Genel Çeviri

GENEL EVR 1 Hakan Gr dildersleri.gen.
tr
i

indekiler
Genel eviri
Genel eviri
Hakan Gr
n
g
i
l
i
z
c
e
-
T
r
k
e

1
Benzersiz dilbilgisi notlar. Trke!

eviri retimine sistemli yaklam.

Szlk seimi ve kullanm altrmalar.

Ayrntl ve rnekli dizin.

Genel eviri 2 kitabyla, esiz bir kaynak.

RENC
KTABI
GENEL EVR 1 Hakan Gr dildersleri.gen.tr
ii
GENEL EVR KTAPLARININ KULLANIMINA LKN KURALLAR

Genel eviri 1 ve Genel eviri 2 olarak derlenerek internet ortamna
yerletirilen PDF dosyalarnn kullanm aadaki koullara baldr:
1. Genel eviri 1 ve Genel eviri 2 dosyalarnn ierii dosyalarn iinde ve
dildersleri.gen.tr sitesinde Genel eviri 1 ve Genel eviri 2 iin
verilen balantlar altnda mevcuttur. Kullanm koullar bu dosyalarn her
ikisini de kapsamaktadr.
2. Kullanc olarak, sz konusu dosyalar ticari amala olmamak
kouluyla kendi bilgisayarna kaydedebilir, bu dosyalar kopyalayabilir,
bakalarna iletebilir, sayfalarda yer alan Hakan Gr -
dildersleri.gen.tr ibaresini silmemek ve deitirmemek kouluyla
dosyalarn ieriinde dzeltme ve dzenlemeler yapabilirsiniz. Burada sz
edilen "ticari" kavram ile Genel eviri 1 ve Genel eviri 2 kitaplarnn
zgn biimleri ya da deitirilmi biimleriyle iletilmesi, oaltlmas
ve/veya kullanlmasnn ncesinde ya da sonrasnda cret talep edilmesi,
kitaplarn satlmas kastedilmektedir. Kitaplarn kii ya da kurumlar
tarafndan cretsiz olarak rencilere verilmesi ve sonucunda kurumsal
(okul, niversite, dershane ve benzerleri) ya da kiisel temelli (zel ders
gibi) eviri retim ortamlarnda kullanlmas serbesttir.
3. Kurallarn eriilebilir olmas iin eitli nlemler alnmtr; buna gre:
a) bu kurallar dosyalarn zgn biimlerinin kullanma sunulduu internet
sayfalarnda yer almakta,
b) dosyalarn sayfalarnn st blmnde yer alan Hakan Gr -
dildersleri.gen.tr ibaresine eklenen balant yoluyla kullanc bu
kurallara ynlendirilmekte,
c) her bir dosyann giriinde kurallar ayrca verilmektedir.
Bu nedenle kullanc olarak dosyalar ister bu siteden ya da baka
kaynaklardan edinmi olun, bu kurallar okumu ve kabul etmi
olmaktasnz.
4. Bu kurallar dosyalara ayrca eklendii iin, dosyalarn yer ald
dildersleri.gen.tr sitesinin geici ya da kalc olarak devre d kalmas,
siteye eriilememesi, sitenin adnn deitirilmesi gibi durumlarda da
kurallar geerliliini koruyacaktr.
.......:::::.......
iii
Yazar ............................................................................................................... v

Giri ................................................................................................................ vi

Kullanm notlar ve ksaltmalar .................................................................... xi

Konular

1: Szlk seimi ve kullanm ........................................................................... 1

2: Uygun anlamn seilmesi .............................................................................. 11

3: Bilinmeyen szcklerin anlamn tahmin ...................................................... 20

4: Basit tmce-Bileik tmce ayrm ................................................................. 29

5: Zamanlar (=Tenses) ..................................................................................... 38

6: Modal verbs .................................................................................................. 56

7: Edilgen yaplar (= Passive) ........................................................................... 72

8: Bileik tmce-Basit (= Coordination) ............................................................ 82

9: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Relative Clause ..................................................... 89

10: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Noun Clause ........................................................ 101

11: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Comparison Clause ............................................. 117

12: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Adverbial-Time Clause ........................................ 129

13: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Adverbial-Condition Clause ................................. 144

14: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Adverbial-Concession Clause ............................. 153

15: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Adverbial-Reason, Purpose ve Result Clause ..... 162

16: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Adverbial-Exception, Place ve Similarity Clause . 174

17: Bileik tmce-Karmak: Adverbial-Comment ve Verbless Clause .............. 180

18: Dier yaplar: Putative ve Tentative "Should" .............................................. 186

19: Dier yaplar: Devrik yap (= Inversion) ....................................................... 190

20: Dier yaplar: Prop it .................................................................................... 198

21: Dier yaplar: A, an, the ............................................................................... 204

22: Dier yaplar: Of szc ............................................................................. 214

23: Dier yaplar: Eylem + [preposition] + eylem ............................................... 218

24: Dier yaplar: Infinitive ................................................................................. 224

25: Dier yaplar: Gerund .................................................................................. 230

iv
26: Dier yaplar: zne konumunda Infinitive ve Gerund .................................. 233

27: Dier yaplar: Any / every (one / body / thing / where) ................................ 237

28: Dier yaplar: Grup adlar ve uygun eylem .................................................... 240

ngilizcede Yabanc Szck ve Terimler ..................................................... 244

Konu zetleri .................................................................................................. 247

Abecesel dizin ................................................................................................ 251

Yararlanlan kaynaklar .................................................................................. 262

v

Hakan Gr

Ankara niversitesi DTCF ngiliz Dili ve Edebiyat krssnden mezun oldum. Trk-
ngiliz Kltr Dernei, Bilkent niversitesi Hazrlk Blm ve Ankara niversitesi
TMER'de ngilizce okutmanl yaptm. ODT Yabanc Diller blmnde yksek
lisans, Ankara niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Trkenin retimi ve Eitimi
Anabilim Dal'nda da doktora almam tamamladm ve lisansst eitim
programnda Trkenin Yabanc Dil Olarak retimi dersleri verdim.

mge, Dost ve Bilgi Yaynevleri iin kitap evirileri gerekletirdim; evirmenlik
yapmay srdryorum.

Yazar
vi

Peter Newmark A Textbook of Translation (1988) adl kitabnn nsznde, kitabn
senelerdir yazmakta olduunu, hatta bir aralar baz blmlerini kaybettii iin yeniden
yazmak zorunda kaldn anlatr. u an elinizde tuttuunuz ve ilk balarda basit ders
notlarndan baka bir ey olmayan Genel eviri 1 kitabnn gemii de bundan pek farksz
saylmaz.

Trk-ngiliz Kltr Dernei'nde dzenlenen eviri dersleri iin hazrlanan ve English for
Translation ile Advanced English for Translation kitaplarnn zetinden oluan ilk ders
notlar, daha sonra basit dilbilgisi aklamalarnn eklenmesi ile geniledi. Sonralar
bilgisayara aktarlma aamasnda bir bilgisayar virsnn yok ettii dilbilgisi notlarnn
daha kapsaml ve Trke aklamal olarak hazrlanmas gerekti ve yksek lisans
almalar esnasnda son eklini alan kitap u anki hali ile yaynlanabilir hale geldi.

Mevcut eviri kitaplar

eviri derslerinde kullanlabilecek trden bir kitap hazrlamaya karar verme nedenim her
eyden nce, eviri derslerinde kullanlabilecek malzemelerin eksikliini ve yetersizliinin
daha ilk gnlerden hissetmi olmamdr. Bugn bile, eviri kitab ad altnda hazrlanm
ders malzemelerinde ayn trden eksiklikleri gzlemek olas.

Mevcut baz eviri kitaplar ve bunlarn zellikleri u ekilde sralanabilir:

eviri renen kiilerin kendi balarna almalar iin hazrlanm olan kitaplar.
rnein Translation Methods (Hasdemir: 1987), A Guidebook for English Translation
(Kocaman et al: 1990) ve eviri Teknii: Dilbilgisi (Yarmal: 1993a) ile eviri Teknii:
zmleme (Yarmal: 1993b). Bu kitaplar incelendiinde, yaklamlarnn, "eer kii
dilbilgisi konusunda yeterli bilgiye sahip ise, bu kii eviri de yapabilir" eklinde
olduu ortaya kmaktadr. eviri renen kiinin ngilizce dil bilgisinin eviri
yapmaya yeterli olmad varsaymndan yola klmakta ve bu ak zet dilbilgisi
notlar yolu ile kapatlmaya allmaktadr. Tmce dzeyinden balayan ve szck
yardmn da ieren eviri altrmalarnda, tmcenin analizi ve Trkeye aktarm
konusunda sistemli bir anlatmn bulunmad grlr.

eviri derslerinde kullanlmak zere hazrlanm kitaplar. Bu kitaplar, genelde,
ngilizceyi ileri dzeyde edinmi olduklar varsaylan eviri rencilerine yneliktir.
rnein eviri (Bozkurt et al: 1982), A Textbook of Translation (Newmark: 1988) ve In
Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation (Baker: 1992) balkl kitaplar. Newmark
eviri malzemesini bir eviri teorisine dayandrarak sunmaya alrken Baker eitli
rnek eviriler verme yolunu izlemektedir. Her iki kitap da niversitelerin eviri
blmleri iin kullanlabilir dzeydedir (A Textbook of Translation kitab Hacettepe
niversitesi bnyesindeki eviri blmnde ders malzemesi olarak kullanlmtr)

ve
eviri rencisinin ngilizcenin dilbilgisi ile ilgili sorunlarn zm olduunu
varsayarak kltrel ve sosyal farkllklardan oluan ve szck dzeyinden balayan
sorunlara arlk vermektedirler. eviri ise niversitelerin ngiliz Dili ve Edebiyat
blmleri iin hazrlanmtr. Bu gruba dahil edilebilecek bir dier alma da Ankara
Trk-ngiliz Kltr Dernei bnyesinde hazrlanm Translation Through Comparative
Grammar (1989) adl kitaptr - bu kitap Nevzat Grman, Muammer anl ve benim
tarafmdan yazlmtr ve yakn zamanlara kadar kurum iinde kullanlmtr. Kitabn
temel eksiklii, dilbilgisi sorunlarn halletmenin eviri yapmak iin yeterli olduu
yaklamn tamasdr.

Genel amalar dnda amalarla eviri renenlere ynelik kitaplar. Bu kitaplar tp,
fizik, sosyoloji gibi belirgin alanlarla ilgilenenlere yardm etmeyi amalamakta ya da
Giri
vii
sadece belirgin bir dili kullanan kiilere hitap etmektedir. rnein yukarda deinilen
eviri ve tamamen spanyolca ngilizce eviri amacn tayan Translation Strategies
(Brinton et al: 1981).

Btn bunlarn yansra, sadece eviri metinleri ieren, English for Translation
(Chamberlin ve White: 1975) ve Advanced English for Translation (Chamberlin ve White:
1978) ve genel ngilizce derslerine yardmc olmak amac ile retmen kullanm kitab
olarak hazrlanm olan Translation (Duff: 1990) adndaki kitaplar da saylabilir.

Genel eviri 1 ve Genel eviri 2 kitaplarnn hazrlanmas safhasnda, yukarda sralanan
kitaplar incelenmi ve deerli yanlar ile eksik ynleri saptanmaya allmtr. Saptanan
eksiklikler, birinci gruba giren kitaplarda verilen dilbilgisi notlarnn yetersiz olmas ve
eviri iin bir sistem nerilmemesi, ikinci gruba giren kitaplarn ise ileri dzeyde ngilizce
bilen renciler iin hazrlanm olmasdr. Bu eksikliklerin Genel eviri kitaplarnda
giderilebilmesi iin dilbilgisi notlar ok ayrntl ve rnekli olarak ele alnm, eviri iin
szck, tmce ve metin analizi iin eitli neri ve altrmalar eklenmitir. eviri iin
seilen altrmalarn aamal bir zorluk derecesine (zorluk derecesi konusu, aada Temel
Nitelikler blmnde aklanmaktadr) sahip olmas da bu kitaplarn gerektiinde ileri
dzey ngilizce bilgisine sahip olanlar tarafndan da kullanabilmesi amacna yneliktir.

Temel nitelikler

Kitabn hazrlanmasnda gz nnde bulundurulan ltler eviri retirken edinilen
tecrbeler dorultusunda gelitiyse de, bunlar sistemli bir biimde ele alan Nord'un (1987)
sralad nitelikleri de belirtmek yararl olacaktr. Nord'a gre bir eviri kitabnn baz
temel nitelikleri tamas gerekir. Bu nitelikler, zetle, unlardr:

Bir kitabn eviri kitab niteliini tayabilmesi iin, dayandrld kuramsal
temellerin tam olarak belirlenmi olmas gerekir.
eviri retim kitab belirli bir renen kitlesine ve bunlarn renim
gereksinimlerine hitap etmelidir.
eviri kitab olabildiince az soyut eviri kuram, gerektii kadar da uygulanabilir
neri iermelidir.
eviri kitabnn sunduu altrmalar, rencinin gerek hayatta karlaaca eviri
sorunlarn kendi bana zebilmesine yardmc olacak trden olmaldr.
eviri kitab, eviri iin gerekli olan yardmc malzemelerin (szlk gibi) kullanm
konusunda notlar iermelidir.
Bir eviri kitabnda eviri metinlerinin yansra karlatrmal evirilere de yer
verilmelidir.
eviri kitabnda, eviri rencilerinin gereksinimlerine uygun, zgn metinler
kullanlmaldr.
eviri kitab gerek bilgiler ieren metinler barndrmaldr. eviri kitabnda yer
alan metinlerin glk derecesini belirleyen ey, o metne ait devin glk
derecesidir.
eviri iin seilen metinlerin sadece eviri iin alnmas yetersizdir. rencinin bir
metindeki eviri sorunlar karsnda verdii karar, dier sorunlarn zmlerinde de
bir karara gtrebilir.

Buna gre, Genel eviri kitaplarnn hazrlanmas safhasnda gz nnde bulundurulan
nitelikler unlardr:

Temel amac eviri derslerinde kullanlmak olan Genel eviri kitaplar, evirinin bir
iletiimsel beceri olduu yaklamndan yola kmakta ve eviri dersinde iletiimsel
bir retim yaklam kullanlacan ngrmektedir.
Hedef alnan renen grubunu ileri-orta (upper-intermediate) dzeyde ngilizce
bilgisine sahip, yetikin, genel ngilizceden Trkeye eviri ile ilgilenen, eviriye
i ya da renim esnasnda gerek duyan ve muhtemelen bir eviri snavna
hazrlanan renciler oluturmaktadr. Tp ya da ekonomi gibi zel alanlara ynelik
viii
eviri ile uramak zorunda olanlar da, birinci kitabn dilbilgisi notlarndan ve her
iki kitabn eviri nerilerinden yararlanabilirler. Bu alanlara ynelik eviri metinleri
ise Genel eviri kitaplarnda bulunmamaktadr.
Newmark'n (1988) savunduu eviri yntemlerinin ksaca tantlmas dnda,
kuramsal bilgilerden ok uygulamaya ynelik bilgiler verilmektedir.
eviri metinleri gncel nitelik tayan kaynaklardan, metinlerdeki dil dzeyini doru
olarak belirlemi ngilizce ders ve okuma kitaplarndan ve eviri snavlarndan
alnm, sk karlalan eviri sorunlar ile ilgili altrmalar eklenmitir;
Genel eviri kitaplar eviri iin szlk seimi ve kullanm iin notlar, szck
tahmin almalar, uygun anlam szlkten seme almalar ve snava
hazrlananlar iin neriler iermektedir;
Yaplan evirinin dzeltilmesi ve son biiminin verilmesine ynelik almalarda,
karlatrmal eviri rneklerine yer verilmektedir;
Metinler yetikin rencilerin beeni ve ilgilerini karlamaya yneliktir; ilgin ve
genel konular seilmitir; eviri iin metin yazma yoluna gidilmemi ve gerek
metinler kullanlmtr;
Metinler eitli okuma-anlama ve eviri altrmalar eliinde verilmekte, bu
altrmalar da belirgin bir zorluk derecesi sralamas tamaktadr; yani, zorluu
belirleyen, verilen altrmalardr;
Seilen eviri retimi ynteminin spiral tr bir ders ileme yaklam
iermesinden tr, eviri metinleri nceden ilenmi metinlerde karlalan baz
sorunlar iererek tekrar olana salamakta, sergiledikleri yeni tr eviri sorunlar
ile de renciye yeni almalar yapma frsat vermektedir; her bir konunun
bandaki altrmalar da bir nceki konunun ne kadar kavrandn saptamaya
ynelik dzenlenmitir.

Her bir konunun yaps

Genel eviri kitaplarnn her bir konusunun yaps, Ko (1984, 1992) tarafndan nerilen ve
leri-Orta Dzeydeki Yetikin ngilizce rencileri in ngilizceden Trkeye eviri Kursu
Oluturmaya Modler Bir Yaklam (Gr, H. 1994. Yaynlanmam Yksek Lisans Tezi.
Ankara) konulu yksek lisans almasnda ele alnp gelitirilmeye allan yaklama
uygun olarak hazrlanmtr.

Bu yaklama uygun olarak hazrlanan her bir konu aada belirtilen blmlerden
olumaktadr.

GR
eitli listeler ve tmceler yolu ile konuya hazrlayc altrmalar.
SUNU
Aklamalar, rnek tmceler, zet notlar yolu ile bilgilendirme.
LEME
Dilbilgisi ve eviri altrmalar.
RETME
eviri almas.
SINAMA
lenen konu ile ilgili eviri almas.

ix
Yine bu yaklama uygun olarak saptanan ve her iki kitapta ele alnan konular u ekildedir:

EVR
KURSU
MODLN GENEL
HEDEFLER
KTAP

SZLK
KULLANIMI

eviri iin szlk
seimi ve
kullanm
1
MODL 1

SZCK
BLGS

Balamdan
yararlanarak
anlamn tahmin
edilmesi
1
MODL 2

NGLZCE
DLBLGS

ngilizce
dilbilgisinin
niteliklerinin
anlalmas
1
MODL 3

METN ve
EVR
TRLER

Metin trlerinin
ve uygun
eviri
yntemlerinin
tannmas
2
MODL 4

TMCE
ANALZ

eviri iin tmce
analizinin
yaplmas
2
MODL 5

METN
ANALZ

eviri iin metin
analizinin
yaplmas
2
MODL 6

EVRNN
KONTROL

Yaplan evirinin
son
kez gzden
geirilmesi
2
MODL 7

SINAVLARA
HAZIRLIK

eviri
snavlarnda
srenin kullanm
2
MODL 8

Konular

Sralama

eviri temel olarak drt ana unsuru ierir. Bu unsurlar sras ile unlardr:

1) Szck dzeyinde sorunlar. eviri yaparken ngilizce szcklerin Trkeye nasl
aktarlaca konusu evirinin birinci unsurudur. Bunun iin de szlk kullanma ve szcklerin
anlamn tahmin etme becerilerinin gelimi olmas gerekir.

2) Dilbilgisi dzeyinde sorunlar. Doal olarak, evirinin yaplabilmesi iin ngilizce
tmcenin dilbilgisi yapsnn tanmlanabilmesi ve analiz edilebilmesi gerekir.

3) Anlam dzeyinde sorunlar. Szck ve dilbilgisi dzeyindeki sorunlarn zlmesi
sonucunda, ngilizce tmcenin tad anlamn Trkeye aktarlmas gerekmektedir.

x
4) Btnlk dzeyinde sorunlar. Anlam btnlnn salanmasna eviri esnasnda byk
zen gsterilmelidir. Baker (1992: 218) anlam btnl konusunu Enkvist'e ait ilgin bir
rnek ile aklamakta. Bu rnekte szck, dilbilgisi ya da anlam dzeyinde hi bir sorun
grlmemekte. Asl sorun, anlam btnl.

I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs
Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions
between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. Every day I
feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters.
(Enkvist, N.E. 1978. "Coherence, pseudo-coherence, and non-coherence". L. Grhs, G.
Korln ve B. Malmberg (yay. haz.) Cohesion and Semantics: Report on Text
Linguistics, Abo: The Research Institute of the Abo Akademi Foundation. s. 110-111.)

Son sz
Genel eviri kitaplarnda, evirinin bu drt temel unsuru gz nnde bulundurularak
konularn sralamas saptanmtr.

Genel eviri kitaplar eviri retimi alannda gzlenen bir boluu doldurabilmek amac
ile hazrlanmtr. ngiliz dilinde yer alan ve eviride karlalmas olas dilbilgisi yaplarn
sistemli, rnekli ve Trke aklamal ele alan dilbilgisi blmleri ve bunu izleyen eviri
altrmalar ve dier nitelikleri ile Genel eviri kitaplar, ders kitab olarak kullanlabilmek
iin hazrlanm olmalar asndan bu trn tek rnei durumundadr. eviri renmek ve
retmek iin kaynak arayanlara yararl olacan umarm.

Hakan GR

Almanya, 2010

xi

Sralama

Dilbilgisi notlarnn hazrlanmasnda ve konularn sralanmasnda, dilbilgisi konusunda
yetkin aratrmaclarn almalar (Yararlanlan Kaynaklar iinde bu almalar
belirtilmektedir) gz nnde bulundurulmutur. Gereken yerlerde C imi kullanlarak,
gnderme yolu ile konuyla ilgili dier notlar belirtilmektedir.

Aranan bilginin bulunmas

Genel eviri 1 kitabnda dilbilgisi ile ilgili istenilen konunun bulunabilmesini
kolaylatrmak iin ayr liste bulunmaktadr:

1. NDEKLER: Genel eviri 1 kitabnn hemen banda yer alan bu listede konu
balklar belirtilmektedir.
2. KONU LSTES: Her bir temel konunun banda yer alan konu listesi, alt blm
balklarn ayrntl olarak vermektedir.
3. ABECESEL DZN: Genel eviri 1 kitabnn sonunda yer alan Dizin en kapsaml
listedir. Dilbilgisi ile ilgili her bir balk abece sralamasnda ve birer rnek tmce
ile verilmektedir.

Dilbilgisi aklamalarnda elden geldiince az dilbilgisi terimi kullanlmasna zen
gsterilmitir. Bu yaklamn nedeni, eviri renen kiinin bir de terim ezberleme sorunu
ile karlamasn engellemektir.

eviri asndan nem tayan noktalar

eviri ilemi asndan nemli olan bilgiler yeri geldiinde kutu iinde verilmektedir.

nemli noktalar kutu iinde verilmekte.

zetler

Herhangi bir konunun ilenmesinden sonraki aamalarda gz atlmasn abuklatrmak iin
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn sonunda Konu zetleri ksm yer almaktadr. Ancak, zet bilgiler
hibir zaman yeterli grlmemeli, ayrnt iin ilgili konu notlar incelenmelidir.

Ksaltma ve simgeler

Genel eviri 1 kitabnn dilbilgisine, szlk kullanmna ve szck bilgisine ynelik
blmlerinde kullanlan tm ksaltma ve simgeler birer rnek ile birlikte aada
aklanmaktadr.

KISALTMA TANIM RNEK
Adj. Adjective (= Sfat) good, bad, interesting, ..
Adv. Adverb (= Zarf/Belirte) well, badly, always, ..
-ing Gerund (= eylem+ -ing) going, coming, ringing, ..
zne (= Subject) My wife is a teacher.
N Nesne (= Object) My wife is a teacher.
Y Yklem (= Verb) My wife is a teacher.
V
1
Eylemin yaln hali come, drink, talk, ..
V
3
Eylemin "past participle" hali come, drunk, talked, ..
D d, t - DI (yapt, geldi, ..)
Kullanm notlar ve ksaltmalar
xii
E e, a - mEk (gelmek, yapmak)
I , i, u, - Iyor (geliyor, tutuyor)
so someone get so to do stg (
"Causative" konusu)
so's someone's change so's mind
stg something get so to do stg (
"Causative" konusu)
C
Baknz
* yanl * We are much young.
( "Comparative"
konusu)
= Ayn may as well = had better
AmE Amerikan ngilizcesi I suggest he be elected.
( "Should" konusu)
BrE ngiliz ngilizcesi I suggest he is elected
( "Should" konusu)

be am/is/are, was/were, been
durumlarnn anlatlmas
gerektiinde be eylemi
kullanlmtr.
be + to

1
1
Szlk seimi ve kullanm

eviri iin uygun szln seilmesi ve kullanlmas

Giri ........................................................................................................................ 2
Sunu ...................................................................................................................... 2
leme .................................................................................................................... 9
retme-Snama ..................................................................................................... 9

Hedef
2
Giri

Szlk, eviri esnasnda en byk yardmclardan biri - ama gerektii gibi
kullanlrsa. Aksi takdirde, en iyi szlk bile yararsz olabilir. Byk heveslerle
satn aldnz o pahal szlk pek ok ucuz, hatta kimi gazetelerin cretsiz
datt saysz szlkten farksz hale geliverir.
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn bu ilk konusunda, eviri asndan kullanl bir ngilizce-
ngilizce szln nitelikleri ve bu szlkten en iyi ekilde yararlanmann yollar
ele alnmakta. Ve bu nitelikler eviri renme ve yapma ortam gz nne alnp
incelenmekte.

Szlk seimi ve kullanmna gemeden nce, dilerseniz szlnz ne lde
tandnz bir snayn. rnein, bir ngilizce-ngilizce szlkte eitli simge ve
ksaltmalarn ne anlam tadklarn biliyor musunuz?

Altrma Aadaki szlk alntsn inceleyin ve sorular yantlayn.

trans
.
late [trnslit] vt. O change from one language into another, as to translate an
English book into French. O change from one place, position, or condition to another.
be translated into heaven, be carried into heaven without dying. trans
.
la
.
tor
[trnslit@ n. one who translates.
trans
.
la
.
tion [trnsliS@n] n. O [C] something which is translated. This student writes
good translations. O [U] the process of translating from one language into another, as a
mistake in translation. O [C] the removal of a person from one place or condition to
another.

The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English

1. trans-late, trans-la-tor ve trans-la-tion balklarnda kullanlan ksa izginin (-)
ilevi ne ?
2. vt. ve n gibi ksaltmalar neyin yerine gemekte ?
3. to translate an English book into French gibi yatk yazlarn ilevi ne ?
4. O gibi saylar neyi gstermekte ?
5. [ ] iinde verilen C ve U harfleri neyi anlatmakta ?

Szlnz gerektii kadar tanmadnza inanyorsanz, bu konuya balamadan nce
szlnzn niteliklerini ve kullanm zelliklerini tantan sayfalarn dikkatle okuyun.

Sunu
Szln, doru bir biimde
kullanlmas durumunda, eviride
ok yararl bir ara olduu kesin.
Aslnda, szlk yerine szlkler
demek daha yerinde olur, zira
eitli szlk trlerini sralamak
mmkn.

dic.tion.a.ry [dikS@nri] n. 1 a book that explains the
words of a language, either in the same language
or by giving the words of another language, as a
French dictionary. 2 a book containing a list of
articles, arranged alphabetically, (i.e. in ABC
order) on a special subject, as a dictionary of
architecture.

3
Altrma 1
SZLK TRLER

SZLK TR SZDE VAR
MI?
Bildiiniz tm szlk trlerini
saptayabilmek iin verilen
tabloda, ka tane szlk
trn sralayabilirsiniz? Bu
szlk trlerinden kandan
birer rnee sahipsiniz?

Oluturduunuz listeyi aadaki liste ile karlatrn. Listenize eklemeyi unuttuunuz ya
da daha nce hi duymadnz szlk trleri var m ?

ngilizce-ngilizce
ngilizce-Trke
Trke-ngilizce
Eanlaml Szckler Szl (Thesaurus)
Elektronik Cep Szl
Alan Szlkleri (Tp, Ekonomi gibi)

Ve bir szlk olmasa bile, eviride gerekebilecek Trke Yazm Klavuzu.

Altrma 2 eviri esnasnda bir tek szlk yeterli olamaz. Kimi zaman bir szck ya da yapnn
karln bulmak iin birden fazla szlk kullanmak gerekebilir.

Szlk trlerini gz nnde bulundurarak, aada verilen durumlarn her birinde en az ka
szlk gerekeceini ve szlklerin neler olacan - nedenleri ile - dnn.

Bir bankann at eviri snavnda ngilizce'den Trke'ye eviri yapacaksnz.
Sadece iki szlk bulundurmanza izin var.
eviri dersine katlyorsunuz.
eviri derslerinin sonunda ngilizce'den Trke'ye bitirme snavna katlyorsunuz.
Ayn bitirme snavnda bu kez Trke'den ngilizce'ye eviri sz konusu.
eviri dersinde ev devi olarak verilen ngilizce metni evinizde Trke'ye
aktaracaksnz.

Altrma 3 eviri iin szlkleri saptadnz. Peki, setiiniz bu szlkler gerekten de yeterli mi?
Dilerseniz sahip olduunuz szlkleri u ltlere gre inceleyin:

Sayfa says
erdii szck says
Kat nitelii
Cilt nitelii
Tanmlarn rnek tmceler yolu ile desteklenmesi
Verilen tanmlarn kolay anlalr olmas
Dier nitelikler (Cep szl, Eski/Yeni tarihli gibi)

Standard English Dictionary (Akdikmen, 1989) adndaki szlk rnek olarak incelendi.

4
Ad Sayfa
says
Szck
says
Kat
nitelii
Cilt
nitelii
rnek
tmce
Net tanm Dier
Standard
Eng. Dict.
622 +
422
80.000 yi yi Yok Evet ng-Tr ve
Tr-ng

Altrma 4 3. altrmada incelenen Standard English Dictionary, biraz csseli olmasna karn, bir cep
szl. Cep szlkleri avu iine bile sabilen Lilliput (kopya ekmek iin retilmi olsa
gerek) szlklerden burada incelenen Standard English Dictionary'ye kadar eitli
boyutlarda ve eitli zelliklerde karmza kmakta. Peki bu szlklerin hangi ynleri ile
faydal olduklarn, hangi ynleri ile de yetersiz kaldklarn hi dndnz m?

Bu kez de, yanda verilen tabloda cep
szlklerinin kullanm asndan iyi ynleri
() ile kimi eksik ynlerini () saptamaya
aln. rnein, tanmalarnn kolay olmas
olumlu bir yn ise de, ierdikleri szck
saysnn yetersiz olmas olumsuz bir zellik.

Altrma 5 Cep szlkleri eviri esnasnda elbette yeterli olamazlar. Bunun en iyi rneini, yalnzca bir
cep szl kullanlarak yaplan aadaki eviri rnei gayet iyi aklamakta.

Diyelim ki, Trke bir metin iinde

Fenerime iki pil lazm. Evde var m ?

eklinde bir tmce gemekte. rnek olarak ele alnan Standard English Dictionary'nin
Trke-ngilizce blmndeki fener tanm ve buna bal olarak ngilizce-Trke
blmndeki tanmlar inceleyerek, yukardaki tmcedeki fener szcnn yerine hangi
ngilizce szcn geleceini bulabilir misiniz ? Baka bir szlk kullanmadan !

lantern ['lnt@n] n. fener
ngilizce-Trke, s. 296
street [str:t] sokak, cadde, yol; not in the same ~ with F ... ile kyaslanamaz; ~-
car n. part Am. tramvay; ~-walker n. sokak kadn, fahie, adi orospu
q 7 ngilizce-Trke, s. 516
fener 1. lantern; street lamp; 2. light-house; 3. coffee tray with handle on top; 4.
pinion (of a shaft)
v Trke-ngilizce, s. 132
light ..: ~-house n. fener kulesi
ngilizce Trke, s. 304

Szck says az.
Tamas kolay.
5
Bu tanmlardan hibiri rnek tmcede kastedilen el feneri anlamn vermemekte. Zira, yine
ayn szln bir baka blmnde belirtildii gibi:

torch [tO:tS] n. meale; a. electric ~ cep feneri; ...
ngilizce-Trke, s. 547

Cep szlklerinin olumlu ve olumsuz ynlerinin incelendii tablo bir kez daha gzden
geirilirse, olumsuz olan ynlerin eviri asndan ok byk sorunlar yaratacak trden
olduklar grlebilir. Kendi saptadnz olumlu/olumsuz noktalar ile aada verilenleri
karlatrn.

Tamas kolay.
Ucuz.
ng.-Tr/Tr-ng. bir arada.
Ayrnt asndan yaln
Szck says yetersiz.
Salam deil.
Genelde rnek tmce yok.
Szcklerin mevcut baz
anlamlar bilerek szlk d
braklmakta.

Bu notlardan da anlalaca gibi, eviri esnasnda cep szl nitelii tayan szlklerin
kullanlmas yarardan ok zarar getirmektedir.

Peki iyi bir szlk ne tr niteliklere sahip olmal? Bu sorunun yantn mevcut
szlklerinizden birini snayarak bulmaya alabilirsiniz.

Altrma 6 Bu altrmada verilen ksa sorular yantlayarak szlnzn eviri iin uygunluunu
snayn. nce fiziksel zellikler.

SORU 1. Szlnz bir cep szl m ?

HAYIR EVET

N

O szl zorunlu kalmadka
kullanmayn. Cep szlkleri eviri
ile uraanlar iin deildir. Cep
szlkleri cep szln srf ufak
olduu iin kullanacak kadar
enge ya da daha iyi szlkler
konusunda yeterince bilgi
edinmemi, yabanc dil renmekte
olan kiiler iindir.

SORU 2. Szlnz sizden nce uzun sre bir yaknnz, bir arkadanz da kulland m?

HAYIR EVET

N

Babadan kalma szlkler iyi birer
hatra malzemesi olabilir ama
eviride yararl olamaz. Dil, yaayan
bir varlk gibidir. Gereksinimlere
bal olarak szckler oluur, geliir
ve yok olur. Yannzda szlk
niyetine bir szck mezarl
tamayn.

6
SORU 3. Szlnzn kabnn ucundan tutup ters evirin ve bir-iki kez sallayn. Birka
sayfa, hatta birka forma, yerinden kyor mu?

HAYIR EVET

N

Szlkler, hele bir de eviri iin
kullanlyorlarsa, sayfalarnn
defalarca alp kapanmasna kar
dayankl olmak zorundadr. Bu da
cilt ve kat kalitesi iyi olan bir
szlk anlamn tar. eviriye
ayrmanz gereken deerli
zamannz szln sayfalarn
yerlerine yerletirmekle ziyan
etmeyin.

Szlnz buraya kadar snav baardysa, imdi de ierik zellikleri:

SORU 4. Szlnzn zerinde Elementary Learner's, Intermediate Learner's eklinde bir
yaz mevcut mu?

HAYIR EVET

N

Dil reniminin belirli aamalar iin
hazrlanm szlkler eviri iin
yeterli olamaz.
SORU 5. Szlnz genel ngilizce'nin yansra ekonomi, hukuk gibi uzmanlk dallarna ait
terimleri de ierme iddiasnda m?

HAYIR EVET

N

Bir ok konuya ait terimi kapsama
iddiasnda olan szlklerin ya
tanamayacak kadar ar ve kaln
olmas gerekir ya da (yer darlndan
tr) baz anlamlar bilerek gz
ard edecek kadar yetersiz.

SORU 6. Szlnz, szck tanmlarn vermekle mi yetiniyor?

HAYIR EVET

N

Yetmez. Szlkte, szcn verilen
tanmlarnn yansra, tmce iinde
nasl kullanldklarnn birer rnei
de bulunmaldr. Zaten gnmzde
rnek tmce iermeyen szlkler de
pek kalmad.

Szlnz iiniz rahat ederek eviride kullanabilirsiniz !
7
ngilizce szlk seimi sz konusu olduunda, A Textbook of Translation (Newmark, 1988:
175-176) kitabnda ayrntl olarak (evirmenler iin) listelenen szlklerden bazlarna
deinilebilir.

yi bir ngilizce szlk iin, Collins English Dictionary, Concise Oxford ve
Longman's Dictionary of the English Language.
E anlaml szckler szl iin bir Roget, ya da en azndan bir yeni Penguin.
Phrasal verb iin, Longman's .

Bir szlk szcn anlamnn yansra szcn yaps ve kullanm konusunda bir ok
ayrntl bilgi salayabilir. Bu bilgiler:

1. Syleyi zellikleri: ' iareti vurgunun nerede olduunu gsterir

boo.dle / 'bu:dl/ n esp. AmE sl 1 money dishonestly paid or received, esp. for
political reasons or favours 2 a lot of money

2. Heceleme zellikleri: Nokta iareti szcn hecelerin blnme yerini gsterir


3. Birden fazla anlam: 1, 2 gibi saylar farkl kullanmlar gsterir


4. ngiliz, Amerikan ve Avustralya kullanmlar: BrE, AmE ve AustrE kullanmlar

corn
1
/ko:n | korn/ n [U] 1 BrE (the seed of) any various types of grain plants, esp.
wheat 2 also (esp. BrE) maize, Indian corn - esp. AmE & AustrE (the seed of) a
type of tall plant grown, esp. in America and Australia, for its ears of yellow seeds:
SWEET CORN

5. Birden fazla szck tr olarak kullanm

pan /pn/ n 1 a dish for various purposes, chiefly cooking 2 anything like a pan in
shape, as the brain-pan (=the upper part of the skull; a salt-pan (=a hollow in
which salt is allowed to evaporate) 3 either of the dishes on a pair of scales 4 a
screen for washing gold from gravel 5 in old-fashioned guns, the part that held
the powder vt & vi (-nn-) pan off [out] 1 wash (earth, sand or gravel) to
separate gold 2 yield gold 3 succeed; result

8
6. Kullanm zellikleri: n, v, adj, adv, det., prep., vt, vi, [C], [U], BrE, AmE, fml, infml, sl, (+ of) ve daha
bir ok ksaltma ile anlatlan kullanm zellikleri

7. Resmi ya da resmi olmayan kullanm zellikleri: fml, infml, sl trnden bilgiler

fuddle
2
n [S] infml the condition of being unable to think clearly or quickly: The old
man's mind is weakening, and he gets in a fuddle if people talk too much to him.

8. Eanlaml szck(ler): Baz szlklerde, szcn tanmnn hemen ardndan Syn ksaltmas ile verilir.

9. Kart anlaml szckler: Baz szlklerde, szcn tanmnn hemen ardndan Ant ksaltmas ile
verilir.

10. rnek tmceler: Fuddle szcnn kullanld bir rnek tmce

fuddle
2
n [S] infml the condition of being unable to think clearly or quickly: The old
man's mind is weakening, and he gets in a fuddle if people talk too much to him.

11. Szcn kkeni: Ger = German

ka.put /ka'put/ adj [Wa5;F] sl, Ger broken; finished; no longer useful

12. Treyen szckler: billionth szc

bil.li.on / 'bljn/ determiner, n, pron billion or billions 1 (the number)
1,000,000,000; 10
9
2 BrE old use (the number) 1,000,000,000,000; 10
12
__~th
determiner, n, pron, adv

13. Szcn yaygnl: Old use uyarsna dikkat!

bil.li.on / 'bljn/ determiner, n, pron billion or billions 1 (the number)
1,000,000,000; 10
9
2 BrE old use (the number) 1,000,000,000,000; 10
12
__~th
determiner, n, pron, adv

Sizin szlnz her bir zellik iin farkl bir simge ya da syleyi sistemi kullanyor
olabilir. Kullandnz szln bu trden simge ve ksaltmalarn iyi tanmanz gerekir.
Kendi szlnzde yukarda rnek olarak sunulan szckleri bulun ve karlatrn.
Bulduunuz farkl ynleri inceleyin.
9
leme
Bu blmde, baz sorulara yant verebilmek iin sahip olduunuz szlkleri kullanmanz
gerekecek. Her bir soruyu okuyun ve yant bulun. Bu sorular size szlkte bulunabilecek
eitli bilgileri tantmay amalamakta.

Herhangi bir szcn nasl syleneceini gsterirken, szlk nasl bir yol izlemekte ?
Bir szcn eitli kullanmlar farkl balklar altnda m yoksa tek bir balk altnda
m veriliyor ?
Szlk iinde, yukarda corn szcnn tanmnda SWEET CORN szcne yaplan
gndermede olduu gibi (Numara 4), ilgili szck ya da terimlere gnderme yaplyor
mu?
Szlk e anlam ve kart anlamlar da veriyor mu?
Szlk szcn oul halinin yazl hakknda bilgi veriyor mu?

retme-Snama
Altrma Aada verilen szlk alntlarn inceleyin.

1. ADOPTIVE sfat "He is more adoptive than the rest of us" eklinde kullanlabilir mi?
2. Hangisi doru: "We adore [to go / going] to parties."
3. "They tried to justify their reasons for attacking the neighbouring country, but the UN
refused their advances" tmcesinde alt izili szck, szlk alntsndaki hangi anlama
uymakta?
4. adversary, adverse, adversity maddelerini inceleyin. Sizce ad- ntaks szce hangi
anlam katmakta?
5. Advertisement szcnn ksaltmas olan ads, u tmcede kullanlabilir mi? "Would
you please publicize our latest sales figures through newspaper ads?"

a.dop.tive adj [no comp.] fml having ADOPTED (esp. a child): her adoptive parents

a.dore v -dored, -doring [T not be + v-ing] 1 to worship; love deeply and respect highly: He
adores his elder brother 2 [+ v-ing] infml to like very much: She adores going to the cinema.

ad.vance
1
v -vanced, -vancing [I;T on, upon, against] to (cause to) move forward:
Napoleon's army advanced on Moscow.| A month has passed and the work has not advanced.|
(fml) The report advances (=introduces) the suggestion that safety standards should be
improved. -compare RETREAT -advancement n [U]
advance
2
n 1 [C] forward movement: You cannot stop the advance of old age.| (fig.) There
have been great advances (=developments) in medicine in the last 50 years. -compare
RETREAT 2 [C of] money that is paid before the proper time or lent: I was given an advance
of a month's pay. 3 [A] going or coming before 4 in advance before in time: We always pay
the rent in advance.
ad.vanced adj far on in development: advanced studies| the advanced industrial nations of the
world| an advanced child
ad.vanc.es n [P] efforts made to become friends with or gain favourable attention from: She
refused his advances.

10
ad.ver.sa.ry n -ries fml an opponent or enemy
ad.verse adj fml not in favour of; going against; opposing: The judge gave an adverse
decision.| in adverse conditions -compare AVERSE -adversely adv
ad.ver.si.ty -ties n [C,U] (an example of) bad fortune; trouble: a time of adversity| to meet
with adversities

ad.ver.tise.ment n also ad, advert (infml) -a notice of something for sale, job to be filled,
room to rent, etc., as in a newspaper, on television, or pasted on a wall

11
2
Uygun anlamn seilmesi

eviri iin, szlk kullanarak uygun anlamn seilmesi

Giri ........................................................................................................................ 12
Sunu ....................................................................................................................... 13
leme .................................................................................................................... 14
retme ................................................................................................................... 17
Snama .................................................................................................................. 18
Hedef
12
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn ikinci konusunda, eviri esnasnda karlalan
szcklerin anlamnn szlk yardm ile doru bir ekilde bulunmas ele
alnmakta. Yaplan ngilizce-Trke eviri almalarnda ngilizceden Trkeye
szln yansra bir de ngilizceden ngilizceye szlk kullanlmas gerektiini
unutmayn ve konuyu ilerken bu iki szl el altnda bulundurun.

Her ne kadar elence amacyla hazrlanm ve abartl olsalar da, aadaki metinler (her iki
metin de Prof. Dr. Sabri Ko tarafndan salanmtr) szl hatal kullanarak ngilizceden
Trkeye yaplan bir eviriye rnek oluturabilirler.

THIS JOB FINISHES IN THE BLACKARM

Ender was a very ripe boy. His father was a middle situationed man. He was from the
middle-pole. To make his son to read in good schools he made everything coming from
his hand. His mother was a house woman. Every job used to come from her hand. When
Ender finished "lise" he wanted to be a tooth doctor, and he entered university exams and
won tootherness school. In school he knew to each other with Jale. Jale's father was a
money father. He turned the corner many years ago by making dream export. But Jale
was not like her father. She was a make low hearted girl. Her father wanted to make her
head-eye with his soldierness friend Cemil Bey's son, Abdurrahim. Abdurrahim finished
first school and didn't read later. He started to turn dirty jobs when he was a young crazy
blooded man.

Ender was hit to Jale in first look but Jale wasn't hit to him in the first look. But her blood
boiled to him. A few weeks later they cooked the job and they put the lentil in the oven.

One day when Jale and Ender were wrinkling in the park, Abdurrahim saw them. His eyes
turned. He lost himself. He wanted to send them to the wooden village. But he collected
himself. He felt that the basket weather was blowing for him. He decided to leave them
head to head. At that moment the Satan poked him. He fit the Satan, he pulled his gun and
fired. But a man passing stayed under lead rain and poor man who hit to he went. He
erected the horseshoes. In one moment scarletish doomsday broke. The without mirrors
came. They took all of them under eye. Jale's inside was blood crying.

And so this job finished in the blackarm.

LET'S NOT BE STATE IN THIS WORLD ONE BREATH LIKE HEALTH

Ali came to the house with high fire. His mother thought he took cold. She put to Ali
degree. His fire was 39. His mother's top threw and she said, "If you move order to your
own head, it becomes like that. You had to wear your Cossack."

Doctor came and he said that he didn't take cold. He probably became water flower or
rough ear. When his mother heard this she started to cry her two eyes two fountains.
Doctor examined Ali goodishly and he said, "Brightness to your eye. I'm sorry I made
your eye afraid, but it was a simple stomach out of orderness." He wrote some medicine.
His mother fainted 100,000 lira to the doctor. But the doctor found the money little. So
she fainted 50,000 more. Doctor took the money and said, "Let it be passed."

13
Szlk yardm ile, eviri esnasnda karlalan szcklerin anlamlarnn doru bir ekilde
bulunmas konusuna ayrntl bir giri yapmadan nce, szlk kullanma konusuna kiisel
yaklamnz saptamanz gerekir.

Altrma Verilen metinde anlamn bilmediiniz szcklerin Trke karlklarn eviri amac ile
bulmaya aln. Bunu yaparken nasl bir yol izlediinizi, bir sonraki aamadaki sralamayla
karlatrmak iin, not edin.

Sweet Words Don't Ease Rejection
What really brings home the pain of being unemployed is not the indignity of the dole
queue or the tedium of endless hours in the local library but the inevitability of the sight
of another rejection letter, after the envelope is furtively opened on the doorstep.

Nothing is so depressing as to be told that you are not worth employing - and then have
the message reinforced by an avalanche of rejection letters. But such is the employment
situation that personnel officers in their efforts to sweeten the pill have had to refine to
new heights the art of saying no.

Flicking through the 150 letters of personal research one is struck by the indirectness of
the message. Circumlocutions and tortuous passive constructions are used with a skill
worthy of a Minister of Defence spokesman.

Sunu
Altrma Aada verilen ekilde, eviri srasnda szlk kullanrken izlenmesi gereken sra ele
alnmakta. ekli inceleyin ve kendi grlerinizle/yaklamnzla karlatrn.

NGLZCE-TRKE
EVR
ngilizce-Trke szlk kullann.

Verilen tanm uygun mu?
Evet Sorun yok.
Hayr ngilizce-ngilizce szlk kullan.
TRKE-NGLZCE
EVR
Trke-ngilizce szlk kullann.

Hangi tanmn uygun olduunu biliyor musunuz?
Evet Sorun yok.
Hayr ngilizce-ngilizce szlk kullan.
14
Szcn anlamn szlkte ararken u noktalara zellikle dikkat edin:

ngilizce ve Trkedeki yazllar birbirine benzeyen szcklere, ya da anlam veya
yazl olarak ngiliz dilindeki baka szcklerle kolayca kartrlan szcklere
zellikle dikkat edin. Bu szckler sahte dost (=false friend) olarak adlandrlrlar.
Yazl ya da sylenileri benzer ama anlamlar farkldr. Aadaki sahte dost
szcklerin anlamlarn szlkler yardm ile inceleyin.

dramatic, sympathetic, economical, close, critical, practically, mechanic

Szlkte verilen ilk anlamla yetinmeyin. enmeden, dier anlamlar da okuyun.
Szln sonlara yerletirdii bir anlam sizin tam aradnz olabilir.

Szcn metin iinde yaln olarak kullanlmas durumu ile bir preposition vs. ile
kullanlmas durumunda farkl anlamlar kabileceini unutmayn. Dahas, o szck
tmcede birden ok szck ile birlikte bir terim bile oluturuyor olabilir. Szlkte
tam olarak neyi arayacanz bilmeden szlk kullanmaya girimeyin.

Bir szc szlkte bulamazsanz hemen umutsuzlua kaplmayn. Belki de
bakmanz gereken yerlere henz bakmamsnzdr. Tmcede o szck oul hali
ile, past ya da past participle hali ile veriliyor olabilir. Yazl olarak ok benzeyen
szcklere bakn. Belki de aradnz szc bu tanmlardan birinde deiik bir
yazlm yolu olarak buluverirsiniz. Birden fazla szckten oluan ifadeler genelde
baskn olan szcn balnda tanmlanr (cod-liver oil ifadesi cod altnda, dirty
dog ifadesi dog altnda, order about ifadesi order altnda, go on record ifadesi
record altnda)

rnein,

Everything is taken for granted

tmcesinde, szlkte granted maddesine, burada bir aklama verilmemise de take
maddesine bakmak gerekecektir.

leme
Bu aamada, balam iinde verilen baz szcklerin anlamlarn eviri amac ile szlk
kullanarak bulmanz istenmekte.

Altrma 1 Koyu yazlm szcklerin anlamlarn szlk yardm ile bulmaya aln. Birden fazla
szlk kullanabilirsiniz. (D, E, I simgelerinin aklamas kitabn Giri blmnde.)

1.
MONTREAL (UPI) An out-of-control charter bus, carrying a group of mentally-
retarded and handicapped people home from a theater outing, hurtled into a lake
near Montreal late yesterday, killing 41 of the 48 persons aboard.

Dn ge saatlerde, bir grup zihinsel ve bedensel zrly bir tiyatro outing=
__________ (nDEn) kaldklar yere gtrmekte olan bir charter=
___________________ otobsn out-of-control= ________________________
(mEsI) ile Montreal yaknlarndaki bir gle hurtle =___________________ (mEsI)
sonucunda, aboard= _____________________ 48 kiiden 41'i yaamn yitirdi.

15
2.
NEW YORK (Reuter) Alger Hiss, the former State Department official who was
convicted of perjury 28 years ago in one of the most controversial trials in American
history, has filed a suit in effort to clear his name.

28 yl nce, Amerikan tarihinin en controversial= ______________ trial =
______________________ (IndEn) birinde perjury= ________________ (dEn) sulu
bulunan eski Devlet Bakanl grevlisi Alger Hiss, adn temizleme amac ile bir suit=
___________ file= ________________.

3.
ROME (AP) Angry because he was not given permanent permission to bring his small
circus to suburban Rome, lion tamer Mario Vulcannelli took to the streets - with his
eight lions.

Ufak sirkini suburban Rome= ________________(nE) getirmesi konusunda kalc izin
verilmemesine sinirlenen arslan terbiyecisi Mario Vulcannelli took to the streets=
__________________ - yannda sekiz arslan ile.

4.
LONDON (AP) Loaded with millions of dollars worth of personal gifts, Queen
Elizabeth II returned Friday from a hot and socially tricky tour of seven Persian Gulf
states to a wintry, strike-bound Britain.

Yedi ran Krfezi lkesine yapt scak ve socially tricky= ___________ gezinin
ardndan Kralie 2. Elizabeth Cuma gn milyonlarca dolar deerindeki personal
gifts= _________________ ile ykl olarak wintry= ____________, strike-bound=
________________ ngiltere'ye dnd.

5.
SAN FRANCISCO, California (AP) Like Santa Clauses in reverse, thieves slipped
through a skylight in the roof of a museum here and made off with a million-dollar
Rembrand and three other Dutch Renaissance paintings.

Like Santa Clauses in reverse= ________________________________
___________________________, ehirdeki bir mzenin atsndaki bir skylight=
_______________ (dEn) slip= ____________ (En) hrszlar bir milyon deerince bir
Rembrand ve three other Dutch Renaissance paintings= _____________________
ile made off = ______________.

6.
BRIDGEPORT, Connecticut (UPI) A Vietnamese woman seeking custody of two
sons she left in an adoption agency in Saigon during the final days of the Vietnam
War will be able to visit the boys next week.

Vietnam Sava'nn son gnlerinde Saigon'da bir adoption agency =
________________ (nE) brakt iki olu iin custody = ________________ seek =
_______________(En) Vietnaml bir kadn haftaya oullarn grebilecek.

16
Altrma 2 Metni dikkatle okuyun ve koyu yazlan szcklerin metnin evirisi esnasnda Trkeye
nasl aktarlabileceini bulun. Szcklerin birden fazla anlam bulunduu iin, yer aldklar
balam iinde incelemeyi unutmayn.

Galaxy is a vast ensemble of hundreds or thousands of millions of stars, all gravitationally
interacting, and orbiting about a common centre. All the stars visible to the unaided eye
from earth belong to the earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The sun with its associated planets
is just one star in this galaxy.

For centuries man believed the Earth to be the centre of
Creation. The true picture is far more awe-inspiring.

We live on a small planet revolving round a star of only average size, which is itself
revolving, with thousands of millions of other stars, in one galaxy among millions in a
Universe that may well be boundless.

Scientific observation has so far probed only a fraction of it. Yet to travel to the frontiers of
that observed fraction, even at 186,300 miles per second (the speed of light) would take
6,000 million years, about 20,000 times the total period that human life is estimated to have
existed on Earth.

Galaxy is a vast ensemble of hundreds or thousands of millions of stars, all gravitationally
interacting, and orbiting about a common centre. All the stars visible to the unaided eye
from earth belong to the earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The sun with its associated planets
is just one star in this galaxy.

The different bodies and structures in the universe, all of which appear to be receding from
us, range from single galaxies to mammoth clusters containing as many as 500 galaxies.
Although the cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is comparatively small (it has
only 25 members), our galaxy itself, the Milky Way System, ranks among the larger of the
known stellar systems. Counting its almost 100,000 million stars (of which the Sun with its
family of planets is one) at the rate of one star a second would take about 2,500 years.

awe-inspiring
range
size
mammoth
well
ranks
bodies
rate
receding
second
17

retme
Altrma Bu aamada, nce metnin genel anlamn kavramak amac ile, metnin sonunda verilen
birinci altrmay tamamlayn.

Calculator, Calendar and Clock

Even the cheapest and least complicated digitals are minor miracles of modern technology.
They replace the traditional hands, springs and cogs with flickering digits and electronic
circuits.

Some just display hours, minutes and seconds, but many function like baby computers. At
the push of a button you can check the time in New York or New Delhi, see exactly how
long a famous athlete takes to lap a race track, set a small but shrill alarm, or even
programme the watch, months in advance, to flash out a reminder about birthdays and
other special dates. Some digitals have calendars that "know" all about leap years and have
remained accurate well into the 21st century.

Quartz, one of the world's most common minerals, lies at the heart of every digital watch.
Almost a century ago, scientists discovered that quartz crystals vibrate at an absolute
constant frequency when an electric current is passed through them. But quartz watches did
not become practical until miracles of miniaturisation were developed to save weight and
room in spacecraft. The typical watch crystal, powered by a battery the size of a fingernail,
vibrates 32,768 times every second. The vibrations are fed into a tiny "chip" - little bigger
than the end of a match - which is crammed with more than a thousand transistors and
other components. This microscopic maze is watch's "brain" and can be designed to store a
remarkable amount of information. But its most important function is to keep dividing the
vibrations by two until the quartz is pulsing precisely once every second.

