. C)non9Gun S-ot"
S!2n)*"
I& eB!%i&i& t/e 'u&(tio&s o' si&!ls 'or i&st!&(e+ (!&o& s/ots !re use,
to !&&ou&(e t/e !rriv!l o' !& i%port!&t uest i&to ! (o%%u&it$. T/e$
!re !lso use, to !&&ou&(e t/e ,e!t/ o' !& i%port!&t perso&!lit$ !&, use,
,uri& so(i!l (ere%o&ies espe(i!ll$ !t t/e (o&'er%e&t o' tr!,itio&!l
(/ie't!i&($ titles DIb!ere+ 1<<2E.
Esse&ti!ll$+ (!&&o& or u& s/ots !re !lso use, to p!ss !(ross i&'or%!tio&
i& A'ri(!. Su((i&(tl$ put+ Ib!ere D1<<28>=7>>E+ st!te, t/!t M@u&s/ots
D(!&o&E (oul, be use, to si&i'$ t/e ,e!t/ or 'u&er!l o' ! ver$ i%port!&t
perso&!lit$ i& t/e (o%%u&it$+ !s "ell !s to "!r& or ,r!" !tte&tio& to
so%e ,!&er i& t/e 'orestN. A((or,i& to A*p!& D1<==E+ (!&o& s/ots !re
use, i& Eri!& vill!e eit/er sep!r!tel$ or i& (o%bi&!tio& "it/ ,ru%s to
!&&ou&(e t/e ,e!t/ o' &o&7%e%bers o' t/e (/ur(/ i& t/e vill!e.
A((or,i& to O"e##$ D1<<<E+ t/e use o' (!&o& s/ots 'or
(o%%u&i(!tio& purposes i& A'ri(! is t/ree 'ol,. First+ (!&o& s/ots !re
use, i& "el(o%i& i%port!&t uest i&to to"&. T/is pr!(ti(e is
re%i&is(e&t o' t/e %o,er& ,!$ :1 u& s!lute to visiti& 0e!,s o' St!te
!&, ot/er i%port!&t st!tes%e& to !&ot/er (ou&tr$. C!&o& s/ots use, t/is
"!$ !re %e!&t !s %!r* o' respe(t or estee% 'or t/e visiti& uest.
0o"ever+ u&li*e t/e :1 s/ots proto(ol !%o& st!tes+ t/ere is &o
(o&ve&tio&!l li%it to t/e &u%ber o' s/ots to be 'ire, i& tr!,itio&!l
1:G
setti&.
Also+ (!&o& s/ots !re 'ire, to !&&ou&(e t/e ,e!t/ o' i%port!&t
perso&!lities i& t/e to"&+ espe(i!ll$ t/ose t/!t tr!,itio&!ll$ belo& to t/e
'!%il$ o' v!li!&t /u&ters+ !&, i%port!&t tr!,itio&!l (/ie's. Duri& t/e
buri!l (ere%o&ies o' su(/ people too+ (!&o& s/ots !re 'ire, !s ! %!r* o'
respe(t 'or t/e ,e!, perso& !&, to tell people t/!t buri!l rites !re i&
proress Do"e##$+ 1<<<E. It is use, to !&&ou&(e "/e& to %eet or
!sse%ble+ ,ep!rt !t ! p!rti(ul!r ti%e !&, pl!(e ,uri& 'u&er!ls !&,
(/ie't!i&($ i&st!ll!tio&s.
Fi&!ll$+ (!&o& s/ots !re !lso use, ,uri& so(i!l (ere%o&ies+ espe(i!ll$ !t
t/e (o&'er%e&t o' tr!,itio&!l (/ie't!i&($ titles o& e%i&e&t so&s !&,
,!u/ters o' t/e to"&. T/e si&i'i(!&(e o' 'iri& (!&o& s/ots !t su(/
(ere%o&ies portr!$s t/e ,i&it$ !&, e%i&e&(e o' t/e perso& bei&
(o&'erre, "it/ t/e (/ie't!i&($ title. 0o"ever+ i& so%e (o%%u&ities+ t/e
use o' (!&o& s/ots is &ot stri(tl$ (o&'i&e, to !&$ p!rti(ul!r perso& or
'!%il$ i& %fon Alaae (o%%u&it$ i& O&,o St!te+ Nieri!.
