Chapter 4

UMTS Tx. Chain

Exp a lin e d b y :
En g :Ha ze m Ah m e d Mo h a m e d
Re vie w

Copyright 2012 Waleed Elsafoury

UMTS TX. Chain

Speech coding

Analog to digital & compression

Channel coding

Error detection and correction

Rate Matching

Matching the information rate

Interleaving

Randomization of errors

Ciphering

Give information privacy

Bit Mapping
Channelization
Complex scrambling
Modulation

Converts logical 0,1 to -1,+1

Multiply by OVSF codes
Multiply by Gold codes
QPSK modulation

... UMTS signal processing

. transmission signal
digital analog signal Speech coding
.compression signal
.error correction & detection signal Channel coding
channel data rate Rate matching
.frames
. error Interleaving
.data Ciphering
.1 -1 1 0 Bit mapping
.OVSF code Channelization
.GOLD code Complex scrambling

 Modulation .
:Speech coding -1
CLEP coder . AMR coder

CLEP coder linear ... signal GSM

change
gradually smooth linear
linear analog digital sampling
.
coder algorithm linear
change linear
samples start sample end sample
sample .
samples 3
12 samples







 


steps . 3





 ... samples bits

bits . bits

Speech coding

coder AMR coder

rate 9rate ... rate
rate ... rate
:
Rate set 1 +.
Rate set 2 +.
rate rate
rate .

rate amplitude power spreaded

interference users capacity
.
rate set 1 rate capacity
quality ... . rate set 2
users band rate set 2 rate
capacity users
. rate set 1
RNC connection rate .
rate set 1 rate
4arte ... mobile

rate ... .
speaker
threshold
rate ... rate
threshold 1.8 background
. noise
interference .

:Channel coding -2

Channel Coding
CRC

Error detection

Convolutional

Error correction
For low rate

Turbo

Error correction
For high rate

. error correction and detection channel coding

. error detection CRC
voice call rate convolutional
. correction
.correction internet rate turbo
convolutional ... 2correction
performance Turbo code low high
. high
. turbo code convolutional code 3G mobile
. Node.B . Turbo code 3.5G

Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRC error detection error ...

transmitter date 11100110
CRC algorithm 11001
... bits algorithm Tx . Rx
( n 1) data n bits
4 . data
data CRC algorithm
... CRC
... checksum 15 2 7.5 0.5 ...
binary original data
... 0 data
111001100110 CRC alg ... 0000
.11100110

 transmitter error ... receiver

data CRC alg data
0000 error 0000 ...
0 error . error

CRC Algorithms
CRC Algorithms
)0, 8, 12, 16, or 24 parity bits (determined by upper layers

g(CRC24) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1

g(CRC16) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1
g(CRC12) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1
+ D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1

= D8

) g(CRC8

CRC algorithms . UMTS

1 ... 0 1 0
polynomial presentation ... 1 0 .
...
1D8 + 1D7 + 0D6 + 0D5 + 1D4 +1D3 + 0D2 +1D1 +1D0
0 CRC alg . 110011011
algorithm .
decimal . binary code

data reminder 16 algorithm 2

8 0 data .
transmission 16 17 17 2
1 error .data
error 18 18 2 0
error 0 error . 2decimal .
algorithm ... 8 16 8 ..0
data 17 ... error 18 ...error
error 24 error .error
algorithm 2 error ...
algorithm 8 error .
error efficiency ...
length algorithm detect error .
data error text algorithm
voice algorithm .

The Convolutional Coder

convolutional coder correction ...

convloutional rate 1:2 rate
output : input bit . 2bits

3shift register cascaded bit

mj bit mj-1 mj-2 .
3registers ... XOR XOR ... 3registersXOR
mj mj-2 Bit 2XOR . 2bit
switch parallel series .
bit X
X .
X register mj 2output based.
Bit X Y X ... mj-1 X based
output .

bit W Y mj-1 X mj-2

2output based X X .
Bit convolutional ... 5 bits
1 1 0 0 output
based X based .
XOR Input output
0 . 1
X = 0 bit X = 1
.
X = 0 bit 0 0 1
1

X = 1 1 1 0 input output.
0

transmitter Bits receiver

bits .
X = 0 ... Receiver
X = 0 X =1
.
1 0 1 X=0 X=0
1

1 1 1 X=1 . X=1
1

receiver error data 0

1 1 . 0
error convolutional coder X = 0
X=1 bits covolutional ...case
errors interlaever
errors .
case interleaver convolutional
errors ...
frame frame
clear coder frame .
rate 1:2 . 1:3 rate

WCDMA Turbo Code Generator

Xk

Zk

Data InX
k
Rate = X

D
M
U
X

Turbo
Interleaver

Data Out

Zk

2 convolutional coder turbo coder

.

Multiplexer 3 copy . data

Copy ... copy ... convolutional coder copy
interleaving convolutional coder .
receiver demultiplexer ... copy
... copy decoder ... copy
decoder interleaver .
X Z X ...
X errors .
3copy data error copy
detecterror
interleaver .
X Z
X
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

X Z 1 0 ... 1
data . 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
error high rate .
high rate ... low rate
high rate errors 3copy
errors interleaver interleaver
errors ... errors
Dimensions matrix matrix
delay rate .

Interleaving
Transmitter
Interleaving
Matrix
Interleaved Data Samples

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

Original Data Samples

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RF
Transmission Path

Receiver

To Viterbi
decoder

De-Interleaved Data Samples

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Errors Distributed

DeInterleaving
Matrix
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

Interleaved Data Samples

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9
Errors Clustered

interleaving errors
turbo ... correction .
channel errors Bits
error bits error .
data row by row
column by column
errors transmission
... transmission
data column by
column . row by row

 ciphering ...

data XOR Enhanced Encryption Algorithm

A5 GSM ... XOR EEA
original data .
inputs key Authentication center
. CK
Count frame number frame
frame .
Bearer carrier data F1
. F2
Direction UL DL UL DL
.

 length data length

Tx . Rx
. receiver

Complex scrambling
G1

G2
G1

G2

GSM ...
... codes .

 data ciphering bit mapping 1 0

-1 1 multiplication . XOR
channelization OVSF code rate
3.84Mcps rate data X .3.84Mcps
scrambling code 3.84Mcps
. modulation

Quadrature Spreading and Modulation

)sin^2(x) = 1/2 - 1/2 cos(2x

)cos^2(x) = 1/2 + 1/2 cos(2x

modulation QPSK 4Phases 45 135 225

315 phase . 2 bit modulator
... demodulator .
data series to parallel In phase
. Quadrature Phase
 cos c "! sin
"! Icos ct + Qsin
frequency symbol . 2bit
demodulator copy
I cos ) Icos2(Wct
%

"*+ &'(2*" + ,&'(*"-./



%


Low Pass

Filter select low frequency reject high frequency

.I / 2

 Q
1

"*ICos *"-./*" +    &'(2 LPF

Q / 2 .
........................................... CH4