Battery, crystal and chip combine to produce remarkably accurate watches whose time
keeping rarely strays by more than one or two seconds each month. They also tend to be
very reliable, thanks to the absence of all the ticking machinery packed into a conventional
clockwork watch.

If you fancy a digital watch, ask yourself how many of the tricks it performs are likely to be
of genuine value. It makes no sense to spend extra money on what could become gimmicks
once the novelty has worn off.

A. Aadaki tmceleri metne gre tamamlayn.

1. _____________ replace the traditional hands, springs and cogs.
2. Some _____________ just display hours, minutes, and seconds.
3. _____________ will remain accurate well into the 21th century.
4. In spacecraft, miniaturisation made it possible to _____________.
5. _____________ vibrates 32,768 times every second.
6. _____________ keeps dividing these vibrations by two.

18
B. Metin iinde koyu yazl szcklerin anlamlarn tahmin etmeye aln. Daha sonra,
tahminlerinizi szlk kullanarak kontrol edin.

hand

spring

cog

lap

in advance

leap year

absolute

room

cram with

maze

stray

fancy

gimmick

novelty

wear off

Snama
Altrma Metnin sonunda verilen altrmalar yapn.

The grounds which make divorce are of two kinds. There are those due to the defects of one
partner, such as insanity, dipsomania, and crime; and there are those based upon the
relations of the husband and wife. It may happen that, without blame to either party, it is
impossible for a married couple to live together amicably, or without some very grave
sacrifice. It may happen that one of them, without disliking the other, becomes deeply
attached to some other person, so deeply as to feel the marriage an intolerable tie. In that
case, if there is no legal redress, hatred is sure to spring up. Indeed, such cases, as everyone
knows, are quite capable of leading to murder. Where a marriage breaks down owing to
incompatibility or to an overwhelming passion on the part of one partner for some other
person, there should not be, as there is at present, a determination to attach blame. For this
reason, much the best ground of divorce in all such cases is mutual consent. Grounds other
than mutual consent ought only to be required where the marriage has failed through some
definite defect in one partner.

19
A. Aada verilen tmcelerde koyu yazlan szcklerle ne/kim kastedilmekte ?

The grounds which make divorce are of two kinds. There are thosedue
to the defects of one partner, such as insanity, dipsomania, and crime;
and there are thosebased upon the relations of the husband and wife.
those = ?

It may happen that one of them, without disliking the other, becomes
deeply attached to some other person, so deeply as to feel the marriage an
intolerable tie.
them = ?

B. Tmceleri okurken, ayrnt vermek iin eklenmi olan iki virgl arasndaki ifadeleri,
tmcenin temel unsurlarn daha kolay anlayabilmek iin parantez iine alma yolunu
izleyin. Birinci tmce rnek olarak verilmekte.

1. There are those due to the defects of one partner, (such as insanity, dipsomania, and
crime) ; and ...
2. It may happen that, without blame to either party, it is impossible for a married
couple to live together amicably, or without some very grave sacrifice.
3. It may happen that one of them, without disliking the other, becomes deeply
attached to some other person, so deeply as to feel the marriage an intolerable tie.
4. In that case, if there is no legal redress, hatred is sure to spring up. Indeed, such
cases, as everyone knows, are quite capable of leading to murder.
5. Where a marriage breaks down owing to incompatibility or to an overwhelming
passion on the part of one partner for some other person, there should not be, as
there is at present, a determination to attach blame.

C. Bu kez koyu yazl szck verilmemekte. Bunun yerine, sizden anlamn
bilmediiniz szcklerin anlamlarn bulmanz istenmekte. Szcklerin anlamn,
tmce iinde deerlendirin. Bunu yaparken ok dikkatli olun. Metnin zellii,
birden ok anlam tayan pek ok szck iermesi.

20
3
Szcklerin anlamn tahmin

Szcklerin anlamnn balam yardm ile bulunmas

Giri ........................................................................................................................ 21
Sunu ....................................................................................................................... 23
leme .................................................................................................................... 24
retme ................................................................................................................... 25
Snama .................................................................................................................. 27
Hedef
21
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn nc konusunda, szlk kullanm olmadan
szcklerin anlamn bulmaya ynelik almalar yer almakta. Doal olarak,
mucize trnden zmler nerilmesi olanaksz. Ama, anlam tahmin etme
konusunda kimi nerileri tantmak ve tahmin almasnn sanld kadar da zor
olmadn sergilemek.

kinci konuda ilenen "szlk kullanm" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,
verilen tmcelerde szcklerin anlamn szlk yardm ile saptayn.

1. Economists forecast a boom in inflation this year.
2. We need to prevent succeeding generations from degeneration.
3. The forest is rich in games.
4. When we last saw him, he was fooling around.
5. He made such an able speech that everybody was astounded.
6. That definitely does not accord with what you said yesterday.
7. If I lend you the money, I'll want you to account for every penny you spend.
8. An ambassador should be a man of pleasing address.
9. The air he composed is so long that no singer is able to sing it properly.
10. We were brothers in arms when all of a sudden I was sent to another regiment.
11. Rice-fields are usually divided by low banks of earth.
12. When he appeared before the King, he kindly bowed.
13. I will be obliged to chair the general meeting as the second major shareholder.
14. In my father's farm, we played ducks and drakes in a small pond.
15. Because we were extremely hungry in the middle of a corn field, we decided to
share an ear even though we had no means of cooking it.
16. He was unsure of my success; he could do nothing but eye me with suspicion.
17. "How can you make a slow horse fast?" "I don't feed it." (ocuk bilmecesi)
18. He is presently working in a firm foundation.
19. After he'd checked the flats, he decided that it was one of the B strings that needed
to be accorded.
20. People to do with the intelligence of a given country should know that they need to
improve their information-gathering abilities at all times.
21. It is true that Jane's late husband would be smacked whenever he happened to
arrive home after midnight from the pub.
22. We decided not to waste time on minute details and to come to the point.
23. You should not think that he is a man to be pitied; he is playing the philistine.
24. The optician checked the pupil once again before writing a prescription.
25. We promise that armed forced will not be used, save in the common interest of the
signing countries.
26. In Shakespeare's play, the Judge is described as an old, fat man with wise saws in
his mouth.
27. A man and his not-so-smart friend happened to be walking by the sea. "Look at all
those dead birds!" the man exclaimed sadly. "Where?" said his friend, looking up.
28. When we tiptoed into the room, Tom was sound asleep.
29. The sailing vessel came to a halt when she reached still waters.
30. In times of drought, we may as well use the deep well in the far end of the garden.
31. You must work yet harder than you do at present.
32. Mourning Becomes Electra (Tiyatro Eseri - "Electra" zel ad)

.
22
Szck tek bana verildiinde hi bir anlam ifade etmeyebilir. Ancak, eviride szckler
karmza bir balam (= context) iinde kmaktalar ve bu nedenle de anlamlarn tahmin
etmek mmkn olmakta.

Altrma Bu altrma ile, anlam tahmin konusundaki mevcut bilginizi ln. Altrmada geen
szckler unlar: savage, merge, attain, deadline, solitude, topple, reverse, dislodge. Bu
szcklerin tmce iinde nasl kullanldklarna bakn ve anlamlarn tahmin etmeye aln.
Bunu yaparken de szlk kullanmayn !

SKEGNESS, England (Reuter) - Two pet Alsatian dogs savaged a six-year-old girl to
death yesterday, police said.

TEL AVIV (AP) - Iraq and Syria have reportedly agreed to merge under a single leader
and combine their armies on Israel's northeastern border.

Although it is evident that they often make priceless contributions to our society
through their labour, so far women have not been able to attain the social and economic
status that should be theirs.

Those who live in areas not-so-close to the equator are often impatient with those who
live closer to the equator. While people in hot countries do not seem to care much about
time, others take deadlines very seriously.

Personally, I am not so fond of being with people. I prefer solitude.

The thrones of the world have toppled one by one. But Britain's still stands regally.

The same scare stories were spread in Norway during their referendum. Norwegians
were told they would be ruined if they remained free. What happened? Exactly the
reverse. Since Norway had the good sense to say "No", its economy has developed as
never before.

A group of teenagers have this week shown a determination to resist the decision of the
local council to move them from their present home. The youngsters have set up a
barricade against any attempt to dislodge them from the house they have come to regard
as home.

SZCK SZCK TR OLASI ANLAM
SAVAGE
MERGE
ATTAIN
DEADLINE
SOLITUDE
TOPPLE
REVERSE
DISLODGE
DISLODGE

Anlam tahmin almasnda nasl bir yol izlediinizi ve hangi noktalarn size yardmc
olduunu inceleyin.
23

Sunu
eviri esnasnda karnza kan yeni szcklerin anlamn tahmin edebilmenizde aada
verilen notlar yardmc olabilir.

There are apparently very few areas of agreement amongst
doctors and nutritional experts these days, upon what
constitutes a safe and healthy diet and what is to be
avoided. No sooner is a product declared by one group of
scientists to be the key to vigour and longevity, than it
is dismissed by another as being acutely dangerous to
health.

* Szcn tr ve tmce iindeki ilevi.

vigour = ad (= noun)
longevity = ad (= noun)

* Szcn yaps. Szck bir n / art tak, bir preposition tayor mu?

longevity szcnn kk long.

* Balam. Szcn getii tmceyi, nceki ve sonraki tmceleri inceleyin.

Tmcede iki farkl gr sunulmakta. Bir grup tarafndan the key to vigour and
longevity olarak ilan edilen eyler bir dier grup tarafndan acutely dangerous to
health bahanesiyle reddedilmekte.

* Yinelenme. Szck metin iinde ne kadar fazla yineleniyorsa, balam says da o
kadar fazla olacaktr.

* Kyaslama. Szck metin iin baka szck(ler) ile kyaslanmakta m?

* Tanmlama. Szcklerin tanm yaplmakta m ?

* Olumlu/Olumsuz arm. Szck, o balam iinde olumlu/olumsuz bir anlam
m yanstmakta?

Vigour ve longevity szcklerine kart olarak acutely dangerous to health
kullanlmakta. Bu durumda, vigour ve longevity szcklerinin olumlu bir anlam
yanstyor olmalar gerekir.

* Bir tahminde bulunun. Emin olmasanz bile bir tahminde bulunun.

24
leme
Altrma Bu altrmada, szlk kullanmadan, tmce iinde koyu yazl olarak verilen szcn
anlamn seenekler iinden bulmaya aln.

nceleyeceiniz szckler unlar:

adamant, compelled, console, curb, gingerly, in vain, regimentation, thrive, treacherous,
vague

1. Taste is the most important thing for me. If I have eaten a poor meal, nothing
will console me.

a) doyurmak b) zmek c) a brakmak d) avundurmak e) sevindirmek

2. No matter how hard I tried to convince Tom to travel Chicago by train, he was
adamant in his desire to drive there in his own car even though it would cost
him a fortune.

a) kararsz b) kararl c) isteksiz d) tepkisel e) anlayl

3. "It sounds translation" is a vague expression in that ten different people will
bring ten different explanations as to what they mean by it.

a) kesin b) zel c) belirsiz d) kusurlu e) yeterli

4. He was not fit for military service. The rigid schedule, long sleepless hours,
various responsibilities to bear and exhausting daily exercises were
obviously too much for him. Finally, when he realized that he could no longer
tolerate this regimentation, he started making plans to escape as far a
place as he could.

a) disiplin b) deme c) tolerans d) talim e) sorumluluk

5. Because he knew that his wife could never go back to sleep again in case
she woke up, John removed the bed-clothes gingerly to get up for a glass of
water.

a) uykulu halde b) tamamen c) dikkatle d) bir an nce e) el yordam ile

6. The new boss does not aim to prevent smoking. What he wants to do is to
curb cigarette smoking by asking smokers to smoke in certain rooms only.

a) cezalandrmak b) artrmak c) engellemek d) denetlemek e) cazip klmak

7. We tried in vain to learn the reason behind this decision. The spokesman did
not say a single word on it.

a) belli belirsiz b) bir arada c) aslnda d) bouna e) baaryla

25
8. These days, the weather has been quite treacherous; because of its sudden
changes many people cannot decide what to wear before they leave home
for work.

a) yal b) deiken c) sabit d) bozuk e) tahmin edilebilir

9. All sub-tropic plants need plenty of sunlight. The more sunlight they get, the
more they will thrive.

a) renklenmek b) solmak c) lmek d) sulanmak e) serpilmek

10. She did not know what would happen if they suddenly caught her secretly
watching them, but her curiosity compelled her to take one last look through
the key hole.

a) korkuttu b) zorlad c) emretti d) engelledi e) destekledi

retme
Altrma Verilen metni dikkatle okuyun ve metnin sonundaki altrmalar yapn.

Arranged Marriages: An Alternative to Love Marriages

Based on Hindu scriptures, the system of arranged marriage in India was well established
during the Vedic period (4000-1000 B.C.) and has been closely adhered to by the vast
majority of the population since that period. Marriage is seen as an indispensable event in
the life of a Hindu and the unmarried person is viewed as incomplete and ineligible for
participation in certain social and religious activities. (Rao & Rao, 1977)

The practice of arranged marriage cuts across all caste lines, regional boundaries and
language barriers in India. Marriage is treated as an alliance between the two families
rather than two individuals. In the common joint family agreement where several families
are living together, the prospective bride is evaluated on her suitability as part of the entire
family environment rather than only as a wife to her husband. Love is not viewed as an
important element in mate selection nor is courtship thought to be necessary for testing the
relationship. In fact, romantic love is regarded as an uncontrollable and explosive emotion
which interferes with the use of reason and logic in decision making. Love is thought to be
a disruptive element since it implies a transference of loyalty from the family of orientation
to another individual. Thus, mate selection by self-choice is seen as endangering the
stability of the entire joint family since it could lead to the selection of a mate of unsuitable
temperament or background. Gupta (1976) has estimated that Indian marriages based on
love occur among less than one percent of the population. Critical life decisions, such as
choosing a mate, are generally determined by responsible members of the family or kin
group, thus reflecting the cultural emphasis of familism as opposed to freedom of the
individual and pursuance of personal goals. However, it is anticipated that close ties and
feelings of affection will develop between the couple following marriage (Gupta, 1976; Rao
& Rao, 1977; Ross, 1961).

In urban areas of India, newspaper ads have become a convenient and acceptable method of
finding a suitable spouse. In 1960 Cormack noted that the practice of using matrimonial
advertisements was growing in most Indian cities. Eleven years later, Kurian (1977)
observed that it had become an established "go between" for arranging marriages. These
advertisements typically list the characteristics of the young men and women that are
1
.

P
A
R
A
G
R
A
F

2
.

P
A
R
A
G
R
A
F

26
considered desirable. Studies by Kurian (1974) and Ross (1961) show strong sex
differences in preferred qualities for males and females. In the Indian culture, a male is
highly valued for the social and economic status of his family, his educational level and
potential earning power. Personal qualities such as appearance and personality are not
considered very important. In women the following qualities are emphasized: moral
character, beauty, ability to cook well and manage a home, and education.

Most research on modern family life in India suggests that there has been little change in
the views of Indians toward marriage. However in their 1976 study of college students, Rao
and Rao found that an increasing number of young adults in India wish to have more choice
in the selection of their future mate, although they still prefer their parents to arrange their
marriages. Cormack (1961) also states that the custom of prohibiting a prospective couple
from seeing each other until their wedding is becoming obsolete in most urban areas and
among college-educated youth.

A. Metinde sunulan evlilik gelenekleri ile Trkiye'deki gelenekler arasnda ne tr
benzerlik ve farkllklar bulunmakta? Bu konuyu aadaki noktalar asndan
deerlendirin.

- Evlilikte genlerin ailelerinin oynadklar rol
- Genlerin arranged marriage olayna gemite ve bugn yaklamlar
- Kullanlan ilanlarn nitelikleri ve oynadklar rol
- Evlilik iin kadnda aranlan nitelikler
- Evlilik iin erkekte aranlan nitelikler

B. Szcklerin anlamlarn tahmin edin. Sonra yantnz szlkle kontrol edin.

1. Paragraf

ADHERE (... and has been closely adhered to by the vast majority of the population
since that period.)
INELIGIBLE (incomplete and ineligible for participation in certain social and
religious activities.)

2. Paragraf

ALLIANCE (Marriage is treated as an alliance between the two families rather than
two individuals.)
JOINT FAMILY AGREEMENT (In the common joint family agreement where
several families are living together, the ...) (... the stability of the entire joint
family ...)
PROSPECTIVE (... prospective bride is evaluated on her ...) (...a prospective
couple ... [Paragraf 4])
COURTSHIP (Love is not viewed as an important element in mate selection nor is
courtship thought to be necessary for testing the relationship.)
REASON (... the use of reason and logic in decision making.)
MATE (Thus, mate selection by self-choice is ...) (their future mate, ... [Paragraf
4])
ENDANGERING (Thus, mate selection by self-choice is seen as endangering the
stability of the entire joint family since it could lead to the selection of a mate of
unsuitable temperament or background.)
KIN (... the family or kin group, ...)

3
.

P
A
R
A
G
R
A
F

4
.

P
A
R
A
G
R
A
F

27
3. Paragraf

ADS szc neyin ksaltmas? (... newspaper ads ...)
SPOUSE (... finding a suitable spouse. )
MATRIMONIAL (... using matrimonial advertisements)

4. Paragraf

PROHIBITING (the custom of prohibiting ...)
OBSOLETE (becoming obsolete in most urban areas and among college-educated
youth.)
Snama
Altrma Metnin sonunda verilen eviride bo braklan yerlere szck anlamlarn yerletirin.

DRIVER ESCAPES THROUGH CAR BOOT

Mr. Peter Johnson, aged 23, battled for half an hour to escape from his trapped car
yesterday when it landed upside down in three feet of water. Mr. Johnson took the only
escape way - through the boot.

Mr. Johnson's car had finished up in a dike at Romney Marsh, Kent, after skidding on ice
and hitting a bank. "Fortunately, water began to come in only slowly," Mr. Johnson said. "I
couldn't force the doors because they were jammed against the banks of the dike, and
daren't open the windows because I knew water would come flooding in."

Mr. Johnson, a sweets salesman, of Holy Bank Hill, London Road, Sittingbourne, Kent,
first tried to attract the attention of the other motorists by using the horn and hammering on
the roof and the boot. Then he began his struggle to escape.

Later he said, "It was really a half penny which helped me. It was the only coin I had in my
pocket and I used it to unscrew the back seat to get into the boot. As I worked on the
screws I could feel the water collecting underneath me on the roof. I hammered desperately
with a wrench trying to make someone hear, but no help came."

It took another ten minutes to unscrew the seat - and a further five minutes to clear the
sweet samples from the boot. Then, he found a wrench to open the boot lock. Fifteen more
minutes ebbed away. "It was the only chance I had. Finally it gave, but as soon as I moved
the lid the water and mud gushed in. I forced the lid down into the mud and scrambled
clear as the car filled up."

His hands and arms cut and bruised, Mr. Johnson got to Beckett farm nearby where he was
looked after by the farmer's wife Lucy Bates. Huddled in a coat, he said, "That thirty
minutes seemed like hours." "Only the tips of the car wheels were visible," police said last
night. The car had sunk into three feet of mud at the bottom of the dike.

28
Metni tamamlayn. Tmceler, eviri sonrasnda, daha dzgn bir Trke iin yeniden
incelenebilir.

SRC (BOOT) ________ (dEn) KATI

Dn, 23 yandaki Peter Johnson 1 metre suya tepetaklak den arabasndan kurtulmak iin
yarm saat urat. Bay Johnson tek ka yolunu kulland ve (boot) ________ (dEn) kt.

Bay Johnson'n arabas Kent'e bal Romney March'da buz zerinde kayp kenara arptktan
sonra bir (dike) ___________ (E) aklmt. Bay Johnson "Neyse ki su ieri ok yava
giriyordu," diye anlatt. "Kaplar zorlayamadm nk (dike) _____________ (In) kenarlarna
deiyorlard, suyun bir anda ieri dolacan bildiim iin de pencereleri amaya cesaret
edemedim."

Holy Bank Hill, London Road, Sittingbourne, Kent adresinde oturan bir eker satcs olan Bay
Johnson nce kornay kullanarak ve tavana ve (boot) ________ (E) vurarak dier srclerin
dikkatini ekmeye alt. Sonra kurtulma abalarna balad.

Olay sonrasnda unlar anlatt: "Aslnda bana yardmc olan, yarm penilik bir bozukluk oldu.
Cebimdeki tek bozukluk oydu; arka koltuun vidalarn skp (boot) ________ (E) gemek
iin onu kullandm. Vidalarla urarken suyun altmda, tavanda toplandn
hissedebiliyordum. Birileri duyar diye bir (wrench) __________ ile deliler gibi vurdum, ama
yardm gelmedi."

Koltuu skmek bir on dakikasn ald; (boot) ________ (dEkI) eker (sample)
______________(lErInI) yolundan temizlemek de bir be dakikasn. Sonra, (boot) _________
kilidini amak iin bir (wrench) ___________ buldu. Onbe dakika daha (ebbed away)
_________(DI). "Tek ansmd. Sonunda, (it gave) __________________ ama kapa oynatr
oynatmaz su ve amur ieri (gushed in) ____________ (DI). Kapa aa ittim ve araba
dolarken (scrambled clear) ___________ (DIm)."

Elleri ve kollar kesik ve bereli olan Bay Johnson yaknlardaki Beckett iftliine gitti ve
burada kendisine iftinin ei Lucy Bates tarafndan bakld. Bir paltoya (huddled)
_____________, unlar syledi: "O otuz dakika bana saatler gibi geldi". Polis yetkilileri dn
gece "Sadece tekerleklerin (tips) ____________ (lErI) grnyordu" dediler. Ara (dike)
______________ (In) dibindeki 1 metre amura batm durumdayd.

29
4
Basit tmce ve bileik tmce
ayrm

Tmce analizi iin, basit tmce ve bileik tmce
ayrmnn belirlenmesi

Giri ........................................................................................................................ 30
Sunu ....................................................................................................................... 32
leme .................................................................................................................... 34
retme .................................................................................................................... 36
Snama .................................................................................................................. 36
Hedef
30
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn ilk konusu eviriye hazrlk amacn tamakta.
Drdnc konudan itibaren ise ngiliz dilinin yaps eviri asndan ayrntl olarak
incelenmekte.
Bu konuda, ngilizce basit tmce (=simple sentence) ve bileik tmce (=multiple
sentence) zerinde durulmakta.

nc konuda ilenen "anlam tahmin aamas"n ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,
verilen tmcelerde koyu yazl szcklerin anlamn szlk kullanmadan tahmin etmeye
aln.

1. Can you give me something to eat ? I'm absolutely famished.
FAMISHED =

2. "Look at Helen! She is swimming so fast!"
"Of course. She's got flippers on."
FLIPPERS =

3. Helen read the letter to the end in great anger and then tore it to shreds.
SHREDS =

4. On our way home, we saw a group of depressed-looking soldiers. They were all very tired
and they were trudging along through mud and heavy rain.
TRUDGING =

5. Peter was such a tall man that he often hit his head on the lintel when he was to enter a
room.
LINTEL =

6. I really hate festivals. Everything, - the loud, bad music, the cheap gaudy colours, the noise,
the whole atmosphere - makes me sick.
GAUDY =

7. Peter had spent half of his life in a very unhealthy tropical climate. That's why his face had a
permanent sallow complexion.
SALLOW =

8. Why is everybody goggling at me like that? Have I got two heads or something?
GOGGLING =

9. I got on his motorbike, my wife behind me on the pillion, and we roared off into the night.
PILLION =

10. Hinduism has no specific church structure, nor does it have a set system of beliefs defined
by one authority. Radhakrishnan, a former president of India, once said: "Hinduism is more
a culture than a creed."
CREED =

.
31
ngilizce bir tmcenin eviri amac ile incelenebilmesi iin, ncelikle o tmcenin basit
tmce mi yoksa bileik tmce mi olduunun saptanmas gerekir.

Tmcenin temelini ZNE, YKLEM ve NESNE oluturur.

Genel eviri 1 ve Genel eviri 2 kitaplarnda kullandmz NESNE terimi ngilizcedeki
complement ve object ile Trkede ise tmle ve nesne unsurlarn ifade etmekte
kullanlmtr. Bunun nedeni, gereinden fazla dilbilgisi terimini katmann gereksiz
olmasdr.

ngilizcede bu unsurlar ZNE + YKLEM + NESNE sralamas ile tmce olutururlar.

Nobody likes this kind of music.
Y N

Elbette, bu temel unsura dier yan unsurlar da eklenebilir.

Nobody likes this kind of music any more.

Bu temel unsura sahip olan ve temel unsurlarndan herhangi biri kendi iinde bu
unsurlardan birini ayrca barndrmayan tmceler basit tmce zellii tamaktadr.

rnein,

Nobody I know likes this kind of music

tmcesi, ZNE unsuru iinde ayrca bir yklem tad iin artk basit tmce deildir;
bileik tmce zellii tamaktadr.

Bileik tmcelere aadaki rnekler gsterilebilir:

When the bus stopped, two women got on.
YAN TMCE ANA TMCE

The rate of unemployment showed a booming increase and in its present form
it has reached a level of social disorder.

We called the police but the burglar was far away by the time they arrived.

Being a seaside resort, Alanya attracts tourists.
YAN TMCE ANA TMCE

Altrma Bu notlardan yararlanarak, altrmada sralanan yaplar inceleyin ve basit tmce olan
yaplar belirleyin. Dier yaplar iinde yan tmce nitelii tayanlar bulun ve bu yan
tmcelerin bildiiniz hangi bileik tmce trne ait olduunu belirtmeye aln. Satrlara
kk harfle baland.

______ 1. he had been running
______ 2. before the first lesson started
______ 3. soon after the civil war
______ 4. where hardly any rare species of Dodo had ever been seen
______ 5. leaving him simply because of a moment of anger
______ 6. which we had asked for
______ 7. two men in dark suit turned up
______ 8. he is expected to be here any second now
______ 9. what she presented the guests
______ 10. the meal the cook has prepared
______ 11. he who can go to the fountain does not go to the water-jar
32
______ 12. watching TV has been my only enjoyment
______ 13. translation requires practice
______ 14. shouting at top of his voice
______ 15. digging the earth with all his might to save the child
______ 16. that language learning is a hard task
______ 17. in case the fire would spread
______ 18. the girl my son is fond of
______ 19. at the very end of the dark street
______ 20. now that all of the guests are here
______ 21. to be here is a great honour
______ 22. a small girl crying silently
______ 23. to accomplish the task requires a brave man
______ 24. not quite knowing what he was expected to do
______ 25. that a simple sentence is easier to translate

Sunu
ngilizcede tmce yaplarn basit ve bileik tmceler olarak ikiye ayrmak mmkn.
Ancak, bu iki st kavram da birok alt blme ayrlmakta.

BAST TMCE (SIMPLE SENTENCE)
BLEK TMCE (MULTIPLE SENTENCE)
Basit Bileik Tmce (Coordination)
Karmak Bileik Tmce (Subordination)
Relative Clause
Noun Clause
Adverbial Clause
Comparison Clause

Basit tmceler ZNE + YKLEM + NESNE yapsn tar.

Bileik tmcelerde, kendi bana kaldnda da bir tmce nitelii tayan blme ana
tmce (=main clause) denilmektedir.

After I have seen the accident, I cannot sleep.
YAN TMCE ANA TMCE

Yan tmce sz konusu olduunda, relative clause ve noun clause yaplar dierlerinden
ayr olarak ele almak gerekir. Bu iki yapda, yukardaki tmcede olduu ekilde bir ana
tmce ve yan tmce ayrm yaplamamakta. Bunun nedeni de, relative clause ve noun
clause yaplarda, zne ya da nesneyi tanmlayan yaplarn mevcut olmas.

Aadaki tmcede relative clause yap bulunmakta.

The goal [which] he scored
AD Y
ZNE
was
YKLEM
wonderful.
NESNE

33
Noun clause yap:

Tim claims [that] his parrot can sing songs.
ZNE YKLEM NESNE

Grld gibi, her iki tmce tr de ZNE + YKLEM + NESNE yapsndan ibaret
olarak incelenebilmekte. Trkede tmce yaps ZNE + NESNE + YKLEM olduuna
gre, eviri esnasnda NESNE ile YKLEM yer deitirmeli.

Tim claims [that] his parrot can sing songs
ZNE YKLEM Y N
NESNE

Tim his parrot can sing songs claims [that]
ZNE Y N YKLEM
NESNE

Tim papaannn ark syleyebildiini
NESNE
ileri sryor.
ZNE YKLEM

Oysa adverbial clause ana tmce ve yan tmce ierdii iin, eviri esnasnda bu iki unsuru
birer ayr tmce gibi ele almak gerekecektir.

Although he played well in the final, he lost.
YAN TMCE ANA TMCE

Birden fazla clause yap barndran tmceler hem inceleme hem de eviri asndan sorun
olutursalar da, ilerideki konularda yer alan dilbilgisi ve tmce inceleme notlar bu trden
sorunlar amanza yardmc olacaktr.

Bu kitapta, Relative Clause ve Noun Clause yansra u clause trleri ele alnmakta:

Comparison Clause He is younger than he looks.
Adverbial-Time Clause After breakfast, come and see me.
Adverbial-Condition Clause If I were rich, I'd build a big house.
Adverbial-Concession Clause Although I was late, I missed nothing.
Adverbial-Reason Clause Because of snow, we stayed in.
Adverbial-Purpose Clause He came to listen to you.
Adverbial-Result Clause Listen to him so that you can interpret later.
Adverbial-Exception Clause Nothing can please me but your visiting me!
Adverbial-Place Clause Where he lives, people are a lot friendlier.
Adverbial-Similarity Clause She is a good girl, just as her mother was.
Adverbial-Comment Clause To tell the truth, I don't know the answer.
Adverbial-Verbless Clause She was sitting in snow, a picture of sorrow.

34
Altrma Metinde braklan boluklardan bazlarna bir szck eklemek gerekmekte. Bazlar ise bo
kalabilir. Tamamlandklarnda, basit tmce mi, bileik tmce mi olduklarn saptayn ve
unsurlarn (ZNE + YKLEM + NESNE) belirleyin.

Mosquitoes __are__ one of the nastiest of the insect world. Male mosquitoes are harmless
while female mosquitoes _____ (1) carry infectious diseases can be really dangerous. In
Africa, for example, _____ (2) mosquitoes are as dangerous as tse tse fly, governments spend
millions of pounds to fight against this tiny insect. Governments _____ (3) need help from
international organizations, such as the UN, as well as neighbouring countries.

Mosquitoes _____ (4) are harmful not only to people in Africa. They are a real nuisance for
those people _____ (5) go to the seaside on holiday for a good rest. Thanks to modern
medicine and electronic technology, the insect itself _____ (6) poses almost no danger for the
tourist. Actually, usually it is the sound of its tiny wings _____ (7) disturbs him most.
Unfortunately, to turn on the light and bravely fight against this flimsy insect _____ (8) is not
a solution. Immediately, the insect will hide in a place _____ (9) is almost impossible to spot.

Then, two solutions _____ (10) appear to remain. The unlucky tourist _____ (11) can leave
his or her comfortable bed and go and fetch one of these modern insect impeding gadgets.
The chemical sort _____ (12) operates either by burning or by exposure to heat can give a
nasty smell. Usually, this smell _____ (13) the chemical substance radiates is as disturbing as
the mosquito itself. The second type _____ (14) does not require any sort of chemical
substance. In most cases, there is a soft light _____ (15) attracts the mosquitoes and burns
them. Neither of these techniques _____ (16) seems to be a perfect solution. Then, one final
alternative _____ (17) the unlucky and sleepless tourist can follow remains. He _____ (18)
can dive under his bed-sheets and spend the whole night almost suffocating to death. Or,
alternatively, he can for once let the triumphant insect do its unpleasant blood transfusion
operation and _____ (19) spend the rest of the whole night sleeping and itching comfortably.

leme
Altrma Aadaki metni okuyun ve metnin sonundaki altrmay tamamlayn.

INFLATION

Inflation is a modern economic disease, which all consumers suffer from. When we are told
that we have got a pay rise, we are naturally pleased. Yet when we go to the shops to buy
things, we find that we cannot buy as much as we could a month ago. How is this possible?
The reason, of course, lies in the fact that prices are rising all the time and we usually receive
pay rises that are not as large as general price increases. We find, furthermore, that the money
we have carefully saved in the bank cannot buy the house that we want because the price of
the house has doubled.

35
It seems, in fact, that our wages have gone down although our employees have told us they
have increased. It is not surprising, then, that political parties win or lose elections according
to how well they persuade the people that inflation can be controlled by their policies. It is
only to be expected, therefore, that the ordinary voter will support a government that
promises to restore the value of money in the bank and to make wage increases equal to the
increase of prices in the shops. As a result of this situation, we find governments being
defeated by their economic policies. People are impatient and prefer to vote for a new
government rather than wait for old economic policies to become effective. Unfortunately,
promises about controlling prices and wages are not generally kept because there is no simple
cure for the complex disease of inflation.

Aada, birinci paragraftan alnma baz tmceler yer almakta. Bu tmcelerdeki unsurlar
alt izilerek belirtildi.

Inflation is a modern economic disease, which all consumers suffer from. BLEK TMCE

When we are told that we have got a pay rise, we are naturally pleased. BLEK TMCE

Yet when we go to the shops to buy things, we find that we cannot buy as
much as we could a month ago.
BLEK TMCE

How is this possible? BAST TMCE

The reason, of course, lies in the fact that prices are rising all the time and we
usually receive pay rises that are not as large as general price increases.
BLEK TMCE

We find, furthermore, that the money [which] we have carefully saved in the
bank cannot buy the house that we want because the price of the house has
doubled.
BLEK TMCE

rneklere gre aadaki tmceleri inceleyip unsurlarn saptayn. Bu aamada clause
trlerini adlar ile saptamadan, sadece basit tmce, bileik tmce, zne, asl yklem ve
nesneyi saptamanz yeterli.

It seems, in fact, that our wages have gone down although our employees have told us they
have increased.

It is not surprising, then, that political parties win or lose elections according to how well they
persuade the people that inflation can be controlled by their policies.

It is only to be expected, therefore, that the ordinary voter will support a government that
promises to restore the value of money in the bank and to make wage increases equal to the
increase of prices in the shops.

As a result of this situation, we find governments being defeated by their economic policies.

36
People are impatient and prefer to vote for a new government rather than wait for old economic
policies to become effective.

Unfortunately, promises about controlling prices and wages are not generally kept because
there is no simple cure for the complex disease of inflation.

retme
Altrma Aada yer alan ksa paragraf okuyup tmcelerinin unsurlarn saptayn. Bir nceki
blmdeki gibi, clause yaplarn adlarn yazmanz istenmemekte.

As soon as we take our place in the queue, our whole outlook on life changes. All we can
think about is how many people there are in front of us and how long it will be before our
turn comes. Now and then we look back and feel a warm glow of satisfaction when we note
how much the queue has lengthened since we joined it. Our main concern, however, is that
no one should use unfair means. We keep a watchful eye on the people in front and are ready
to denounce publicly anyone who dares to 'jump the queue'.

As soon as we take our place in the queue, our whole outlook on life changes.

All we can think about is how many people there are in front of us and how long it will be before
our turn comes.

Now and then we look back and feel a warm glow of satisfaction when we note how much the
queue has lengthened since we joined it.

Our main concern, however, is that no one should use unfair means.

We keep a watchful eye on the people in front and are ready to denounce publicly anyone who
dares to 'jump the queue'.

Snama
Altrma imdi de, boluklar dolduracak ekilde bu tmcelerin evirilerini yapn. Szlk
kullanabilirsiniz.

1. As soon as we take our place in the queue, our whole outlook on life changes.
_________________________________, yaama bak amz kkten deiir.
2. All we can think about is how many people there are in front of us and how
long it will be before our turn comes.
Tek dnebildiimiz ________________________ olduu ve sramz gelene
kadar ___________________________.

37
3. Now and then we look back and feel a warm glow of satisfaction when we note
how much the queue has lengthened since we joined it.
Arada srada arkamza bakar ve biz girdiimizden _________________________
farkedince __________________.
4. Our main concern, however, is that no one should use unfair means.
Ancak, bizim asl _________________________, _______________________.
5. We keep a watchful eye on the people in front and are ready to denounce
publicly anyone who dares to 'jump the queue'.
nmzdeki ____________________________ ve "_____________________"
cesaret eden ________________ tehir etmek iin hazrda bekleriz.

38
5
Zamanlar (=Tenses)

ngilizcede zamanlarn anlatmnn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi

Giri ........................................................................................................................ 39
Sunu ....................................................................................................................... 40
1. Present: Geni / imdiki Zaman ..................................................................... 40
1.1. Simple Present Tense ............................................................................... 40
1.2. Present Continuous Tense ........................................................................ 44
1.3. Present Perfect Tense .............................................................................. 45
1.4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ........................................................... 46
2. Past: Gemi Zaman ......................................................................................... 47
2.1. Simple Past Tense .................................................................................... 47
2.2. Past Perfect Tense .................................................................................... 47
2.3. Past Perfect Continuous Tense ................................................................ 48
2.4. Past Continuous Tense ............................................................................. 48
2.5. Infinitive Yaplarda Past ............................................................................ 48
2.6. Gerund Yaplarda Past .............................................................................. 49
3. Future: Gelecek Zaman .................................................................................. 49
3.1. will ............................................................................................................. 49
3.2. be (=am/is/are) going to ............................................................................ 49
3.3. be (=am/is/are) to ...................................................................................... 50
3.4. Future Continuous Tense .......................................................................... 50
3.5. Future Perfect Tense ................................................................................ 50
leme .................................................................................................................... 51
retme ................................................................................................................... 53
Snama .................................................................................................................. 54
Hedef
39
Giri
ngiliz dilinde zaman (=tense) kavramnn ne tr yaplarla yanstldnn ele
alnd bu konudan itibaren, Sunu blmlerinde kapsaml dilbilgisi notlar
verilmekte. Doal olarak, her bir blm bir sonraki ile ilikili olduu iin, bu
notlarn titizlikle incelenmesi byk nem tamakta.

Drdnc konuda ilenen "basit tmce-bileik tmce" aamasn ne lde kavradnz
saptamak iin, verilen tmcelerin basit tmce mi yoksa bileik tmce mi olduunu saptayn.

1. To pass the test is his big dream.

2. That big office block will definitely create more jobs.

3. To prove his innocence, Peter had to find an alibi immediately.

4. That translation is a hard subject is accepted by everyone.

5. Generally, people who suffer from migrene also have problems with their eyes.

6. Both the old and sick have been seriously suffering from the consequences of air
pollution.

7. To sleep till lunch time can be quite relating, especially on a Sunday.

8. The late Dean used to check the time every now and then out of habit.

9. Not everyone is capable of improvising.

10. To tell the truth in all occasions is not always beneficial.

.
40
Ayrntl dilbilgisi notlarna gemeden nce, zamanlar ne lde tandnz snayn.

Altrma A'dan L'ye kadar olan tmceleri 1'den 12'ye kadar olan tmcelerle eletirin. Ardndan
A'dan L'ye kadar olan tmceleri Trke evirileri (a-i) ile eletirin. Baz
durumlarda, bir Trke tmce iki ngilizce tmcenin karl gelebilmekte. A tmcesi
rnek olarak verilmekte.

Tmceler:

A. [5] [e ] I will work for my father.
B. [ ] [ ] I have been working for my father.
C. [ ] [ ] I worked for my father.
D. [ ] [ ] I had worked for my father.
E. [ ] [ ] I was working for my father.
F. [ ] [ ] I will be working for my father.
G. [ ] [ ] I have worked for my father.
H. [ ] [ ] I was going to work for my father.
I. [ ] [ ] I work for my father.
J. [ ] [ ] I had been working for my father.
K. [ ] [ ] I am working for my father.
L. [ ] [ ] I will have worked for my father.

1. The Simple Present
2. The Present Perfect Continuous
3. The Simple Past
4. The Past Perfect
5. The Future
6. The Future Perfect
7. The Present Continuous
8. The Present Perfect
9. The Past Continuous
10. The Past Perfect Continuous
11. The Future Continuous
12. Future in the Past
a. Babam iin alyor olacam.
b. Babam iin almaktaym.
c. Babam iin almtm.
. Babam iin almaktaydm.
d. Babam iin alrm.
e. Babam iin alacam.
f. Babam iin alm olacam.
g. Babam iin alacaktm.
h. Babam iin altm.

Sunu
Bu blmde, ngilizce'de yer alan zaman yaplar aklanmakta ve rnek tmceler yolu ile
eviri iin ipular verilmekte. Giri blmnde verilen altrmada hangi zamana ait
olduunu bilmediiniz tmceler varsa, yantlar bu notlar inceledikten sonra kolaylkla
bulabilirsiniz.

1. Present: Geni zaman / imdiki zaman

1.1. Simple Present Tense

Her zaman olan, her zaman olabilecek olaylar iin kullanlr.

All languages have certain ways of forming words to mean various things. Forms of
words help change their meanings, such as from singular to plural (boy to boys) or
from present to past (touch to touched).
41
Tm dillerin eitli anlamlar aktarmak iin szck oluturmada belirgin yntemleri
vardr. Szcklerin formlar onlarn anlamlarn deitirmelerine yardmc olurlar;
rnein, tekilden oula (olan szcnden olanlar szcne) ya da geni
zamandan gemi zamana (dokun szcnden dokundu szcne).

"Always, often, frequently, generally, usually, sometimes, rarely, seldom, occasionally,
hardly ever, never" gibi "adverbs of frequency" ile, her zaman olan, her zaman
olabilecek ve bir skla sahip olaylarn anlatmnda kullanlr.

Bu szckler yklemin be olmas durumunda yklemden sonra, bunun dndaki durumlarda
yklemden nce yer alrlar.

They often have lunch here.
She is never late to class.
He hardly ever laughs at my jokes.

Many commercial driving schools in most cities are certified, and their driving
instructors are well-trained, patient people. Their rates are seldom very high,
and since they are private businesses, they generally have flexible
schedules.
cretler nadir olarak yksektir ve bu kurulular zel giriim olduklar iin genelde
esnek bir programa sahiptirler.

The sprained ankle is a highly popular complaint since it has all the
attractions of an illness and none of the disadvantages. It never kills anyone
and it always gets better in a short time. Since there is usually no pain
except when the ankle is moved, it offers its victims a perfect rest and a
delightful reason to be looked upon. (Breaking the Reading Barrier)
Bilek burkulmasndan kimse lmemitir ve hep ksa zaman iinde iyileir.
Genellikle, bilein oynatld zamanlar dnda bir ac hissedilmedii iin,
kurbanlarna kusursuz bir dinlenme ve kendisine baktrmak iin ahane bir frsat
yaratr.

Bir olayn nakledilmesinde, hikaye anlatmnda kullanlr.

In the Prologue to his famous poem, The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey
Chaucer describes the interesting characters who are making a pilgrimage.
One, the Pardoner, wants to make money by saying prayers for people.
nl iiri Canterbury Hikayeleri'nin Giri blmnde Geoffrey Chaucer bir hac
seferine kan ilgin karakterleri tarif etmektedir. Bunlardan biri olan Pardoner
(Rahip) insanlar iin dua ederek para kazanmaya almaktadr.

Hikaye anlatmnda, kimi zaman geni zamanda yaplan anlatm eviri esnasnda gemi
zamana uyarlanmaktadr.

Bu kullanmlar aktarlrken eylem + -Er/-Ir yaps kullanlr.

Gelecee ait kesin bir olayn anlatmnda kullanlr. Daha ok turizm brorlerinde
karmza kan bir kullanmdr.

We visit the Museum of Arts first.
nce Sanat Mzesi'ni ziyaret ediyoruz. / nce Sanat Mzesi ziyaret edilecek.

42
Baz eylemler, "continuous" yap ile kullanlmazlar ve Simple Present Tense ile
kullanlrlar. Bu eylemler (abece sralamasnda) :

admire - I admire her.
adore - I adore you.
agree - I agree.
appear - It appears quite often.
appreciate - I appreciate your efforts.
astonish - Such weird things hardly astonish me.
belong to - Who does this bag belong to ?
believe - I believe in what he has told.
care - Who cares ?
concern - This problem does not concern you.
consist of - It consists of experienced racers.
contain - How much oil does it contain?
depend on - Everything depends on us.
deserve - Now you deserve a punishment !
desire - She desires to be by him.
detest - I detest cigarette smoke.
dislike - I dislike hot drinks.
doubt - I very much doubt about his sincerity.
expect - I expect you are hungry.
Dnmek / Zannetmek anlamn tadnda -ing almaz; beklemek anlamnda ise (-
I'm expecting a parcel) -ing alabilir.
fear - I fear nothing but dogs.
feel - I feel he is telling the truth.
Fikir sahibi olmak anlamnda -ing almaz; hissetmek anlam (-How are you feeling
today?) tadnda -ing alabilir.
find - How do you find the party?
fit - This doesn't fit here.
forget - He never forgets his appointments.
Allmadk durum belirttiinde (-I'm forgetting things = I keep forgetting things) -
ing ile kullanlabilir.
Ayrca u kullanmlara dikkat edin:
He forgot to post the letter
(= ... that he was going to post it.)
He forgot posting the letter
( = ... that he had posted it.)
Bu kullanm farkllklar remember, regret, try, mean, stop yklemlerinde de
gzlenir.
I remember going there. (= ... that I have gone there.)
Remember to go there. (= ... that you must go there.)
I regret to say that you failed. (= I'm sorry to say that ... )
I regret having said it. (= I'm sorry for having said it.)
We tried to move the piano but it was too heavy.
We tried moving the piano but then we decided that it looked better in
its original place and we moved it back.
I mean (=intend to) to finish it by tomorrow morning.
Even if it means standing in rain, I'll get a ticket for the concert.
Please stop to have a rest. (=stop and ...)
Stop talking !
43
guess - I guess you are a doctor.
hate - I hate being told what to do.
have - She has three sisters.
Sahip olmak anlamnda -ing almaz; ..almak / yemek anlam (-They are having
lunch.) tadnda -ing alabilir.
hear - I hear you are leaving Ankara.
Allmadk durum belirttiinde (-I'm hearing things. / Gaipten sesler
duyuyorum.) -ing ile kullanlabilir.
hold - How much water does this tank hold ?
ermek anlamnda -ing almaz; tutmak (-What are you holding?) anlamnda -ing
alabilir.
imagine - She never imagines the consequences.
impress - My work always impresses the boss.
include - This book includes all the structures.
know - I know a good bar around the corner.
lack - He lacks initiative.
like - Do you like Cola ?
loathe - She really loathes this kind of music.
look like - What does it look like?
love - I love being praised.
matter - It doesn't really matter.
mean - What do you mean ?
mind - I don't mind it.
need - I desperately need cash.
notice - Then he notices a slip in the rhythm.
observe - One day, they observe a change.
Bu yklem notice anlamn tad zaman -ing ile kullanlmaz.
owe - I owe you fifty pounds.
own - She owns the whole mansion.
perceive - He hardly perceives anything.
please - Nothing will please him.
possess - We don't possess that much.
prefer - Which do you prefer ?
realize - I realize you're trying to persuade me.
recall - Do you recall it now ?
recognize - She recognizes me well.
recollect - They don't recollect it.
regret - Do you regret refusing the offer?
remember - I remember my first party.
resemble - Nothing resembles this scenery.
satisfy - Coffee or tea never satisfy my thirst.
see - I see you are late again.
Allmadk durum belirttiinde (-I'm seeing double) -ing ile kullanlabilir.
seem - He seems busy.
smell - This flower smells funny.
Koku salmak anlamnda -ing almaz; koklamak anlam (-She is smelling the
flowers.) tadnda ise -ing alabilir.
sound - It sounds like a fast car.
suppose - I suppose she is right.
surprise - Everything surprises her.
taste - This soup tastes wonderful.
Tad olmak anlamnda -ing almaz; tatmak anlam (-Why are you tasting the
soup?) tadnda -ing alabilir.
44
think - I think you are right.
Fikir sahibi olmak anlamnda -ing almaz; dnmek anlam (-What are you
thinking?) tadnda -ing alabilir.
trust - Trust me !
understand - I understand they may be late.
value - We highly value your support.
want - What do you want?
Konuma ngilizcesinde, want eyleminin should anlam verecek ekilde kullanm
yaygndr.
Drive straight on. Now you want to take the second turning on the left.
(= you should take ...)
wish - I wish I were much younger.

Bu kullanmlar aktarlrken eylem + -Er/-Ir ya da eylem + -Iyor yaps
kullanlr.

Emir tr tmcelerde kullanlr.

Taking an important test requires preparation and effort. Don't panic when
you first get your test paper. Relax in your chair.
Snav kadnz ilk aldnzda panie kaplmayn. Sandalyenize rahata yerlein.

1.2. Present Continuous Tense

imdi, u an gereklemekte olan olaylar iin kullanlr.

You are studying the Present Continuous Tense.
Present Continuous Tense yapsn iliyorsunuz.

u sralarda olmakta olan olaylar iin kullanlr.

By replacing bad body organs with good ones, doctors are helping people
live longer. Organ transplants are saving and extending the lives of young
and old alike.
Bozuk vcut organlarn salam olanlarla deitirerek doktorlar insanlarn daha uzun
sre yaamasna yardmc olmaktalar. Organ nakilleri hem genlerin hem de
yallarn hayatn korumakta ve uzatmakta.

Gelecee ynelik ve kesinlemi planlarda kullanlr.

After the conference, I'm going home.
Konferanstan sonra eve gidiyorum. / gideceim.

Sk tekrarlanan ve konumacy rahatsz eden bir olay iin always ile birlikte
kullanlr.

They are always playing music in the middle of the night.
Srekli / Hep / Durmadan gecenin ortasnda mzik alyorlar.

Bu kullanmlar eylem + -Iyor / -mEktE kullanlarak aktarlr.

Future Continuous yerine kullanlr.

Don't come at ten. I'm studying then.
Saat 10'da gelme. O srada alyor olacam.

45
1.3. Present Perfect Tense

Genelde "just" ile, biraz nce tamamlanm bir olay iin kullanlr.

"Would you like something to drink ?"
"No, thanks. I've just had coffee."
Hayr, teekkrler. Az nce kahve itim.

Gemie ait, gerekletii zaman dilimi o kadar da nemli olmayan olaylarn
aktarmnda kullanlr.

Yosemite National Park is rich in wildlife. Bear, deer, and about 600 other
species of mammals make their homes in the park. Visitors have seen more
than 200 varieties of birds and about 25 kinds of reptiles.
Ziyaretiler 200 eitten fazla ku ve yaklak 25 tr srngen grmtr/ grdler.

French food is famous everywhere and Paris has some of the best
restaurants in the world. You can find anything you want to eat at almost any
price you wish to pay. I have had several lunches, each of which is a two- to
three-hour affair involving several courses.
(Orada) Her biri birka ayr eit yemekten oluan ve iki ile saat aras sren
birka le yemei yedim / yemiimdir.

"Recently, lately" gibi, kesin bir zaman dilimi belirtmeyen szcklerle kullanlr.

Recently, many changes have taken place in the novel. Ours is a scientific
age, a time when rapid, massive communication makes it possible for written
words floating in bottles to cross continents a day.
Yakn zamanlarda, roman sanatnda pek ok deiiklik oldu.

"Today, this week / month / year" gibi terimlerle birlikte, bu terimlerin anlatt zaman
sresinin henz bitmedii durumlarda kullanlr. Aadaki rnek tmcelerin saat
13.00'te sylendiini dnn:

I haven't had any coffee today.
I didn't have any coffee this morning.

Soru tmcelerinde ve olumsuz tmcelerde "yet" ile kullanlr.

Have you had lunch yet ?
le yemeini yedin mi ?

They haven't completed the research yet.
Henz aratrmay tamamlamadlar.

Yet szcnn aadaki kullanm farkldr.

We are yet to see what he will do next. (= daha, bir de, stne stlk)
This is the largest demonstration yet. (= "ever" anlamnda)

Bu kullanmlar eylem + -DI, resmi bir dil sz konusu olduunda da eylem
+ - mItIr yaps ile aktarlr.

46
Nitelik, yer, vs. belirten yaplarn oluturulmasnda, "be" eylemi ile birlikte kullanlr.

The glaciers and the ice-sheets have been a point of interest for many years.
They began their latest retreat about twenty thousand years ago, and by 5000
BC the weather of the world was pretty much the same as it is today.
Buzullar ve buz tabakalar yllardr ilgi toplamaktadr.

"For, since" ile, gemite balayan ve halen devam eden olaylar iin kullanlr.

I've been here since I was born.
Doduumdan beri buradaym / burada yayorum.

"Always" ile kullanlr.

I have always been a true supporter of the Liberal Party.
Ben hep Liberal Parti'nin sadk bir destekisi olmuumdur.

Bu kullanmlar eylem+-mEktEDIr/-mII-(m/n/..)DIr yaps ile aktarlrsa
da ilk kullanmda -DIr taks genelde der.

1.4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect yapdan farkl olarak, daha sreli bir eylemin anlatmnda kullanlr.

How long have you been here? (Present Perfect)
How long have you been living here? (PresentPerfect Continuous)

During the past four decades, we have been using the term Sun Belt to refer to
some states in the South and Southwest. Because these states offer a
temperate climate, many people have begun to migrate there.
Son krk yl iinde, Gney ve Gneybat'daki baz eyaletlerden sz ederken Gne
Kua terimini kullanmaktayz.

u iki kullanm karlatrn.

I have lived in Ankara for some time. [1]
I have been living in Ankara for some time. [2]

[1] numaral tmcede, balama gre,

Bir sre Ankara'da bulundum/bulunmuluum var

ya da, yine balama gre,

Bir sredir Ankara'da yaamaktaym

anlam varken [2] numaral tmce yalnzca bu ikinci anlam tamaktadr.

Kendisi bitmi olsa da etkisi srmekte olan olaylarn anlatmnda kullanlr.

You look tired out. Have you been running ?
Bitkin grnyorsun. Kotun mu ?

Trke'ye, eylem + -Iyor/-mEktE, ya da (b) eylem + -DI ile aktarlr.

47
2. Past : Gemi zaman

2.1. Simple Past Tense

Gemite belirli bir zamanda olup bitmi bir olay iin kullanlr.

One of America's first great poets was Walt Whitman, a vigorous, active man
who enjoyed travel and outdoor life. Like Whitman, Emily Dickinson created her
most popular poetry after the Civil War.
Hayat dolu, aktif bir adam olan ve seyahat etmek ile ak havay seven Walt
Whitman Amerika'nn ilk byk airlerindendi. Whitman gibi Emily Dickinson da
en sevilen iirlerini Sava sonrasnda yazd.

Bu kullanm eylem + -DI ile, resmi yaplarda ise eylem + -mItIr
kullanlarak aktarlr.

"Always, never" gibi szcklerle birlikte kullanlr.

They always teased him.
Onu srekli/hep tedirgin ettiler / ederlerdi.

Bu kullanm eylem + -I/ErdI kullanlarak aktarlr.

Simple Past Tense aadaki yaplarda gemi anlam tamamaktadr:

It is (high) time + I / you / .. + simple past.

It is high time I went.
Gitme vaktim geldi. / Gitsem iyi olur.

would rather + you / he / .. + simple past C KONU 6

I'd rather you did it.
Senin yapman yelerim.

If + I / you / .. + simple past, ... C KONU 13

If you saw a snake, what would you do ?
Bir ylan grsen ne yapardn?

2.2. Past Perfect Tense

Gemite iki olaydan, nce gerekleen olay iin kullanlr.

