Universal Mobile

Telecommunications
Technique
UMTS

Eng.Waleed Elsafoury
Explained by:
Eng.Hazem Ahmed Mohamed




....................

UMTS .


.

/ UMTS
..........

Exp aline d b y:
Eng :Haze m Ahme d Mohame d
Revie w

Course Outline

Overview & GSM Review

CDMA Fundamentals

UMTS Evolution & Air interface

UMTS Network

UMTS Signal Processing

UMTS Protocols

.
. GSM
. UMTS
bands UMTS .
network UMTS elements
. GSM
. BTS
.

 introduction 3G .
3G . Systems
3G System CDMA2000 System
MTT .
3G System GSM
System . W-CDMA
CDMA . W-CDMA
W-CDMA TDMA/FDMA
2G .
users services .

Improved Voice Quality

VOICE

Voice & Data Usage

CAPACITY

Higher bit rates

SPEED

Quicker response time with interactive services

REDUCED DELAY

Streaming, Video Telephony, Mobile TV

SERVICES

More security

Security

 3G DATA
GPRS . EDGE 3G 6
.
1-VOICE:
quality .
GSM . Co-
Channel interference background noise .
2-CAPACITY:
users . .
users
services . GSM
capacity limit
capacity band .
3-SPEED:
data bitrate
EDGE . 553kb/sec services
YOUTUBE GAMES
UMTS 2Mb/sec
.
4-REDUCED DELAY:
delay . signaling
quicker response .
Services game online chatting .

5-SERVICES:
services operator
services . users
6-SECURITY:
GSM security . security
.
-1 TMSI IMSI real Identity
registration attack .
-2 IMEI CHECK
.
-3 SIPHERING data air software
.GSM
-4 Authentication sim card original one
way user Authorized user
Authorized VODAFONE
MOBINILE opening BTS cell
BSC band .
security security :
-5 FREQUENCY HOPPING fading
data frequency .. sequence
sequence PN sequence course
.

 data interleaving - 6
. data
reduced delay 3G
.

Access
Teq.

System/service

Data rate

Modulation

Carrier BW

1G

FDMA

AMPS-NMT

FM

30Khz

TDMA

GSM

9.6Kbps

GMSK

200Khz

CDMA

IS-95

12.2Kbps

QPSK

1.23Mhz

TDMA

GPRS

171Kbps

GMSK

200Khz

CDMA

CDMA2000-1X

144Kbps

QPSK

1.23Mhz

TDMA

EDGE

553Kbps

8PSK

200Khz

W-CDMA

UMTS

2Mbps

QPSK

5Mhz

CDMA

CDMA2000
(EVDO-EVDV)

14.7Mbps

16QAM

3x1.23Mhz

3.5G

W-CDMA

HSDPA

DL: 14.4Mbps

16QAM

5Mhz

3.75G

W-CDMA

HSUPA

UL: 5.8Mbps

16QAM

5Mhz

3.9G

OFDMA &
SCFDMA

LTE

DL: 100Mbps
UL: 50Mbps

64QAM

20Mhz

2G

2.5G
2.75G
3G

2G 1G systems table
3G
max data rate .
. BW techniques
. systems

-1 1G voice data
. FDMA TECHNIQUE
-2 GSM . 2G
technique TDMA system
IS-95 system CDMA data rate
performance users GSM 72% IS-95
0.6% . GSM
IS-95 3 technique GSM
ETSI IS-95
QUALOMM system
. system
. 27.4% systems
3G systems .
systems GSM GPRS EDGE
IS-95 CDMA2000-1X
. datarate
-3 3G EDGE UMTS CDMA2000-1X
CDMA2000 System Multicarrier user
carrier carrier.
UMTS HSDPA HSUPA uplink
. downlink

GSM / UMTS (3GPP) Family

cdmaOne / CDMA2000 (3GPP2) Family

GSM

CDMA-one

HSCSD

CDMA 2000

GPRS
EV-DO

1X

EV-DV

EDGE
UMTS

HSDPA

HSUPA

GSM/UMTS family 2family table

. HSUPA GSM
CDMA ONE/CDMA2000 Family
.