/.1./ S!2n)*" )nd M)"" Co$$un!)t!on: 7-)t L!n6)2#"
I& t/e %o,er& ,!$+ t/ere is ! %!rri!e o' %o,er& !&, A'ri(!& tr!,itio&!l
(o%%u&i(!tio& si&!ls+ espe(i!ll$ i& t/e r!,io %e,iu% !s it is use, to
!&&ou&(e ti%e+ (losure 'or t/e ,!$ "it/i& t/e (ultur!l (o&teBt o' t/e
e&viro&%e&t o' oper!tio&. T/e$ !re !lso use, to !&&ou&(e pror!%%es+
"/i(/ e&/!&(e i,e&ti'i(!tio&sI su(/ !s ti%e 'or "o%e& to ,!&(e rou&,
%o(* (o''i&s !&, b$ t/e ti%e %o(* (o''i&s !re i&serte, to t/e rou&,+
(!&o& or u& s/ots !re bl!ste,.
/., S!2n"
Si&s %!i&l$ i&(lu,e %!r*i& o' ob-e(ts to ive i&stru(tio&s+ "!r&i&s
!&, ui,es o& t/e ri/t "!$s to 'ollo" et(. So%eti%es+ ro!,s !re %!r*e,
"it/ si&s o& t/e "!$ to 'ollo" or !voi,. So si&s !re use, to (o&ve$
%ess!es. Su(/ si&s !re usu!ll$ !rro" D E !&, R i&,i(!ti&
ro!, to 'ollo" !&, ro!, to !voi, respe(tivel$ DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
/.,.1 T+3#" o. S!2n"
A& EB!%ple !&, Its Co%%u&i(!tio& Fu&(tio&
M!r* o& Ro!,s8 T/ere !re ot/er s$%bols or %!r*s use, to (o%%u&i(!te
i& A'ri(!. M!r*s o& ro!,s "it/ (olours+ e!rt/+ sti(*s or eve& %!r* "it/
s/!rp stro& poi&te, i&stru%e&ts li*e t/e 4o$s S(outs ,o. .ro%i&e&t !&,
popul!r !%o& t/e people !re !rro"s D E !&, R si&s or
%!r*s !lo& or b$ t/e ro!, p!sse, or use, DO"e##$+ 1<<<E.
/./S+$%o*o2r)3-+
1:2
A((or,i& to ! 4ritis/ p/ilosop/er+ W/ite/e!, (ite, i& Me,e D1<<>E+
s$%bolor!p/$ !re %et!p/ors t/!t i&(lu,e "ritte& !&, spo*e& l!&u!e
!s "ell !s visu!l ob-e(ts+ st!&,i& 'or so%e 1u!lit$ o' re!lit$ t/!t is
e&/!&(e, i& i%port!&(e or v!lue b$ t/e pro(ess o' s$%bolisi& itsel'.
T/is %e!&s t/!t t/e$ !re &ot l!&u!es+ but t/e %e!&s b$ "/i(/ i,e!s
too obs(ure+ ,!&erous or i&(o&ve&ie&t to !rti(ul!te i& (o%%o&
l!&u!es !re tr!&s%itte, !%o& ! people "/o /!ve (o%%o& "!$s.
It e&t!ils t/e use o' "riti& or represe&t!tio&. T/e$ !re usu!ll$ li%ite, to
! p!rti(ul!r (ultur!l %ilieu "/ere t/e$ !re use,. U&,erst!&,i& !&$
s$%bolor!p/$ (o%es 'ro% bei& p!rt o' t/e (ulture. MIt is t/e use o'
(ert!i& ob-e(ts or situ!tio&s to s$%boli#e so%et/i& !&, eli(it !
p!rti(ul!r respo&se 'ro% "/oever be/ol,s t/e Osi& orP ob-e(t. It
t/ere'ore ,epe&,s o& t/e !bilit$ o' t/e be/ol,er to !s(ert!i& t/e true
%e!&i& o' t/e s$%bol be'ore /e (!& respo&, !ppropri!tel$N DIb!ere+
1<<28>>E.
S$%bolor!p/$ i&(lu,es su(/ ,evi(es !s pl!(i& ob-e(ts i& ! p!rti(ul!te
"!$ to (o&ve$ %e!&i&. For i&st!&(e+ (ert!i& 'etis/ ob-e(ts %!$ be
pl!(e, o& ! '!r% to (o&ve$ t/e %e!&i& t/!t &obo,$ else s/oul, e&ter
Dtresp!ssE t/e '!r% eB(ept t/e o"&er?or so%ebo,$ per%itte,?.