In 1961 a Soviet Union satellite took the first pictures of the dark side of the
moon, which no one had ever seen. In 1964 a United States capsule took
close-up pictures of the surface.
1961 ylnda bir Sovyetler Birlii uzay arac, ayn o zamana kimsenin grmedii /
grmemi olduu karanlk yznn ilk fotoraflarn ekti.

Present Perfect Tense'in "past" hali olarak kullanlr.

I had just had coffee.
Daha yeni kahve imitim.

Past Perfect yap Trke'ye -mt ile aktarlr.

48
When I last saw him, he had finished his meal.
Onu son grdmde yemeini bitirmiti.

Trke'deki -m yaps ise, konuan kiinin kendisinin ahit olmad bir olay aktard
durumlarda kullanlr ve ngilizce'ye Past Perfect ile aktarlamaz.

Dn eve gelmemi.
He is said not to have come last night. / It is said that he did not come home last
night.

Trke'ye eylem + -mItI ile, ya da, pek sk olmasa da, eylem+ -DIydI ile
aktarlr. Bu kullanmn karl eylem + -mI deildir.

2.3. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous yapnn past hali olarak kullanlr.

You looked tired out. Had you been running ?
Bitkin grnyordun. Komu muydun ?

Trke'ye eylem + - Iyordu / -mEktEydI / -mItI kullanlarak aktarlabilir.

2.4. Past Continuous Tense

Gemite belirli bir sre devam etmi olan olaylar iin kullanlr.

When I met him, he was working as a driver.
Onu tandmda src olarak alyordu.

Gemite iki eylemden daha uzun sreli olan, ya da, bir eylem tarafndan kesilen iin
kullanlr.

We were sitting in the park when the rain started.
Yamur baladnda parkta oturuyorduk.

Gemite oluan ve ikisi de uzun olan eylemler iin kullanlr.

While we were studying, she was enjoying herself.
Biz ders alrken o keyfine bakyordu.

Present Continuous yapnn past hali olarak kullanlr.

She said she was going home.
"Eve gidiyorum," dedi.

Konumacy artan/rahatsz eden ve srekli tekrarlanan eylemlerde, always ile
kullanlr.

He was always talking about himself.
Srekli / Hep kendinden sz ediyordu.

Trke'ye eylem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI ile aktarlr.

2.5. "I nfinitive" yaplarda "past"C KONU 24, 26

Infinitive (to + eylem) yap, to have + V
3
eklinde past / perfect hali alr.

Their alphabet is known to have 8 letters only. (Present)
Alfabelerinde sadece 8 harf olduu biliniyor.
49

They are known to have built vast temples. (Past/Perfect)
Devasa tapnaklar ina ettikleri/etmi olduklar biliniyor.

2.6. "Gerund" yaplarda "past"C KONU 25, 26

Gerund (eylem + - ing) yap, having + V
3
ya da V
ing
eklinde past / perfect hali alr.

Having seen/Seeing the result, he had a restless night. (= After he had seen .. )
Sonucu grnce huzursuz bir gece geirdi.

Having completed the task, he will have a restless night. (= After he has completed.. )

3. Future: Gelecek zaman

3.1. Will C KONU 6

Belirli bir plan ya da ama olmadnda kullanlr.

We have no salt left. Who will go and get me some?
Hanginiz /Kim gidip alacak ?

Bu kullanm eylem + - EcEk ile aktarlr.

Kesin ya da doal bir sonu beklendiinde, bazen de bir inatlama olduunda
kullanlr.

"This room stinks."
"It will if you never open windows."
Pencereyi hi amazsan yle olur.

The car won't start!
Araba almyor./ Arabann almayaca tuttu.

Bu kullanm eylem + - I/Er ya da eylem+ -EcEkDIr ile aktarlr.

3.2. Be going to

Belirli bir plan ya da ama olduunda kullanlr.

I'm going to give the test tomorrow.
Snav yarn vereceim.

Gelecekte bir eylemin gerekleeceine ilikin kesin bir iz, belirti, ipucu varsa
kullanlr.

Look at those clouds. I think it's going to rain.
Sanrm yamur yaacak.

Bu kullanmlar eylem + - EcEk ile aktarlr.

"Was/were going to" yaps Trke'deki "-EcEktI " taksnn verdii anlam tar. Bu
yap Future in the Past olarak adlandrlr.

I was going to protest but then I decided to leave quietly.
tiraz edecektim ancak sonra sessizce ayrlmaya karar verdim.

50
3.3. Be to C KONU 6

ki farkl anlam tayabilir.

Will (definitely)

The factory is to bring new jobs to the area.
Fabrika blgeye yeni i imkanlar getirecek.

Should C KONU 6, 18

You are to hurry.
Acele etmen gerek.

3.4. Future Continuous Tense

Gelecekte sryor olacak eylemlerin anlatmnda kullanlr.

Create situations in your mind before they happen. You'll be preparing
yourself for success as you practice these role-playing situations. You'll be
developing your confidence.
(Bylece) bu rol stlenme durumlarnn altrmasn yaparken kendinizi de baar
iin hazrlayacaksnz. / hazrlyor olacaksnz. Kendinize gveni gelitireceksiniz. /
gelitiriyor olacaksnz.

Trke'ye eylem + -Iyor/-mEktE olacak ile aktarlr.

3.5. Future Perfect Tense

Gelecekte tamamlanm olacak eylemlerin anlatmnda, ou zaman by the time ve by (C
KONU 12) szckleri ile kullanlr.

If we do not speed up, we will have got there long after the party is over.
Hzlanmazsak oraya parti bittikten ok sonra varm olacaz.

ok sk kullanm olmasa da, Future Perfect Continuous yapya da rastlanabilir. eviri
asndan bir Future Perfect yap olarak ele alnabilir.

By the end of this month, we will have been working on this project for a
year.

Trke'ye eylem + -mI olacak ile aktarlr.

51
leme
Altrma 1 Koyu yazlan blmleri, tmcenin tmn inceleyip Trke'ye aktarn.

A.
If the population of the Earth goes on increasing at its present rate, there will
eventually not be enough resources left to sustain life on the planet. By the middle of the
21st century, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars, for example.

Eer __________________________________, gezegen zerinde yaam
srdrmek iin geriye ______________________________. 21. yzyln ortalarna
gelindiinde, rnein, arabalarmz ileten petroln tmn _________________
____________.

B.
One evening last week my wife and I were sitting quietly at home. She was looking at
the television while I was reading a book. Suddenly we heard a loud bang. I supposed
that the old lady in the flat above ours was moving the furniture about.

Geen hafta bir gece _______________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________; bu arada
__________________________________________________________. Aniden
__________________________________________________________.
________________________________________________________________
sandm.

C.
One summer evening Jonathan returned home as usual at five minutes to seven precisely.
When he opened the front gate, he immediately noticed something strange. There was
a heavy footprint in the earth in one of the flower beds. Jonathan was just going to
blame the milkman or the postman when he noticed that one of the white lace curtains
in the front room downstairs was out of place. Jonathan never left anything out of
place.

Bir yaz akam her zamanki gibi tam saat yediye be kala, _________________.
____________________________. __________________________________
zaman, _____________________. iek tarhlarndan birinde ____________
_______, _________________________ farketti. _______________________
_________________.

D.
The French Grand Prix of 1903 is still remembered as one of the most tragic motor races in
history. In those days, the local government authorities did not usually have the roads
surfaced with asphalt and so the cars raised clouds of dust as they went by, which made it
almost impossible for the drivers behind to see. The race had hardly begun when a
woman crossed the road in front of a car and was knocked down. Soon afterwards, a
driver swerved to avoid a child and crashed into the crowd, killing three people.
Another drove into a wall, trying not to hit a dog, and Madame du Gast, who had been
keeping up with the leaders, lost two hours while she took care of him and his
mechanic. By the time the surviving drivers reached Bordeaux, the number of accidents
had risen even more and the newspapers had begun a campaign to have the race
stopped.

52
1903 Fransa Grand Prix'si bugn de tarihin en trajik araba yarlarndan biri olarak
hatrlanmaktadr. O gnlerde yerel ynetim yetkilileri genelde yollar asfaltla
kaplatmazlard ve bu yzden yol alrken _________________, bu da arkadan gelen
srclerin nlerini grmelerini hemen hemen olanaksz hale getirirdi.
____________________________ ki ____________________________ ve
arabann altnda kald. Biraz sonra, _____________________________________,
ve kiiyi ldrd. Bir kpee arpmamaya alrken _________________ ve
___________________ olan Madame du Gast ______________________ iken iki
saat kaybetti. Geriye kalan srcler Bordeaux ehrine ulatklarnda, ___________
_________________________________________________ ve yar durdurtmak
iin __________________.

Altrma 2 Uygun zamanlar kullanarak tmceleri tamamlayn ve Trke'ye aktarn.

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR: THE VIOLENCE BEHIND
CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
In 1987, there (be) _____ [1] over 1,5 million violent crimes reported in the US. Nowadays,
it is very possible that we (become) _____ [2] a victim of some kind of violence any time.
Most of this violence comes from chronically aggressive people. Psychiatrists and
behavioral scientists (try) _____ [3] to understand the causes of aggressive behaviour that
results in injury or death.

Psychologists (say) _____ [4] that extreme aggression runs in families. In other words, if
your parents are very aggressive, there is a strong possibility that you (be) _____ [5] too. A
team of researchers recently studied a large group of children over a 22 year period. The
researchers (find) _____ [6] out that the aggressive children had parents who punished them
much more severely than the less aggressive children. The aggressive children grew up to
become aggressive citizens. Furthermore, the males were likely to have criminal records
before the age of 30.

When a child's aggressive behaviour (become) _____ [7] a part of his character, it is not
easy to change. Therefore, it (be) _____ [8] important to try to stop it before adolescence.
Many paediatricians (believe) _____ [9] that watching violence on TV may cause children
to become aggressive. One solution may be that parents forbid their children to watch
violent TV programs. Aggressive behaviour in very young children should be immediately
stopped before it becomes more severe.

Other researchers (find) _____ [10] that men are more aggressive than women. Although
this seems to be socially acceptable, there is also a biological reason for this difference.
Very aggressive people (have) _____ [11] a low amount of chemical called serotonin in the
brain. This (be) _____ [12] true for both men and women. In general, though, men have a
lower level of serotonin.

Researchers (discover) _____ [13] that some people who are impulsively aggressive can be
cured by a medicine called lithium. Lithium (stabilize) _____ [14] the serotonin level in the
brain. Scientists (test) _____ [15] this drug with laboratory animals. Lithium effectively
reduced aggressive behaviour.

53
retme
Altrma Koyu yazl blmlerin Trke'ye nasl aktarlacan inceleyin.

A
When Ashenden met her she had been leading this riotous life, dancing and gambling
all night, racing most afternoons a week, for twelve or thirteen years and she was no
longer very young; but there was hardly a line on that lovely brow, scarcely a crow's
foot round those liquid eyes, to betray the fact.
W. Somerset Maugham: His Excellency
B
No animal or plant lives in vacuum. A living organism is constantly exchanging
substances with its environment. A tree absorbs water and salts through its roots, and
loses water and absorbs carbon dioxide through the leaves. A mammal absorbs water
and food substances in the intestine and oxygen in the lungs. Without these exchanges,
life is impossible, although some seeds, spores, and encysted animals can maintain
their organization in a vacuum, and resume their living activity when normal
conditions are restored. Life therefore is an active equilibrium between the living
organism and its surroundings, an equilibrium which can be maintained only if the
environment suits the particular animal or plant, which is then said to be "adapted" to that
environment. If the animal is placed in an environment which differs too greatly from that
which it is adapted, the equilibrium breaks down; a fish out of water will die.
John Maynard Smith: Theory of Evolution
C
I do not think that since the time of Newton it has ever been seriously contended that the
solar system is an accidental aggregation of bodies in space. By terrestrial standards the
distances separating the sun, earth, and planets are very large. We are about ninety-
three million miles from the sun, and the distant planet Pluto is over three and a half
thousand million miles away. On the other hand, the nearest star is over half a billion
miles distant. To bring these dimensions down to more manageable quantities, one can say
that light from the sun takes 8 minutes on its way to the earth, over 5 hours to the
planet Pluto, but 4 years to the nearest star. By the standards of cosmos, the solar
system is therefore an extremely compact unit. Moreover, the planets and the earth
move around the sun in orbits which are almost circular, and all these orbits lie nearly
in the same plane. The sun is rotating in the same sense as the planets, and the entire
system is moving as a unit through interstellar space with a speed of about forty-five
thousand miles per hour.
Sir Bernard Lovell: The Individual and the Universe

D
It occurs to me that during these talks I have been depicting the countryside as a sort of
paradise in which every prospect pleases and where no man is vile. That, of course, is not
true. Countryfolk have the same share of worries as townsfolk, and there is just as much
envy, hate, and uncharitableness in our rural districts as there is in our towns - the
townsfolk and countryfolk on this island are not inhabitants of different countries but
very near neighbours in a small one.
A. G. Street: Fit for What ?

54
Snama
Altrma Ksa sorular yantlayp metni verilen srede Trke'ye aktarn. Sonra dier metne gein.
Tmcelerin yklemi yatk verilmekte. Szlk kullanabilirsiniz.

A. 30 dakika
Kirlilie neden olan ne ?
Kirlilik ne ekilde ortaya kmakta ?

Acidic pollution
The discharge of waste from the production of titanium dioxide along the Humber estuary
in Britain causes serious acidification of local waters, wipes out aquatic organisms and
pollutes the beaches of Cleethorpes with acid and iron. The two main titanium dioxide
plants in Britain are BTP Tioxide of Grimsby and LaPorte Industries of Stallingborough -
both of them on the Humber estuary. Between them they discharge more than 60.000 m
3
of
acidic waste daily. As a result, a long strip of land along the south bank of the estuary from
Immingham to Cleethorpes has a brownish-red colour from the discharge.
New Scientist

B 30 dakika
Dr David Owen'n ilgilendii Cumbrian nkleer tesisinin zellii ne?
Hkmet neden uyarda bulundu ?
Dr David Owen'n talepleri neler ?

Call for atom plant probe

Dr David Owen, the SDP leader, is pressing for an urgent investigation into Windsclase,
the controversial Cumbrian nuclear complex. Here, there have been more than 300
accidents since 1950.

He has written to Mrs Thatcher and urged her to set up an "independent committee of
inquiry" into the plant. This plant was last week the center of renewed public concern when
the Government warned people to keep off beaches in the area. Dr Owen wants the
discharges to be reduced to "near zero", and he is also taking the issue farther by pressing
for a scrutiny of the accident-prone plant itself.
Observer

55
C 30 dakika
Yaznn temel amac ne?
Yazda yoksullua neden deinilmekte?

A green earth or a dry desert ?
There may still be time to choose.

For millions of years, the tropical rain forests of South East Asia, South America, and
Africa have been the earth's natural chemical laboratories, botanic gardens and zoos.

Today we are destroying them at such a rate that within 25 years only fragments will
remain of the vast forests of Malaysia and Indonesia. Because they grow mostly in poor
tropical soil, the forests cannot be replaced.

When the trees disappear, soil erosion begins and within a few years, the whole area
becomes wasteland.

We shall have lost for ever the earth's greatest treasure of plants and animals. And it is
happening in the poorest areas of the world. Here, poverty already verges upon starvation.
It is perhaps the world's most urgent environmental problem. The destruction is happening
due to ignorance, shortsightedness and ever-increasing demand. This will stop if enough of
us show enough concern.

How can you help.

In 1980 WWF and other international bodies published the World Conservation Strategy. It
is a programme for developing the world's natural resources without destroying them.

Join the World Wildlife Fund now. We need your voice and your financial support. Get in
touch with your local WWF office for membership details or send your contribution direct
to World Wildlife Fund at the address below. It will be the most important letter you'll ever
write.

WORLD WILDLIFE FUND - UK,
PANDA HOUSE,
11-13 OCKFORD ROAD,
GODALMING, SURREY GU71QU.

New Scientist

56
6
Modal verbs

ngilizcede modal verb yaplarn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 57
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 58
1. Be (=am / is / are) able to ............................................................................. 58
2. Can ............................................................................................................... 59
3. Could ............................................................................................................ 60
4. Dare .............................................................................................................. 60
5. Had better ..................................................................................................... 61
6. Have (got) to ................................................................................................. 61
7. May ............................................................................................................... 62
8. Might ............................................................................................................. 63
9. Must .............................................................................................................. 64
10. Need(n't) ..................................................................................................... 64
11. Ought to ...................................................................................................... 65
12. Shall ........................................................................................................... 65
13. Should ........................................................................................................ 65
14. Used to ....................................................................................................... 66
15. Will .............................................................................................................. 67
16. Would ......................................................................................................... 68
17. Would rather ............................................................................................... 69
leme .................................................................................................................... 69
retme ................................................................................................................... 70
Snama .................................................................................................................. 71
Hedef
57
Giri
Modal verb, bir nceki zamanlar konusundan ayr olarak, kendi bana bir konu
bal altnda ele alnmakta. Bunun nedeni, modal verb yaplarn gerek ngilizce
renenler gerekse eviri ile uraanlar iin zamanlardan daha fazla sorun
oluturmalar.
Sunu blmnde ayrntl olarak verilen dilbilgisi aklamalar, modal verb
yaplar alfabetik srada tantmaktadr. Bu aklamalara eviri almanzn ok
ileri safhalarnda da bakma gereini duyacaksnz.

Beinci konuda ilenen "zamanlar" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin, verilen
tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. There is now a pedestrian precinct in the town centre.
2. How many Christmas cards are you sending this year?
3. How much does this tank hold?
4. How did you learn about things like politics?
5. No wonder he is overweight. He persists in eating between meals.
6. He did not realize that you are a relative of mine.
7. It will be ready before Thursday.
8. It is rude to point to people.
9. The boys were throwing stones at the unfortunate cat.
10. He'll end up in prison if he's not careful.
11. Leonardo da Vinci made great influence on various artists of his time and ages
to follow.
12. We hadn't seen each other for many years; therefore, he didn't recognize me.
13. Do you want to take place in the workshop group during the weekend?
14. Keep the door open for me until I have carried these boxes inside the building.
15. The weather forecast reports that it will be colder today in most parts of the
country than it was yesterday.
16. Why don't we wait another five minutes before we start lunch?
17. Scientists have developed several methods to predict earthquakes, but they have
all failed.
18. Because of my fear of animals, I have always avoided owning one.
19. Since its invention in 1876, the telephone has greatly changed technically.
20. They visit us very often in winter, but it's quite rare for them to bring any
present.
21. Eventually, they managed to persuade me to act in favour of their proposal.
.
58

Altrma ngilizce renirken modal verb yaplarn ounu, belki de hepsini tanma olana
buldunuz. Ancak, bunlarn Trkeye evirisi konusunda ne kadar bilgiye sahipsiniz? Bu
altrmada, koyu blmleri Trkeye evirin.

1. Superpowers would be glad to have a naval base on its Indian Ocean coastline,
but Burma is likely to remain neutral and non-aligned.
2. Future increase in production will have to come from higher productivity.
3. During the late 1960's the Philippines were able to achieve self-sufficiency in
rice - ending a half century of dependence on imports.
4. In some African countries, per capita food production may have actually slipped
behind population growth in the 1970's.
5. I had better stop messing around and apply for a proper job.
6. We may have our differences, but we trust one another's judgement.
7. Visitors might reclaim necessary travel expenses up to a limit of 100.
8. How should I know the whereabouts of the murderer?
9. He would have gone crazy if he had known what his boss told about him.
10. Wouldn't you rather live with us?
11. Economic situation at this moment may be going through a trough.
12. Tutankhamen, an important ruler who died after nine years on the throne, had a
tomb containing an immense treasure, so we might expect that Khufu, a powerful
king who ruled for 23 years, would have had even more treasure in his burial
place.

Sunu
Modal verb yaplar kullanm asndan u ekilde snflandrmak mmkn:

PRESENT
(modal + V)
CONTINUOUS
(modal + be + V-ing)
PAST

OLASILIK
can, could,
may, might,
must
can, could ,
may, might,
must
can, could,
may, might,
must + have + V
3

GEREKLLK
have to, must,
needi ought to,
should

had to

ZN, RCA
can, could, will,
may, might, shall,
would

YAPABLME be able to,
can

could
PMANLIK

should, need,
ought to + have + V
3

TERCH
would rather,
had better

Bunlara bir de, deiik kullanmlar olan dare yaps eklenmekte. Kitabn zet
blmnde dier farkl yaplar da bulabilirsiniz.

1. Be able to

Bir eyi yapabilmek anlamn yanstr.

With the help of neighbours John was able to complete the house in six days. It
was sturdy and square and built to stand.
Komularn yardmyla John evi iki gnde tamamlayabildi.

59
Will you be able to come?
Gelebilecek misin?

He was able to operate the machine.
Makinay altrabildi.

They haven't been able to comprehend my message.
Mesajm anlayabilmi deiller.

2. Can

2.1. Yapabilmek

There are plenty of things to purchase at carnivals. Aside from souvenirs, people
can purchase candy, ice cream, soft drinks, and other snack foods.
nsanlar, hediyelik eyann yansra, ekerleme, dondurma, souk iecek ve dier
trden ayakst yiyecek satn alabilirler.

2.2. Olaslk, tahmin

They can be in the office.
Ofiste olabilirler.

He can't be the burglar. He is afraid of the dark.
Hrsz o olamaz.

They can't have finished the work.
almay bitirmi olamazlar.

Migraines are democratic - anyone can get them.
Migren arlar demokratiktir - herkes migren olabilir.

Ayrca can/may/might have been + gerund yapsna da rastlayabilirsiniz.

He can have been telling the truth but we didn't believe him.

2.3. zin, rica

Can I ask you a question ?
Bir soru sorabilir miyim ?

Can you help me ?
Bana yardm edebilir misin ?

Can szcnn can't stand (katlanamamak, holanmamak) ve can't help (kendini tutamamak)
eklindeki deyimsel kullanmn -ing izler.

I can't stand sitting at these meetings for hours on end.
One can't help wondering where she got all this information.

60
3. Could

3.1. Gemite bir eyi yapabilmek

In 1642 Blaise Pascal developed another machine. This one had numbered dials
that could be turned to add or subtract columns of numbers.
Bunun zerinde, say dizelerini toplamak ya da karmak iin dndrlebilen
numaralar vard.

3.2. Olaslk

Perhaps you could help me.
Belki de sen bana yardmc olabilirsin.

They could be in the office. They could be working.
Ofiste olabilirler. alyor olabilirler.

Almost everything we do today affects our environment. This is also true when a
bridge is built. A bridge could have a harmful effect on the environment.
Kprnn evre zerinde zararl bir etkisi olabilir.

3.3. zin, rica

Could you help me ?
Bana yardm edebilir misiniz ?

3.4. neri

Could we share the flat ?
Daireyi paylaabilir miyiz ?

3.5. Gereklememi, gemie ait olaslk

Long before the outbreak of World War II, a thoughtful person could have figured
out that trouble was brewing. The odd thing is, few people spoke openly about the
rising, worldwide danger.
kinci Dnya Sava kmadan ok nce, dikkatli dnen herhangi biri sorunlarn
mayalanmakta olduunu farkedebilirdi.

Charles Babbage's "engine" in 1834 could have been used to solve many number
problems. However, the machine designed by Babbage was beyond the abilities of
that time.
Charles Babbage'n 1834 ylndaki makinas pek ok say sorununun zlmesinde
kullanlabilirdi.

4. Dare

4.1. Cesaret etmek

They daren't open this door.
Bu kapy amaya cesaret edemezler.

4.2. Sadece "I daresay" ile, olaslk

I daresay they are hungry.
Sanrm ackmlar.

61
4.3. "How dare" kalb halinde, "ne cesaretle" anlamnda

How dare you talk to me like that !
Ne cesaretle benimle byle konuursun !

5. Had better

Tercih, olsa iyi olur anlamn yanstr.

Hadn't we better stop work and have a rest ?
i brakp bir ara vermek/vermemiz iyi olmaz m?

You'd better be careful.
Dikkatli olsan iyi olur / edersin.

6. Have (got) to

6.1. Konuan kiinin gereklere dayanarak ilettii zorunluluun aktarmnda
kullanlr.

You have to leave your camera here.
Fotoraf makinanz burada brakmanz gerekiyor.

6.2. Gerekmezlik (= needn't)

We don't have to insist. She is sure to accept.
Israr etmemiz gerekmez.

You won't have to pay a penny.
Tek bir kuru harcaman gerekmeyecek.

I didn't have to bring my book.
Kitabm getirmem gerekmedi.

u yaplar kyaslayn:

I don't have to do it.
Yapmam gerekmez.

I didn't have to do it.
Yapmam gerekmedi.

I needn't do it.
Yapmam gerekmez.

I needn't have done it.
Yapmam gerekmezdi.

Have = sahip olmak eyleminin, have to yapsnn kullanmna benzer ekilde kullanld
durumlara dikkat edin.

I have a lot to tell you.
(= I have got a lot of things to tell you.)

62
Ayrca,

What does it have to do with me ?
Benimle alakas ne ?

Anyone who has taken a careful look at our society is concerned with the effects of
TV. Much of this concern has to do with how TV affects people of school age.
Bu endienin ou, televizyonun okul andakileri nasl etkilediine yneliktir.

What does he have to do with his old company? He resigned a year ago.
Onun eski irketi ile ne alakas var ?

7. May

7.1. Olaslk

To some people, a baseball player may look like a monster from another planet.
He wears a mask over his face which has a heavy wire front and padding around
its edges.
Bir beyzbol oyuncusu bazlarna baka bir gezegenden gelme bir canavar gibi
grnebilir.

Medicinal drugs may cause you to be a poor driver. You might even cause an
accident. Some drugs may make a sick person think he or she can drive.
lalar sizi kt src yapabilir. Kazaya bile neden olabilirsiniz. Baz ilalar hasta
bir insann kendisinin araba kullanabileceini dnmesini salayabilirler.

7.2. zin, rica

You may open the box now.
Kutuyu imdi aabilirsin.

7.3. Gelecekte tamamlanmas olas eylem

We may have completed the project by next month.
Gelecek aya zamana kadar projeyi tamamlam olabiliriz.

7.4. Gemie ait olas eylem

The New World also had its share of pyramids. Some scientists think there may
have been 100,000 pyramids in Mexico alone.
Baz bilimadamlarna gre sadece Meksika'da zamannda 100,000 piramit olmu
olabilir. / belki de 100,000 piramit vard.

The incredible cost of migraines to the health care system may have played a role
in accelerating research.
Migren arlarnn salk sistemine getirdii inanlmaz mali yk, aratrmann
hzlandrlmasnda rol oynam olabilir.

7.5. Gemite gereklememi olaslk

They may have been a bit more careful. They underestimated the opponent.
Biraz daha dikkatli olabilirlerdi.

63
7.6. May as well = had better

May/can/could/might well kullanmnda well szc pekala, neden olmasn anlamn tar.

He may well be at home.
Initially, Harry S. truman may have seemed to be a small, unimportant person,
but he may well stand out as one of the great American presidents.

7.7. Dualar, temenniler "may" ile aktarlr ve devrik yap kullanlr. C KONU 19

May happiness be with you all.
Mutluluk sizlerle olsun.

7.8. "Ramen" anlam veren tmcelerde (C KONU 14), devrik yapda (C KONU 19)"may"
kullanlabilir.

8. Might

8.1. zin isteme

Might we have our lunch here ?
le yemeimizi burada yiyebilir miyiz ?

8.2. Zayf olaslk

Common migraine headaches are like the classic version, but without the startling
aura, and cluster headaches are almost always suffered by men in bouts. For
example, a sufferer might get very severe headaches quite often over a two-week
period and then be without a headache for months or even years.
rnein bir hasta iki haftalk bir srede sk sk ok iddetli baarlar ekebilir ve
sonra da aylarca hatta yllarca ba armayabilir.

8.3. Gelecekte tamamlanmas olas eylem

By the end of this term, we might have completed the whole book.
Bu dnemin sonuna gelindiinde tm kitab tamamlam olabiliriz.

8.4. Gemie ait olas eylem

In 1950, North Korean forces moved across the South Korean border. Truman
ordered U.S. forces into combat and led the United Nations resistance to the
Communist takeover. He might not have always been right, but President Truman
never backed away from a tough situation.
Her zaman hakl olmam olabilir; ama, Bakan Truman asla zor bir durum
karsnda gerilemedi.

8.5. Gemite gereklememi olaslk

You might easily have won the game.
Oyunu rahatlkla kazanabilirdin.

64
8.6. Might as well = had better

9. Must

9.1. Konuan kiinin kendi fikrine dayanarak grd zorunluluk

When driving on interstate highways and other open roadways, drivers must be
alert to road signs that signal them to drive carefully. There isn't usually as much
traffic to deal with in these roadways, but there are other safety factors.
Eyaletler aras karayollarda ya da dier civar ak yollarda ara kullanrken
srclerin dikkatli ara kullanma konusunda uyarda bulunan yol iaretlerine dikkat
etmeleri gerekir.

Bir kimsenin, samimi olmad bir kimseye

You must stop smoking

demesi, konuulan kii tarafndan bir emir ve kabalk olarak alglanabilir.

9.2. ok gl olaslk, tahmin

With this hat and clothes, he must be Mexican.
Bu apka ve giysilerle, Meksikal olmal. / olmas gerek.

It must be raining outside. Can you hear rain drops on the roof?
Darda yamur yayor olmal.

Bu yapnn olumsuzu mustn't ile deil, can't ile oluturulur.

George has finished decorating all the rooms except the kitchen. He must have
finished painting the kitchen by now.
imdiye kadar mutfa boyamay bitirmi olmas gerekir.

9.3. Yasaklama

You must not take your camera with you.
Fotoraf makinanz yannzda gtrmemelisiniz.

10. Need(n't)

10.1. Gerekmezlik ("have [got] to" ile kyaslayn)

They needn't care about the expenses. (Present)
Harcamalar hakknda endielenmeleri gereksiz.

She needn't have bought a new fridge; the old one was working perfectly.
(Past / Perfect)
Yeni bir buzdolab satn almas gereksizdi. /Bouna yeni buzdolab satn ald.

Bu kullanm aadaki tmce ile kyaslayn:

She didn't need to buy a new fridge.

65
10.2. Gereklilik

Need I appear before the court ? (Present)
Mahkemeye kmam gerekir mi ?

We need have warned her. (Past / Perfect)
Onu uyarmamz gerekirdi.

11. Ought to

11.1. t, tavsiye

You ought to keep this in a jar.
Bunu kavanozda saklaman gerek.

11.2. Gemie ynelik yarg

You ought to have kept it in a jar.
Onu kavanozda saklaman gerekirdi.

12. Shall

12.1. Gelecek anlatmnda "will" (C KONU 5) yerine. Resmi (=formal) kullanm.

The buyer may fail to make any agreement upon payment. He or she may fail to
comply with one or more of the previously stated terms or conditions. In any of
these situations, the seller shall have the right, at his or its (the corporations)
election, to declare the unpaid balance, together with any amount for which the
buyer shall have obligated hereunder, to be immediately due and payable.
Bu koullardan herhangi birinin gereklemesi durumunda, satc denmeyen
meblann, alcnn bu andan itibaren stlenmi olduu kabul edilen her trl miktar
ile birlikte, derhal denmesini talep etme hakkna sahip olacaktr.

12.2. Sadece "I " ve "we" ile, neri sunulmasnda.

Shall I carry your shopping bags?
Alveri antalarnz tayaym m?

13. Should C KONU 18

13.1. u srada gereklemesi gerekirken gereklemeyen (ya da bunun tam tersi)
eylem.

We should be in the office now. We should be working.
imdi ofiste olmamz gerekirdi. alyor olmalydk.

66
13.2. Ykmllk

People who really want to get good jobs in government work need to keep certain
information in mind. Men should wear pressed suits, clean shirts, matching ties,
and shined shoes. Women should wear dresses or suits with subdued colours and
with hems below the knee. All applicants should be cautious of their speech
behaviour.
Erkekler tl takm elbise, temiz gmlek, bunlara uyan bir kravat ve boyal
ayakkablar giymelidir. Bayanlarn sade renkte giysi ya da takm giymeleri, etek
boyunun diz altnda olmas gerekir. Tm adaylar konuma tarzlarna dikkat
etmelidirler.

13.3. "Why" veya "How" ile, tedirginlik ve fke ifadesinde.

How should we know about the changes ?
Deiikliklerden nasl haberimiz olabilirdi ki? /Deiiklikleri nereden bilelim ?

13.4. Olaslk

There is no reason why you shouldn't beat him.
Onu yenmemen iin hibir neden yok.

13.5. Gemite gereklememi gereklilik

We should have warned her.
Onu uyarmalydk. / uyarmamz gerekirdi.

13.6. Baz eylem ve sfatlarla

I suggest that we should elect the second candidate.
Was it essential that he should be sacked ?

13.7. "Second Conditional" (C KONU 13) yapda, devrik tmce (C KONU 19) oluturmak
iin.

Should you hear from him, let us know about it.
Ondan haber alrsan bizi haberdar et.

13.8. "Reported Speech" yapda "should" deimeden aktarlr. C KONU 10

Shall szcnn past hali olarak should szcnn yan sra would
szc de kullanlyor olabilir.

"We shall arrive before midnight."
They said they would arrive before midnight.

14. Used to

14.1. Gemite olan ve bugn devam etmeyen alkanlk / eylem.

Women used to have only certain jobs, such as teaching and nursing. Many people
said "A woman's place is in the home". That has changed.
Kadnlar sadece retmenlik ve hemirelik gibi belirli ileri yaparlard.

67
14.2. Olumsuz yapda, gemite olmayp sonradan edinilen alkanlk, sonradan
oluan eylem.

They didn't use to be so rich.
Eskiden bu kadar zengin deillerdi.

I never used to smoke.
Hi sigara imezdim.

Edilgen bir tmcede use eyleminin kullanlmas ve bunun hemen ardndan da neden anlatan to
(=in order to) yapsnn gelmesi durumunda, yap used to olarak alglanabilmekte ve hatal
eviriler yaplabilmektedir.

Some records need to be kept for an indefinite period. Records of transaction
relating to the basis of property, including your personal residence, should be
stored carefully. They are used to determine the basis of the original or
replacement property. (= We use them in order to determine ...)

A speaker or writer often wishes to convince his or her audience of something. He
or she might therefore use propaganda devices. Propaganda devices are
techniques or methods used to influence people to think or act in a certain way.
(= methods which are used in order to influence ...)

Be used to ve get used to yaplar used to ile kartrlabilmekte. Be used
to "alkn olmak", get used to ise "alkanl kazanmak" anlamlarn
tarlar ve modal verb zellikleri yoktur. Used szc yerine accustomed
kullanmak da mmkndr. Be used to ve get used to yaplarnn ardndan
gelen eylem mutlaka -ing alr.

Don't worry. You'll get used to living here.

We are accustomed to the thought that geographic conditions have profoundly
influenced wars in the past. Washington's army escaped the British trap in New
York because of a fog.
Corafya koullarnn gemite savalar byk lde etkiledii dncesine
alknz.

When they go to Venus, the first colonists will have to take plenty of water with
them and get used to days and nights lasting 60 Earth-days. The colonists will live
longer because their hearts will suffer less strain than on Earth.
Vens'e gittiklerinde ilk kolonicilerin yanlarnda bol su gtrmeleri ve 60 dnya
gn sren gece ve gndzlere almalar gerekecek.

Get used to yerine become used to yaps kullanlabilirse de bu pek yaygn deildir.

15. Will C KONU 5

15.1. Gelecee ynelik durum, eylem

I will go and get some ice-cream.
Ben gidip dondurma alacam.

Next week, you'll be flying to Japan.
Haftaya Japonya'ya uuyor olacaksn.

68
Next week this time, you'll have arrived in Japan.
Haftaya bu saatler Japonya'ya varm olacaksn.

15.2. Rica, istek

Will you please help me ?
Ltfen bana yardm eder misin ?

15.3. Gelecee ynelik kesin ve doal sonu

The flood will create great a many homeless.
Sel pek ok insan evsiz brakacak.

16. Would

16.1. Gemite alkanlk. "Used to" yapsndan farkl olarak bu alkanln ya da
durumun bitmi olmas gerekmemektedir.

We would work under terrible conditions.
Berbat koullarda alrdk.

16.2. Rica, istek veya tercihin belirtilmesi / sorulmas

Would you like a cup of tea ?
Bir fincan ay ister miydiniz ?

16.3. Gemite zorunluluk, kimi zaman inat tayan eylem

The car wouldn't start.
Arabann almayaca tuttu.

16.4. Gemite gereklememi eylem

They would have won the match but they played horribly.
Ma kazanabilirlerdi ama felaket oynadlar.

16.5. "Second/Third Conditional" tr kullanmda C KONU 13

Phobias are fears that are out of proportion to danger. It would not seem logical for
anyone to be fearful of a harmless animal such as a house cat.
Ev kedisi gibi zararsz bir hayvandan korkmak kimsseye mantkl grnmez.

16.6. ou zaman "will" yapsnn "past" hali olarak kullanlr

Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall came up with a new theory of pain that would
account for the effects of acupuncture. They propose that the transmission of pain
signals depends on the gate-control mechanisms, which permit or block the
transmission of pain signals to the central nervous system.
Ronald Melzack ve Patrick Wall akupunkturun etkilerini aklayacak yeni bir ar
kuram ortaya attlar.

69
17. Would rather

Tercih etmek, yelemek anlamn yanstr.

I'd rather go by bus.
Otobsle gitmeyi yelerim. / Ben iyisi mi otobsle gideyim.

Tercih sz konusu olduunda than kullanlr.

I'd rather go by bus than walk.
Yrmektense otobsle gitmeyi yelerim.

would rather + tmce durumunda, bu tmce Simple Past Tense ile
oluturulur, ama anlam past deildir.

I'd rather you told the joke.
Fkray sen anlatsan daha iyi olur.

Would rather yapsnn aada verilen kullanmlarna pek sk rastlanmamakta.

would rather + have + V
3

Peter would rather have gone on holiday last week than today.

would rather that + zne + simple present

I would rather that you phone me tomorrow.

would rather that + zne + simple past

I would rather that you studied harder. (= You don't study harder.)

would rather that + zne + past perfect

I would rather that you had phoned me. (= You didn't phone me)

ok sk olmasa da, would rather yerine would sooner kullanmna da rastlanabilir.

leme
Altrma Verilen tmcelerde koyu yazl blmleri Trkeye evirin.

1. No one can appear before the Queen until he or she has been given a security clearance
and a thorough body search.

2. No one was able to get into the building as it had been locked up three months ago.

3. She could easily have married a tycoon, but she chose a bank clerk instead.

4. He may be a real genius, but Edison couldn't have invented transistor radio because
nothing was known about transistors in his time.

70
5. Don't you think you might have tried to solve your problem with the wrong person ?
Perhaps, you should have talked to a lawyer in the first place.

6. My class seems to be getting more and more crowded. They must have registered new
students.

7. The story doesn't have to appear in the paper. Almost everyone in town has already
heard about it.

8. I have an automatic watch. I will never have to wind it.

9. Tom Clarke will be the right person to work with on our project. He is very
successful in his field and he should come up with new ideas.

10. I should have been elected the captain of the team, not Tim. He will never see his
own mistakes.

11. Which would you rather - the chair or the stool?

retme
Altrma Metne uygun bir balk bulun ve koyu yazl blmleri Trkeye aktarn.

"___________________"

The phrase "You can't change human nature" is repeated more often than it is understood.
There is a sense in which geneticists would regard it at least approximately true, although
not in the sense in which it is usually meant. If by "human nature" is meant the "nature" of
individual human beings, that is to say, their genetically determined capacity, not to develop
into some one particular kind of person, but to develop in any one of a variety of ways
according to the circumstances of their upbringing, then the statement is true. We do not know
how to alter the genetic constitution of human race so as to change the capacities of the
individuals born, although we can say that the indiscriminate scattering of radioactive
substances into the atmosphere will increase slightly but significantly the number of
genetically handicapped, and that the discouragement of marriage between close relatives
will decrease that number. In fact, we can be fairly confident that the "nature", (i.e. the
genetically determined capacities) of human beings has not greatly changed since the neolithic
revolution, since 7,000 years is too short a period for major evolutionary changes. There are
probably genetically determined differences of a statistical kind in temperament and talents as
well as in physical type between human races, and the present increase in intermarriage
between human races must have resulted in changes in the genetic constitution of the
population, although we cannot at present say whether the result has been an increase or a
decrease in health, fertility or intelligence.
J. Maynard Smith: The Theory of Evolution

71
Snama
Altrma Ksa paragraflar Trkeye evirin.

A.
This will mostly happen in the night, usually during the first two or three hours of sleep. The
person sits up in bed suddenly, talks incoherently, and may get up and move around wildly. He
appears to be extremely terrified of something and his pulse and respiratory rates may have
doubled. Yet, no external danger is present. Until quite recently, the reason for this would have
been classified as a nightmare. Today, however, we would recognise it as representing one or
two phenomena. One is the familiar nightmare. The second (described here) is called a night
terror.

B.
Asteroids, even small ones, can be devastating if they hit the earth. An asteroid only 150 feet in
diameter might have created the Grand Canyon, which is almost a mile wide. Experts estimate
that if an object 500 feet in diameter were to hit the earth, it could set fires to trees within the
radius of 30 miles, knock down houses within one of 100 miles, and change weather patterns
worldwide for as long as a year because of the dust it would throw up.

In the near future, it may be possible to prevent such disasters. A scanning system may soon be
able to provide information on the brightness and position of objects in space. The system
would be able to indicate changes in the position of these celestial objects and tell us if an
asteroid headed for earth. We could then carry a bomb to the asteroid in a spacecraft and fire it
there. The explosion would cause a small change in the asteroid's orbit. Yet, a very slight
change would be enough to cause the asteroid miss the earth.

72
7
Edilgen yap (=Passive)

ngilizcede edilgen yaplarn eviri amac ile incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 73
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 75
1. Kullanm ....................................................................................................... 75
2. Zamanlar ve yardmc yklemlerde edilgen yap ......................................... 75
3. Edilgen anlam tayan eylemler ................................................................... 76
4. Infinitive yapnn edilgen hali ...................................................................... 76
4.1. be to + passive .................................................................................... 76
4.2. be + to be seen / found / congratulated ............................................... 76
4.3. be+to blame / be+to be blamed .......................................................... 76
4.4. anything / nothing + to do / to be done ................................................ 76
4.5. supposed to ........................................................................................... 77
4.6. to have been + V
3
............................................................................... 77
5. Get + (stg.) + V
3
........................................................................................... 78
6. Edilgen yaplarda with ve by kullanm. ........................................................ 78
7. Etken tmcenin nesnesinin bir clause olmas .............................................. 78
8. Nesne ve zne konumunda edilgen yap ..................................................... 78
leme ..................................................................................................................... 79
retme .................................................................................................................... 80
Snama ................................................................................................................... 81
Hedef
73
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn yedinci konusunda ngilizce edilgen yaplar ele
alnmakta. Her ne kadar ngilizcedeki zaman yaplarnn edilgen hallerini nceden
biliyor olsanz da, bu konuda edilgen yaplarn daha nce grmediiniz
kullanmlarn bulabilirsiniz.

Altnc konuda ilenen "modal verb" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,
verilen tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. There must be a lot of beautiful places in the hills or on the shores of the island. It
would be worthwhile to spend a week looking for a place like this.

2. In some developing countries, per capita food production may have actually slipped
behind population growth last year.

3. We must immediately solve those problems on the industrial structure.

4. You needn't have shouted him so fiercely.

5. We ought to have met my aunt at the station.

6. We may have our difference on certain points, but we trust each other.

7. Do you think you could help me move this furniture?

8. We haven't been able to solve the problem yet.

9. Did you use to bite your nails when you were a small child?

10. Wouldn't you rather live in a flat?

.
74
Altrma Aada verilen tmceleri etken ya da edilgen hale getirin ve ardndan Trkeye evirin. lk
iki tmce rnek olarak verilmekte.

1. The building was closed down last month.
The city council closed the building down last month.
Bina geen ay kapatld.
ehir konseyi binay geen hafta kapatt.
2. English is spoken here.
All our staff speak English.
Burada ngilizce konuulur.
Tm personelimiz ngilizce konuur.

3. We do not know the reasons.
The reasons ________________________.
__________________________________
__________________________________

4. Not many people consider him a great boxer now.
He _______________________________.
__________________________________
__________________________________

5. When will the building be completed?
When _____________________________?
__________________________________
__________________________________

6. Apparently, someone is following us.
We _______________________________.
__________________________________
__________________________________

7. Can I be excused from the committee?
Can you ___________________________.
__________________________________
__________________________________

8. Who did they elect the president?
Who ______________________________?
__________________________________
__________________________________

9. Taiwan produces cheap computer hardware.
Cheap ____________________________.
__________________________________
__________________________________

10. Do they expect me to say yes ?
Am I ______________________________?
__________________________________
__________________________________

11. They could not find the cheque-book anywhere.
The check-book could _____________.
The check-book was _______________.

75
Sunu
1. Kullanm

ngilizcede edilgen yap be +V
3
ile, Trkede ise eylem +-I l/I n yaps ile oluturulur.

2. Zamanlar ve yardmc yklemlerde edilgen

Simple Present
Volkswagen cars are produced in Mexico now.
Volkswagen arabalar artk Meksika'da retiliyor.
Present Continuous
The murderer is being questioned.
Katil sorgulanyor.
Present Perfect
You have been warned !
Uyarldn! / Uyarlmadm deme!
Present Perfect Continuous
The plan has been being revised. *
Simple Past
I was arrested.
Tutuklandm.
Past Continuous
She was being followed.
Takip ediliyordu.
Past Perfect
He had often been misunderstood.
ou kez yanl anlalmt.
Past Perfect Continuous
She had been being operated on for hours. *
Future
will
The bridge will be repaired.
Kpr onarlacak.
be going to
You are going to be escorted.
Size elik edilecek.
continuous
We will be being escorted. *
perfect
The new bridge will have been completed.
Yeni kpr tamamlanm olacak.
Modal verb
I modal be told the consequences.
It modal have been completed

* ile iaretli olan yaplarn kullanm yoktur.

76
3. Edilgen anlam tayan eylemler

Baz eylemler, tmceye gre, edilgen anlam tayarak kullanlabilirler.

The report on our new budget reads well.
This is a nice material, but it is a pity that it doesn't wash.

Prove possible/difficult/.. yaps ... kantlamak anlamn deil, ...In kantlanmas anlamn tar
ve edilgen nitelik tar.

It hasn't proved possible to translate mechanically from one language into
another by using a translation machine.

4. "I nfinitive" yapnn edilgen hali

4.1. Be to + passive C KONU 5, 6

Gereksinim belirtmede

This medicine is to be kept away from direct sunlight. (=should be kept)
There are a lot of things to be said.

"Will" anlamnda C KONU 5, 6

Such a nice hat is not to be thrown away.
Bu kadar gzel bir apka sokaa atlamaz./ atlmamal.

The purpose of economic development in the poorest regions of the world is not to
be found in the rows of statistics on production and trade. It lies in the opportunity
to improve the chances that new-born infants will survive, that they will go to school
and learn to read, that they will live longer than their parents, that they will spend
those years in communities more hopeful than the slums now growing
uncontrollably around the tropical cities.
Dnyann en yoksul blgelerindeki ekonomik gelimenin nedeni retim ve ticaret
hakkndaki istatistik hanelerinde bulunamaz.

4.2. Be + to be seen / found / congratulated

The missing girl was nowhere to be found.
Kayp kz hibir yerde bulunamad.

4.3. "Be +to blame" yaps "be +to be blamed" anlamnda

I'm to blame for all our losses.
Btn kayplarmzn sulusu benim.

4.4. anything / nothing + to do / to be done

It appears that there is nothing to do.
Grne baklrsa yapacak hibirey yok. ( Canm sklyor)

It appears that there is nothing to be done.
Grne baklrsa yapacak/ yapabileceimiz hibirey yok. ( Elden birey
gelmez)

77
4.5. be + supposed to

You are supposed to be in the office

tmcesi iki tamamen farkl anlam tayabilir:

[1] = Everyone supposes that you are in the office. (Herkes seni ofiste sanyor.)
[2] = You should be in the office now. (u an ofiste olman gerekirdi.)

Am I supposed / meant to go now ?

Bu anlamlardan hangisinin kullanld, balam yolu ile anlalabilir.

4.6. to have been + V
3
C KONU 24, 26

Infinitive yaplarn da present, continuous ve perfect durumlar vardr.

I would like to go. (Present)
I would like to be going. (Continuous)
I would like to have gone. (Perfect)

to have been + V
3
yaps perfect / past anlam tadndan eviri de farkldr.

I would like to be remembered.
Hatrlanmay isterim. / Keke beni hatrlasalar.

I would like to have been remembered.
Hatrlanm olmay isterdim. / Keke beni hatrlasalard.

The talents which Alexander Graham Bell took with him when he sailed from
England seem to have been combined especially to help him succeed in
inventing the telephone. His mind was attentive. He had a sensitive and
excellent training in music.
Alexander Graham Bell'in gemi ile ngiltere'den yola karken sahip olduu
yeteneklerin, ona telefonu icat etme konusunda baar salamasnda yardmc olmak
zere zellikle bir araya geldikleri / (getirildikleri) grlmektedir.

Edilgen yap tmcenin ykleminde de olabilir.

These flat-topped temples in Iraq were not as large as the Great Pyramid. One is
thought to have been the Tower of Babel. This type of pyramid was called a
ziggurat.
Bunlardan birinin Babil Kulesi olduu sanlmaktadr.

Tarzan is one of the few characters in fiction to have become a folk hero and
although his popularity has fallen off since its peak in the 1920's, he is now said to
be coming back into fashion. Yet no one imagined that Tarzan would become a
household word when the character was first Southerners to the public.
Tarzan bir kahraman haline gelen bir ka roman karakterinden biridir ve her ne
kadar nnn doruklarda olduu 1920'li yllardan bu yana n azald ise de yeniden
moda olmaya balad syleniyor.

78
5. get + (stg.) + V
3
C KONU 10 - Ettirgen

ngilizcede edilgen yapda be +V
3
yerine get +V
3
kullanlabilmektedir.

How did the window get broken ?
Cam nasl krld ?

He got beaten.
Dayak yedi / Dvld.

6. Edilgen yaplarda "with" ve "by" kullanm C KONU 12

With szc "kullanarak" anlamn tar.

She was killed with a brick. (Someone used a brick to kill her.)

By ise "tarafndan" anlamn tar.

She was killed by a brick. (A brick fell on her head and killed her.)

7. Etken tmcenin nesnesinin bir "clause" olmas

We believe (that) the garlic scares vampires away.
CLAUSE

Etken tmce nesnesi clause ise, tmce eitli durumlarda edilgen yaplabilir.

It is believed that the garlic scares vampires away.
CLAUSE

The garlic is believed to scare vampires away.
Y N

That the garlic scares vampires away is believed.
Y
Bu tr edilgen tmcelere bir dier rnek:

Nobody understood whether he was joking.
Y N = CLAUSE

It was not understood whether he was joking.
Whether he was joking was not understood.

8. Nesne ya da zne konumunda edilgen yap

I don't like being criticized.
Eletirilmekten holanmam.

Most children like being read to before they go to sleep.
ou ocuk uyumadan nce kendilerine masal/bireyler okunmasndan holanr.

(His) being carried to the hospital in an ambulance saved his life.
Hastaneye ambulansla tanmas hayatn kurtard.

79
leme
Altrma Metinde koyu yazl blmleri Trkeye aktarn.

On the coast of California, on top of a mountain, stands an enormous castle which looks as
if it has been lifted out of the Middle Ages and laid on the site. The castle, called San
Simeon, was built for the American newspaper proprietor, William Randolph Hearst,
but it is furnished with objects dating from different historical periods, which were
transported from Europe.

It took thirty years to build the castle and even then it was never completed. Throughout
this time, over a hundred workmen were permanently employed on the site and the
architect, Julia Morgan, was continually obliged to change the design, as often as
Hearst changed his mind. Rooms and whole floors were constructed but then had to be
knocked down and rebuilt.

Agents were sent all over Europe to find works of art to decorate the castle. Old ceilings
and fireplaces, furniture, paintings and statues were purchased and shipped to
America. An enormous number of objects were bought but many of them could not be
used and were stored in warehouses, some of them not even unpacked.

Hearst's life was used as the basis for Orson Welles's film Citizen Kane. Kane, who was
meant for Hearst, built a fantastic castle like San Simeon, but in the film it was called
Xanadu, the name being taken from the name of the dream place in a famous poem by
Coleridge.

Long before Hearst's death San Simeon had been turned into a tourist attraction and
the possessions which lay untouched in warehouses were gradually being sold. The
castle has been handed over to the American people and eventually the contents will
also be given to them. Unfortunately, they are not worth much. Hearst's agents were
deceived by art dealers, who sold them cheap imitations instead of real works of art.

Kaliforniya kysnda, bir dan tepesinde sanki ______________________________ gibi
duran dev bir kale yer almaktadr. _____________________________________
__________.

Kaleyi ina etmek otuz yl srd ve o zaman bile ________________________. Bu sre
boyunca, _________________________________________: Hearst'n her fikrini
deitiriinde. _______________________________________________________.

80
Kaleyi dekore etmek iin __________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.
_____________________________________, hatta bazlar ambalajndan bile karlmad.
_________________________________________. Hearst' simgeleyen Kane San Simeon
gibi fantastik bir kale ina etmekteydi, ama filmde bu kale, Coleridge'in nl iirindeki rya
beldesinin adndan esinlenilen adla, ________________________.

Hearst'n lmnden ok nceleri, _______________________________________.
_________________________________________. Ne yazk ki, bunlar fazla deerli deil.
_______________________, kendilerine gerek sanat eserleri yerine ucuz taklitler satan
_________________.

retme
Altrma Metne uygun bir balk bulun ve koyu yazl tmceleri Trkeye evirin.

"___________________"
Old inventions are not necessarily eliminated by new inventions. The older inventions
may be replaced, but they seldom become truly obsolete because new roles are often
created for them. One of the best examples of this is the field of long-distance
communication.

Until the 1800s, communications had been limited by distance and time. Then came a series
of amazing inventions that extended the range of human communication. Each of these
inventions was expected to replace existing technology. For example, when the
telephone was introduced in the late nineteenth century, it was thought that letters
would become obsolete. When television came in, many people expected the "death" of
radio. Today, we still hear people say that television is the "death" of the book.

But in our own time, we have had an opportunity to see how and why such predictions were
wrong. We have seen television (together with the automobile) provide new roles for the
radio. Both have created new roles for the newspaper. And, of course, all of these have
affected the book.

We can only imagine what may be invented during the years to come. Equipment
could be designed that would change our entire perspective on communication. Yet,
one thing is certain. Older inventions, like the book, the newspaper, the telephone, or
the television, will not be eliminated although their roles may be changed greatly.

81
Snama
Altrma Bilgisayarlarn geliim tarihini ok ksa olarak ele alan aadaki metinle ilgili aadaki
bilgileri tamamlayn ve metni, szlk yardm ile, 60 dakika iinde Trkeye evirin.

Bilgisayarn tarihesi:

1) Birinci nesil bilgisayarlarn zellikleri:
2) kinci nesil bilgisayarlarn zellikleri:
3) nc nesil bilgisayarlarn zellikleri:
4) Drdnc nesil bilgisayarlarn zellikleri:

In 1944, the first general-purpose computer, Mark I, was put into operation. This first
computer was electromechanic; it was slow and very large. In fact, all early computers were
so large that several floors of a building were needed to house them.

By the end of 1950s, computers were being designed to use transistors. Transistors made
them smaller, less expensive, more powerful, and more reliable. Today these are known as
second-generation computers.