 GSM
.UMTS
: GSM
-1 BTS cell .
-2 sectorization . CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
-3 cells cluster 7Cells band .
-4 power control optional BS .
-5 call BS . max power
-6 MS connect 2BS .
-7 GSM . TDMA technique

 -8 FDD DUPLIX technique

uplink . downlink
-9 cell GSM .
: UMTS
-1 BTS cell cell .
-2 sectroziation interference
.
-3 cluster 7cells UMTS .
-4 power control optional UMTS .
-5 UMTS call MIN power . MAX power
-6 connect 2BTS .
-7 . CDMA technique
-8 cell .

 CDMA
.

Multiple Access
Different multiple access methods use different strategies to:

Divide the radio spectrum into channels (Time or Freq.)

Allocate those channels among users (One channel or more)

Identify different users on an RF carrier (Fixed or dynamic)

. access technique multiple access

. 3
interference network sector -1
GSM . . users
different different time frequency time
. access technique spectrum frequency
channel channel user -2
EDGE time slot GSM
. 8 time slot

-3 channel
.

)Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA

As AMPS and NMT

FDMA 1G band
carriers carriers users
.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

As GSM and IS-136

frameframes channel TDMA
frame time slot . time slot user time slots
. technique 8time slots

Why Do we need new access techniques?

Band Saturation

More BW efficiency

Capacity (more than 2/3 The population of the
global use mobile phones)

 access technique
GSM band 890 960 capasity
band 1G 880 960 Extended GSM
capacity band 1710 1880
) GSM(DCS . saturation
users band bands
systems . services .
. BW efficiency band
channels band 1000
carrier 2000 3000 .

?What about SDMA

 technique technique CDMA

SDMA 3G CDMA SDMA
.
SDMA beam spot light
spot light spot light
.
beam spot beam antenna
. .

directive antenna omni-direction antenna

beam user .
:
-1 2users channel users .
-2 frequency cells co-channel
. interference

 2users frequency beam

handover frequency .
user beam smart
. antenna
: SDMA
-1 SDMA user BS . line of side
-2 SDMA downlink . BS

CDMA Spread Spectrum

Originally developed for military and navigation purposes

NO More necessary

As Channel BW get smaller  More Capacity

CDMA BW capacity .
.. .

CDMA Spread Spectrum

Researches started even from 1950s
Cellular spread-spectrum application was suggested by Cooper and Nettleton in 1978
IS-95, the narrow band CDMA mobile network, has been standardized in 1993 and
commercial networks were introduced in 1995
3G wideband CDMA systems, such as CDMA2000 in U.S. and European WCDMA
developed from 1990s and still ongoing

. mobile 1950 CDMA

1978
. code data recover data
. 1993 IS-95 CDMA mobile system

CDMA Spread Spectrum

GSM UMTS .

CDMA Spread Spectrum

. despreading sprading CDMA

CDMA Spread Spectrum

B1

Y1

B1

Bt

B2

Y2

B2

 user narrow signal spreading

. different codes frequency
code user spreading
. channel
. dispreading code signal
. spreaded code signal
: spreading 3
. direct sequence -1
. fast frequency hopping-2
. time hopping-3

Signal Spreading Preview

In DS spreading, the incoming digital speech signal is

multiplied by a digital code through a process called

bit stream multiplication.

The result of DS spreading is an encoded, spread spectrum, CDMA signal.

 signal multiplication direct sequence

. spread signal code
:
signal security -1
. code
frequency user capacity -2
. codes
: dispreading spreading
. code Rx Tx -1
. synchronize -2

Signal Spreading Preview

Fast frequency hopping

This approach assumes that the two stations have:

A common knowledge of the frequency hopping plan.

Synchronized clocks

: frequency hopping
. slow frequency hopping-1
. fast frequency hopping -2
:

: Slow frequency hopping -1

system system
fast . slow . bit rate
hop rate < bit rate hop bit . slow
. bit rate

: Fast frequency hopping -2

. fast hop bit hop rate > bit rate

. bit
direct dispreading spreading
. sequence
capacity security
Number of users= number of frequency

Signal Spreading Preview

Time Hopping

Time hopping assumes that the two stations in communication have:

A common knowledge of the time-hopping "plan."
Synchronized clocks

: Time hopping -3
4 time slot TDMA
. 6 3 timeslot
. 6 2 time slot , frame
capacity security
No of users = no of time slots
. security capacity direct sequence CDMA

The Strengths of CDMA

Increased system capacity.

Cell sites can be larger.

Enhanced privacy.

