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1:

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( )
(induction)-
(deduction)
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(ontological and epistemological assumptions)


,
,


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(-)
()


, ,

-




:

,





,
/

(positivism)






:


(determinism)


(empiricism)
(parsimony)


(concepts)

(operational
definitions)

(hypotheses)


, ,


(normative paradigms)
()

,

,
,

, ,


, ,

; -
,
.
,

-
(anti-positivist approaches)




,


,


(interpretative paradigms)

,


,


(critical approaches)
,
, ,
:




-, , -
.

(basic)
, ,

(applied)
, ,

,

2:

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-






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: (survey)


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(action research):


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3


(5 - 6 26/10-8/11/2009)
1

(internal validity)



/

9 (history)

9 (maturation)

9 (testing)

9 (instrumentation)

9 (statistical regression)

4

9 (differential selection)

9 (experimental mortality)

9 (treatment diffusion)

9 (control group rivalry)


(John Henry effect)

(external validity)





9 (representative sample)

9 (description of
variables)

9 (Hawthorn effect)

9 (multiple

treatment interference)

:

:


(scores)



8

(validity)
9 (face)
( )

9 (content)
( )

9 (criterion)...

.

.
10

(validity)
9...

(/
concurrent)
(
predictive)

9 (construct)
.
(convergent)
(divergent) .
11

(reliability)
9 - (test-retest)

9 (split-half)
(
)

9 (alternate form)

12

(reliability)
9 (interobserver)

9 (internal
consistency)



.

Cronbachs alpha ().
13

-



(authenticity/trustworthiness/verification)
9
9
-
9
9 -
9 (peer review/ debriefing)
9 (external audits)
9 (member checks)
14

-

9
(prolonged engagement in the field)
9
(negative case analysis)

9 T (triangulation).


/ (..
)
.

15
.


( !)

9
16


(informed-consent)
9
(
)

9
9

9
9
( )

9 17

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(7 9 - 9/11-29/11/2009)
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9 -
9

9 -
9 ( )
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9 (
)

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( ,
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9
:

(..
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9

(review articles)

9
9
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9 ()
9

http://journalseek.net/educ.htm


9
9
(
/review articles)

9
9


9
9



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(.. , , )


9

9 :
..
..
..

: 1)


()
2)

.
:
1.

;
2.
;
3. 11
;

ENOTHTA 5

( )
1

.
,

A.1 (Basic)
A.2 (Applied)
(Action research)

B.1 (Quantitative)
(experimental)
(descriptive)
(correlational)
B.2 (Qualitative)

() (case study)

A
1.


2.



,


3

B
1. (
)


,






1. ( )

,
( )

:



,
,

/
/

10

11

1.

2.


3.

12

4.

-
-
-
5.

13

6.
-
7.
-
8.
-

9.
14

1.

2.

3.

4.

15

:
C: o
ER:

CR:

Tx:
Tc:
O1:
O2:

1 .. x . 2

ER

1. x ..... 2

CR

1.. c .... 2

ER

...
2
x .....

CR

....
c ..
..2

1 . x ..... 2

1 . c .. 2



(
3) ()
.

--

---
21

Hawthorne

John Henry


(
)
22

Pygmalion


,
( Jacobson & Rosenthal, 1968)

(Halo
effect)

23

24




25

..


,

26

27

28


:
(
)

29



(
)

30

31

32

33

34



,

(Stringer, 1996)



,

(Kemmis & McTaggert, 1988)



,



(Hopkins, 2002).




(Elliott, 1991).


-
,

,


(Kemmis, 1983).

;

.

.

.

.

40


(formative evaluation)

(summative
evaluation)

-


.
:

45


:
,

:
,


:


.
46
.


()


()

6

,

51


|
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z ; / /
;
z ; ;
z ;
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(2)
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z (Individual Case Study)
z (Set of individual case studies)
z (Community Studies)
z (Social Group Studies)
z , (Studies of events,
relationships)
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(3)
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(Ethnografphy)
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3)

1-5, 1=
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4)
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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Likert


.
1.

2.

3.
,
4.

5.

:
:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

1 ()

2 ( )

3 ( )

4 ( )

5 ( - )

Cohen, Manion & Morisson (2000) :


(..
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:
.

1.

2.

3.

,
.

4.

5.

6.

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7.


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8.


:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

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..

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(Nominal Scale)

(Ordinal Scale)
.

(Interval Scale)
. ..
.

(Ratio Scale)
.


.. , ,
.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

(norm-referenced tests)

(criterion-referenced
test)

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( )



(..

).

,

(
)


:
.
.

.

.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.



.. Reading Comprehension Inventory, Mathematics
Competency Test



.. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ),
Minessota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),
Motivation Assessment Scale, athematics anxiety
scale


Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), WISC in
Greek

: ,
: http://www.unl.edu/buros/bimm/html/00testscomplete.html

:
.
.
.