Third-generation computers used "chips" to store the memory of the computer, but it wasn't
until the silicon chip was designed that computers became truly small and affordable.
Computers with silicon chips are known fourth-generation computers.

Today, all aspects of our lives are being affected by computers. Our phone calls are being
directed by computers, our cars are being designed by computers, our bank balance is being
calculated by computers, and our children are being taught by computers.

All of these functions are performed by fourth-generation computers. Fifth-generation
computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed and perfected now. It remains to
be seen how the fifth generation will affect our lives.

82
8
Bileik tmce: Basit

ngilizcede basit bileik tmcelerin eviri amac ile
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 83
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 85
1. Tanm ........................................................................................................... 85
2. And, or, but .................................................................................................. 85
3. Either ... or .................................................................................................... 86
4. Both ... and ................................................................................................... 86
5. Nor ................................................................................................................ 86
6. Not only ... but (also/as well) ........................................................................ 86
7. Neither ... nor ................................................................................................ 87
8. Yar basit-bileik yaplar ............................................................................... 87
leme .................................................................................................................... 87
retme ................................................................................................................... 88
Snama .................................................................................................................. 88

Hedef
83
Giri
ki tr tmce bulunmakta: Basit Tmce ve Bileik Tmce. Bileik tmceler de
Basit ve Karmak olanlar halinde iki tr olarak snflandrlabilmekte. Genel
eviri 1 kitabnn bu konusunda ele alnan Coordination yaplar, Basit Bileik
Tmce trne girmekte. Her ne kadar bu konuda sunulan yaplarn kullanmn
biliyor olsanz da, zelllikle devrik yapda kullanmlara dikkat edin. Sunulan
yaplar eviri asndan fazla bir sorun oluturmad iin bu konuda ele alnan
altrmalar dier konulardakilere oranla ok daha ksa.

Yedinci konuda ilenen "edilgen" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin, verilen
ksa paragraflarda ve tmcelerde koyu yazl blmleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. Kuwaiti government officials have appealed to Britain's Department of Trade for an extension of
the time in which the Gulf state has to reduce its 3 billion holding in BP. After they were told
to cut their 21.6 percent holding in the oil giant to 9.9 percent within 12 months, the
Kuwaitis have asked for the divestment period to be extended to at least five years,
according to their London lawyers.

2. Both national and local radio and television stations will be subject to a lighter regulatory
regime and will not be obliged to broadcast a varied range of material.

3. Recently, the communications industry has been revolutionized by new technological
advances. Take the telephone and telegraph, for example. The capacity of cable systems were
limited and problems were often caused by interference. Today, wire cables are still used,
but the wire has been replaced by other materials such as glass fibers in many parts of the
world.

4. Lasers are producing a technological revolution. At present lasers can be used in many fields.
In the near future, they may be used for numerous types of medical diagnoses.
.
84
Bu konudan itibaren ele alnacak olan tmce trleri, yukarda da belirtildii gibi, iki ana
balk ve bunlara bal eitli alt balklar altnda derlenebilir. Bu tmce trlerine drdnc
konuda ayrntl olarak deinildi.

Altrma Tmceleri en uygun seenek ile tamamlayn ve Trkeye evirin.

1. Gravity not only causes objects to fall _______ increases their speed.

a) and too b) and also
c) but also d) and so

2. Because goats _______ meat and wool, they are valued in a lot of countries.

a) both produce b) having both
c) both d) produce both

3. Feeling dizzy can result from either a lack of oxygen _______ a loss of blood.

a) or b) and from
c) or from d) and

4. ______ polar bears and seals can endure severe cold weather conditions.

a) Either b) They are
c) Both d) Both of

5. Mosquitoes are small ________ harmful insects.

a) so b) but
c) both d) either

6. His painting does not bear the characteristics of expressionism; _______ does
it reflect his inner life.

a) and b) but
c) nor d) neither

7. _______ refuse to speak to the police, but he won't accept any sort of advice as
well.

a) He not only b) He does not only
c) Not only does he d) Not only
85
Sunu
1. Tanm

Tmceyi oluturan unsurlar coordination yolu ile balandklarnda, eitli coordinator yaplar
kullanlmaktadr.

and
or
but,

basit,

either ... or
both ... and
nor, neither ... nor
not only ... but (also / as well)

ise karmak olarak gruplandrlr.

2. And, or, but C KONU 16 - But that, KONU 13 - But for

Kullanm ve eviri asndan basit coordinator yaplar nemli sorunlar oluturmazlar.

He came and left a letter of complaint.
He came but it was too late.
You can stay here or book a room at a hotel nearby.

En basit olarak, and Trkeye ve ya da eylem + -Ip, ile; or Trkeye ya
da, veya, (ve)yahut ile; but Trkeye fakat, ama, ancak ile aktarlabilir.

But szc except (= dnda, haricinde) anlamn tayabilir. Bu
durumda but szcn bir eylem izlerse, to kullanlmadan balanr. C
KONU 16, 23

They can do nothing but wait.
Beklemekten baka yapacak bir eyleri yok.

Washington's army escaped the British trap in New York because of a fog.
Napoleon conquered all but "Generals January and February" in his advance
against Russia.
Napoleon Rusya seferi esnasnda "Ocak ve ubat Generalleri" dnda herkesi yendi.

But szc but rather olarak da kullanlabilir.

We are not against his project but rather his insistence.
Biz onun projesinden ziyade srarclna karyz.

Not ... but ise farkl bir kullanmdr.

The programme was attended not by the parents but (only) by the children.

86
3. Either ... or

Either you accept this or we lose the contract.
Ya bunu kabul edersin ya da mukaveleyi kaybederiz.

They will either force him to speak or (they will) let him go.
Ya onu konumaya zorlayacaklar ya da gitmesine izin verecekler.

Bu yap Ya ... ya da, ster ... ister ile aktarlr.

4. Both ... and

He can both play the guitar and sing.
Hem gitar alabiliyor hem de ark syleyebiliyor.

Bu yap Hem ... hem de, Gerek ... gerekse ile aktarlr.

5. Nor

Nor kullanlan tmcede, vurgu amac ile, devrik yap oluturulur. C
KONU 19

In Judy Blume's books, the struggle to grow up is not an easy one. Nor do all the
stories have happy endings.
Tm hikayeler de mutlu sonla bitmez.

Bu yap ne ... ne de ya da -mEdII/mEyEcEI gibi, ..... olumsuz eylem
eklinde aktarlabilir.

6. Not only ... but (also/as well)

Not only... yapsyla tmceye balanmas durumunda devrik yap oluur.
C KONU 19

Not only did he confess the murder but he also helped the police in their search for
the body.
Sadece cinayeti itiraf etmekle kalmad, bir de polislere cesedi aramalarnda yardmc
oldu.

Diamonds and other precious stones owe their value not only to their lustrous
reflection of light and their colour but also to their rarity. If diamonds were as
common as glass their value would lie only in their hardness.
Elmas ve dier deerli talar deerli olmalarn sadece tamamen yanstmalarna
ve renklerine deil, ayn zamanda az bulunur olmalarna borludur.

Relaxation and stress management to avoid headaches involves not only learning
to relax physically, but mentally.
Ba arlarndan kanmak iin rahatlama ve basky denetleme almas sadece
fiziksel adan deil, zihinsel adan da rahatlamay ierir.

87
People experience pressure not only when an object touches the skin, but also
when the hairs on the body are slightly moved.
nsanlar sadece bir nesne deriye dediinde deil, vcut zerindeki kllar hafife
oynatldnda da basnc hissederler.

Bu yap sadece/ yalnzca+ {olumsuz/ olumlu eylem} ... bir
de/ayrca/stelik + {olumlu/olumsuz eylem} yaps ile ya da hem ... hem
de ile aktarlr.

7. Neither ... nor

The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject nor the action
itself frightens the children. The context in which cruelty or violence occurs is much
more important.
Ancak, toplanan bilgiler ne konunun ne de eylemin kendisinin ocuu
korkutmadn gstermekte.

Bu yapda vurgu amac ile devrik yap kullanlabilir. C KONU 19

We are neither for nor (are we) completely against the plan.
Plana ne taraftarz ne de tamamen karyz.

Bu yap ne ... ne de eklinde aktarlabilir.

8. Yar basit-bileik yaplar

Quirk et al. (1985) aada rneklenen yaplar yar basit-bileik tmce yaplar olarak
listelemekteler.

He publishes the books as well as printing them. C KONU 11
The speech was addressed to the employers as much as to the strikers. C
KONU 11
It was how well more than how loud she sang that impressed me. C KONU 11
He is to be pitied rather than to be disliked. C KONU 11
Her manner was unwelcoming if not/not to say downright rude. C KONU 13

leme
Sunu blmnde ele alnan yaplar eviri asndan byk sorunlar yaratmamakta. nemli
olan, nor, neither ... nor, not only ... but also gibi yaplarn devrik yap ile kullanlmalar
durumunda bu devrik yaplar tanmlayabilmek ve eviriyi de ona gre dzenlemek.

Altrma Tmceleri Trkeye evirin.

1. Not only did they arrive the party too early but they also irritated the hostess by
their rude remarks.
2. The UN Security Council members are reluctant to take any preventive measures,
nor would they favour a military action against this country.
3. The truth is that the economic situation is neither promising nor should it lead one
into total hopelessness. We will have to wait to see.

88
retme
Altrma Konu ile ilgili yaplar sk olarak kullanld metni inceleyerek Trkeye aktarn.

Our house was a dinghy one. My mother and I were grinding grain, and my father was digging in
the garden. We all pretended to be extremely busy, but I knew that each one of us was glancing at
the road now and then. I was afraid the bus would arrive late. Not only would we be losing money
but father would be restless all night. This had always been the case for the last three years. I had left
school then and decided to stay with the family to help them make ends meet, but I was beginning to
wonder whether I had done the right thing.

As time went by, I could feel my father's restlessness building up. He had been digging the same
spot for the last fifteen minutes and his steady beating movement seemed to be gaining momentum.
Yet, he didn't look up, nor did he utter a single word. Either he was much too concentrated on what
he was doing - and I knew that he never concentrated on one thing so long - or he didn't want us to
catch him look so worried.

Snama
Altrma Verilen ksa paragraf Trkeye evirin.

In an American university, students are expected to arrive at the appointed hour. In contrast, in
Brazil, neither the teacher nor the students always arrive at the scheduled time. In the Brazilian
class, only a few students left the class at noon; many remained past 12:30 to discuss the class and
ask more questions. Although arriving late may not be very important in Brazil, neither is staying
late.

89
9
Bileik tmce - Karmak:
Relative Clause

ngilizcede relative clause yaplarn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi
Giri ..................................................................................................................... 90
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 91
1. Tanm ........................................................................................................... 91
2. Defining Relative Clause .............................................................................. 92
2.1. who / which / that ................................................................................. 92
2.2. -ing clause ............................................................................................ 94
2.3. Past Participle (=V
3
) Clause ................................................................ 95
2.4. Prepositional Phrases .......................................................................... 95
2.5. Cleft Tmce ......................................................................................... 95
3. Non-defining Relative Clause ...................................................................... 96
3.1. , who(m) / which ................................................................................... 96
3.2. , where / when ...................................................................................... 97
3.3. all / none / both / .. of whom / which .................................................... 97
3.4. Sentential Relative Clause ................................................................... 97
4. Relative Clause Benzeri Yaplar .................................................................. 98
leme .................................................................................................................... 98
retme ................................................................................................................... 99
Snama .................................................................................................................. 100
Hedef
90
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn dokuzuncu konusundan itibaren, Karmak Bileik
Tmceler ele alnmakta. Bu yaplardan ilki olan Relative Clause eviri srasnda
gerekten de byk sorunlar karabilmekte. Bunun temel nedeni de who, which,
that gibi allm balayan szcklerin kullanlmad tmce trlerinin de mevcut
olmas. Bundan tr, dokuzuncu konunun Sunu blmn byk dikkatle
incelemeniz gerekiyor.

Sekizinci konuda ilenen "coordination" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,

1. I am not objecting to his ideas, but to his way of presenting them.

2. We neither stayed at the hotels not spent any money on souvenirs.

3. The financial collapse will be a blow not only to our friends but to our rivals as
well.

4. We never forgave him for his fault, nor could he rid himself of feelings of guilt.

5. I wonder whether we should go and see her or whether it is better to wait her.

6. I'll pay for the meal and you pay for the taxi, or perhaps I'll pay for both.

7. Why couldn't she have finished work late and still be travelling home?

8. Either this piano is too large or the room is too narrow.

9. This new photocopy machine will both accelerate the copying process and improve
the quality of reproduction.

10. We neither rejected nor confirmed the accusations.
.
91
Relative Clause yaplar ne kadar tandnz snayn.

Altrma Tmcelerdeki boluklar who, which, when ile tamamlayn. Baz durumlarda who/which
atlabilir. Daha sonra tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. The boy ______ my sister loves is quite friendly.
2. The number of people ______ suffer from AIDS has been on the rise.
3. The Great Fire of London, ______ devastated almost a third of the old city, was in
1666.
4. The Chairman will not be present today, ______ is to say that we can adjourn the
meeting.
5. He _____ laughs last laughs best.
6. The safety pin with ______ we had attached the cloth seems to have gone.
7. It is true to say that the level of difficulty _______ a reading material bears lies in
the reading task _______ is attached to it.
8. I lost the match in the final second, _______ ensured my dismissal.
9. The photocopy machine over ______ was placed a large fluorescent light broke
down when the light fell onto it.
10. Peter has two ugly dogs, both of ______ are of a noble breed.
11. Because developing nations often lack the judicial institutions _______ can protect
the basic rights of citizens, the press in these countries is especially useful in
highlighting and helping to check the excesses _______ have frequently retarded
Third World development.
12. There was a time _______ the Hungarian water-polo team was a fearless power.
13. People of this age group _______ leave school without a job have to register at a
Careers Office or Job Centre for a youth training scheme.
14. The first pictures _______ he painted were sold for nothing.
15. People are responsive to any ideology _______ will offer them those things
_______ they hold most important.

Sunu
1. Tanm

Relative Clause yap bir ad ve o ad tanmlayan ve ada genelde who, which, that, where, .. gibi
szcklerle balanan bir blmden oluur:

The car which was stolen belonged to the boss.
Ad Balayan Yklem
zne Yklem Nesne

Trkede bu tr bir yap, ngilizcenin aksine, nce tanmlayan, sonra da tanmlanan ad eklinde
yaplmaktadr:

alnan araba patrona aitti.
Tanmlayan
(-an balayan)
sim
zne Nesne Yklem

rnekten de anlalaca gibi, eviri yaparken tanmlayan ile tanmlanann yerlerini
deitirmek gerekmektedir. Trkede eyleme -En, -EcEI ya da -DII eklenir.

92

NOUN (WHO/WHICH/THAT/ ..) (S) + V + O
() + (N) + Y -EN / -ECEK / -DII AD

Aadaki rnekte, who, which gibi bir balayan szce gerek grlmemitir:

In early 1980, the Demirel government, under its economic czar Turgut Ozal,
instituted an economic austerity program, the direct result of negotiotations with the
International Monetary Fund and other important aid donors. (Amerikan Senatosu iin
hazrlanm bir rapordan)
(= program, which was the direct ... )

Where ile yaplan bir tmce:

Cycling is considered a sport, especially in Europe where famous bicycle race,
the Tour de France, takes place. There, the world's best cyclists meet the
challenge of a 3,000-mile road course.

What szc - the thing which anlamnda - kullanlabilir.

He has gained first position in what is the most important competition of the year.
Everyone is familiar with the pyramids in ancient Egypt. Another type of pyramid
was built in what is now Iraq.
Going to college after high school is what some students choose to do. Many
others prefer to find a job. ( Noun Clause)
Free information is what a person gives without being questioned directly. (
Noun Clause)

Bir dier kullanmda da What + little/few + ad yaps grlmektedir.

What little money we had was stolen during the robbery.
(=The small amount of money which he had was stolen during the robbery.)
What few books he has are very valuable for him. (=Those few books which he has are
very valuable for him)

2. Defining Relative Clause

2.1. Who / which / that

Nesne adlar iin "which" ya da "that" kullanlr.

I don't like cheese which smells like athlete's foot.
Ayak mantar gibi kokan peynirden holanmyorum.

Kii adlar iin "who" ya da "that" kullanlr.

Romantic poetry was written by those who lived during the nineteenth century.
William Wordsworth wrote poems about love for nature, mostly the English
countryside.
Romantik iir ondokuzuncu yzylda yaayan kiilerce yazld.

93
He who yaps birer deyim nitelii kazanm tmcelerde kullanlmaktadr.

He who laughs lasts laughs best.
He who pays the piper calls the tune.

Balayan szcn (who, which, ..) hemen arkasndan bir eylem gelmesi durumunda
balayan szcn kullanlmas zorunludur.

The car that / which was towed away belonged to the teacher.

Balayan szcn (who, which, ..) hemen arkasndan bir eylem gelmemesi
durumunda (ad + [who/ which/..] + tmce) balayan szcn kullanlmas zorunlu
deildir.

The book I lost was a loan from the library.
Ad + Tmce
Kaybettiim kitap ktphaneden dn alnmayd.

Anyone who has taken a careful look at our society is concerned with the effects of
TV. Clever advertising on TV leads some viewers to buy luxury items they don't
need.
Akllca hazrlanm reklamlar baz izleyenleri ihtiyalar olmayan eyleri satn
almaya yneltir.

ngilizcede baz eylemler ve sfatlar bir "preposition" ile birlikte kullanlrlar ("look
at, listen to, be interested in" gibi). Relative Clauseyapda bu trden bir "preposition"
olduunda eylem ya da sfata ait "preposition", "who / which" balayan szcnn
hemen nne alnabilir.

This is near a lake which the symphony Swan Lake was written for.
= This is near a lake for which the symphony Swan Lake was written.

Near Neuschwangau, Ludwig built a smaller but very elaborate castle named
Hohenschwangau. This is near a lake for which the symphony Swan Lake was
written.
Bu, adna Kuu Gl senfonisinin yazld gln yaknndadr.

Nothing is harder than to describe a person accurately so that he will be
recognized by a stranger. Suppose the police advertise the description of a person
for whom they have no photograph.
Polislerin ellerinde fotoraf bulunmayan bir kii hakknda duyuru yaptn
dnn.

Another approach to the control of chronic pain is the implantation of an electrical
stimulator in the patient's back, just above the point at which nerves from the body
part experiencing pain enter the spinal column.
Kronik ary denetlemeye ynelik bir dier yaklam da, hastann srtna, arnn
olutuu blge sinirlerinin omurilie girdii noktann tam yukarsna elektrik
uyarclarn yerletirilmesidir.

Bu yapda prepositiondan sonra sadece whom ve which kullanlabilir.

Whereby szc by which, through which anlamn tar. Kullanm ok azdr.

He devised a plan whereby he could escape.

94
"All that ..." yapsnda "-En / EcEI / DII herey" anlam vardr. ki eylemin birbiri
ardna gelebilmesine dikkat edin.

All (that) he needs is some encouragement.
Y N

Ona tek gereken ey biraz yreklendirme(dir).
N Y

You can take all you are after.
Y N

(Sen) Peinde/Ardnda olduun hereyi alabilirsin.

"None /All / .. (of) those / the people /.. .. who /whom /.." yaps "-EnlErIn tm / hepsi /
.." anlamn tar.

All those who borrowed books will return them.
Y N

Ktphaneden kitap dn alanlarn tm kitaplar geri verecek.

"Any / no / .. [thing/where/ ..] to +eylem" yaps aslnda "any / no / .. [thing / where /..]
which someone can / will / .. + eylem" yapsdr.

I can't find anywhere to go. (= anywhere I can go.)
(Ben) gidecek hibir yer bulamyorum.

2.2. -ing clause C KONU 25, 26

Bu tr tmceler who/which ile oluturulan tamlamann bir tr ksaltmas niteliindedir.
rnein,

We will hire the man (who is) wearing a black cap.
Siyah kep giyen adam tutacaz.

Bu yapda genelde eyleme continuous anlam yklendii iin,

* The girl serving in the restaurant is sick in bed

tmcesi yanl olmaktadr. nk

The girl is serving in the restaurant NOW. She is sick in bed NOW

anlam kmaktadr. Doru tmcenin

The girl who serves in the restaurant is sick in bed

olmas gerekir.

Another approach to the control of chronic pain is the implantation of an electrical
stimulator in the patient's back, just above the point at which nerves from the body
part experiencing pain enter the spinal column.
Kronik ary denetlemeye ynelik bir dier yaklam da, hastann srtna, arnn
olutuu blge sinirlerinin omurilie girdii noktann tam yukarsna elektrik
uyarclarn yerletirilmesidir.
95
Virglle kullanlan aadaki yapya dikkat edin.

Malls contain supermarkets and large department stores. Smaller clothing stores
cater to almost every possible taste. Gift shops sell a wide variety of merchandise,
ranging from inexpensive items to costly ones.

2.3. Past Participle (=V
3
) Clause C KONU 7, 12, 15

Bu yapda ad izleyen ve past participle durumda kullanlan eylem, edilgen (=passive) zellik
tamaktadr.

A diamond is one of the loveliest gems [which are] known.
Elmas bilinen deerli talar arasnda en sevilenlerdendir.

The kingdom of Jordan is an Arab country, surrounded almost entirely by other
Arab countries.
rdn krall hemen hemen tamamen dier Arap lkeleriyle evrili bir Arap
lkesidir.

The gadget to be produced in our factory will be named after our founder.
(= which will be produced)
Fabrikamzda retilecek olan gerece kurucumuzun ad verilecek.

2.4. Prepositional Phrases

the dog which is sitting by the sofa.
the dog sitting by the sofa.
the dog by the sofa.

Relative Clause yapnn bir ksaltmas zellii tayan Prepositional Phrase eviri asndan bir
sorun oluturmaz.

2.5. Cleft Tmce

Trkede tmcenin belirli bir unsurunu vurgulamak istendiinde o unsur ykleme yaklatrlr.

Ahmet akam ge geldi.
Akam Ahmet ge geldi.

ngilizcede bu vurgu yaz dilinde, vurgulanacak blmn altn izmek, o blm yatk
harflerle yazmak, ya da baz yaplar iin devrik yap kullanmak; konuma dilinde de sesin
ykselmesi ile salanr.

Relative Clause zellii tayan cleft tmce, vurguyu salamann bir dier yoludur. ki tr cleft
tmce sralanabilir.

a) It is / was /.. who / that..

The little boy hit a bird with a stone yesterday.

tmcesinde vurgu tmcenin eitli unsurlarna tanabilir:

It was the little boy who hit a/the bird with a stone yesterday.
It was with a stone that the little boy hit the bird yesterday.
It was a bird that the little boy hit with a stone yesterday.
It was yesterday that the little boy hit a/the bird with a stone.
96

The finer kinds of bean were introduced in the reign of Henry VIII. It was in 1565
that Sir John Hawkins introduced the potato into Ireland and twenty years later
Sir Walter Raleigh carried it into England.
Sir John Hawkins"in rlanda'ya patatesi getirmesi 1656 ylna rastlar; yirmi yl sonra
Sir Walter Raleigh patatesi ngiltere'ye getirdi.

b) What ... is / was

What the little boy hit with a stone was a bird.
My left leg hurts. What hurts is my left leg.
I like her charm. What I like in her is her charm.

Vurguyu salamann bir dier yolu da geni zaman ve gemi zaman yardmc yklemleri olan
do, does ve did szcklerinin ayr yazlmasdr.

I do like it.
She did say so.

3. Non-defining Relative Clause

Tamlayan blm bir tr fazladan bilgi verir konumdadr ve bu yzden de ana tmceden virgl
yolu ile ayrlmaktadr. Non-defining Relative Clause bu zelliinden tr Extra Information
Clause olarak da tannr.

Bu yapda kesinlikle that kullanlmaz.

Defining ile Non-defining yaplarda virgln tad neme dikkat edin:

When Christopher Columbus, who didn't know where he was, landed in America,
he thought he had arrived in India.
* When Christopher Columbus who didn't know where he was landed in America, he
thought he had arrived in India. (Hatal tmce. "Bir ka Columbus iinden, nerede
olduunu bilmeyeni" anlam kmakta.)

Grld gibi, virgln bulunmas anlamda byk farkllklara neden olmaktadr.

3.1. , who(m) / which

John, whom you met last week, has been nominated the chairman.

tmcesinde

whom you met last week

blm, ayn Defining Relative Clause yaplarda olduu gibi, kendisinden nce gelen ad
nitelendirmektedir. Bu nedenle, eviri esnasnda aradaki virglleri yok saymak yeterli
olacaktr. Yukardaki, virgln nemine ilikin uyarya dikkat ederek!

John, whom you met last week, is the chairman.
Y N

97
Willliam Wordsworth wrote poems about love for nature. Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
who was a close friend of Wordsworth, wrote about strange events.
Wordsworth'n yakn arkada olan Samuel Taylor Coleridge garip olaylar hakknda
yazd.

3.2. , where / when C KONU 16 - Where, KONU 12 - When

Who, which ve that yerine where ve when szcklerini kullanmak da mmkndr.

Ankara, where I currently live, used to be notorious for its polluted air.
u anda yaadm yer olan Ankara kirli havas ile kt bir n salmt.

3.3. all / none / both / .. of whom / which

They gave many promises, none of which they kept.

tmcesi bir Defining Relative Clause gibi ele alnabilir ve bu ekilde Trkeye aktarlabilir.
Ancak, en iyisi virglden sonra gelen blm ayr bir tmce halinde aktarmaktr.

Pek ok sz verdiler; hibirini de tutmadlar.

Peter's children, two of whom go to high school, are very bright.
Peter'n, ikisi lise rencisi olan ocuklar ok zeki.

3.4. Sentential Relative Clause

Defining ve Non-defining yaplarda ortak olan nokta, tanmlayan blmn, kendisinden nce
gelen kii ya da nesneyi nitelendirmesidir.

He who laughs last laughs best.

Sentential Relative Clause bu adan dier Relative Clause yaplardan farkl bir zellie
sahiptir. Bu nedenle de eviri esnasnda byk dikkat gsterilmesi gerekir. Sentential Relative
Clause yapda tamlanmakta olan, virglden nce gelen tmcenin tmdr.

The French Grand Prix of 1903 is still remembered as one of the most tragic motor
races in history. In those days, the local government authorities did not usually
have the roads surfaced with asphalt and so the cars raised clouds of dust as they
went by, which made it almost impossible for the drivers behind to see.
O yllarda yerel hkmet yetkilileri genellikle yollar asfaltla kaplatmazlard ve bu
yzden de arabalar giderken toz bulutlar kaldrrlard; bu da arkadan gelen
srclerin grmesini hemen hemen olanaksz hale getirirdi.

Narcotic drugs, such as morphine, have long been used as painkillers. But patients
develop increasing tolerance for the drugs, which means that larger and larger
doses are needed to be effective.
Fakat hastalar bu ilalara gitgide artan bir dayankllk gsterirler ve bu da ilacn
etkili olmas iin gitgide artan miktarlarda doz gerektii anlamn tar.

98
It is very difficult to define race, which means that the results of tests which claim to
prove that one race is superior to another must be regarded with suspicion. There
are some tests which are fairly reliable and from them we can draw some tentative
conclusions: there is no strong evidence that any race is superior in any respect.
Irk kavramn tanmlamak ok zor; bu da bir rkn dierine stnln kantlama
iddiasnda olan testlerin sonularnn kukuyla karlanmas gerektii anlamna gelir.

rnek evirilerde de grld gibi, eviri esnasnda ,which ile ayrlan blm apayr bir
tmce gibi ele almak en salkl yaklam olmaktadr.

Bu yapnn bir zellii, virglden sonra yalnzca which szcnn
kullanlabilmesidir. Who veya that kullanlamaz.

4. Relative ClauseBenzeri Yaplar

Baz tmce yaplarnda, aada verilen rneklerde grld gibi, who, which gibi szcklere
gerek grlmeden fazladan bilgi verilebilmekte. ngilizce dilbilgisinde apposition olarak
adlandrlan bu yaplarla sk karlaabilirsiniz.

The company commander, that is to say Captain Madison, assembled his men
and announced their mission.
A company commander, (namely) Captain Madison, assembled his men and
announced their mission.
We are using Sirius - a new microcomputer with a large memory.
This is sometimes referred to as an intentional terminological inexactitude, in other
words a lie.
Many students, the cream of the school, died in the war.
Norman Jones, then a student, wrote several best-sellers.
His excuses, such as the breakdown of his car, never seemed plausible.
We want to invite a number of friends, especially Joan and Betty.

leme
Altrma Tmcelerde + Y + N yapsn inceleyin ve tmceleri Trkeye evirin.

1. The personnel manager to whom any complaints should be addressed is rarely in
his office.
2. The uprising in Yemen against a military system that has made both sides the
poorest, most mismanaged parts on earth continues.
3. All the minor mistakes overlooked were actually of vital importance.
4. The most serious problem the government is facing is lack of foreign currency.
5. Putting an end to hunger in various parts of the world is a challenge to the world's
economic system, requiring complementary national and international measures.
6. Those most influenced by the water cut were the ones living above the second
floor.
7. The diamond ring advertised on TV has been stolen.
8. They stole antique items, most of which turned out to be cheap reproductions.
9. Our plane is likely to be several hours late, in which case there is no point in
waiting here.

99
retme
Altrma Tmcelerinde Relative Clause bulunan metni sorulara gre inceleyin ve metnin tmn
Trkeye evirin.

Mont Pele ile Etna arasndaki farkllklar neler?
Srekli bir tehlike olmasna karn, insanlar neden hl Etna evresinde yaamay
srdryorlar?

People who live on the slopes of an active volcano know that at any moment everything
they possess, their homes and the crops they have carefully cultivated, may be swept away
by molten lava that runs down the mountainside after the eruption. When Mount Etna,
which is considered to be one of Sicily's main tourist attractions, erupted in 1971 few of
those who came to watch were capable of appreciating the feelings of the farmers whose
homes and land were threatened.

Etna, which is the most continuously active volcano in Europe, had erupted twice before in
this century. The eruption of 1928, which was the more destructive of the two, engulfed a
huge area of farmland and a small town. The villagers, who must have realised that the
same thing would happen again and whose homes were in constant danger, nevertheless
hoped that the volcano would leave them in peace.

The most dangerous volcanoes are the explosive type, one of which is Mont Pele on the
island of Martinique, which blew up in 1902 and killed all but one of the inhabitants of the
town of St. Pierre, most of whom were poisoned by its noxious gases. The only survivor
was a prisoner in the town gaol whose cell was so badly ventilated that the gas did not
reach him. Nowadays, instruments that can read the signs of an approaching explosion are
used in populated areas around such volcanoes to warn people of changes in temperature
that may indicate an eruption.

Etna, which belongs to a less dangerous category of volcanoes, called "effusive", possessed
no instruments, since it had never shown explosive tendencies. The lava that has brought so
much destruction in the past eventually produces good soil and so the people who lived
near it were prepared to go on taking the risk.

100
The mountain, which continually throws lava blocks high into the air, showed signs of a
coming eruption in April 1971 by suddenly becoming silent. The molten lava, trying to find
a way out, forced its way through a fault in the mountain only three miles from the start of
the cultivated land. The farmers whose crops were threatened could only watch patiently as
the slow stream of lava gradually poured down the mountainside. The land they had
worked on, which was buried underneath, will not be fit for farming again for fifty years.

Snama
Altrma Relative clause yaplar saptayn ve iinde getikleri tmcenin btnne gre Trkeye
evirin.

There is no doubt that a longing for a return to naturalism is often felt by a public not
conscious of the artist's problem. Actually there are two publics. One, numerically the
larger, thinks of the painter as the provider of a commodity that it is seeking; and w hat
this public seeks is a confirmation of its won world, of its bourgeois values. The other
and smaller public realizes that the great artist, the artist who in the end is going to give it
most satisfaction, is looking beyond the present, trying to find a stepping-stone into the
uncertain future. The more uncertain that future is - and it has never been so uncertain as it
is today - the more desperate will be the plunge forward, and there will always be the risk
of disaster. But it can be nothing to the disaster to be experienced by those people who one
day will find that their world of conventional values has disappeared, and that they are left
in a maddening chaos. Reality is not the four walls of the room we are sitting in, or the trees
and men we see out of our window; it is a mental construction, a stability of vision, and the
next phase of human development may find such stability in an art that is anti-organic,
absolute, and ideal. It has happened before in the history of the world and it may happen
again.
Sir Herbert Read: Contemporary British Art.

101
10
Bileik tmce - Karmak: Noun
Clause

ngilizcede noun clause yaplarn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 103
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 105
1. Tanm ........................................................................................................... 105
2. That clause .................................................................................................. 105
2.1. Reported speech .................................................................................. 105
2.2. Be + that ............................................................................................... 106
2.3. Realise / see / .. + that ......................................................................... 107
2.4. Ad, that .. ............................................................................................... 107
2.5. That ... ................................................................................................... 107
3. WH Clause ................................................................................................... 108
3.1. Reported Speech ................................................................................. 108
3.2. WH .. + be + (WH ..) ............................................................................ 108
3.3. Be + WH ............................................................................................... 109
3.4. realise / see / .. + WH .......................................................................... 109
3.5. Ad, WH . ................................................................................................ 109
3.6. WH + to ................................................................................................ 109
4. Yes / No Clause ........................................................................................... 110
4.1. Reported Speech ................................................................................. 110
4.2. Whether to .......................................................................................... 110
4.3. Exclamative Clause ............................................................................. 110
5. Infinitive Clause .......................................................................................... 111
5.1. To ... ...................................................................................................... 111
5.2. Dier yaplar .. ....................................................................................... 111
Hedef
102
6. -ing Clause ................................................................................................... 112
6.1. -ing .. ..................................................................................................... 112
6.2. Dier yaplar ......................................................................................... 112
7. Bare Infinitive Clause ................................................................................. 113
7.1. Ettirgen Yap (= Causative) ................................................................. 113
7.2. But / except ......................................................................................... 114
leme .................................................................................................................... 115
retme-Snama ..................................................................................................... 116

103
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn onuncu konusunda, daha ok reported speech yaplar
ile tannan Noun Clause ele alnmakta. Bu konuda, Noun Clause yaplarn
sadece reported speech ile snrl olmadn ve ok farkl kullanmlarnn da
bulunduunu greceksiniz.

Dokuzuncu konuda ilenen "relative clause" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak
iin, verilen tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. Every religion attempts to teach basic ideas that help humans understand their
nature and behaviour.
2. The Ganges is a river that flows through northern India.
3. The Ganges is a river whose water is sacred to Hindus.
4. Our knowledge of the truly ancient civilizations, some of which existed up to one
hundred thousand years ago, is quite limited.
5. Even in Egypt, where the documents go back to the furthest, we have only a vague
idea of history before 1600 B.C.
6. In the early 1900s, Moses B. Cotsworth travelled to the Great Pyramid, which
ancient Egyptians may have used as a solar calendar.
7. The first Europeans came to Easter Island in 1722, when three Dutch ships landed
on Easter Sunday.
8. No-one knows for certain how the islanders transported the statues, most of which
are located miles from the quarry.
9. It is one of the islands that were formed by volcanoes.
10. The last builders of Stonehenge were, apparently, the Wessex, who were a group of
rich, powerful, commerce-oriented people.

.
104
Altrma Aada, Sunu blmnde rnek olarak verilen baz tmceler bulunmakta. Sunu blmne
balamadan nce, bu tmcelerde alt izili ksmlardan hangisinin hatal olduunu bulun ve
bu hatalar dzeltin.

1. Pete said (1) us that (2) Jane had bought (3) a car.
2. The policeman told (1) the driver that (2) turn off (3) the headlights.
3. The point is (1) what (2) she will never (3) accept the plan.
4. The guests (1) noticed that (2) she has broken (3) a glass.
5. The thesis, it (1) an MP will quit (2) on his behalf, is similar to mine (3).
6. That (1) learn languages (2) is a difficult task is obvious (3).
7. The boss asked (1) that (2) the report was (3).
8. What (1) I met him (2) has skipped from (3) my memory.
9. Where (1) he lives (2) is which (3) we want to know.
10. The question is (1) it (2) when (3) inflation rates will start to drop.
11. I didn't understand (1) what (2) he will tell me (3).
12. Your question, if (1) the MP will resign (2), is (3) an interesting one.
13. The boss asked (1) to us (2) whether (3) we had typed the contract.
14. They still (1) didn't know what (2) chance they have missed (3).
15. To (1) working in this hospital (2) is (3) really a torture.
16. To shout at him (1) is that (2) to ask for trouble (3).
17. I don't want (1) you (2) travelling alone (3).
18. His aim, that (1) unite the two countries (2), was (3)simply a dream.
19. It is (1) essential that (2) you can stop smoking (3).
20. Play tennis (1) is (2) my main hobby (3).
21. His profession (1) is (2) play (3) tennis.
22. My wife's thesis (1), study cognitive factors (2), takes up (3) her time.
23. Your forgetting the key (1) it (2) was (3) a real comedy.
24. There is (1) no (2) mistake (3) that voice.
25. We have had (1) the stone wall (2) rebuild (3).
26. Can you get (1) the dog let (2) us in (3)?
27. They made (1) me (2) to steal (3) it!
28. The authorities do not have (1) the roads surface (2) in (3) asphalt.
29. She did (1) everything but (2) to confess (3) the murder.
105
Sunu
1. Tanm

Daha nce de akland gibi (C KONU 4), Noun Clause basit bir tmce olarak ele alnabilir
ve eviri ilemi de buna gre yaplabilir. Tmce ne kadar karmak gzkrse gzksn, rnek
tmcelerde de grlecei gibi, bir + Y + (N) yaps mevcuttur ve bu yap Trkeye + (N)
+ Y eklinde aktarlr.

2. That clause

That szc aada anlatlan kullanm ile sorun oluturabilmekte ve noun clause olarak
alglanabilmektedir.

The number of girls is higher than the number of boys

tmcesinde the number szcklerini tekrardan kanmak iin that kullanlabilir.

The number of girls is higher than that of boys.
People in rural areas are more religious than those in cities.

2.1. Reported speech

Reported Speech duyulan ya da tank olunann aktarmdr. ou kez aktarm say ve tell
eylemleri ile yaplr. Sorularda ask, emirlerde ise order kullanlr.

Kimi zaman, hikaye tr eserlerde, aadaki rnek tmcede verilen trden yaplara
rastlanabilir.

They invited me to the farewell party and would I bring my own bottle.
(= ... and they asked me if I would bring my own bottle.)

Ayrca demand, want to know, beg gibi eylemler de kullanlabilir. Emir tmceleri dnda kalan
yaplarda zaman deiimi gzlenebilir.

Simple Present Simple Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Cont. Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Past Past Perfect
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Cont. Past Perfect Continuous
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
can could, was/were able to
could could
have to had to
may might
might might
must must, had to
ought to ought to
shall shall
should should
used to used to
106
will would
would would
am / is / are was / were
was / were had been
have / has had

can
could
may
might
must have + V
3
= Deiiklik olmaz
need
ought to
should
would

Dier deiiklikler:
ago before, earlier
now then
tonight, today that night/day
yesterday the day before, the previous day
tomorrow the following / next day
last ...... the .... before
tomorrow the following / next ....
at this time at that time
this that
these those
here there

Aktarm yapan eylem (reporting verb) past olmad durumlarda ve aktarlan tmcenin
belirledii gerek her zaman iin geerli olduunda, zaman deiimine gerek yoktur.

Pete tells us that Tom has bought a car.
Mark Twain said that there are three kinds of lies: lies, damn lies, and statistics.

a) Normal tmceler

Pete told us that Jane had bought a car. ( + Y + N + N
(+Y+N)
)
Pete bize Jane'in araba satn aldn syledi.

b) Emir / stek tmceleri

The policeman told the driver to turn off the headlights. (+Y+N+N
(Y+N)
)
Polis srcye farlar kapatmasn syledi.

2.2. Be + that

Be eyleminin ardndan, znenin niteliini aklamak iin that ile balanan bir blm
kullanlabilir.

The point is that she will never accept the plan. ( + Y + N
(+Y+N)
)
Konu, onun plan asla kabul etmeyecek olmas(dr).

107
Doctors have found cases of hearing loss caused by motorcycles and dirt bikes,
video arcades, and cordless telephones. The biggest problem of all is not the noise
itself. It is that people do not take precautions - such as wearing ear-muffs or
turning down the volume until after their hearing has been damaged or
destroyed.
Sorun, insanlarn iitme duyular zarar grene ya da yitene kadar kulaklk takma ya
da sesi ksma gibi nlemleri almamalardr.

The result of further economic development was that in the eighteenth century
the State had additional functions relating to the regulation of foreign trade, and
the government of colonies. Moreover, though the foundation of the nation's
economic life remained in the village, the towns became increasingly important.
Daha fazla ekonomik gelimenin sonucu, onsekizinci yzylda Devlet'in d ticaretin
dzenlenmesi ve kolonilerin idaresi ile ilgili ilave ilevleri stlenmesi oldu.

2.3. realise / see / .. + that

Notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine gibi eylemlerin ardndan that ile balayarak bu
eylemin niteledii unsur anlatlmaktadr. eviri ya da kullanm asndan dier Noun Clause
yaplardan bir farkll yoktur.

We noticed that she had broken a glass. ( + Y + N
(+Y+N)
)
(Biz) onun bir bardak krm olduunu farkettik.

2.4. Ad, that ..

Non-defining Relative Clause ile benzerlik gsterir. C KONU 9

Your thesis, that Canada will be a divided country, is similar to mine.
(
(AD+THAT++Y+N)
+ Y + N)
Senin, Kanada'nn blnm bir lke olaca eklindeki tezin, benim tezime
benzemekte.

2.5. That ...

Anlam kavrama ve eviri asndan ok sorun oluturan bir yapdr.

That languages differ in many aspects is obvious

tmcesini Trkeye aktarmaya yeltenenler, tmcenin bandaki That szcne aldanp
evirilerine Bu ... ile eviriye balamaktadrlar. Oysa, dikkat edilecek olursa, eviriye Bu ... ile
balandnda iki sorun karmza kmaktadr:

1. That szc bir oul ad (languages) nitelemektedir. Bu durumda da That yerine Those/These
kullanlmas gerekirdi.

2. Yukardaki hatann var olmadn, yani tmcenin

That language differs in many aspects is obvious

olduunu dnelim. Bu durumda da tmce incelendiinde,

That language differs in many aspects is obvious
Y N ???

durumu ortaya kmakta, yani tmcenin sonunda yer alan is obvious blm artmaktadr.
108

Bu tr tmceler

That languages differ in various aspects is obvious (
(THAT++Y+N)
+Y+N)

yaps tamaktadr ve tmcenin bandaki That Trkeye eylem+-DII/-EcEI eklinde
aktarlr.

Dillerin eitli alardan farkllk tadklar aikar(dr).

That ile balayan tmceler It ... that ... yaps ile de oluturulabilir.

It is obvious that languages differ in various aspects.

Bu yap tersten ele alnarak, yani It ... that ... tmcesi That ... tmcesine dntrlerek
incelendiinde yapnn nasl olutuu daha iyi anlalabilir.

3. WH Clause

Who(m/se), which, where, when, why, how (much / many / far / tall / .. ) gibi yaplarn
kullanld tmcelerdir.

3.1. Reported Speech

Konuan kiinin sorularnn aktarmdr.

The boss asked where the report was. (+Y+N
(WH++Y)
)
Patron raporun nerede olduunu sordu.

3.2. WH .. + be + (WH ..)

When I met him has skipped from my memory. (
(WH++Y+N)
+Y+N)
Onunla ne zaman tantm hafzamdan silinmi.

Where he lives is what we want to know. (
(WH++Y+N)
+Y+N
(WH++Y+N)
)
Bilmek istediimiz ey, onun nerede yaamakta olduu.

It is true that the situation is getting worse.
It is true that the situation is getting worse.
It
That the situation is getting worse is true that the situation is getting worse
109
3.3. be + WH

To be eyleminin ardndan, znenin niteliini aklamak iin WH ile balanan blm
kullanlabilir.

The question is when inflation rates will start to drop. (+Y+N
(WH++Y+N)
)
Sorun, enflasyon orannn ne zaman dmeye balayaca.

Water works with chemicals in your body to change food into energy. Water also
plays a role in getting the waste out of your body. This is why you should drink
many glasses of water each day.
te bu nedenle her gn bardaklar dolusu su imeniz gerekir.

3.4. realise / see / .. + WH

Notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine gibi eylemlerin ardndan WH ile balayarak bu
eylemin niteledii unsur anlatlmaktadr. eviri ya da kullanm asndan dier Noun Clause
yaplardan bir farkll yoktur.

I didn't understand what he told me. ( + Y + N
(WH++Y+N)
)
Bana ne sylediini anlamadm.

Another propaganda device commonly used is name calling. This device is
obvious. The speaker finds out what kinds of people or attitudes the audience
doesn't like.
Konumac, dinleyenlerin ne tr kiilerden ya da tutumlardan holanmadklarn
renir.

Stephen Crane, an American fiction writer, wrote some stories about the western
frontier. ... "The Open Boat" describes how men feel when faced with the problem
of survival.
"Ak Tekne"de, hayatta kalma sorunu ile karlaan insanlarn neler hissettikleri
anlatlr.

3.5. Ad, WH

Non-defining Relative Clause (C KONU 9) ile benzerlik gsterir.

Your question, whether the MP will resign, is an interesting one.
(
(AD, WH++Y)
+ Y + N)
Senin, milletvekilinin istifa edip etmeyecei eklindeki sorun ilgin bir soru.

3.6. WH + to

WH szcn should/ought to izlemesi durumunda bu yap,

WH + to

olarak ksaltlabilir.

I don't know what

Ne diyeceimi/demem gerektiini bilmiyorum.

110
4. Yes / No Clause

4.1. Reported Speech

Konuan kiinin bir soru szc (WH) kullanmadan oluturduu sorularn aktarlmasdr.

The boss asked us if / whether we had typed the contract. (+Y+N+N
(IF++Y+N)
)
Patron szlemeyi daktilo edip etmediimizi sordu.

4.2. Whether to

Whether kelimesini should/ought to/have to izliyorsa bu yap,

whether to

olarak ksaltlabilir.

I don't know whether

Birey sylemem gerekir mi gerekmez mi bilmiyorum.

If ve whether fark: Aadaki durumlarda if kullanlmaz.

a) Whether + tmce + Y + (N)

Whether he would pass the test was doubtful.

b) be + whether

My problem is whether I will get a pay rise.

c) "preposition" + whether

Everything depends on whether they will come on time.

d) .., whether yapsnda

You have yet to answer my question, whether I can count on you.

e) whether to

I don't know whether to stay.

f) whether or not

He didn't tell us whether or not he'll be staying with us.

4.3. Exclamative Clause

eviri asndan dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, bu yapnn bazan iki ayr anlam
tayabilmesidir. Doru anlamn karlmas iin tmcenin getii metnin ieriine baklmas
gerekebilir.

111
He told her how heavy she was.

a) Ona ka kilo olduunu syledi.
b) Ona "Ne kadar da imansn," dedi.

They still didn't know what chance they missed
Ne ans kardklarn hl bilmiyorlard.

They still didn't know what a chance they missed.
Nasl da (byk) bir ans karm olduklarn hl bilmiyorlard.

The trouble was that the thousands of people who lined the route to watch the race
did not realise how powerful cars had become in a few years. Apart from the
crowds, the drivers had other problems.
Sorun, yolun kenarnda yar izlemek sralanan binlerce insann arabalarn birka
sene iinde nasl da gl hale bir gelmi olduklarndan habersiz olmalaryd.

5. Infinitive Clause C KONU 24, 26

Trkeye eylem + -mEk eklinde aktarlabilir.

5.1. Ad, to ..

Non-defining Relative Clause C KONU 9 ile benzerlik gsterir.

His aim, to unite these countries, was simply a dream. (
(AD, TO+Y+N)
+Y+N)
Onun bu lkeleri birletirme eklindeki amac basit bir dten ibaretti.

Bu yapnn benzeri, It .. ile sk olarak kullanlr.

for you to stop smoking.
It is essential that you stop smoking.
that you should stop smoking.

It would be wonderful for you to stop smoking.
if you were to stop smoking
5.2. Dier yaplar

a. To ...

To work in this hospital is really a torture. (
(TO+Y+N)
+Y+N)
Bu hastanede almak gerekten bir ikence.

b. To ..+ be + to ..

To shout at him is to ask for trouble. (
(TO+Y+N)
+Y+N
(TO+Y+N)
)
Ona barmak, belan aranmak demektir.

Ayrca,

The real reason behind this decision is to take the high rate of inflation under
control.
Bu kararn ardndaki asl neden yksek enflasyon hzn denetim altna almak.

112
c. .. stg./so. + to

I don't want you to travel with him./your travelling ... (+Y+N+N
(TO+Y+N)
)
Senin onunla yolculuk etmeni istemiyorum.

6. -ing Clause C KONU 25, 26

Trkeye eylem + -mEk eklinde aktarlabilir.

6.1. Ad, -ing

Non-defining Relative Clause (C KONU 9) ile benzerlik gsterir.

My wife's thesis, studying cognitive factors, took up all her time.
(
(AD, -ING+N)
+Y+N)
Eimin bilisel unsurlar incelemek konulu tezi, onun tm vaktini ald.

6.2. Dier yaplar

a. .. my / his / .. (=possessive) + -ing

We are against your leading the team. (+Y+N
(POSSESSIVE+-ING+N)
)
(Biz) takma senin liderlik etmene karyz.

Gerund (V+-ing) bir noun ilevi stlendii iin, bu yapda possessive kullanlmas arttr.

I liked his song.
I liked his singing. (* I liked him singing yanltr.)

b. -ing ..

Playing tennis is my main hobby. (
(-ING+N)
+Y+N)
Tenis oynamak temel hobim.

c. be + -ing

His profession is playing tennis. (+Y+N
(-ING+N)
)
Meslei tenis oynamak.

d. My / His / .. (=possessive) + -ing ..

Your forgetting the key was a real comedy. (
(POSSESSIVE+-ING+N)
+Y+N)
Senin anahtarlar unutuun gerek bir komediydi.

Gerund yansra perfect gerund yap da kullanlabilir.

My having seen the film spoiled the whole night.

113
e. There ... no / any + -ing ...

Bu yapnn Trkeye aktarlmas, belirli bir yol nerilemedii iin, sorun olabilmektedir.

is no
There mistaking that voice.
isn't any
O sesi tanmamak / baka seslerle kartrmak olanaksz.

is no
There knowing where he will appear next.
isn't any
Gelecek sefere nerede ortaya kaca bilinmez.

7. Bare Infinitive Clause

7.1. Ettirgen Yap (Causative)

have + nesne + V = birisine bireyi rica ya da atama yolu ile yaptrmak.

We've had the wall rebuilt.
Duvar yeniden ina ettirdik.

Aadaki farkl kullanma dikkat edin.

When a group is talking, walk up to them and stand by quietly. If they are willing to
have you join, they will show this by giving you eye contact now and then, or
shifting their body angle so you become part of the group.
Katlmanz istiyorlarsa, bunu sizinle arasra gz temas kurarak ya da grubun bir
paras olmanz iin duru alarn deitirerek gstereceklerdir.

Dier farkl kullanmlar ise u ekildedir:

I'll have you speaking French in a year. (= As a result of my efforts, you will be
speaking French in a year.)

He had them all dancing. (= He taught/persuaded them all to dance.)

If film-stars put their numbers in telephone books, they'd have everyone ringing
them up (= ... everyone would ring them up.)

I never let him sit in his overalls. I make him change them. (= I get him to change
them.)

get + nesne + to + V = birisine ikna yolu ile birey yaptrmak.

Can you get the dog to let us in ?
Kpein ieri girmemize izin vermesini salayabilir misin ?

make + nesne + V = birisine bireyi (zorla) yaptrmak.

They made me steal it.
Bana onlar aldrd.

114
As human beings, we all make faults and quirks that make us unique but at the
same time make us like all other humans. Writers often use these faults and quirks
to make people laugh. These works are called satire, and their purpose is to
criticize a problem with the goal of improving society.
Yazarlar ou kez bu hata ve jestleri insanlar gldrmek iin kullanrlar.

Edilgen kullanmna dikkat edin:

They made me steal it I was made to steal it.

have / get + nesne + V
3
= bireyi yaptrmak

The trouble was that the thousands of people who lined the route to watch the race
did not realise how powerful cars had become in a few years. Apart from the
crowds, the drivers had other problems. In those days, the local government
authorities did not usually have the roads surfaced with asphalt and so the cars
raised clouds of dust as they went by, which made it almost impossible for the
drivers behind to see.

Bu yapda get + V
3
yerine gre edilgen anlam tayabilir. (C KONU 7) rnein,

He got his money stolen

parasnn alnmasn bilerek salad anlam tamayacaktr. Yapy edilgen olarak ele almak
daha iyi olur:

Paras alnd.

let + nesne + V = izin vermek

Will you let me carry your bags?
antalarnz tamama izin verir misiniz?

eviride byk sorunlar oluturabilen aadaki kullanma dikkat edin.

All faculty members, let alone students, protested the new project.
rencilerden vazgetik, /Hem renciler hem de tm faklte yeleri yeni projeyi
protesto ettiler.

7.2. but / except C KONU 8, 16, 23 - But, KONU 16, 23 - Except

stisna belirten durumlarda but ve except kelimelerinden sonra gelen
eylem to almadan kullanlr.

She did everything but confess the murder.
Hereyi yapt, cinayeti itiraf etmek dnda.

115
leme
Altrma Daha nce ilediiniz yaplar da gznnde bulundurarak metnin tmn Trkeye
evirin.

We knew Henri was coming to England and we knew which day he was coming but we
didn't know how. In fact he wrote and told us all the details, but the letter never
arrived. We had moved and Henri didn't know. We'd forgotten to tell him. Our fault.

So we made our plans. It must be Heathrow or Gatwick Airport or Victoria Station. We
calculated that Friday evening was the time and not before 6 p.m. Willie and I spent an hour
poring over timetables. I would go to Heathrow, Willie to Victoria. Gatwick is forty
minutes south by train and Gatwick arrivals come into London at Victoria. The same is true
for people who've come train-boat-train. We arranged that if either of us met Henri, we'd
take him to the White Bear pub at Piccadily and stay there till closing time at 11. We
couldn't have our French mate sleeping in the park. The White Bear was a favourite of
Henri's.

So we set out, Willie by tube, me by bus to the Air Terminal and then by airport coach. I
had a longer way to go but Willie had a trickier job. He had to keep an eye on several
different platforms.

And Willie told me later that it was tricky. There were too many trains arriving from too
many directions and he broke his glasses, nearly lost one shoe, had arguments with three
porters, trod on a small Jugoslav, ran about ten miles and smoked thirty-seven cigarettes
("You shouldn't smoke when you're running," I said). And Victoria is not the most beautiful
station in the world at which to spend Friday night.

Heathrow wasn't too bad at first. Funny places, airports. People wear any old clothes to go
by train, but for an air trip they put on their smartest, sharpest clothes. And all these
magazines they buy which they'd never normally dream of reading.

But there's a limit and I was tired, bored, hungry and fed-up. I left the airport at ten. Henri
was happily finishing his third pint when I arrived. It was too late and I couldn't get a drink,
and neither could Willie, who staggered in five minutes later. Henri said he was pleased to
see us and he was sorry he couldn't offer us a drink. He asked if it was O.K. if he stayed
with us for a few days. We said we were very pleased to see him and we would be very
pleased to put him up. Henri had come by car.