Enhanced call quality

: CDMA
-1 capacity time frequency
codes .
-2 cell .
-3 security code PN sequence
. user
-4 call quality .

Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts

Bit stream multiplication is the process where an input
bit stream of information called b(t) is multiplied by a
code called c(t) to produce a new composite output
signal called y(t).

. direct sequence CDMA

c(t) code b(t) data
y.c=b . y(t)
. data
scarmbling spreading
. code rate .

Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts

and

spreading

between

difference

Consider the
scrambling:

rate code rate data . scrambling

rate code rate data . spreading
2codes rate .
shanon rate bw
.

Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts

01110101111010111101
10010100001010101010

Code

10010100001010101010

Code

00010100001010101000

Not Data

Data

data X code .
5bit code data . 00010
code 00010 data .
data b.c=y data
y.c=b b.c.c=b c2=1 c=1
code 1 0 1 -1 polar
.data

Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts

)
b(t) c(t) = y(t
)
b(t) c(t) c(t) = b(t

0 1 1 -1
1 0 multiplication XOR
XOR .
multiplication
probability of error .

Spreading and Despreading

Remember that spreading occurs when a lower bit rate
input signal b(t) is multiplied by a higher chip rate
spreading code c(t) as shown.
Bit

Chip

chip code bit

. chip rate code bit rate data
. Rc>>Rb
. chip rate > bit rate spreading
. Rc=Rb
. chip rate =bit rate scrambling
spread signal code data
. data code spreaded
spread ... code spreaded
. signal

Scrambling and Descrambling

Scrambling is often used for privacy. When scrambling
is used for encryption, then descrambling is used for
decryption.

low rate rate data X code

. scrambling
code y(t)
. data

Spreading and Power Spectral Density

Spreading does not change total power. Spreading
changes how the power is distributed over frequency.

The following formulas hold true:

G (processing gain) = Fc/Fb

SF(Spreading Factor)=Rc/Rb =Tb/Tc

processing gain
time domain spreading factor
: frequency domain
: Prcessing gain -1
: spreading siganl BW
convolved Fc BW code Fb BW signal
. Fc / Fb processing gain BW
processing gain system design
. carrier users interference

: Spreading gain -2
time domain : Rc / Rb
Rc= 1/Tc Rb =1/Tb . Rc / Rb = Tb / Tc

Repeated Spreading and Scrambling

CDMA systems use scrambling and spreading in several
ways for:

Encryption for privacy

Base station Separation

Channel Separation

repeated spreading and scrambling

spreading . scrambling
spreading scrambling
. code
data d bcd f
bcdef rate .
data
.

 3 :
-1 security code
.

Repeated Spreading and Scrambling

C5

C1

C2

C1
C3
C4

Bs separation -2 channel separation users

BS user code
codes reuse
codes BS .

0 0

0 0

0 0

orthogonal
dot product . 0
correlation .
XOR 1111111111
2codes 100% orthogonal 0% . correlated
0000000000 2codes 100%
. correlated
2codes 100% orthogonal
system ... codes orthogonally
50% . correlated
orthogonal
. correlated

Signal Correlation

: signal correlation
: Autocorrelation -1
2siganl shift .
: Cross-correlation -2
2signal .

PN Codes

A binary sequence with fixed length and has noise-like
randomness

Low correlation between shifted versions of the sequence

Low correlation with other user signals (interference) and
noise

Good synchronization properties

0 1 binary sequence PN code

noise random code
. 0 1 chip
code orthogonal shifted versions
. orthogonal chip shift
noise signals low correlation PN code
signal dispreading
. spread
. good synchronization PN code

Code Generation Circuitry

D Flip-Flops PN code generation

. XOR

Feed back initial state PN code .

initial state 000 0 .
111 XOR initial state
PN code .
length code stages
. L=2m 1 m stages . 7bit

Quick Review

CDMA system data code

spreading modulation
spreading .dispreading

RF Transmission Delay and its Effect

Radio signals typically travel at a rate of about five microseconds to

the mile. Assuming that a mobile is ten miles away from the base
station, a 50 microsecond (s) delay would be the result.

192

Chip = 260.4 nsec

spreading signal :
-1 . code
-2 synchronize code .
synchronize
BS Mobile
code . signal traveling time mobile
BS 10miles 50sec
chip 260.4nsec signal
. 192 chip .
code BS delay .

