vi

Contents
2-3 Mean Effective Pressure, 49
2-4 Torque and Power, 50
2-5 Dynamometers, 53
2-6
Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air Ratio, 55
2-7 Specific Fuel Consumption, 56
2-8 Engine Efficiencies, 59
2-9 Volumetric Efficiency, 60 ,
2-10 Emissions, 62
2-11 Noise Abatement, 62
2-12 Conclusions-Working Equations, 63
Problems, 65
Design Problems, 67
3 ENGINE CYCLES
68
3-1 Air-Standard Cycles, 68
3-2 Otto Cycle, 72
3-3
Real Air-Fuel Engine Cycles, 81
3-4
SI Engine Cycle at Part Throttle, 83
3-5 Exhaust Process, 86
3-6 Diesel Cycle, 91
3-7 Dual Cycle, 94
3-8
Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles, 97
3-9 Miller Cycle, 103
3-10 Comparison of Miller Cycle and Otto Cycle, 108
3-11 Two-Stroke Cycles, 109
3-12 Stirling Cycle, 111
3-13 Lenoir Cycle, 113
3-14 Summary, 115
Problems, 116
Design Problems, 120
4
THERMOCHEMISTRY AND FUELS
121
4-1 Thermochemistry, 121
4-2 Hydrocarbon Fuels-Gasoline, 131
4-3
Some Common Hydrocarbon Components, 134
4-4
Self-Ignition and Octane Number, 139
4-5 Diesel Fuel, 148
4-6 Alternate Fuels, 150
4-7 Conclusions, 162
Problems, 162
Design Problems, 165