116
retme-Snama
Altrma Aada verilen metinde sporda amatrlk konusu ilenmekte. Metni okuyarak yazarn
amatrlkten yana olup olmadn saptayn. Daha sonra, bundan nceki konularda
ilediiniz yaplar da gz nnde bulundurarak, metnin tmn Trkeye aktarn.

It is fashionable for the professional administrators who run international sporting events to
complain that sportsmanship is a thing of the past and to put the blame for everything
wrong with sport on the growth of professionalism. They claim that when the modern
Olympic Games began athletes felt that it was sufficient reward for them to compete. They
are horrified that some athletes today regard running as work and expect to be paid for what
they do.

The truth is that such high ideals were always an aspiration and never had much to do with
reality. The Olympic Games of 1900 and 1904 were tied up with business, because they
were organised as a secondary attraction to international trade fairs. It was a frequent
occurrence for athletes to be disqualified for breaking the rules and on one occasion the
losing team in Olympic football final walked off the field and refused to go on with the
game.

Whatever the idealists may say, it is obvious that what matters to the public is success.
Even the organisers of the Olympic Games admit this. Whoever comes first wins a gold
medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing. What the administrators ignore is that
anyone who wants to become an Olympic champion must do without spare time and
possibly break off his studies. It is not surprising that athletes want some tangible reward.

The fact that sport is becoming less entertaining is more important than the question of
amateurism. The reason for this is that it is often easier for a team to break down another's
resistance by defensive tactics than to break through and score themselves. In international
matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid being beaten. In
the view of the fact that sport will become more necessary to society in the future as
entertainment, because people will have more time to fill, it might be better for
administrators to do away with amateurism altogether and concentrate on improving the
standards of play and facilities for players and spectators alike.

117
11
Bileik tmce-Karmak:
Comparison Clause

ngilizcede comparison clause yaplarn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi
Giri ..................................................................................................................... 118
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 119
1. Eitsizlik ........................................................................................................ 119
1.1. ... than yaplar ( = Comparative) ......................................................... 119
1.2. rather than + sfat / ad .......................................................................... 120
1.3. more and more / -er ... -er .................................................................... 120
1.4. more + ad ............................................................................................. 120
1.5. most ve -est yaplar (= Superlative) ................................................... 120
1.6. most + ad ............................................................................................. 121
1.7. The + comparative, the + comparative ................................................ 121
2. Eitlik ............................................................................................................ 121
2.1. as + sfat / belirte + as ........................................................................ 121
2.2. the same + ad + as .............................................................................. 122
3. Yeterlilik ve Fazlalk ..................................................................................... 122
3.1. Sfat / belirte + enough (for so.) to + eylem ........................................ 122
3.2. too + sfat / belirte (for so.) to + eylem ............................................. 123
4. much / even / far / a lot / a little / a bit / all the / considerably /
great deal / hardly + comparison ................................................................ 123
5. so ... that / such ... that ................................................................................. 124
leme .................................................................................................................... 126
retme ................................................................................................................... 126
Snama .................................................................................................................. 127
Hedef
118
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn onbirinci konusunda Comparison Clause yaplar
ilenmekte. Sunu blmnde tm ayrntlar ile ilenen bu yaplar, kolaylk
asndan, "Eitsizlik", "Eitlik" ve "Yeterlilik ve Fazlalk" sralamas ile
sunulmakta.

Onuncu konuda ilenen "noun clause" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,

1. Kurt Vonnegut wrote that love was where you find it. It was foolish to go looking
for it.

2. In the first century, a Roman author comments that the friendship that can come to
an end had never really begun.

3. Everyone knows that a nuclear war would be an unprecedented hazard for the
future of mankind.

4. Experience is not what happens to you; it is what you do with what happens to you.
Aldous Huxley

5. It is unbelievable what heavy weights he can lift.

6. It is unknown whether he was telling the truth.

7. We have finally come to conclusion that it is for mankind to decide whether atomic
energy should be used for good or evil.

8. Who killed him is not so important.

9. The experts want to know how long price rises will go on accelerating in these
regions of the country.

10. That the invading troops have been withdrawn has not affected our government's
trade sanctions.

.
119
Altrma Aadaki tmcelerin tmnde Comparison Clause yap bulunmakta. Bir ksm Sunu
blmndeki rnek tmceler olan bu tmceleri Trkeye evirin.

1. There is no harder task for most high school students than writing good
compositions.
2. Rather than write a novel in chapters, the traditional way, some writers use other
means to tell their characters' stories.
3. When you stay away from people around you, you become more and more
negative.
4. Most young people watch more than twenty hours of TV per week, many more
hours than what they spent in reading.
5. Penicillin is one of the greatest of the wonder drugs.
6. For example, most young men during fifties wore their hair very short.
7. As a rule the farther north a country lies from the equator, the colder its climate, but
this is not always the case.
8. Camels can lose as much as 40 percent of their body weight.
9. He earns quite the same as I do.
10. Finally I arrived at the pub, but I was just too late to get a drink.
11. We are experienced enough to see that he has been telling lies.
12. He is much more experienced than the rest of the applicants.
13. The problem was so difficult that we couldn't solve it.
14. He gave such a wonderful speech that we were astounded.

Sunu
1. Eitsizlik

1.1. "... than" yaplar ( = Comparative)

sfat/belirte + -er
+ than
more + sfat/belirte

There is no harder task for most high school students than writing good
compositions.
ou lise rencisi iin, iyi kompozisyon yazmaktan daha zor bir i yoktur.

There are about six times as many cold receptors as heat receptors in the skin.
These temperature receptors are more concentrated along the trunk of the body,
which is why hands and feet can withstand greater temperature extremes than can
the bare back.
Bu s alclar vcudun gvde blmnde daha youn bulunmaktadr; bu nedenle de
eller ve ayaklar s farkllklarna plak srttan daha dayankldr.

Bu yap ... -dEn daha + sfat/belirte eklinde aktarlr.

Bu yap than olmadan da kullanlabilir.

I think this book is the more interesting of the two.
Of the two books, the one from Stephen King is the more interesting.

Dead, empty, fatal, perfect, pregnant, unique gibi sfatlarda kyaslama olamaz.
120

1.2. rather than + sfat / ad

Bir kyaslama tmcesi olmasa da, kartrld iin bu blmde ele alnmaktadr.

Occasionally, authors use different formats for their novels. Rather than write a
novel in chapters, the traditional way, they use other means to tell their characters'
stories.
Roman geleneksel yol olan blmler halinde yazmak yerine, karakterlerinin
hikayesini anlatmak iin baka yollar kullanrlar.

Children also learn to recognize when their muscles are tensing up in a way that
will lead to a headache. "We want them to control the migraines rather have the
migraines control them."
"Migren arlarnn ocuklar denetime almasndansa ocuklarn migren arlarn
denetlemelerini istiyoruz."

Bu yap -dEn ok / ziyade, yerine yaps ile aktarlr.

1.3. more and more / -er ... and -er

Gitgide, daha da anlamn katmak amac ile oluturulur.

What happens to your behaviour if you dwell on how bad you look? You become
more and more negative.
Daha da olumsuz bir kii olursunuz.

1.4. more + ad

More szc bazen bir adn niceliinin belirtilmesinde de kullanlabilir.

Most young people watch more than twenty hours of TV per week, many more
hours than what they spend in reading. Because TV glamorizes violence, sex, and
crime some experts fear it can have a serious impact on the thinking of the
viewers.
ou gen insan haftada yirmi saatten fazla bir sre televizyon izlemektedir; bu sre
okuma iin ayrdklar sreden ok daha fazladr.

Today, television is more than programs. You can still view "Family Ties" or "The
Cosby Show". But there are now other uses for television.
Gnmzde, televizyon sadece program demek deil.

More ve most szckleri like ile de kullanlabilir.

Mary looks more like her mother. She is the best like her mother of all the
children in the family.

1.5. "most" ve "-est" yaplar ( = Superlative)

Sfata en nitelii kazandran most ya da -est yaplarnn eklenmesi ile oluturulur.

the / my / .. + sfat + -est + (ad)
the / my / .. + most + sfat + (ad)

121
Penicillin is one of the greatest of the wonder drugs. It has saved thousands of
lives already and will save many more in the future.
Penisilin mucize tr ilalar arasnda en iyilerden biridir.

Bu yap Trkeye en + sfat + ad eklinde aktarlr.

Ayrca,

This is a most (=very) beloved tourist site.
The party will explore the innermost crater.
This is the very most we can do.

1.6. most + ad

Ad ile kullanld zaman most szc bir kyaslama nitelii getirmemektedir.

For example, most young men during fifties wore their hair very short. The short
cut was called a "crew cut" or "butch".
rnein, 1950'li yllarda, ou delikanl san ksa kestirmekteydi.

Bu yap ou + ad eklinde aktarlr.

1.7. The + comparative, the + comparative

As a rule the farther north a country lies from the equator, the colder its climate, but
this is not always the case.
Genelde bir lke ekvatorun ne kadar kuzeyine dyorsa iklimi de o kadar souk
olacaktr; ama durum her zaman byle deildir.

The more intimately involved people become, the more they rely on one another.
nsanlar ne kadar yaknlarsa birbirlerine de o kadar gvenirler.

Bu yap ne kadar ... o kadar ile aktarlr.

Yap kimi zaman - zellikle deyimlemi ifadelerde - tamamen ksaltlarak kullanlmaktadr.

The sooner the better. (= The sooner it is, the better it is.)

2. Eitlik

2.1. as + sfat / belirte + as

Moreover, as subjects were deprived of REM sleep their need for it seemed to
build. When they went back to sleep, they entered REM sleep more often. And for
as many as five nights following REM deprivation, the subjects spent more time in
REM sleep than usual - sometimes as much as double the normal amount.
Ve REM uykusundan yoksun kalmay izleyen yaklak be gn boyunca REM
uykusunda normalden daha fazla kaldlar - bazan normal srenin iki kat kadar.

Camels can lose as much as 40 percent of their body weight.
Develer vcut arlnn yaklak yzde 40 kadarn yitirebilirler.

122
The mere assertion that Mark Twain is your favourite author or that you like
Dickens better than Scott is about as profitable as the remark that blue is your
favourite colour.
Mark Twain'in en sevdiiniz yazar olduu ya da Dickens' Scott'dan daha fazla
beendiiniz iddias en sevdiiniz rengin mavi olduunu sylemeniz kadar deer
tar.

There are about six times as many cold receptors as heat receptors in the skin.
Deride, scaklk alclarnn alt kat kadar soukluk alglaycs bulunur.

Bu yap kadar kullanlarak aktarlabilir.

Aadaki kullanmda, as ... as yaps as if (C KONU 16) ile kullanlmakta.

She swallowed several times, trying to draw moisture into her mouth, which felt as
dry as if a wad of cotton had been stuffed inside it, like a gag. Then she tried to
stand up.

Ayrca,

"He is very crazy." "Come on! He is not that crazy!" (= He is not as crazy as
that/you say)

As yaps birden fazla anlam iin kullanlabilir. Ayrntl bilgi iin gnderme yaplan blme
baklmas gerekmektedir.

as well as
He can dance as well as me. C KONU 11
Keeping road maps up to date is a never-ending job. There must be eliminations
as well additions. [=yansra]
as long as
My hair is as long as his. C KONU 11
I'll work as long as I live. C KONU 13
He can come as long as he is sober. C KONU 13
as soon as
I'll come in as soon as five minutes. C KONU 11
As soon as she saw him, she fainted. C KONU 12
as far as
I went as far as Istanbul. C KONU 11
As far as I know, she is a vet. C KONU 17

2.2. the same + ad + as

His skirt was the same colour as mine.
Etei benimkiyle ayn renkti.

3. Yeterlilik ve Fazlalk

3.1. Sfat / belirte + enough (for so.) to + eylem

In a few regions of the body, they arteries close enough to the surface to be felt.
Vcudun birka blgesinde damarlar hissedilebilecek kadar yzeye yakndr.

Bu yap Trkeye - EcEk / - EbIlEcEk kadar ile aktarlr.

123
3.2. too + sfat / belirte (for so.) to + eylem

The Rhone dashes out of Lake Geneva. It rushes to the Mediterranean with too
great a drop to be naturally navigable.
Akdeniz'e, doal yollardan zaptedilemeyecek kadar fazla bir eimle iner./ Akdeniz'e
o kadar byk bir eimle kavuur ki doal yollarla zaptedilmesi olanakszdr.

Bu yap eylem + -EmEyEcEk kadar, eylem + -EbIlEcEIndEn ok/fazla
yolu ile aktarlabilir.

4. much / even / far / a lot / a little / a bit / all the / considerably / a great deal / hardly
+ comparative

ngilizcede kyaslamay glendirmek amac ile comparative yapnn nne ok ya da
biraz anlam tayan szckler yerletirilebilir.

Bu yaplar kendi balarna kyas oluturamazlar.

Yani,

* The weather is much hot than it was yesterday

tmcesi hataldr. Doru tmcenin

The weather is much hotter than it was yesterday

eklinde olmas gerekir.

In the United States, more than forty million dogs enjoy almost $2 billion worth of
food each year. Actually, far more money is spent each year on dog food than on
baby food in America.
Aslnda, Amerika'da bebek mamasna harcanandan ok daha fazla para kpek
mamasna harcanmakta.

Airline pilots, in fact, whose experience is so obviously relevant that it ought to
serve as a guide, often live by their own watches, ignoring local time, and have
breakfast at midnight if necessary. They have far less reason to worry about their
health than executives because they are used to flying and are physically fit.
Yneticilere oranla salklar hakknda endielenmek iin ok daha az nedenleri
vardr zira pilotlar umaya alkndr ve beden olarak da zindedir.

What, then, is amnesia ? If you say only that it is loss of memory, you include in the
group of amnesiacs any man who forgets his wife's birthday or goes off to the
office without his wristwatch. Actually, amnesia is something a bit more sinister.
Aslnda, amnezi bundan bir para daha kt bir ey.

Much, far, a lot, even, all the, ok ile, a little ve a bit ise biraz/ bir para
ile; considerably szc epey, nispeten ile aktarlr. Hardly, tmcenin
anlamn olumsuza yaklatrr.

All the + comparative yaps fazla kullanlmaz.

"Why do you have so big eyes, Grandma?"
"All the better to see you with."
Krmz apkal Kz (Little Red Riding Hood) masalndan

124
Ayn tr tmce oluumuna superlative yaplarda da rastlanlr.

This car is quite/much/by far the best there is.
This car is the very best there is.
Bu araba mevcutlarn en iyisi.

5. so ... that / such ... that

So ... that
sfat [1]
belirte [2]
sfat + a(n) + ad [3]
so + many + ad + (that)
much + ad
[4]
few + ad
little + ad

such ... that ise

such + sfat + ad + (that) [5]
such + ad + that [6]

eklinde oluturulur.

The pan is so hot that I can't hold it.[1]
Tava o kadar scak ki tutamyorum.

He ran so slowly that everybody watched him. [2]
O kadar yava kotu ki herkes onu seyretti.

He was so careful a man that he hardly made a mistake. [3]
O kadar dikkatli bir adamd ki hemen hi hata yapmad.
She has so few friends that she is bored. [4]
O kadar az arkada var ki sklyor.

She is such a beautiful girl that everybody adores her. [5]
O kadar gzel bir kz ki herkes ona hayran.

The storm broke out with such strength that it caused great damage in a few hours.
[6]
Frtna yle bir gle patlad ki bir ka saatte byk hasara neden oldu.

Some common phobias include acrophobia, fear of high places; hydrophobia, fear
of water; and nyctophobia, fear of darkness. Some phobias are so severe that they
tend to disrupt people's lives.
Baz fobiler o kadar ciddidir ki insanlarn yaamn zehir ederler.

125
Farkl bir kullanm:

One example is the new breed of cattle being developed by the Brazilians and
specially adapted to withstand the pests and the climate of the tropics. And so it is
that the Brazilians are not only working on a new breed of cattle, but also on a new
type of grass that is suitable to feed them.
Ve yle ki Brezilyallar sadece yeni bir tr sr zerinde deil, ayn zaman da bu
hayvan beslemeye uygun yeni tr bir ot zerinde de alyorlar.

In days gone by, such great concern was directed toward not harming the dolphin
that superstitious sailors said bad luck would come to anyone who hurt one of
these sea creatures.
Gemite yunuslara zarar vermemek konusu o kadar nem kazanmt ki batl inanc
olan denizciler bu deniz yaratklarndan birine zarar verenin ansnn kt gideceini
sylerlerdi.

There are today so many scientists in the world that in the scientific field a
specialist is out of date almost immediately if he does not make a special effort to
keep abreast of developments in his own field. Knowledge is so vast that even
within his own specialism a man may know only a part of the whole, even if he is at
the frontiers of knowledge at one point.
Bugn dnyada o kadar ok bilimadam bulunmakta ki bilimsel alanda uzman bir
kii kendi alanndaki gelimeleri takip etmek iin zel bir aba gstermezse annda
zamann gerisinde kalmakta. Bilgi o kadar geni ki kendi uzmanlk alannda bile, bir
ara bilginin n saflarnda olsa da, bir kii btnn sadece bir parasn biliyor
olabilir.

Bu yaplar o kadar .. ki. eklinde aktarlr.

Aadaki olduka farkl kullanma dikkat edin.

Parents have become increasingly concerned about the television viewing habits of
their children - so much so that families are beginning to censor the programs that
enter their homes.

Bu tmcede - ve benzeri kullanmlarda - ikinci so szc ana tmcedeki bir sfat ya da
belirtecin yerine gemektedir. Yani

Parents have become increasingly concerned about the television viewing habits of
their children - so much concerned that families are beginning to censor the
programs that enter their homes.

So/such ... that yaplar Werner (1990) tarafndan Result Clause olarak ele alnmaktadr.
Yaplarn anlam dnldnde, yanl bir snflandrma olmasa gerek.

126
leme
Altrma Koyu yazl blmleri Trkeye aktarn.

No one knows exactly how many disabled people there are in the world, but estimates
suggest the figure is over 450 million. The number of disabled people in India alone is
probably more than double the population of Canada.

In the United Kingdom, about one in ten people have some disability. 'Disabled people' in
this context are those who are physically handicapped, deaf, hard of hearing, blind, partially
sighted, speech impaired, mentally handicapped, mentally ill, or suffer from handicaps such
as epilepsy. Disability is not just something happens to other people: as we get older,
many of us will become less mobile, hard of hearing or have failing eyes.

Disablement can take many forms and occur at any time of life. Some people are born with
disabilities. Many others become disabled as they get older. There are many progressive
disabling diseases. The longer time goes on, the worse they become. Some people are
disabled in accidents. Many others may have a period of disability in the form of a mental
illness. All are affected by people's attitude towards them.

Disabled people face many physical barriers. Next time you go shopping or to work or to
visit friends, imagine how you would manage if you could not get up steps or kerbs, or on
to buses and trains. How would you cope if you could not see where you were going or
could not hear the traffic? But there are other barriers: prejudice can be even more
formidable and harder to break down and ignorance inevitably represents by far the
greatest barrier of all. It is almost impossible for the able-bodied to fully appreciate what
the severely handicapped go through, but the International Year of Disabled People was of
enormous value in drawing attention to these barriers and showing that it is the individual
person and their ability, not their disability, which counts.

retme
Altrma Verilen metinde koyu yazl blmleri Trkeye aktarn.

Dolphins have become a popular attraction at zoos in recent years. They are more
interesting than lions and tigers because they are livelier and perform tricks, like
circus animals. But although they are more willing to cooperate with the trainer
than other mammals in captivity, they get bored if they are asked to do the same trick
twice. Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and stories of them
helping drowning sailors have been common since Roman times. We now have more
reliable evidence of their usefulness than sailors' tales. In South Africa, two dolphins
have been trained to help swimmers in difficulties and drive sharks away from the beach.

The more we learn about dolphins, the more we realise that they are better organised
and their society is more complex than people previously imagined. They look after
other dolphins when they are ill, care for pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in
the community, as we do.

127

Some scientists have suggested that dolphins have a language but it is much more
probable that they communicate with each other without needing "words". They have
an echo-location system which is similar to a bat's and much more sensitive than our
hearing, so the most important task of a dolphin's brain is to transmit and receive
sound.

Whales, especially the smaller types, like the killer whale, are probably as intelligent
as dolphins and some scientists claim that they are the most intelligent species in the
world, apart from man. The great whales have the same brain power as the smaller
ones but it is not so easy to study them because they live in the deeper, less accessible
parts of the ocean. Nevertheless, the only whale kept in a zoo for a year learned as fast
as a dolphin.

Could any of these mammals be more intelligent than man ? The question cannot be
answered because our aims and interests are different from dolphins' and whales'. They are
better adopted to their environment than we are and find food more easily. As a
result, they are much more attracted by pleasure for its own sake than men and are
not nearly so interested in dominating other species. Certainly the most common
argument in favour of man's superiority over them - we can kill them more easily
than they can kill us - is the least satisfactory. On the contrary, the more we discover
about these remarkable creatures, the less we appear superior when we destroy them.

Snama
Altrma TV konusundaki metni okuyun ve yazarn aadaki noktalarla ilgili grlerini zetleyin.
Daha sonra metnin sonundaki sorular yantlayp metni Trkeye aktarmaya aln.

Yazarn televizyonun kendisi / haber programlar / belgeseller hakkndaki grleri.

You see, unlike most of the people on this programme, I don't think that television has
contributed much on our lives; in fact it gives us by its own nature a wrong slant. Perhaps
the cardinal weakness in its development arose from its concern with entertainment rather
than with information. Pictures on the screen have been used more to affect than to instruct.
Even the news programmes set out to encourage more reaction and less reflection. Pictures
shown briefly do not make you think, they merely invite you to look for the sequel, the next
picture. The more you see the less you remember; you see too much to remember anything
specific. It's the same with documentaries; they leave you with a feeling rather than
stimulate you to action. The process of viewing is passive and the result of viewing is
passive, too. One of the most effective documentaries shown on TV was the plight of a
homeless family. The papers and radio programmes were full of it but it didn't change
anything. Today the problem of homelessness is worse; things have got no better. TV
transmits vicarious feelings. I mean, you are persuaded to react to experiences which are
unfamiliar to you in your everyday life. And persuasion is an important word here because
you are persuaded also to react in certain ways and to a degree that will not disturb you or
128
your expectations too much. Words are also used for their affective rather than informative
properties, witness terms like chaos, confusion, fundamental, this moment in time, profile.
They mean less and less as they are cheapened more and more. However, words have more
chance of forcing thoughts upon us than pictures have, and more so if they are not
illustrated by pictures. My view, then, on television is that it is an excellent means of
communication, a roving eye that can penetrate under the sea, far into space and into the
body of man himself. But at the moment, it communicates very little other than diluted
feelings through images which are soon forgotten.

1. Television's weakness lies in
a) its emphasis on visual images.
b) its unnatural development.
c) its unrealistic presentation.
d) the fact that the news programmes are too reactionary.

2. The viewer is not stimulated to think because
a) he is not active enough.
b) the programmes are merely affective.
c) the programmes do not change anything.
d) there are too few documentaries.

3. Television is dangerous because it
a) transmits feelings indirectly.
b) dissuades viewers from reactions.
c) uses words wrongly.
d) makes people expect too much.

4. The camera is not a good means of communicating because
a) it cheapens words.
b) it has a roving eye.
c) its images are soon forgotten.
d) it doesn't make you think enough.

5. Vicarious feelings are
a) religious feelings.
b) feelings that do not disturb.
c) feelings about things which you have not experienced yourself.
d) more affective than informative.

129
12
Adverbial-Time Clause

ngilizcede time clause yaplarn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 131
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 132
1. nce ............................................................................................................. 133
1.1. Before ................................................................................................... 133
1.2. By the time ........................................................................................... 133
1.3. Until / Till .............................................................................................. 134
2. Ayn Zaman .................................................................................................. 134
2.1. As ......................................................................................................... 134
2.2. As long as / So long as ........................................................................ 135
2.3. During ................................................................................................... 135
2.4. -ing ...................................................................................................... 135
2.5. Now that ............................................................................................... 135
2.6. When / Whenever ................................................................................ 135
2.7. While / (Whilst) ..................................................................................... 136
3. Sonra ............................................................................................................ 137
3.1. After ...................................................................................................... 137
3.2. As soon as ........................................................................................... 137
3.3. Directly / Immediately ........................................................................... 138
3.4. Hardly / Scarcely ... when .................................................................... 138
3.5. No sooner ... than ................................................................................ 138
3.6. Now that ............................................................................................... 138
3.7. On, upon .............................................................................................. 138
3.8. Once ..................................................................................................... 139
3.9. Since .................................................................................................... 139
Hedef
130
3.10. (only) to ... ........................................................................................... 139
3.11. When / Whenever .............................................................................. 140
3.12. Eylem + to + eylem ............................................................................ 140
4. -ing ............................................................................................................... 140
4.1. Ayn zaman (= When) .......................................................................... 140
4.2. Sonra (= When / After) ......................................................................... 140
4.3. (By) + -ing ............................................................................................. 140
4.4. ..., -ing .................................................................................................. 141
5. Past participle (= V
3
) .................................................................................... 141
leme .................................................................................................................... 141
retme-Snama ..................................................................................................... 142
131
Giri
Bu konuda ele alnan Time Clause yaplar, ngilizce tmcenin anlamnn
kavranmas ve ardndan Trkeye aktarlmas aamalarnda kimi zaman byk
sorunlar karabilmekte. Bunun temel nedeni de Time Clause oluturmakta
kullanlan baz yaplarn, yerine gre, Reason Clause (C KONU 15), Concession
Clause (C KONU 14) yaplarda da kullanlabilmeleri. Bu nedenle, Sunu blmn
ilerken, verilen ayrntlar dikkatle inceleyin.

On birinci konuda ilenen "comparison clause" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak

1. There is nothing much more difficult for a driver than having to wait in the traffic.

2. Rather than start reading an Agatha Christie novel from the beginning, I prefer
reading the end of it first.

3. The weather turned colder and colder when, finally, we had to start burning our old
furniture.

4. One of the most remarkable inventions of mankind is the silicon chip which is
mainly used in computers.

5. Naturally, the more aggressive you become, the less likely you are to keep your
position in the firm.

6. As many as a million people attended the peace march held in New York.

7. We all share the same ideas as the party leader.

8. Don't you think it is too early to start drinking?

9. I'm afraid you are not mature enough to understand such matters now.

10. We've had such a perfect holiday that we don't know how we can get back to work.

.
132
Altrma Aadaki tmcelerin ou Sunu blmndeki rnek tmceler. Bunlar Trkeye aktararak
Time Clause hakkndaki mevcut bilginizi belirleyin.

1. Long before the outbreak of World War II, a thoughtful person could have figured out that
trouble was brewing.
2. By the time the surviving drivers reached Bordeaux, the number of accidents had risen
even more and newspapers had begun a campaign to have the race stopped.
3. He worked patiently until midnight.
4. As they were swimming, they heard the warning siren.
5. He's worked in the same factory as long as his stay in the town.
6. During the sixties, many young women wore their hair in a "bubble" or a "bob" style.
7. The child came in crying.
8. Now that it is nearly midnight, we can open the boxes.
9. When the sailing vessel sank in 1641, it was loaded with tons of gold and silver.
10. People become poisoned in many ways while working in and around unsafe plants and
factories.
11. Forty years after the sailing vessel Conception went down, it was found by Sir William
Phips.
12. As soon as she saw the fire, she called the fire brigade.
13. The race had hardly begun when a woman crossed the road in front of a car and was
knocked down.
14. No sooner had he turned the key than he saw the wire attached to the ignition.
15. Once I've made out their aim, I'll try and find a suitable response.
16. I've been working since you came in.
17. I woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.
18. She lived to be 100.
19. Taking over the presidency in 1945 after the sudden death of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Truman was immediately faced with the decision of dropping the first atomic bomb.
20. Having said this, I'm proud to present Mr. J. Thomas.
21. Some big factories pour toxic waste into water, killing fish and endangering the water for
drinking.
22. Taken as it is, this sentence will bear quite vague a meaning.

Sunu
Time Clause yaplar nce, Ayn Zaman ve Sonra sralamasnda ele alnmakta.

Time Clause yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu tmcelerde, ana tmce
ile yan tmcede kullanlan tense uyumlu olmaldr. Yani,

PRESENT PRESENT
I never eat before I go to bed.
PRESENT FUTURE
I will be here when you return?
PAST PAST
When I got there, the film was over.

133
Time Clause yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna bir tek since uymaz.

PRESENT PAST
I have known him since I left school.

Pek sk olmasa da, sz edilen eylemin tamamlanmasnn amalandn gstermek iin Simple
Present yerine Present Perfect kullanlmaktadr.

When I have finished my meal, I'm going to take a nap.

Dilbilgisi kitaplarnda Contingency Clause olarak geen yap, aslnda olaslk/rastlant
belirtmektedir ve Time Clause ya da Place Clause (C KONU 16) yapdan eviri asndan bir
fark yoktur.

When(ever) there is fire there is smoke.
Ate olmayan yerden duman kmaz.

Once children are involved, divorces are particularly unpleasant.
in iinde ocuklar olduunda boanmalar daha da sevimsizleir.

1. nce

1.1. Before

KULLANIM
tmce
before + ad
"-ing"

EVR
eylem + -mEdEn nce
eylem + -DEn nce

Long before the outbreak of World War II, a thoughtful person could have figured
out that trouble was brewing. The odd thing is, few people spoke openly about the
rising, worldwide danger.
kinci Dnya Sava kmadan ok nce, dikkatli dnen herhangi biri sorunlarn
mayalanmakta olduunu farkedebilirdi.

1.2. By the time

KULLANIM
by the time + tmce

EVR
eylem + -EnE kadar / -DIIndE

By the time the surviving drivers reached Bordeaux, the number of accidents had
risen even more and newspapers had begun a campaign to have the race stopped.
Arta kalan srcler Bordeaux'ye eritiklerinde kaza says daha da artmt ve
gazeteler yarn durdurulmas iin bir kampanya balatmt.

134
1.3. Until / Till

KULLANIM
tmce
until/till + ad
"-ing"

EVR
eylem + -E / -IncEyE kadar [1]
ad + -E kadar [2]

I worked in a factory until it was closed down. [1]
Kapatlana/kapatlncaya kadar bir fabrikada altm.

He usually studies until dawn. [2]
Genelde gn aarana kadar alr.

Until ve by szckleri arasndaki ayrma dikkat edin. Until belirli bir zamana kadar sren bir
olay ya da durum iin kullanlr.

I'll wait here until he comes.

By belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan nce oluan bir olay iin kullanlr.

By the middle of the fourteenth century, England had a general or common law,
and the main functions of the government ... were vested in central authorities that
surrounded the king ... . By the sixteenth century, the State had to concern itself far
more than in the past with external relations ... . (The Functions of Government)
Ondrdnc yzyln ortalarna gelindiinde, ngiltere genel ya da ortak bir yasaya sahipti
ve hkmetin temel ilevleri kral evreleyen merkezi otoritelerce stlenilmiti. Onaltnc
yzyla gelindiinde Devlet d ilikilerle gemite olduundan ok daha fazla ilgilenmek
zorundayd.

By szc zaman yaplarnda bu tr kullanmnda hibir zaman bir
conjunction olarak kullanlamaz; yani, ardndan bir +Y+(N) yaps
gelemez.

2. Ayn Zaman

2.1. As C KONU 11

KULLANIM
(just) as + tmce

EVR
(tam) ... -(i)ken

As we were walking, we saw an old friend.
Yrrken eski bir arkada grdk.

135
2.2. As long as / So long as C KONU 13

KULLANIM
as long as / so long as + tmce

EVR
eylem + -DII srece / mddete

You can stay with us as long as you like.
Dilediin srece bizimle kalabilirsin.

2.3. During

KULLANIM
during + ad

EVR
(esnasn)da

During the sixties, many young women wore their hair in a "bubble" or a "bob". The
"bob" was inspired by the First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy.
Altml yllarda ou gen kadn san "balon" ya da "kabark" stilde kestiriyordu.

2.4. -ing C KONU 25, 26

The dog dashed in barking violently.
Kpek iddetle havlayarak ieri dald.

Benzer bir yapda hi eylem kullanlmamaktadr:

The sailor came in drunk. (= When the sailor came in, he was drunk.)

2.5. Now that

KULLANIM
now that + tmce

EVR
(Hazr) ... eylem + DII[(n)E] gre
iin

Now that the party leader is here, you can ask him a few questions.
(Hazr) parti lideri burada olduuna gre, ona birka soru sorabilirsiniz.

2.6. When / Whenever C KONU 9

KULLANIM

tmce [1] tmce [4]
when
+
sfat [2] , whenever +

"-ing" [3] sfat [2]

EVR
(her ne) zaman ... -sE
eylem+ -DII zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken /-DII(n)dE/-IncE/-DIkE

136
When he came, I was awake [1]
O geldiinde uyanktm.

She visits her parents when(ever) possible. [2]
Mmkn olan her zaman anababasn ziyaret eder.
Bulduu her frsatta

Watch your head when going out. [3]
Dar karken kafana dikkat et.

She visits her parents whenever it is possible. [4]
Bulduu her frsatta anababasn ziyaret eder.

Centuries ago the Spanish galleon Conception sank after it hit a coral reef in the
Caribbean Sea. When the sailing vessel sank in 1641, it was loaded with tons of
gold and silver.
Yelkenli tekne 1641'de battnda tonlarca altn ve gmle yklyd.

The average individual uses sign language every day of his life. He points when
giving directions. He shakes fist when angry. In a sense, sign language is a
universal language.
Yn gsterirken eli ile iaret eder. Sinirlendiinde yumruunu sallar.

lgin bir kullanm:

Come Tuesday, we can have a rest. (= When Tuesday comes ...)

2.7. While / (Whilst) C KONU 14

Bu szcklerden whilst ok resmi yaplarda kullanlabilir.

KULLANIM
tmce [1]
while / whilst +
"-ing" [2]

EVR
eylem + -(i)ken

He was speaking while I was having lunch. [1]
Ben yemek yerken o konuuyordu.

While talking, he bit his tongue. [2]
Konuurken dilini srd.

Human life is affected by industrial neglect. People become poisoned in many
ways while working in and around unsafe plants and factories.
nsanlar gvenilirlik tamayan fabrika ve tesislerin iinde ya da civarnda alrken
eitli yollardan zehirlenirler.

137
3. Sonra

3.1. After

KULLANIM
tmce [1]
after + "-ing" [2]
ad [3]

EVR
eylem / ad + -DEn / (mEsIn)In ardndan / sonra

After they came, my whole life changed. [1]
Onlar geldikten sonra tm yaantm deiti.

After playing cards, we went to bed. [2]
Kat oynadktan sonra yatmaya gittik.

After the storm, the death toll is rising. [3]
Frtnann ardndan l says artyor.

Forty years after the Conception went down, it was found by Sir William Phips. He
brought up about thirty-two tons of silver and returned to England with his find.
Battktan krk yl sonra Conception Sir William Phips tarafndan bulundu.

3.2. As soon as C KONU 11

KULLANIM
tmce [1]
as soon as +
"-ing" [2]

EVR
eylem + -Er eylem + -mEz

As soon as the fire started, alarm bells went. [1]
Yangn balar balamaz alarm zilleri ald.

As soon as opening the office door, he noticed the blood on the floor. [2]
Bro kapsn aar amaz yerdeki kan farketti.

Zaman anlatan as soon as yaps yerine the minute yapsnn kullanld da grlebilir.

Actually, in the Cherokee tribe, there were two chiefs: a Peace chief and a War
chief. The Peace chief served when the tribe was at peace, but the minute war
was declared, the War chief was in command.

138
3.3. Directly / Immediately

Bu iki yap da sk kullanlmaz.

KULLANIM
directly / immediately + tmce

EVR
eylem + -I/Er eylem + -mEz

He rushed out immediately he saw Tom.
Tom'u grr grmez dar frlad.

Directly ve immediately yerine the moment ve the minute kullanlmas da mmkndr. Ancak,
bu yaplarn hibiri resmi yazma ve konumalar iin uygun deildir.

3.4. Hardly/Scarcely ... when

Kullanm ve eviri asndan No sooner ... than yaps ile ayndr.

Hardly/Scarcely yapsnn tmce banda yer almas durumunda, mutlaka
devrik yap (C KONU 19) kullanlr.

Hardly had I closed the door when I realised that I'd left the keys in.
I had hardly closed the door when I realised that I'd left the keys in.

The race had hardly begun when a woman crossed the road in front of a car and
was knocked down. Soon afterwards, a driver swerved to avoid a child and
crashed into crowd, killing three people.
Yar henz yeni balamt ki bir kadn arabalardan birinin nnden geti ve ezildi.

3.5. No sooner ... than

KULLANIM
No sooner + had + zne + V
3
+ than ..+ Simple Past

No sooner yapsnn tmce banda bulunmas durumunda, mutlaka devrik
yap (C KONU 19) kullanlr.

EVR
Daha yeni / Henz ... eylem + -mItI ki ...

No sooner had I closed the door than I realised that I'd left the keys in.

3.6. Now that

Kullanm ve eviri asndan Ayn Zaman bal altnda ele alnan now that ile ayndr.

3.7. On, upon

-ing bal altnda ele alnmaktadr.

139
3.8. Once (Contingency Clause olarak da adlandrlmaktadr)

KULLANIM
tmce [1]
once +
"-ing" [2]

EVR
Bir kez .. eylem + -DI mI / -mEyE gr-

Once he says "No", you can't change his mind. [1]
Bir kez "Hayr" dedi mi onun fikrini deitiremezsin.

Once saying "No", he will not change his mind. (= Once he has said "No" ...) [2]

3.9. Since C KONU 15

KULLANIM
tmce [1]
since "-ing" [2]
ad [3]

EVR
eylem + -Den beri/bu yana

I've been living here since we moved in 1980. [1]
1980'de tandmzdan beri burada yayorum.

Where have you been since visiting the church together! [2]
Kiliseyi beraber ziyaret ediimizden beri nerelerdesin!

I've been working on this book since 1984. [3]
1984 senesinden beri bu kitap zerinde alyorum.

3.10. (only) to ...

Bu tr tmcelerin yanl anlalmas durumunda ortaya ok hatal eviriler kmaktadr.

He threw himself into the sea to find himself face to face with a man-eating shark

tmcesinde to find yaps in order to find anlam tamamaktadr. Zira

* Kendisini insan yiyici bir kpek bal ile yzyze bulabilmek amac ile denize atlad

evirisi, bile bile atlad anlamn yanstmaktadr.

Bu yapnn gerek karl

... to find = and he found

yaklam ile

Denize atlad ve kendisini insan yiyici bir kpek balyla kar karya buldu.
bir de ne grsn, karsnda insan yiyici bir kpek bal.

eklinde olacaktr.

140
Tom woke up one morning to find himself on the floor.
We turned the corner, to find our car gone.
The theatre curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.

3.11. When / Whenever

Kullanm ve eviri asndan Ayn Zaman bal altnda ele alnan when/whenever ile ayndr.

3.12. Eylem + to + eylem C KONU 23

eylem + and + eylem eklinde kullanlabilecek bir yapdr ve uzunca bir sreye bal bir
sonucu ifade eder.

Bernard Shaw lived to be 80. (=and he became 80.)
The show went on to become a great success.

4. -ing C KONU 25, 26

4.1. Ayn zaman (= When)

(On / Upon) hearing from him, call me.
Ondan haber alnca beni ara.

-ing yaps ile time ve reason anlatld zaman, ana tmcenin ve yan
tmcenin znesinin ayn olmas gerekir.

Taking over the presidency in 1945 after the sudden death of Franklin D.
Roosevelt, Truman was immediately faced with the decision of dropping the first
atomic bomb.
Franklin D. Roosevelt'in ani lm zerine 1945 ylnda bakanl devraldnda,
Truman ilk atom bombasn atma sorunu ile kar karya kalmt.

4.2. Sonra (= When / After)

Having + V
3
yaps ile oluturulur.

Having said a few words, the President left the exhibition.
(= After s/he had said ...)

4.3. (By) + -ing

Zaman belirtmesinin yansra neden de (= reason) belirtebilir.

By mentally visualizing ourselves in a certain way, we have the chance to practice
new behaviour. For example, if you feel nervous when speaking in front of a group,
just picture yourself succeeding in that kind of situation.
Kendimizi zihnimizde belirli bir durumda grsel olarak canlandrdmzda yeni
davranlarn altrmasn yapma ansmz doar.

141
4.4. ..., ing

Some big factories pour toxic waste into water, killing fish and endangering the
water for drinking. Signs of destruction of living space can be found everywhere.
Baz byk irketler toksik artklar sulara boaltmakta, balklar ldrp suyun
iilebilirliini tehlikeye atmaktalar.

3
) C KONU 7, 15, 17

Edilgen (= passive) zellik tamaktadr.

By the end of this century, if things continue their present course, there will be 600
million people around the world living in absolute poverty, at the edge of survival.
Taken by itself, the number raises a certain danger that Americans will respond by
throwing up their hands at the impossibility of doing anything at all about need on
such a scale.
Kendi bana alndnda bu say, Amerikallarn bu boyutta bir gereksinim
karsnda bireyler yapabilmenin olanakszl karsnda havlu atmalar tehlikesini
dourmaktadr.

leme
Altrma Metni okuyarak uygun bir balk bulun. Daha sonra, koyu yazl Time Clause yaplar ve
nceki konulardaki yaplar Trkeye aktarn.

"______________________"
If the inventor builds an astounding machine or an artist produces a stunningly original
work, we call this creative genius. Yet, creativity is not only in the realm of artists and
scientists: it is an attribute we all have within us. The creative urge is the most profoundly
human - and mysterious - of all our attributes. Without fully understanding how or why,
each of us is creative.

Since earliest times, humans have produced marvellous creation. Learning to use fire
and to make tools were incredibly creative achievements. Above all, early humans
produced most extraordinary creation: language.

After our ancestors had learned to communicate with each other, a long series of
amazing developments began. Creativity flourished among such peoples as the ancient
Egyptians, Minoans, Greeks, Mayans, and the Benin of Africa. Long before the modern
age of machines, our ancestors had already developed sophisticated techniques and
systems in mathematics, astronomy, engineering, art, architecture, and literature.

142
Of course, not every society made tremendous achievements by today's standards. While
the Egyptians were developing mathematics and building libraries, other societies
were still learning to use fire. By the time Europe began to use money, Chinese had
already been trading with paper currency for hundreds of years. Nevertheless, every
new achievement represents human creativity. If one attribute characterizes humans, it is
our creative urge to improve, to find new ways of doing things.

retme-Snama
Altrma Verilen metinlerdeki Time Clause ve dier bildiiniz yaplar inceleyerek Trkeye evirin.

A.
Ibn Sina was a Persian who wrote The Canon of Medicine. This medieval encyclopedia was
very advanced; as a result, scholars used it for five centuries. Before his death in 1037, Ibn
Sina completed an additional 150 books on such varied subjects as philosophy,
mathematics, theology, and astronomy. Like many learned men, he had begun early. By the
age of ten, he had memorized the Koran. By the age of eighteen, he had been working as a
physician for a sultan.

B.
Most people recognize Leonardo da Vinci as the painter of the Mona Lisa and the Last
Supper. However, Leonardo was a master of design, engineering, science, and invention, as
well as master of art.

After Leonardo had painted his most famous works, he began to spend more time on his
other dreams. As a military engineer, Leonardo had drawn plans for primitive tanks and
airplanes long before they were ever dreamed possible. He is also credited with having
designed the first parachute and having constructed the first elevator.

In the sciences, Leonardo was equally amazing. He had discovered complex principles of
physics nearly a century before Galileo. In anatomy, Leonardo studied muscle and bone
structure to improve his painting, and even after he had tired of painting, he continued to
study the workings of the heart. He had even speculated on the circulation of blood a
century before William Harvey proved it. Leonardo da Vinci was so far ahead of his time
that not until this century did his genius become truly evident.

143
C.
Sor Juana, the Great Mexican poet, was born in Mexico City around 1651. She had already
started to read before she was three years old. By her seventh birthday, she tried to enter the
university. Because girls were not allowed in the university, Sor Juana eventually joined the
convent. During her life, she wrote extraordinary prose and poetry. Before she died in 1695,
she collected a library of over four thousand books.

144
13
Adverbial-Condition Clause

ngilizcede condition clause yaplarn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 145
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 146
1. If .................................................................................................................... 146
1.1. First Conditional ................................................................................... 146
1.2. Second Conditional .............................................................................. 147
1.3. Third Conditional .................................................................................. 147
1.4. If + should ............................................................................................. 148
1.5. If + happen to ....................................................................................... 148
1.6. If + were to ........................................................................................... 148
1.7. If it weren't for ....................................................................................... 148
1.8. If it hadn't been for ............................................................................... 148
1.9. What if .................................................................................................. 148
1.10. But for ................................................................................................. 149
1.11. If only .................................................................................................. 149
2. As long as, So long as ................................................................................. 149
3. Admitting, assuming, granting, provided, providing, supposing ................... 149
4. Given ............................................................................................................ 150
5. In case .......................................................................................................... 150
6. In the event that, Just so (that), On condition (that) ..................................... 150
7. Unless .......................................................................................................... 151
8. Whether or not .............................................................................................. 151
9. Wish ............................................................................................................. 151
leme .................................................................................................................... 151
retme ................................................................................................................... 152
Snama .................................................................................................................. 152
Hedef
145
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn on nc konusunda, koul belirten Condition Clause
ilenmekte. Bu konuda, if ile oluturulan yaplarn yansra dier kullanmlar da,
daha nceki konularda olduu gibi, ayrntl olarak ele alnmakta. Devrik yap
olutuu zamanlar dnda eviri asndan byk sorunlar oluturmayan
Condition Clause konusu, bu nedenle, bir nceki Time Clause konusuna oranla
daha rahat ilenecektir.

On ikinci konuda ilenen "time clause" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,
verilen ksa metni Trkeye aktarn.

After Leonardo had painted his most famous works, he began to spend more time on his
other dreams. As a military engineer, Leonardo had drawn plans for primitive tanks and
airplanes long before they were ever dreamed possible. He is also credited with having
designed the first parachute and having constructed the first elevator. In the sciences,
Leonardo was equally amazing. He had discovered complex principles of physics nearly
a century before Galileo. In anatomy, Leonardo studied muscle and bone structure to
improve his painting, and even after he had tired of painting, he continued to study the
workings of the heart. He had even speculated on the circulation of blood a century
before William Harvey proved it. Leonardo da Vinci was so far ahead of his time that
not until this century did his genius become truly evident.

Altrma Bu konuda ilenecek Condition Clause yaplarn hangilerini bildiinizi snamak iin, solda
verilen yan tmcelerle sada verilen ana tmceleri eletirin ve Trkeye evirin. Baz
durumlarda, bir tek yan tmce ile birden fazla ana tmce eleebilir.

A) If she has been here before, 1. she would have given up long ago.
B) If she could swim, 2. she would have at least one friend.
C) If she had known the result 3. she should know the pub well.
D) If she were to behave herself, 4. she wouldn't have been so happy.
E) If it weren't for your money, 5. she could buy a drink.
F) If it hadn't been for your help, 6. she earned a lot.
G) But for you, 7. she needed it.
H) If only she had more money, 8. she can come in.
I) As long as she keeps silent, 9. she should go and earn it.
J) Assuming that the trip takes hours, 10. she may be here any minute.
K) Given that she takes the right bus, 11. she will still be late.
L) She took her umbrella in case 12. she would get to the island.
M) In the event that she needs money, 13. she'll find her boyfriend is gone.
N) Unless she changes her ways, 14. she'd never be successful.
O) She wishes 15. she could have gone to prison.

.
146
Sunu
Koul belirten yaplar oluturmakta pek ok yap ve szck kullanlmakta ise de bunlarn
banda If gelmektedir.

1. If

Koul belirtmesinin yansra,

Peter's suggestion, if quite original, sounded very stupid

gibi kullanmlarda if yaps although (=ramen) anlamn tamaktadr.

Her manner was unwelcoming if not downright rude

tmcesinde ise olmasa da, olmasa bile anlam bulunmaktadr.

1.1. First conditional

u an ya da gelecee ait gereklemesi mmkn olaslk anlatr.

KULLANIM
If + Present tense, Future / Present tense

EVR
-EcEk
(Eer) ... -I/Er ise
-I/Er

The audiocassette case should not be left in a very cold place. If the tape has been
stored in cold temperatures, it should be used only after leaving it at room
temperature for a period of between fifteen and twenty minutes.
Eer kaset dk sda tutulmusa, ancak on ya da onbe dakika oda scaklnda
tutulduktan sonra kullanlmaldr.

When a group is talking, walk up to them and stand by quietly. If they are willing to
have you join, they will show this by giving you eye contact now and then, or
shifting their body angle so you become part of the group. If they don't, then move
on, but without shame. It is up to them to let you know if their conversation is
private.
Katlmanz istiyorlarsa, bunu sizinle arasra gz temas kurarak ya da grubun bir
paras olmanz iin duru alarn deitirerek gstereceklerdir. Eer
istemiyorlarsa, uzaklan, ama utanmadan. Konutuklar ey zel ise bunu sizinle
paylap paylamamak onlara kalm bir ey.

DEVRK YAPI

One word of warning should you travel the desert by camel. Keep in mind that
camels are known for their nasty tempers.
lde deve ile yolculuk yapacak olursanz, bir uyar.

147
1.2. Second Conditional

u an ya da gelecee ait gereklemesi pek mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr.

KULLANIM
would would (be able to)
If + Simple Past, could
could might

EVR
(Eer) ... -sE(ydI), ... -I/ErdI

If we were on a boat, I would feel sea-sick.
Teknede olsa(yd)k beni deniz tutard.

If we could find the problem, we wouldn't need a mechanic.
Sorunu bulabilse(ydi)k tamirciye ihtiyacmz olmazd.

DEVRK YAPI

Were we on a boat, I would feel sea-sick.

1.3. Third Conditional

Gemie ait ve gereklemesi artk mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr.

KULLANIM
could
A. If + Past Perfect, would have + V
3

might

could
B. If + Past Perfect, would V
1
+ (now)
might
EVR
A.
- sEydi
(Eer) , ... -I/ErdI
- mI olsayd

If the rain hadn't been so heavy, we could have rescued all the passengers.
Yamur o kadar fazla olmasa(yd), yolcularn tmn kurtarabilirdik.

B.
- sEydi
(Eer) , (imdi) ... -I/ErdI
- mI olsayd

If I hadn't lost my money, I'd buy you a Coke now.
Param kaybetmi olmasa(yd)m imdi sana bir Cola smarlardm.

DEVRK YAPI

Had you kept a bit more quiet, you wouldn't be in jail now.

148
1.4. If + should

Az gerekleme olasl gsterir.

If you should resign, you are sure to lose a great opportunity.
stifa edecek olursan, byk bir frsat karacan kesin.

1.5. If + happen to

If + should yaps ile ayn anlamdadr.

If yaps ile kullanm dnda, happen to farkl kullanmlara da sahiptir. Bu durumda tmcenin
anlamna Kendileri .... olurlar/ olmaktalar/ olacaklar ya da Tesadfen ... olaca tuttu
anlamlarn ykler.

"Who is that ugly man over there?" "He happens to be my husband."
Kocam. / Kendisi kocam olur.

1.6. If + were to

Were to yaps gelecekte gerekleme olasl az bir olay anlatmada kullanlabilir.

If an insect were to irritate a hair on the Venus Fly-Trap just once, no change would
take place. But if within sixty seconds another shock were applied, a rapid
snapping would occur.
Bir bcek Vens Bcek-Kapan bitkisinin zerindeki tylerden birini bir kez
uyaracak olsa, hibir deiiklik olmaz.

Were to yaps zorlayc bir neri ifade edebilir.

If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.
Sandalyeni biraz oynatrsan hepimiz rahata oturabiliriz.

Second conditional tr anlatmda, were to yerine would daha ok rica, talep amac ile
kullanlr.

1.7. If it weren't for

Olmasa anlamn oluturur. If it were (olumlu) eklinde kullanlmaz.

If it weren't for you, I'd never be successful.
Sen olmasan asla baarl olamazdm.

1.8. If it hadn't been for

If it weren't for yapsnn gemi zaman (Third Conditional) halidir.

If it hadn't been for the rain, I might never have met you.
Yamur olmasa seninle asla tanamayabilirdim.

1.9. What if

Conditional yaplarn ksa halidir.

What (will happen) if I'm late?
What (would have happened) if he hadn't help us?
149

1.10. But for C KONU 8, 16

If it hadn't been for yaps ile ayn anlam tar.

But for the rain, I might never have met you.

1.11. If only (= I wish ...)

If only + Past tense

If only I were rich, I would buy a large mansion.
Keke daha fazla param olsa(yd); koskoca bir malikane satn alrdm.

If only we had known about your coming, we could have met you at the airport.
Keke geliinden haberimiz olsayd; seni havaalannda karlardk.

If only + would / could

Bu yap istek / ama belirtir.

If only you would put this cigar out, we could get some fresh air.
u puronu bir sndrsen biraz temiz hava alrdk / alrz.

If only you wouldn't smoke so heavily !
Bir de o kadar fazla sigara imesen !

2. As long as, So long as C KONU 12

KULLANIM
as long as, so long as + tmce

EVR
-DI srece / takdirde

As long as you pay the registration fee, you are welcome.
Kayt cretini dediin srece, buyur. / girebilirsin.

3. Admitting, assuming, granted, granting, provided, providing, supposing

KULLANIM
assuming/ provided /providing /supposing ... + (that) + tmce

EVR
Assuming / supposing -DIInI varsayarsak/varsaynca
Provided / providing -mEsI koulu ile/-DII takdirde

Assuming that we pay a pound for a piece, then a whole sack will cost us a fortune.
Her bir parann bir sterlin olduunu varsayarsak, bu durumda bir uval dolusu bize bir
servete malolacak demektir.
Indications of some improvement begin to emerge from the latest trade figures, and,
provided that export volume increases and the terms of trade move in our favour, this
steady improvement could be sustained.
Ticaretle ilgili son rakamlara bakldnda baz dzelme iaretlerinin belirmeye
balad grlmektedir ve, dsatm hacmi artt ve ticaret koullar lehimize gelitii
takdirde, bu dzenli gelime korunabilir.

150
4. Given

KULLANIM
given (that) + tmce

EVR
olsa, -mEsI durumunda

Given that you have a thorough knowledge of English, you should be able to read
and speak on matters related to your field of study.
yi bir ngilizce bilgisine sahip olmanz durumunda kendi alma alannzla ilgili
konularda okuyup konuabilmeniz gerekir.

Given yaps ramen anlamn tayan tmcelerde de kullanlabilir.

C KONU 14

Given all her efforts, she failed to persuade him.

5. In case

KULLANIM
in case + tmce

EVR
- sE diye

Sutter realized the importance of the discovery and decided to file a claim so that
his right to the gold would be established. So he sent a man named Bennet to San
Francisco to see the Governor. He warned Bennet not to tell anyone in case
people came to the valley before his claim was recognized.
ddia ettii hak tannmadan insanlar gelirse diye, Bennet' hi kimseye hibirey
sylememesi konusunda uyard.

Bu yap in case of + ad / -ing ( ... durumunda) eklinde de kullanlabilir.

In case of a fire, do not panic.

Just in case kullanm ne olur ne olmaz anlamn yanstr.

I always carry a pocket-knife just in case.

6. In the event that, Just so (that), On condition (that)

KULLANIM
in the event that
just so (that) + tmce
on condition (that)

EVR
-mEsI durumunda / -DII takdirde

In the event that you witness an accident, wait calmly for the police to arrive.
Bir kazaya ahit olursanz, sakin bir ekilde polisin gelmesini bekleyin.