RF Transmission Delay and its Effect

modulation spreading data X code

y(T-t) demodulation t delay
. t t code
.

Locking On to a Particular PN Sequence Cont.

 2codes A B shift chip

.
average chips chips
total . -1/15

Locking On to a Particular PN Sequence Cont.

shift 4 chip . average

. -1/15
shifted chips 2codes
average . -1/15
15 length code . -1/L

Locking On to a Particular PN Sequence Cont.

2codes 0 shift
. 1 average . synchronize

Signal Correlation With Offsets Less Than 1 Time Chip

 shift 0 average = 1/L shift

= 0 average = . 1
delay .
BS code BS mobiles
mobile delay . BS
mobile code mobile code
code BS delay synchronize average . 1/L
mobile code chip code
code BS delay code synchronize
average . 1
shift 4 chip delay . 4 chip
delay chip . 4chip X 260.4nsec
. calling updating
. 2/3msec

Signal Correlation With Offsets Less Than 1 Time Chip

modulation spreading code data

delay demodulation delay
. data code
. single user system CDMA system

Multi-User Downlink Overview

multi-user downlink
.BS
user data code
. orthogonal spreading ). y(t
) y(t carrier antenna
users . ferquency
users signal modulation
delay user code data
.
.

Multi-User Downlink Overview

Mobile A

: user
Mobile B
Mobile C

b1(t)

b2(t)

b3(t)

C1(t)

C2(t)

C3(t)

Y1(t)

Y2(t)

Y3(t)

. shifted versions codes

Y ). y(t
) y(t .
code user data .
. C3
data user .
data user interference . users
data bit area
positive negative positive . negative

 data user data .

Multi-User Uplink Overview

 ... negative positive device

. bit detection 0 1 integrator
. up link

System Performance
Traditional Systems Performance is measured by signalto-noise ratio (S/N). The desired user's signal versus
noise.
CDMA Systems Performance is measured by signal-tointerference ratio (S/I). The desired user's signal
versus interference from other users signals.

signal to performance system

. . noise system noise ratio
interference signal to interference ratio (S/I)
. carrier users

System Performance

.
3 users recover user A code
dispreading spread user A
. interference
interference 5 9 interference .
users carrier interference
limit users .
limit 6dB . signal to interference
ratio . S/I=6dB

Frequency Reuse

limitation users system .

:
carrier . 256 channel ( voice )= UMTS . GSM
carrier . 8 channel ( voice )= GSM
carrier 200KHz = GSM carrier . 5MHz= UMTS
25 carrier = 5MHz = 200ch ...GSM .
GSM ... UMTS
:
200ch GSM ...7 cells UMTScarrier
cell 7 . 1792ch

 carrier cell sector

3 3 sector cell 5376ch
sector .
UMTS cluster cell . sector sector
band . . cluster size = 1 . reuse factor = 1

Multipaths and Delay Spread

GSM multipath signals

fading ...... delay spread UMTS .

Non-RAKE CDMA Reception

... paths paths shifted

versions paths path
.
2 paths shifted versions path ... 5
chip path ... 8 chip recover signal
delay BS average
.
2 paths code average
-1/L shift chip chip 5
chip 5 code average
dispreading synchronize ... path
synchronize spread .
path .

 200 path synchronize path

.

Non-RAKE CDMA Reception

Differential Delay > 1 Tc

... delay
chip .

Non-RAKE CDMA Reception

Differential Delay < 1 Tc

path shift .
2 paths shift 5 chip shift 5.25 chip
synchronize synchronize
recover 2paths .
. RAKE receiver

RAKE Receiver Operation

rake fingers paths path

receiver ... .
paths modulation
rake receiver path ... finger
path .
finger ... delay path code
average -1/L shift average
average finger . lock
finger finger lock
ship ... lock chip 7

chip 8 average
finger .
paths paths
path 5 chip 8 13 ....
unit .
... 3 paths
power receiver transmitter
power power ...
interference . carrier
... 3 paths 7 chip 9.2 chip
. 14 chip
finger paths finger recover 2paths
recover 9 recover 0.2 error
... ... path
bits ... fingers
. error correction and detection
1 -1 1

1
1 -1
1

-1 -1
1 -1 .

fingers error .
... 2 fingers ... 3
... 0 finger
path . line of side
fingers 3 .

 . CH1