(face validity)

(content validity)

(criterion validity)

(construct validity)



,
/
(
).

(test-retest)

(alternate form)

(split-half)

Retrieved from: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/relandval.php

51
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(case study)


A. -
B.

(Frequencies)

2 Chi square
(correlation)
t-test
t-test
(One Way Anova)




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4
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(Nominal)

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2
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(Ordinal)



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3
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1)
2)
SPSS
3)
SPSS.

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1
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0-14
15-19
20-24
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Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies




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(<30).


(random sample)

(independence of observations)

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measurement)

(homogeneity of variance)

(normally distributed data)

*Pearson r

*T-test
(Independent samples t-test)
-2
*T-test
(Paired samples t-test)
-2
*
(One-way ANOVA)
-3

*2 Chi-square
*Spearman
*Mann-Whitney U test

*Wilcoxon Signed Rank test

*Kruskal Wallis

-
(significance testing)


.

(
).
p-value.
0,05
(
)
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(cause and effect).

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:
Pearson Correlation (r)
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Spearman Correlation ()
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(assumptions)
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,
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T-test

T-test


(ANOVA)

Mann-Whitney U test

Pearson r

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test
Kruskal Wallis
Chi-square
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(2)
- (Credibility)

:
:

,

(Transferability)

:


:

(3)
(Dependability)




:

( )

(
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(4)
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-


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-

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.


,
.



(. 28 33)

: Miles, MB. & Huberman, AM. (1994). Qualitative


Data Analysis (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.

//

.
:
,


,
(.. , ,
..)

Group Interview Extract:


CM1- Community Group 1
6 participants (M=Male, F=Female)
85. M4: I used to be wasting-goin to the club (2), drinking, goin to the
86. Chippie. Then goin home and bringing it all upThen it clicked I was
87. just
wasting and spending ten or twenty quid a night.
88. [M2: my friend who had a business was (ruined) by drinking
89. F2: When me husband goes out, me and me friend drinks every night.
90. But Christmas has got to be the worst timePeople saying go on, ave
91. another. If you say no, they think youre being funny.
92. [M2: Yeah, they say get that down ya, it ll do ya good
93. F4: I find it expensive, especially going to a club in town, with the taxi
94. fare.
95. F6: I go to the local club, the beers (.) cheaper
96. M2: The only reason I dont drink more is that I cant afford it.
97. [F6: I dont think If I had money I would drink more. Maybe I would get
98. a taxi home instead of the night bus.
99. M1: Theres no chance of me getting much money, I just pace me self
100. more these days-make it last longer.
.
Miles and Huberman (1984)
Qualitative Data Analysis

Coded Extract CM1 ()


85. M4: I used to be wasting-goin to the club (2), drinking, goin
to the
86. Chippie. Then goin home and bringing it all upThen it
clicked I was
87. just
wasting and spending ten or twenty .
88. [M2: my friend who had a business was (ruined) by drinking

Health Concerns
(wasting):
money/expense

89. F2: When me husband goes out, me and me friend. drinks


every night.

Drinking at home
(females); social
constraints

90. But Christmas has got to be the worst time People saying
go on,
91. ave another. If you say no, they think youre being funny.

Drinking situation
(event); peer
presure

92. [M2: Yeah, they say get that down ya, it ll do ya good

Pleasure Having
good time; Health

93. F4: I find it expensive, especially going to a club in town,


with the taxi
94. fare.

ExpensiveDrinking place
(town)

Drinking too
much/consequenc
es; affecting work

Coded Extract CM1 ()


95. F6: I go to the local club, the beers (.) cheaper

Expense-Drinking
locally (strategy)

96. M2: The only reason I dont drink more is that I cant afford
it.

Lack of
money/constraint

97. [F6: I dont think If I had money I would drink more. Maybe I
would
98. get a taxi home instead of the night bus.

Drinking less
(female)/constraint

99. M1: Theres no chance of me getting much money, I just


pace me self
100.more these days-make it last longer.

Pacing ; driniking
slowerless/strategy


1. Pattern Code/category: Constraint
2. Sub-Pattern Code/Category: Lack of Money
3. Lack of Money sub-Pattern Codes/Categories:
Expensive
UN2: 134-44
CM1: 85-87; 93-94
WK: 34-40
Being Unemployed
UN1: 34-38; 120-137; 146-50
UN2: 24-25; 80-89
Drinking less/slower (strategy)
WK: 129-34
CM1: 99-100
Drinking Place
CM1: 93-95

/ -
(Drinking Constraints Lack of Money)
Drinking Context

Types of Drinking

Drinking
Constraints

Drinking Situation

Driving

Lack of Money

Parental

Unemployment

Strategies

Budgeting

Drinking/Going out less

Expense

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