151
7. Unless

KULLANIM
unless + tmce

EVR
-mEz ise / -mEmEsI durumunda

Endangered birds are now somewhat protected from hunters, but conservation
measures are sometimes lax. Unless we change our ways, we'll find that
endangered birds will disappear.
Tutumumuzu deitirmezsek, tehlikede olan kularn yok olduunu greceiz.

8. whether or not

Whether or not it rains, we will have this football match!
Yamur yasa da yamasa da o futbol man yapacaz.

9. Wish

Dilek belirten I wish / He wishes / .. eitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanlabilir.

Durum Wish
I'm poor. I wish I was/were wealthy. (Simple Present)
I work hard. I wish I didn't have to work.
She works a lot. I wish she didn't work a lot.
It's snowing. I wish it wasn't / weren't snowing. (Present Continuous)
She is crying. I wish she wasn't / weren't crying.
She didn't appear. I wish she had appeared. (Simple Past)
They have come He wishes they hadn't come. (Present Perfect)
The car will not start. I wish it would start. ("Will")

Bu yaplar Trkeye keke olarak aktarlabilir.

leme
Altrma Metinde, kimi yerlerde, Second Conditional zellii tayan ama aslnda anlar anlatld
iin zorunlu olarak past tense ile oluturulan blmler yer almakta. Bunlara dikkat ederek
tm Condition Clause yaplar Trkeye evirin.

Bill Wyman:
I wish at 18 I'd appreciated my parents more. I was very inconsiderate towards them,
but I suppose everybody is like that in the teens. At 18 I really thought my parents were
really horrible. My dad was a bricklayer and, of course, his work was seasonal. If there was
bad weather he didn't work and there wouldn't be any money coming in.
I wish I'd studied more at 18. Of course, if I'd known what I know now I'd have been
more serious about learning music. It was only when Elvis came along, and people like Fats
Domino, that I got excited.
I'd had piano lessons at school and learned the clarinet for a year. But never learned to
read music and it holds me back today. If I wasn't so busy with tours and so on I'd go to
music school and at least learn the basics.
The Sunday Express
152

retme
Altrma Koyu yazl blmleri inceleyerek Trkeye aktarn.

A.
Had his character been as firm as his intelligence was rapid, had his protestations of
saintliness not been marred by the personal habits of a voluptuary, had he been able
to adjust the requirements of his own Empire to that spirit of self-sacrifice which he
demanded of others, then indeed he might have become the representative and even
the leader of those hidden forces which stirred in the first four decades of the
nineteenth century. So soon, however, as the glamour of those startling spring weeks had
begun to fade, it was recognised that the Czar's personality was too disintegrated to carry
conviction.
Sir Harold Nicolson: The Congress of Vienna.

B.
If Joan [D'Arc] had been malicious, selfish, cowardly or stupid, she would have been
one of the most odious persons known to history instead of one of the most attractive.
If she had been old enough to know the effect she was producing on the men whom
she humiliated by being right when they were wrong, and had learned to flatter and
manage them, she might have lived as long as Queen Elizabeth. But she was too young
and rustical and inexperienced to have such arts.
George Bernard Shaw: Saint Joan

Snama
Altrma Aada verilen metinde Second Conditional kullanlmakta. Metnin tamamn Trkeye
evirin.

If I had My Life to Do Over

I'd make a few more mistakes next time. I'd relax. I would limber up. I would be sillier than
I had been this trip. I would take fewer things seriously. I would climb more mountains and
swim more rivers. I would eat more ice cream and less beans. I would perhaps have more
actual troubles, but I'd have fewer imaginary ones.

You see, I'm one of those people who live sensibly and sanely hour after hour, day by day.
Oh, I've had my moments, and if I had it to do over again, I'd have more of them. In fact, I'd
try to have nothing else. Just moments, one after another, instead of living so many years
ahead of each day. I've been one of those persons who never goes anywhere without a hot
water bottle and a parachute. If I had it to do again, I would travel lighter.

If I had my life to do over again, I would start barefoot earlier in the spring and stay that
way later in the fall. I would go to more dances. I would ride more merry-go-rounds. I
would pick more daisies.
Nadine Stair, 85 yanda, Louisville, Kentucky
Condition Clause yaplarn sk getii ve eviri asndan daha zor bir metin olan Ifs of
History Genel eviri 2 kitabnda verilmekte.
153
14
Adverbial-Concession Clause

ngilizcede concession clause yaplarn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 154
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 155
1. Tmce ile kullanlanlar ................................................................................. 155
1.1. Although / Though ................................................................................ 155
1.2. As ......................................................................................................... 156
1.3. As ... as ................................................................................................ 156
1.4. .............................................................................................................. 157
Despite
In spite of
Irrespective of
Regardless of
Notwithstanding
1.5. Even if / Even though ........................................................................... 157
1.6. Whereas ............................................................................................... 157
1.7. While / Whilst ...................................................................................... 158
2. Tmce ile kullanlmayanlar ........................................................................... 158
2.1. Despite / In spite of .............................................................................. 158
2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding .................................. 158
2.3. ..., still / yet ........................................................................................... 159
2.4. For all ................................................................................................... 159
3. Given (that) ................................................................................................. 159
leme .................................................................................................................... 159
retme ................................................................................................................... 160
Snama .................................................................................................................. 161
Hedef
+ the fact that
154
Giri
Bu konuda ele alnan Concession Clause, birbirinden ok farkl yaplarla
anlatlabildii iin eviri amac ile yaplan metin incelemesinde sorunlar
oluturabilmekte. Bu yaplarn Sunu blmndeki sralamasnda, dilbilgisi
kitaplarndaki sralamadan farkl olarak, tmce ile kullanlanlar ve tmce ile
kullanlmayanlar eklinde bir dzenleme izlenmektedir.

On nc konuda ilenen "condition clause" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak

1. Unless the strike is over, there will be no trains tomorrow.

2. He doesn't mind inconveniencing others as long as he's comfortable.

3. You may leave the office any time, provided that you give a week's notice.

4. If this target is to be attained, both agricultural and industrial development must be
achieved before it is too late.

5. Had I known I was going to have an accident, I wouldn't have left home in the first
place.

6. If the government had taken strict measures, the deficit wouldn't be as big as it is
now.

7. If a secret room for a royal tomb is not discovered in the Great Pyramid, then the
question will still remain: why was it built and where was Khufu buried?

8. If the city hadn't grown so fast, we might not have so many problems today.

9. Don't you wish that you had had the chance to study abroad?

10. I wish I were going to Italy.

.
155
Altrma Aada verilen tmcelerin tm Sunu blmnde ele alnan yaplara ait. Bu tmceleri
inceleyip Trkeye evirerek, yaplar hakkndaki mevcut bilginizi ln.

1. Plan your moves as you will, he will know your next step.

2. As famous as she may be, she leads a moderate life.

3. In spite of the fact that only 3% of the water available to us is drinkable, we keep
on polluting our major water sources.

4. Even if you do not plan to ski, you should always have ski trousers.

5. Whereas baseball was always played on grass, today many ball parks feature
artificial turf.

6. While some of the ways of living of American people have come from Britain and
Europe, there is at least one area of national life which can not be traced back to the
lands from which American people came.

7. We set out in spite of bad weather.

8. Regardless of where he is, he easily makes friends.

9. They stood great pressure from the government, yet never surrendering.

10. For all his efforts, he couldn't convince the policeman.

11. Given its beautiful beach, the city does not attract many tourists.

Sunu
1. Tmce ile kullanlanlar

1.1. Although / Though

- mEsInE ramen / karn
eylem + - sE dE
- DII halde

Like human babies, dolphins are helpless at birth. But, unlike humans, dolphins
need the care of their mothers for only a couple of years. Although dolphins reach
adulthood much sooner than human beings, they live only half as long.
Her ne kadar ergenlie insanlardan daha erken ulasalar da, yunuslar insan
yaamnn yars kadar yaamaktadrlar.

The result of further economic development was that in the eighteenth century the
State had additional functions relating to the regulation of foreign trade, and the
government of colonies. Moreover, though the foundation of the nation's economic
life remained in the village, the towns became increasingly important.
Dahas, lkenin ekonomik yaamnn temeli kylerde kalsa da, ehirler gitgide nem
kazandlar.

156
Aadaki rnek tmcelerde verilen trden kullanmlara da rastlanlabilir.

They differed, (al)though only on points of small details.
Although one-eyed, the young man was quite attractive.

(Al)though, aadaki rnekte grld gibi, tmce olmadan da kullanlabilir.

Infection and injury may also be the cause of convulsions in the young child.
Though alarming to the parent, when these episodes are brief and occur only
occasionally during early childhood, they probably have no lasting or ill effect.

Though szc devrik yap (C KONU 19) ile de kullanlabilir.

Lazy though / as he is, he doesn't show it. (=Although he is lazy, ...)

Though tmce sonunda ve ortasnda, aadaki rnekte verildii ekilde
de kullanlabilir.

Not all of these charges were proven. Enough were confirmed, though, to cause
the former President much trouble.
Yine de, eski Bakan'n bana sorun amaya yetecek kadar doruland.

1.2. As

Devrik yap (C KONU 19) durumunda ramen anlam tayabilir.

Irritated as I was, I smiled at his jokes. (=Although I was irritated ...)

Plan your moves as you will, he will know your next step.
(=Although you may plan ...)

Much as he studied, he failed. (= Although he studied very much ...)

As szc yerine that kullanld da grlr.

Lazy that he was, he didn't show it.
Tembel olmasna karn, belli etmedi/etmiyordu.

As szc Reason (C KONU 15) veya Similarity Clause (C KONU 16) olarak da kullanlabilir.

1.3. As ... as C KONU 11

Ender olarak kullanlr.

As famous as she may be, she is quite moderate. (=Although she is famous, ...)

Yine seyrek kullanlan bir yap da However, Whatever, Whoever, Whichever ile ve No matter
ile oluturulmaktadr.

However good our intentions are in destroying the insects and vermin that eat
our crops, at the same time we deprive the birds that live on them of food.

157
No matter how hard he tries, he can never leave the bed in time for the
morning.
Whatever the present situation (is), we are determined to visit this country.
People are basically alike, whatever the superficial differences (are).

1.4.
Despite
In spite of
Irrespective of + the fact that
Regardless of
Notwithstanding

Trkeye ...( gerein)e karn / ramen ile aktarlrlar.

In spite of the fact that only 3% of the water available to us is drinkable, we keep
on polluting our major water sources.
Sahip olduumuz suyun sadece %3'i iilebilir olmasna karn ana su kaynaklarmz
kirletmeyi srdryoruz.

1.5. Even if / Even though

Trkeye evirisi although ile ayndr. Even if yaps -sE bile olarak
aktarlabilir.

Take with you to Austria about the same clothes required for corresponding
seasons in New York, but carry warm clothes for Alpine evenings, and always
good strong shoes. Even if you do not plan to ski, you should always have ski
trousers; you will also need fur-lined boots.
Kayak yapmay planlamasanz bile kayak pantolonu bulundurmalsnz; ii krk
kapl botlara da ihtiyacnz olacak.

Whether or not yaps benzer anlam tar.

Whether or not it rains, the game will be played as scheduled.

1.6. Whereas

Trkeye although gibi ya da ... ise de, ... iken ile aktarlr.

There have been a large number of changes, large and small, in major league
baseball over the past thirty-five years. Whereas the game was always played on
grass, today many ball parks feature artificial turf.
Eskiden oyun sadece im zerinde oynanrken bugn birok oyun sahasnda yapay
im bulunmaktadr.

158
1.7. While / Whilst C KONU 12

Trkeye although gibi aktarlr. Whilst resmi (= formal) yapdr.

While some of the ways of living of American people have come from Britain and
Europe, there is at least one area of national life which can not be traced back to
the lands from which American people came. That is their play - their games and
amusements.
Her ne kadar Amerikan halknn yaama ilikin baz davranlar ngiltere ve
Avrupa'dan geldiyse de, Amerikan halknn kklerinin geldii topraklara uzanmayan
en az bir ulusal yaam sahas da yok deildir.

Friends play an important part in our lives, and although we may take the fact of
friendship for granted, we often don't clearly understand how we make friends.
While we get on well with a number of people, we are usually friends with only a
very few - for example, the average among students is about 6 per person.
Bir ok insanla iyi geinsek bile genellikle sadece birka ile arkadazdr - rnein,
renciler arasndaki ortalama kii bana 6 olmaktadr.

2. Tmce ile kullanlmayanlar

2.1. Despite / In spite of

KULLANIM
ad
despite/in spite of+
"-ing"

EVR
eylem + -mEsInE ramen / karn
ad + -E ramen / karn

Sometimes, conversations end on their own. One topic dies, and despite several
attempts, nobody agrees on a new one.
Bir konu tkenir ve tm abalara karn kimse yeni bir konu zerinde uzlamaz.

2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding

KULLANIM
irrespective of + ad
regardless of +
notwithstanding + WH

EVR
ad + -E ramen / karn
eylem + -mEsInE ramen / karn
gz nne al(n)makszn

Regardless of wherever he is, he always makes friends with people.
Nerede olursa olsun, insanlarla hep dostluk kurar.

159
2.3. ..., still / yet

KULLANIM
"-ing" [1]
still / yet +
tmce [2]

EVR
yine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karn

We stood pressure, yet never surrendering. [1]
we never surrendered [2]
ok baskya katlandk ama asla teslim olmadk.

2.4. For

For all + ad eklinde kullanlan bu yap, for szcnn dier kullanmlar ile
kartrlmamaldr.

For all his efforts, he couldn't convince the policeman.
Tm abalarna karn polisi ikna edemedi.

For all I know, For all I'm concerned (For all + tmce) gibi yaplar ise Bildiim kadar ile,
Bence anlamlarn yanstr. Bu kullanm As far as ile ayn anlamdadr.

3. Given (that) C KONU 13

Yerine gre koul anlam da verebilen bu yap pek sk kullanlmamaktadr.

Given its beach , the city attracts few tourists.
that it has a beach
Kumsalna ramen / Kumsal olmasna ramen, ehir pek az turist ekmekte.

leme
Altrma Metni Trkeye aktarn.

Although 75 percent of the earth's surface is covered by water, only about 3 percent of this
is fresh water; 97 percent is salt water. And, while 3 percent of the earth's water is fresh,
three-quarters of that is ice, primarily in the ice caps. Thus, just less than 1 percent of the
earth's water is available for human use.

Despite its lack of taste, color, odor, and calories, water is a powerful beverage. It is the
only substance necessary to all life. Many organisms can live without oxygen; however,
none can live without water. The human body itself is 78 percent water.

Even though water is critical to all life, it is often taken for granted until a disaster occurs.
These disasters may be natural, such as droughts or floods, or they may be human caused,
such as pollution of surface water or groundwater.
160

retme
Altrma Metne uygun balk bulup, iindeki Concession Clause yaplar inceleyin ve koyu yazl
tmceleri Trkeye evirin.

"_________________"
Over a hundred years ago, when Melville wrote his famous novel Moby Dick, hunting
whales was a dangerous and sometimes fatal business. Now, in spite of their size, whales
are no longer an even match for men using helicopters, radar and explosive harpoons.
As a result, some species, such as the giant blue whale, are on the verge of becoming
extinct. Although some countries gave up whaling several years ago, there was no
international agreement forbidding it until recently, in spite of the fact that
alternatives to the whale products used in oils, cosmetics and candles were already in
existence.

The whale is not the only species fighting for survival. In the United States alone,
conservationists have estimated that over a hundred kinds of animals, fish and birds will
disappear before the end of the century unless action is taken to protect them. Although
governments in many countries have done a great deal to control hunting and fishing
for sport and have set up game reserves and bird sanctuaries where the species can
breed safely in their natural surroundings, the number in danger is still increasing.

Rare animals useful to the fashion industry are still hunted, even though we can now
imitate their skins and furs with other products. Nevertheless, some progress is being
made. In certain regiments of the British army soldiers used to wear leopard skins but now
these are manufactured from plastics. In New York the sale of animal skins and furs has
been forbidden and this may have preserved the American alligator from extinction, as well
as other animals hunted in Africa.

The greatest problem for conservationists is that while we can make laws to protect
certain species we are frequently incapable of controlling the environment in which
they live and breed. In spite of taking action to prevent it, we may contaminate rivers
and make the fish sterile. However good our intentions are in destroying the insects
and vermin that eat our crops, at the same time we deprive the birds that live on them
of food. Man has not yet learnt how to deal with the balance of nature and whatever
he does, he is bound to alter it without realizing it. But even though it may not be
possible to save every endangered species from extinction, we should be able to protect
the majority by becoming aware of their plight before it is too late.

161
Snama
Altrma Verilen metindeki Concession Clause yaplar Trkeye aktarn.

Every community in the world recognises certain activities as crimes. However, how much
the various societies of the world differ in the areas of crime, justice and punishment is
surprising. What may be a crime in one country is often perfectly acceptable in another. For
example, as you may know, although jaywalking, that is, not crossing the road at the proper
crossing place, is illegal in areas of the world as North America, in other areas it is quite
legal. As well as deciding what is legal and what is illegal, societies must also decide
whether a crime is petty or serious. For example, while carrying a gun is a very serious
offence in some countries, it is a very petty offence in others.

Crimes vary, systems of justice vary, but the greatest variation between countries is in the
methods of punishment that they use. For example, a person convicted of theft in some
parts of the Middle East might face a severe penalty, although the same crime would
receive a relatively lenient punishment in, say, Scandinavia.

Denmark provides a good example of the lenient approach to crime and punishment. About
half the people sent to prison there go to what is called an open prison. They are locked in
their cells at night, although each prisoner is given a key to his own cell and can lock the
door at night if he wishes.

162
15
Adverbial-Reason, Purpose ve
Result Clause

ngilizcede reason, purpose ve result clause yaplarn
eviri amac ile incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 164
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 166
Reason Clause ..................................................................................................... 166
1. Tmce ile kullanlanlar .................................................................................. 166
1.1. Because, As, For, Since ...................................................................... 166
1.2. .............................................................................................................. 167
Because of
Due to
Owing to
On account of
1.3. As long as ............................................................................................ 167
1.4. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as ................................................................... 167
1.5. In that .................................................................................................... 167
1.6. Now that ................................................................................................ 167
1.7. (The reason) why .................................................................................. 168
1.8. While .................................................................................................... 168
2. Tmce ile kullanlmayanlar ............................................................................ 168
2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of ....................................... 168
2.2. -ing ..., .................................................................................................. 169
2.3. Past participle (= V
3
) ............................................................................ 169
2.4. (What) with ............................................................................................ 169
Purpose Clause ................................................................................................... 170
1. For fear (that) ................................................................................................ 170
2. In order that ................................................................................................... 170
Hedef
+ the fact that
163
3. Lest ................................................................................................................ 170
4. (In order) to, So as to .................................................................................... 170
Result Clause ....................................................................................................... 171
1. So (that), Such that ....................................................................................... 171
2. Thereby ......................................................................................................... 172
leme ..................................................................................................................... 173
retme- Snama ..................................................................................................... 173
164
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn on beinci konusunda, Reason, Result ve Purpose
Clause bir arada ele alnmakta. Bunun nedeni hem her birinin tek bana bir konu
maddesi oluturmaya yetecek kadar kapsaml olmamas, hem de birbirleri ile
benzerlik gsteren yanlarnn bulunmas.

On drdnc konuda ilenen "concession clause" aamasn ne lde kavradnz
saptamak iin, verilen tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. Although all snow flakes are six-sided, they have an infinite variety of forms.

2. While a positive electrical charge builds up nearer the top of a cloud, a negative
charge builds up near the bottom.

3. Clouds are formed when warm air rises and is cooled, whereas fog is formed when
air cools near the ground or ocean.

4. While the civil war is continuing in one part of the country, the usual course of life
keeps unchanged.

5. Despite rising levels of food imports, the developing countries have a more serious
problem than ever before.

6. Despite his wealth, he never pays a penny to the poor.

7. Even if they offered to pay my money back, I would definitely refuse it.

8. The score was a draw even though it was an exciting game.

9. Despite the fact that he has a stable personality, he sometimes gives way to fears.

10. Although admission was free, very few people attended the seminar.

.
165
Altrma Sunu blmnden alnan aadaki tmceleri inceleyin ve bu tmcelerde Reason, Result ve
Purpose Clause oluturan yaplar iinde daha nceden bildiklerinizi saptayn. Bu tmceleri
Trkeye aktarmaya aln. Bilmediiniz yaplarla ilgili ayrntl bilgi ve rnekler Sunu
blmnde verilmekte.

1. Because the opossum has keen night vision, it has become known as one of the
night's creatures.
2. The audiocassette case is made of high-impact plastic and should never be placed
near heat exceeding 55C, as this may result in warping.
3. Bicycling is also a good means of transportation, for it requires no fuel and,
therefore, doesn't create any pollution.
4. Tired as she was, she stopped walking.
5. Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able to speak
comfortably in his presence.
6. Because of its size and location, the economy of Cyprus has always been outward
oriented.
7. Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift.
8. Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the
earthquake.
9. As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.
10. Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.
11. This process is especially interesting in that it involves the dolphin receiving and
interpreting water-borne vibrations.
12. The reason why they lost is because they did not know the rules.
13. While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?
14. He had to meet a friend at the station, but what with trains from Gatwick arriving
half-hourly at one end of the station and others arriving from ports fairly regularly
at the other, he almost went crazy.
15. They left early for fear that they'd miss the train.
16. The school closes early in order that the children can get home before dark.
17. They checked the list again lest they should leave something behind.
18. To cross most deserts today, one can travel by car, bus, or airplane.
19. They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, such that even the
most inexperienced would be able to inform the candidates of the requirements for
application.
20. A question of tremendous interest to scientists and pain-sufferers alike is whether
people can learn to activate the brain's pain suppressing systems voluntarily,
thereby bringing the powers of the mind to bear on the sometimes painful workings
of the brain.

166
Sunu
Reason Clause

1. Tmce ile kullanlanlar

1.1. Because, As (C KONU 11, 12, 17), For (C KONU 12, 13), Since (C KONU 12)

Trkeye eylem + -I iin / -IndEn tr/ dolay, eylem + -mEsI nedeniyle/
sebebiyle, zira eklinde aktarlrlar.

Because the opossum has keen night vision, it has become known as one of the
night's creatures. It is not uncommon, though, to hear reports of opossums being
seen in the daytime.
Geceleri keskin grme yeteneine sahip olduu iin opossum bir gece yarat
olarak bilinegelmitir.

The audiocassette case is made of high-impact plastic and should never be placed
near heat exceeding 55C, as this may result in warping. On the other hand, this
case should not be left in a very cold place, below -5C. Such temperatures may
make the tape brittle and result in the tape breaking during playback.
Dinleme kasetleri dayankl plastikten imal edilirler ve asla 55 santigrad dereceden
fazla sya maruz braklmamaldrlar, zira bu durum yamulma ile sonulanabilir.

Today, bicycling is popular in many countries. One reason for this is that it is a
good form of exercise. It is also a good means of transportation, for it requires no
fuel and, therefore, doesn't create any pollution.
Ayn zamanda, yakt gerektirmedii ve bu yzden de kirlilik yaratmad iin iyi bir
ulam arac.

All three steps hurt the domestic economy, for they reduce the ability of the people
to buy foreign goods and thus lessen the people's freedom of choice to buy
wherever they desire. (Paul S. Nadler, New York University)
Bu aamalarn de i ekonomiyi zedeler, zira, insanlarn yabanc mal satn
alabilmelerini kstlayarak diledikleri yerden satn alma zgrlklerini azaltrlar.

As szc devrik yap kullanlarak da Reason Clause oluturabilir. Ayn yap Concession
Clause (C KONU 14) iin de geerli olduu iin hangi anlamn karlmas gerektiine dikkat
edilmesi gerekir.

Lazy as he is, he studies hard for the test. [Concession]
Lazy as he is, he doesn't study for the test. [Reason]
Tembel olduu iin snava almyor.

167
1.2.
Because of
Due to
+ the fact that
Owing to
On account of

Bu listeye, sk kullanlmayan in the view of the fact that yaps da eklenebilir.

Trkeye [gerei(nden)] tr/ yznden/ sayesinde eklinde
aktarlrlar.

Owing to the fact that workers in this country are underpaid, the Philippines is likely
to attract foreign capital.
ilerin az cret almasndan tr Filipinlerin yabanc sermayeyi cezbetmesi
muhtemel.

1.3. As long as C KONU 11, 12

EVR
- DII srece / mddete

As long as it doesn't rain, I'm comfortable.
Yamad srece rahatm.

1.4. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as

Yazm hatas yok. In as much ya da in so much eklinde genelde kullanlmamakta.

Because anlam tayan bu yaplar resmi (= formal) durumlarda kullanlr.

The President is to blame, insomuch as he apparently supported the wrong side.
( ..., because he apparently supported ...)

1.5. In that

EVR
-mEsI asndan / yznden, -DII iin

The dolphin has sonar-like process to home in on objects of interest. Many of these
objects represent food. This process is especially interesting in that it involves the
dolphin receiving and interpreting water-borne vibrations.
Bu ilem, yunusun sudaki titreimleri alp yorumlamasn ierdii iin zellikle
ilgintir.

Sk kullanlmayan on grounds that / on the ground that yaps ayn anlam tar.

1.6. Now that

Time Clause yaplarda ele alnan Now that (C KONU 12) ile ayn anlam tar.

168
1.7. (The reason) why

KULLANIM
(The reason) why + tmce + be + because / that ...

EVR
-mE("kii eki")In nedeni / sebebi ... (-dIr)

The reason (why) I'm here is that / because they need me.
Burada olmamn nedeni bana ihtiyalar olmas.

Aada rnei verilen kullanm, Noun Clause (C KONU 10) yaplarn zelliini tamaktadr.

It is because examinations require you not only to know things, but also to have
your knowledge ready for instant use, that they play an important part in your
training. Examinations help form the basis of thinking quickly.
Sadece bilgi sahibi olmanz deil, ayn zamanda da bu bilgiyi annda kullanm iin
hazr tutmanz gerektirdikleri iin snavlar eitiminizde nemli bir yer tutarlar.

1.8. While C KONU 12

KULLANIM
while + tmce

EVR
hazr ... olduuna gre / -mI iken

While you are going shopping, can you take the dog out?
(Hazr) alverie gidiyorken, kpei yrye karr msn ?

2. Tmce ile kullanlmayanlar

2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of

KULLANIM
because of
due to + ad + (-ing) [1]

owing to + my / his / .. + -ing [2]
on account of

EVR
Trkeye because ile ayn ekilde aktarlrlar.

Because of cold weather, we stayed in. [1]
Kt havadan tr evde kaldk.

Owing to his calling the police, a potential murder was prevented. [2]
Onun polis armas sayesinde olas bir cinayet nlendi.

169
The range of the Mule Deer is usually east of the Sierra Nevadas. The name has
been given to the species because of the long ears and the mule-like tail. Owing to
its rather long antlers, it is a valuable game animal.
Bu ad bu hayvan trne uzun kulaklar ve katrnkine benzer kuyruktan tr
verilmitir. Olduka uzun boynuzlar yznden deerli bir av hayvandr.

Because of its size and location, the economy of Cyprus has always been outward
oriented. Both industry and agriculture are dependent on the export market, and
tourism has been a major industry.
Boyutu ve konumundan tr, Kbrs ekonomisi her zaman da ynelik olmutur.

2.2. -ing ..., C KONU 9, 12, 17, 24, 26

Being a seaside resort, Bodrum is at the verge of degeneration. (=Because it is
...)

Having cooked the meal, she sat down to watch her ideal programme.
(=Because/After she had cooked ...)

2.3. Past participle (= V
3
) C KONU 9, 12, 17

Bu yap edilgen (= passive) zellik tar.

Built in the fourteenth century, the castle is classified as one of the major samples
of medieval architecture. (=Because it was built ...)

2.4. (What) with

KULLANIM
ad + "-ing"
(with) +
ad + to + eylem

EVR
"var iken", -mekte iken, -DI iin, -DIIndEn tr

The opossum has the most teeth. With fifty teeth and a wide-ranging appetite,
opossums do not go hungry.
Elli adet dii ve ayrm yapmayan beslenme alkanlklarndan tr opossumlar a
kalmazlar.

Willie had to meet Henri at the train station. What with trains from Gatwick arriving
half-hourly at one end of the station and others arriving from ports fairly regularly at
the other, he broke his glasses, nearly lost one shoe, had arguments with three
porters, trod on a small Jugoslav, ran about ten miles and smoked thirty-seven
cigarettes.
Gatwick havaalanndan saat ba gelen trenlerin istasyonun bir ucuna, limanlardan
olduka sk gelen dierlerinin de dier ucuna yanamalarndan tr Willie
koutururken gzlklerini krd, az kalsn ayakkabsnn tekini kaybediyordu,
hamalla tartt, ufak tefek bir Yugoslavn zerine kt ve otuzyedi sigara iti.

170
Purpose Clause

1. For fear (that)

KULLANIM
for fear that + tmce

EVR
eylem + -mEk / ... olur + korkusu ile

We held out breath for fear that the King would remember our presence.
Kral mevcudiyetimizi hatrlayacak korkusu ile soluumuzu tuttuk.

2. In order that

KULLANIM
in order that + tmce

EVR
-sIn diye
eylem+
-mEk iin

The primary school closes early in order that the children can catch the service
bus.
ocuklar servis otobsn yakalayabilsinler diye okul erken kapanyor.

3. Lest

Resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan tmcelerde kullanlr.

KULLANIM
lest + tmce

EVR
-mEsIn diye
eylem +
-mEmEk iin

We need to cut our spending lest our budget deficit should increase.
Bte amz artmasn diye harcamalarmz ksmak zorundayz.

4. (In order) to, So as to

KULLANIM
in order (not) to
+ yklem
so as (not) to

EVR
eylem + -mEk iin

171
To cross most deserts today, one can travel by car, bus, airplane. But four
thousand years ago, the only way to make such a trip was to travel by camel.
Bugn, ou l amak iin insan araba, otobs ya da uak yolculuunu seebilir.
Fakat drt bin yl nce bu tr bir seyahati yapmann tek yolu deve srtnda
yolculuktu.

Ancient Egyptians believed the pain was caused by evil spirits, and drilled holes in
the sufferers' heads to let the spirits out and relieve the pressure.
Eski Msrllar arya kt ruhlarn neden olduuna inanyorlard ve bu ruhlar dar
karp basky azaltmak iin ar ekenlerin kafalarnda delikler aarlard.

A current controversy is the agreement of association between Cyprus and the EC.
To maintain access to the European market, Cyprus is seeking association with the
EC, and a custom-union was agreed to, but not yet implemented.
Avrupa pazarna girebilmek iin, Kbrs AT ile iliki yollar aramaktadr ve henz
uygulamaya geilmemi olsa bile gmrk birliinde anlamaya varlmtr.

So as to yapsnn aadaki rnekte grlen kullanmna sk rastlanmaktadr.

Within a month almost the entire population, then only 800 people, had gone to
look for the precious metal. Soldiers deserted the army, sailors left their ships and
men gave up their jobs so as not to miss the chance of becoming rich.
Zengin olma ansn karmamak iin askerler ordudan firar ettiler, gemiciler
gemilerini, insanlar ilerini terkettiler.

To+ eylem yaps ama (= purpose) dnda anlamlar da tayabilir (C KONU 24, 26). Ayrca,
not to mention yaps ...-InI saymazsak; stne stlk anlamn tar.

In case you give a false fire alarm you will be very unpopular with the members of
the fire brigade, not to mention those who will have to evacuate the building.

Ayrca

It may happen that one of them, without disliking the other, becomes deeply
attached to some other person, so deeply as to feel the marriage an intolerable
tie.

kullanmna dikkat edin. Bu kullanmda bir kyaslama (comparison clause) ve bir de sonu
(result clause) yaps bir arada kullanlmaktadr.

Taraflardan biri, dierinden holanmama sz konusu olmadan, bir bakasna
derinden balanabilir; ylesine derinden ki, evlilii dayanlmaz bir ba olarak
grebilecek kadar.

Result Clause

1. So (that), Such that

KULLANIM
so (that), such that + tmce

EVR
bylece, bu yolla, yle ki, -sIn diye

172
We have taken all the vital precautions, such that a careful eye will see that nothing
has been overlooked.
Btn nemli nlemleri aldk; yle ki, dikkatli bakan biri hibir eyin gzden
kamam olduunu grecektir.

Increasing exports and decreasing imports can be achieved by 1) restricting the
domestic economy, so that prices of goods produced fall and become cheaper
abroad; 2) devaluating the currency relative to other currencies, so that foreigners
find the products of the exporting country cheaper in terms of their own money and
thus more attractive. (Paul S. Nadler, New York University)
Dsatm artrmak ve dalm azaltmak u yollarla gerekleebilir: 1) i ekonominin
snrlanmas ile mal fiyatlarnn dmesi ve darda ucuzlamas; 2) para biriminin
dier para birimleri karsnda deerinin drlmesi ile yabanclarn dsatm yapan
lkenin mallarn kendi paralar cinsinden daha ucuz ve bylece daha cazip
bulmalar.

Aadaki rnekte so that aslnda so much that anlam ile bir Comparison Clause (C KONU 11)
oluturmakta.

During World War II, Armed Forces Radio carried Bowl games, the Kentucky
Derby, the World Series, and other major sports events to soldiers throughout the
world. By the late 1940s, TV had changed all that, so that now radio is dominated
by popular music.
1940'l yllarn sonlarna gelindiinde, televizyon tm bunlar deitirmiti; o kadar
ki /yle ki bugn radyoya pop mzik hakim.

2. Thereby

KULLANIM
thereby + -ing

EVR
bylece, bu yzden, bu yolla, sonuta

A question of tremendous interest to scientists and pain-sufferers alike is whether
people can learn to activate the brain's pain suppressing systems voluntarily,
thereby bringing the powers of the mind to bear on the sometimes painful workings
of the brain.
Hem bilimadamlar hem de ar ekenlerin derinden ilgilendikleri soru, insanlarn
beynin ary bastran sistemlerini isteyerek harekete geirmeyi ve bylece de
beynin bazen ar verici olan almalarn zihin gcnn stlenmesini salamay
renip renemeyecekleridir.

Thereby yapsnn aadaki trden kullanmna da rastlanlabilir.

Taking over the presidency in 1945 after the sudden death of Franklin D.
Roosevelt, Truman was immediately faced with the decision of dropping the first
atomic bomb. He did so and thereby ended World War II.
173
leme
Altrma Aada verilen metinde boluklarn because, because of, so that ve (in order) to ile
tamamlanmas gerekmekte. Boluklar doldurun ve metni Trkeye aktarn.

__________ (1) their height, mountains are important in the making of weather. When
moisture-filled air encounters mountains, it is forced upward. __________ (2) the air cools
at higher altitudes, water vapor in the air turns to rain or snow. By the time the air passes
over the mountaintops it has lost its moisture. __________ (3) the air is much cooler and
thinner then, it sinks. __________ (4) the dryness of these downward winds, Indians in the
western United States call them "snow eaters." They can evaporate snow at the rate of two
feet a day.

The years 1988-89 produced extremes of weather in much of the world. Since then,
meteorologists have been watching many parts of the world __________ (5) they can learn
more about the causes of the unusual weather. Some scientists have studied volcanoes
__________ (6) see their effect on temperature. Others are researching "El Nio", a warm-
water current near the equator, __________ (7) learn its role in weather. In addition,
meteorologists are studying air pollution __________ (8) they can understand its effect on
weather, as well as its role in "acid rain". Most importantly, scientists are collecting data
worldwide __________ (9) they can learn the interrelationship in global weather.

retme - Snama
Altrma Bu konuda ilenen yaplarn sk olarak kullanld aadaki metni Trkeye aktarn.

World Weather Patterns

Because all weather is interconnected, a change in one area affects other areas. Today,
scientists collect information worldwide so that they can understand and predict changes in
weather more accurately. Due to technological advances in the last several decades,
meteorologists can now gather detailed information on cloud cover, precipitation,
temperature changes, wind speed and direction, and energy from both the sun and earth.

This collection of data reveals some interesting facts. For example, winds in one region are
accompanied by opposite winds in another; therefore, if north winds are abnormally warm
in one part of the world, south winds are abnormally warm in another part. Since winds
affect precipitation, changes in wind patterns alter the amount of rainfall.

174
16
Adverbial-Similarity, Exception
ve Place Clause

ngilizcede exception, place ve similarity clause yaplarn

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 175
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 176
Similarity Clause ................................................................................................. 176
1. (Just) as ........................................................................................................ 176
2. As if, As though ............................................................................................. 177
3. Like ............................................................................................................... 177
Exception Clause ................................................................................................ 177
1. But (that) ....................................................................................................... 177
2. Except (that), Excepting that, Save that ........................................................ 178
3. Only ............................................................................................................... 178
Place Clause ........................................................................................................ 178
1. Where ........................................................................................................... 178
2. Wherever ....................................................................................................... 179
leme-retme-Snama .......................................................................................... 179

Hedef
175
Giri
Bu konuda Similarity Clause, Exception Clause ve Place Clause ele
alnmaktadr. Bunlarn her biri, eviri asndan byk sorunlar oluturmayan
yaplardr. Bu nedenle de bu konuda, Sunu blmn yalnzca bir altrma
izlemektedir.

On beinci konuda ilenen "reason, purpose, result clause" aamasn ne lde kavradnz

1. Because rain and snow do not fall evenly across the land, the western parts of the country
receives only 23 percent of its moisture.

2. Because of the large population centres, old sewage systems, and pollution, most of the
Unites States faces a lack of clean water.

3. Because clean water is essential to all life, we must begin now to care for this resource
adequately.

4. Meteorologists study climates all around the world to learn how they are interconnected.

5. Meteorologists work with other scientists so that they can understand the roles of oceans and
land formations in weather.

6. Not knowing which road to take, we consulted a policeman.

7. Now that she can drive, she feels completely independent.

8. The birth rate is very high, not only because women have bigger families, but because the
proportion of women capable of having children is also much bigger.

9. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue,
Frederick II in the 13
th
century told the nurses to keep silent.

10. The two hemispheres of the human brain behave independently, such that one half will
make up for the other if one hemisphere is damaged due to an accident of some sort.

.
176
Altrma Sunu blmnde kullanlan aadaki tmceleri inceleyin. Similarity
Clause, Exception Clause ve Place Clause yaplar saptayarak tmceleri
Trkeye aktarn.

1. Australian aborigines live in reservations, as do American Indians.
2. During war, as in peacetime, electricity supply was continuous.
3. He looked at me as if he had seen a ghost.
4. It was a perfect day for swimming, except he had left his swimming suit at home.
5. My car isn't much like yours. It will start even in freezing cold.
6. Nothing would stop the child but that I (should) place him in my lap.
7. Thomas is a promising politician, just as his brother is.
8. We could play tennis right away, only I don't feel like it.
9. Where the small boy was hit by a speeding car, the residents held a demonstration.
10. You can sit wherever you like. We have plenty of seats.

Sunu
Similarity Clause

1. (Just) as C KONU 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19

KULLANIM
tmce [1]
(just) as +
it is / was / . [2]

As yerine the way kullanlabilir.

EVR
gibi,

Thomas is a promising politician, just as his brother is. [1]
Ayn erkek kardei gibi, Thomas da gelecek vaadeden bir politikac.

During war, as (it was) in peacetime, electricity supply was continuous. [2]
Bar zamannda olduu gibi, sava esnasnda da elektrik kesintisiz saland.

The small boy suddenly fell, just as his mother had feared.
Tam da annesinin korktuu oldu ve kk ocuk/olan aniden dt.

The workers gather food and feed it to the queen and other termites. They even
care for the insects they milk as we milk cows.
Hatta, nasl ki biz inek sayorsak / bizim inek sadmz gibi, onlar da sadklar
bceklere zen gsterirler.

Resmi (= formal) anlatmlarda, bu yapnn devrik yap (C KONU 19) ile kullanmna rastlanr.

Australian aborigines live in reservations, as do American Indians.
Kzlderililer gibi Avustralya yerlileri de zel blgelerde yaamakta.

177
Farkl bir kullanm olan be that as it may, yle oldu ki anlamn tar.

Ayrca such ... as yapsna da dikkat edin.

Have you thought how bridges are built? Building a bridge is a complex process
that includes such things as studying the environment and designing and
constructing the bridge.
Bir kprnn yapm, evrenin incelenmesi, plann yaplmas ve kprnn ina
edilmesi gibi eyleri ieren karmak bir sretir.

2. As if, As though

KULLANIM
as if, as though + tmce

EVR
(sanki) ... (-mI) gibi

He looked at me as if he had seen a ghost.
Bana sanki hayalet grm gibi bakt.

3. Like

KULLANIM
ad
like + ; like + tmce (> AmE)
him / her / ..

EVR
gibi, benzer

My car isn't much like yours. It will start even in freezing cold.
Benim arabam senin arabana pek benzemez.

As ve like szcklerinin aada rnekleri verilen kullanmnda anlamda byk deiiklik
olmaktadr.

He works as a slave. (= olarak)
He works like a slave. (= gibi)

Exception Clause

1. But (that) C KONU 8

Bu yap genelde resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda kullanlr.

KULLANIM
but that + tmce [1] (Resmi [=Formal])
but for me / him / .. to + eylem [2]

EVR
dnda, haricinde

178
Nothing would stop the child but that I (should) place him in my lap. [1]
Kucama almam dnda hibirey ocuu durdurmuyordu.

Nothing would stop the child but for me to place him on my lap. [2]

This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties expressed or implied. No
responsibility is assumed for any consequential damage which might occur from
accident, abuse, or lack of reasonable care, loss of parts, or using the shaver on
any but the prescribed voltage.
Kaza, ihmal, gereken bakmn yaplmamas, para kayb ya da tra makinasn
nerilen voltaj dnda bir voltajda kullanmadan kaynaklanacak hibir zarar
durumunda sorumluluk kabul edilmez.

2. Except (that), Excepting that, Save that

KULLANIM
except / excepting (that) / save that + tmce

EVR
ama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dnda

It was a perfect day for swimming, except he didn't feel like it.
Yzmek iin mkemmel bir gnd ama iinden gelmiyordu.

3. Only

Sadece konuma dilinde kullanlr.

KULLANIM
only + tmce

EVR
fakat, ancak, ama

We could play tennis right away, only I don't feel like it.
Hemen imdi tenis oynayabilirdik ama hevesim yok.

Place Clause

1. Where C KONU 9

KULLANIM
where + tmce

EVR
eylem + -DII yerde

Where the small boy was killed, the residents held a demonstration.
Olan ocuunun ld yerde, civar sakinleri bir gsteri dzenlediler.

179
2. Wherever

KULLANIM
wherever + tmce

EVR
(neresi olursa orada); eylem + -DII her yer(d)e/yerin

You can sit wherever you like. We have plenty of seats.
Dilediin yere oturabilirsin.

leme-retme-
Snama
Altrma Sunu blmnde ele alnan Similarity Clause, Exception Clause ve Place Clause yaplar
gznnde bulundurarak aadaki tmceleri inceleyin. Bu tmceleri birletirmeye ve
Trkeye aktarmaya aln.

1. There had been a fire there. We saw nothing but blackened ruins.

2. He puts colons everywhere. He should have put semicolons.

3. I saw only wilderness there. But they saw abundant signs of life.

4. I would pay you now. Unfortunately, I don't have any money on me.

5. Please do it this way. I showed you.

6. A moth is attracted by a light. In the same way, he was fascinated by her.

(Bu 6 tmce A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language kitabndan alnmtr.)
180
17
Bileik tmce-Karmak:
Adverbial-Comment Clause,
Verbless Clause

ngilizcede comment ve verbless clause yaplarn eviri
amac ile incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 181
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 182
Comment Clause ................................................................................................. 182
1. Tmce ........................................................................................................... 182
2. As + tmce ................................................................................................... 183
3. What ... .......................................................................................................... 183
4. To+ eylem ..................................................................................................... 183
5. -ing ............................................................................................................... 184
3
) .................................................................................... 184
Verbless Clause ................................................................................................... 184
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 185
Hedef
181
Giri
Clause yaplarn son iki yesi olan Comment Clause ve Verbless Clause,
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn bu konusunda ele alnmakta. Bu ikisinden zellikle
Verbless Clause, yapsnn ilginliinden tr, kimi zaman eviride sorun
oluturabilmekte. Onaltnc konuda olduu gibi, ilenen yaplarn ksalndan ve
eviri asndan oluturduklar sorunlarn azlndan tr, bu konuda tek bir
altrma ile yetinilmekte.

On altnc konuda ilenen "exception, place, similarity clause" aamasn ne lde
kavradnz saptamak iin, verilen tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. My wife is a keen decorator, as was her grandfather.

2. The film was just as expected.

3. The Prime Minister, in a speech on TV last Saturday, put forward so many silly
ideas that we felt as if we were being made fun of.

4. Take the right turning where the road splits into two.

5. The highway surprisingly broadens just where it goes under a railway bridge.

6. Wherever she goes, she'll take her cushion with her.

7. Tom approves of the project we presented, except that he lacks the authority to put
it into implementation.

.
182
Sunu
Comment Clause

Tmce iinde paranteze alnm bir fikir, yorum, yarg grevi stlenen ifadelerdir. Alt deiik
yapda kullanlabilirler.

1. Tmce

Tmcenin iinde, +Y+(N) yapsnda bir yorum anlatm bulunmaktadr.

It belongs to Tom, you know.

Sk kullanlan yaplar:

God knows
Heaven knows
I admit
I agree
I ask myself
I assume
I believe
I can see
I claim
I consider
I daresay
I don't deny
I doubt
I expect
I fear
I feel
I guess
I have heard
I have heard tell
I have no doubt
I have read
I have to say
I hear
I hope
I imagine
I know
I may assume
I must admit
I must say
I must tell you
I presume
I regret
I regret to say
I remember
I see
I suppose
I think
I understand
I venture to say
I wish
I wonder
I'm afraid
I'm convinced
I'm delighted to say
I'm glad to say
I'm happy to say
I'm pleased to say
I'm sorry to say
I'm sure
I'm told
it grieves me to tell you
it has been claimed
it is reported
it is rumoured
it is said
it is true
it may interest you to know
it pains me to tell you
it seems
it transpires
mind you
one hears
there is on doubt
they allege
they claim
they say
you can see
you know
you may have heard
you may know
you must admit
you realise
you see

183
2. As + tmce C KONU 11, 12, 14, 16, 19

eylem + -DII gibi / kadar ile eklinde aktarlabilir.

He is the best candidate, as it seems.
Harry and Ken are nowhere, as you should expect.


as (it) is common knowledge
as (it) often happens
as (it) was expected
as (it) was pointed out
as (it) was said earlier/later
as (it) was/seemed natural
as everybody knows
as I can see (it)
as I have said
as I interpret it
as I remember
as I say
as I see (it)
as I take it
as I understand
as I'm told
as it appears
as it happens
as it may interest you to know
as it seems
as it seems likely
as it transpires
as you know
as you may have heard
as you may remember
as you said
as you say

3. What ...

... olan ey/olan yan() ile aktarlabilir.

What was more surprising, he pretended not to know me.


What is more (to the point)
What is more gladdening
What is more surprising
What is more upseting

4. To+ eylem C KONU 24, 26

-cas, ... olmak gerekirse, ... olur ise ile aktarlabilir.

To be fair, I lost the money.


to be fair
to be frank
to be honest
to be precise
to be serious
to be truthful
to put it briefly
to speak candidly

184
5. -ing C KONU 25, 26

eylem + -Er/Ir ise ile aktarlabilir.

Putting it in another way, they are firing a number of workers.


broadly speaking
figuratively speaking
generally speaking
loosely speaking
putting it crudely
putting it mildly
speaking frankly
speaking generally
speaking personally
strictly speaking

3
) C KONU 9, 12, 15

eylem + -Il/-In .. ise (= Edilgen) ile aktarlr.

Stated quite simply, African elephants are likely to disappear in the next twenty
years if the following hunting trend remains.


put bluntly
put in another way
rephrased
stated (quite) simply
worded plainly

Verbless Clause

Bu tr tmceler ngilizcede fazla kullanlmaz ise de eviri esnasnda dikkat edilmesi gereken
yaplar arasnda yer alrlar.

Rather nervous, the doctor opened the door to the operation room.
(= The doctor was rather nervous; ...)

She looked at the cat with disgust, quiet now in her daughter's lap.
(= ; the cat was quiet now in her daughter's lap)

Yan tmce ayr bir tmce gibi ele alnp ve eviri yaplmaktadr.

In the morning her working guests arrive and each does his allotted share. About
two in the afternoon they gather around the food pots. In this way, whatever they
do in the village is accomplished through work parties, an ingenious combination of
work and play.
Bu ekilde, kyde yaplmas gereken ne varsa, dahiyane bir i ve oyun karm
sayesinde alma gruplarnca halledilir.

Aadaki trden, Verbless Clause benzeri tmcelere dikkat edin.

He looked frightening in his hat, only the eyes showing.
He stood, arms raised.

185
leme-retme-
Snama
Altrma Gerekli deiiklikleri yaparak Comment Clause ve Verbless Clause oluturun ve Trkeye
aktarn.

1. This government must go! I believe in that.

2. If I may speak as an ordinary person, I can say that this discussion has highlighted a
very important point indeed.

3. First he dives into icy water. Then he stays under water for about five minutes. That
is more surprising.

4. The man opened the letter. He opened it nervously.

5. The woman was sitting still. She was a real symbol of purity.

186
18
Dier yaplar: Putative ve
tentative "should"

ngilizcede putative ve tentative "should" yapsnn

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 187
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 188
1. "Condition Clause" ile ................................................................................... 188
2. "So that" ve "in order that" ile ....................................................................... 188
3. Zorunluluk ya da nem belirtmede ............................................................... 188
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 189

Hedef
187
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn altnc konusunda ayrntl olarak ele alnan should
yardmc yklemi, gereklilik belirtmesinin yansra baz yaplarda ok farkl
anlamlar iletebilmektedir. Bu kullanmlarn bilinmemesi durumunda tmcenin
anlamnn kavranmas gleirken, asl anlamn kavranmas halinde eviri
asndan bir sorun olumamaktadr. Abartl bile gzkse de, eviri esnasnda
should szcn yok sayma yaklam yeterli olmaktadr.

On yedinci konuda ilenen "comment, verbless clause" aamasn ne lde kavradnz

1. He has beaten his wife again, they tell me.

2. What's more surprising, the police did not inform the murdered boy's parents.

3. In democratic countries, there is not an omnipotent or a benevolent government, I
believe.

4. She is extremely popular among young pop music lovers, as is common
knowledge.

5. The party leader, as you said, is a great liar.

6. Susan and her husband parted good friends.

7. I drove my car home completely dismayed.

8. We sent Tom home drunk.

9. We silently waited, anxious for a decent advice.

10. The iron door banged shut.

.
188
Altrma Bu altrmada ele alnan kullanmlar Sunu blmnde ilenmekte. Tmceleri Trkeye
aktarn.

1. He put a sign in the middle of the road so that a driver should stop to give us a
hand.
2. I prefer that she should drive.
3. If she should be interested, I'll telephone her.
4. It is unlikely that they should deny my request.
5. She suggested that she should be responsible for the arrangements.
6. They have arranged that I should be absent at the meeting.

Sunu
1. "Condition Clause" ile C KONU 13

In case, lest, ya da if ile kullanlr. Bu durumlarda dk olaslk gsterir.

If she should be interested, I'll telephone her.
lgilenecek olursa, ona telefon edeceim.

If ile kullanmnda devrik yap (C KONU 19) oluturabilir.

Should she be interested, I'll telephone her.

2. "So that" ve "in order that" (C KONU 15) ile

He put a sign in the middle of the road so that a driver should stop to help us.
Bir src durup da yardm eder diye yolun ortasna iaret yerletirdi.

Should yerine could / would gibi yardmc yklemler de kullanlabilir. Could kullanldnda -
EbIl taksnn eklenmesi dnda, eviri asndan hibir deiiklik olumaz.

3. Zorunluluk ya da nem belirtmede

Zorunluluk, nem ve tercih belirten

admit, advise, agree, allow, announce, appear, arrange, ask, assume, be afraid, be
anxious, be determined, beg, believe, command, complain, concede, confess,
decide, declare, decree, demand, demonsrate, desire, determine, discover, enjoin,
ensure, entreat, estimate, expect, explain, fear, feel, find, forget, grant, guarantee,
happen, hear, hope, imagine, imply, indicate, inform, insist, instruct, intend, know,
learn, make out, marvel, mean, move, notice, observe, occur to, ordain, order,
perceive, pledge, play, prefer, presume, pretend, promise, pronounce, propose,
prove, realize, recognize, recommend, regret, rejoice, remark, remind, request,
require, resolve, reveal, rule, say, see, show, stipulate, suggest, teach, tell, think,
threaten, turn out, urge, vote, vow, warn, wish, wonder

eylemleri ve

189
absurd, advisable, amazing, annoying, anxious, better, concerned, eager,
essential, important, just, ludicrous, natural, necessary, odd, ridiculous, right,
strange, surprising, vital

sfatlar ile noun clause (C KONU 10) oluturmada kullanlr. Kimi zaman, aada verilen
nc rnek tmcede olduu gibi, should atlmakta. eviri asndan should szcn yok
saymak yeterli.

I prefer that she should drive.
Arabay onun kullanmasn tercih ederim.

They have arranged that I should be absent at the meeting.
Toplantya katlmamam iin dzenleme yaptlar.

Perfect yap oluturmak da mmkndr:

It was unlikely that they should have denied my request.
Talebimi reddetmeleri ihtimal dyd.

should be
She suggested that she be (AmE) responsible for that.
is (BrE)
It is unlikely that they should deny my request.
Talebimi reddetmeleri ihtimal d.

Ancak, suggest ykleminde, aada belirtilen anlamlar oluabilmektedir.

She suggested that I should be responsible. (= nermek anlamnda)
She suggested that I am responsible. (= belirtmek anlamnda)

leme-retme-
Snama
Altrma Aada verilen tmceleri inceleyerek Trkeye aktarn.

1. I am surprised that you should feel lonely with so many friends you have.
2. I can understand their eagerness that you should be the spokesman.
3. It's a pity that this guitar should be so expensive.
4. We insisted that the committee meeting should be adjourned.
5. That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage.
6. It shows how considerate she is that she should drive you all the way to the airport.

190
19
Dier yaplar: Devrik yap
(= Inversion)

ngilizcede devrik yaplarn eviri amac ile incelenmesi

Giri ........................................................................................................................ 191
Sunu ....................................................................................................................... 193
1. Tanm ........................................................................................................... 193
2. Zaman ve yer belirten yaplar ile .................................................................. 193
3. Koul belirten yaplar ile ............................................................................... 194
4. "Not only, so, neither, nor" ile ....................................................................... 194
5. "So / such ... that" ile ................................................................................... 194
6. Yer belirten "preposition" ile ......................................................................... 195
7. "Comparison Clause" ile ............................................................................... 195
8. "Condition Clause" ile ................................................................................... 195
9. "Concession Clause" ile ............................................................................... 195
10. "Reason Clause" ile .................................................................................... 195
11. "Similarity Clause" ile ................................................................................. 195
12. eitli sfat ve belirtelerle ......................................................................... 195
13. Duygu ifadesinde, soru formunda. ............................................................. 196
leme-retme-Snama ........................................................................................ 196

Hedef
191
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn on dokuzuncu konusunda, ngiliz dilindeki devrik yaplar
incelenmekte. Sunu blmndeki ayrntl notlarn dikkatle incelenmesi
durumunda devrik yaplarn eviri asndan bir sorun oluturmamalar gerekir.