DIb!ere+ 1<<28 >=E. So it i&volves ot/er (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(es but ,o
&ot i&volve /u%!& bo,$. So%e eB!%ples o' s$%bolor!p/$ i&(lu,e
'l!%es+ s%o*e+ (/!r(o!l !&, !s/es. T/e si&i'i(!&(e o' s$%bolor!p/$
lies i& its !bilit$ to e&sure t/!t (o%%u&i(!tio& t!*es pl!(e bet"ee&
i&,ivi,u!ls "/o %!$ &ot be i&volve, i& t/e '!(e7to7'!(e rel!tio&s/ip !t
t/!t p!rti(ul!r ti%e. A'ri(!&s /!ve !,opte, t/e use o' s$%bols i& t/eir
(o%%u&i(!tio& s$ste%s !&, so%e t$pes !re ,is(usse, belo".
/./.1 S+$%o*o2r)3-+
T+3#" )nd Co$$un!)t!on Funt!on"
A!i& Ib!ere D1<<28>>E st!te, t/!t s$%bolor!p/$ !re !lso use, i&
se&,i& ,i''ere&t %ess!es. So%e !re use, to s(!re people !"!$ 'ro%
so%et/i&+ prote(t so%et/i& 'ro% bei& t!%pere, "it/ !&, t/e$ !re
(ulture spe(i'i(. So t/e i%p!(t ,epe&,s o& t/e t!ret !u,ie&(e !bilit$ to
u&,erst!&, !&, /!ve t/e belie'. So+ t/e$ !re !lso use, to i&'or%
De,u(!teE t/rou/ t/e s/!pe o' ob-e(ts use, !&, (olour o' %!teri!ls use,.
S$%bolor!p/$ is use, !(ross A'ri(!& (o&ti&e&t. T/ere !re %!&$ t$pes
o' s$%bolor!p/$ u&,erstoo, !&, !((epte, !%o& A'ri(!&s. 4elo" !re
so%e eB!%ples.
/./.1.1 F*)$#"
1:5
4us/es (!& be set o& 'ire to i&'or% people t/!t t/!t t/ere is trouble i&
t/!t !re!.
/./.1., S$o6#
S%o*e (!& be %!,e to i&'or% people t/!t so%eo&e is still i& t/e '!r%.
/./.1./ V!n#" )nd A"-#"
Cli%bers or vi&es o' ! p!rti(ul!r t$pe Olimagwor. I' spre!, !(ross ! !te
or rou&, ! (o%pou&, "it/ !s/es spre!, over !&, !lo& t/e%+ tell o'
i&o%i&$+ (!l!%it$ or ! t!boo t/!t /!, o((urre,. T/!t /!ppe& "/e& !
pre&!&t "o%!& ,ies "it/ ! b!b$ i& "o%b or ! perso& (o%%its sui(i,e
or ,ie, su,,e&l$ i& t/e bus/. Su(/ ,e!, bo,ies !re &ever burie, "it/i&
t/e to"&I r!t/er t/e$ !re (!rrie, or ,r!e, to t/e evil 'orest+ t/e buri!l
rou&,. It is ! ,e(l!r!tio& o' ! s!, ti%e+ "/i(/ l!sts u&til rel!tio&s o'
t/e ,e(e!se, lib!te t/e l!&, !&, t/e o, o' !ri(ulture DIfeBor2u<. Duri&
t/e perio, t/e lib!tio& /!, &ot t!*e& pl!(e+ people re%!i& i&,oors. T/e$
*eep !"!$ 'ro% t/eir '!r%s. A&$o&e "/o '!ults t/e (usto% "oul, /!ve
/i%//ersel' to bl!%e.
/./.1.1 Bnot"
6&ots !re &or%!ll$ tie, to s$%bolise (ert!i& t/i&s i& (ert!i& (ultures to
be/ol,ers o' t/e s$%bol.
/./.1.5 T-# St).. o. t-# O%)
I& E'o& Al!!$e to"&+ it is believe, t/!t i' O(a Ile2e t/!t is t/e be!,e,
st!'' o' t/e O3a is 'ou&, o& !&$ pie(e o' '!r%l!&,+ it ,e&otes t/!t t/e
'!r%l!&, is i& ,ispute+ so &obo,$ (ultiv!tes or ,oes !&$ ot/er t/i& o&
su(/ l!&, u&til t/e ,ispute is resolve,.
