Water Supply & Urban

Drainage

Lecture 1

Instructor: Binyam k.
 Water Quantity
Requirements
Introduction
While designing water supply scheme for a town it is
necessary to determine the total quantity of water
required for various purposes.
The quantity of water is dependant upon the size of the
community and the purpose for which it is needed.
Three items need to be determined for calculating the
total quantity of water required for a town
- Design Period
- Design population
- Rate of Demand
 Design Period
Design Period
 The number of years for which the designs of the water

works have been done is known as Design Period.

 It should be neither too short nor too long (Why?)

 Most water works are designed for a period of 22-30 years.

Factors affecting Design Period

1.Fund available for the completion of the project. if more
funds are available the design period shall be large.
2.Rate of interest on loan taken to complete the project. If
the interest rate is less, it is good to have more design
period.
 Design Period
3. Anticipated expansion rate of town.
4. Life time of the pipe and other structural
materials used in water supply scheme design
period is no case should be more than the life
time of components used in water works.
Name of unit Design periods
Pump house 30
Generators 25
Pipes 30
Reservoirs 50
 Design population
The population to be served by the scheme is
estimated using different methods.
The water supply scheme are not designed for the
present population only but for the population that
is expected in the design period.
Population Forecasting
Methods of population forecasting
1.Arithmetic increase method
This method is based on the assumption that
population is increasing at a constant rate
 Population Forecasting
Pn = Po + kn
Where Pn= population at n decades
n= Decades
k= Arithmetic increase
This method is used for large cities which have
achieved population saturation conditions.
 Population Forecasting
2.Geometric Increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that
percentage growth rate is constant.
Pn = Po (1+ Ig/100)^n

Ig= percentage increment per decade

This would apply to cities with unlimited scope of
expansion.
 Population Forecasting
3.Incremental Increase Method
Growth rate is assumed to be progressively
increasing or decreasing, depending upon
whether the average of the incremental
increases in the past is positive or negative.
The population for a future decade is worked out
by adding the mean arithmetic increase to the
last known population as in the arithmetic
increase method, and to this is added the
average of incremental increases, once for first
decade, twice for second and so on
 Population Forecasting
Pn =Po+ n*k+n(n+1)r/2
Where k-average increment per decade
(calculation in arithmetic method )
n- Number of decade between project years.
r-average incremental increase
 Population Forecasting
Problem: Predict the population for the years 1981,
1991, 1994, and 2001 from the following census
figures of a town by different methods.

Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971

Population
:
60 65 63 72 79 89 97 120
(thousands

)
 Rate of Demand
Water demand can be classified into the
following branches depending upon the
type of consumer
1. Domestic water demand
2. public water demand
3. Industrial water demand
4. Fire fighting water demand
5. Unaccounted water demand
 Rate of Demand
1. Domestic water demand
This water demand is the amount of water
required for domestic purpose such as
drinking, cooking, body washing, cloth
washing, house washing, washing utensils
etc.
In developed countries the domestic water
demand may be as high as 350 l/cap/day.
 Rate of Demand
2. public water demand
The water require for schools, hospitals,
hotels, public facilities, parks, offices,
commercials, military camps etc is called
public demand.
 Rate of Demand
3. Industrial demand
Industrial demand is the required amount
of water for different industries.
4. Fire demand
Fire demand is treated as a function of
population.
Empirical formulas used for calculating fire
demand are as follows
 Rate of Demand
a. John R.Freemans formula
Q= 1136.5 (p/5+10)
where Q= water required in l/s
P= population in thousands
b. Kuichlings formula
Q= 3182 p
 Rate of Demand
5. Unaccounted water demands
This includes the quantity of due to
wastage, losses, thefts, etc
While estimating the total water demand
allowance should be made for losses and
wastage.
Generally 15-40% of the total quantity of
water is made to compensate for lose.
 Rate of Demand
Factors Affecting Demand of Water
The following are common factors which affect the
rate of demand of water.
Climatic conditions
Standard of living
Quality of water
System of supply
etc
 Rate of Demand
Average daily demand
The average daily demand is taken to be the some
domestic demands, public demands, industrial
demands, and unaccounted water demand.
Maximum day demand
The water consumption in a year varies day to day
due to varies rezones.
Peak hour demand
The peak hour demand is the highest demand of
any one hour over the maximum day.