On sekizinci konuda ilenen "putative-tentative should" aamasn ne lde kavradnz

1. The report recommends that the teaching programme should base on reading skills.

2. If you should be interested, I'll provide you with essential information.

3. I can't understand their eagerness that Tom should be the chairman.

4. It's a great pity that the director should be so stingy.

5. It really worries me a lot that my children should travel school by bus.

6. It was intended that I should be the referee.

7. She suggested that she should be responsible for all the children in the
kindergarten.

8. I find it quite strange that so many people should claim to have seen flying saucers.

Altrma Aada verilen tmcelerde devrik yap kullanlmakta. Bu tmceleri inceleyin ve u iki
soruyu yantlamaya aln: 1) Devrik yap kullanlmasayd bu tmceler nasl yazlabilirdi?
(rnekleri inceleyin) 2) Devrik yap kullanlan ve kullanlmayan tmcelerin evirisi
esnasnda bir fark aranmas gerekir mi ?

1. Nowhere can you find a truer friend.
You can nowhere find a truer friend.
2. At no time was he unaware of the facts.
He was never unaware of the facts.
3. Hardly had I said a word when he punched me.

4. Never before have I received such a lovely letter.

5. Not till they took him to hospital did the small child cry.

6. Nowhere will you be given such a beautiful service.

7. Only here can you smoke.

8. Only after a year was she able to walk again.
.
192

9. Only then did I realize that I was to blame for the accident.

10. Rarely could they find a bit of a peace of mind.

11. Seldom had it snowed there.

12. Under no circumstances can you cross this red line.

13. In no way can you ask for compensation.

14. Only in this way were we able to persuade the child.

15. Only by promising to buy chocolate were we able to persuade the child.

16. Only when her husband left did she give a sigh of relief.

17. On no account are dogs allowed in here.

18. Not only is she a liar, but she is proud to be one.

19. A fisherman would starve to death over the great depths of the sea. So would the
fish.

20. "He is so lazy!"
"So is his son."

21. We didn't protest, nor did we show a sign of approval.

22. So pale did he look that we thought he was going to have a heart attack.

23. To the southwest of Manhattan is Staten Island.

24. Your essay is a masterpiece; equally brilliant are the ideas in it.

25. Should you hesitate a minute, call me.

26. Had the weather been better that day, we could have met you at the airport.

27. Hard as he may try, I doubt he'll manage to move that piano.

28. Penniless as he was, he found he had no choice but wait for the bank to open.

29. I'm a farmer, as were all my ancestors.

30. Closely related to the study of usage is the study of dialects of a language.

31. Isn't she beautiful !

193
Sunu
1. Tanm

Devrik yap, tmcenin +Y+N yapsnn vurgu amac ile deitirilmesidir. Bu yapda
(yardmc) yklem [1], sfat/belirte [2], ya da preposition [3] tmce iinde yer deitirerek
devrik yap oluturabilmektedir.

Nowhere do they sell such cheap fish! [1]
Relaxed was his attitude. [2]
In came a man. [3]

2. Zaman ve yer belirten yaplar ile C KONU 12

Zaman ve yer belirten

at no time, hardly ... when, never, no sooner ... than, not till,
nowhere, only, only after, only then/when, rarely, scarcely, scarcely
... when, seldom

yaplar ile tmceye balandnda kullanlr.

At no time was he unaware of the facts.
Hi bir zaman, gereklerden habersiz deildi.

Hardly / Scarcely had I said a word when he punched me.
Daha konumaya yeni balamtm ki beni yumruklad.

Never before have I bought such a lovely pullover.
Daha nce hi bu kadar gzel bir kazak satn almamtm.

No sooner does this occur to us than we can see a different picture unfolding itself.
The pilot who only a minute ago seemed to be flying quietly above us hurls a
hurricane of bombs and in the twinkle of an eye lays waste everything and
annihilates everybody underneath him.
Bu olduktan hemen sonra farkl bir tablonun kendisini gsterdiini grebiliriz.

Not till they got him to hospital did the child cry.
ocuk hastaneye gtrlene kadar alamad. / Ne zaman ki hastaneye gtrld,
ocuk o zaman alamaya balad.

Nowhere will you get your money's worth.
Hibir yerde parann karln alamazsn.

Only here can you smoke.
Sigaran sadece burada iebilirsin.

Only after a year was she able to walk again.
Ancak bir yl sonra yeniden yrmeye balayabildi.

Only then did I realize that I was to blame for the accident.
Ancak o zaman(dr ki) kazann benim suum olduunu anladm.

194
Rarely did he speak.
Hemen hi konumazd.

Scarcely / Seldom had it snowed there.
Oraya hemen hi kar yamamt.

3. Koul belirten yaplar ile

Koul belirten

in no circumstances, in no way, only by, only this way, only when,
on no account, under no circumstances

yaplar ile tmceye balandnda kullanlr.

In / Under no circumstances can you cross this red line.
Hibir koulla bu krmz hatt geemezsiniz.

In no way can you ask for compensation.
Hibir ekilde tazminat isteyemezsiniz.

Only in this way were we able to persuade the child.
ocuu ancak bu ekilde ikna edebildik.

Only by promising to buy chocolate were we able to persuade the child.
ocuu ancak ukulata alacamza sz vererek ikna edebildik.

Only when her husband left did she give a sigh of relief.
Ne zamanki kocas gitti, kadn o zaman rahat bir soluk ald.

On no account are dogs allowed in here.
Buraya hibir koulla kpek sokulamaz.

4. "Not only... but (also/as well) (C KONU 8) , so, neither, nor" (C KONU 8) ile

Not only is she a liar, but she is proud to be one.
Sadece yalanc olmakla kalmyor, bir de yalancl ile gurur duyuyor.

The notion that the sea is full of fish is mistaken. A fisherman would starve to death
over the great depths. So would the fish. They feed mostly on plankton, organisms
abundant only where the depth and temperatures are moderate.
Byk derinliklerde balk alktan lr. Balklar da yle.

"He isn't lazy."
"Neither / Nor is his son."
Olu da yle.

5. "So / such ... that" (C KONU 11) ile

So pale did he look that we thought he was going to have heart attack.
O kadar soluk grnyordu ki kalp krizi geirecek sandk.

195
6. Yer belirten "preposition" ile

To the southwest of Manhattan is Staten Island. Many people who live there work
in Manhattan.
Manhattan'n gneydousunda Staten Island bulunmaktadr.

There are deer in abundance here. The whole area is great country for hunters and
fishermen. There are bear, occasional mountain lions, and coyotes. To the east are
streams full of trout, and there are ducks and geese.
Kuzeyde alabalklarla dolu akarsular, rdekler ve kazlar bulunur.

7. "Comparison Clause"

(C KONU 11) ile

Your essay is a masterpiece; equally brilliant are the ideas in it.
Makalen bir aheser - iindeki fikirler de bir o kadar zekice.

People who go to rock concerts listen to very loud music. Hearing damage
gradually builds up until it becomes severe. Just as damaging are portable
cassette / radios with earphones.
Tanabilir teyp ve radyolar da bir o kadar zararldr.

8. "Condition Clause"

(C KONU 13) ile

Should you hesitate a minute, call me.
Bir an tereddtn olursa beni ara.

Had the weather been better that day, we could have met you at the airport.
O gn hava daha iyi olsayd seni havaalannda karlardk.

9. "Concession Clause" (C KONU 14) ile

Hard as he may try, I doubt he'll manage to lift that piano.
Ne kadar urasa da o piyanoyu kaldrabileceinden kukuluyum.

10. "Reason Clause" (C KONU 15) ile

Penniless as he was, he had no choice but wait for the bank to open.
Meteliksiz olduu iin bankann almasn beklemekten baka ans yoktu.

11. "Similarity Clause" (C KONU 16) ile

I'm a farmer, as were all my ancestors.
Btn atalarm gibi ben de iftiyim.

12. eitli sfat ve belirtelerle

Closely related to the study of usage is the study of dialects of a language.
Speakers of a language don't all speak it the same way.
Dil kullanm incelemeleri ile yakndan ilgili bir alma, dildeki lehelerin
incelenmesidir.

Extremely important was the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney.
Formerly it had been found difficult to separate the seed from the fiber in the
cotton.
1793 ylnda Eli Whitney tarafndan pamuk ayklama makinasnn kefi byk nem
tamaktayd.

196
Aadaki kullanmda sfat + ad ile devrik yap sz konusudur.

Endangered animals he had a great feeling for.

13. Hayranlk, sevin, kzgnlk gibi duygularn ifadesinde, soru formunda.

Isn't she beautiful !
Ne kadar da gzel (deil mi) !

How serious a man was he !
Ne kadar da ciddi bir adamd !

Aadaki tmce, bu blmde sralanan devrik yaplardan farkl bir yapya sahiptir.

When, how, or whence the Indians came to America we do not know for certain.
In times more recent, men from Asia have crossed Bering Strait on the ice to
Alaska in pursuit of fur-bearing animals. (= We do not know for certain when,
how, ... .)

leme-retme-
Snama
Altrma Her bir tmceyi verilen szck(ler) ile balayarak yeniden yazn. Tmceyi Trkeye evirin.

1. You should not get up under any circumstances.

Under no circumstances ______________________.

2. We had never felt so embarrassed in my whole life.

Never ____________________________________.

3. You rarely see a comet with bare eyes.

Rarely ______________________________________.

4. He not only plays but he composes the songs as well.

Not only ____________________________________.

5. We did not realize until then how much he wanted to come with us.

Not until then ______________________________.

6. They realized only much later what his real purpose had been.

Only much ________________________________.

7. He had scarcely turned the key in the ignition when he heard a tap on the side
window.

Scarcely ___________________________________.

197
8. He had no sooner been given the job than he asked for a pay rise.

No sooner ________________________________.

9. I have started to think about my own future only recently.

Only recently _____________________________.

10. I have seldom seen such an ugly scene !

Seldom __________________________________.

11. We cannot talk freely until all the others have left the room.

Not until _________________________________.

12. Visitors are allowed in the hospital only in special circumstances.

Only in __________________________________.

198
20
Dier yaplar: Prop "it"

ngilizcede prop "it" yaplarnn eviri amac ile
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 199
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 200
1. Tanm ............................................................................................................ 200
2. Kullanm ........................................................................................................ 200
2.1. zne konumunda ................................................................................. 200
2.2. Nesne konumunda ............................................................................... 202
2.3. Owe ve leave yklemleri ile .................................................................. 203
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 203

Hedef
199
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn son konusunu, tmcede zne ya da nesne konumunda
karmza kan ve herhangi bir szcn de yerini tutmayan It szc almakta.
It is raining tr tmcelerin tad anlamn anlalmas ve evirisi bir sorun
oluturmad iin, bu konuda daha kapsaml kullanmlar incelenmekte.

On dokuzuncu konuda ilenen "devrik yap" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak

1. Nowhere can you find a cheaper piece of furniture.

2. To the north of the desert is a surprisingly modern town.

3. Held hostages by the terrorists in the building were two French journalists.

4. Hardly had he caught the fish when he saw the no fishing sign a few metres away.

5. Placed on the summit of the mountain was a huge monastery.

6. So deeply rooted is my hatred that I don't think I'll ever forgive him.

7. Following a long travel on one of the roughest country roads on camel back is a
rather long climb down into a deep pit.

8. Down rocks two large stones.

9. Only when he tried the new jacket on did he realize how much weight he had
gained recently.

10. So small was the flaw that we could hardly detect it.

.
200
Altrma Aada verilen paracklar kullanarak, tmceler oluturmay deneyin. Oluturduunuz

accept the offer.
quite hard change his mind.
is useless get there.
It common hear of a dolphin helping a swimmer.
was wise (for you to) learn to tell if a parachute is good or bad.
surprising see him there at that time of the day.
beneficial seek shelter when a storm comes near.
wait here.

It is likely he will start shouting again.
It is true one will see an opossum in the wild.
It never occurred to me that she'd been telling lies.
It appears the painting has been stolen.
It is nice you should think this way.

Sunu
1. Tanm

ngilizcede, tmcenin znesi bir infinitive clause (C KONU 26)

To see him there was a real surprise

ya da that-clause (C KONU 10)

That he was there at that time of the day was a real surprise

olduunda, bu yaplarn yerini Prop I t alabilir:

It was a real surprise to see him there.
It was a real surprise that he was there at that time of the day.

Prop I t sadece zne konumunda deil, nesne konumunda da bulunabilir.

I'd like to make it clear that I quit.

2. Kullanm

2.1. zne durumunda

nem belirtmede

There's a lot of information that must be learned about parachutes. For
example, it's important to learn how to tell if a parachute is good or bad, and
how to steer the parachute.
rnein, iyi parat kt paratten ayrmay ve paratn nasl ynlendirileceini
renmek nem tar.

201
Zorluk belirtmede

It is quite hard for him to change his mind.
Fikrini deitirmesi epey zor.

Olaslk belirtmede

Where does the opossum make its home in this day and age? It is likely that
one will see an opossum in the wild. The opossum can and does live in a
variety of places.
Opossumu vahi ortamda grmek olasdr.

Fayda belirtmede

It is useless to wait here.
Burada beklemek yararsz.

Normallik ve Geleneksellik belirtmede

It's not uncommon to hear an account of a dolphin helping a drowning swimmer.
They love to swim beside boats and ships in the ocean.
Boulmakta olan yzclere yardm eden yunuslarla ilgili hikayeleri duymak
allmadk bir ey deildir.

Sre belirtmede

How long does it take to get there ?
Oraya gitmek ne kadar srer ?

Duygusal tepki belirtmede

It was surprising to see him there at that time of the day.
Onu gnn o saatinde orada grmek artcyd.

Gerei belirtmede

It is true that the painting has been stolen.
Resmin alnd doru.

Uygunluk belirtmede

Many people have lost their lives during wild storms. It is wise to seek shelter
when such a storm comes near.
Bu trden bir frtna yaklatnda snacak bir yer aramak aklcl olur.

Bir fikrin douunu, akla geliini belirtmede

It never occurred to me that she'd been telling lies.
Yalan sylemekte olduu hi aklma gelmedi.

Grnmden elde edilen fikri belirtmede

It appears he will start shouting again.
Grne baklrsa yeniden barmaya balayacak.

202
"Putative ve Tentative should" ile (C KONU 10)

It is nice that you should think this way.
Bu ekilde dnmen gzel.

Dier eitli kullanmlar

A) It + ... for + ad + to + eylem

It is beneficial for them to accept the offer.
Teklifi kabul etmeleri yararlarna.

B) It + -ing

It was nice seeing you again.
Seni yeniden grdme sevindim.

C) It ... + (as) if / though

It looks as if it she will burst out.
Grne baklrsa alayacak.

D) It ... + (preposition) + ad (= Cleft tmce) (C KONU 9)

It was a small dog that saved the boy.
Olan kurtaran ufak bir kpekti.

E) It + be + (not) + until / before

It was not until he got home that he took off his tie.
Eve gelene kadar kravatn karmad.

F) It is not that

Obviously the term calcuholism has been coined with the intent to compare it to
other addictions such as alcoholism. While it is not nearly as serious as
alcoholism, dependence on the calculator can be harmful. Abuse of something
normally beneficial may lead to a harmful reliance on it. It is not that calculators
are harmful, but that overuse may cause harm by causing people to forget how
to do mathematics with their own minds.
Hesap makinalar zararl olduundan deil, ... / Bu, hesap makinalar zararl olduu
iin deil elbette; ...

Ayrca,

Nothing in the world prepared Luitenant Verkramp for the horror that was to
strike him so suddenly. Not that anything struck him physically. It was worse
than that.
Bireyler ona fiziksel adan arptndan (da) deil.

2.2. Nesne konumunda

Prop It, normalde, nesne ile ilikili bir sfat bulunmas halinde kullanlr.

We made it clear that we did not agree.
Ayn fikirde olmadmz aka belirttik.

203
Peter thought it peculiar that his father hadn't signed the letter in ink.
Babasnn mektubu mrekkepli kalemle imzalamam olmas Peter'n garibine gitti.

In those days, the local government authorities did not usually have the roads
surfaced with asphalt and so the cars raised clouds of dust as they went by,
which made it almost impossible for the drivers behind to see.

2.3. "Owe" ve "leave" eylemleri ile de kullanlabilir.

I definitely owe it to you to find that job.
Bu ii bulmam gerekten sana borluyum.

They leave it to you to decide.
Karar sana brakyorlar.

leme-retme-
Snama
Altrma Verilen tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. It is a shame that they lost the game.
2. It must have been here that we first met.
3. I take it then that you are leaving your job.
4. It was easy getting the equipment unloaded.
5. It's no use telling him to behave himself.
6. It wouldn't be any good trying to catch the last bus.
7. You must find it exciting working here.
8. I owe it to you that the jury acquitted me.
9. Something put it into his head that she was a spy.
10. It's almost impossible to deal with him.
11. It's real fun for us to be here with you.
12. It's certain that we'll find it difficult to get there.
13. It seems that we've made a terrible mistake.
14. It's known that he is a hero.
15. It has been a pleasure to teach this class.

204
21
Dier Konular: A, An ve The
Kullanm

ngilizcede "definite" ve "indefinite article" yaplarn
kullanm yerlerinin incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 206
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 207
A(n): Indefinite Article .......................................................................................... 208
1. nceden tanmlanmam ad ......................................................................... 208
2. Bilinen fakat nceden tanmlanmam ad ..................................................... 208
The: Definite Article ............................................................................................. 209
1. Az nce / daha nce tanmlanm ad ............................................................ 209
2. Tanmlanan ad .............................................................................................. 209
3. Eser balklarnda geen ad .......................................................................... 209
4. Tek olan eye ait ad ...................................................................................... 209
5. "Superlative" yap .......................................................................................... 209
6. "Ordinal" say ................................................................................................. 209
7. Bir trn/snfn temsilcisi tekil ad ................................................................. 209
8. The + sfat .................................................................................................... 209
9. Yerin amacna uygun eyleme katlnmamas ............................................... 210
10. Dinleyen kii tarafndan bilinen yer ad ...................................................... 210
11. Otel / tiyatro / sinema/.. ad ......................................................................... 210
12. oul yer ad ............................................................................................... 210
13. Saylabilir bir ad ieren yer adlar ............................................................... 210
14. Milliyet belirten sfat ..................................................................................... 211
15. Bilim ve teknoloji ile ilgili ad ......................................................................... 211
16. Mzik aleti ad ............................................................................................. 211
17. Gazete ad ................................................................................................... 211
18. Gemi ad ..................................................................................................... 212
19. The + space ............................................................................................... 212
Hedef
205
20. Preposition + the + head/shoulder/.. ........................................................... 212
21. The + very .................................................................................................. 212
22. The + oul aile ad .................................................................................... 212
leme .................................................................................................................... 212
retme-Snama ..................................................................................................... 213

206
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn bu konusundan itibaren, ngiliz dilinin Trk renciler
asndan sorun oluturan dier baz yaplar zerinde durulmaktadr.

Yirminci konuda ilenen prop "it" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin, verilen

1. A vast and complex programme of conservation work was put in hand without delay.
From the technical and scientific point of view, that called for detailed studies for which
it would be difficult for the government to accept sole responsibility.
2. Up to now, it has been said if foreign planes were allowed to carry aid to minority
groups, they would be used for espionage.
3. I'd like to make it quite clear that being at home is not a soft opinion. You have to put a
lot of emphasis on responsibility and discipline.
4. It is a great pity that the argument in favour of nation-wide community service has been
put forward at a time of very high unemployment.
5. In the main, it is the uneducated who are losing their jobs: often at short notice - too
short, in my opinion.
6. The abnormal level of economic and political uncertainty renders it particularly difficult
to assess the immediate outlook for the stock market.
7. It is clear from this argument that the nature of a commodity remains the same, but its
utility changes.
8. It should be noted that any person engaged in private business is not paid a fixed sum
for his activities.
9. There is no doubt that it can be said that the price ruling in a market indicates the point
where supply and demand meet.
10. It is sometimes argued that a democratic system requires the embodiment of the
initiative and the referendum in the constitution. A people, it is said, does not really
control its own life if its only direct participation in the business of making legal
imperatives is confined to choosing the persons responsible for their substance.
.
207
Altrma Verilen tmcelerde braklan boluklar a, an ve the ile tamamlayn. Kimi zaman
boluklara herhangi bir szck gelmesi gerekmeyebilir.

1. This is ______ (1) book I was telling you about. It is about ______ (2) life of William
Shakespeare. It is quite ______ (3) interesting book. It gives ______ (4) wonderful
picture of what ______ (5) life was like in ______ (6) Shakespearean times. It that
time, ______ (7) Globe was ______ new theatre.

2. ______ (1) English people are forever complaining about ______ (2) weather, but
______ (3) in fact ______ (4) British Isles have ______ (5) reasonable climate on
______ (6) whole.

Sunu
Bir ka istisna dnda (the+sfat = oul ad; the+superlative), a, an ve the adlarla (=noun)
birlikte kullanlrlar. Aadaki tabloda, adlarn eitli durumlar zetlenmektedir.

SAYILABLR AD SAYILAMAZ AD
Tekil oul Soyut Somut
cat, leaf, man,
person, pound,
goose
cats, leaves,
men,
persons
/people,
pounds, geese
happiness,
love,
wealth,
boredom
water, oil,
sugar,
aluminium

ngiliz dilbilgisinde a ve an indefinite article, the ise definite article olarak tanmlanrlar. The,
tabloda verilen ad durumlarnn her biri ile kullanlabilir. A ve an ise yalnzca tekil adlarla
kullanlrlar.

An szc, nitelendirdii adn sesli (a, e, i, o, u) telaffuz edilen bir harfle balamas
durumunda kullanlr.

an eagle, an aeroplane, an iron, an umbrella

nemli olan szcn yazl deil sylenii olduu iin,

a university, an hour, an history book.

a [Y]university; an (h)our; an (h)istory book. Kimi yazarlar history szcnn nne a
yerletirmekte.

208
A(n): Indefinite Article

Bu blmde anlatlan kullanmlarda nne a(n) szc gelen szcn anlamnda bir
deiiklik olmamaktadr. Oysa, nicelik belirten few ve little szckleri ile kullanldnda
anlamda deiiklik gzlenir. Few saylabilir adlarla, little ise saylamayan adlarla kullanlr ve
ikisi de pek az (= yetmeyecek kadar az) anlamn tar. A few / A little yapsnda ise az ama
yeterli anlam mevcuttur.

Few modern hypnotists use the old method of staring piercingly into a
subject's eye. Instead they prefer methods which suggest relaxation or
even sleep.
Few people know this secret. (A few people know this secret tmcesi anlamsz
olacaktr zira o zaman sr bir sr olmaktan km demektir.)

1. nceden tanmlanmam ad

1.1. Herhangi biri, hangisi olduu farketmez

Have you ever seen a giraffe?
I'm after a flat in the south part of the town.

1.2. Bir snfn / trn herhangi bir yesi olan ad

A spider is neither an animal nor an insect.

oul ad ile kullanm da mmkndr.

Spiders are neither animal nor insect.
This man has an (=a kind of) honesty that we all appreciate.

Tanmlanm nesneler kullanlmas durumunda oul ad kullanmak gerekir.

Animals should not be fed. (Animals = Buradaki hayvanlar)

Tereddte dlmesi durumunda en iyisi oul ad kullanmaktr.

1.3. ... de/bana

It costs 60 dollars a gallon.
He comes three times a week.
I paid ten pence a kilo.

2. Bilinen fakat nceden tanmlanmam ad

Finally, we have found a good house.
Tom is an old employee of ours.
A Mr. Jenkins is waiting for you. (Mr Jenkins adnda biri ...)
We have a perfect climate for skiing.
What a nice shirt this is !
I work as a teacher.
He is a Hercules. (=very strong)

209
The: Definite Article

1. Az nce / daha nce tanmlanm ad

"I've got an orange and some apples. Who wants the orange ?"
"You have the orange and I'll have the apples."

2. Tanmlanan ad

The woman next door is very nosy.
The house you remember used to have a lovely garden.

3. ou kez, eser balklarnda geen ad

The Elephant and the Mouse
The Longest Day
The Mousetrap

4. Tek olan eye ait ad

He is lying in the sun.
The earth is not so small altogether.

Bu kullanm bir ok istisnaya sahiptir. rnein, tek olmalarna karn, lke, kta ve ehir adlar
the almamaktadr.

5. "Superlative" (C KONU 11) yap

Who is the best player here ?

6. "Ordinal" say

This is the first time I come here.

Yarmada durum belirten ad / dl belirtiyorsa, ordinal say the ile kullanlmaz.

She won first prize for her essay.
The Irish contestant was in second place.

7. Bir trn / snfn temsilcisi olan tekil ad

The Dodo disappeared almost a century ago.
The tractor has replaced the plough.

Tr/snf temsil eden oul/saylamayan ad durumunda the kullanlmaz.

Pandas are in danger of extinction.
Sugar is bad for you.
Money can bring happiness.

8. The + sfat = o sfat ile nitelenen grup

The blind can read the Braille. (= Blind people ....)

210
Tekil kiilerden sz ederken sfat + person / man / .. kullanmak gerekir.

a / the young person / man / woman / ..

9. Yerin amacna uygun bir eyleme katlnmamas

We all went to the prison ( mahkum olarak deil, ziyaret vs. iin)
I would very much like to live in a place by the sea.

Yerin amacna ynelik eyleme katlma durumunda the kullanlmaz.

He was sent to prison for 2 years ( mahkum olarak).
He is a fisherman. He spends his time at sea.

10. Dinleyen kii tarafndan / Herkese nitelii bilinen yer ad

I must go to the supermarket

tmcesinde geen the supermarket, konuan tanyan bir kimse asndan belirgin bir yerdir.

I'll be in the backyard.

Birer blge ya da kii/kurum ad ieren yer adlarnda, the kullanlmaz.

Oxford University
London Bridge
Turkish Republic
Atatrk Airport

11. Otel / tiyatro / sinema/.. ad

The Hilton
The (Hotel) Marmara
The (Cinema) Akn

Ayrca

The theatre / cinema / opera / concert

12. oul yer ad

The Netherlands
The Azures
He lives in the United States.
The Alps

Her ne kadar lke adlar the ile kullanlmazsa da, Sudan bir istisna oluturmaktadr: the Sudan.

13. Saylabilir bir ad ieren yer adlar

Canal/Channel The Sues / the English Channel
Desert The Sahara (Desert)
Gulf The Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico
Isles/Islands The British Isles, the Canary Islands
Kingdom The United Kingdom

211
Mountain The Rocky Mountains
Bir istisna: the Matterhorn
Ocean The Indian Ocean
Republic The Republic of Turkey
River The (River) Nile
Sea The Mediterranean (Sea)
State The Gulf States, the USA
Strait The Bering Straits
Union The Union of South Africa

Yer darlndan tr haritalarda the kullanlmayabilir.

Kta, tekil lke / ehir adlar,

Asia, Africa, South America, Great Britain, New York, Germany

tek da ve ada adlar,

Mount Everest
Cyprus, Long Island

gl adlar

Lake Erie

the almaz.

14. Milliyet belirten sfat

The British
The English
The Spanish

Baz milliyetlerden sz ederken, oul ad kullanlr.

(the) Russians / Arabs / Turks / Scots / ..

15. Bilim ve teknoloji ile ilgili ad

Is it true that Graham Bell hated the telephone.

16. Mzik aleti ad

I'd like to know how to play the piano.

Caz ve pop terminolojisinde the genellikle kullanlmaz.

17. Gazete ad

The New York Times

Dergi adlar genellikle the almaz.

212
18. Gemi ad

The Queen Mary

19. The + space = bo yer

The space was too narrow for him to park his car.

The kullanlmadnda, space szc uzay anlamn tar.

20. Preposition + the + head/shoulder/..

Peter banged himself on the forehead.
Susan pulled her sister by the hair.

21. The + very

This is the very book I was looking for. (= ta kendisi)

22. The + oul aile ad

The Hendersons have moved.
The Smiths came this morning.

leme
Altrma Tmceleri a, an ve the tamamlayn. Kimi zaman hi bir szck gerekmeyebilir. Daha sonra
metni Trkeye aktarn.

In 1910 ______ (1) farmers represented 33 percent of ______ (2) U.S. work force, and it
took more than ______ (3) hour of ______ (4) work to produce ______ (5) bushel of
______ (6) corn. By 1980 two minutes of ______ (7) work produced ______ (8) same
amount, and ______ (9) farm employment had fallen to about 3 percent.

In 1950 ______ (10) very good dairy cow could produce 1,200 gallons of ______ (11) milk
per year. By 1987 ______ (12) dairy cows were averaging 2,400 gallons ______ (13) year,
and some prize cows had even reached 6,000 gallons. During ______ (14) 1990s, ______
(15) milk production was expected to increase by at least 15 to 20 percent.

These are only two examples of ______ (16) dramatic changes that have occurred in
______ (17) agriculture. Through ______ (18) advances in ______ (19) science and ______
(20) technology, ______ (21) modern agriculture has become one of ______ (22) greatest
success stories of this century.

213
retme-Snama
Altrma Tmcelerde a ve the sk olarak kullanlmakta. Metni Trkeye aktarn.

Over hundred and hundreds of years, people have discovered a wide variety of valuable
resources to use for food, fuel, building materials, money, fertilizers, tools, weapons,
medicine, and so forth. Some important ones are: coal, iron ore, petroleum, copper, gold,
and diamonds.

Because many raw materials are located in only a few places, their locations become very
important. A few examples of large mineral and fuel deposits are: the petroleum deposits
off the coast of Venezuela and in the deserts surrounding the Persian Gulf; the lead and zinc
mines of upper Silesia (Poland and the Czech Republic); the tin mines of Malaysia, Bolivia,
and the Soviet Russia, which together make up one-half of the world total; the silver-
mining area that runs from Mexico to British Columbia; the famous Witwatersrand of
South Africa, which produces much of the world's gold; and the Rustenberg district (also in
South Africa), where most of the earth's platinum is mined.

214
22
Dier Konular: Of Szc

ngilizcede Of ile oluturulan farkl yaplarn
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 215
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 216
1. Of ... , tmce .................................................................................................. 216
2. Of + nitelik / nicelik belirten szck + ad ....................................................... 216
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 217
Hedef
215
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn en ksa konularndan olan bu konuda, of ile oluturulan
ve eviri asndan sorun karabilen iki kullanm tantlmakta.

Yirmi birinci konuda ilenen "a, an, the" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,

1. The majority of companies with billion-dollar incomes are oil companies.

2. I have never taken an economics class.

3. A multinational company is a company that operates in more than one country.

4. Building a a factory in a foreign country where the rate of inflation is high is a risky
business.

5. The gold that is used in jewelry is mixed with other metals.

6. Large gold deposits are found in the Andes Mountains in South America.

7. Share your information with the rest of the office staff in the general meeting to be
held tomorrow.

8. Change comes in many forms, but perhaps the most radical form is revolution.

9. In the case of the American Revolution, the main issue was taxation. The reaction
in America against the new taxes led to the war for independence and the founding
of the first free nation in the New World.

10. As a result, the brain filters out or "forgets" millions of pieces of information every
minute.

.
216
Sunu
1. Of ... , tmce

Of late, we've had plenty of accidents here.
Son zamanlarda, burada bir sr kaza oldu.

Of all the candidates, one man met our demands. (=Out of/Among,)
Tm bavuranlar arasnda, bir adam/erkek aradmz gibiydi.

Out of yaps iki farkl anlam tayabilir.

Out of 10 applicants, 6 were women. (Out of = Among)
Do not get angry with him. He is behaving out of friendship. (out of = adna)

2. Of + nitelik / nicelik belirten szck + ad

It is of no use.
This is of great urgency.

Bu yapy Trkeye aktarrken, yapda yer alan adn (use, urgency) kendisinden nce gelen ve
nitelik/nicelik belirten szck de dikkate alnarak, sfat haline getirilmesi gerekir. Yani,

It is of no use

yaps

It is useless

eklinde, ya da

This is of great urgency

tmcesi

This is very urgent

eklinde ele alnp Trkeye aktarlmaldr.

The period between 1840 and 1860 is noted for the number as well as the value of
its inventions. Of particular importance was the electric telegraph, the invention of
Samuel F. B. Morse.
Samuel F. B. Morse tarafndan icat edilen telgraf ayr bir neme sahipti.

Of a temperate, sub-alpine climate, Austria has approximately the same seasons
as New York. However, it rarely becomes either uncomfortably hot or bitingly cold,
and the seasons slip gradually from one to another without abrupt temperature
changes.
Ilman ve Alp iklimine sahip olan Avusturya'da mevsimler New York'takinin
ayndr.

217
leme-retme-
Snama
Altrma Tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. Of those who wished to participate in the exhibition, only the well-known ones
were accepted by the organizing committee.

2. It is true that I haven't read a book of late, but this is mainly because I've been very
busy.

3. The point mentioned was of vital importance.

4. Of a very mild climate, the Canary Islands attract millions of tourists every year.

218
23
Dier Konular: Eylem + Eylem

ngilizcede eylemlerin birlikte kullanlmasnn
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 219
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 220
1. Eylem + (preposition) + eylem ...................................................................... 220
2. Except / but + eylem ..................................................................................... 220
3. Eylem + eylem ............................................................................................... 220
3.1. Eylem + preposition + eylem ................................................................ 220
3.2. Eylem + (to) + eylem ............................................................................ 220
3.3. Eylem + (nesne) + to + eylem .............................................................. 221
3.4. Eylem + (so/so's) + -ing ....................................................................... 221
3.5. Eylem (=see/hear/..) + so/stg. + eylem/ -ing ........................................ 221
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 221
Listeler .................................................................................................................. 222
Eylem + preposition .......................................................................................... 222
Sfat + preposition ............................................................................................ 222
Hedef
219
Giri
Bu konuda, eylemlerin birbirlerine yaln halde, to ile ya da bir preposition ile
balanmalar ilenmektedir. Konunun sonunda, sk kullanlan Eylem +
Preposition ve Sfat + Preposition yaplarla ilgili bir de liste verilmekte. Bu konu
ve bunu izleyen konular yalnzca bilgi salamak amac ile ele alnd iin, ya ok
ksa bir altrma verilmekte, ya da herhangi bir altrma yer almamakta.

Yirmi ikinci konuda ilenen "of" szcnn kullanmna ilikin aamay ne lde
kavradnz saptamak iin, verilen tmceleri Trkeye aktarn.

1. We haven't seen each other of late, but we still keep in touch.

2. It is true to say that of all the inventions men has ever made, electricity has an
outstanding position.

3. We tried to get to the island before the storm broke, but it was apparently of no use.

4. My document is of great urgency and therefore it should have priority!

5. England produced very popular writers during the nineteenth century. Of a
prominent place was Charles Dickens, whose books still enjoy great popularity.

6. Of a changeable and unpredictable personality, the new secretary is a real terror!

7. Of those that demanded a change in the company structure, not a single one was
able to offer an alternative.

8. We have received so many criticisms of late that we doubt we'll ever manage to
complete the project.

9. The point mentioned was of vital importance.

10. The last person we interviewed for the post was of a very obstinate personality.

.
220
Sunu
1. Eylem + preposition + eylem

ngilizcede ou eylem kendisine zg bir ya da birka preposition tar ve bu preposition ile
eitli farkl anlamlar oluturur.

ngilizcede, preposition szcnden sonra gelen eylem her zaman -ing
formu tar.

Yani,

eylem + preposition + Ving

I'm looking forward to seeing you.
Don't insist on staying longer.

Ancak, rnein

I would like to go

tmcesinde to kelimesinin ardndan -ing kullanlmamakta. Bunun nedeni to kelimesinin like
yklemine ait olan ve bu yklemle her zaman kullanlan bir preposition olmamasdr.

2. Except / but + eylem C KONU 16 - Except, KONU 8, 16 - But

Except ve but kullanld zaman, bunlar izleyen eylem to olmadan
kullanlr.

I could do nothing but obey the rules.

3. Eylem + Eylem

Bir eylem dierine eitli yollarla balanabilir.

3.1. Eylem + preposition + eylem

Yukarda akland gibi.

3.2. Eylem + (to) + eylem

Snrl sayda eylem bir baka eyleme to almadan balanr.

Since the ancient Egyptians were protected by deserts and had no powerful
neighbours to threaten them, they lived in a world strictly of their own making. This
fact helps explain the culture they developed - their pyramids, their papyrus
scrolls, and the magnificent tombs of the Pharaohs.
Bu gerek, piramitleri, papirs yazlar, ve olaanst firavun mezarlar ile
gelitirdikleri kltr aklamaya yardmc olmaktadr.

221
3.3. Eylem + (nesne) + to + eylem

We expect to meet again.
Would you like to have a drink ?

3.4. Eylem + (so./so's) + -ing

I like playing the piano.
I appreciate your helping my son.

3.5. Eylem ( = see / hear / ..) + so./stg. + eylem / -ing

We saw him crossing the street [1]

tmcesi ile

We saw him cross the street [2]

anlam asndan ok farkldr. [1] numaral tmcede cross eyleminin -ing ile kullanm,
konuann olayn sadece bir blmn (belki yolun ortasndayken) grdn anlatmaktadr.
[2] numaral tmcede ise eylemin cross olarak yaln kullanlmas olayn kesinlikle tmnn
(bir kaldrmdan dierine) grldn anlatr.

They caught him beating his wife.
Can you smell something burning ?
In the video record, we saw the robber enter the bank, pull out a revolver, and
accidentally shoot his own foot.

Americans saw a lot of changes during the 1960s. For example, many saw the war
in Vietnam grow.
rnein, ou, Vietnam'daki savan iddetleniine ahit oldu.

leme-retme-
Snama

1. The burglar watched the young couple leave the flat, then silently sneaked in
through the window.

2. Would you be interested in having a day or two in the Alps?

3. Actually, I envy your being so active while the rest of us are so idle.

4. May I hope to be promoted next month?

5. Will you please help me lift this chair a bit?

222
Listeler

EYLEM + PREPOSITION

Bu listeye phrasal verb yaplar dahil deildir.

accuse of
adjust to
agree on/upon/to/with
aim at/to
attend to
apologize for
apply to/for
approve of
argue about/against/for/with
ask about/after
beware of
believe in
belong to
blame for
boast of/about
charge with
complain of/about
confide in
congratulate on
consist of
decide on/to
depend on
deprive of
detract from
die by/from/in/of
dream about/of
emerge from
engage in
escape from
excuse of
explain to
feed on
insist on
introduce to
listen to
live on
look at
mingle with
mistake for
object to
operate on (+hastanede)
participate in
pay for
prefer to
present to
provide for/with
quarrel with about/over
refer to
relate to
rely on
remind of/to
remove from
reply to
resign from
result from/in
retire from
rob of (Ayrca, rob a place)
smile at
speak about/of/on/to
spend on
stand for
succeed in
suspect of
tend to
thank for
think about/of
threaten with
translate into
vote against/for
wait for
worry about

SIFAT + PREPOSITION

able to
absent from
accustomed to
afraid of
amazed about
amenable to
angry at/with
anxious about
applicable to
ashamed of
bad for
bad at
based on
busy with
(in)capable of
careful of/with
careless of/with
certain of
clever at/with
close to
comparable to
composed of
concerned about
confident of
conscious of
(in)considerate of
contrary to
convenient for/to
critical of
crowded with
cruel to
curious about
dangerous to/for
(in)dependent on/upon
different from
disappointed at/with
disturbed at
divorced from
doubtful about
due to
eager for/to
empty into/out of
engaged to
enthusiastic about
envious of
equal to
essential to
expert on
faithful to
(un) familiar with/to
famous for
fed up with
fond of
forgetful of
frightened of
full of
good to/at/with
grateful to
greedy for
guilty of

223
harmful to
harmless to
helpful to
honest about/with
hopeful of
ill in/with
important to/for
inferior to
interested in
isolated from
jealous of
keen on
(un) kind to
lack of
lacking in
late for
leading to
loyal to
made for/ (out) of
married to
necessary for/to
new to
noted for
opposed to
parallel to
patient with
placed under
pleasant to/with
poor in
preferable to
prepared for
proud of
ready for
related to
resistant to
responsible for
rich in
rude to
(dis)satisfied with
scared of
sensitive to
serious about
severe on
shocked at
sick of
similar to
sorry for
strict with
superior to
suspicious of
symbolized by
tired of
used for/in

224
24
Dier Konular: Infinitive

ngilizcede infinitive yaplarn incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 225
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 226
1. Edilgen (= Passive) yaplarda ....................................................................... 226
1.1. Present ................................................................................................. 226
1.2. Continuous ........................................................................................... 226
1.3. Past/Perfect .......................................................................................... 226
2. Be + to ........................................................................................................... 227
2.1. Be + the first/last/only/.. + ad + to + eylem .......................................... 227
2.2. Be + to ................................................................................................... 227
3. Ad + to + eylem ............................................................................................ 227
4. Why (not) + eylem ......................................................................................... 227
5. And / or / except / but / than + eylem ........................................................... 228
6. Do + (to) + eylem ........................................................................................... 228
7. To my / his / .. + sfat / ad, tmce .................................................................. 228
8. Be + sfat + to + eylem .................................................................................. 228
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 229
Hedef
225
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn bu konusunda, infinitive (C KONU 12, 15, 23, 26) yaplar
ele alnmakta. Bu yaplarn, tmcenin znesi olarak kullanm ise yirmialtnc
konuda ilenmekte.

Yirmi nc konuda ilenen "eylem+eylem" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak

1. In a moment, we saw a crack of light from the room shine through the hall.

2. I heard the door slam as she went out furiously.

3. They heard her threaten the director, but they didn't actually see her hit him.

4. The new bridge will help relieve the heavy traffic in the area.

5. You've probably told me a hundred times about the day you heard Michael Jackson
sing at that concert.

6. They felt the whole building shake, and a moment later there was a large crack in
one of the walls.

.
226
Sunu
1. Edilgen (= Passive) yaplarda

1.1. Present

Bu yapda passive + to + eylem

He is expected to arrive soon.
Yaknda varmas bekleniyor.

ya da eylem + to + passive

I expected to be met at the airport
Havaalannda karlanacam umuyordum.

kullanlmaktadr.

1.2. Continuous

Progressive infinitive olarak bilinen yap to be + -ing ile oluturulur ve etken yapda da
kullanlabilir.

It is nice to be teaching this class.
Bu snf okutuyor olmak gzel.

Yap passive + to be + -ing eklinde kullanlabilir.

He is believed to be living in the hide.
Gizli bir yerde yaamakta olduuna inanlyor.

1.3. Past / Perfect

Perfect Infinitive olarak bilinen yap to have + V
3
eklinde oluturulur.

It is nice to have met you.
Sizinle tanm olduuma sevindim.

Bu yapda passive + to have + V
3

Father Christmas is said to have lived here.
Noel Baba'nn burada yaam olduu sylenir.

ya da to have been + V
3

I'd like to have been remembered.
Hatrlanm olmay isterdim

kullanlabilir.

227
2. Be + to

2.1. Be + the first/last/only/ .. + ad + to + eylem

What would it be like to be the first person to do something? Many women have
been firsts. In 1983, Sally Ride was the first American woman to travel in space.
Bir eyi yapma konusunda ilk olmak nasl bir ey olurdu? ... 1983 ylnda, Sally
Ride uzaya giden ilk Amerikal kadn oldu.

Trkeye -En + ilk / son / tek + ad eklinde aktarlr.

2.2. Be + to C KONU 5, 6

Bu yapnn kullanm will ya da should ile ayndr. Ancak, aadaki farkl kullanma dikkat
etmek gerekir.

Advertisers want to persuade people to buy their products or services. They used
many approaches to do this. One approach is to show people how their lives will
improve. A different approach is to have a celebrity praise the product. (= One
approach : to show ... /A different approach : to have ...)

As human beings, we all make faults and quirks that make use unique but at the
same time make us like all other humans. Writers often use these faults and quirks
to make people laugh. These works are called satire, and their purpose is to
criticize problem with the goal of improving society.
Bu eserlere hiciv ad verilir ve amalar da toplumu gelitirmek hedefine ynelik
olarak bu sorunlar eletirmektir.

Fear of conversation is merely anxiety exaggerated. A good way to tackle such
anxiety is to prepare yourself.
Bu tr heyecan yenmenin iyi bir yolu kendinizi hazrlamaktr.

3. Ad + to + eylem = who/which will/would + eylem

I am the one to help you.
Sana yardmc olacak olan benim.

4. Why (not) + eylem

Bu yapda to kullanlmaz.

Why pay for such a nightmare meal?
Bylesine rezalet bir yemek iin neden para deyeyim ki?

Why not leave now ?
Neden imdi ayrlmayacakmm ?

228
5. And / or / except / but / than + eylem C KONU 8, 16

Bu yaplarda to gereksizdir.

The doctor recommended him to relax and take things easy.
I'd rather stay than leave now.

6. Do + (to) + eylem C KONU 10

All I could do was to pay him the money.
Tek / Tm yapabildiim ona paray demekti.

What a real pet dog does is (to) accompany you any time.
Gerek bir evcil kpein yapt i insana her an elik etmektir.

7. To my / his / .. + ad, tmce

Their rejection of my offer surprised us,
We were surprised by their rejection of my offer,
What surprised us was their rejection of my offer,

tmcelerinde "teklifin onlar tarafndan reddedilmesi" olay, aknlk kayna olmutur. Kimi
zaman, tepkiyi anlatan yapy tmcenin dna karmak mmkndr. Bu durumda da

To our surprise, they rejected my offer

eklinde bir tmce ortaya kmaktadr. Bu yapda en sk

annoyance, delight, horror, regret, relief, surprise

ad ve sfatlar ve bunlarn yakn anlamlarn tayan ad ve sfatlar kullanlr.

eviri sz konusu olduunda

Bizim hayretimize / aknlmza

yaklam yanl olacaktr. Bunun yerine, To ile balayan blm ayr bir tmce gibi ele almak
gerekir.

ardk kaldk. Teklifimi reddettiler.

Bu yapya benzer aadaki rnekleri inceleyin:

To my mind, their rejection of my offer was a surprise. (Benim amdan, ...)
To a man of his age, he looks quite healthy. (Onun yandaki biri iin, ...)

8. Be + sfat + to + eylem

He is hard to persuade. (= It is hard to persuade him.)
Onu ikna etmek zor.

This violin is excellent to play Mozart on.
Bu keman Mozart almak iin kusursuz. /Bu kemanla Mozart kusursuz alnr.)

229
leme-retme-
Snama

1. We do not consider him to be a suitable candidate for the post.

2. I got on a taxi - only to realise that I'd left all my money in my other jacket.

3. She had a stiff brandy to calm her nerves.

4. When the parents were killed, a fund was set up to provide for the children.

5. Who could have imagined that that plain little girl was to become one of the world's
greatest singers?

6. The idea of the scheme is to relieve traffic congestion in the centre of the town.

7. At first sight, one would expect the rate of inflation to be somewhere in the region
of 6%.

230
25
Dier Konular: Gerund

ngilizcede gerund yaplarn incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 231
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 232
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 232
Hedef
231
Giri
Bu konuda ele alnan gerund (C KONU 5, 9, 107, 12, 15, 17, 23, 26) yaplarn zne
olarak kullanm yirmialtnc konuda.

Yirmi drdnc konuda ilenen "infinitive" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak

1. The famous proprietor is rumoured to have hired men to do away with his rivals.

2. In 1969, Neil Amstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon.

3. The only way to give up smoking is to have willpower.

4. Stage fright is quite common among practising actors and actresses. One simple
way to tackle such phobias is to prepare yourself psychologically.

5. He seems to be the only one to prevent us from getting this financial aid.

6. To my mind, no plant or animal species is so valueless as to be sacrificed for the
sake of industry.

.
232
Sunu
ngilizce'de her zaman preposition + Ving yaps geerlidir.
A franchise is the right or license to sell the products of a very large company.
Instead of starting a restaurant that features Emma's homemade cherry pie or
Slim's chicken-fried steak, a person could buy a franchise to start a McDonald's,
Burger King, or Wendy's.
Emma'nn ev yapm vineli pastasn ya da Slim'in kzarm tavuk filetosunu sunan
bir lokanta amak yerine, bir McDonald, Burger King ya da Wendy's iletmesi
amak iin temsilcilik alnabilir.
Doctors can use fibers to peek inside the human body. This lets them perform
operations without making large wounds.
Bu (da) onlarn geni kesiler oluturmadan ameliyatlar gerekletirmelerini salar.

You can find me by calling my name in the corridor.
Koridorda adm seslenerek beni bulabilirsin.

leme-retme-
Snama

1. The only way she could put him off was by being thoroughly obnoxious.
2. We could hear them shouting at each other.
3. Instead of sitting there and waiting for things to happen, why don't you just be a bit
more active?
4. The early years of the nineteenth century saw English villagers crossing oceans for
remote countries.
5. There is no denying that modern cars are simply not built to last.
6. The committee has spent years studying the use of soya beans in various products.

233
26
Dier Konular: zne
Konumunda Infinitive ve Gerund

ngilizcede infinitive ve gerund yaplarn zne
konumunda kullanlmasnn incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 234
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 234
1. zne olarak kullanm .................................................................................... 234
2. Belirgin eylemler ............................................................................................ 236
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 236
Hedef
234
Giri
Bu konuda, infinitive (C KONU 10, 15, 17, 23, 24) ve gerund (C KONU 5, 9, 10, 12, 17, 23,
25) yaplarn tmcenin znesi olarak kullanmlarna ve dier birka kullanm
zelliine deinilmekte.

Yirmi beinci konuda ilenen "gerund" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,

1. When he had the accident, he was leaning out of the windows waving good-bye
to his friends.
2. By saving regularly each month and being careful with your spendings, you can
well make ends meet.
3. He was told to be careful with his behaviour in the office but, instead of doing
what he had been told to, he started the working day shouting all his colleagues
at top of his voice.
4. People living in the suburbs certainly pay less rent, but they have bus and train
fares to consider.

5. It is amazing how much you can learn by listening to others in a barber's.

6. There is no getting away from your responsibilities.

Sunu
1. zne olarak kullanm

ngilizcede, infinitive tmcenin znesi olarak artk ok az kullanlmaktadr. Aadaki
kullanmda olduu gibi:

To err is human, to forgive is divine.

Bugn ise, tmceye eylem ile balanmas gerekiyorsa, gerund ya da daha iyisi It ...
kullanlmas doru olur. Bu durumda,

To see you is nice

yerine

It is nice to see you

tmcesi kullanlabilir.

a. To ...

To work in this hospital is really a torture. (
(TO+Y+N)
+Y+N)
Bu hastanede almak gerekten bir ikence.

.
235
b. To ..+ be + to ..

To shout at him is to ask for trouble. (
(TO+Y+N)
+Y+N
(TO+Y+N)
)
Ona barmak, belan aranmak demektir.

Ayrca,

The real reason behind this decision is to take the high rate of inflation under
control.
Bu kararn ardndaki asl neden yksek enflasyon hzn denetim altna almak.

c. .. stg./so. + to

I don't want you to travel with him./your travelling ... (+Y+N+N
(TO+Y+N)
)
Senin onunla yolculuk etmeni istemiyorum.

a. .. my / his / .. (=possessive) + -ing

We are against your leading the team. (+Y+N
(POSSESSIVE+-ING+N)
)
(Biz) takma senin liderlik etmene karyz.

Gerund (V+-ing) bir noun ilevi stlendii iin, bu yapda possessive kullanlmas arttr.

I liked his song.
I liked his singing. (* I liked him singing yanltr.)

b. -ing ..

Playing tennis is my main hobby. (
(-ING+N)
+Y+N)
Tenis oynamak temel hobim.

c. be + -ing

His profession is playing tennis. (+Y+N
(-ING+N)
)
Meslei tenis oynamak.

d. My / His / .. (=possessive) + -ing ..

Your forgetting the key was a real comedy. (
(POSSESSIVE+-ING+N)
+Y+N)
Senin anahtarlar unutuun gerek bir komediydi.

Gerund yansra perfect gerund yap da kullanlabilir.

My having seen the film spoiled the whole night.

e. There ... no / any + -ing ...

Bu yapnn Trkeye aktarlmas, belirli bir yol nerilemedii iin, sorun olabilmektedir.

is no
There mistaking that voice.
isn't any
O sesi tanmamak / baka seslerle kartrmak olanaksz.

236

is no
There knowing where he will appear next.
isn't any
Gelecek sefere nerede ortaya kaca bilinmez.

2. Belirgin eylemler

Belirgin bir eylemden szedildiinde infinitive zne olarak kullanlabilir. Yine de en iyisi It ...
kullanmaktr.

To open the lid was difficult.
It was difficult to open the lid.

Genel bir eylemden szedildiinde gerund zne olarak kullanlabilir. Yine de en iyisi, infinitive
yapda da olduu gibi, It ... kullanmaktr.

Doing shopping is her only enjoyment.
It is her only enjoyment to do shopping.

Several foreign countries employ large numbers of American and Canadians.
Learning the language of these countries is important.
Bu lkelerin dilini renmek nem tamaktadr.

leme-retme-Snama

1. Being a referee should be one of the hardest and most risky jobs.
2. To tell you the truth, I doubt you will ever get that job with so few qualifications you
have.
3. It is not always possible to see a new-born baby kangaroo climb into its mother's pouch.
4. Being generously tipped for his service may turn out to be the main income of any
waiter.
5. Parking my car in a place that is hardly large enough for a car of the size of mine has
always been my nightmare.

237
27
Dier Konular: Any, Every

ngilizcede any ve every yaplarnn kullanlmasnn
incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 238
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 238
1. Any ................................................................................................................ 238
2. Every ............................................................................................................. 239
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 239

Hedef
238
Giri
Genel eviri 1 kitabnn bu konusunda, any ve every szckleri ile oluturulan
yaplar ele alnmaktadr. zellikle any ile oluturulan yaplar, ngilizce renimi
esnasnda any szcnn hemen her zaman olumsuz anlamlar ele alnd
iin, eviri asndan sorun olabilmektedir.

Yirmi altnc konuda ilenen "infinitive ve gerund" aamasn ne lde kavradnz

1. To tell the truth in all cases may not be beneficial.
2. We did our very best, but earning her confidence was not as easy as we'd expected
it to be.
3. Being situated very close to Asia, yet, in the meantime, being off shore, Hong Kong
has enjoyed all the benefits of an independent island.
4. It is a pity that Columbus died never realising that he had discovered a new
continent.
5. It is really shocking that our sales manager is accused of shoplifting when he has
plenty of money to spend on anything he'd care to buy.

Sunu
1. Any

Any aadaki anlamlarda kullanlabilir.

I haven't got any money.
Hi param yok.

Olumsuz yap/anlam + any = hi

I can sit anywhere.
Nereye olsa oturabilirim.

Olumlu yap/anlam + any/Any zne konumunda = ne olursa
olsun/herhangi bir

Bundan tr,

Nobody can solve this puzzle.
Bu bilmeceyi hi kimse zemez.

Anybody can solve this puzzle.
Bu bulmacay isteyen herkes/kim istese zebilir.

In Turkey, anybody can be a taxi driver.
Trkiye'de isteyen herkes taksi srcs olabilir.

.
239
Interactive television combines television, teletext, and computer technology.
People who favour interactive television believe that consumers will soon be able
to do almost anything from their homes.
Karlkl iletiim televizyonunu savunanlar, yaknda insanlarn hereyi evlerinden
yapabileceklerine inanmaktalar.

Migraines are democratic - anyone can get them.
Migren arlar demokratiktir - herkes migren olabilir.

anything but = not anlamn, nothing but = only anlamn tar.

He is anything but intelligent. (=He is not intelligent)
He is nothing but a fool. (= He is a fool)

2. Every

eviri asndan, aada deinilen kullanm nem tamaktadr.