/./.1.4 Sn)!* S-#**" )nd P)*$-Frond"
A (o%bi&!tio& o' p!l%7'ro&,s !&, s&!il s/ells /u& !t t/e e&tr!&(e o'
!&$ '!r% ,e&ote t/!t tresp!ss o& t/e '!r%l!&, is 'orbi,,e&. A!i&+ "/e&
su(/ t/i&s !re /u& o& (rop or 'ruit trees li*e or!&esI or eve& o& !
bu&(/ o' 'ire"oo,I !ll su(/ t/i&s %ust &ot be tou(/e, b$ u&!ut/orise,
perso&s. T/e people respe(t it be(!use o' t/e e&er!l belie' t/!t "/oever
viol!tes t/e%+ "ill be stru(* b$ t/e o,s o' t/e l!&, "it/ ! terrible
,ise!se or visite, "it/ ot/er (!l!%ities.

I& Tiv+ p!l% 'ro&,s !rou&, ! '!r% Dor or(/!r,E i&,i(!te t/!t o&e (!&
1:3
o&l$ t!*e out o' t/e 'ruit be(!use o&e is /u&r$ !t t/!t poi&t. T/e 'ruits
%ust &ot be t!*e& !"!$. .!l% 'ro&,s !re !lso use, to ,ire(t str!&ers to
t/e lo(!tio& o' ! "!*e *eep DMe,e+ 1<<>E.
/./.1.C A N#0 7r)33#r 0!t- ) Ho*#
A((or,i& to Me,e D1<<>E+ ! &e" "r!pper "it/ ! /ole i& t/e %i,,le se&t
to t/e p!re&ts o' ! &e"l$ %!rrie, "o%!& b$ /er roo% %e!&s t/!t t/e
bri,e (!%e ,e'ile,+ resulti& i& t/e re-e(tio& o' t/e ,e!l.
/./.1.8 Gr)""#" )nd L#)'#" T!#d !n C#rt)!n For$"
I& Yorub! l!&,+ i' '!r%ers set out 'or t/eir '!r%s !&, !ree to %eet !t !&
!ppoi&te, pl!(e !&, ti%e !'ter t/e ,!$Cs "or*. T/e 'irst !%o& t/e
'!r%ers to et to t/e spot le!ves ! le!' to si&i'$ /is bei& to t/e spot
!&, t/e ti%e /e le't b$ t/e "!$ o' pl!(i& t/e le!'. Ot/ers "ill
subse1ue&tl$ 'ollo" suit.
/./.1.; P)*$ F!**#d 0!t- S)nd
So%eo&e "it/ t/e p!l% 'ille, "it/ s!&, !ppro!(/es /is oppo&e&t !&, i'
t/e oppo&e&t /its t/e p!l% !&, t/e s!&, pours o& t/e rou&,+ it %e!&s
t/e oppo&e&t /!s !((epte, t/e b!ttle !&, t/e$ (!& (o%%e&(e 'i/ti&.
1.= CONCLUSION
T/is u&it prese&te, si&!ls+ si&s !&, s$%bolor!p/$. It (o&(lu,es t/!t
u&,erst!&,i& s$%bolor!p/$ is ! 'u&(tio& o' bei& p!rt o' t/e (ulture
t/!t uses i,e&ti'ie, ob-e(ts or situ!tio&s to s$%boli#e so%et/i& !&,
eli(it ! p!rti(ul!r respo&se 'ro% "/oever be/ol,s t/e ob-e(t.
5.= SUMMARY
T/is u&it 'o(use, o& t/ree t$pes o' ,e%o&str!tive (o%%u&i(!tio&
,evi(es !&, !rue, t/!t si&s s/oul, be i&(lu,e, i& t/e (!teor$ o'
si&!ls i& A'ri(!& (o%%u&i(!tio& ,evi(esI !&, !lso !,,e, ! t/ir, roup
7 s$%bolor!p/$. So+ it eBplore, t/e t/ree t$pes o' ,e%o&str!tive
(o%%u&i(!tio&.
De'i&e s$%bolor!p/$.
1:=
1. Dr!"i& eB!%ples 'ro% "/!t obt!i&s i& $our (ulture+ list 'ive
t$pes o' s$%bolor!p/$.
:. Des(ribe t"o eB!%ples o' s$%bolor!p/$ use, i& $our
(o%%u&it$.
A*p!bio+ E. D:;;GE.African Communication Sstems: An Introductor
t/e 5ill!e.N ,nilag Communication +e&iew 5ol. 1+ Nos :1G.
D1<<2E. Mass Communication: A Basic Text.Ib!,!&8 C!ltop
.ublis/ers.
6"!si A&su76$ere%e/ D1<<>E. 'ers(ecti&es On Indigenous
Communication in Africa: Theor and A((lication. 5ol. I.
)eo&+ @/!&!8 S(/ool o' Co%%u&i(!tio& Stu,ies .ri&ti& .ress.
1:>

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