Not everyone is aware of the dangers of radiation.
Radyasyonun tehlikelerinin herkes farknda deil / pek az kii farknda.

Not all (=Not every) firsts happened long ago. Some are more recent. In 1981
Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female U.S. Supreme Court Justice.
lklerin hepsi de uzun zaman nce gereklemi deil.

Not everyone can be hypnotized, but for those who can, hypnosis can sometimes
provide dramatic pain relief. Major surgery, including leg amputations, have even
been done under hypnosis.
Herkes hipnoz edilemez, ama edilebilenler iin hipnoz, kimi zaman, acdan byk
bir ka salayabilir.

Bu yapy olumsuz eylem ile Trkeye aktarmak mmkndr.

leme-retme-
Snama

1. The probability that the birthdays of any two people are not alike is clearly 364/365.

2. Anybody with a quick wit could have worked out the problem.

3. He doesn't take any real interest in his work. He just does it anyhow.

4. Not everyone should be allowed to obtain a driving licence.

5. "Take a card," said the conjurer, "any card; it doesn't matter which."
240
28
Dier Konular: Grup Adlar ve
Uygun Eylem

ngilizcede grup adlarna uygun olan eylemin
kullanlmasnn incelenmesi

Giri ..................................................................................................................... 241
Sunu ..................................................................................................................... 242
1. Grup Ad + oul Yklem .............................................................................. 242
2. The + sfat = oul Ad .................................................................................. 242
3. No, none, all, some, any, hardly any, half, each,
every/any/ no/ .. + uygun eylem ................................................................. 242
leme-retme-Snama ......................................................................................... 243
Hedef
241
Giri

Genel eviri 1 kitabnn son konusunda, grup iin kullanlan adlar ve bunlar iin
kullanlan tekil ya da oul eylemler konusu ele alnmakta.

Yirmi yedinci konuda ilenen "any, every" aamasn ne lde kavradnz saptamak iin,

1. We have no idea why she isn't here; there could be any number of reasons.

2. The robbers could be anywhere in the city now.

3. The police cannot do anything until and unless they have been given the full
authority to carry on with the investigation.

4. Remember that not every species of fungus can be categorised as edible.

5. Any guitarist to master the classic guitar can play the electric guitar after a brief
practice.

.
242
Sunu
1. Grup ad + oul eylem

ngilizcede, oul eylem tekil eylemden daha fazla kullanma sahiptir.

The audience were impatient.
The public are quite eager to hear him.
England have won the last match.

Yine de, the audience, the public, vs. tek bir grup olarak dnlrse tekil eylem de
kullanlabilir.

The public consists of the two of us.

2. The + sfat = oul ad C KONU 21

ngilizcede, baz sfatlar the ile oul ad olutururlar ve eylem de oul olur.

The old need help.
(= Old people ...)

One day early in 1971 the British Government introduced a new monetary system and
new coins at the same time. It was fairly easy for the young to accept the system
because they had learnt mathematics not long before but it was hard for the old, who
had spent all their lives buying in selling in pounds, shillings and pence, and especially
hard for the blind, who had to learn to recognise the value of the new coins by touch
alone.
Bu deiiklik yakn zamanlarda matematik renmi olan genler iin olduka kolayd,
fakat tm yaamlarn pound, shilling, ve pence gibi para birimleri ile alveri yaparak
geirmi olan yallar iin, zellikle de yeni bozukluklarn deerini sadece dokunarak
anlamay renmek zorunda olan krler iin zordu.

Her ne kadar bir sfat olmasa da, police szc de the ile kullanlr ve the police oul ad
oluturur. Tekil hali the policeman / woman eklinde olmaktadr. The police doal olarak oul
eylem alr.

The police were late again.

3. No, none, all, some, any, hardly any, half, each, every/any/no/.. + uygun eylem

3.1. Saylamayan adlarla kullanldklarnda doal olarak tekil eylem alrlar.

No
Some money has been found.
None of the

Nobody was there.
Everybody is free to do whatever they want.

243
3.2. Saylabilir adlarla kullanldklarnda, adn tekil ya da oul olmasna bal olarak
tekil ya da oul eylem alrlar.

Some people were present.

3.3. Either ve neither genelde tekil eylem alr.

Two books have arrived and either / but neither is about the topic.

leme-retme-
Snama

1. The audience were so enthusiastic that the orchestra re-played a whole concerto
with the audience snapping fingers to match the rhythm.

2. The public are most willing to learn the election results soon.

3. In the cup final, Brazil have beaten Argentina.

4. Consequently, it is the poor who suffer most.

5. Everybody knows that the police are likely to slightly break the law in their search
for the truth.

6. Many of those who promised to join the meeting were too lazy to even leave their
homes.

Bu konuyla birlikte dilbilgisi aklamalar sona eriyor. Bundan sonraki sayfalarda kitab destekleyici
ek malzemeleri bulacaksnz.
244

Listeye i.e. ya da e.g. gibi szlklerde kolayca bulunabilecek yabanc szck ve terimler
alnmamtr. Bu listede u ksaltmalar kullanlmaktadr:

F = Franszca
L = Latince
Y = Yunanca

A ab initio (L) from the beginning
ab ovo (L) from the egg (beginning)
compte (F) on account, in part payment
ad finem (L) to the end
ad infinitum (L) to infinity
ad libitum (L) at pleasure
ad nauseam (L) to the point of disgust
ad valorem (L) according to value
a fortiori (L) with stronger reason
alter ego (L) another self
amour-propre (F) self-love, vanity
anglice (L) in English
a posteriori (L) (argument) from effect to cause
a priori (L) (argument) from cause to effect
argent comptant (F) ready money
arrire pense (F) mental reservation; ulterior motive
au fait (F) well acquainted with
B bte noire (F) bugbear; one's abomination
btise (F) stupid remark or action
bona fide (L) in good faith; genuine(ly)
bonhomie (F) good-natured simplicity
bon vivant (F) gourmand
C carte blanche (F) full discretionary power
casus belli (L) act justifying war
ceteris paribus (L) other things being equal
chef d'uvre (F) masterpiece
ci-devant (F) former(ly)
comine il faut (F) well-bred
compte rendu (F) account rendered
coup d'tat (F) violent of illegal change in government
coup de grace (F) finishing stroke
coup de main (F) sudden violent attack
cui bono? (L) for whose benefit is it?
cul de sac (F) blind alley
cum grano salis (L) with a grain of salt; i.e. with some allowance
D de facto (L) in fact; really
dgag (F) easy, unrestrained
de jure (L) by (legal) right
de novo (L) anew
de trop (F) not wanted; in the way
dies non (L) day on which no legal business is done
double entendre (F) phrase capable of two meanings
E entre nous (F) between ourselves
esprit de corps (F) regard for the interest or honour of a body to which one belongs
ex officio (L) by virtue of one's office
ex parte (L) on (in the interest of) one side only

ngilizcede Yabanc Szck ve Terimler
245
F fait accompli (F) thing already done
faux pas (F) false step; mistake
flagrante delicto (L) in the very act
H hic jacet (L) here lies
hinc illae lacrimae (L) hence proceed these tears
hoi polloi (Y) the many; the rabble
I in esse (L) in being
in extenso (L) at full length
in extremis (L) at the point of death
in forma pauperis (L) as a poor man
in loco parentis (L) in the place of a parent
in medias res (L) into the midst of things
in posse (L) potentially
in propria persona (L) in person
in re (L) in the matter of
in situ (L) in its original position
in statu quo (L) in the same place (as formerly)
inter alia (L) among other things
in toto (L) completely
ipse dixit (L) dogmatic statement
ipso facto (L) by the very fact
J jeu d'esprit (F) witticism
L laissez faire (F) absence of restraint
lapsus linguae (L) slip of the tongue
Lares et Penates (L) the home
le beau monde (F) the fashionable world
lettre de change (F) bill of exchange
lettre de crance (F) letter of credit
locum tenens (L) a deputy
locus standi (L) recognized position; right to appear in court, etc.
M magnum opus (L) great work
mal--propos (F) ill-timed
mauvaise honte (F) false modesty
mauvais sujet (F) a worthless fellow
miss-en-scne (F) scenery and property of an acted play
modus operandi (L) way a person goes to work; way a thing operates
modus vivendi (L) arrangement between disputants pending the result of a controversy
N ne plus ultra (L) farthest point attainable; culmination
noblesse oblige (F) rank imposes obligations
nom de plume (F) pen-name
non sequitur (L) it does not follow
nous verrns (F) we shall see
O obiit (L) he/she died
on dit (F) they say; piece of hearsay
P pace (L) by leave of
pari passu (L) with equal pace; together
passim (L) in every part
per (L) by; by means of
per capita (L) by the head
per diem, per mensem (L) (so much) by day, by month
per saltum (L) by a leap or jump
per se (L) by or in itself; intrinsically
persona non grata (L) person not wanted
pis aller (F) last resource
poste restante (F) to be left till called for
pot pourri (F) medley or mixture
prima facie (F) (based) on first consideration
pro forma (L) as a matter of form
246
pro rata (L) at the same rate; proportionally
pro tempore (L) for the time being
quid pro quo (L) one thing for another
R raison d'tre (F) reason for a thing's existence
rara avis (L) rare bird; prodigy
re (L) in the matter of
rchauffe (F) warmed-up dish; rehash
recherch (F) rare, exquisite
reductio ad absurdum (L) reducing a position to an absurdity
rentes (F) stocks
S sang-froid (F) composure; coolness
sans frais (F) without expense
savant (F) learned man
savoir-faire (F) tact
savir-vivre (F) good-breeding
sine die (L) without naming a day
sine qua non (L) an indispensable condition
soi-disant (F) self-styled; pretended
stet (L) let what was deleted stand (in proof-correcting)
sub judice (L) under judicial consideration
sub rosa (L) privately
sui generis (L) not belonging to a class; unique
T tant mieux (F) so much the better
tant pis (F) so much the worse
tempus fugit (L) time flies
tte--tte (F) confidential; private conversation
tour de force (F) feat of strength or skill
tout ensemble (F) thing viewed as a whole; general effect
U ultra vires (L) beyond legal powers
V vade mecum (L) something (e.g. a handbook) constantly carried about
verbum sat sapienti (ksaltmas verb. sap.) (L) a word is enough to the wise
via media (L) a middle course
vica voce (L) oral(ly)
vox populi, vox dei (L) the voice of the people is the voice of God

Liste Pink'ten (1940: 68-70) alnm ve geniletilmitir.

247

Genel eviri 1 kitabnda dilbilgisi maddelerinin ele alnd konulardan, gerekli grlenlerin
eviri niteliklerinin zeti aada verilmektedir.
Konu 5: Tenses

Simple Present eylem + - Er / -Ir / - Iyor
Present Continuous eylem + - Iyor / - mEktE
Present Perfect (Continuous) eylem + - DI/ - mItIr / - DIr
Simple Past eylem + - DI / - ErdI
Past Perfect eylem + - mItI / - DIydI
Past Perfect Continuous eylem + -mEktEydI/-Iyordu/- mItI
Past Continuous eylem + - Iyordu / mEktEydI
to have + V
3
eylem + - mI ol-
having + V
3
eylem + - DIktEn ...
will eylem + - EcEk / - Er/ - Ir
be going to eylem + - EcEk
be to eylem + - EcEk / - mEk gerek
Future Continuous eylem + - Iyor / mEktE olacak
Future Perfect eylem + - mI olacak

Konu 6: Modal Verbs

Zamana Modal Verbs
ilikin Gereklilik Zorunluluk Olaslk, zin
Gemi (Gl) (Gl) Yetenek
used to need (to)
have to
have got to
be bound to
be certain to
be sure to
need (to)
have to
have got to
be bound to
be certain to
be sure to
be able to be allowed to
be permitted to
Gelecek (Gl deil) (Gl deil) stek Dierleri
be going to
be to
be about to
be due to
be destined to
ought to
be likely to
be supposed to
ought to
had better
be supposed to
be willing to
would rather
would sooner
be going to
dare (to)
tend to
be liable to
happen to
Quirk et al, 1985: 236

Konu 7: Passive

Simple Present - IlIr
Present Continuous -IlIyor
Present Perfect -IldI / -IlmItIr
Simple Past -Il(Ir)dI
Past Continuous -IlIyordu
Past Perfect -IlmItI
Future Perfect -IlmI olacak
Future -IlEcEk

Konu zetleri
248
can
could
may -EbIl(In)Ir
might

have to
must
ought to -IlmElI/-IlmEsI gerek
should
need

would
-IlIrdI
used to

Konu 8: Coordination

either ... or ya ... ya da
both ... and hem ... hem de
nor ne de
not only ... but also hem ... hem de
neither ... nor ne ... ne de

Konu 9: Relative Clause

NOUN + (WHO/WHICH/THAT) + (S) + V + (O) -EN/-DII/-ECEI + AD

Konu 11: Comparison Clause

... than -dEn daha
rather than yerine, -dEn ziyade
comparative and comparative gitgide, daha da
most / -est En ...
The + comparative,
the + comparative Ne kadar ..., o kadar ...
as ... as ... kadar
... enough to ... -E(bIl)Ecek kadar
too ... to -EmEyEcEk kadar
so/such ... that o kadar .... ki

Konu 12: Time Clause

until / till - E(nE) kadar
before - DEn nce
by -EnE kadar

as
- (i)ken
while

so long as - DII srece

when
- DII zaman
-ing
249

whenever (her) ne zaman .. -sE
now that - mI iken
during esnasnda
after -DEn sonra

Having + V
3

as soon as
- I/Er ... -mEz
directly
immediately

once Bir kez ... -DI mI
since -DEn beri

No sooner ... than
Hardly ... when Daha yeni ... -mItI ki
Scarcely ... when

(only) to
eylem + to + eylem ... ve ...
..., -ing

-ing - ErEk
V
3
- IldII zaman

Konu 13: Condition Clause

If it weren't for olmasa
If it hadn't been for olmasayd
But for olmasayd
As/So long as -DII srece
Assuming/providing/
provided that varsayarsak
Given that Eer
In case -mEsI durumunda
In the event that -mEsI durumunda
Unless -mE- ise

Konu 14: Concession Clause

Although/Though -mEsInE ramen
Even if -sE bile
Whereas oysa
While -sE dE

250
Konu 15: Reason - Purpose - Result Clause

Because, as, for, since nk
Because of, due to, owing to,
on account of -dEn dolay
As long as -dII- srece
In that -dII iin
Now that Hazr ... iken
While Hazr ... iken
With -dII iin
(In order/So as) to -mEk iin
For fear that -mEk korkusu ile
Lest -mEsIn diye
So (that), such that yle ki
Thereby bylece

Konu 16: Exception - Place - Similarity Clause

But (that) dnda
Except(ing) that dnda
Save that dnda
Where -dII/-EcEI yer
Wherever her neresi
(Just) as tpk ... gibi
As if/though sanki

Konu 22: Of

Of + all/ the three .. ... arasnda, iinde
Of late Son zamanlarda
of + nitelik + ad/sfat [iyelik]+nitelik+addan treyen sfat

Konu 28: Any, Every

Any(one/where/..) [+ olumlu eylem]
Her kim/neresi/.. olursa olsun

251

Genel eviri 1 kitabnn ele ald dilbilgisi maddeleri aada abece sralamasnda
verilmekte.

Maddelerin yannda, getii konu bulunmakta.

Sralanan maddelerin karlarna, aranlan bir yapnn bulunmasn kolaylatraca
dncesi ile rnek tmce ve szckler yerletirildi.

A
A, ARTICLE He is a military officer.
a bit + comparative, ARTICLE You look a bit older than your brother.
a few, (Bak. Few) I have a few friends.
a great deal + comparative, ARTICLE She is a great deal more sensible than us.
a little (Bak. Little)
a little + comparative, ARTICLE You look a little older than your brother.
a lot + comparative, ARTICLE You look a lot older than your brother.
Ad
ad + to + eylem, INFINITIVE I am the one to help you.
ad, -ing, NOUN CL. Her thesis, studying changes, takes her time.
ad, that, NOUN CL. The news, that the weather will change, is good.
ad, to.., NOUN CL. His job, to sell sweets, is quite boring.
ad, WH., NOUN CL. The order, where we should stand, was silly.
Admitting, CONDITION Admitting that he is lucky, we can trust him.
Adverbs of frequency, TENSE always, generally, usually, ... never
After, TIME CL. After the accident, the district is sealed.
All
all of + ad, SUBJECT-VERB All my neighbours are nosy people.
all of whom/which, RELATIVE CL. He has 3 dogs, all of which are ugly.
all that ..., RELATIVE CL. All that I need is a rest.
all the + comparative, COMPARISON CS. I feel all the better seeing you.
Although, CONCESSION CL. Although we were late, we didn't miss the film.
Always
past continuous ile, TENSE He was always complaining
present perfect ile, TENSE I've always worked hard.
present continuous ile, TENSE She's always crying.
simple past ile, TENSE They always met there.
simple present ile, TENSE He always comes on time.
An, ARTICLE This is an urgency.
Ana Tmce, BASIT-BILEK TMCE
And
and + eylem, INFINITIVE You can pay and leave.
coordinator, COORDINATION He opened the door and a large dog came in.
Any, ANY-EVERY
any(one/body/.., ANY-EVERY Anyone is welcome to my party.
any(-thing/where/..) + to+eylem, NOUN CL. Do you know anyone to ask for money?
anything but, ANY-EVERY He is anything but intelligent.
anything + to do/to be done, NOUN CL. I don't have anything to do.
Articles, Konu 21
As
comment clauseile, COMMENT CL. As you know, we are not friends.
concession clauseile, CONCESSION CL. Hard as he may try, I doubt he will manage.
reason clauseile, REASON CL. As he was tired, he had a rest.
time clauseile, TIME CL. As I was walking, I fell down.
(just) as: similarity, SIMILARITY CL. He is a menace, just as his brother is.
(just) as: time, TIME CL. (Just) as I was going out, it started to rain.
as ... as: comparison, COMPARISON CL. It wasn't as delicious as I'd expected.
as ... as: concession, CONCESSION CL. As hard as he may try, I doubt he will manage.
as far as: comment clauseile, COMMENT CL. As far as I know, he is a teacher.
as far as: comparison clauseile, COMPARISON CL. We went as far as we could.
as if, SIMILARITY CL. You look as if you are about to cry.
Abecesel Dizin
252
as long as: comparison clauseile, COMPARISON CL. The film was not as long as the old version.
as long as: condition clauseile, TIME CLAUSE As long as he behaves himself, he can stay.
as long as: reason clauseile, REASON CL. As long as I'm ill, I don't need to get up early.
as long as: time clause ile, TIME CLAUSE You can stay with us as long as you like.
as much as, COMPARISON CL. He talked to the employers as much as to us.
as soon as: comparison clauseile, COMPARISON CL. Come in as soon as five minutes.
as soon as: time clauseile, TIME CL. Phone me as soon as you get home.
as though, SIMILARITY CL. You look as though you are about to cry.
as well as, COMPARISON CL. Does he sing as well as you do?
Assuming, CONDITION CL. Assuming (that) he's right, what can we do then?
At no time, INVERSION At no time have I said something like that.

B
Basit Tmce, BAST-BLEK TMCE
Bare Infinitive Clause, NOUN CL.
Be
be + -ing, INFINITIVE-GERUND His job is selling computers.
be + supposed to, PASSIVE I'm supposed to be at home now.
be + sfat + to + eylem, INFINITIVE He is nice to talk to.
be + that, NOUN CL. The point is that we have no cash.
be + the first/.. + ad+to .., INFINITIVE He was the first to cross the bridge.
be + to , INFINITIVE (Ayrca bak. be to) His job is to sell computers.
be + to be seen/found/.., PASSIVE He was nowhere to be found.
be + to blame, PASSIVE Who is to blame?
be + V
3
, PASSIVE
be + WH, NOUN CL. This is what I don't understand.
be + whether, NOUN CL. The problem is whether we can trust him.
be able to: edilgen, PASSIVE It was able to be completed.
be able to: modal verb, MODAL He was able to complete the race.
be accustomed to, MODAL I'm accustomed to his nastiness.
be going to: edilgen, MODAL The bridge is going to be completed soon.
be going to: gelecek zaman, TENSE She is going to have a baby.
be to: edilgen, PASSIVE This is to be done urgently.
be to: gelecek zaman, TENSE The Queen is to visit the Philippines.
be that as it may, SIMLARITY Be that as it may, I met an old friend.
be used to, MODAL I'm used to so much noise.
Because
because, REASON CL. I need to hurry because I'm late.
because of, REASON CL. Because of a storm, the flight was cancelled.
because of the fact that, REASON CL. Because of the fact that we failed, we left.
Become used to, MODAL I became used to noise.
Before, TIME CL. Come before lunch.
Bileik Tmce, BAST-BLEK TMCE
Both
both ... and, COORDINATION He is both tall and thin.
both of whom/which, RELATIVE CL. I have two dogs, both of which are old.
But
but (that), EXCEPTION CL. Nothing will stop him but that I resign.
but + eylem, EXCEPTION CL. He did nothing but stare.
but for, EXCEPTION CL. But for you, I would have died.
but rather, MODAL I'm not against him, but rather his behaviours.
coordinator, MODAL He came late, but he didn't say a single word.
By
by far + superlative, COMPARISON CL. This is by far the best.
by + -ing, GERUND You can open the door by pushing it.
(by) + -ing, TIME CL. He escaped by digging a hole.
by: edilgen ile, PASSIVE He was killed by a falling roof-tile.
by: zaman ifadesinde, TIME CL. I'll have gone by then.
by the time, TIME CL. I'll have gone by the time he comes.
C
Can
can have + V
3
, MODAL He can have missed the bus.
can have been + -ing, MODAL He can have been sleeping.
253
can't help, MODAL I can't help wondering.
can't stand, MODAL I can't stand him.
can well, MODAL He can well be a doctor.
can: edilgen, PASSIVE It can be done with a little effort.
can: modal verb, MODAL Can you help me?
Causative, NOUN CL.
Cleft Tmce, RELATIVE CL. It was a bus that stopped outside the building.
Comment Clause, Konu 17
Come, TIME CL. Come Tuesday, we can have a rest.
Comparative, COMPARISON CL.
Comparison Clause, Konu 11
Concession Clause, Konu 16
Condition Clause, Konu 13
Considerably + comparative, COMPARISON CL. He is considerably more talented than us.
Coordination, Konu 8
Could
could be + -ing, MODAL He could be sleeping.
could have + V
3
, MODAL We could have won the match.
could well, MODAL He could well be at home.
could: edilgen, PASSIVE This could be cancelled.
could: modal verb, MODAL He could speak several languages then.

D
Dare, MODAL He daren't open the door.
Defining Relative Clause, RELATIVE CL. This is the man who should help us.
Definite article, ARTICLE The
Despite
despite, CONCESSION CL. Despite his efforts, he failed.
despite the fact that, CONCESSION CL. Despite the fact that he is crazy, he is nice.
Devrik yap, INVERSION
Directly, TIME CL. He phoned the police directly he saw the man.
Do + (to) + eylem, INFINITIVE How a CD operates is (to) decipher beams.
Due to
due to, REASON CL. Due to heavy rain, his flight has been canceled.
due to the fact that, REASON CL. Due to the fact that he is ill, he is absent.
During, TIME CL. During the game, we all cheered.

E
Each + ad, SUBJECT-VERB Each person is responsible for his own tools.
Edilgen, PASSIVE
Either
either, SUBJECT-VERB Either book will do.
either ... or, COORDINATION You should either stay here or leave for good.
Enough (for so.) to + eylem, COMPARISON CL. He is not tall enough to reach the top.
Ettirgen Yap, NOUN CL.
Even
even + comparative, COMPARISON CL. He looks even younger than before.
even if, CONCESSION CL. Even if they say no, do not get discouraged.
even though, CONCESSION CL. Even though he was warned, he was careless.
Every, Konu 27
Except
except (that), EXCEPTION CL. We'd like to help you, except we're helpless.
except + eylem, EXCEPTION CL. He did everything except come to the point.
excepting that, EXCEPTION CL. We'd like to help, excepting that we're helpless.
Exception Clause, Konu 16
Exclamative Clause, NOUN CL. He doesn't know what a chance he's missed.
Extra Information Clause (=Non-defining Relative Clause), RELATIVE CL.
Eylem
eylem + (nesne)+to+eylem, VERB+VERB We expect him to come again.
eylem + (preposition)+eylem, VERB+VERB I'm looking forward to seeing you.
eylem + (so./so's) + -ing, VERB+VERB I don't like his singing.
eylem + (to) + eylem, VERB+VERB Can you help me lift this?
eylem + so./stg.+eylem/-ing, VERB+VERB I saw a woman crossing the road.
eylem + to + passive, VERB+VERB This is to be completed.
254
eylem + to + eylem, VERB+VERB We want to leave.
eylem + to + eylem, TIME CL. The show went to become a success.
eylem + eylem, VERB+VERB

F
Far + comparative, COMPARISON CL. She is far more intelligent than her brother.
Few, ARTICLE Few people know this.
First conditional, CONDITION CL. If he comes, we'll see a film together.
For
for: concession clauseile, CONCESSION CL. For all his efforts, he lost the game.
for: present perfect ile, TENSE I haven't seen you for a long time.
for: reason clauseile, REASON CL. This should be left open, for it needs fresh air.
for all, CONCESSION CL. For all his efforts, he lost the game.
for fear (that), RESULT CL. He left early for fear that he'd miss the plane.
Frequently - Simple Present ile, TENSE I frequently see him.
Future, TENSE
future continuous, TENSE He will be studying then.
future continuous: edilgen, PASSIVE
future in the past, TENSE He was going to speak but chose to keep silent.
future perfect continuous, TENSE He will have been going by then.
future perfect, TENSE He will have gone by then.
future perfect: edilgen , PASSIVE It will have been completed by then.

G
Generally - Simple Present ile, PASSIVE He generally comes late.
Gerund, Konu 25, Konu 26
past hali, TENSE, TIME CL. Having said this, I'll give an example.
Get + (stg.) + V
3
get: edilgen, PASSIVE How did the vase got broken?
get: ettirgen, NOUN CL. He got the grass trimmed.
get + nesne + to V, NOUN CL. I can't get him to do it.
get used to, MODAL I got used to his long hair.
Given
concession clauseile, CONCESSION CL. Given all his efforts, he failed.
condition clause ile, CONDITION CL. Given enough opportunity, he'll succeed.
Granted / Granting, CONDITION CL. Granting that you're right, I'm wrong.

H
Had better
edilgen, PASSIVE This had better be done soon.
modal verb, MODAL You had better leave it here.
Half of (the/my/..) + ad, SUBJECT-VERB Half of us voted for the scheme.
Happen to, CONDITION CL. This happens to be my closest friend.
Hardly
hardly + comparative, COMPASIRON CL. He is hardly younger than his sister.
hardly ... when: devrik yapda, INVERSION Hardly had I left when I saw him.
hardly ... when: timeclauseile, TIME CL. I had hardly left when I saw him.
hardly any, ANY-EVERY Hardly any money has been found.
hardly ever, TENSE We hardly ever argue.
Have
have (got) to: edilgen, PASSIVE It has to be done.
have (got) to: modal verb, MODAL I have to leave immediately.
have stg. + V
3
, NOUN CL. He's had his tires checked.
have + nesne + V, NOUN CL. Can you have your son buy me some tobacco?
having + V
3
, TIME CLAUSE Having said this, I'll give an example.
He who, RELATIVE CL. He who laughs last laughs best.
255
How dare, MODAL How dare you talk to me like that!
However, CONCESSION CL. However young he is, he is not fit for the job.

I
I daresay, MODAL The Chairman is busy, I daresay.
If
if + happen to, CONDITION CL. If you happen to see Tom, tell him to phone me.
if + should, CONDITION CL. If you should see Tom, tell him to phone me.
if + were to, CONDITION CL. What would you do if you were to see a ghost?
if it hadn't been for, CONDITION CL. If it hadn't been for him, I might have lost.
if it weren't for, CONDITION CL. If it weren't for him, I might lose.
if not, CONDITION CL. She was nasty if not downright rude.
if only, CONDITION CL. If only he would have some sense.
if-whether fark, NOUN CL.
if + would, CONDITION CL. If you would wish so, we'd assist you.
Immediately, TIME CL. He phoned us immediately he saw the man.
Inasmuch as, REASON CL. He is innocent, inasmuch as he has some alibis.
In case
in case, CONDITION CL. In case you see an accident, walk away.
in case of, CONDITION CL. In case of an accident, do not get shocked.
Indefinite article, ARTICLE A, an
Infinitive, Konu 24, Konu 26
infinitive: past hali, TENSE I'd like to have finished it.
infinitive: perfect, TENSE I'd like to have finished it.
infinitive: progressive, TENSE I'd like to lying in the sun now.
infinitive: edilgen, PASSIVE I'd like to be/have been invited.
infinitive clause INFINITIVE-GERUND To work here is a pleasure.
-ing, GERUND
(by) + -ing (Bak. (By) + -ing)
comment clauseile, COMMENT CL. Speaking as a layman, I doubt this will work.
timeclauseile, TIME CL. Completing his speech, he sat down.
noun clauseile, NOUN CL. Working here is a pleasure.
reason clauseile, REASON CL. Not being an expert, I cannot comment.
relative clauseile, RELATIVE CL. People living here are quite lucky.
In
in no circumstances, INVERSION In no circumstances can you enter.
in no way, INVERSION In no way can you enter.
in order that, PURPOSE CL. He is here in order that we can talk discuss.
(in order) to, PURPOSE CL. To open the lid, turn it left.
in spite of, CONCESION CL. In spite of the rain, he went out.
in spite of the fact that, CONCESION CL. In spite of the fact that there was rain, he went.
in that, REASON CL. The evidence is invalid in that it is outdated.
in the event that, CONDITION CL. In the event that you see him, do not panic.
in the view of the fact that, RESULT CL. In the view of the fact that we're in trouble, we
can accept foreign aid.
Insomuch as, REASON CL He is innocent, insomuch as he has some alibis.
Instead of + -ing, GERUND Instead of helping us, he sat there.
Inversion, Konu 19 (= Devrik Yap)
Irrespective of
irrespective of, CONCESSION CL. Irrespective of wherever he is, he finds friends.
irrespective of the fact that, CONCESSION CL. Irrespective of the fact that he is ill, he is here.
It, Konu 20
it + -ing, IT It is nice seeing you.
it + be + (not)+until/before, IT It was not until he came that he saw his mistake.
it ... + (as) if/though, IT It is as if he is mad.
it + ... for+ad+to+eylem, IT It is nice for you to be here
it is (high) time, TENSE It is high time I left.
it is not that, IT It is not that I don't like her.
it is/was/ .. who/that, RELATIVE CL. It was Tom who killed the old lady.
256
J
Just
just, TENSE We've just had lunch.
(just) as - Time clauseile, TIME CL. Just as I was leaving home, the phone rang.
(just) as - Similarity clauseile, SIMILARIT CL. He smokes heavily, just as I used to.
just in case, CONDITION CL. You have to take your umbrella just in case.

L
Lately, TENSE I haven't seen her lately.
Lest, RESULT CL. We have to be cautious lest we make a mistake.
Let + nesne + V, NOUN CL. Let me help you.
Let alone, NOUN CL. He is a disaster, let alone a spoilt child.
Like, SIMILARITY CL. He is a singer like his mother.
Little, ARTICLE We have little money.

M
Make + nesne + V, NOUN CL. They made me do it.
May
may: edilgen, PASSIVE He may be persuaded.
may: modal verb, MODAL We may persuade him.
may have + V3, MODAL He may have left early.
may have been + -ing, MODAL He may have been telling the truth.
may as well, MODAL You may as well leave now.
may well, MODAL He may well be at home.
Might
might: edilgen, PASSIVE He might be persuaded.
might: modal verb, MODAL We might persuade him.
might have + V
3
, MODAL He might have missed the bus.
might have been + -ing, MODAL He might have been telling the truth.
might as well, MODAL You might as well leave now.
might well, MODAL He might well be at home.
Modal Verbs, Konu 6
More, COMPARISON CL. She is more intelligent than her sister.
more than, COMPARISON CL. It's how old more than who she is that matters.
more + ad, COMPARISON CL. I need more money.
more and more/-er ... -er, COMPARISON CL. He is getting more and more sensible.
Most
most + ad, COMPARISON CL. Most people do not like this.
most ve -est yaplar, COMPARISON CL. This is the fastest/most expensive car we have.
-most, COMPARISON CL. innermost, outermost, ..
Much
much + comparative, COMPARISON CL. He is much younger than his wife.
much + superlative, COMPARISON CL. This is much the best!
Must
must: edilgen, PASSIVE This must be completed as soon as possible.
mustn't, MODAL You mustn't smoke here.
must be + -ing, MODAL He must be sleeping.
must have + V
3
, MODAL He must have misunderstood me.
modal verb, MODAL You must warn him.
My/His/.. +-ing..-Noun Clause, INFINITIVE-GERUND My forgetting the address was a shame.
... my/his/.. + -ing-Noun Clause, INFINITIVE-GERUND I don't like his telling about his son all the time.

N
Need(n't)
edilgen, PASSIVE This needn't be renewed.
need have + V
3
, MODAL She needn't have come
modal verb, MODAL You needn't phone.
257
Neither
neither, SUBJECT-VERB Neither party will win the majority.
neither ... nor, COORDINATION He is neither deaf nor dumb.
Nesne, BAST-BLEK TMCE
Never
devrik yapda, INVERSION Never will I say never again.
simple past ile, TENSE He never behaved himself.
simple present ile, TENSE We never see each other.
No
nobody/no-one, SUBJECT-VERB Nobody is here.
no + ad, SUBJECT-VERB No money has been found.
no matter, CONCESSION CL. No matter how tired he is, he will play football.
no sooner ... than, INVERSION, TIME CL. No sooner had he left than a visitor came in.
Non-defining Relative Clause, (= Extra Information Clause) RELATIVE CL.
None
none of the + ad, SUBJECT-VERB None of us know the answer.
none of whom/which, RELATIVE CL. He has many friends, none of whom I know.
Nor, COORDINATION, INVERSION We don't dislike this painting, nor do we like it.
Not
not ... but, COORDINATION He has got not experience but charisma.
not everyone, ANY-EVERY Not everyone can ride this horse.
not only ... but (also/as well), COORDINATION Not only does he compose but he sings as well.
not that, IT Not that he was physically struck.
not till, INVERSION Not till we arrived did the small boy go to sleep.
Nothing
nothing but, ANY-EVERY He is nothing but a fool.
nothing + to do/to be done, RELATIVE CL. There is nothing to do.
Notwithstanding
notwithstanding, CONCESSION CL. Notwithstanding the circumstances, he is OK.
notwithstanding the fact that, CONCESSION CL. Notwithstanding the fact that he comes, I'm OK.
Noun Clause, Konu 10
Nowhere, INVERSION Nowhere can you find a better book.
Now that
reason clauseile, REASON CL. Now that we are here, we can start the meeting.
timeclauseile, TIME CL. Now that we are here, we can start the meeting.

O
Object, BAST-BLEK TMCE
Occasionally - Simple Present ile, TENSE I occasionally see him.
Of, Konu 22
of + nitelik/nicelik belirten szck + ad, OF It is of no use.
of ... , , OF Of late, I have been feeling tired..
Often - Simple Present ile, TENSE I often see him.
On, TIME CL. On seeing the accident, he rushed out.
on account of, REASON CL. On account of the situation, this is clear.
on account of the fact that, REASON CL. On account of the fact that he is ill, he is late.
on condition (that), CONDITION CL. We sign this on condition that we have a rise.
on grounds that, REASON CL. There's a rise on grounds that the deficit's low.
on no account, INVERSION On no account will your money be refunded.
Once, TIME CL. I'll do it once I've found my tools.
Only
(only) to ... , TIME CL. He lived to be 100.
only: exception clauseile, EXCEPTION CL. I'd come, only I don't have enough money.
only after, INVERSION Only after a year was he able to walk again.
only by, INVERSION Only by breaking the door could we enter.
only then, INVERSION Only then was he able to walk again.
only this way, INVERSION Only this way can you open this box.
(only) to, TIME CL. He opened the door, only to find that she'd gone.
only when, INVERSION Only when they give us a rise shall we sign this.
Or
or + eylem, INFINITIVE Come or stay.
coordinator, COORDINATION You can come or he can give you a ride.
Ought to
ought to: edilgen, PASSIVE You ought to hurry.
ought to have + V
3
, MODAL You ought to have been careful.
ought to: modal verb, MODAL This ought to be completed soon.
258
Out of, OF He is behaving out of friendship.
Owing to
owing to, REASON Owing to his laziness, he lost a wonderful job.
owing to the fact that, REASON Owing to the fact that he was lazy, he lost.

P
Passive, Konu 7 (= Edilgen)
passive + to + eylem, INFINITIVE He is believed to live on a tropical island.
passive + to be + -ing, INFINITIVE He is believed to be living on a tropical island.
passive + to have + V
3
, INFINITIVE He is believed to have lived on a tropical island.
Past, 86
past: gerund yaplarda, TENSE Having said this, the leader left the meeting.
past: infinitive yaplarda, TENSE It is nice to have completed the task.
past continuous, TENSE I was living in a flat then.
past continuous: edilgen, PASSIVE He was being threatened.
past perfect continuous, TENSE We had been considering the situation.
past perfect continuous: edilgen, PASSIVE
past perfect tense, TENSE He had left.
past perfect: edilgen, PASSIVE Nothing had been done.
past simple, TENSE We left early.
past simple: edilgen, PASSIVE It was painted by a famous artist.
Past participle (=V
3
)
comment clauseile, COMMENT CL. Stated simply, he has no chances of success.
relativeclauseile, RELATIVE CL. Have you seen the film shot in the Arctic?
reason clauseile, REASON CL. Elected the finalist, she burst into tears.
timeclauseile, TME CL. Elected the finalist, she burst into tears.
Perfect infinitive, INFINITIVE (Bak. to have + V
3
)
Place Clause, Konu 16
Preposition
devrik yapda, INVERSION
the + head/shoulder/.. , ARTICLE Someone tapped me on the shoulder.
prepositional phrases, RELATIVE CL. The dog on the left is mine.
Present, TENSE
present continuous, TENSE He is studying now.
present continuous: edilgen,PASSIVE It is being done.
present perfect, TENSE We have been there.
present perfect: edilgen, PASSIVE The house has been repainted.
present perfect continuous, TENSE I have been living here for a year.
present perfect continuous: edilgen, PASSIVE
present simple, TENSE They like it.
present simple: edilgen, PASSIVE It is liked by everyone.
Progressive infinitive, INFINITIVE (Bak. to be + V
ing
)
Prop it, IT
Prove possible/difficult .., PASSIVE It hasn't proved possible to translate this.
Provided (that), CONDITION CL. Provided that we're given a rise, we'll sign this.
Providing (that), CONDITION CL. Providing that we are given a rise, we'll sign this.
Purpose Clause, Konu 15
Putativeve Tentativeshould
should kullanm, SUBJUNCTIVE
prop it ile, IT It's vital that he should come.

Q
Quite + superlative, COMPARISON CL. This is quite the fastest ever.

R
Rarely
devrik yapda, INVERSION Rarely do they accept any help.
simple present ile, TENSE We rarely see them.
Rather than, COMPARISON CL. I'd call this colour chestnut, rather than brown.
Realise/see/.. + that, NOUN CL. I have realized that he will not give in.
259
Realise/see/.. + WH, NOUN CL. They havent realized what he is after.
Reason Clause, Konu 15
Recently, TENSE He hasn't been around recently.
Regardless of
regardless of, CONCESSION CL. Regardless of his obscene words, he is nice.
regardless of the fact that, CONCESSION CL. Regardless of the fact that he is ill, he will come.
Relative Clause, Konu 9
Reported speech, NOUN CL.
emir/istek tmceleri, NOUN CL. They asked me to be silent.
normal tmceler, NOUN CL. He told me he was ill.
wh, NOUN CL. He asked me what I wanted.
yes/no, NOUN CL. He asked me if I was crazy.
Result Clause, Konu 15
S
Save that, EXCEPTION CL. We don't see him often, save that he telephones.
Scarcely, INVERSION Scarcely do they meet.
Scarcely ... when, INVERSION Scarcely had he left when a visitor arrived.
Second Conditional, CONDITION CL. If I were you, I would stay.
Seldom
devrik yapda, INVERSION Seldom had he smiled.
simple present ile, TENSE He is seldom here.
Sentential Relative Clause, RELATIVE CL. He died young, which was a pity.
Shall
edilgen, PASSIVE We shall never surrender.
modal verb, MODAL The document shall be sealed.
Should
edilgen, PASSIVE The document should be sealed.
putativeve tentative, SUBJUNCTIVE
should have + V
3
, MODAL You should have been careful.
modal verb, MODAL You should seal the document.
Similarity Clause, Konu 16
Since
present perfect/time clause ile, TENSE, TIME CL. I have been here since we met.
reason clauseile, REASON CL. Since you are here, we can start the meeting.
So
so: devrik yap, INVERSION So tired did he look!
so (that), RESULT CL. We paid him so that he'd leave happy.
so ... that, COMPARISON CL. He was so tired that he collapsed.
so as to, PURPOSE CL. He came so as to inform us.
so long as: condition clauseile, CONDITION CL. So long as the weather is nice, I'm OK.
so long as: timeclauseile, TIME CL. He went to bed so long as he arrived.
Some + ad, SUBJECT-VERB Some people never understand.
Sometimes - Simple Present ile, TENSE He sometimes plays poker.
... stg./so. + to, INFINITIVE I don't want you to travel with him.
..., still, CONCESSION CL. He lost the game, still feeling no regret.
Such
such ... as , SIMILARITY CL. Such people as him disgust me.
such ... that, COMPASIRON CL. He was such a lazy man that he lost his post.
such that, RESULT CL. We're ready, such that nothing is missing.
Superlative, COMPARISON CL.
Supposing (that), CONDITION CL. Supposing that I've found the money, can I go?

T
Tenses, Konu 5
Than
comparison clause ile, COMPARISON CL. He is younger than he looks.
than + eylem, INFINITIVE I'd rather stay than leave now.
That
that: devrik yapda asyerine, INVERSION Hard that he may try, he has no hope of winning.
that: reference word, RELATIVE CL. Her hair is longer than that of my sister.
that: relativeclauseile, RELATIVE CL. The book that I've found looks very expensive.
That ..., NOUN CL. That it would come to this is no surprise.
That clause, NOUN CL.

260
The, ARTICLE
the+comparative, the+comparative, COMPARISON CL. The sooner the better.
the + sfat, SUBJECT-VERB The poor need more aid.
the minute, TIME CL The minute he came, he was arrested.
the moment, TIME CL The moment he came, he was arrested.
the police, SUBJECT-VERB The police were not late this time.
the same + ad + as, SIMILARITY CL. I earn the same as you do.
the space, ARTICLE The space was not large enough to park.
the + superlative, COMPARISON CL. This is the best.
the very, THE This is the very book Im after.
the way, SIMILARITY CL. She sings the way her mother does.
(the reason) why, REASON CL. The reason why I'm here is to help you.
There
There ... no/any + -ing ... , GERUND There is no knowing what he will do next.
thereby, RESULT CL. He escaped, thereby putting himself in trouble.
Third Conditional, CONDITION C. If you'd been careful, you'd have seen the flaw.
Though, CONCESSION CL. He speaks Japanese, though at word level.
Till, TIME CL I'll wait till he comes.
Time Clause, Konu 12
To, INFINITIVE
(in order) to, PURPOSE CL. To find your way, use the map.
to be + -ing, TENSE He is believed to be living here.
to: comment clauseile, COMMENT CL. To tell the truth, I didn't understand it.
to.. + be + to.., INFINITIVE-GERUND To be here is to risk your life.
to: noun clauseile, NOUN CL. He asked me to leave.
(only) to, TIME CL. He woke up to find himself on the floor.
to have + V
3
, TENSE He is believed to have lived here.
to have been + V
3
, PASSIVE I'd like to have been invited.
to my/his/.. + sfat/ad, tmce, INFINITIVE To my surprise, he lent us his car.
Too + sfat/belirte(for so.) to + eylem, COMPARISON CL. He is too young to get married.
Tmle, BAST-BLEK TMCE

U
Under no circumstances, INVERSION Under no circumstances shall the gate be opened.
Unless, CONDITION CL. We won't leave unless he comes.
Until, TIME CL. We won't leave until he comes.
Upon, TIME CL. Upon hearing the news, she burst into tears.
Used to
edilgen, PASSIVE It used to be checked regularly.
modal verb, MODAL I used to smoke.
Usually, TENSE We usually come here.

V
Verbless Clause, Konu 17
Very + superlative, COMPARISON CL.
V
3
, Bak. Past Participle
W

Was/were going to, TENSE We were going to visit you.
Were to - I f ile, CONDITION CL. What would you do if you were to see me?
WH
WH Clause-Noun Clause, NOUN CL. He asked what I thought about it.
WH + to, NOUN CL. What I want is to have a rest.
WH.. + be + (WH..), NOUN CL. What I want is actually what everybody wants.
Want, MODAL Now you want to turn left.
What
what: comment clauseile, COMMENT CL. What is more to the point, he blamed us.
what: relativeclauseile, RELATIVE CL. I pushed him into what was a real dilemma.
what ... is/was , RRLATIVE CL. What hurts is my leg.
what if, CONDITION CL. What if I'm late?
261
what + little/few + ad, CONCESSION CL. What little money he had, he spent it on food.
whatever, CONCESSION CL. Whatever he may have done, he is innocent.
(what) with, REASON CL. With so much free time, he is very creative.
When
when: relative clauseile, RELATIVE CL. 1945, when the War ended, was a year of hope.
when: timeclauseile, TIME CL. When the match is over, we are going to a pub.
whenever, TIME CLAUSE You complain about her whenever I see you.
Where
where: place clauseile, PLACE CL. Where he built his hut, we used to play football.
where: relativeclauseile, RELATIVE CL. Ankara, where I live, is the capital city.
whereas, CONCESSION CL. We eat too much whereas some starve.
whereby, RELATIVE CL. He devised a plan whereby he could escape.
wherever, PLACE CL. He went wherever he could find a job.
Whether
whether, NOUN CL. Whether to stay or go is up to you.
whether or not, NOUN CL. Whether or not it rains, we'll have the match.
Which, RELATIVE CL. The book which I read was wonderful.
whichever, CONCESSION CL. Whichever means he uses, he will fail.
While
concession clauseile, CONCESSION CL. While we need water to live, we pollute water.
reason clauseile, REASON CL.
timeclauseile, TIME CL. While I was sitting, I was reading.
Whilst
concession clauseile, CONCESSION CL. Whilst we need water to live,we pollute water.
timeclauseile, TIME CL Whilst they fought, the police arrived.
Who, RELATIVE CL. He is the one who stole my bike.
whoever, CONCESSION Whoever he calls for help, he'll not succeed.
whom, RELATIVE CL. This is the girl of whom we told you.
., who(m), RELATIVE CL. Thomas, who you know well, is sick in hospital.
Why (not) + eylem, NOUN CL. Why pay more?
(The reason) why, REASON CL. The reason why I'm here is to help you.
Will
edilgen, PASSIVE This will be completed soon.
modal verb, MODAL He will come in a minute.
Wish, CONDITION CL. I wish I were younger.
With
with: edilgen yapda, PASSIVE He was killed with a gun.
(what) with, REASON CL. With so much free time, he is very creative.
without + -ing, GERUND He entered without saying a word.
Would
edilgen, PASSIVE It would be checked regularly.
modal verb, MODAL He would check it regularly.
would have + V
3
, MODAL We would have stayed there.
would rather: edilgen, PASSIVE I'd rather be informed.
wouldrather: modal verb, MODAL I'd rather they informed me.
would sooner, MODAL I'd sooner go now.

Y
Yan tmce, BAST-BLEK TMCE
Modal verB, Konu 6
Yes/No Clause, NOUN CL.
Yet
yet, TENSE He hasn't come yet.
..., yet, CONCESSION CL. He came, yet he had left his briefcase at home.

Z
Zamanlar, TENSES

262

Genel eviri 1 kitabnn hazrlanmasnda, aada sralanan kaynaklardan yararlanlmtr.

Akdikmen, R. 1989. Langenscheidt Standard English Dictionary of the
English and Turkish Languages: English-Turkish, Turkish-English. stanbul:
nkilp Kitabevi.

Alexander, L. G. 1979. Essay and Letter Writing. London: Longman.

Allemano, J. 1986. Framework for Proficiency. London: Hodder and
Stoughton.

Aydn, . 1996. Yabanc Dil Olarak Trke Dilbilgisi retimi: retken
Dnml Dilbilgisi Kuramnn Ksa Bir Tantm. Ankara.

Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London
and New York: Routledge.

Banguolu, T. 1974. Trkenin Grameri. stanbul: Edebiyat Fakltesi.

Barr, P. et al. 1983. Advanced Reading Skills. Hong Kong: Longman.

Baudoin, E.M., et al., 1982. Reader's Choice: A Reading Skills
Textbook for Students of English as a Second Language. Michigan: The
University of Michigan.

Bozkurt, B.R., et al. 1982. eviri. Ankara: Meteksan.

Brinton, E., et al. 1990. Translation Strategies. London and
Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Broughton, G. 1990. The Penguin English Grammar A-Z for Advanced
Students. Bucks: Penguin.

Case et al., 1977. Life and Relationships: First Certificate Themes 2.
London: Heinemann.
Yararlanlan Kaynaklar
263

Chamberlin, D., ve White, G. 1978. Advanced English For
Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chamberlin, D., ve White, G. 1975. English for Translation.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clarke, D. F. 1984. Inroads: A Reading and Writing Course for
Intermediate Students. Hong Kong: Heinemann.

Currie, P. ve Cray, E. 1987. Strictly Academic: A Reading and Writing
Text. New York: Newbury House.

Day, J. 1977. An Advanced English Practice Course. Hong Kong:
Longman.

Duff, A. 1990. Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eken, A. N. 1992. Cope With First Certificate. Ankara: Ajans Trk

Fowler, W. S. 1975. First Certificate English. 1: Language and
Composition. Hong Kong: Nelson.

Fowler, W. S. 1974. First Certificate English. 2: Reading
Comprehension. London: Nelson.

Fredrickson, L. F. ve Wedel, P. F. 1984. English by Newspaper.
New York: Newbury House.

Grellet, F. 1981. Developing Reading Skills. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.

Greenbaum, S, 1996. The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

Fowler, W. S. 1975. First Certificate English. 1: Language and
Composition. Hong Kong: Nelson.
264

Fowler, W. S. 1974. First Certificate English. 2: Reading
Comprehension. London: Nelson.

Fredrickson, L. F. ve Wedel, P. F. 1984. English by Newspaper.
New York: Newbury House.

Grellet, F. 1981. Developing Reading Skills. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.

Gr, H. 1994. "A Modular Approach to Designing English-Turkish
Translation Courses for Upper-Intermediate Learners of English".
Yaynlanmam Yksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: ODT. Internet zerinde:
hakangur.150m.com

Hamp-Lyons, L., ve Heasley, B. 1988. Study Writing. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

Hasdemir, Y. 1987. Translation Methods. 4. gzden geirilmi basm.
zmir: Bur Matbaaclk

Heaton, J.B., et al. 1987. Longman Dictionary of Common Errors.
Essex: Longman.

Hengirmen, M. 1995. Trke Dilbilgisi. Ankara: Engin Yaynevi.

Heyworth, F. 1982. Intermediate Language Skills: Reading. London:
Hodder and Stoughton.

Hornby et al., 1955. The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current
English. London: Oxford University Press.

King, C., ve Stanley, N. 1989. Building Skills for the TOEFL. (kinci
basm) Hong Kong: Nelson.

Kingsbury, R., ve Wellman, G. 1988. Longman Advanced English.
Singapore: Longman.
265

Kocaman et al. 1990. A Guidebook for English Translation. Ankara:
Hacettepe Ta.

Ko, S. 1984. "Designing a Reading Course: A Modular Model". Journal
of Human Sciences. III/2. Ankara

Ko, S. 1992. Designing A Skills-Based Reading Course For Teaching
English: A Modular Approach. Ankara: USEM

Maclin, A. 1994. Reference Guide to English: A Handbook of English as a
Second Language. Washington: Holt, Rinehart and Winston

Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall.

Pink, M. A. 1940. A Dictionary of Correct English. London: Pitman.

Quirk, R., et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English
Language. London and New York: Longman.

Ray, S. ve Nardiello, P. 1986. The Real Thing. London: Collier
Macmillan.

Sezer, A. 1995. Turkish-English Contrastive Grammar: Morphology and
Syntax. Ankara.

Sharpe, T, 1996. Riotous Assembly. London: Pan.

Simmons, J. S., ve Palmer, B. C. 1990. Reading By Doing. (kinci
basm) Illinois: National Textbook Company.

Smith, L. C., ve Mare, N. N. 1990. Issues for Today: An Effective
Reading Skills Text. London: Newbury House.

Swan, M. 1981. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

266
Swan, M. 1976. Understanding Ideas: Advanced Reading Skills.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The Collins Paperback English Dictionary. 1988. London and
Glasgow: Collins.

Thomson, A.J., ve Martinet, A.V. 1982. A Practical English
Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ttofi, C., Creed, T. S. ve Thomas, B. J. 1974. English in Mind.
London: Macmillan.

Translation Through Comparative Grammar. 1989. Ankara: Trk-
ngiliz Kltr Dernei. (Yaynlanmam eviri kitab).

Werner, P.K. 1990. Mosaic I: A Content-Based Grammar. (kinci
Basm). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Wood, F.T. 1988 (yeni bas. haz. Flavell, R.H., Flavell L.M.) Current
English Usage. kinci Basm. Hong Kong: Macmillan.

Yarmal, E. S. 1993a. eviri Teknii: Dilbilgisi. stanbul: BETA.

Yarmal, E. S. 1993b. eviri Teknii: zmleme. stanbul: BETA.

267

imdi srada Genel eviri 1 kitabnn devam olan Genel eviri 2 kitab var. Genel
eviri 2 kitabnda:

Tmce analizi ve evirisi
Metin analizi ve evirisi
eviri altrmalar (50 metin)
eviri snavlarna hazrlk almalar

konular ilenmekte. Genel eviri 2 kitab elinizde yoksa, dildersleri.gen.tr adresinden
temin edebilirsiniz.

Devamnda
268

Genel eviri
Genel eviri
eviri retim Yaklam
Her adan denenmi, bilimsel temellere oturan, sistemli bir eviri retim
yaklam.
Dilbilgisi Notlar
Benzersiz. Hibir eviri ya da snava hazrlk kitabnda grlemeyecek dzeyde
kapsaml. Tamamen Trke aklamal.
Szlk
Szlk seimi ve szlk kullanmna ilikin kullanl neriler ve eitli altrmalar.
rnekler
Gerek kaynaklardan alnma, bir balam iinde sunulan rnek tmceler ve Trke
evirileri.
Altrmalar
Her bir ana konu bal altnda aamal bir zorluk derecesine gre sralanm,
gncel kaynaklardan alnma ngilizce metinler. Zengin eitlilikte altrma trleri.
Dizin
Kapsaml, her biri rnek tmcelerle zenginletirilmi maddelerden oluan, kullanl
abecesel dizin.
Btnlk
Dilbilgisi eksikliklerini kapatmak isteyenler iin ideal bir kaynak. Her ynyle eviri
almas amalayanlar iin, Genel eviri 2 kitab ile kullanldnda kusursuz bir
seri.
NGLZCE-TRKE
RENC
KTABI
1

Genel Çeviri

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Genel Çeviri

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GENEL EVR 1 Hakan Gr dildersleri.gen.

You might also like